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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of My Life, by Egerton Ryerson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Story of My Life
+ Being Reminiscences of Sixty Years' Public Service in Canada
+
+Author: Egerton Ryerson
+
+Editor: J. George Hodgins
+
+Release Date: February 12, 2008 [EBook #24586]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF MY LIFE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Stacy Brown, Jason Isbell and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+"THE STORY OF MY LIFE."
+
+BY THE LATE
+
+REV. EGERTON RYERSON, D.D., LLD.,
+
+(Being Reminiscences of Sixty Years' Public Service in Canada.)
+
+PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF HIS LITERARY TRUSTEES:
+
+ THE REV. S.S. NELLES, D.D., LL.D.,
+ THE REV. JOHN POTTS. D.D.,
+ AND J. GEORGE HODGINS, ESQ., LL.D.
+
+EDITED BY
+
+J. GEORGE HODGINS, Esq., LL.D.
+
+
+ "His life was gentle; and the elements
+ So mix't in him, that Nature might stand up,
+ And say to all the world, This was a Man!"
+
+ --Shakespeare. _Julius Cćsar_, Act v., sc. 5.
+
+ Justum et tenacem propositi virum
+ Non civium ardor prava jubentium,
+ Non vultus instantis tyranni
+ Mente quatit solida--
+
+ --Horace. _Odes_, iii. 3.
+
+
+WITH PORTRAIT AND ENGRAVINGS.
+
+TORONTO:
+
+WILLIAM BRIGGS, 78 and 80 KING STREET EAST.
+
+1884.
+
+
+
+
+Entered, according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year
+one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three, by Mary Ryerson and Charles
+Egerton Ryerson, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+ Page
+Preface ix
+
+Estimate of Rev. Dr. Ryerson's Character and Labours 17
+
+
+CHAPTER I.--1803-1825.
+
+Sketch of Early Life 23
+
+
+CHAPTER II.--1824-1825.
+
+Extracts from Dr. Ryerson's Diary of 1824 and 1825 32
+
+
+CHAPTER III.--1825-1826.
+
+First Year of Ministry and First Controversy 47
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.--1826-1827.
+
+Missionary to the River Credit Indians 58
+
+
+CHAPTER V.--1826-1827.
+
+Diary of Labours among Indians 64
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.--1827-1828.
+
+Labours and Trials.--Civil Rights Controversy 80
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.--1828-1829.
+
+Ryanite Schism.--M. E. Church of Canada organized 87
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.--1829-1832.
+
+Establishment of the _Christian Guardian_.--Church
+ Claims resisted 93
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.--1831-1832.
+
+Methodist Affairs in Upper Canada.--Proposed Union with the
+ British Conference 107
+
+
+CHAPTER X.--1833.
+
+Union between the British and Canadian Conferences 114
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.--1833-1834.
+
+"Impressions of England" and their effects 121
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.--1834.
+
+Events following the Union.--Division and Strife 141
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.--1834-1835.
+
+Second Retirement from the _Guardian_ Editorship 144
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.--1835-1836.
+
+Second Mission to England.--Upper Canada Academy 152
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.--1835-1836.
+
+The "Grievance" Report; Its Object and Failure 155
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.--1836-1837.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's Diary of his Second Mission to England 158
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.--1836.
+
+Publication of the Hume and Roebuck Letters 167
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.--1836-1837.
+
+Important Events transpiring in England 170
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.--1837-1839.
+
+Return to Canada.--The Chapel Property Cases 172
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.--1837.
+
+The Coming Crisis.--Rebellion of 1837 175
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.--1837-1838.
+
+Sir F. B. Head and the Upper Canada Academy 179
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.--1838.
+
+Victims of the Rebellion.--State of the Country 182
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.--1795-1861.
+
+Sketch of Mr. William Lyon Mackenzie 185
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.--1838.
+
+Defence of the Hon. Marshall Spring Bidwell 188
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.--1838.
+
+Return to the Editorship of the _Guardian_ 199
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.--1838-1840.
+
+Enemies and Friends Within and Without 205
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.--1778-1867.
+
+The Honourable and Right Reverend Bishop Strachan 213
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.--1791-1836.
+
+The Clergy Reserves and Rectories Questions 218
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.--1838.
+
+The Clergy Reserve Controversy Renewed 225
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.--1838-1839.
+
+The Ruling Party and the Reserves.--"Divide et Impera" 236
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI.--1839.
+
+Strategy in the Clergy Reserve Controversy 245
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII.--1839.
+
+Sir G. Arthur's Partizanship.--State of the Province 250
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII.--1838-1840.
+
+The New Era.--Lord Durham and Lord Sydenham 257
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV.--1840.
+
+Proposal to leave Canada.--Dr. Ryerson's Visit to England 269
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXV.--1840-1841.
+
+Last Pastoral Charge.--Lord Sydenham's Death 282
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI.--1841.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's Attitude toward the Church of England 291
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.--1841-1842.
+
+Victoria College.--Hon. W. H. Draper.--Sir Charles Bagot 301
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII.--1843.
+
+Episode in the case of Hon. Marshall S. Bidwell 308
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX.--1844.
+
+Events preceding the Defence of Lord Metcalfe 312
+
+
+CHAPTER XL.--1844.
+
+Preliminary Correspondence on the Metcalfe Crisis 319
+
+
+CHAPTER XLI.--1844.
+
+Sir Charles Metcalfe Defended against his Councillors 328
+
+
+CHAPTER XLII.--1844-1845.
+
+After the Contest.--Reaction and Reconstruction 337
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIII.--1841-1844.
+
+Dr. Ryerson appointed Superintendent of Education 342
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIV.--1844-1846.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's First Educational Tour in Europe 352
+
+
+CHAPTER XLV.--1844-1857.
+
+Episode in Dr. Ryerson's European Travels.--Pope Pius IX 365
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVI.--1844-1876.
+
+Ontario School System.--Retirement of Dr. Ryerson 368
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVII.--1845-1846.
+
+Illness and Final Retirement of Lord Metcalfe 375
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVIII.--1843-1844.
+
+Clergy Reserve Question Re-Opened.--Disappointments 378
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIX.--1846-1848.
+
+Re-Union of the British and Canadian Conferences 383
+
+
+CHAPTER L.--1846-1853.
+
+Miscellaneous Events and Incidents of 1846-1853 410
+
+
+CHAPTER LI.--1849.
+
+The Bible in the Ontario Public Schools 423
+
+
+CHAPTER LII.--1850-1853.
+
+The Clergy Reserve Question Transferred to Canada 433
+
+
+CHAPTER LIII.--1851.
+
+Personal Episode in the Clergy Reserve Question 454
+
+
+CHAPTER LIV.--1854-1855.
+
+Resignation on the Class-Meeting Question.--Discussion 470
+
+
+CHAPTER LV.--1855.
+
+Dr. Ryerson resumes his Position in the Conference 491
+
+
+CHAPTER LVI.--1855-1856.
+
+Personal Episode in the Class-Meeting Discussion 499
+
+
+CHAPTER LVII.--1855-1856.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's Third Educational Tour in Europe 514
+
+
+CHAPTER LVIII.--1859-1862.
+
+Denominational Colleges and the University Controversy 518
+
+
+CHAPTER LIX.--1861-1866.
+
+Personal Incidents.--Dr. Ryerson's Visits to Norfolk County 534
+
+
+CHAPTER LX.--1867.
+
+Last Educational Visit to Europe.--Rev. Dr. Punshon 539
+
+
+CHAPTER LXI.--1867.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's Address on the New Dominion of Canada 547
+
+
+CHAPTER LXII.--1868-1869.
+
+Correspondence with Hon. Geo. Brown--Dr. Punshon 554
+
+
+CHAPTER LXIII.--1870-1875.
+
+Miscellaneous Closing Events and Correspondence 559
+
+
+CHAPTER LXIV.--1875-1876.
+
+Correspondence with Rev. J. Ryerson, Dr. Punshon, etc. 573
+
+
+CHAPTER LXV.--1877-1882.
+
+Closing Years of Dr. Ryerson's Life Labours 585
+
+
+CHAPTER LXVI.--1882.
+
+The Funeral Ceremonies 593
+
+
+Tributes to Dr. Ryerson's Memory and Estimates of his
+ Character and Work 598
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+ Page
+Portrait of Rev. Dr. Ryerson Frontispiece
+
+Indian Village at River Credit, in 1837 59
+
+John Jones' House at the Credit, where Dr. Ryerson Resided 65
+
+Old Credit Mission, 1837 73
+
+Old Adelaide Street Methodist Church 283
+
+Victoria College, Cobourg 302
+
+Ontario Educational Department and Normal School 421, 422
+
+Educational Exhibit at Philadelphia 584, 585
+
+Metropolitan Church 564
+
+Dr. Ryerson's Residence in Toronto 587
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+
+Twelve months ago, I began to collect the necessary material for the
+completion of "The Story of My Life," which my venerated and beloved
+friend, Dr. Ryerson, had only left in partial outline. These materials,
+in the shape of letters, papers, and documents, were fortunately most
+abundant. The difficulty that I experienced was to select from such a
+miscellaneous collection a sufficient quantity of suitable matter, which
+I could afterwards arrange and group into appropriate chapters. This was
+not easily done, so as to form a connected record of the life and
+labours of a singularly gifted man, whose name was intimately connected
+with every public question which was discussed, and every prominent
+event which took place in Upper Canada from 1825 to 1875-78.
+
+Public men of the present day looked upon Dr. Ryerson practically as one
+of their own contemporaries--noted for his zeal and energy in the
+successful management of a great Public Department, and as the founder
+of a system of Popular Education which, in his hands, became the pride
+and glory of Canadians, and was to those beyond the Dominion, an ideal
+system--the leading features of which they would gladly see incorporated
+in their own. In this estimate of Dr. Ryerson's labours they were quite
+correct. And in their appreciation of the statesmanlike qualities of
+mind, which devised and developed such a system in the midst of
+difficulties which would have appalled less resolute hearts, they were
+equally correct.
+
+But, after all, how immeasurably does this partial view of his character
+and labours fall short of a true estimate of that character and of those
+labours!
+
+As a matter of fact, Dr. Ryerson's great struggle for the civil and
+religious freedom which we now enjoy, was almost over when he assumed
+the position of Chief Director of our Educational System. No one can
+read the record of his labours from 1825 to 1845, as detailed in the
+following pages, without being impressed with the fact that, had he done
+no more for his native country than that which is therein recorded, he
+would have accomplished a great work, and have earned the gratitude of
+his fellow-countrymen.
+
+It was my good fortune to enjoy Dr. Ryerson's warm, personal friendship
+since 1841. It has also been my distinguished privilege to be associated
+with him in the accomplishment of his great educational work since 1844.
+I have been able, therefore, to turn my own personal knowledge of most
+of the events outlined in this volume to account in its preparation. In
+regard to what transpired before 1841, I have frequently heard many
+narratives in varied forms from Dr. Ryerson's lips.
+
+My own intimate relations with Dr. Ryerson, and the character of our
+close personal friendship are sufficiently indicated in his private
+letters to me, published in various parts of the book, but especially in
+Chapter liii. And yet they fail to convey the depth and sincerity of his
+personal attachment, and the feeling of entire trust and confidence
+which existed between us.
+
+I am glad to say that I was not alone in this respect. Dr. Ryerson had
+the faculty, so rare in official life, of attaching his assistants and
+subordinates of every grade to himself personally. He always had a
+pleasant word for them, and made them feel that their interests were
+safe in his hands. They therefore respected and trusted him fully, and
+he never failed to acknowledge their fidelity and devotion in the public
+service.
+
+I had, for some time before he ceased to be the Head of the Education
+Department, looked forward with pain and anxiety to that inevitable
+event. Pain, that he and I were at length to be separated in the
+carrying forward of the great work of our lives, in which it had been my
+pride and pleasure to be his principal assistant. Anxiety at what, from
+my knowledge of him, I feared would be the effect of release from the
+work on fully accomplishing which he had so earnestly set his heart. Nor
+were my fears groundless. To a man of his application and ardent
+temperament, the feeling that his work was done sensibly affected him.
+He lost a good deal of his elasticity, and during the last few years of
+his life, very perceptibly failed.
+
+The day on which he took official leave of the Department was indeed a
+memorable one. As he bade farewell to each of his assistants in the
+office, he and they were deeply moved. He could not, however, bring
+himself to utter a word to me at our official parting, but as soon as he
+reached home he wrote to me the following tender and loving note:--
+
+ 171 Victoria Street, Toronto,
+
+ Monday Evening, February 21st, 1876.
+
+ My Dear Hodgins,--I felt too deeply to-day when parting with you in
+ the Office to be able to say a word. I was quite overcome with the
+ thought of severing our official connection, which has existed
+ between us for thirty-two years, during the whole of which time,
+ without interruption, we have laboured as one mind and heart in two
+ bodies, and I believe with a single eye to promote the best
+ interests of our country, irrespective of religious sect or
+ political party--to devise, develop, and mature a system of
+ instruction which embraces and provides for every child in the land
+ a good education; good teachers to teach; good inspectors to
+ oversee the Schools; good maps, globes, and text-books; good books
+ to read; and every provision whereby Municipal Councils and
+ Trustees can provide suitable accommodation, teachers, and
+ facilities for imparting education and knowledge to the rising
+ generation of the land.
+
+ While I devoted the year 1845 to visiting educating countries and
+ investigating their system of instruction, in order to devise one
+ for our country, you devoted the same time in Dublin in mastering,
+ under the special auspices of the Board of Education there, the
+ several different branches of their Education Office, in
+ administering the system of National Education in Ireland, so that
+ in the details of our Education Office here, as well as in our
+ general school system, we have been enabled to build up the most
+ extensive establishment in the country, leaving nothing, as far as
+ I know, to be devised in the completeness of its arrangements, and
+ in the good character and efficiency of its officers. Whatever
+ credit or satisfaction may attach to the accomplishment of this
+ work, I feel that you are entitled to share equally with myself.
+ Could I have believed that I might have been of any service to you,
+ or to others with whom I have laboured so cordially, or that I
+ could have advanced the school system, I would not have voluntarily
+ retired from office. But all circumstances considered, and entering
+ within a few days upon my 74th year, I have felt that this was the
+ time for me to commit to other hands the reins of the government of
+ the public school system, and labour during the last hours of my
+ day and life, in a more retired sphere.
+
+ But my heart is, and ever will be, with you in its sympathies and
+ prayers, and neither you nor yours will more truly rejoice in your
+ success and happiness, than
+
+ Your old life-long Friend
+
+ And Fellow-labourer,
+
+ E. Ryerson.
+
+Dr. Ryerson was confessedly a man of great intellectual resources. Those
+who read what he has written on the question--perilous to any writer in
+the early days of the history of this Province--of equal civil and
+religious rights for the people of Upper Canada, will be impressed with
+the fact that he had thoroughly mastered the great principles of civil
+and religious liberty, and expounded them not only with courage, but
+with clearness and force. His papers on the clergy reserve question, and
+the rights of the Canadian Parliament in the matter, were statesmanlike
+and exhaustive.
+
+His exposition of a proposed system of education for his native country
+was both philosophical and eminently practical. As a Christian Minister,
+he was possessed of rare gifts, both in the pulpit and on the platform;
+while his warm sympathies and his deep religious experience, made him
+not only a "son of consolation," but a beloved and welcome visitor in
+the homes of the sorrowing and the afflicted. Among his brethren he
+exercised great personal influence; and in the counsels of the
+Conference he occupied a trusted and foremost place.
+
+Thus we see that Dr. Ryerson's character was a many-sided one; while his
+talents were remarkably versatile. He was an able writer on public
+affairs; a noted Wesleyan Minister, and a successful and skilful leader
+among his brethren. But his fame in the future will mainly rest upon the
+fact that he was a distinguished Canadian Educationist, and the Founder
+of a great system of Public Education for Upper Canada. What makes this
+widely conceded excellence in his case the more marked, was the fact
+that the soil on which he had to labour was unprepared, and the social
+condition of the country was unpropitious. English ideas of schools for
+the poor, supported by subscriptions and voluntary offerings, prevailed
+in Upper Canada; free schools were unknown; the very principle on which
+they rest--that is, that the rateable property of the country is
+responsible for the education of the youth of the land--was denounced as
+communistic, and an invasion of the rights of property; while
+"compulsory education"--the proper and necessary complement of free
+schools--was equally denounced as the essence of "Prussian despotism,"
+and an impertinent and unjustifiable interference with "the rights of
+British subjects."
+
+It was a reasonable boast at the time that only systems of popular
+education, based upon the principle of free schools, were possible in
+the republican American States, where the wide diffusion of education
+was regarded as a prime necessity for the stability and success of
+republican institutions, and, therefore, was fostered with unceasing
+care. It was the theme on which the popular orator loved to dilate to a
+people on whose sympathies with the subject he could always confidently
+reckon. The practical mind of Dr. Ryerson, however, at once saw that the
+American idea of free schools was the true one. He moreover perceived
+that by giving his countrymen facilities for freely discussing the
+question among the ratepayers once a year, they would educate themselves
+into the idea, without any interference from the State. These facilities
+were provided in 1850; and for twenty-one years the question of
+free-schools _versus_ rate-bill schools (lees, &c.) was discussed every
+January in from 3,000 to 5,000 school sections, until free schools
+became voluntarily the rule, and rate-bill schools the exception. In
+1871, by common consent, the free school principle was incorporated into
+our school system by the Legislature, and has ever since been the
+universal practice. In the adoption of this principle, and in the
+successful administration of the Education Department, Dr. Ryerson at
+length demonstrated that a popular (or, as it had been held in the
+United States, the democratic) system of public schools was admirably
+adapted to our monarchical institutions. In point of fact, leading
+American educationists have often pointed out that the Canadian system
+of public education was more efficient in all of its details and more
+practically successful in its results, than was the ordinary American
+school system in any one of the States of the Union. Thus it is that the
+fame of Dr. Ryerson as a successful founder of our educational system,
+rests upon a solid basis. What has been done by him will not be undone;
+and the ground gone over by him will not require to be traversed again.
+In the "Story of My Life," not much has been said upon the subject with
+which Dr. Ryerson's name has been most associated. It was distinctively
+the period of his public life, and its record will be found in the
+official literature of his Department. The personal reminiscences left
+by him are scanty, and of themselves would present an utterly inadequate
+picture of his educational work. Such a history may one day be written
+as would do it justice, but I feel that in such a work as the present it
+is better not to attempt a task, the proper performance of which would
+make demands upon the space and time at my disposal that could not be
+easily met.
+
+There was one _rôle_ in which Dr. Ryerson pre-eminently excelled--that
+of a controversialist. There was nothing spasmodic in his method of
+controversy, although there might be in the times and occasions of his
+indulging in it. He was a well-read man and an accurate thinker. His
+habit, when he meditated a descent upon a foe, was to thoroughly master
+the subject in dispute; to collect and arrange his materials, and then
+calmly and deliberately study the whole subject--especially the weak
+points in his adversary's case, and the strong points of his own. His
+habits of study in early life contributed to his after success in this
+matter. He was an indefatigable student; and so thoroughly did he in
+early life ground himself in English subjects--grammar, logic,
+rhetoric--and the classics, and that, too, under the most adverse
+circumstances, that, in his subsequent active career as a writer and
+controversialist, he evinced a power and readiness with his tongue and
+pen, that often astonished those who were unacquainted with the
+laborious thoroughness of his previous mental preparation.
+
+It was marvellous with what wonderful effect he used the material at
+hand. Like a skilful general defending a position--and his study was
+always to act on the defensive--he masked his batteries, and was careful
+not to exhaust his ammunition in the first encounter. He never offered
+battle without having a sufficient force in reserve to overwhelm his
+opponent. He never exposed a weak point, nor espoused a worthless cause.
+He always fought for great principles, which to him were sacred, and he
+defended them to the utmost of his ability, when they were attacked. In
+such cases, Dr. Ryerson was careful not to rush into print until he had
+fully mastered the subject in dispute. This statement may be questioned,
+and apparent examples to the contrary adduced; but the writer knows
+better, for he knows the facts. In most cases Dr. Ryerson scented the
+battle from afar. Many a skirmish was improvised, and many a battle was
+privately fought out before the Chief advanced to repel an attack, or to
+fire the first shot in defence of his position.
+
+A word as to the character of this work. It may be objected that I have
+dealt largely with subjects of no practical interest now--with dead
+issues, and with controversies for great principles, which, although
+important, acrimonious, and spirited at the time, have long since lost
+their interest. Let such critics reflect that the "Story" of such a
+"Life" as that of Dr. Ryerson cannot be told without a statement of the
+toils and difficulties which he encountered, and the triumphs which he
+achieved? For this reason I have written as I have done, recounting them
+as briefly as the subjects would permit.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In the preparation of this work I am indebted to the co-operation of my
+co-trustees the Rev. Dr. Potts and Rev. Dr. Nelles, whose long and
+intimate acquaintance with Dr. Ryerson (quite apart from their
+acknowledged ability) rendered their counsels of great value.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+And now my filial task is done,--imperfectly, very imperfectly I admit.
+While engaged in the latter part of the work a deep dark shadow
+fell--suddenly fell--upon my peaceful, happy home. This great sorrow has
+almost paralyzed my energies, and has rendered it very difficult for me
+to concentrate my thoughts on the loving task which twelve months ago I
+had so cheerfully begun. Under these circumstances, I can but crave the
+indulgence of the readers of these memorial pages of my revered and
+honoured Friend, the Rev. Dr. Ryerson--the foremost Canadian of his
+time.
+
+Toronto, 17th May, 1883.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+On the accompanying page, I give a _fac-simile_ of the well-known
+hand-writing of Dr. Ryerson, one of the many notes which I received from
+him.
+
+[Transcriber's Note: This is a transcription of a handwritten letter.]
+
+ Portland
+ Monday Morning
+ Aug 3 1863
+
+My dear Hodgins,
+
+Your letter to the Provincial Secretary is as good as could be--better
+than I could write.
+
+I have written this evening the accompanying draft of circular such as
+you suggested. You can alter, add to, or abridge it as you shall think
+best, before printing & sending it out.
+
+ I remain, as ever,
+ Yours most affectionately
+ E Ryerson
+
+
+
+
+ESTIMATE OF THE REV. DR. RYERSON'S CHARACTER AND LABOURS.
+
+
+By the Rev. William Ormiston, D.D., LL.D.
+
+ New York, Oct. 6th, 1882.
+
+My Dear Dr. Hodgins,--It affords me the sincerest pleasure, tinged with
+sadness, to record, at your request, the strong feelings of devoted
+personal affection which I long cherished for our mutual _father_ and
+friend, Rev. Dr. Ryerson; and the high estimate, which, during an
+intimacy of nearly forty years, I had been led to form of his lofty
+intellectual endowments, his great moral worth, and his pervading
+spiritual power. He was very dear to me while he lived, and now his
+memory is to me a precious, peculiar treasure.
+
+In the autumn of 1843, I went to Victoria College, doubting much whether
+I was prepared to matriculate as a freshman. Though my attainments in
+some of the subjects prescribed for examination were far in advance of
+the requirements, in other subjects, I knew I was sadly deficient. On
+the evening of my arrival, while my mind was burdened with the
+importance of the step I had taken, and by no means free from anxiety
+about the issue, Dr. Ryerson, at that time Principal of the College,
+visited me in my room. I shall never forget that interview. He took me
+by the hand; and few men could express as much by a mere hand-shake as
+he. It was a welcome, an encouragement, an inspiration, and an earnest
+of future fellowship and friendship. It lessened the timid awe I
+naturally felt towards one in such an elevated position,--I had never
+before seen a Principal of a College,--it dissipated all boyish
+awkwardness, and awakened filial confidence. He spoke of Scotland, my
+native land, and of her noble sons, distinguished in every branch of
+philosophy and literature; specially of the number, the diligence, the
+frugality, self-denial, and success of her college students. In this
+way, he soon led me to tell him of my parentage, past life and efforts,
+present hopes and aspirations. His manner was so gracious and
+paternal--his sympathy so quick and genuine--his counsel so ready and
+cheering--his assurances so grateful and inspiriting, that not only was
+my heart _his_ from that hour, but my future career seemed brighter and
+more certain than it had ever appeared before.
+
+Many times in after years, have I been instructed, and guided, and
+delighted with his conversation, always replete with interest and
+information; but that first interview I can never forget: it is as fresh
+and clear to me to-day as it was on the morning after it took place. It
+has exerted a profound, enduring, moulding influence on my whole life.
+For what, under God, I am, and have been enabled to achieve, I owe more
+to that noble, unselfish, kind-hearted man than to any one else.
+
+Dr. Ryerson was, at that time, in the prime of a magnificent manhood.
+His well-developed, finely-proportioned, firmly-knit frame; his broad,
+lofty brow; his keen, penetrating eye, and his genial, benignant face,
+all proclaimed him every inch a man. His mental powers vigorous and
+well-disciplined, his attainments in literature varied and extensive,
+his experience extended and diversified, his fame as a preacher of great
+pathos and power widely-spread, his claims as a doughty, dauntless
+champion of the rights of the people to civil and religious liberty
+generally acknowledged, his powers of expression marvellous in
+readiness, richness, and beauty, his manners affable and winning, his
+presence magnetic and impressive,--he stood in the eye of the youthful,
+ardent, aspiring student, a tower of strength, a centre of healthy,
+helpful influences--a man to be admired and honoured, loved and feared,
+imitated and followed. And I may add that frequent intercourse for
+nearly forty years, and close official relations for more than ten, only
+deepened and confirmed the impressions first made. A more familiar
+acquaintance with his domestic, social, and religious life, a more
+thorough knowledge of his mind and heart, constantly increased my
+appreciation of his worth, my esteem for his character, and my affection
+for his person.
+
+Not a few misunderstood, undervalued, or misrepresented his public
+conduct, but it will be found that those who knew him best, loved him
+most, and that many who were constrained to differ from him, in his
+management of public affairs, did full justice to the purity and
+generosity of his motives, to the nobility, loftiness, and ultimate
+success of his aims, and to the disinterestedness and value of his
+varied and manifold labours for the country, and for the Church of
+Christ.
+
+As a _teacher_, he was earnest and efficient, eloquent and inspiring,
+but he expected and exacted rather too much work from the average
+student. His own ready and affluent mind sympathized keenly with the
+apt, bright scholar, to whom his praise was warmly given, but he
+scarcely made sufficient allowance for the dullness or lack of previous
+preparation which failed to keep pace with him in his long and rapid
+strides; hence his censures were occasionally severe. His methods of
+examination furnished the very best kind of mental discipline, fitted
+alike to cultivate the memory and to strengthen the judgment. All the
+students revered him, but the best of the class appreciated him most.
+His counsels were faithful and judicious; his admonitions paternal and
+discriminating; his rebukes seldom administered, but scathingly severe.
+No student ever left his presence, without resolving to do better, to
+aim higher, and to win his approval.
+
+His acceptance of the office of Chief Superintendent of Education, while
+offering to him the sphere of his life's work, and giving to the country
+the very service it needed--_the man for the place_--was a severe trial
+to the still struggling College, and a bitter disappointment to some
+young, ambitious hearts.
+
+Into this new arena he entered with a resolute determination to succeed,
+and he spared no pains, effort, or sacrifice to fit himself thoroughly
+for the onerous duties of the office to which he had been appointed. Of
+its nature, importance, and far-reaching results, he had a distinct,
+vivid perception, and clearly realized and fully felt the
+responsibilities it imposed. He steadfastly prosecuted his work with a
+firm, inflexible will, unrelaxing tenacity of purpose, an amazing
+fertility of expedient, an exhaustless amount of information, a most
+wonderful skill in adaptation, a matchless ability in unfolding and
+vindicating his plans, a rare adroitness in meeting and removing
+difficulties--great moderation in success, and indomitable perseverance
+under discouragement, calm patience when misapprehended, unflinching
+courage when opposed,--until he achieved the consummation of his wishes,
+the establishment of a system of public education second to none in its
+efficiency and adaptation to the condition and circumstances of the
+people. The system is a noble monument to the singleness of purpose, the
+unwavering devotion, the tireless energy, the eminent ability, and the
+administrative powers of Dr. Ryerson, and it will render his name a
+familiar word for many generations in Canadian schools and homes; and
+place him high in the list of the great men of other lands,
+distinguished in the same field of labour. His entire administration of
+the Department of Public Instruction was patient and prudent, vigorous
+and vigilant, sagacious and successful.
+
+He repeatedly visited Europe, not for mere recreation or personal
+advantage, but for the advancement of the interests of religion and
+education in the Province. During these tours, there were opened to him
+the most extended fields of observation and enquiry, from which he
+gathered ample stores of information which he speedily rendered
+available for the perfecting, as far as practicable, the entire system
+of Public Instruction.
+
+A prominent figure in Canadian history for three score years, actively
+and ceaselessly engaged in almost every department of patriotic and
+philanthropic, Christian and literary, enterprise, Dr. Ryerson was a
+strong tower in support or defence of every good cause, and no such
+cause failed to secure the powerful aid of his advocacy by voice and
+pen. His was truly a catholic and charitable spirit. Nothing human was
+alien to him. A friend of all good men, he enjoyed the confidence and
+esteem of all, even of those whose opinions or policy on public
+questions he felt constrained to refute or oppose. He commanded the
+respect, and secured the friendship of men of every rank, and creed, and
+party. None could better appreciate his ability and magnanimity than
+those who encountered him as an opponent, or were compelled to
+acknowledge him as victor. His convictions were strong, his principles
+firm, his purposes resolute, and he could, and did maintain them, with
+chivalrous daring, against any and every assault.
+
+In the heat of controversy, while repelling unworthy insinuations, his
+indignation was sometimes roused, and his language not unfrequently was
+fervid, and forcible, and scathingly severe, but seldom, if ever,
+personally rancorous or bitter. When violently or vilely assailed his
+sensitive nature keenly felt the wound, but though he earned many a
+scar, he bore no malice.
+
+_His intellectual powers_, of a high order, admirably balanced, and
+invigorated by long and severe discipline, found their expression in
+word and work, by pulpit, press, and platform, in the achievements of
+self-denying, indefatigable industry, and in wise and lofty
+statesmanship.
+
+_His moral nature_ was elevated and pure. He was generous, sympathetic,
+benevolent, faithful, trusting, and trustworthy. He rejoiced sincerely
+in the weal, and deeply felt the woes of others, and his ready hand
+obeyed the dictates of his loving, liberal heart.
+
+_His religious life_ was marked by humility, consistency, and
+cheerfulness. The simplicity of his faith in advanced life was
+childlike, and sublime. His trust in God never faltered, and, at the end
+of his course, his hopes of eternal life, through Jesus Christ our Lord,
+were radiant and triumphant.
+
+Dr. Ryerson was truly a great man, endowed with grand qualities of mind
+and heart, which he consecrated to high and holy aims; and though, in
+early life, and in his public career, beset with many difficulties, he
+heroically achieved for himself, among his own people, a most enviable
+renown. His work and his worth universally appreciated, his influence
+widely acknowledged, his services highly valued, his name a household
+word throughout the Dominion, and his memory a legacy and an
+inspiration to future generations.
+
+And while Canada owes more to him than any other of her sons, his fame
+is not confined to the land of his birth, which he loved so well, and
+served so faithfully, but in Britain and in the United States of America
+his name is well known, and is classed with their own deserving
+worthies.
+
+Whatever judgment may be formed of some parts of his eventful and
+distinguished career as a public man, there can be but one opinion as to
+the eminent and valuable services he has rendered to his country, as a
+laborious, celebrated pioneer preacher, an able ecclesiastical leader, a
+valiant and veteran advocate of civil and religious liberty--as the
+founder and administrator of a system of public education second to that
+of no other land--as the President and life-long patron of Victoria
+University, _whose oldest living alumnus_ will hold his memory dear to
+life's close, when severed friends will be reunited; and whose
+successive classes will revere as the first President and firm friend of
+their Alma Mater, as the promoter of popular education, the ally of all
+teachers, and an example to all young men.
+
+I lay this simple wreath on the memorial of one, whom I found able and
+helpful as _a teacher_ in my youth--wise and prudent as _an adviser_ in
+after life--generous and considerate as _a superior officer_--tender and
+true as a _friend_. He loved me, and was beloved by me. He doubtless had
+his faults, but I cannot recall them; and very few, I venture to think,
+will ever seek to mention them. The green turf which rests on his grave
+covers them. His memory will live as one of the purest, kindest, best of
+men. A patriot, a scholar, a Christian--the servant of God, the friend
+of man.
+
+ "Amicum perdere est damnorum maximum."
+
+Yours, very faithfully, in bonds of truest friendship,
+
+W. Ormiston.
+
+To J. George Hodgins, Esq., LL.D., Toronto
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF MY LIFE.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+1803-1825.
+
+Sketch of Early Life.
+
+
+I have several times been importuned to furnish a sketch of my life for
+books of biography of public men, published both in Canada and the
+United States; but I have uniformly declined, assigning as a reason a
+wish to have nothing of the kind published during my lifetime. Finding,
+however, that some circumstances connected with my early history have
+been misapprehended and misrepresented by adversaries, and that my
+friends are anxious that I should furnish some information on the
+subject, and being now in the seventieth year of my age, I sit down in
+this my Long Point Island Cottage, retired from the busy world, to give
+some account of my early life, on this blessed Sabbath day, indebted to
+the God of the Sabbath for all that I am,--morally, intellectually, and
+as a public man, as well as for all my hopes of a future life.
+
+I was born on the 24th of March, 1803, in the Township of
+Charlotteville, near the Village of Vittoria, in the then London
+District, now the County of Norfolk. My Father had been an officer in
+the British Army during the American Revolution, being a volunteer in
+the Prince of Wales' Regiment of New Jersey, of which place he was a
+native. His forefathers were from Holland, and his more remote ancestors
+were from Denmark.
+
+At the close of the American Revolutionary War, he, with many others of
+the same class, went to New Brunswick, where he married my Mother, whose
+maiden name was Stickney, a descendant of one of the early Massachusetts
+Puritan settlers.
+
+Near the close of the last century my Father, with his family, followed
+an elder brother to Canada,[1] where he drew some 2,500 acres of land
+from the Government, for his services in the army, besides his pension.
+My Father settled on 600 acres of land lying about half-way between the
+present Village of Vittoria and Port Ryerse, where my uncle Samuel
+settled, and where he built the first mill in the County of Norfolk.
+
+On the organization of the London District in 1800, for legal purposes,
+my uncle was the Lieutenant of the County, issuing commissions in his
+own name to militia officers; he was also Chairman of the Quarter
+Sessions. My Father was appointed High Sheriff in 1800, but held the
+office only six years, when he resigned it in behalf of the late Colonel
+John Bostwick (then a surveyor), who subsequently married my eldest
+sister, and who owned what is now Port Stanley, and was at one time a
+Member of Parliament for the County of Middlesex.
+
+My Father devoted himself exclusively to agriculture, and I learned to
+do all kinds of farm-work. The district grammar-school was then kept
+within half-a-mile of my Father's residence, by Mr. James Mitchell
+(afterwards Judge Mitchell), an excellent classical scholar; he came
+from Scotland with the late Rt. Rev. Dr. Strachan, first Bishop of
+Toronto. Mr. Mitchell married my youngest sister. He treated me with
+much kindness. When I recited to him my lessons in English grammar he
+often said that he had never studied the English grammar himself, that
+he wrote and spoke English by the Latin grammar. At the age of fourteen
+I had the opportunity of attending a course of instruction in the
+English language given by two professors, the one an Englishman, and the
+other an American, who taught nothing but English grammar. They
+professed in one course of instruction, by lectures, to enable a
+diligent pupil to parse any sentence in the English language. I was sent
+to attend these lectures, the only boarding abroad for school
+instruction I ever enjoyed. My previous knowledge of the _letter_ of the
+grammar was of great service to me, and gave me an advantage over other
+pupils, so that before the end of the course I was generally called up
+to give visitors an illustration of the success of the system, which was
+certainly the most effective I have ever since witnessed, having charts,
+etc., to illustrate the agreement and government of words.
+
+This whole course of instruction by two able men, who did nothing but
+teach grammar from one week's end to another had to me all the
+attraction of a charm and a new discovery. It gratified both curiosity
+and ambition, and I pursued it with absorbing interest, until I had gone
+through Murray's two volumes of "Expositions and Exercises," Lord Kames'
+"Elements of Criticism," and Blair's "Lectures on Rhetoric," of which I
+still have the notes which I then made. The same professors obtained
+sufficient encouragement to give a second course of instruction and
+lectures at Vittoria, and one of them becoming ill, the other solicited
+my Father to allow me to assist him, as it would be useful to me, while
+it would enable him to fulfil his engagements. Thus, before I was
+sixteen, I was inducted as a teacher, by lecturing on my native
+language. This course of instruction, and exercises in English, have
+proved of the greatest advantage to me, not less in enabling me to study
+foreign languages than in using my own.
+
+But that to which I am principally indebted for any studious habits,
+mental energy, or even capacity or decision of character, is religious
+instruction, poured into my mind in my childhood by a Mother's counsels,
+and infused into my heart by a Mother's prayers and tears. When very
+small, under six years of age, having done something naughty, my Mother
+took me into her bedroom, told me how bad and wicked what I had done
+was, and what pain it caused her, kneeled down, clasped me to her bosom,
+and prayed for me. Her tears, falling upon my head, seemed to penetrate
+to my very heart. This was my first religious impression, and was never
+effaced. Though thoughtless, and full of playful mischief, I never
+afterwards knowingly grieved my Mother, or gave her other than
+respectful and kind words.
+
+At the close of the American War, in 1815, when I was twelve years of
+age, my three elder brothers, George, William, and John, became deeply
+religious, and I imbibed the same spirit. My consciousness of guilt and
+sinfulness was humbling, oppressive, and distressing; and my experience
+of relief, after lengthened fastings, watchings, and prayers, was clear,
+refreshing, and joyous. In the end I simply trusted in Christ, and
+looked to Him for a present salvation; and, as I looked up in my bed,
+the light appeared to my mind, and, as I thought, to my bodily eye also,
+in the form of One, white-robed, who approached the bedside with a
+smile, and with more of the expression of the countenance of Titian's
+Christ than of any person whom I have ever seen. I turned, rose to my
+knees, bowed my head, and covered my face, rejoiced with trembling,
+saying to a brother who was lying beside me, that the Saviour was now
+near us. The change within was more marked than anything without and,
+perhaps, the inward change may have suggested what appeared an outward
+manifestation. I henceforth had new views, new feelings, new joys, and
+new strength. I truly delighted in the law of the Lord, after the inward
+man, and--
+
+ "Jesus, all the day long, was my joy and my song."
+
+From that time I became a diligent student, and new quickness and
+strength seemed to be imparted to my understanding and memory. While
+working on the farm I did more than ordinary day's work, that it might
+show how industrious, instead of lazy, as some said, religion made a
+person. I studied between three and six o'clock in the morning, carried
+a book in my pocket during the day to improve odd moments by reading or
+learning, and then reviewed my studies of the day aloud while walking
+out in the evening.
+
+To the Methodist way of religion my Father was, at that time, extremely
+opposed, and refused me every facility for acquiring knowledge while I
+continued to go amongst them. I did not, however, formally join them, in
+order to avoid his extreme displeasure. A kind friend offered to give me
+any book that I would commit to memory, and submit to his examination of
+the same. In this way I obtained my first Latin grammar, "Watts on the
+Mind," and "Watts' Logic."
+
+My eldest brother, George, after the war, went to Union College, U.S.,
+where he finished his collegiate studies. He was a fellow-student with
+the late Dr. Wayland, and afterwards succeeded my brother-in-law as
+Master of the London District Grammar School. His counsels,
+examinations, and ever kind assistance were a great encouragement and of
+immense service to me; and though he and I have since differed in
+religious opinions, no other than most affectionate brotherly feeling
+has ever existed between us to this day.[2]
+
+When I had attained the age of eighteen, the Methodist minister in
+charge of the circuit which embraced our neighbourhood, thought it not
+compatible with the rules of the Church to allow, as had been done for
+several years, the privileges of a member without my becoming one. I
+then gave in my name for membership. Information of this was soon
+communicated to my Father, who, in the course of a few days, said to me:
+"Egerton, I understand you have joined the Methodists; you must either
+leave them or leave my house." He said no more, and I well knew that the
+decree was final; but I had formed my decision in view of all possible
+consequences, and I had the aid of a Mother's prayers, and a Mother's
+tenderness, and a conscious Divine strength according to my need. The
+next day I left home and became usher in the London District Grammar
+School, applying myself to my new work with much diligence and
+earnestness, so that I soon succeeded in gaining the good-will of
+parents and pupils, and they were quite satisfied with my
+services,--leaving the head master to his favourite pursuits of
+gardening and building!
+
+During two years I was thus teacher and student, advancing considerably
+in classical studies. I took great delight in "Locke on the Human
+Understanding," Paley's "Moral and Political Philosophy," and
+"Blackstone's Commentaries," especially the sections of the latter on
+the Prerogatives of the Crown, the Rights of the Subject, and the
+Province of Parliament.
+
+As my Father complained that the Methodists had robbed him of his son,
+and of the fruits of that son's labours, I wished to remove that ground
+of complaint as far as possible by hiring an English farm-labourer, then
+just arrived in Canada, in my place, and paid him out of the proceeds of
+my own labour for two years. But although the farmer was the best hired
+man my Father had ever had, the result of his farm-productions during
+these two years did not equal those of the two years that I had been the
+chief labourer on the farm, and my Father came to me one day uttering
+the single sentence, "Egerton, you must come home," and then walked
+away. My first promptings would have led me to say, "Father, you have
+expelled me from your house for being a Methodist; I am so still. I have
+employed a man for you in my place for two years, during which time I
+have been a student and a teacher, and unaccustomed to work on a farm, I
+cannot now resume it." But I had left home for the honour of religion,
+and I thought the honour of religion would be promoted by my returning
+home, and showing still that the religion so much spoken against would
+enable me to leave the school for the plough and the harvest-field, as
+it had enabled me to leave home without knowing at the moment whether I
+should be a teacher or a farm-labourer.
+
+I relinquished my engagement as teacher within a few days, engaging
+again on the farm with such determination and purpose that I ploughed
+every acre of ground for the season, cradled every stalk of wheat, rye,
+and oats, and mowed every spear of grass, pitched the whole, first on a
+waggon, and then from the waggon on the hay-mow or stack. While the
+neighbours were astonished at the possibility of one man doing so much
+work, I neither felt fatigue nor depression, for "the joy of the Lord
+was my strength," both of body and mind, and I made nearly, if not
+quite, as much progress in my studies as I had done while teaching
+school. My Father then became changed in regard both to myself and the
+religion I professed, desiring me to remain at home; but, having been
+enabled to maintain a good conscience in the sight of God, and a good
+report before men, in regard to my filial duty during my minority, I
+felt that my life's work lay in another direction. I had refused,
+indeed, the advice of senior Methodist ministers to enter into the
+ministerial work, feeling myself as yet unqualified for it, and still
+doubting whether I should ever engage in it, or in another profession.
+
+I felt a strong desire to pursue further my classical studies, and
+determined, with the kind counsel and aid of my eldest brother, to
+proceed to Hamilton, and place myself for a year under the tuition of a
+man of high reputation both as a scholar and a teacher, the late John
+Law, Esq., then head master of the Gore District Grammar School. I
+applied myself with such ardour, and prepared such an amount of work in
+both Latin and Greek, that Mr. Law said it was impossible for him to
+give the time and hear me read all that I had prepared, and that he
+would, therefore, examine me on the translation and construction of the
+more difficult passages, remarking more than once that it was impossible
+for any human mind to sustain long the strain that I was imposing upon
+mine. In the course of some six months his apprehensions were realized,
+as I was seized with a brain fever, and on partially recovering took
+cold, which resulted in inflammation of the lungs by which I was so
+reduced that my physician, the late Dr. James Graham, of Norfolk,
+pronounced my case hopeless, and my death was hourly expected.
+
+In that extremity, while I felt even a desire to depart and be with
+Christ, I was oppressed with the consciousness that I should have
+yielded to the counsels of the chief ministers of my Church, as I could
+have made nearly as much progress in my classical studies, and at the
+same time been doing some good to the souls of men, instead of refusing
+to speak in public as I had done. I then and there vowed that if I
+should be restored to life and health, I would not follow my own
+counsels, but would yield to the openings and calls which might be made
+in the Church by its chief ministers. That very moment the cloud was
+removed; the light of the glory of God shone into my mind and heart with
+a splendour and power that I had never before experienced. My Mother,
+entering the room a few moments after, exclaimed: "Egerton, your
+countenance is changed, you are getting better!" My bodily recovery was
+rapid; but the recovery of my mind from the shock which it had
+experienced was slower, and for some weeks I could not even read, much
+less study. While thus recovering, I exercised myself as I best could in
+writing down my meditations.
+
+My Father so earnestly solicited me to return, that he offered me a deed
+of his farm if I would do so and live with him; but I declined acceding
+to his request under any circumstances, expressing my conviction that
+even could I do so, I thought it unwise and wrong for any parent to
+place himself in a position of dependence upon any of his children for
+support, so long as he could avoid doing so. One day, entering my room
+and seeing a manuscript lying on the bed, he asked me what I had been
+writing, and wished me to read it. I had written a meditation on part of
+the last verse of the 73rd Psalm: "it is good for me to draw near to
+God." When I read to him what I had written my Father rose with a sigh,
+remarking: "Egerton, I don't think you will ever return home again," and
+he never afterwards mooted the subject, except in a general way.
+
+On recovering, I returned to Hamilton and resumed my studies; shortly
+after which I went on a Saturday to a quarterly meeting, held about
+twelve miles from Hamilton, at "The Fifty," a neighborhood two or three
+miles west of Grimsby, where I expected to meet my brother William, who
+was one of the ministers on the circuit, which was then called the
+Niagara Circuit--embracing the whole Niagara Peninsula, from five miles
+east of Hamilton, and across to the west of Fort Erie. But my brother
+did not attend, and I learned that he had been laid aside from his
+ministerial work by bleeding of the lungs. Between love-feast and
+preaching on Sunday morning, the presiding elder, the Rev. Thomas
+Madden, the late Hugh Willson, and the late Smith Griffin (grandfather
+of the Rev. W. S. Griffin), circuit stewards, called me aside and asked
+if I had any engagements that would prevent me from coming on the
+circuit to supply the place of my brother William, who might be unable
+to resume his work for, perhaps, a year or more.
+
+I felt that the vows of God were upon me, and I was for some moments
+speechless from emotion. On recovering, I said I had no engagements
+beyond my own plans and purposes; but I was yet weak in body from severe
+illness, and I had no means for anything else than pursuing my studies,
+for which aid had been provided.
+
+One of the stewards replied that he would give me a horse, and the other
+that he would provide me with a saddle and bridle. I then felt that I
+had no choice but to fulfill the vow which I had made, on what was
+supposed to my deathbed. I returned to Hamilton, settled with my
+instructor and for my lodgings, and made my first attempt at preaching
+at or near Beamsville, on Easter Sunday, 1825, in the morning, from the
+5th verse of the 126th Psalm: "They that sow in tears shall reap in
+joy;" and in the afternoon at "The Fifty," on "The Resurrection of
+Christ."--Acts ii. 24.
+
+ Toronto, Nov. 11th, 1880.
+
+Such was the sketch of my life which I wrote on Sabbath in my Long Point
+Island Cottage, on the 24th of March, 1873, the 70th anniversary of my
+birthday. I know not that I can add anything to the foregoing story of
+my early life that would be worth writing or reading.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[In his cottage at Long Point, on his seventy-fifth birthday, Dr.
+Ryerson wrote the following paper, which Dr. Potts read on the occasion
+of his funeral discourse. It will be read with profoundest interest, as
+one of the noblest of those Christian experiences which are the rich
+heritage of the Church.--J. G. H.]
+
+ Long Point Island Cottage, March 24th, 1878.
+
+I am this day seventy-five years of age, and this day fifty-three years
+ago, after resisting many solicitations to enter the ministry, and after
+long and painful struggles, I decided to devote my life and all to the
+ministry of the Methodist Church.
+
+The predominant feeling of my heart is that of gratitude and
+humiliation; gratitude for God's unbounded mercy, patience, and
+compassion, in the bestowment of almost uninterrupted health, and
+innumerable personal, domestic, and social blessings for more than fifty
+years of a public life of great labour and many dangers; and humiliation
+under a deep-felt consciousness of personal unfaithfulness, of many
+defects, errors, and neglects in public duties. Many tell me that I have
+been useful to the Church and the country; but my own consciousness
+tells me that I have learned little, experienced little, done little in
+comparison of what I might and ought to have known and done. By the
+grace of God I am spared; by His grace I am what I am; all my trust for
+salvation is in the efficacy of Jesus' atoning blood. I know whom I have
+trusted, and "am persuaded that He is able to keep that which I have
+committed unto Him against that day." I have no melancholy feelings or
+fears. The joy of the Lord is my strength. I feel that I am now on the
+bright side of seventy-five. As the evening twilight of my earthly life
+advances, my spiritual sun shines with increased splendour. This has
+been my experience for the last year. With an increased sense of my own
+sinfulness, unworthiness, and helplessness, I have an increased sense of
+the blessedness of pardon, the indwelling of the Comforter, and the
+communion of saints.
+
+Here, on bended knees, I give myself, and all I have and am, afresh to
+Him whom I have endeavoured to serve, but very imperfectly, for more
+than threescore years. All helpless, myself, I most humbly and devoutly
+pray that Divine strength may be perfected in my weakness, and that my
+last days on earth may be my best days--best days of implicit faith and
+unreserved consecration, best days of simple scriptural ministrations
+and public usefulness, best days of change from glory to glory, and of
+becoming meet for the inheritance of the saints in light, until my Lord
+shall dismiss me from the service of warfare and the weariness of toil
+to the glories of victory and the repose of rest.
+
+ E. Ryerson.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] My father's eldest brother Samuel was known as Samuel Ryerse, in
+consequence of the manner in which his name was spelled in his Army
+Commission which he held; but the original family name was Ryerson.
+
+[2] This brother of Dr. Ryerson's passed quietly away on the 19th of
+December, 1882, aged 92. Dr. Ryerson died on the 19th of February of the
+same year, aged 79. Their father, Col. Ryerson, died at the age of
+94.--J. G. H.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+1824-1825.
+
+Extracts from my diary of 1824 and 1825.
+
+
+The foregoing sketch of my early life may be properly followed by
+extracts from my diary; pourtraying my mental and spiritual exercises
+and labours during a few months before and after I commenced the work of
+an itinerant Methodist Preacher.
+
+The extracts are as follow, and are very brief in comparison to the
+entire diary, which extends over eight years from 1824, to 1832, after
+which time I ceased to write a daily diary, and wrote in a journal the
+principal occurrences and doings in which I was concerned.[3]
+
+ _Hamilton, August 12th, 1824._--I arrived here the day after I left
+ home. Mr. John Law (with whom I am to study) received me with all
+ the affection and kindness of a sincere and disinterested friend.
+ Even, without expecting it, he told me that his library was at my
+ service; that he did not wish me to join any class, but to read by
+ myself, that he might pay every attention, and give me every
+ assistance in his power. Indeed he answered my highest expectation.
+ I am stopping with Mr. John Aikman. He is one of the most
+ respectable men in this vicinity. I shall be altogether retired. At
+ the Court of Assize, the Chief-Justice and the Attorney-General
+ will stop here, which will make a very agreeable change for a few
+ days. To pursue my studies with indefatigable industry, and ardent
+ zeal, will be my set purpose, so that I may never have to mourn the
+ loss of my precious time.
+
+ _Aug. 16th._--This day I commenced my studies by reading Latin and
+ Greek with Mr. Law. I began the duties of the day in imploring the
+ assistance of God; for without Him I cannot do anything. God has
+ been pleased to open my understanding, to enlighten my mind, and to
+ show me the necessity and blessedness of an unreserved and habitual
+ devotion to his heavenly will. I have heard Bishop Hedding preach,
+ also Rev. Nathan Bangs. I am resolved to improve my time more
+ diligently, and to give myself wholly to God. Oh, may his
+ long-suffering mercy bear with me, his wisdom guide, his power
+ support and defend me, and may his mercy bring me off triumphant in
+ the dying day!
+
+ _Aug. 17th._--I have been reading Virgil's Georgics. I find them
+ very difficult, and have only read seventy lines. In my spiritual
+ concerns I have been greatly blessed; and felt more anxiously
+ concerned for my soul's salvation, have prayed more than usual, and
+ experienced a firmer confidence in the blessed promises of the
+ Gospel. I have enjoyed sweet intercourse with my Saviour, my soul
+ resting on his divine word, with a prayerful acquiescence in his
+ dispensations. But alas! what evil have I done, how much time have
+ I lost, how many idle words have I spoken; how should these
+ considerations lead me to watch my thoughts, to husband my time
+ with judgment, and govern my tongue as with a bridle! Oh, Lord
+ bless me and prosper me in all my ways and labours, and keep me to
+ thyself!
+
+ _Aug. 18th._--The Lord has abundantly blessed me this day both in
+ my spiritual and classical pursuits. I have been able to pursue my
+ studies with facility, and have felt his Holy Spirit graciously
+ enlightening my mind, showing me the necessity of separating myself
+ from the world, and being given up entirely to his service.
+
+ _Aug. 19th._--I have this day proved that, with every temptation,
+ the Lord makes a way for my escape. I have enjoyed much peace. Oh,
+ Lord, help me to improve my precious time, so as to overcome the
+ assaults and escape the snares of the adversary!
+
+ _Aug. 20th._--In all the vicissitudes of life, how clearly is the
+ mysterious providence and superintending care of Jehovah
+ manifested! how strikingly can I observe the divine interposition
+ of my heavenly Father, and how sensibly do I realize his
+ benevolence, kindness, and mercy in the whole moral and blessed
+ economy of his equitable and infinitely wise government! On no
+ object do I cast my eyes without observing an affecting instance of
+ a benevolent and overruling power; and, while in mental
+ contemplations my mind is absorbed, my admiration rises still
+ higher to the exalted purposes and designs of Almighty God. I
+ behold in the soul noble faculties, superior powers of imagination,
+ and capacious desires, unfilled by anything terrestrial, and wishes
+ unsatisfied by the widest grasp of human ambition. What is this but
+ immortality? Oh, that my soul may feed on food immortal!
+
+ Another week is gone, eternally gone! What account can I give to my
+ Almighty Judge for my conduct and opportunities? Has my improvement
+ kept pace with the panting steeds of unretarded time? Must I give
+ an account of every idle word, thought, and deed? Oh, merciful God!
+ if the most righteous, devoted, and holy scarcely are saved, where
+ stall I appear? How do my vain thoughts, and unprofitable
+ conversation, swell heaven's register? Where is my watchfulness!
+ Where are my humility, purity, and hatred of sin? Where is my zeal?
+ Alas! alas! they are things unpractised, unfelt, almost unknown to
+ me. How little do I share in the toils, the labours, or the sorrows
+ of the righteous, and consequently how little do I participate in
+ their confidence, their joys, their heavenly prospects? Oh, may
+ these awful considerations drive me closer to God, and incite to a
+ more diligent improvement of my precious time, so that I may bear
+ the mark of a real follower of Christ!
+
+ _Aug. 22nd.--Sabbath._--When I arose this morning I endeavoured to
+ dedicate myself afresh to God in prayer, with a full determination
+ to improve the day to his glory, and to spend it in his service.
+ Accordingly, I spent the morning in prayer, reading, and
+ meditation; but when I came to mingle with the worldly-minded, my
+ devotions and meditations were dampened and distracted, my thoughts
+ unprofitable and vain. I attended a Methodist Class-meeting where I
+ felt myself forcibly convinced of my shortcomings. Sure I am that
+ unless I am more vigilant, zealous, and watchful, I shall never
+ reach the Paradise of God. I must be willing to bear reproach for
+ Christ's sake, confess him before men, or I never can be owned by
+ him in the presence of his Father, and the holy angels.
+
+ Merciful God! forbid that I should barter away my heavenly
+ inheritance for a transient gleam of momentary joy, and the empty
+ round of worldly pleasure:
+
+ "Help me to watch and pray,
+ And on thyself rely,
+ Assured if I my trust betray,
+ I shall forever die."
+
+ _Aug. 23rd._--I have been abundantly prospered in my studies
+ to-day; and have been enabled to maintain an outward conformity in
+ my conduct. But alas! how blind to my own interest, to deprive
+ myself of the highest blessings and exalted honours the Almighty
+ has to bestow. Oh, Lord! help me henceforth to be wise unto
+ salvation. May I be sober and watch unto prayer! Amen.
+
+ _Aug. 24th._--Through the mercy of God I have been enabled in a
+ good degree to overcome my besetments, and have this day maintained
+ more consistency in conversation and conduct. Still I feel too much
+ deterred by the fear of man, and thirst too ardently for the
+ honours of the world. Merciful God! give me more grace, wisdom, and
+ strength, that I may triumphantly overcome and escape to heaven at
+ last!
+
+ I shall finish the first book of the Georgics to-day, which is the
+ seventh day since I commenced them. I expect to finish them in four
+ weeks from this time. My mind improves, and I feel much encouraged.
+ My labour is uniform and constant, from the dawn of day till near
+ eleven at night. I have not a moment to play on the flute.
+
+ _Aug. 25th._--There is nothing like implicit trust in the Almighty
+ for assistance, protection, and assurance! His past dispensations
+ and dealings with me leave not the least suspicion of his
+ inviolable veracity, and his efficacious promises cheer the
+ sadness, calm the fears of every soul that practically reposes in
+ and seeks after him. The truth of this, blessed be God, I have in
+ some measure experienced to-day. Help me, O Lord, with increasing
+ grace to attain still more sublime enjoyments and triumphant
+ prospects!
+
+ _Aug. 26th._--I feel a growing indifference to worldly pleasures,
+ and increasing love to God, to holiness, and heaven. Entire
+ confidence in a superintending Providence heals the wounded heart
+ of even the disconsolate widow, and gives the oil of joy for
+ sorrow, and the garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness.
+
+ _Aug. 27th._--This day I attended a funeral; those connected with
+ it were very ignorant; how strikingly this showed to me the
+ advantages of a good education. God forbid that I should idle away
+ my golden moments. Help me to choose the better part, and honour
+ God in all things!
+
+ _Aug. 28th._--The labours of another week are ended; during it I
+ have enjoyed much of the presence of God; surely the religion of
+ Christ dazzles all the magnificence of human glory; were I only to
+ regard the happiness of this life, I would embrace its doctrines,
+ practice its laws, and exert my influence for its extension.
+
+ _Aug. 29th.--Sabbath._--The blessings of the Lord have abundantly
+ surrounded me this day, and my heart has been enlarged.
+
+ _Aug. 30th._--In observing my actions and words this day, I find I
+ have done many things that are culpable; and yet, blessed be God,
+ his goodness to me is profuse. Help me to watch and pray that I
+ enter not into temptation.
+
+ _Aug. 31st._--How many youths around me do I see trifling away the
+ greatest part of their time, and profaning their Maker's name? My
+ soul magnifies His name that I have decided to be on the Lord's
+ side; how many evils have I escaped; how many blessings obtained;
+ what praise enjoyed, through the influence of this religion. To God
+ be all the glory!
+
+ _September 1st._--In no subject can we employ our thoughts more
+ profitably than on the atonement of Christ, and justification
+ through his merits. With wonder we gaze on the love of Deity; with
+ profound awe we behold a God descending from heaven to earth.
+ Unbounded love! Unmeasured grace! And while in deep silence his
+ death wraps all nature; while his yielding breath rends the temple
+ and shakes earth's deep foundations; may my redeemed soul in silent
+ rapture tune her grateful song aloft; and fired by this
+ blood-bought theme, may I mend my pace towards my heavenly
+ inheritance!
+
+ I generally close up the labours of the day by writing a short
+ essay or theme on some religious subject. In doing this I have two
+ objects in view: the improvement of my mind and heart. And what
+ could be more appropriate than to close the day by reflection upon
+ God, and heaven, and time, and eternity? No private employment,
+ except that of prayer, have I found more pleasing and profitable
+ than this. Youth is the seed-time of the life that now is, as well
+ as of that which is to come. Youthful piety is the germ of true
+ honour, lawful prosperity, and everlasting blessedness. One day of
+ humble, devotional piety in youth will add more to our happiness at
+ the last end of life than a year of repentance and humiliation in
+ old age. I have no intention of entering the ministry, and yet I
+ prefer religious topics. To-day I have chosen the atonement of our
+ Lord, and have written a few thoughts on it.
+
+ _Sept. 2nd._--Implicit trust in a superintending Providence is a
+ constant source of comfort and support to me.
+
+ _Sept. 3rd._--God has blessed me to-day in my studies. I have also
+ felt the efficacy of Divine aid. Help me still, most merciful God!
+
+ _Sept. 4th._--In the course of the past week I have experienced
+ various feelings, especially with respect to the dealings of Divine
+ Providence with me; but in all I have had this consolation, that
+ whatever happens, "the will of the Lord be done." It is my duty to
+ perform and obey.
+
+ _Sept. 5th._--This morning I attended church and heard a sermon on
+ Ezekiel xviii. 27. When we consider the importance of repentance,
+ its connection with our eternal happiness, surely every feeling
+ heart, and ministers especially, should exhibit with burning zeal
+ the conditions of salvation, the slavery of vice, the heinousness
+ of sin, the vanity of human glory, and the uncertainty of life.
+
+ _Sept. 6th._--When I laid aside my studies to commit my evening
+ thoughts to paper, my mind wandered on various subjects, until much
+ time was lost; the best antidote against this is, not to put off to
+ the next moment what can be done in this. We should be firm and
+ decided in all our pursuits, and whatever our minds "find to do, do
+ it with all our might."
+
+ _Sept. 7th._--The mutual dependence of men cements society, and
+ their social intercourse communicates pleasure. If we are called to
+ endure the pains and inconveniences of poverty, possessing this we
+ forget all; and in the pleasant walks of wealth, it adds to every
+ elegance a charm. Friendship associated with religion, elevates all
+ the ties of Christian love and mutual pleasure.
+
+ _Sept. 8th._--I have found myself too much mingled with the common
+ crowd, and like others, too indifferent to the subject of all
+ others the chief.
+
+ _Sept. 9th._--We "cannot serve God and Mammon." May I be firm in my
+ attachment to the Saviour, remembering that "godliness has the
+ promise of the life that now is, and of that which is to come."
+
+ _Sept. 12th._--I heard a practical sermon on making our "calling
+ and election sure," which closed with these words, "He that calleth
+ upon the name of the Lord shall be saved." I felt condemned on
+ account of my negligence, and resolved, by God's help, to gain
+ victory over my tendency to inconsistencies of life and conduct.
+
+ _Sept. 14th._--I observe men embarked on the stream of time, and
+ carried forward with irresistible force to that universal port
+ which shall receive the whole human family. Amongst this passing
+ crowd, how few are there who reflect upon the design and end of
+ their voyage; surfeited with pleasure, involved in life's busy
+ concerns, the future, with its awful realities, is forgotten and
+ time, not eternity, is placed in the foreground.
+
+ _Sept, 15th._--In a letter to my brother George, to-day, I
+ said:--It would be superfluous for me to tell you that the letter I
+ received from you gave me unspeakable pleasure. Your fears with
+ respect to my injuring my health are groundless, for I must confess
+ I don't possess half that application and burning zeal in these
+ all-important pursuits that I ought to have. For who can estimate
+ the value of a liberal education? Who can sufficiently prize that
+ in which all the powers of the human mind can expand to their
+ utmost and astonishing extent? What industry can outstretch the
+ worth of that knowledge, by which we can travel back to the
+ remotest ages, and live the lives of all antiquity? Nay, who can
+ set bounds to the value of those attainments, by which we can, as
+ it were, fly from world to world, and gaze on all the glories of
+ creation; by which we can glide down the stream of time, and
+ penetrate the unorganized regions of uncreated futurity? My heart
+ burns while I write. Although literature presents the highest
+ objects of ambition to the most refined mind, yet I consider
+ health, in comparison with other temporal enjoyments, the most
+ bountiful, and highest gift of heaven.
+
+ I have read three books of the Georgics, and three odes of Horace,
+ but this last week I have read scarcely any, as I have had a great
+ deal of company, and there has been no school. But I commence again
+ to-day with all my might. The Attorney-General stops at Mr.
+ Aikman's during Court. I find him very agreeable. He conversed with
+ me more than an hour last night, in the most sociable, open manner
+ possible.
+
+ _Sept. 16th._--There is nothing of greater importance than to
+ commence early to form our characters and regulate our conduct.
+ Observation daily proves that man's condition in this world is
+ generally the result of his own conduct. When we come to maturity,
+ we perceive there is a right and a wrong in the actions of men;
+ many who possess the same hereditary advantages, are not equally
+ prosperous in life; some by virtuous conduct rise to
+ respectability, honour, and happiness; while others by mean and
+ vicious actions, forfeit the advantages of their birth, and sink
+ into ignominy and disgrace. How necessary that in early life useful
+ habits should be formed, and turbulent passions restrained, so that
+ when manhood and old age come, the mind be not enervated by the
+ follies and vices of youth, but, supported and strengthened by the
+ Divine Being, be enabled to say, "O God, thou hast taught me from
+ my youth, and now when I am old and grey-headed, O God, thou wilt
+ not forsake me!"
+
+ _Sept. 21st._--I have just parted with an old and faithful friend,
+ who has left for another kingdom. How often has he kindly reproved
+ me, and how oft have we gone to the house of God together! We may
+ never meet again on earth, but what a mercy to have a good hope of
+ meeting in the better land!
+
+ _Sept. 23rd._--When I reflect on the millions of the human family
+ who know nothing of Christ, my soul feels intensely for their
+ deliverance. What a vast uncultivated field in my own country for
+ ministers to employ their whole time and talents in exalting a
+ crucified Saviour. Has God designed this sacred task for me? If it
+ be Thy will, may all obstacles be removed, my heart be sanctified
+ and my hands made pure.
+
+ _Sept. 26th._--I have been much oppressed with a man-fearing
+ spirit, but what have I to fear if God be for me? Oh, Lord, enable
+ me to become a bold witness for Jesus Christ!
+
+ _Sept. 28th._--In all the various walks of life, I find
+ obstructions and labours, surrounded with foes, powerful as well
+ as subtle; although I have all the promises of the Gospel to
+ comfort and support me, yet find exertion on my own part absolutely
+ necessary. When heaven proclaims victory, it is only that which
+ succeeds labour. I consider it a divine requisition that my whole
+ course of conduct, both in political and social life, should be
+ governed by the infallible precepts of revelation; hypocrisy is
+ inexcusable, even in the most trifling circumstances.
+
+ _Sept. 29th._--I find difficulties to overcome in my literary
+ pursuits, I had never anticipated; and it is only by the most
+ indefatigable labour I can succeed. I am much oppressed by the
+ labours of this day. I need Divine aid in this as well as in
+ spiritual pursuits.
+
+ _Sept. 30th._--I have been enabled to study with considerable
+ facility. Prayer I find the most profitable employment, practice
+ the best instructor, and thanksgiving the sweetest recreation. May
+ this be my experience every day!
+
+ _October, 2nd._--I am another week nearer my eternal destiny! Am I
+ nearer heaven, and better prepared for death than at its
+ commencement? Do I view sin with greater abhorence? Are my views of
+ the Deity more enlarged? Is it my meat and drink to do his holy
+ will? Oh, my God, how much otherwise!
+
+ _From the 3rd to the 9th Oct._--During this period the afflicting
+ hand of God has been upon me; thank God, when distressed with
+ bodily pain, I have felt a firm assurance of Divine favour, so that
+ all fear of death has been taken away. My soul is too unholy to
+ meet a holy God, and mingle with the society of the blest. Oh, God,
+ save me from the deceitfulness of my own heart!
+
+ _Oct. 10th, Sabbath._--I am rapidly recovering health and strength.
+ The Lord is my refuge and comfort. Surrounded by temptations, the
+ applause of men is often too fascinating, and my treacherous heart
+ dresses things in false colours. But, bless God, in his goodness
+ and mercy he recalls my wandering steps, and invites me to dwell in
+ safety under the shadow of his wing.
+
+ _Oct. 11th._--No graces are of more importance than patience and
+ perseverance. They give consistency and dignity to character. We
+ may possess the most sparkling talents and the most interesting
+ qualities, but without these graces, the former lose their lustre,
+ and the latter their charms. In religion their influence is more
+ important, as they form the character, by enabling us to surmount
+ difficulties and remove obstacles. I am far from thinking them
+ constitutional virtues, with a little additional cultivation, but I
+ consider them the gift of heaven, less common than is generally
+ imagined, though sometimes faintly counterfeited. They differ from
+ natural or moral excellence in this being the proper and consistent
+ exercise of those virtues.
+
+ _Oct. 12th._--It is two weeks to-day since I first wrote home. A
+ week ago I received a kind letter from my brother George, but was
+ too ill with fever to read it, or to write in reply until to-day. I
+ said: "I feel truly thankful to you for the tender concern and warm
+ interest which you express in your letter. Tell my dear Mother that
+ I share with her her afflictions, and that I am daily more forcibly
+ convinced that every earthly comfort and advantage is transient and
+ unsatisfactory, that this is not our home, but that our highest
+ happiness amidst these fluctuating scenes, is to insure the favour
+ and protection of him who alone can raise us above afflictions and
+ calamities."
+
+ _November 20th._--More than a month has elapsed since I recorded my
+ religious feelings and enjoyments on paper. During this period, I
+ have sometimes realized all the pleasures of health; at other
+ times, borne down with pain and sickness, the spirit would be cast
+ down. At such seasons of depression, religion would come in as my
+ only comfort, and with the Psalmist I would exclaim, "Hope thou in
+ God, for I shall yet praise him who is the light of my countenance,
+ and my God." Thus I find from blessed experience, that in every
+ state and condition, union and intercourse with God brings true
+ peace, joy, trust, and praise. If there be any honour, here it is.
+ If there be any wealth, this is it. "I would rather be a
+ door-keeper in the house of my God than dwell in the tents of
+ wickedness." O Lord, give me more of the mind of Christ!
+
+ _Nov. 25th._--In entering on the field of life, I find my mind much
+ perplexed with the variety of objects presented to my view. The
+ comforts and tranquility of domestic happiness attract my
+ attention, and excite warm desires in my heart. Am I not to taste
+ the pleasures which two hearts reciprocally united in one, mutually
+ communicate? or must I give up the home of domestic enjoyment to
+ the calls of duty, and the salvation of men? Has heaven designed
+ that I should spend my days in seeking the lost sheep of the House
+ of Israel? May divine wisdom direct me, and suffer me not to follow
+ the dictates of my own will!
+
+ _Nov. 26th._--By taking a retrospective view of what is past, we
+ learn to ask more wisely in the time to come. The cool dictates of
+ reason, assisted by that inward monitor, conscience, placed within
+ the breast of every individual, strongly condemns every deviation
+ from propriety, justice, or morality. By mingling with society we
+ learn human nature, and the scenes of public resort afford us a
+ field for useful observation, yet retirement is the place to
+ acquire the most important knowledge--_the knowledge of ourselves_.
+ What would it avail us to dive into the mysteries of science, or
+ entertain the world with new discoveries, to acquaint ourselves
+ with the principles of morality, or learn the whole catalogue of
+ Christian doctrines, if we are unacquainted with our own hearts,
+ and strangers to the business of self-government?
+
+ _February 12th, 1825._--During the long period since I last penned
+ my religious meditations, my feelings, hopes, and prospects have
+ been extremely varied. While I was promising myself health and many
+ temporal pleasures, God saw fit to show me the uncertainty of
+ earthly things, and the necessity and wisdom of submission to his
+ will, by the rod of affliction. During my sickness I have derived
+ much pleasure and profit from the visits of pious friends, so that
+ I have felt it is good to be afflicted.[4]
+
+ _Feb. 13th._--I am resolved, by God's assisting grace, to keep the
+ following resolutions:--(1) Endeavour to fix my first waking
+ thoughts on God; (2) By rising early to attend to my devotions, and
+ reading the Scriptures; (3)By praying oftener each day, and
+ maintaining a more devotional frame of mind; (4) By being more
+ circumspect in my conduct and conversation; (5) By improving my
+ time more diligently in reading useful books, and study; (6) By
+ watching over my thoughts, and keeping my desires within proper
+ bounds; (7) By examining myself more closely by the scripture rule;
+ (8) By leaving myself and all that concerns me to God's disposal;
+ (9) By reviewing every evening the actions of the day, and
+ especially every Sabbath, examining wherein I have come short, or
+ have kept God's precepts.
+
+ _Feb. 16th._--I have lately been closely employed in reading Bishop
+ Burnet's History of the Reformation. How sad to reflect on the
+ cruelties that were then practised against the professors of true
+ religion! What a reason for thankfulness that the sway of papal
+ authority can no longer inflict papal obligations on the
+ consciences of men! But after careful research into this highly
+ authentic history, I find but few vestiges of that apostolic purity
+ which churchmen so boastfully attribute to that memorable period of
+ Christian history. Great allowance, is, however, to be made when
+ we consider that they were just emerging out of the superstitions
+ of popery. That doctrines, discipline, and ceremonies, cannot be
+ established without the royal assent, even when they are approved
+ both by ecclesiastical and legislative authority, is a practice so
+ different from anything that the Primitive Church authorizes, it
+ seems to me to originate from quite a different source; that a
+ whole nation should be bound in their religious opinions by a
+ single individual, savours so much of popery, I think it may
+ properly be called its offspring. Pretentions to regal supremacy in
+ church affairs were never made till a late period, although this
+ interference of papal authority in matters entirely spiritual, does
+ not annul any ecclesiastical power, or prove its doctrines to be
+ corrupt, or its ordinations illegal. It may be justly ranked among
+ the invasions of modern corruption.
+
+ _Feb. 17th._--Since I drew up, four days since, several resolutions
+ for amendment, I bless God I have reason to believe I have made
+ some improvement. I have applied myself more closely to study,
+ prayed oftener, and governed my thoughts with more rigour.
+
+ _Feb. 27th._--I am now emerging into life, surrounded by blessings
+ and opportunities for usefulness and improvement; but, alas! where
+ is my gratitude, my love to God, my zeal for his cause, and for the
+ salvation of those who are ignorant of the great truths of the
+ Gospel? If, O God, thou hast designed this awfully important work
+ for me, qualify me for it; increase and enlarge my desires for the
+ salvation of immortal souls!
+
+ _March 15th._--This day I have recommenced my studies with Mr. John
+ Law, at Hamilton. How necessary that I should be very careful in my
+ conduct for the credit of religion and Methodism!
+
+ _March 24th._--I have this day finished twenty-two years of my
+ life. I have decided this day to travel in the Methodist Connexion
+ and preach Jesus to the lost sons of men. Oh, the awful importance
+ of this work! How utterly unfit I am for the undertaking! How
+ little wisdom, experience, and, above all, grace do I possess for
+ the labours of the ministry! Blessed Jesus, fountain of wisdom, God
+ of power, I give myself to thee, and to the Church, to do with me
+ according to thy will. Instruct and sanctify me, that whether I
+ live, it may be to the Lord, and when I die it may be to the Lord!
+
+ _April 3rd.--Easter Sunday._--I this day commenced my ministerial
+ labours. Bless the Lord, he has given me a heart to feel. He hears
+ my prayer. Oh, my soul, hang all thy hopes upon the Lord! Forbid I
+ should seek the praise of men, but may I seek their good and God's
+ glory.
+
+ In the morning I endeavoured to speak from Ps. cxxvi. 5, and in the
+ evening from Acts ii. 24--a subject suitable for the day; bless the
+ Lord, I felt something of the power of my Saviour's resurrection
+ resting on my soul.
+
+ _April 8th._--The Lord being my helper, my little knowledge and
+ feeble talents shall be unreservedly devoted to his service. I do
+ not yet regret giving up my worldly pursuits for the welfare of
+ souls. I want Christ to be all in all.
+
+ _April 10th.--Sabbath._--I endeavoured this morning to show the
+ abundant provisions, the efficacy, and the triumphs of the Gospel
+ from Isaiah xxv. 6, 7, 8, and in the afternoon I described the
+ righteous man and his end from Prov. xiv. 32. I felt much of the
+ presence of the Lord, and I do bless the Lord he has converted one
+ soul in this place to-day. I feel encouraged to go on.
+
+ _April 13th._--I have been depressed in spirit on account of having
+ no abode for domestic retirement, and becoming exposed to all the
+ besetments of public life.
+
+ _April 15th._--So bowed down with temptation to-day, I almost
+ resolved to return to my native place. But, in God's strength, I
+ will try to do my best during the time I have engaged to supply my
+ brother William's place.
+
+ _April 16th._--In reading Rollin's account of the conquest of
+ Babylon, I conceive more exalted ideas of the truth of the Word of
+ God, whose predictions were so exactly fulfilled in the destruction
+ of that city.
+
+ _April 17th.--Sabbath._--My labours this day have been excessive,
+ having delivered three discourses. In the morning my mind was dull
+ and heavy, in the afternoon warm and pathetic, in the evening clear
+ and fertile. I feel encouraged to continue on.
+
+ _April 23rd._--I feel nothing but condemnation in reviewing the
+ actions of the past week. Would it not be better for me to return
+ home until I gain better government over myself. Oh, Lord, I throw
+ myself upon thy mercy! "Take not thy Holy Spirit from me! Restore
+ unto me the joy of thy salvation!"
+
+ _April 25th and 26th._--And thus I go on, depressed and refreshed;
+ almost discouraged because of the way, and then cheered by the kind
+ and fatherly conversation of Rev. Thomas Madden.
+
+ _April 29th._--In travelling to-day a tree fell across the road
+ four or five rods before me, and another not far behind, but I
+ escaped unhurt. My heart glowed with gratitude; I felt that the
+ Lord was indeed my protector. But whilst so narrowly escaping
+ myself, two persons, a woman and her son, who were travelling a
+ short distance behind me, were suddenly killed by the falling of a
+ tree, and thus in an instant hurried into eternity.
+
+ _May 4th._--I watched to-day a large concourse of people assembled
+ to witness horse-racing. I stood at a distance that I might observe
+ an illustration of human nature. Curiosity and excitement were
+ depicted in every countenance. What is to become of this
+ thoughtless multitude? Is there no mercy for them? Surely there is.
+ Why will they not be saved? Because they will not come to Him.
+
+ _May 5th._--During the day I preached once, to a listening but
+ wicked assembly. In the afternoon I heard my brother William. I was
+ affected by the force of his reasoning, and the power of his
+ eloquence. I hope the Lord will help me to imitate his piety and
+ zeal.
+
+ _May 7th._--A camp-meeting was commenced this afternoon on Yonge
+ Street, near the town of York. Rev. Thomas Madden preached from,
+ "Lord help me!" Every countenance indicated interest, and every
+ heart appeared willing to receive the word. In the evening a pious,
+ aged man spoke (Mr. D. Y.) His discourse was full of God. Several
+ were converted and made very happy.
+
+ _May 8th._--The people rose at 5 a.m. After prayers and breakfast,
+ there was a prayer meeting, daring which God was especially
+ present. At 8 a.m. I preached from Hosea xiii. 3. This was followed
+ by two exhortations; then Rev. Rowley Heyland preached from, "Buy
+ the truth, and sell it not." About two o'clock the people were
+ again assembled to hear the Rev. James Richardson (formerly a
+ lieutenant in the British Navy) from the words, "Be ye reconciled
+ to God." His style was plain but unadorned, his reasoning clear,
+ and his arguments forcible. The services concluded with the
+ celebration of the Lord's Supper. About three hundred communicated,
+ sixty-two professed to have obtained the pardon of their sins, and
+ forty-two gave their names as desirous of becoming members of the
+ Methodist Society. After this, a concluding address was delivered
+ by the Rev. Wm. Ryerson, in which he gave particular directions to
+ the Methodists as subjects under the civil constitution, as members
+ of the Church of Christ, as parents, as children, as individuals.
+ He animadverted on the groundless and disingenuous aspersions that
+ had been thrown out through the press against Methodism, on account
+ of the suspected loyalty of its constitutional principles. He
+ warmly insisted on a vigorous observance, support, and respect for
+ the Civil Government, both from the beneficence of its laws and the
+ equity of its administration, as well as from the authority of God.
+ The concluding ceremony was the most affecting I ever witnessed,
+ especially in the affection which the people showed for their
+ ministers.
+
+ _May 12th._--I have this day ridden nearly thirty miles, preached
+ three times, and met two classes. I felt very much fatigued, yet
+ the Lord has given me "strength equal to my day."
+
+ _May 19th._--I have been much blessed in the society of pious
+ friends. A part of the week I felt very sick, but was greatly
+ comforted by the conversation and affectionate treatment of my
+ kindest friend, Mrs. Smith. Since I commenced labouring for my
+ Master I have found fathers and mothers, brothers and sisters, all
+ ready to supply my every want.
+
+ _May 24th._--A Camp-meeting commenced at Mount Pleasant. The
+ presence of both Mississauga and Mohawk Indians added greatly to
+ the interest of the meeting. Peter Jones addressed his people in
+ their own tongue; although I did not understand, I was much
+ affected by his fervency and pathos. He spoke in English in a
+ manner that astonished all present.
+
+ Another Indian Chief addressed his brethren in the Mohawk tongue. I
+ could not understand a word of it, but was carried away with his
+ pathos and energy. These Indians thanked the white people for
+ sending them the Gospel. He said that upwards of sixty Indians had
+ been converted, and could testify that God had power to forgive
+ sin. He, _i.e._, a young Chippewa said that the most earnest desire
+ and prayer of the Christian Indians was that God would drive the
+ horrid whiskey from their nation. It was truly affecting to see
+ this young man arise and testify in the presence of God and this
+ large assembly, that "he had the witness in his own soul, that God
+ for Christ's sake had forgiven all his sins." The congregation was
+ much moved, and prayers and praises were heard in every part of the
+ assembly. At the close of the exercises, on the following day, the
+ Mohawk Chief said, "They considered that they belonged to the
+ Methodist Church, as they had done all for them."
+
+ _May 29th._--For many days I have been cast down by a weight of
+ care. My Father is exceedingly anxious that I should return home,
+ and remain with him during his lifetime. A position in the Church
+ of England has presented itself, and other advantageous attractions
+ with regard to this world, offer themselves.[5] It makes my heart
+ bleed to see the anxiety of my parents. But is it duty? If they
+ were in want I would return to them without hesitation, but when I
+ consider they have everything necessary, can it be my duty to
+ gratify them at the expense of the cause of God? Surely if a man
+ may leave father and mother to join himself to a wife, how much
+ more reasonable _to leave all_ to join himself to the Christian
+ ministry. My parents are dear to me, but my duty to God is dearer
+ still. One thing do I desire, that I may live in the House of the
+ Lord for ever!
+
+ And shall I leave a Church through whose faithful instructions I
+ have been brought to know God, for any advantages that the entrance
+ to another might afford me? No, far be it from me; as I received
+ the Lord Jesus, so I will walk in him. Earthly distinctions will be
+ but short; but the favour of God will last forever. Besides, is it
+ a sacrifice to do my duty? Is it not rather a cause of gratitude
+ that I know my duty, and am allowed to perform it? My heart is
+ united with the Methodists, my soul is one with theirs; my labours
+ are acceptable, and they are anxious that I should continue with
+ them. I believe in their Articles, I approve of their Constitution,
+ and I believe them to be of the Church of Christ.
+
+_Saltfleet, May 30th._--[Amongst Dr. Ryerson's papers I find the two
+following letters. The first addressed from Saltfleet, on this day, to
+his brother George; the second to his Mother on the following day.--J.
+G. H.]
+
+[To his brother, Rev. George Ryerson, he said: I suppose your first
+inquiry is to know my spiritual condition and prospects. As to my
+religious enjoyments, I think that I have reason to believe I am daily
+blessed with the divine presence to enlighten, to instruct, and to
+assist me in my researches and meditations, and in the other arduous
+duties I have to discharge. Never did I so sensibly feel the importance
+of the work in which I am now engaged, as I have these few days past. I
+feel that I am altogether inadequate to it; but God has in a very
+special manner, at different times, been my wisdom and strength. I do
+not feel sorry that I have commenced travelling as a preacher. I think I
+feel more deeply the worth of souls at heart. I feel willing to spend my
+all, and be spent in the cause of God, if I may become the unworthy
+instrument in doing some good to the souls of men. The greatest
+assistance I receive in my public labours, is that which results from a
+firm dependence on God for light, life, and power. When I forget this I
+am visited with that barrenness of mind, and hardness of heart which are
+always the companions of those who live at a distance from God. In
+discharging every public duty, my prayer to God is, to renew my
+commission afresh, and give me wisdom and energy, and I do not find him
+slack concerning his promise. I am striving to pursue my studies with
+unabating ardour. My general practice is to retire at ten o'clock, or
+before, and rise at five. When I am travelling, I strive to converse no
+more than is necessary and useful, endeavouring at all times to keep in
+mind the remark of Dr. Clarke, that a preacher's whole business is to
+save souls, and that that preacher is the most useful who is the most in
+his closet. On my leisure days I read from ten to twenty verses of Greek
+a day, besides reading history, the Scriptures, and the best works on
+practical divinity, among which Chalmers' has decidedly the preference
+in my mind, both for piety and depth of thought. These two last studies
+employ the greatest part of my time. My preaching is altogether
+original. I endeavour to collect as many ideas from every source as I
+can; but I do not copy the expression of any one. For I do detest seeing
+blooming flowers in dead men's hands. I think it my duty, and I try to
+get a general knowledge, and view of any subject that I discuss
+before-hand; but not unfrequently I have tried to preach with only a few
+minutes previous reflection. Remember me to my dear Mother, and give her
+this letter to read, and tell her that I will write soon.]
+
+_Saltfleet, May 31st._--[To his Mother he writes: My dear Mother, I am
+thankful to say that I am well, and am trying in a weak way to serve the
+Lord, and persuading as many others to do so as I can. I feel that I am
+almost destitute of every necessary qualification for so important a
+work. The Lord has blessed me in a very special manner at many different
+times. Our prospects are very favourable in some places. Our
+congregations are generally large, and still increasing. We have
+twenty-four appointments in four weeks. I have formed some very useful
+and pious acquaintances since I left home. The Lord seems to be with me,
+and renders my feeble efforts acceptable in general. My acquaintance
+seems to be sought by all classes, and I try to improve such advantages
+in spreading, by my example and conversation, the blessed religion of
+Christ among all ranks. I have many temptations to contend with, and
+many trials to weigh me down at times. Some of these arise from a sense
+of the injustice which I have done to important subjects, on account of
+my ignorance, which drives me to a throne of grace, and a closer
+application to my studies. My situation is truly a state of trial, and
+none but God could support and direct me. And I do feel the comforting
+and refreshing influence of his divine power at times very sensibly. I
+am determined, by his assistance, never to rest contented until he not
+only becomes my wisdom, but my sanctification, and my full redemption.
+And blessed be the Lord, my dear Mother, I do feel a hope, and a
+confidence that the same divine power and goodness which supports and
+comforts you in your ill state of health, and which gives you victory
+over your trials, and consolation in your distress, will conduct me,
+too, through this stormy maze, and we shall yet have the blessedness of
+meeting at our Father's table in Heaven. And God being my helper, my
+dear Mother, when you have gone home to rest with God, I am determined
+to pursue the same path, which you have strewn with prayers, with tears,
+and living faith, until I reach the same blessed port. I hope that you
+will pray that the Lord would help and save me forever! If I had no
+other inducement to serve God, and walk in the path of religion, but
+your comfort, I would try and devote my life to it while I live; but
+when Heaven's transcendant glory beams forth in prospective view, my
+soul burns to possess the kingdom, and my heart is enlarged for the
+salvation of others. I wish you would get George to write immediately,
+and let me know the state of your mind, and your opinion about my
+returning home, also his own opinion on that subject.--J. G. H.]
+
+ _July 2nd._--This week has been a season of trial. I have left my
+ Father's house once more, and arrived on my Circuit.
+
+ _July 3rd.--Sabbath._--I have preached twice to-day in Niagara for
+ the first time; felt very embarrassed, but my trust was in God, and
+ my prayer to Him for assistance.
+
+ _July 4th._--This evening I have been distressed in mind on account
+ of leaving my parents. My heart melts within me when I think of my
+ Father's faltering voice, when lying on his bed he said, "Good-bye,
+ Egerton," and reached forth his trembling hand, saying by his
+ countenance that he never expected to see his son a resident in his
+ house again. He laid himself back in his bed in apparent despair,
+ no more to enjoy the society of the child he loved. Oh, my God! is
+ it not too much for humanity? Nature sinks beneath the weight. It
+ is only God that can sustain. May I endure manfully to the end!
+
+ _July 6th and 7th._--I have been much interested in reading Dr.
+ Coke's discourses, also Wesley's sermons on "The Kingdom of God."
+
+ _July 9th._--I have crossed the river to the United States to-day
+ for the first time. The manners of the people are not pleasant to
+ me.
+
+ _July 10th--Sabbath._--The Lord has greatly blessed me this day. I
+ have preached three times. My heart overflowed with love for
+ immortal souls. Many wept, and God's people seemed stirred up to
+ engage afresh in His service. In the evening, I preached to very a
+ wicked congregation, from Matt. xvi. 24. My mind was clear,
+ particularly in argument, but they seemed to be unaffected.
+
+ _July 14th._--I have been afflicted with illness, but the Lord has
+ comforted me. Again had to mourn over light conversation, still I
+ think I have gained some victory. I am determined to watch and pray
+ until I obtain a triumph over this trying besetment.
+
+ _July 17th._--I felt so ill this morning that I could not attend my
+ appointment, but recovered so as to preach feebly in the afternoon.
+ The Word seemed to rest with power on the people.
+
+ _July 21st._--For several days I have been much interested in
+ reading Fletcher's "Portrait of St. Paul." When I compare my
+ actions and feelings with the standard there laid down, I blush on
+ account of my ignorance in the duties and labours connected with my
+ calling. Did the ministers of the Gospel obtain and possess a
+ deeper communion with God? Did they cultivate primitive piety in
+ their lives, and Gospel simplicity in their preaching, surely the
+ power of darkness could not stand before them! How many learned
+ discourses are entirely lost in the wisdom of words, whereas plain
+ and simple sermons, delivered with power and demonstration of the
+ Spirit, have been attended with astonishing success.
+
+ _July 27th._--I have been considerably agitated in my mind for the
+ last two days, having lost my horse. The fatigue in searching for
+ her has been considerable. Thank God she is found!
+
+ _July 31st--Sabbath._--Greatly blessed in attending a Quarterly
+ meeting in Hamilton; also in hearing an interesting account of the
+ Indians receiving their presents at York. Peter Jones had written
+ to Col. Givens to enquire just what time they must be there,
+ stating that as many of them had become Christianized and
+ industrious, they did not want to lose time. The Colonel was
+ surprised at the news, and replied, giving the necessary
+ information. Peter Jones' letter was shown to Rev. Dr. Strachan and
+ His Excellency the Governor. It excited great curiosity. When the
+ Indians arrived, the Colonel had, as usual, brought liquor to treat
+ them, but as Peter Jones informed him the Christian Indians would
+ not drink, he very wisely said "the others should not have it
+ either," and sent it back. How the Lord honours those who honour
+ Him. Rev. Dr. Strachan and several ladies and gentlemen assembled
+ to see the distribution of presents. The Christian Indians were
+ requested to separate from the others, that they might read and
+ sing. The company was much pleased, and Dr. Strachan prayed with
+ them. On the following Sabbath, the Dr. visited the Credit
+ settlement, and attended one of the meetings which was addressed by
+ Peter Jones. Dr. Strachan proposed their coming under the
+ superintendence of the Church of England; but after holding a
+ council, they declined, deciding to remain under the direction of
+ the Methodists. May the Lord greatly prosper his work amongst them,
+ preserve them from every delusive snare, and may their happy souls
+ be kept blameless unto the day of Jesus Christ!
+
+ _August 1st._--This day I have been admitted into the Methodist
+ Connexion, licensed as a Local Preacher, and recommended tn the
+ Annual Conference to be received on trial. How awful the
+ responsibility! How dreadful my condition if I violate my charge or
+ deal deceitfully with souls! Oh, God, assist me to declare Thy
+ whole counsel! and help me to instruct by example as well as
+ precept. How swiftly am I gliding down time's rapid stream! I am
+ daily reminded of the uncertainty and shortness of life. I went
+ to-day to visit a friend, and (as usual) smilingly came to the
+ door, when behold! all was mourning and sorrow! An infant son had
+ just taken its everlasting flight to the arms of Jesus. He was a
+ fine boy, active and promising, but he had suddenly gone to return
+ no more! The father's philosophy forsakes him now; parental feeling
+ has uncontrolled sway. I recommended religion as the only
+ sufficient support and comfort. I touched on the mysterious
+ government of God; that truly "Clouds and darkness are round about
+ him." yet "righteousness and judgment are the habitation of his
+ throne." I pointed out the happiness of the beloved babe, which
+ should lead us to devote our all to His service, that we might
+ eventually share in the unspeakable blessedness to which the lovely
+ infant is now raised.
+
+ _Aug. 10th._--My soul rejoices at the news I have heard from home,
+ that my eldest brother (George) has resolved to join the
+ Methodists, and become a missionary among the Indians. How
+ encouraging and comforting the thought that four of us are now
+ united in the same Church, and pursue the same glorious calling. My
+ Father has become reconciled, and my Mother is willing to part with
+ her sons for the sake of the Church of Christ.
+
+ _Aug. 14th--Sabbath._--Never did I feel my pride more mortified in
+ the discharge of public duty. I was desirous of delivering a
+ discourse, in Niagara, which would meet the approbation of all,
+ after carefully adjusting the subject, by the assistance of a
+ variety of authors; but through fatigue (having rode twelve miles),
+ and embarrassment, I was scarcely able to finish. My heart felt
+ hard and my mind barren, conscience reproached me that I had not
+ acted with a single eye to the glory of God. In the afternoon, I
+ threw myself on the mercy of God; my tongue was loosened and my
+ heart warmed. Surely, "They that trust in the Lord shall not be
+ confounded."
+
+ _Aug. 17th._--This morning a lady died with whom I had considerable
+ conversation on the subject of Methodism, and on the propriety of
+ her daughters joining the society contrary to her wish. She
+ appeared to be satisfied with my account of the principles and
+ nature of Methodism, but did not like to acknowledge the propriety
+ of her daughters' proceedings, although her judgment seemed
+ convinced as I adverted to the principles of her own church. I am
+ informed that yesterday she said, "The girls are right and I am
+ wrong." How comforting this must be to her daughters, who have
+ entirely overcome her opposition by their kindness, affection, and
+ gospel simplicity.
+
+ _Aug. 22nd._--Yesterday I delivered a discourse on the subject of
+ Missions, for the purpose of forming a Missionary Society in this
+ place (Niagara).
+
+ _September 3rd, 1825._--I took tea this afternoon at Youngstown,
+ U.S., for the first time.
+
+ _Sept. 6th._--Had the pleasure of meeting my brother to-day, whom I
+ have not seen for a year. How comforting to meet with those who are
+ not only near by the ties of nature, but much more by the changing
+ power of divine grace.
+
+ _Sept. 9th._--Have been greatly benefitted to-day by hearing Bishop
+ Hedding preach from Rev. iii. 5.
+
+ _Sept. 16th._--I bless God for what mine eyes hath seen, and mine
+ ears have heard to-day, being the first anniversary of the Canadian
+ Missionary Society. The Hon. John Willson, M.P.P., was requested to
+ take the chair. Several Indians, who had been brought to a
+ knowledge of the truth, through the efforts of this Society, were
+ present and spoke. How delightful to see the warlike Mohawk, and
+ the degraded Mississauga, exchanging the heathen war-whoop for the
+ sublime praise of the God of love! This is the commencement of
+ greater things which the Lord will do for the aboriginies of
+ Canada.
+
+ _Sept. 23rd._--I have this day received my appointment for York and
+ Yonge street. Never did I feel more sensibly the necessity of
+ Divine help. Help me, O God, to go forth in Thy strength, and
+ contend manfully under the banner of Christ! Amen.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] These voluminous diaries and journals are full of detail, chiefly of
+Dr. Ryerson's religious experience. They are rich in illustration of the
+severe mental and spiritual disciplinary process--self-imposed--through
+which he passed during these eventful years of his earlier life. They
+are singularly severe in their personal reflections upon his religious
+shortcomings, and want of watchfulness. They are tinged with an
+asceticism which largely characterized the religious experience of many
+of the early Methodist preachers of Mr. Wesley's time--an asceticism
+which strongly marked the Methodist biography and writings, which were
+almost the only religious reading accessible to the devoted Methodist
+pioneers of this country,--J. G. H.
+
+[4] In a previous and subsequent chapter Dr. Ryerson refers more
+particularly to this illness (pp. 28, 39, and elsewhere). It was a
+turning point in his life, and decided him to enter the ministry on his
+twenty-second birthday.--J. G. H.
+
+[5] Dr. Ryerson refers in another chapter to the overtures which were
+made to him at this time to enter the ministry of the Church of
+England.--J. G. H.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+1825-1826.
+
+First Year of my Ministry and First Controversy.
+
+
+My first appointment after my admission on trial was to the (what was
+then called the York and Yonge Street Circuit), which then embraced the
+Town of York (now the City of Toronto) Weston, the Townships of Vaughan,
+King, West Gwillimbury, North Gwillimbury, East Gwillimbury, Whitchurch,
+Markham, Pickering, Scarboro', and York, over which we travelled, and
+preached from twenty-five to thirty-five sermons in four weeks,
+preaching generally three times on Sabbath and attending three class
+meetings, besides preaching and attending class meetings on week days.
+The roads were (if in any place they could be called roads) bad beyond
+description; could only be travelled on horse-back, and on foot; the
+labours hard, and the accommodations of the most primitive kind; but we
+were received as angels of God by the people, our ministrations being
+almost the only supply of religious instruction to them; and nothing
+they valued more than to have the preacher partake of their humble and
+best hospitality.
+
+It was during the latter part of this the first year of my itinerant
+ministry (April and May, 1826) that I was drawn and forced into the
+controversy on the Clergy Reserves and equal civil and religious rights
+and privileges among all religious persuasions in Upper Canada.[6] There
+had been some controversy between the leaders of the Churches of England
+and Scotland on their comparative standing as established churches in
+Upper Canada. In my earliest years, I had read and studied Blackstone's
+Commentaries on the laws of England, especially the rights of the Crown,
+and Parliament and Subject, Paley's Moral and Political Philosophy; and
+when I read and observed the character of the policy, and state of
+things in Canada, I felt that it was not according to the principles of
+British liberty, or of the British Constitution; but I had not the
+slightest idea of writing anything on the subject.
+
+At this juncture, (April, 1826,) a publication appeared, entitled
+"Sermon Preached and Published by the Venerable Archdeacon of York, in
+May, 1826, on the Death of the Late Bishop of Quebec," containing a
+sketch of the rise and progress of the Church of England in these
+provinces, and an appeal on behalf of that Church to the British
+Government and Parliament. In stating the obstacles which impeded the
+progress of the Church of England in Upper Canada, the memorable Author
+of the able discourse attacked the character of the religious
+persuasions not connected with the Church of England, especially the
+Methodists, whose ministers were represented as American in their origin
+and feelings, ignorant, forsaking their proper employments to preach
+what they did not understand, and which, from their pride, they
+disdained to learn; and were spreading disaffection to the civil and
+religious institutions of Great Britain. In this sermon, not only was
+the status of the Church of England claimed as the Established Church of
+the Empire, and exclusively entitled to the Clergy Reserves, or one
+seventh of the lands of Upper Canada, but an appeal was made to the
+Imperial Government and Parliament for a grant of Ł300,000 per annum, to
+enable the Church of England in Upper Canada, to maintain the loyalty of
+Upper Canada to England. And these statements and appeals were made ten
+years after the close of the war of 1812-1815, by the United States
+against Britain, with the express view of conquering Canada and annexing
+it to the United States; and during which war both Methodist preachers
+and people were conspicuous for their loyalty and zeal in defence of the
+country.
+
+The Methodists in York (now Toronto) at that time (1826) numbered about
+fifty persons, young and old; the two preachers arranged to meet once in
+four weeks on their return from their country tours, when a social
+meeting of the leading members of the society was held for conversation,
+consultation, and prayer. One of the members of this company obtained
+and brought to the meeting a copy of the Archdeacon's sermon, and read
+the parts of it which related to the attacks upon the Methodists, and
+the proposed method of exterminating them. The reading of those extracts
+produced a thrilling sensation of indignation and alarm, and all agreed
+that something must be written and done to defend the character and
+rights of Methodists and others assailed, against such attacks and such
+a policy. The voice of the meeting pointed to me to undertake this work.
+I was then designated as "The Boy Preacher," from my youthful
+appearance, and as the youngest minister in the Church. I objected on
+account of my youth and incompetence; but my objections were overruled,
+when I proposed as a compromise, that during our next country tour the
+Superintendent of the Circuit (Rev. James Richardson), and myself should
+each write on the subject, and from what we should both write,
+something might be compiled to meet the case. This was agreed to, and
+at our next social monthly meeting in the town, inquiry was made as to
+what had been written in defence of the Methodists and others, against
+the attacks and policy of the Archdeacon of York. It was found that the
+Superintendent of the Circuit had written nothing; and on my being
+questioned, I said I had endeavoured to obey the instructions of my
+senior brethren. It was then insisted that I must read what I had
+written. I at length yielded, and read my answer to the attacks made on
+us. The reading of my paper was attended with alternate laughter and
+tears on the part of those present, all of whom insisted that it should
+be printed, I objecting that I had never written anything for the press,
+and was not competent to such a task, and advanced to throw my
+manuscript into the fire, when one of the elder members caught me by the
+arms, and another wrenched the manuscript out of my hands, saying he
+would take it to the printer. Finding my efforts vain to recover it, I
+said if it were restored I would not destroy it but rewrite it and
+return it to the brethren to do what they pleased with it. I did so. Two
+of the senior brethren took the manuscript to the printer, and its
+publication produced a sensation scarcely less violent and general than
+a Fenian invasion. It is said that before every house in Toronto might
+be seen groups reading and discussing the paper on the evening of its
+publication in June; and the excitement spread throughout the country.
+It was the first defiant defence of the Methodists, and of the equal and
+civil rights of all religious persuasions; the first protest and
+argument on legal and British constitutional grounds, against the
+erection of a dominant church establishment supported by the state in
+Upper Canada.
+
+It was the Loyalists of America, and their descendants, in Upper Canada
+who first lifted up the voice of remonstrance against ecclesiastical
+despotism in the province, and unfurled the flag of equal religious
+rights and liberty for all religious persuasions.
+
+The sermon of the Archdeacon of York was the third formal attack made by
+the Church of England clergy upon the characters of their unoffending
+Methodist brethren and those of other religious persuasions; but no
+defence of the assailed parties had as yet been written. In a subsequent
+discussion on another topic, referring to this matter, I said:
+
+ "Up to this time not a word had been written respecting the clergy
+ of the Church of England, or the Clergy Reserve question, by any
+ minister or member of the Methodist Church. At that time the
+ Methodists had no law to secure a foot of land, on which to build
+ parsonages, Chapels, and in which to bury their dead; their
+ ministers were not allowed to solemnize matrimony; and some of
+ them had been the objects of cruel and illegal persecution on the
+ part of magistrates and others in authority. And now they were the
+ butt of unprovoked and unfounded aspersions from two heads of
+ Episcopal Clergy, while pursuing the 'noiseless tenor of their
+ way,' through trackless forests and bridgeless rivers and streams,
+ to preach among the scattered inhabitants the unsearchable riches
+ of Christ."[7]
+
+_The Review_, in defence of the Methodists and others against such
+gratuitous and unjust imputations, consisted of about thirty octavo
+pages, appeared over the signature of "A Methodist Preacher;" it was
+commenced near Newmarket, in a cottage owned by the late Mr. Elias
+Smith, whose wife was a sister of the Lounts--a woman of great
+excellence. It was written piecemeal in the humble residences of the
+early settlers, in the course of eight days, during which time I rode on
+horseback nearly a hundred miles and preached seven sermons. On its
+publication I pursued my country tour of preaching, &c., little
+conscious of the storm that was brewing; but on my return to town, at
+the end of two weeks, I received newspapers containing four replies to
+my _Review_--three of them written by clergymen, and one by a scholarly
+layman of the Church of England. In those replies to the then unknown
+author of the _Review_, I was assailed by all sorts of contemptuous and
+criminating epithets--all denying that the author of such a publication
+could be "a Methodist Preacher,"--but was "an American," "a rebel," "a
+traitor,"--and that the _Review_ was the "prodigious effort of a party."
+
+My agitation was extreme; finding myself, against my own intention and
+will, in the very tempest of a discussion for which I felt myself poorly
+prepared, I had little appetite or sleep. At length roused to a sense of
+my position, I felt that I must either flee or fight. I decided upon the
+latter, strengthened by the consciousness that my principles were those
+of the British Constitution and in defence of British rights. I devoted
+a day to fasting and prayer, and then went at my adversaries in good
+earnest. In less than four years after the commencement of this
+controversy, laws were passed authorising the different religious
+denominations to hold land for churches, parsonages, and burying
+grounds, and their Ministers to solemnize matrimony; while the
+Legislative Assembly passed, by large majorities, resolutions, and
+addresses to the Crown against the exclusive pretensions of the Church
+of England to the Clergy Reserves and being the exclusive established
+Church of Upper Canada, though the Clergy Reserve question itself
+continued to be discussed, and was not finally settled until more than
+ten years afterwards.
+
+Several months after the commencement of this controversy I paid my
+first annual visit to my parents, and for the first two days the burden
+of my Father's conversation was this controversy which was agitating the
+country. At length, while walking in the orchard, my Father turned
+short, and in a stern tone, said, "Egerton, they say that you are the
+author of these papers which are convulsing the whole country. I want to
+know whether you are or not?" I was compelled to acknowledge that I was
+the writer of these papers, when my Father lifted up his hands, in an
+agony of feeling, and exclaimed, "My God! we are all ruined!"
+
+The state of my own mind and the character of my labours during this
+first year of my ministry, may be inferred from the following brief
+extracts from my diary:--
+
+ _October 4th_,--I have this evening arrived on my Circuit at York.
+ I feel the change to be awfully important, and entirely inadequate
+ to give proper instruction to so intelligent a people. The Lord
+ give me his assisting grace. I am resolved to devote my time, my
+ heart, my all, to God without reserve. I do feel determined, by
+ God's assistance, to rise early, spend no more time than is
+ absolutely necessary, pray oftener, and more fervently, to be
+ modest and solemn in the discharge of my public duties--to improve
+ every leisure moment by reading or meditation, and to depend upon
+ the assistance of Almighty God for the performance of every duty.
+ Oh, Lord, assist an ignorant youth to declare thy great salvation!
+
+ _Oct. 9th._--Commenced my labours this day. In the morning, the
+ Lord was very near to help me, giving me a tongue to speak, and a
+ heart to feel. But in the evening, after I got through my
+ introduction, recollection failed and my mind was entirely blank.
+ For nearly five minutes I could scarcely speak a word; after this
+ my thoughts returned. This seemed to be the hand of God, to show me
+ my entire weakness.
+
+ _Oct. 16th--Sabbath._--Oh, God, water the efforts of this day with
+ thy grace! If I am the means of persuading only one soul to embrace
+ the Lord Jesus, I shall be amply rewarded. "Paul planted, Apollos
+ watered, but God gave the increase." I Cor. iii. 6.
+
+ _Oct. 20th._--Once more, my Saviour, I renew my covenant and give
+ myself away; 'tis all that I can do.
+
+ _Oct. 27th._--For several days past the Lord has been very gracious
+ to my soul, and has greatly helped me in declaring His glorious
+ counsels. But to-day, my heart felt very hard while preaching to a
+ company of graceless sinners. It was in a tavern, and I doubt the
+ propriety of preaching in such places.
+
+ _Oct. 31st._--I am one month nearer my end; am I so much nearer God
+ and heaven? There are many precious hours I can give no favourable
+ account of. Had I been more faithful, I might have led some poor
+ wanderer into the way of truth. Oh, God, enter not into judgment
+ with me! Spare the barren fig-tree a little longer.
+
+ _November 4th--Friday (Fast Day.)_--One reason why my labours are
+ not more blessed, is because I feel and know so little of spiritual
+ things myself. There is too much of self about me.
+
+ "When, gracious Lord, when shall it be,
+ That I shall find my all in Thee;
+ The fulness of Thy promise prove,
+ The seal of Thine eternal love."
+
+ _Nov. 6th._--I felt greatly blessed while addressing a large
+ Sabbath-school of more than a hundred scholars.
+
+_Nov. 7th._--[On this day, the following letter was written from York by
+Dr. Ryerson to his Father. He said: On leaving the old home lately, I
+promised to write to you, my dear Father, and let you know how I am
+getting on. I arrived here a few days after I left home. I have received
+a letter from brother William, who told me that his prospects are
+encouraging. I received a letter also from brother John. He reached
+Perth about a fortnight after he left home, and was cordially received
+by all classes. He preached the Sabbath after he got there to large and
+respectable congregations. He was very much pleased with his
+appointment, and his prospects are very favourable. On the first evening
+of his preaching, one professed to experience justification by faith,
+and several were deeply convicted. He thinks, from several
+circumstances, that his appointment is of God. I am very well pleased
+with my appointment. I travel with a person who is deeply pious, a true
+and disinterested friend, and a very respectable preacher. I travel
+about two hundred miles in four weeks, and preach twenty-five times,
+besides funerals. I spend two Sabbaths in York, and two in the country.
+Our prospects on the circuit are encouraging. In York we have most
+flattering prospects. We have some increase almost every week. Our
+morning congregations fill the chapel, which was never the case before;
+and in the evening the chapel will not contain but little more than
+three-quarters of the people. Last evening several members of Parliament
+were present. I never addressed so large an audience before, and I never
+was so assisted from heaven in preaching as at this place. I have spent
+the last two Sabbaths in York, and I go to-day into the country. I was
+requested yesterday to address the Union Sunday-school, which contains
+about 150 or 200 children. It was a public examination of the School. I
+never heard children recite so correctly, and so perfectly before, as
+they did. There was quite a large congregation present, as it was
+designed to make a contribution for the support of the School. I first
+addressed a short discourse to the children, and then addressed the
+assembly. It was the most precious season that I ever experienced. It
+is, my dear Father, the most delightful employment I ever engaged in, to
+proclaim the name of Jesus to lost sinners. I feel more firmly attached
+to the cause than ever. The Lord has comforted, blessed, and prospered
+me beyond my expectations. I am resolved to devote all that I have and
+am, to his service. Get George to write shortly all the news of the day.
+Remember me to my dear Mother.--H.]
+
+[After writing to his Father, he wrote on the same day to his brother
+George, as follows:--
+
+I have just heard the Governor's Speech to the two Houses of the
+Legislature. In the latter part of his address he hinted at a certain
+communication, which, by the permission of His Majesty, he would make by
+Message, to remove apprehensions that affected the civil rights of a
+very considerable part of the community. As to my religious enjoyments,
+I think that Christ has been more precious to me than ever. When I came
+into this Circuit, I began to fast and pray more than ever I had done
+before, and the Lord has greatly blessed me. I have scarcely had a
+barren time in preaching. I feel more strongly attached to the cause
+than ever. While the Lord will help, I am resolved to go forward. Rev.
+James Richardson is a man of good sense, and deep piety, and a very
+acceptable and useful preacher.--H.]
+
+ _Nov. 10th._--Travelled twenty-two miles and preached twice. My
+ views of Scripture of late have been obscure; I can recall the
+ truths to my mind, but they don't make that impression they have
+ hitherto done. Is this change of feeling inherent, or the effect of
+ neglect of duty, and want of watchfulness? I will examine this
+ point more fully. I know it is my privilege to enjoy peace with
+ God, but whether it be my privilege at all times to possess equal
+ feeling, I am not certain.
+
+ _Nov. 23rd._--I think Mr. Wesley's advice indispensably necessary,
+ "to rise as soon as we wake." I am resolved to be more punctual in
+ rising for the time to come.
+
+ _Nov. 29th._--How painful does my experience prove the truth of the
+ Apostle, that "when I would do good evil is present with me." I
+ have thought sometimes it would be impossible to forget God, or to
+ be lukewarm in His cause; but alas I am prone to evil continually.
+
+ _December 14th._--The Lord has greatly delivered my soul from the
+ burden of guilt and fear with which I have been so painfully bowed
+ down for several days past; and, blessed be the name of the Lord,
+ He begins to revive His work on the circuit. Five more have been
+ added to the Church this week. Glory to God for His mercy and love!
+
+ _Dec. 30th._--A part of the day I spent in the Legislature. The
+ first three months of last year I was in bad health, confined to my
+ bed part of the time. The last nine months I have spent in trying
+ to seek the lost sheep of the house of Israel.
+
+ _York, January 1st, 1826._--How faithful is the Saviour to that
+ promise, "Lo, I am with thee, even to the end of the world." Though
+ weak in body I have had to preach three times a day, and travel
+ many miles. Jesus has been very precious to my soul.
+
+ _February 3rd._--I have travelled to-day in an Irish settlement,
+ and preached twice to them. My life is a scene of toil and pain, I
+ am far from well, and far from parents and relatives. While others
+ enjoy all the advantages of domestic life, I am doomed to deny
+ myself. Oh, my soul, behold the example the Saviour has set. "He
+ had not where to lay his head." Is the servant above his Lord?
+
+ _Feb. 11th._--For several days I have been visiting my friends. I
+ think they are improving in religious knowledge. What an
+ unspeakable blessing to see them showing a desire to walk in the
+ narrow way that leads to life eternal.
+
+ _Feb. 18th._--I have just returned to my Circuit. This is the first
+ time I ever dropped appointments for the gratification of seeing my
+ friends. It has taught me the lesson, that labouring in the
+ vineyard of the Lord is more blessed than any personal
+ gratification.
+
+ _Feb. 28th._--This month presents the most mournful portrait I have
+ ever beheld in retrospect of my past time since I began to travel.
+ Since I visited my friends everything has gone against me. The
+ season of recreation was not improved as it ought to have been; I
+ lost the unction of the Holy One, and returned to my Circuit
+ depressed in mind. Shall I sink down in despair? No, I will return
+ unto the Lord. He has smitten, He will heal. I will go to the
+ fountain open for sin and uncleanness. I will renew my covenant,
+ and offer my poor all to him once more.
+
+ _March 23rd._--This day closes my twenty-third year and the first
+ of my ministry. How mysterious was the providence which induced me
+ to enter the itinerant ministry. It was the Lord's doing, and it is
+ marvellous in my eyes. Since I have devoted myself to Him in a
+ perpetual covenant, how great has been His paternal care over me. I
+ have felt the rod of affliction, but, He has sanctified it. I have
+ been assailed by temptation, but He has delivered me. I have been
+ caressed and flattered, but the Lord, in great mercy, has saved me
+ from the dangerous rocks of vanity and pride. My soul has at times
+ been overspread with clouds and darkness, but the "Sun of
+ Righteousness has again risen" with brightness on his wings. I have
+ oft been cast down, but blessed be the Lord who has given me the
+ "oil of joy for mourning, and the garment of praise for the spirit
+ of heaviness." My mind at times has been filled with doubts and
+ fears, and I have been tempted to say, "I have cleansed my heart in
+ vain, and washed my hands in innocency," but the Lord has saved my
+ feet from slipping, and established my goings upon a firm
+ foundation. He has put a new song into my mouth, and enabled me to
+ say, "What time I am afraid I will trust in Thee."
+
+ _April 17th._--This day, for the first time, I have declared to the
+ aborigines of the country that "Jesus is precious to those who
+ believe." My heart rejoiced in God, who is claiming the heathen for
+ His inheritance.
+
+_April 19th._--[On this day Dr. Ryerson wrote from Saltfleet to his
+Mother. He said:--
+
+As you, my dear Mother, were always anxious about my health, I write
+to-day to assure you that since I left home it has been extremely good.
+I think I am making some small progress in those attainments which are
+only acquired by prayer, and holy devotedness to God. I find the work I
+have undertaken is an all-important one. I have many things to learn,
+and many things to unlearn. I have had some severe trials, and some
+mortifying scenes. At other times I have been unspeakably blessed, and I
+have been greatly encouraged at some favourable prospects. Several times
+my views have been greatly enlarged, and my mind enlightened, while,
+with a warm and full heart, I have been trying to address a large and
+much affected congregation. It is not my endeavour to shine, or to
+please, but to speak to the heart and the conscience. And with a view to
+this, I have aimed at the root of injurious prejudices, and notions that
+I have found prevalent in different places. I find, by experience, that
+a firm reliance on the power and grace of Christ is everything. I hope
+that you, my dear Mother, will pray for me that the Lord will give me
+grace, power, and wisdom to do my whole duty.
+
+I am very sorry to hear of your ill-health. I hope and pray that the
+Father of all mercies will continue to support, comfort, and deliver
+you, in the midst of your afflictions and sorrows. Blessed be the Lord,
+dear Mother, the day is not far distant when you can rest your weary
+spirit in the arms of Jesus; and should I survive you, while you are
+pursuing the blessed, triumphant theme of redeeming love, in strains the
+most exalted, I will endeavour in my feeble way to follow you to the
+same blessed kingdom.
+
+Brother William received a letter from John last week. His health is
+very bad. His excessive labour has overcome him. He has forty
+appointments in four weeks. He is now stationed in Kingston.--H.]
+
+ _April 25th._--For several days past I have been altogether engaged
+ in writing a controversial pamphlet, and have attended little to
+ the duty of self-examination.
+
+ _April 28th._--I have been much blessed in reading the Journal of
+ John Nelson. When I compare the unwearied labours, and severe
+ sufferings of that brave soldier of the Cross, with my little
+ efforts and sufferings, I blush for my lukewarmness, and am ashamed
+ of my fearfulness.
+
+_May 10th._--[In these early days, the Methodist ministers had but
+little time for study before commencing their ministerial labours, and,
+as Dr. Ryerson often told me, they had to resort to many expedients to
+secure the necessary time for reading and study. This had often to be
+done on horseback. Dr. Ryerson's eldest brother, George, who had
+attended Union College, N.Y., turned his advantages in this respect to a
+good account. He sought to stimulate his younger brothers to devote
+every spare moment to suitable preparation for their work. In reply to a
+letter on this subject, from Rev. George Ryerson to his brother William,
+he said:--
+
+ I thank you for your kind advice respecting composition, and shall
+ endeavour to follow it, although my necessary duties leave but very
+ little time for literary improvement. Since I saw you, I have been
+ principally engaged in Biblical studies which I find both
+ profitable and interesting. I am now engaged in reading the Bible
+ through in course with Dr. Adam Clarke's notes, also Paley's books.
+ I received a letter from brother John a few days since. He had
+ received a number into the Society, and there were a number more
+ who appeared to be seriously awakened. Elder Madden, who was at
+ York last week, says that Egerton is well, and that the cause of
+ religion is prospering in York, and on the Yonge Street Circuit. We
+ have had but very little increase in Niagara since I saw you,
+ although our congregation is very large and attentive.--H.]
+
+_May 18th._--[In writing to-day to his brother George, Dr. Ryerson
+mentioned that he and Elder Case had visited the Credit Indians. Elder
+Case, he said, had come up to get Mrs. Wm. Kerr (_née_ Brant) to correct
+the translation of one of the Gospels, and some hymns, in order to have
+them printed. He also wished Peter Jones to go down and preach to the
+Indians on the Bay of Quinte (Tyendinaga). It was there, he said, that
+the work of religion had begun to spread among them. About twelve had
+experienced religion, and others are under awakening. They do not, he
+said, understand enough English to receive religious instruction in that
+language; and, therefore, he wished Peter Jones to go down for two or
+three weeks.
+
+In this letter Dr. Ryerson said: I think the cause of religion is
+prospering in different parts of the Circuit. Upwards of thirty have
+been added to us in this town (York) since Conference, and our present
+prospects are equally encouraging. My colleague is a man who is wholly
+devoted to the work of saving souls. I hope that God will give us an
+abundant harvest.
+
+I am employing all my leisure time in the prosecution of my studies. I
+also practice composition. I am reading Rollin's Ancient History, Greek,
+and miscellaneous works. Are Father, and Mother, and all the family
+well? How are their minds disposed towards God and heaven?
+
+We have formed a Missionary Society in this place. I think we shall
+collect $40 or $50. I hope that period is not remote when the whole
+colony will be brought into a state of salvation!--H.]
+
+ _June 7th._--My mind has been much afflicted with care and anxiety,
+ for some days, on account of the controversy in which I am engaged.
+ I feel it to be the cause of God; and I am resolved to follow truth
+ and the Holy Scriptures in whatever channel they will lead me. Oh,
+ Lord, I commend my feeble efforts to thy blessings! Grant me wisdom
+ from above; and take the cause into thy own hands, for thy name's
+ sake!
+
+ _June 25th._--I have spent some days in visiting my friends, and
+ also attending a Camp-meeting. The weather has been very
+ unfavourable; but the showers that watered the earth are now past,
+ and showers of Divine blessing are descending. The song of praise
+ is ascending, and sinners are crying for mercy. Oh, Lord, carry on
+ the glorious work!
+
+ _July 7th._--The enemy gained victory over me to-day, by tempting
+ me to neglect Class for other employments. But I was defeated.
+ Company coming in, I was hindered from doing what I desired.
+ Conscience condemned, and darkness and distress followed. Oh, Lord,
+ henceforth help me _to do my duty_!
+
+ _July 9th.--Sabbath._--I was called this evening to a drunken,
+ dying man. He was entirely ignorant both of his bodily and
+ spiritual danger. What a scene! An immortal soul just plunging into
+ hell, and yet hoping for heaven! How awful is the state of one whom
+ God gives over to believe a lie! His life is ended, his family
+ destitute, and his soul lost!
+
+ _July 19th._--Surely nothing can afford more pleasure to an
+ enquiring mind bent on historical researches, than the perusal of
+ documents relating to the ancient chosen people of God. That a
+ people who could, according to their legitimate records, number
+ more than eight hundred thousand fighting men, should slip from the
+ records of men, hide themselves from human observation, and inhabit
+ limits beyond geographical research, is a phenomenon unprecedented
+ in the world's history; and that they should remain in this state
+ more than two thousand years, among the vast discoveries which
+ travellers have made, is still more surprising. Such is the
+ wonderful government of Him whose ways are past finding out. I
+ trust the day is not far distant when the lost will be found, and
+ the dead be alive!
+
+ _July 26th._--For several days I have been holding meetings and
+ conferences with the Indians. Their hearts are open to receive
+ instruction, and their hands extended to receive the bread of life.
+ If the Lord will open the way, I will try to acquire a knowledge of
+ their language. My soul longs to bring them to the Word of Truth.
+
+ _July 30th._--A day or two since I had the pleasure of seeing a
+ brother whose ecclesiastical duties have separated us for nearly a
+ year. How many tender recollections of God's care and merciful
+ dealings, since our last meeting rushed upon our minds. But while
+ enabled to rejoice together, we were called upon to mourn the loss
+ of one brother, taken away to the world of spirits.
+
+ _August 17th._--Scarcely a day passes without beholding new
+ openings to extend my ministerial labours. To-day, in an affecting
+ manner, I witnessed the hands of suffering humanity stretched forth
+ to receive the word of life. More than five hundred aborigines of
+ the country were assembled in one place. In a moral point of view,
+ they may be said to be "sitting in the valley of the shadow of
+ death." "The day star from on high" has not yet dawned upon them.
+ Alas! are they to perish for lack of knowledge? Can not the dry
+ bones live? Oh, thou who art able to raise up children unto
+ Abraham! speak the word, devise the means, and these long lost
+ prodigals shall return to their father's house! I noticed activity,
+ both in body and mind, superior skill in curious workmanship;
+ genius flashed in their countenances; and yet shall these noble
+ powers be bound fast in the cruel chains of ignorance, and these
+ immortal spirits go from a rayless night to midnight tomb? Oh, Thou
+ Light of the World, shine upon them! One of their nation whom God
+ has plucked as a brand from the burning, attempted to explain the
+ Christian religion to them. They listened and bowed assent, saying
+ "ha, ha." Oh, Lord, if Thou wilt qualify me and send me to dispense
+ to them the Bread of Life, I will throw myself upon Thy mercy, and
+ submit to Thy will.
+
+ _August 20th._--Amongst all the authors with whom I am acquainted,
+ who treat on Church Government, the Rev. Dr. Campbell is the most
+ clear and satisfactory. With a great deal of talent, penetration,
+ and research, he exhibits the Church in all her various forms, till
+ her power made empires tremble, and her riches bid defiance to
+ poverty. His excellent lectures have enlarged my mind on the
+ subject of ecclesiastical polity, and rendered my feelings more
+ liberal. I am convinced that form of government is best which most
+ secures order and union in society.
+
+ _August 20th--Sabbath._--To-day closes my ministerial labours at
+ York, where I have been stationed for two years. Many precious
+ seasons have I enjoyed; and, blessed be the Lord, He has set His
+ seal to my labours, and I think I can call God to witness that I
+ have not failed in my feeble way to declare the whole counsel of
+ God. Oh, Lord, seal it with Thy Spirit's power!
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6] A fuller reference to this subject will be found in Chapters vi. and
+viii.--H.
+
+[7] Letters to the Hon. W. H. Draper on "_The Clergy Reserve Question;
+as a Matter of History, a Question of Law, and a Subject of
+Legislation_." Toronto, 1839, pp. 11, 12.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+1826-1827.
+
+Missionary to the River Credit Indians.
+
+
+At the Conference of 1826, I was appointed Missionary to the Indians at
+the Credit, but was required to continue the second year as preacher,
+two Sundays out of four, in the Town of York, of which my elder brother,
+William, was superintendent, including in his charge several other
+townships. He was aided by a colleague, who preached in the country, but
+not in the town.
+
+The Chippewa tribe of Indians had a tract of land on the Credit River,
+on which the Government proposed to build a village of some twenty or
+thirty cottages, with the intention of building a church for them and
+inducing them to join the Church of England, upon the pretext that the
+Methodist preachers were Yankees. As my Father had been a British
+officer, and fought seven years during the American Rebellion for the
+unity of the Empire, was the first High Sheriff in the London District
+(having been appointed in 1808); and had, with his sons, fought in
+defence of the country in the war of the United States with Great
+Britain, in 1812-1815, and my father's elder brother having been the
+organizer of the Militia and Courts of the London District, the name
+Ryerson became a sort of synonym for loyalist throughout the official
+circles of the province; and my appointment, therefore, as the first
+stationed Missionary among the Indians, and from thence to other tribes,
+was a veritable and standing proof that the imputation of disloyalty
+against the Methodist Missionaries was groundless.
+
+When I commenced my labours among these poor Credit Indians (about two
+hundred in number) they had not entered into the cottages which the
+Government had built for them on the high ground, but still lived in
+their bark-covered wigwams on the flats beside the bank of the River
+Credit. One of them, made larger than the others, was used for a place
+of worship. In one of these bark-covered and brush-enclosed wigwams, I
+ate and slept for some weeks; my bed consisting of a plank, a mat, and
+a blanket, and a blanket also for my covering; yet I was never more
+comfortable and happy:--God, the Lord, was the strength of my heart,
+and--
+
+ "Jesus, all the day long, was my joy and my song."
+
+[Illustration: Indian Village at the River Credit in 1827--Winter.]
+
+Maintaining my dignity as a minister, I showed the Indians that I could
+work and live as they worked and lived.
+
+Having learned that it was intended by the advisers of the
+Lieutenant-Governor, on the completion of the cottages, to erect an
+Episcopal Church of England for the absorption of the Indian converts
+from the Methodists into that Church, I resolved to be before them, and
+called the Indians together on the Monday morning after the first
+Sunday's worship with them, and using the head of a barrel for a desk,
+commenced a subscription among them to build a house for the double
+purpose of the worship of God and the teaching of their children. Never
+did the Israelites, when assembled and called upon by King David, (as
+recorded in the 29th chapter of the first book of Chronicles) to
+subscribe for the erection of the Temple, respond with more cordiality
+and liberality, in proportion to their means, than did these converted
+children of the forest come forward and present their humble offerings
+for the erection of a house in which to worship God, and teach their
+children. The squaws came forward to subscribe from shillings to
+dollars, the proceeds of what they might earn and sell in baskets, mats,
+moccasins, &c., and the men subscribed with corresponding heartiness and
+liberality of the salmon that they should catch--which were then
+abundant in the river, and which, I think, sold for about twelve and a
+half cents each.
+
+On the same day, a plan of the house was prepared, and I engaged on my
+own individual responsibility, a carpenter-mason, by the name of
+Priestman (who had been employed by the Government to build the Indian
+cottages), to build and finish the house for the double purpose of
+worship and school, and then mounted my horse and visited my old friends
+in York, on Yonge Street, Hamilton, and Niagara Circuits, and begged
+money to pay for all, and at the end of six weeks the house was built
+and paid for, while our "swell" friends of the Government and of the
+Church of England were consulting and talking about the matter. It was
+thus that the Church-standing of these Indian converts was maintained,
+and they were enabled to walk in the Lord Jesus as they had found Him.
+
+My labours this season were very varied and severe. I had to travel to
+York (eighteen miles) on horseback, often through very bad roads, and
+preach two Sundays out of four (my second year in town). After having
+collected the means necessary to build the house of worship and
+school-house, I showed the Indians how to enclose and make gates for
+their gardens, having some knowledge and skill in mechanics.[8]
+
+Between daylight and sunrise, I called out four of the Indians in
+succession, and showed them how, and worked with them, to clear and
+fence in, and plow and plant their first wheat and corn fields. In the
+afternoon, I called out the school-boys to go with me, and cut and pile,
+and burn the underbrush in and around the village. The little fellows
+worked with great glee, as long as I worked with them, but soon began to
+play when I left them.
+
+In addition to my other work, I had to maintain a heavy controversy
+with several clergymen of the Church of England on Apostolic Ordination
+and Succession, and the equal civil rights and privileges of different
+religious denominations.[9]
+
+A few months after my appointment to the Credit Indian Mission, the
+Government made the annual distribution of presents to the Georgian Bay
+and Lake Simcoe Indians--all of whom were assembled at the Holland
+Landing, on the banks of the Holland River, at the southwest extremity
+of Lake Simcoe. They consisted chiefly of the Snake tribe, the
+Yellowhead tribe (Yellowhead was the head Chief), and the John Aissance
+tribe. Peter Jones and I, with John Sunday, had visited this tribe at
+Newmarket, the year before, and preached to them and held meetings with
+them, when they embraced the Christian religion, and remained true and
+faithful. Peter Jones and myself attended the great annual meeting of
+the Indians, and opened the Gospel Mission among them. In my first
+address, which was interpreted by Peter Jones, I explained to the
+assembled Indians the cause of their poverty, misery, and wretchedness,
+as resulting from their having offended the Great Being who created
+them, but who still loved them so much as to send His Son to save them,
+and to give them new hearts, that they might forsake their bad ways, be
+sober and industrious; not quarrel, but love one another, &c. I
+contrasted the superiority of the religion we brought to them over that
+of those who used images. This gave great offence to the French Roman
+Catholic Indian traders, who said they would kill me, and beat Peter
+Jones. On hearing this, Col. Givens, the Chief Indian Superintendent,
+called them together and told them that the Missionary Ryerson's father
+was a good man for the King, and had fought for him in two wars--in the
+last of which his sons had fought with him--and that if they hurt one of
+these sons, they would offend their great father the King; that Peter
+Jones' father had surveyed Government lands on which many of the Indians
+lived. This representative of the Government, a man of noble feelings
+and generous impulses, threw over us the shield of Royal protection.
+
+After the issuing of the goods to the Indians, Peter Jones remained with
+the Huron and Georgian Bay Indians, and preached to them with great
+power; while I went on board a schooner, with the Yellowhead Indians,
+for the Narrows, on the northern shore of Lake Simcoe, near Orillia,
+where the Indians owned Yellowhead (now Chief) Island, and which I
+examined with a view of selecting a place for worship, and for
+establishing a school. A Mission-school was established on this island.
+It was afterwards removed by Rev. S. (now Dr.) Rose and others to the
+mainland at Orillia, and was faithfully taught by the late William Law
+(1827) and by the Rev. S. Rose (1831).
+
+An amusing incident occurred during this little voyage on the schooner,
+which was managed by the French traders who had threatened my life two
+days before. The wind was light, and the sailors amused themselves with
+music--one of them playing on a fife. He was attempting to play a tune
+which he had not properly learned. I was walking the deck, and told him
+to give me the fife, when I played the tune. The Frenchmen gathered
+around my feet, and looked with astonishment and delight. From that hour
+they were my warm friends, and offered to paddle me in their canoes
+among the islands and along the shore wherever I wished to go.
+
+By the advice of some of my brethren, I called on the
+Lieutenant-Governor, Sir Peregrine Maitland, after I arrived in Toronto,
+for the purpose of giving him a general account of the progress of the
+Christian religion amongst the Indian tribes I said to him:--
+
+ "The object I have in view is the amelioration of the condition of
+ the Indians in this Province. The importance of this, both to the
+ happiness of the Indian tribes, and the honour of the government
+ under which they live, has been deeply felt by the parent state, so
+ forcibly that a church was built and the Protestant religion
+ introduced amongst the Six-Nations at the Grand River, about the
+ beginning of the century. This effort of Christian benevolence has
+ been so far successful as to induce some hundreds of them to
+ receive the ordinances of the Christian religion. But the Chippewa
+ tribes have hitherto been overlooked, till about four years ago,
+ when the Methodists introduced the Christian religion amongst them.
+
+ In a short time about one hundred embraced the religion of Christ,
+ exhibiting every mark of a sound conversion. Their number soon
+ increased, and a whole tribe of Mississaugas renounced their former
+ superstitions and vices, and became sober, quiet Christians. They
+ then felt anxious to become domesticated; their desire being
+ favourably regarded, a village was established at the Credit, and
+ houses built for them.
+
+ They have this season planted about forty acres of corn and
+ potatoes, which promise an abundant harvest. About forty children
+ attend the common school, nearly twenty can write intelligibly, and
+ read the Holy Scriptures and the English Reader.
+
+ At Belleville a change especially interesting has been effected.
+ The work was commenced there about two years ago, and now in their
+ whole tribe, numbering about two hundred, there is not one
+ drunkard! They are also becoming domesticated and are building a
+ village on one of their islands in the Bay of Quinte, which they
+ had squandered away in their drunken revels, but which is now
+ repurchased for them by some benevolent individuals. A Day and
+ Sunday School are established in which upwards of fifty children
+ are taught.
+
+ From the Belleville Indians the Gospel spread to the tribes which
+ inhabit the country adjacent to Rice Lake. Here also may be seen a
+ wonderful display of the "power of God unto Salvation to every one
+ that believeth." In less than a year, the whole of this body, whose
+ census is 300, renounced their idolatrous ceremonies and
+ destructive habits, for the principles, laws and blessings of that
+ kingdom which is righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost.
+ They are all, save a few, converted and changed in their hearts and
+ lives, and earnestly desire a settled life.
+
+ The uniform language of all, so soon as they embrace the Christian
+ religion is, "Let us have houses, that we may live together in one
+ place, learn to till the ground, hear the word of the Great Spirit,
+ and have our children taught to read the good book." Another field
+ of Christian labour is already ripe amongst the Lake Simcoe
+ Indians, who number about 600 souls. About two months ago an
+ opportunity opened for introducing the Christian religion to them,
+ and such was their readiness to hear and believe the words of
+ salvation, that more than 100 have already professed the Christian
+ faith, and are entirely reformed. A school is established in which
+ forty are taught by a young man named William Law, lately from
+ England.
+
+ This extensive reformation, has been effected and continued, by
+ means, which, to all human appearance, are altogether inadequate to
+ the accomplishment of such a work. A school at the Grand River
+ containing thirty scholars, one at the Credit forty, another at
+ Belleville upwards of thirty, and one lately established at Lake
+ Simcoe containing forty, and the missionaries who have been
+ employed amongst the Indians, together with the boarding of a
+ number of Indian boys, have only amounted to a little more than
+ Ł150 per annum. It is of the last importance to perpetuate and
+ extend the impressions which have already been made on the minds of
+ these Indians. The schools and religious instruction must be
+ continued; and the Gospel must be sent to tribes still in a heathen
+ state. But in doing this our energies are weakened, and the
+ progress of Christian labour much impeded by serious difficulties
+ which it is in the power of the government to remove. These
+ obstacles are principally confined to the Lake Simcoe Indians, the
+ most serious of which is occasioned by the traders, who are Roman
+ Catholic Frenchmen, employed to accompany the Indians in their
+ hunting for the purpose of procuring their furs, and who are
+ violently opposed to the reformation of the Indians. These traders
+ are about eighty in number, and have long been accustomed to
+ defraud and abuse the Indians in the most inhuman manner; they have
+ even laid violent hands on some of the converted Indians, and tried
+ to pour whiskey down their throats; but, thank God, have failed,
+ the Indians successfully resisted them. To shake the faith of some,
+ and deter others from reforming, they have threatened to strip them
+ naked in the winter, when they were at a distance of 100 miles from
+ the white settlement, and there leave them to freeze to death.
+
+ Col. Givens, when he was up issuing their presents about a month
+ ago, threatened the traders severely if they disturbed the Indians
+ in their devotions, or did any violence to their teachers. He also
+ suggested the idea of your Excellency issuing a proclamation to
+ prevent any further abuses. Sir Peregrine replied:
+
+ "When the Legislature meets, I shall see if something can be done
+ to relieve them more effectively, but I do not think that I can do
+ anything by the way of proclamation. If, upon deliberation, I find
+ that I can do something for them, I shall certainly do it." I
+ observed: The civil authority would be an ample security, while the
+ Indians are among the white inhabitants; but these abuses are
+ practised when they are one or two hundred miles from the white
+ settlements. The traders follow them to their hunting grounds, get
+ them intoxicated, and then get their furs for one fourth of their
+ value, nay, sometimes take them by force. These Frenchmen are
+ able-bodied men, and have abused the Indians so much they are
+ afraid of them; and, therefore, have not courage, if they had
+ strength to defend themselves. Under these circumstances your
+ Excellency will perceive the Indians have no means of obtaining
+ justice, and from their remote situation the power of civil
+ authority is merely nominal in regard to them. His Excellency
+ observed, "I am very much obliged to you for this information; I
+ shall do all in my power for them."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[8] When about fourteen years of age, an abridged "Life of Benjamin
+Franklin" fell into my hands, and I read it with great eagerness. I was
+especially attracted by the account of his mechanical education and of
+its uses to him in after years, during and after the American
+Revolution, when he became Statesman, Ambassador, and Philosopher. My
+father was then building a new house, and I prevailed on him to let me
+work with the carpenter for six months. I did so, agreeing to pay the
+old carpenter a York shilling a day for teaching me. During that time, I
+learned to plane boards, shingle, and clapboard the house, make window
+frames and log floors. The little knowledge and skill I then acquired,
+was of great service when I was labouring among the Indians, as well as
+my early training as a farmer. I became head carpenter, head farmer, as
+well as missionary, among these interesting people, during the first
+year of their civilized life.
+
+[9] See note on p. 85; also Chapters vi. and viii.--H.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+1826-1827.
+
+Diary of my Labours Among the Indians.
+
+
+The following extracts from my diary contain a detailed account of my
+mental and spiritual exercises and labours at this time, as well as many
+interesting particulars respecting the Indians, not mentioned in the
+foregoing chapter:--
+
+ _Credit, September 16th, 1826._--I have now arrived at my charge
+ among the Indians. I feel an inexpressible joy in taking up my
+ abode amongst them. I must now acquire a new language, to teach a
+ new people.
+
+ _Sept. 17th._--This day I commenced my labours amongst my Indian
+ brethren. My heart feels one with them, as they seemed to be
+ tenderly alive to their eternal interests. May I possess every
+ necessary gift to suffer labour, and teach the truth as it is in
+ Jesus.
+
+ _Sept. 23rd._--Greatly distressed to-night on account of a sad
+ circumstance. Three or four of the Indians have been intoxicated;
+ and one of them, in a fit of anguish, shot himself! This was caused
+ by a wicked white man, who persuaded them to drink cider in which
+ he mixed whiskey. [See letter below.]
+
+ _Sept. 24th.--Sabbath._--I tried to improve the mournful
+ circumstance that occurred yesterday, as the Indians seemed much
+ affected on account of the awful death of their brother.
+
+ _Sept. 25th._--We have resolved upon building a house, which is to
+ answer the double purpose of a school-house, and a place for divine
+ worship. In less than an hour these poor Indians subscribed one
+ hundred dollars, forty of which was paid at once. What a contrast,
+ a short time ago they would sell the last thing they had for
+ whiskey; now they economize to save something to build a Temple for
+ the true God!
+
+ _Sept. 26th._--To-day I buried two Indians, one the man who
+ committed suicide, the other a new-born babe.
+
+ _Oct. 8th._--For many days I have been employed in an unpleasant
+ controversy, for our civil and religious rights, which has taken
+ much of my time and attention.
+
+ _Oct. 9th._--One of my brethren has been suddenly called from his
+ labours, to his eternal home. Alas! my beloved Edward Hyland is no
+ more. He entered the field after me, but he has gone before me!
+
+ _Oct. 14th._--I have been employed the whole week in raising
+ subscriptions for the Indian Church; we have now enough subscribed.
+
+_Oct. 19th._--[In a letter, to-day, to his brother George, who wished to
+hear something about the Indian work, Dr. Ryerson said: I have to
+attend to various things previous to settling myself permanently at the
+Credit. I preached there to the Indians the two succeeding Sabbaths
+after I left home, and have been employed since that time in building a
+chapel for them at the Credit. The Indians in general, appear to be
+steadfast in their religious profession. They are faithful in their
+religious duties, and exemplary in their lives. One unhappy circumstance
+occurred there. [See entry in Diary of 23rd September.] I preached a
+solemn discourse on the subject of guarding against temptation and
+intemperance the same day, illustrating it throughout by this lamentable
+example. The Indians appeared to be much affected; and, I think, through
+the mercy of God, it has, and will prove a salutary warning to them. The
+Indians were very spirited in building their chapel. They made up more
+than a hundred dollars towards it, and are willing to do more, if
+necessary. By going in different parts of the country, I have got about
+enough subscribed and paid to finish it. I have now permanently resided
+at the Credit Mission not quite a fortnight. I board with John Jones;
+have a bed-room, but no fire-place, except what is used by the family. I
+can speak a little Mississauga, and understand it pretty well. As to my
+enjoyments in religion, I have lately had the severest conflicts I ever
+experienced; but at times the rich consolations of religion have flowed
+sweetly to my heart and God has abundantly blessed me, especially in my
+pulpit ministrations. It is the language of my heart to my blessed
+Saviour, Thy will, not mine, be done. Our prospects in little York are
+favourable. The chapel is enlarged, and the congregation greatly
+increased, some having lately joined.--H.]
+
+ _Nov. 9th._--This evening in visiting a sick Indian man, I
+ endeavoured, through an interpreter, to explain to him the causes
+ of our afflictions, the sympathy of Jesus, and the use of them to
+ Christians. We afterwards had prayer, many flocked into the room.
+ The sick man was filled with peace in believing, insomuch that he
+ clapped his hands for joy.
+
+ [Illustration: John Jones' House at the Credit, where Dr. Ryerson
+ resided.]
+
+ _Nov. 26th.--Sabbath._--This has been an important day. We opened
+ our Indian Chapel by holding a love-feast, and celebrating the
+ Lord's supper. The Indians with much solemnity and feeling
+ expressed what God had done for them. Rev. Wm. Case addressed them.
+ In the evening he gave them most important instruction, as to
+ domestic economy and Christian duties. After this a short time was
+ spent in teaching them the Ten Commandments, the Indian speaker
+ repeating them audibly sentence by sentence, which was responded to
+ by the whole congregation. At the close, eight persons, seven
+ adults and one infant were baptized. Three years ago they were
+ without suitable clothes, home, morality, or God. Now they are
+ decently clothed, sheltered from the storm by comfortable
+ dwellings, and many of them rejoicing in the hope of a glorious
+ immortality.
+
+ _Nov. 29th._--Last evening, in addressing a few of the Indians, who
+ were collected on account of the death of one of them, (John
+ Muskrat) I felt a degree of light spring up in my mind. This Indian
+ was converted about a year ago, and has ever since maintained a
+ godly walk and holy conversation. Thus missionary labour has not
+ been in vain. This is the third that has left an encouraging
+ testimony behind of a glorious resurrection.
+
+ _Nov. 30th._--I have this day divided the Indian society into
+ classes, selected a leader for each, from the most pious and
+ intelligent. I meet these leaders once a week separately, to
+ instruct them in their duty.
+
+ _Dec. 7th._--I have been often quite unwell, owing to change of
+ living, being out at night; my fare, as to food _is very plain_,
+ but wholesome, and I generally lie on boards with one or two
+ blankets intervening.[10]
+
+ _Dec. 8th._--I am feeling encouraged in the prosecution of the
+ Indian language, and in the spirit of my mission. There is a
+ tenderness in the disposition of many of the Indians, especially of
+ the women, which endears them to the admirers of natural
+ excellence. One of them kindly presented me with a handsome basket,
+ which is designed to keep my books in. This afternoon I collected
+ about a dozen of the boys, to go with me to the woods, in order to
+ cut and carry wood for the chapel. Their exertions and activity
+ were astonishing.
+
+ _Dec. 16th._--I have this week been trying to procure for the
+ Indians the exclusive right of their salmon fishery, which I trust
+ will be granted by the Legislature.[11] I have attended one of
+ their Councils, when everything was conducted in the most orderly
+ manner. After all the business was adjusted, they wished to give me
+ an Indian name. The old Chief arose, and approached the table where
+ I was sitting, and in his own tongue addressed me in the following
+ manner: "Brother, as we are brothers, we will give you a name. My
+ departed brother was named Cheehock; thou shalt be called
+ Cheehock."[12] I returned him thanks in his own tongue, and so
+ became initiated among them.
+
+ _Dec. 22nd._--My brother John, writing from Grimsby, thus
+ acknowledges the kind advice of brother George: I thank you for
+ your kind advice, and I can assure you I have felt of late, more
+ than ever, the importance of preaching Christ, and Christ alone. It
+ is my aim and constant prayer to live in that way, so that I can
+ always adopt the language of the Apostle, Romans xiv. 7, 8. I wish
+ you to write as often as convenient. Any advice or instruction that
+ you may have at any time to give, will be thankfully received.
+
+ _January 4th, 1827._--After the absence of more than a week, I
+ again return to my Indians, who welcome me with the tenderest marks
+ of kindness. Watch-night on New Year's Eve was a season of great
+ rejoicing among them. About 12 o'clock, while their speaker was
+ addressing them, the glory of the Lord filled the house, and about
+ twenty fell to the floor. They all expressed a determination to
+ commence the New Year with fresh zeal. My soul was abundantly
+ blessed at the commencement of the year, while speaking at the
+ close of the Watchnight services in York.
+
+ My engagement in controversial writing savours too much of dry
+ historical criticism to be spiritual, and often causes leanness of
+ soul; but it seems to be necessary in the present state of matters
+ in this Colony, and it is the opinion of my most judicious friends,
+ that I should continue it till it comes to a successful
+ termination.
+
+_Jan. 10th._--[Having received a letter of enquiry from his brother
+George, Dr. Ryerson replied at this date, and said:--
+
+I have been unwell for nearly two months with a continuance of violent
+colds, occasioned by frequent changes from a cold house and a
+thinly-clad bed at the Credit, to warm rooms in York. My indisposition
+of body has generally induced a depression of spirits, which has often
+unfitted me for a proper discharge of duties, or proficiency in study.
+However, in the midst of bodily indisposition, the blessings of the Holy
+Spirit have been at times abundantly poured into my soul, insomuch that
+I could glory in tribulation, and rejoice that I am counted worthy to
+labour and suffer among the most unprofitable and worthless of the
+labourers in my Saviour's vineyard. The Indians are firm in their
+Christian profession, and some of them are making considerable
+improvement in the knowledge of doctrine and duties of religion, and of
+things in general. They are affectionate and tractable.
+
+I am very unpleasantly situated at the Credit, during the cold weather,
+as there are nearly a dozen in the family, and only one fire-place. I
+have lived at different houses among the Indians, and thereby learned
+some of their wants, and the proper remedies for them. Having no place
+for retirement, and living in the midst of bustle and noise, I have
+forgotten a good deal of my Greek and Latin, and have made but little
+progress in other things. My desire and aim is, to live solely for the
+glory of God and the good of men.
+
+By the advice of Mr. M. S. Bidwell and others, I am induced to continue
+the Strachan controversy, till it is brought to a favourable
+termination. I shall be heartily glad when it is concluded.--H.]
+
+ _Jan. 16th._--One of the Indians (Wm. Sunegoo) has been tempted to
+ drink. I visited him as soon as he returned to the village. I
+ entreated him to tell me the whole truth, which he did. After
+ showing him his sin and ingratitude to God and his friends, he wept
+ aloud, almost despairing of mercy. I pointed him to the Saviour of
+ penitent sinners. He fell on his knees, and we spent some time in
+ prayer. After evening service he confessed his sin publicly, asked
+ forgiveness of his brethren, and promised in the strength of God to
+ be more watchful. Thus have we restored our brother in the spirit
+ of meekness.
+
+ _Jan. 26th._--Last Sunday we held our quarterly meeting at York.
+ About thirty of the Indian brethren were present; their
+ cleanliness, modesty, and devout piety were the subject of general
+ admiration.
+
+ _Feb. 4th._--To-day I preached to the Indians. Peter Jacobs, an
+ intelligent youth of 18, interpreted, and afterwards spake with all
+ the simplicity and eloquence of nature.
+
+ A scene never to be forgotten was witnessed by me in visiting an
+ Indian woman this evening; after months of severe suffering, she
+ sweetly yielded up the ghost in the triumphs of faith. She embraced
+ the Christian religion about eight months ago, and was baptized by
+ Rev. T. Madden. Notwithstanding her many infirmities, she went to
+ the house of God as long as her emaciated frame, with the
+ assistance of friends, could be supported. A few days previous to
+ her decease, she gave (to use her own words) "her whole heart into
+ the hands of Jesus, and felt no more sorry now, but wanted to be
+ with Jesus." While addressing a number assembled in her room, who
+ were weeping around her bed, her happy spirit took its triumphant
+ flight to the arms of the Saviour she loved so much.
+
+ How would the hearts of a Wesley and Fletcher burst forth in
+ rapture, could they have seen their spiritual posterity gathering
+ the wandering tribes of the American forest into the fold of
+ Christ, and heard the wigwam of the dying Indian resound with the
+ praises of Jehovah!
+
+ _Feb. 10th._--A blessed quarterly meeting--Elder Case preached in
+ the morning, and my brother George in the evening. The singing was
+ delightful, and the white people present were extremely interested.
+ At the close a collection of $26.75 was taken up, principally from
+ the Indians! Peter Jacobs was one of the speakers.
+
+ _Feb. 16th._--The importance of fostering our school among the
+ Indians, and of encouraging the teacher in this discouraging and
+ very difficult task, cannot be overestimated. Rev. Wm. Case,
+ thinking that I had some aptitude for teaching, wrote me a day or
+ two ago, as follows:--
+
+ Do you think the multitude of care, and burden of the school does
+ sometimes mar the patience of the teacher? If so, you would do well
+ to kindly offer to assist him occasionally, when he is present, and
+ so by example, as well as by occasional kind remarks, help him to
+ correct any inadvertencies of taste. I know the burden of a teacher
+ in a large school, and a perpetual sameness in the same employment,
+ especially in this business, is a tiresome task. I consider this
+ school of vast importance, on several accounts, and especially
+ considering the hopes to be entertained of several interesting
+ youths there.
+
+ _Feb. 27th._--I have written from fifteen to sixteen hours to-day
+ in vindicating the cause of dissenters against the anathemas of
+ high churchmen.
+
+ _March 5th, 1827._--To-day I am on my way to see my parents. My
+ Father is becoming serious, and my younger brother Edwy has joined
+ the Methodist Society. I thank God for this blessed change.
+
+_York, March 8th._--[As an interesting bit of personal history,
+descriptive of Dr. Ryerson's manner of life among the Credit Indians, I
+give the following extract from a letter written by Rev. William to Rev.
+George Ryerson. William says:--
+
+I visited Egerton's Mission at the Credit last week, and was highly
+delighted to see the improvement they are making both in religious
+knowledge and industry. I preached to them while there, and had a large
+meeting and an interesting time. The next morning we visited their
+schools. They have about forty pupils on the list, but there were only
+thirty present. The rest were absent, making sugar. I am very certain I
+never saw the same order and attention to study in any school before.
+Their progress in spelling, reading, and writing is astonishing, but
+especially in writing, which certainly exceeds anything I ever saw. They
+are getting quite forward with their work. When I was there they were
+fencing the lots in the village in a very neat, substantial manner. On
+my arrival at the Mission I found Egerton, about half a mile from the
+village, stripped to the shirt and pantaloons, clearing land with
+between twelve and twenty of the little Indian boys, who were all
+engaged in chopping and picking up the brush. It was an interesting
+sight. Indeed he told me that he spent an hour or more every morning and
+evening in this way, for the benefit of his own health, and the
+improvement of the Indian children. He is almost worshipped by his
+people, and I believe, under God, will be a great blessing to them.--H.]
+
+ _March 14th._--After several pleasant days absence I return again
+ to my Indian brethren. Have been much profited by reading the lives
+ of Cranmer, Latimer, Burnet, Watts, Doddridge, and especially that
+ of Philip Skelton, an Irish Prelate. The piety, knowledge, love,
+ zeal, and unbounded charity, are almost beyond credit; except on
+ the principle that he that is _spiritual_, can do all things.
+
+ _March 19th._--An Indian who has lately come to this place, and has
+ embraced the religion of Christ, came to Peter Jones, and asked
+ him, what he should do with his implements of witchcraft, whether
+ throw them in the fire, or river, as he did not want anything more
+ to do with them. What a proof of his sincerity! Nothing but
+ Christianity can make them renounce witchcraft, and many of them
+ are afraid of it long after their conversion.
+
+ _March 20th._--Busy to-day selecting suitable places for planting,
+ and employed the school boys in clearing some land for pasture.
+
+ _March 24th._--I am this day twenty-four years old. During the past
+ year my principal attention has been called to controversial
+ labours. If the Lord will, may this cup pass by in my future life.
+
+ _March 25th--Sabbath._--This day is the second anniversary of my
+ ministerial labours. My soul has been refreshed, my tongue
+ loosened, and my heart warmed.
+
+ _April 1st, 1827--Sabbath._--In speaking to my Indian brethren, the
+ word seemed deeply to affect their hearts.
+
+ _April 2nd._--In meeting Class this evening, I spoke for the first
+ time in Indian. My mind was much affected. The Indians broke forth
+ in exclamations of joy to hear a white man talk about God and
+ religion in their own tongue.
+
+ _April 6th._--My dear brother William and Dr. T. D. Morrison have
+ spent a night here, and greatly refreshed me by their converse.
+
+ _April 9th._--Another lesson of mortality in the death of Brother
+ John Jones' only child. I have been trying to comfort the parents,
+ who seem to bear their trial with Christian fortitude.
+
+_York, April 15th._--[In a letter to his brother George at this date,
+Dr. Ryerson thus speaks of the work under his care:--
+
+We are all well, and are blessed in our labours at this place, and at
+the Credit. I think the Indians are growing in knowledge and in grace.
+They are getting on pretty well with their spring work. But in some
+respects they are Indians, though they have become Christians.
+
+I came from Long Point with a full determination to live wholly for God
+and His Church. Through the blessing of God I have received greater
+manifestations of grace than I had felt before during the year. I have
+lately read "_Law's Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life_," which has
+been very beneficial to me. My greatest grief of late is, that my love
+to God and His people is not more humble, more fervent, and more
+importunate. O could I feel as Jesus felt when he said, "My meat and
+drink is to do the will of him that sent me." How much more happy and
+useful I would be! I pray that I may.
+
+John and Peter Jones seem to thirst after holiness, and are growing in
+grace. The Society in this place (York) appears to be increasing in
+grace and in number. I was abundantly assisted by heavenly aid to-day,
+while preaching. The congregation seemed to be deeply affected this
+evening. I hope the word has not gone forth in vain. The Sunday-schools
+are prospering in this place. I proposed the new method of increasing
+the Sunday-schools, by giving a reward ticket to every scholar who would
+procure another that had not attended any other school. In two Sabbaths
+between twenty and thirty new scholars were procured in one school.--H.]
+
+ _April 16th._--The last part of last week I was powerfully assailed
+ by the devil, and became greatly dejected. Alas! I fear I was more
+ disturbed on account of my own reputation than for the cause of
+ Jesus. While preaching on Sabbath evening, heavenly light broke in
+ on my soul, and all was peace.
+
+ I am now among the dear objects of my care. My heart leaped for joy
+ as I came in sight of the village, and received such a hearty
+ welcome. Much refreshed with meeting them in Class, and
+ particularly in private conversation with Peter Jones, about the
+ dispensations of God towards us in the increase of our graces and
+ gifts. We had about thirty boys out at work this evening clearing
+ land. They are very apt in learning to work.
+
+ _April 18th._--I was impressed to-day with the fact that the
+ untutored Indian can display all the noble feelings of gratitude,
+ love, and benevolence. An Indian, who has lately come to this place
+ and embraced the Christian religion, has ever since shown great
+ attachment to me. He has, without my knowledge, watered, fed, and
+ taken care of my horse, saying he lived closer to the stable than I
+ did. Yesterday I got out of hay, and could not get any till this
+ afternoon. When I came to the stable I found grass in the manger;
+ the Indian was there, and had just fed him. I said I was very glad,
+ for he must be very hungry, but the Indian replied, "No, he not
+ very hungry. I took him down where grass grow, and let him eat
+ plenty." Oh, God, thought I, do such principles dwell in the people
+ whom the white man despises? Is not this as noble and pure as it is
+ simple? Though the circumstance is small in itself, it involves a
+ moral principle to which many mighty men are strangers. He gave the
+ widow's mite. Enfeebled by sickness, he exposed himself; touched by
+ compassion, he relieved the sufferer. A few weeks ago, a heathen
+ from the forest, he now performs an act that might make many
+ Christians blush. How many professing Christians consider it a
+ condescension to attend upon the servant of Christ and his beast,
+ but this wild man of the woods esteems it a privilege to wash His
+ disciple's feet. "Many that are first shall be last, and the last
+ shall be first."
+
+ _April 25th._--Last Sunday, four Indians came from Lake Simcoe,
+ over fifty miles, to hear the words of eternal life, while many
+ professors will scarcely go a mile. Does not this fulfil prophecy,
+ "Many shall come from the east, and the west, and sit down in the
+ kingdom of God, while the children of the kingdom are thrust out?"
+ Last summer they heard Peter Jones, at Lake Simcoe, tell the story
+ of the Saviour's love. They then determined to renounce ardent
+ spirits, and pray to the Great Spirit. With this little
+ preparation, they had been enabled to totter along in the path of
+ morality from that time till now. The old man (Wm. Snake) seems
+ under deep convictions, weeps much, and expresses much sorrow for
+ his former bad doings. They have gone back, determined to get as
+ many of their tribe as possible to return by the first of June.
+ Surely this is "hungering and thirsting after righteousness."
+
+ _April 29th--Sabbath._--In our Class-meetings, one of the Indian
+ Leaders expressed himself thus:--"I am happy to-day. It is not with
+ my life alone I love Jesus, but I love Him right here (pressing his
+ hand upon his heart.) If I did not serve Him, what would I tell Him
+ when He came? Would I tell Him a lie? No, my brothers, I will tell
+ Him no story. I will serve Him with my whole heart. When I hear any
+ of my brothers or my sisters praying in the daytime alone,[13] it
+ makes my heart feel so glad. The tears run out of my two eyes, I
+ feel so happy. I love Jesus more and more. Pray for me, that I may
+ hold on to the end; and when Jesus comes, I may go with Him and all
+ of you up to heaven." Another one said, "Three of us have been two
+ or three days in the bush, but we prayed, three poor souls of us,
+ three times a day, and Jesus did make our souls so happy."
+
+ _April 30th._--According to announcement, we assembled in the
+ Chapel to examine into the cases of several who had acted
+ disorderly. We were compelled to expel two from the Society. Many
+ were deeply affected, and groans, and sighs might be heard in the
+ different parts of the house. After a long and wise address from
+ the old Chief, Joseph Sawyer, I said, "We must turn them out of the
+ Society. What do you think about sending them away from the
+ village? Tell us." Several spoke, and it was at last decided, by
+ holding up the right hand, that they must go. I then said, "I am
+ sorry to hear one or two have been drinking." I asked one if this
+ was true. He confessed that he drank some beer, being coaxed by a
+ white man. He felt very sorry, as he wished to be a good Christian.
+ I then reproved with considerable severity, and showed him it was
+ as bad to get drunk on cider or beer as whiskey. The devil often
+ cheats us in this way, but we are exhorted not to "touch, taste, or
+ handle" the accursed thing. This talk was explained to them in
+ Indian by Peter Jones, and their opinions requested. Several spoke,
+ but Brother William Herkimer, with a pathos that affected us all,
+ said, "Brothers, the white man can't pour it down your throat, if
+ you will not drink. When white man ask me to drink, I tell him, 'I
+ am a Christian, I love Jesus,' and they go right away and look
+ ashamed." He then concluded with a most pathetic prayer: "Oh,
+ Jesus, let us poor, weak creatures be faithful, and serve Thee as
+ long as we live." Having adjusted these matters, I next observed,
+ "Our God has given us another commandment which was, 'To keep holy
+ the Sabbath day.' Now, brothers, if a man gave you six dollars, and
+ kept only one for himself, would you not think it very bad to rob
+ him of that one? Oh, yes, you will say. Well the Lord has done more
+ for us. He has given us our lives, our clothes, our health, nay,
+ everything we have, and six days too, to do all our work in; but He
+ has kept out one day for Himself. Let us not rob God of this day,
+ but let us keep it holy. I am sorry to hear that one of you went to
+ York on Sunday." I turned to the guilty Indian, and told him I
+ wanted him to tell us why he had done so. He stated he had got out
+ of provisions, and he was afraid the wind would rise on Monday, and
+ unthinkingly he started on Sunday afternoon. He promised to do so
+ no more. I then spoke a few words from Gal. vi. 1, and Peter Jones
+ closed with an affecting exhortation and prayer.
+
+ _May 2nd._--Yesterday I was almost in despair, and I was really
+ devising means to relinquish my present work; when in the height of
+ agitation I took down a package of tracts, and providentially
+ (surely not by chance) cast my eyes upon one entitled,
+ "Disobedience Punished, Repented of, and Pardoned." This was no
+ other than the history of Jonah; and was made the means of reviving
+ my expiring faith, and showing me how God alone could give me
+ victory over myself. I cried to Him like Jonah, and He delivered me
+ out of my distress.
+
+ [Illustration: School and Council House. Church. Peter Jones'
+ Study.
+
+ OLD CREDIT MISSION. (_From a sketch by Mrs. E. Carey._)]
+
+ _May 3rd._--To-day I have felt peace with God and good will towards
+ men. Several Indian women have arrived from Scugog Lake. They
+ report that the Indians there have all stood firm, daily meeting
+ for prayer to the Great Spirit, and that there has only been one
+ case of intoxication since Peter Jones was there last autumn. This
+ unhappy circumstance was caused by one (Carr) an old Methodist
+ back-slider (a fit emissary of the devil), who took his barrel of
+ whiskey, in order to trade with the Indians. He tried in vain to
+ persuade them to taste, till at length he made some of the whiskey
+ into bitters, which he called medicine, and prevailed on one unwary
+ man to take for his health. This he repeated several times, till at
+ length the poor fellow got to relish it, and becoming overpowered
+ he fell into the water! The Indians immediately assembled for
+ prayer, and through the mercy of God, he is now restored to his
+ former steadfastness. They then ordered Carr to take his whiskey
+ away, or they would destroy it. He took it on the ice, on the lake,
+ no doubt hoping that it would tempt some of them to drink. But in
+ this the devil was disappointed, the ice thawed, and the barrel
+ floated on the water. What an instance of human depravity, does
+ this man's conduct exhibit, and what a picture of the power of
+ Divine grace is seen in the inflexible firmness of the Indians!
+ May we not sing in the language of Paradise Regained--
+
+ "The tempter foiled
+ In all his wiles, defeated, and repuls'd,
+ And Eden raised in the waste wilderness."
+
+ The Indian woman who related the above, gave another proof of the
+ amiable and benevolent character of her race, especially when
+ sanctified by grace. In token of their esteem for Peter Jones, who
+ had been the means of opening their eyes to immortality and eternal
+ life, they brought him several pounds of maple sugar, which one of
+ them presented in a wooden bowl. No doubt this sugar, which they
+ had carried sixty miles, was nearly their all. Is not this a
+ feeling of gratitude and love to the disciple for the master's
+ sake? Oh! that I may learn lessons of simplicity and contentment
+ from these children of the forest, for they are taught of God only.
+ Oh! that I may have Mary's lot in time and in eternity.
+
+ _May 6th--Sunday._--A number of white people being present this
+ morning I addressed them on the subject of the barren fig-tree. In
+ the evening we had a precious time; the Indians were enraptured,
+ and we all, as it were, with one heart, dedicated ourselves afresh
+ to God. In the class meeting we all wept tears of joy and holy
+ triumph. Several of them said, "Jesus is the best master I ever
+ served." "I love Jesus better than anything else."
+
+ _May 8th._--I witnessed an affecting instance of how pleasant a
+ thing it is for brethren to dwell together in unity, in the
+ departure of two Indians who had paid us a few days' visit from
+ Belleville. Nearly the whole village, according to Apostolic
+ custom, collected to bid them farewell in John Crane's house, when
+ an Indian arose (in the absence of the chief) inviting any of the
+ Belleville Indians who might like to come and settle amongst them.
+ Others rose and spoke on Christian love, pointing them forward to
+ that period when they should meet to part no more. How does the
+ spirit of primitive Christianity lead to the adoption of the same
+ customs which were practised by the first followers of our Lord,
+ when the multitudes of them that believed were of one heart and
+ soul. We then sang a few verses and all knelt down, commending our
+ dear brothers to the care of Him who never leaves nor forsakes his
+ children. After this one of the Indians from Belleville delivered a
+ pathetic parting address; they then all shook hands, exhorting one
+ another to cleave to Jesus. This Indian appeared to me to be one of
+ the most heavenly minded men I ever saw, not an able speaker but
+ with a peculiar nervousness in his words, spoken with energy and
+ pathos that deeply affected us all.
+
+ _May 13th--Sunday._--I spent the last week in assisting the Indians
+ in their agricultural pursuits. They are teachable, willing, and
+ apt to learn. This constant change of employment debars me from
+ literary and theological improvement, and leaves me less qualified
+ to expound Scripture to refined assemblies. Thus I am perplexed to
+ know what is best for me to do. The Lord direct me in this
+ momentous matter!
+
+ _May 14th._--The temporal and spiritual interests of the Indians
+ bring upon me much care, and weigh me down. I experienced some
+ comfort in the class meeting. Spoke in Indian, and for the first
+ time repeated the Lord's prayer in Chippewa. Many of my dear
+ brethren praised the Lord.
+
+ _June 9th--Sabbath._--This day we held quarterly meeting at
+ York--about twenty Indians present. I am informed that some of the
+ Indians on Lake Simcoe are hungering for the bread of life, and
+ that twelve of them were at worship at Newmarket, and expressed a
+ desire to become Christians. Sixteen Indian children attend a
+ Sabbath-school established there whose parents encamp near, for
+ that purpose. Several of these children learnt the alphabet in four
+ hours. This awakening arose through four of the Rice Lake Indians
+ influenced by the divine love, traversing in their canoe the back
+ lakes to tell their benighted brethren about Jesus, and exhorting
+ them to become Christians.
+
+ _June 7th._--The first quarterly conference ever held amongst
+ Indians in British America was held to-day. After deliberating on
+ several subjects, that of sending some of their pious and
+ experienced men on a missionary tour to Lake Simcoe, and the Thames
+ was proposed for consideration. Four of them soon volunteered their
+ services. Their hearts seemed fired at the thought of carrying the
+ news of salvation to their benighted brethren. At their own
+ suggestion $12 was soon taken up to help pay expenses.
+
+ _June 10th._-About fifty converted Indians from Rice Lake, Scugog
+ Lake, Mud Lake, and the Credit, assembled in York to-day for the
+ purpose of worshipping God. The Rice Lake Indians have come to see
+ the Governor about building them a village, and deduct the money
+ due them from the lands their fathers have ceded to the British
+ Government, and likewise for getting boundaries of their
+ hunting-grounds established. The other Indians have come for the
+ purpose of attending the approaching camp-meeting, as they have
+ never had but three days' instruction from Peter Jones last autumn.
+ As soon as any of them experience the love of Jesus in their own
+ souls, they begin to feel for others, and, like the ancient
+ Christians, go wherever they can preaching the Lord Jesus. Here is
+ a whole tribe converted to God, with the external aid of only three
+ days' instruction, except what they communicate to one another, and
+ who for six months have proved the reality of their Christian
+ experience by blameless and holy lives. Surely "this is the Lord's
+ doing, and marvellous in our eyes."
+
+ Elder Case told me that on his way from Cobourg to York, he saw an
+ Indian sitting by the road-side, he asked him where his brothers
+ and sisters were, he replied, encamped in the woods. Elder Case
+ told him to call them, as he wanted to talk some good words to
+ them. They soon came together to hear the _me-ko-to-wik_, or black
+ coat man. They pitched a little Bethel of logs, about breast high,
+ over-topped with bushes, for the purpose of worshipping
+ _Keshamunedo_ (God.) After kneeling down to implore God's blessing,
+ they took their seats. As soon as Elder Case commenced to speak,
+ their hearts seemed to melt like wax. So much for the Scugog and
+ Mud Lake Indians. The Rice Lake Indians appear to be more
+ intelligent, and are the handsomest company of men I have seen.
+ Potash, their chief, is very majestic in appearance, possesses a
+ commanding voice, and speaks with great animation.
+
+ _June 12th._--My brother William, who came from Newmarket
+ yesterday, informs me that he preached to more than fifty of these
+ bewildered enquirers after truth on Sunday--none of them could
+ interpret, but some could understand English, and they told others
+ what the good man said. An Indian woman came to a little white boy,
+ holding out her book (as most of them have bought books) and said,
+ "boy, boy," showing great anxiety that the boy would teach her, but
+ the little fellow was afraid, and slipped off. Then a little Indian
+ boy about his age, held out his book that he might teach him, the
+ white boy complied, and by the time he had showed him three or four
+ letters, he was unable to contain his grateful feelings, clasped
+ the white boy round his neck, and began to hug and kiss him.
+
+ _June 15th._--A camp-meeting commenced this afternoon on Yonge
+ street, about twelve miles from York. A large number of white
+ people have assembled, and about seventy-five Indians. About a
+ dozen of these embraced Christianity about six months ago, the rest
+ are heathens from the forest. How interesting a sight that they
+ should travel forty miles to hear about the Great Spirit, and what
+ he would have them do. As soon as they arrived they commenced
+ building their tents. Our Saviour said to His disciples, "Go ye
+ into all the world, &c." but we here see heathens coming to the
+ disciples of Jesus and asking for the Gospel. The services were
+ commenced by Rev. James Richardson, followed by the Rev. Thaddeus
+ Osgood, who is a great lover of Sunday-schools, Peter Jones
+ interpreted, when they were directed to Jesus, who came to save the
+ Indian as well as the white man, they were melted to tears.
+
+ _June 16th._--Rev. D. Yeomans preached this morning, also the Rev.
+ Thaddeus Osgood, first to the children, then to the Indians, which
+ was interpreted by Peter Jones. A lame boy, fourteen years old,
+ seemed to have his whole soul broken under the hammer of the word.
+ The Ten Commandments were recited in their own tongue, and they
+ repeated them sentence by sentence. It was a very impressive
+ exercise, giving great solemnity to the sacred decalogue.
+
+ _June 17th, Sunday._--The first sermon this morning was delivered
+ by Rev. John Ryerson, on the sufferings of Christ, followed by Rev.
+ James Richardson. By this time the concourse of people was
+ immense--when the Rev. William Ryerson preached from Gen. vii. 1, a
+ most able and affecting discourse, interpreted by Peter Jones, who
+ afterwards addressed the white people, telling of the former
+ degradation of his people, their present happy condition, the
+ feeble instruments God had made use of to accomplish this glorious
+ work; he thanked the white people for their kindness, and earnestly
+ entreated them to pray on, that the good work might go on and
+ prosper--he concluded by saying, "My dear brethren, if you go
+ forward the work will prosper, till the missionary from the western
+ tribes, shall meet with the missionary from the east, and both will
+ shake hands together."
+
+ _June 18th._--About mid-day the Camp-meeting was brought to a
+ close, it was very solemn and refreshing, three hundred and
+ thirteen whites partook of the Communion, and about forty Indians.
+ Thirty-five Indians, men, women, and children were baptized; with
+ others it was deferred till further instructed.
+
+ _July 3rd._--Peter Jones has just returned from Lake Simcoe,
+ bringing a glorious account of the steadfastness and exceeding joy
+ of the Indians there. Thirty more are added to their number; a
+ school is established, taught by Bro. Wm. Law, in a temporary
+ building, put up by themselves. The traders are showing great
+ opposition, threatening to beat the Indians and burn their camps if
+ they will attend the meetings; their craft is in danger. They that
+ trust in the Lord need not fear.
+
+ _July 5th._--Rev. Wm. Ryerson, under this date, writes from Lake
+ Simcoe: If Yellowhead, the Head Chief, embraces religion, his
+ influence will counteract the opposition of the traders, which is
+ very strong. I think if Peter Jones can come and remain with them
+ awhile, as soon as possible, they will embrace Christianity.
+
+ _July 15th._--Peter Jones and I arrived at Lake Simcoe this
+ evening, for the purpose of being present during the distribution
+ of Indian goods. The change in their appearance since a year ago is
+ most striking. The traders are still very hostile.
+
+ _July 16th._--In the morning I gave the Indians a long talk. I
+ showed them the superiority of the Christian religion over that of
+ those who worshipped images. At this remark, the French traders
+ present looked very angry, muttering, but making no disturbance.
+ Peter Jones then spoke at length, answering and correcting
+ statements the traders had made. Colonel Givens soon arrived and
+ the meeting closed.
+
+ _July 17th._--Collected the Indians again, and preached from Matt.
+ xi. 28. Peter Jones expounded the Lord's Prayer. The Frenchmen were
+ much displeased at his remarks on the subject of forgiving sins.
+ They afterwards tried to force some of the Christians to drink, but
+ failed. The Lord have mercy on these wicked men, and open their
+ eyes before it is too late! When the presents were to be given out,
+ the men were seated by themselves, and also the women; the boys
+ and girls according to their ages. The chiefs then requested all
+ who were Christians, or wished to be, to sit together, and about
+ 150 rose and did so. The difference in their countenances, as well
+ as their appearance and manners, was most marked. They looked
+ healthy, clean, and happy, whereas many of the others were almost
+ naked; some with bruised heads, and black faces, and almost burnt
+ up with liquor. When the distribution of presents ended, an Indian
+ Council was held at Phelps' Inn, at which I was invited to be
+ present. Chief Yellowhead spoke first, saying "The desire of his
+ heart was that their Great Father would grant them a place where
+ they might all settle down together. His people wished to throw
+ away their bad ways, and worship the Great Spirit." Many others
+ spoke, particularly requesting the Indian Agent to do what he could
+ to quiet the rage of the French traders. We have reason to thank
+ God for the kind friendly influence the Indian agents exert,
+ especially in closing the mouths of the traders. Oh, Lord, I will
+ praise Thee!
+
+ _July 20th._--I left the Holland Landing this morning for the
+ purpose of visiting the islands north-east of Lake Simcoe, to
+ ascertain their desirability for a settlement. I find the situation
+ very pleasant. The chief has a comfortable house containing four
+ rooms, with everything decent and convenient. This island contains
+ about four hundred acres of beautiful basswood, beech, and maple.
+ The chief told me that the Mohawks once had a village there,
+ probably a century ago; as there is a navigable creek running to
+ the mouth of the river, there was every attraction for a convenient
+ settlement. The chief also offers any one who will come and teach
+ the children, two rooms in his house for that purpose, and the
+ Indians will support him. Such is the field of philanthropic and
+ Christian labour in this place, and which demand most vigorous
+ cultivation.
+
+ _July 22nd._--I assembled the Indians this morning, and gave them
+ my parting advice; after which the Chief (Wahwahsinno) spoke with
+ great power. He is the most interesting, intelligent Indian I ever
+ saw. He warned them to beware of the evil spirit which was lurking
+ around them on every side; to be honest and cheat nobody; not to
+ get drunk, but buy food and clothing for their children. You know,
+ he said, how our fathers, grandfathers, and great-grandfathers have
+ been killed by liquor--now, don't do as they have done. We are
+ thankful to our Great Father, over the waters, for the clothes he
+ has given us, and to our good brother for the good things he has
+ taught us. We then embraced each other and bade farewell.
+
+ _July 23rd._--Arrived again at the Narrows, and found the Indians
+ firmly established in the faith. I have now spent eight days among
+ these long-neglected and injured people, and happy are my eyes that
+ have seen these glorious things.
+
+[The missionary efforts of these times were in Upper Canada chiefly
+directed toward the Indians. Of this abundant evidence is given in the
+preceding pages. That these efforts were also put forth by the Church of
+England, may be gathered from the fact that at a public meeting held in
+York, on the 29th of October, 1830, a Society was formed, under the
+presidency of the Bishop of Quebec, "for the converting and civilizing
+of the Indians of Upper Canada." In his address, on that occasion, the
+Bishop stated that the Rev. G. Archbold, with true missionary zeal, had
+resided among the Indians on the north side of Lake Huron during the
+greater part of the summer, and at his departure had left them in care
+of Mr. James W. Cameron. Mr. Cameron was, in 1832 succeeded by Mr. (now
+Archdeacon) McMurray at Sault Ste. Marie. Funds for the support of this
+Indian Mission were collected in England, by the Bishop in 1831, and
+also by Rev. A. N. (subsequently Bishop) Bethune. The scope of this
+Society was soon enlarged to "Propagating the Gospel among Destitute
+Settlers." The missionaries employed in 1831 were Rev. J. O'Brian (St.
+Clair), Rev. Salteen Givens (Bay of Quinte), and Mr. James W. Cameron
+(La Cloche, Saulte Ste. Marie, etc.)
+
+That this interest was not confined to spiritual matters is evident from
+many letters and other references to the domestic and material
+improvement in the condition of the Indians, which I find in Dr.
+Ryerson's papers. I select the following, which touch upon many
+different matters relating to the temporal and spiritual interests of
+the Indians:--
+
+In a letter written by Rev. William Case, from Hallowell, to Dr.
+Ryerson, he thus speaks of the success of a school established by the
+Conference among the Indians. He says:
+
+ Last evening (10th March) was exhibited the improvement of the
+ Indian School, at Grape Island, one boy, whose time at school
+ amounted to but about six months, read well in the Testament.
+ Several new tunes were well sung and had a fine effect. The whole
+ performance was excellent. More than twenty names were given in to
+ furnish provisions for the children of the school. These
+ exhibitions have a good effect. It animates the children and the
+ teachers, and affords a most gratifying opportunity to the friends
+ of the Missions to witness that their benevolence is not in
+ vain.--H.]
+
+[Shortly after this letter was written, Elder Case went to New York, to
+solicit aid on behalf of the Indian Schools. He was accompanied by John
+Sunday and one or two other Indians. Writing from there, on the 19th
+April, to Dr. Ryerson, then at Cobourg, he says:
+
+ We have attended meetings frequently, and visited a great number of
+ schools and other institutions, both literary and religious. This
+ has a fine effect on our Indian brethren. The aid we are obtaining
+ will assist us for the improvement of our Indian Schools. We have
+ an especial view to the Indians of Rice Lake. Please look well to
+ the school there, and to the comfort of the teacher. The Indians
+ should be encouraged to cultivate their islands. The most that we
+ can do is to keep them at school, &c., and instruct them in their
+ worldly concerns.
+
+ The managers of the Missionary Society in New York, as well as in
+ Philadelphia, are very friendly. In case we shall be set off as a
+ Conference, they will continue to afford us assistance in the
+ Mission cause. You will judge something of the feeling of the
+ people here, when I inform you that a niece of the unfortunate Miss
+ McCrae, who was killed by the Indians in the revolutionary war, has
+ given us $10 towards the Indian schools, and two sets of very fine
+ diaper cloths for the communion table. We shall bring with us an
+ Indian book, containing the decalogue, the creed, hymns, and our
+ Lord's Sermon on the Mount. This will stimulate our schools, as
+ well as afford instruction to the Indian converts. I wish you to
+ encourage the Indian sisters to make a quantity of fancy trinkets,
+ we could sell them to advantage here. They should be well made. We
+ have been introduced to Mr. Francis Hall, of the New York
+ _Spectator_, and about forty ladies, who are engaged in preparing
+ bedding, clothing, &c., for our missions and schools. We gave them
+ a short address on the happy effects of the gospel on the mind and
+ condition of Indian female converts. John Sunday's address to them
+ in Indian was responded to with sobs through the room. Brother
+ Bangs addressed those present on behalf of the Indians exhorting
+ them to diligence and faithfulness. He said that we would always
+ find in the Christian females true encouragement and aid.--H.]
+
+[Elder Case was anxious to re-open the school for Indian girls at Grape
+Island. In writing from the Credit, he says:
+
+ "When we gave up the female school it was designed to revive it,
+ and we had in view to employ one of the Miss Rolphs. If she can be
+ obtained we shall be much gratified. We wish everything done that
+ can be done to bring forward the children in every necessary
+ improvement, especially at the most important stations, and the
+ Credit is one of the most important. Can you afford any assistance
+ to Peter Jacobs? We are very solicitous to see some talent in
+ composition among some of our most promising scholars.
+
+ We are authorised by the Dorcas Society, of New York, to draw for
+ $20 to purchase a cow for the use of the mission family at the
+ Credit, and you are at liberty to get one now, or defer it till the
+ Spring. As probably the $20 will purchase a cow, and pay for her
+ keeping through the winter.
+
+ Our way this far has been prosperous. I never saw the pulse of
+ Missionary ardour beat higher. Tickets of admission at the
+ anniversaries might be sold by hundreds for a dollar each. But they
+ were distributed gratis. The collection at the female anniversary
+ was $217, and a handful of gold rings (about 20). The
+ superintendent is truly missionary; rejoicing in the plan of our
+ aiding them in the conversion of the Indians on this side of the
+ lines. Bros. Doxtadors and Hess' visit is well received, and a good
+ work commenced at the Oneida."--H.]
+
+[In a letter written to Dr. Ryerson, by the Rev. James Richardson, on
+the 2nd Oct., 1829, referring to the privilege granted to the Indians of
+taking salmon (as mentioned on p. 66), he said:
+
+ As I came home, I stopped at James Gages', and found that he was
+ much displeased with the Indians for holding their fish so high. He
+ says his son could obtain them for less than 1/3d. currency (25c.).
+ Some of them were not worth half that. He remarked that Wm. Kerr
+ and others expressed great dissatisfaction with the Indians for
+ taking advantage of the privilege granted to them, and also for
+ haughtiness in their manner of dealing with their old friends. I am
+ afraid that unless they be moderate and civil, a prejudice will be
+ excited against them, which may prove detrimental to the missionary
+ cause. The respectable part of the inhabitants would be pleased to
+ have the Indians supported in this privilege, if they could
+ purchase fish of them at a moderate price.--H.]
+
+[Elder Case, who was greatly interested in the success of the Indian
+Schools, and who--with a view to demonstrate the usefulness of the
+schools--proposed to take two of the Credit Indian boys to the
+Missionary Meetings in January, 1830, says:--
+
+ I should be glad to have something interesting at the York
+ Anniversary. Perhaps we may have a couple of promising boys from
+ this Station. Henry Steinheur will accompany me to Lake Simcoe, and
+ perhaps Allen Salt[14] will come up as far as York. They are both
+ fine boys, and excellent singers.]
+
+[A providential opening having occurred for getting the Scriptures
+translated into the Indian language, Rev. Wm. Ryerson, in a letter to
+Dr. Ryerson, dated York, 24th February, 1830, says:--
+
+ I lately received a letter from the Rev. Mr. West, one of the
+ agents for the British and Foreign Bible Society, expressing the
+ anxiety he felt that the Scriptures should be translated into the
+ Chippewa language. He said that if proper application were made, he
+ would take great pleasure in laying it before the Committee of the
+ Parent Society, and use his influence to obtain any assistance that
+ might be wanted. Viewing this as a providential opening, I think
+ that steps should be taken to have the translation made. From your
+ residence among the Indians, and knowledge of their manners and
+ customs, and your acquaintance with those natives that are the best
+ advanced in religious knowledge and experience, do you not think
+ that the Joneses are the best qualified to translate the
+ Scriptures?--H.]
+
+Note.--[The reply was in the affirmative, and Peter Jones was entrusted
+by the U. C. Bible Society with the work.[15]--H.]
+
+_April 7th_, 1829.--[Writing to Dr. Ryerson, from Philadelphia, at this
+date, Elder Case says:
+
+There is a fine feeling here in favour of the Canada Church and the
+Mission cause. Peter Jones and J. Hess are in New York overlooking the
+printing of the gospels, etc. We hope to bring back with us the Gospel
+of Mark, with other portions contained in the Book of Common Prayer, the
+Spelling-book and a Hymn book in Mohawk, and a Hymn-book in Chippewa.
+They are all in the press, and will be ready by 5th May, when we leave
+to return.--H.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[10] My home was mostly at John Jones', brother of Peter Jones;
+sometimes at Wm. Herkimer's, a noble Indian convert, with a noble little
+wife.
+
+[11] See page 78.
+
+[12] _Cheehock_, "A bird on the wing," referring to my going about
+constantly among them.
+
+[13] They often retire to the woods for private prayer, and sometimes
+their souls are so blessed, they praise God aloud, and can be heard at a
+considerable distance.
+
+[14] These Indian boys subsequently became noted for their piety and
+missionary zeal on behalf of their red brethren.--H.
+
+[15] An unexpected delay occurred in getting the translation made by
+Rev. Peter Jones printed, as explained in a letter from Rev. George
+Ryerson to Dr. Ryerson, dated Bristol, August 6th, 1831. He says:--
+
+Peter Jones, after his return from London, experienced several weeks'
+delay in getting his translation prepared for the press, in consequence
+of a letter from the Committee on the Translations of the U. C. Bible
+Society--Drs. Harris, Baldwin, and Wenham--stating that the translation
+was imperfect. He had, in consequence, to go over the whole translation
+with Mr. Greenfield, the Editor of the Bible Society Translations. Mr.
+Greenfield is a very clever man, and has an extensive knowledge of
+languages. He very soon acquired the idiom of the Chippewa language so
+that he became better able to judge of the faithfulness of the
+translation. Mr. Greenfield went cheerfully through every sentence with
+Mr. Jones, and made some unimportant alterations, expressed himself much
+pleased with the translation, and thinks it the most literal of any
+published by the Bible Society. It is now passing through the press, and
+will soon be sent to Canada.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+1827-1828.
+
+Labours and Trials--Civil Rights Controversy.
+
+
+At the Conference of 1827 I was appointed to the Cobourg Circuit,
+extending from Bowmanville village to the Trent, including Port Hope,
+Cobourg, Haldimand, Colborne, Brighton, and the whole country south of
+Rice Lake, with the townships of Seymour and Murray. On this extensive
+and labourious Circuit I am not aware that I missed a single
+appointment, notwithstanding my controversial engagements[16] and visits
+to the Indians of Rice Lake and Mud Lake. I largely composed on
+horseback sermons and replies to my ecclesiastical adversaries. My diary
+of those days gives the following particulars:--
+
+ _Hope, Newcastle District, Sept. 23rd, 1827._--I have now commenced
+ my ministerial labours amongst strangers. Religion is at a low ebb
+ among the people; but there are some who still hold fast their
+ integrity, and are "asking the way to Zion with their faces
+ thitherwards." I have preached twice to-day and been greatly
+ assisted from above.
+
+ _Sept. 25th._--I have laboured with much heaviness to-day. I spent
+ part of the day in visiting the Rice Lake Indians. They seem very
+ healthy, and are happy in the Lord. We have selected a place for
+ building a school house. With gratitude and joy they offer to
+ assist in the building.
+
+ _Sept. 30th._--Another month gone! I review the past with mingled
+ feelings of gratitude and regret.
+
+ _October 2nd._--Yesterday and to-day I have laboured under severe
+ affliction of mind. I am as one tempest driven, without pilot,
+ chart, or compass.
+
+ _Oct. 4th._--This evening at the prayer-meeting, how delightful was
+ it to hear two children pour out their melting supplications at the
+ throne of grace. "Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings thou
+ hast perfected praise."
+
+ _Oct. 9th._--I began my labours last Sunday, weak and sick, but my
+ strength increased with my labour, and I was stronger in body and
+ happier in soul at night than in the morning.
+
+ _Oct. 10th._--I have now finished my first journey round the
+ circuit. My health has not been good. Two persons have joined the
+ society to-night, and several more in class expressed a
+ determination never to rest till they found peace with God through
+ Jesus Christ.
+
+ _Oct. 17th._--I have been employed in controversial writing, and
+ sorely tempted to desist from preaching.
+
+ _Oct. 20th._--I have been greatly interested and strengthened in
+ reading the "Life of Dr. Coke." The trials with which he was
+ assailed, and the spirit in which he encountered them, afforded
+ encouragement to me. His meeting with the venerable Asbury, in the
+ Church built in the vast forest, is one of the most affecting
+ scenes I ever read.
+
+ _Oct. 21st._--To-day we held our first quarterly meeting on the
+ circuit, and, bless the Lord, it was a reviving time.
+
+_Oct. 27th._--[Archdeacon's Strachan's Ecclesiastical Chart had so
+excited the righteous indignation of Elder Case, that he wrote to Dr.
+Ryerson, at this date, from Cobourg, in regard to it. I insert his
+letter, as it expresses (though in strong language) the general feeling
+of those outside of the Church of England in regard to this Chart.[17]
+He said:--
+
+Notice the providence which has brought to light the mis-statements of
+the Ecclesiastical Chart. This is one instance out of many in which
+false representations have gone Home in regard to the character of the
+people and the state of religion.
+
+As such a spirit of intolerance is altogether averse to the mild spirit
+of the gospel, so it is also a most dangerous and daring assumption of
+power over the rights of conscience. Against this high-handed and
+domineering spirit, God himself has ever set his face. Let the Doctor be
+reminded of the case of Haman and the despised dissenting Jew, who
+refused to bow down to the courtiers of the king. The Doctor's wrath is
+kindled against those whom he calls "dissenters," and who refuse to
+submit to his Church rule. We have said, "whom the Doctor calls
+'dissenters.'" I aver that the term is not at all applicable to the
+religious denominations in this country. From what Church have they
+dissented? Indeed most of the first inhabitants of this country never
+belonged to the Church of England at all. They were from the first
+attached to the denominations. Some to the Presbyterian, some to the
+Baptist, some to the Methodist, and only a small portion to the Church
+of England. Nor had they any apprehensions, while supporting the rights
+of the Crown, that an ecclesiastical establishment of ministers of whom
+they have never heard, was to be imposed, upon them, as a reward for
+their loyalty! Indeed, they had the faith of the Government pledged,
+that they should enjoy the rights of conscience. And in view of this was
+the charter of the Province formed, to secure liberty of conscience and
+freedom of thought. The blow at a loyal portion of Her Majesty's
+subjects was aimed at them in the dark, 4,000 miles away, and without an
+opportunity of defending themselves. An act so ungenerous, and in a
+manner so impious too, cannot be endured. We must defend ourselves
+against the unjust slanders of the Doctor.--H.]
+
+ _Nov. 19th._--I have been blessed with more comfort this evening in
+ preaching from Matt. xxii. 11-13, to a congregation composed
+ principally of drunkards and swearers. My heart was warmed, my
+ tongue loosened, and my understanding enlarged.
+
+ _Nov. 20th._--I have been to the Rice Lake Mission: found them
+ still growing in grace. The children are clean--many of them
+ handsome. The school teacher is happy in his work.
+
+ _Dec. 12th._--My mind has been greatly afflicted this evening in
+ settling a difference between two brethren.
+
+ _Dec. 25th._--Last night we had a service in this place (Presque
+ Isle) to celebrate the incarnation of our blessed Saviour. Seven
+ souls professed to experience the pardoning love of Christ. Many
+ who came mourning went home rejoicing.
+
+ _January 1st, 1828._--I am now brought to the close of another
+ year, and the commencement of a new era of existence. The first
+ part of the year I spent principally amongst the Indians, and have
+ reason to believe the Lord blest my labours amongst those needy and
+ loving people, but my own soul was oft in heaviness. The latter
+ part of the year I have been on a Circuit, and have found my
+ enjoyments and improvement increased. The Societies are growing in
+ piety, my bodily wants have been all supplied, and I have
+ experienced the fulfilment of the promise, If ye forsake father and
+ mother, the Lord will take thee up. May I ever rest on it!
+
+_Jan. 2nd._--[The following letter was written at this date to Dr.
+Ryerson by his Mother. She says:--
+
+My not writing to you, I understand from your letter to Father, has
+given you much uneasiness; but I can assure you I have felt much
+concerned about it myself, for fear that you should entertain the
+thought of its proceeding from unkindness or neglect: but let the
+feelings of affection of a Mother suffice and answer it all. Be
+convinced that her happiness depends upon your welfare, and that her
+daily prayers will ever be offered up to the throne of grace in yours
+and the rest of her children's behalf. O that the Lord may keep you
+humble and faithful, looking unto him for grace and strength to enable
+you to work in His blessed cause, to proclaim the glad tidings of
+salvation through a dear Redeemer to lost and perishing souls! This is a
+great comfort to me, and more than I deserve. None other compensates for
+all my trials and afflictions here, as that God, of His goodness, should
+have inclined the hearts of many of my dear children to seek His face
+and to testify to the ways of God being the ways of pleasantness and
+peace. At so much goodness my soul doth bless and praise my God and
+Redeemer. My dear boy, you must not forget to pray for your poor
+unworthy Mother, that she may be daily renewed in the inner man, and so
+kept by the grace of God, as to be able to endure unto the end, and at
+last to be received among those that are made perfect, to praise Him
+that hath redeemed us for ever and ever. Your kind and anxious enquiries
+about home, I shall endeavour to answer. Your dear Father has returned,
+and is as well as usual, but still suffers much at times. Your heavenly
+Father has been pleased to lay His hand of affliction once more upon
+your sister, Mrs. Mitchell, by taking away her youngest boy in November
+last. Edwy, I am happy to say, appears to persevere in serving God,
+which, with the blessing of God, may he continue to do. Your brother
+George has left for England. He desires that all your letters be sent to
+him in England, which contain anything interesting about the Indians, or
+of the work of religion. The state of religion in this part, I think, is
+rather on the rise, that is to say, they attend better to public
+worship, and receive their preacher in a more friendly manner than
+before. Write as often as you can to let us know how you are, and how
+the work of religion is progressing.--H.]
+
+ _Jan. 3rd._--I have this day visited the Indians at Rice Lake: all
+ prosperity here. I have been much refreshed this evening in meeting
+ my beloved brother and fellow-labourer in the Gospel, Peter Jones.
+ These pleasing interviews bring to mind many refreshing seasons we
+ have enjoyed together, when seeking the lost sheep of the house of
+ Israel. This year thus far, has been attended with peculiar trials;
+ my health has not been good; I have had conflicts without, and
+ fears within.
+
+ _Jan. 30th._--Visited a poor woman to-day in the last stage of
+ consumption, she gives evidence that her peace is made with God. I
+ find it a heavy cross to visit the sick. Help me, Lord, to search
+ out the mourner, bind up broken hearts, and comfort the sorrowful.
+
+_February 22nd_--[A Central Committee at York having, of behalf of the
+various non-Episcopal denominations, deputed Rev. George Ryerson to
+proceed to England to present petitions to the Imperial Parliament
+against the claims of the Church of England in this Province,[18] the
+Rev. William Ryerson was requested to write to his brother George on the
+subject. In his letter he gave the following explanation of the sources
+of information from which Archdeacon Strachan's Ecclesiastical Chart was
+compiled. He said:--
+
+It may be proper to apprise you that the Church of England has been
+making an enquiry into the religious state of the Province, the result
+of which they have sent home to the Imperial Parliament. And in order to
+swell their numbers as much as possible, they have sent persons through
+almost every part of the Province, who, when they come into a house,
+enquire of the head of the family as to what Church he belongs. If he
+says, to the Methodist, or any other body of dissenters, they next
+enquire if their children belong to the same Church. If they say no,
+they set the children as members of the Church of England! If they say
+that neither themselves nor their children belong to any particular
+Church, they set them all down as members of the Church of England! So
+that should they make a parade of their numbers you can tell how they
+got them.
+
+The Report of the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, for
+1821, gives the number of communicants in the Church of England here as
+between 4,000 and 5,000. In the Chart, the Methodist communicants only
+have been returned, which is about 9,000. The number of those who call
+themselves Methodists, is, at least, four times that number, or 36,000.
+This is the way in which almost all the other bodies estimate their
+numbers, the Baptists excepted.
+
+_Cobourg, Feb. 27th._--Dr. Ryerson's youngest brother, Edwy, who
+remained at home, wrote from there on the 20th, in regard to his
+Father's health and religious life. He says:--
+
+I think there is no doubt but that he will, in a short time be able,
+with the care and the mercy of Almighty God, to enjoy himself again at
+the family altar. He says that, by the grace of God, the remainder of
+his days shall be devoted to the service of God. He feels that he has
+acceptance with God; that God condescends to receive him--blessed be
+God! My dear Egerton, although we have had great difficulties and many
+trials to contend with, yet the Lord has stood by us, and by His
+goodness and mercy He has kept us from sinking under them, by pointing
+out ways and means for our escape, and He has brought our aged Father to
+the knowledge of Jesus Christ, our Lord. Oh, my dear brother, let us
+praise the name of God forever, who hath dealt so bountifully with us.
+Mother is much better than when you were here. Father and Mother send
+their love to you. May the Lord give you good speed, and crown your
+labours with success in the saving of souls.
+
+_April 3rd._--With a view to throw an incidental light upon the personal
+influence which prompted Dr. Ryerson to controvert certain statements
+made by Archdeacon Strachan,[19] I quote a letter which Dr. Ryerson's
+brother William wrote to him from York, on the 1st, as follows:--
+
+I send you a pamphlet containing Dr. Strachan's defence before the
+Legislative Council. If I had time I would write a reply, at least to a
+part of it. I think you had better write a full answer to it. You will
+perceive that the Doctor's defence consists in telling what he told
+certain gentlemen in England and what they told him. The misstatements
+and contradictions with which he has been charged, he has not noticed.
+Such as that "the Church is rapidly increasing, and spreading over the
+whole country, and that the tendency of the population is towards the
+Church of England, and that the instructions of dissenters are rendering
+people hostile to our institutions, civil and religious." He says: "It
+is said I have offended the Methodists." Who told him so? I presume it
+must have been his own conscience. If you write a full answer would it
+not be better to do it in the form of letters, addressed to the doctor,
+and signed by your real name? Write in a candid, mild, and kindly style,
+and it will have a much more powerful effect upon the mind of the
+public. Do not cramp yourself, but write fully, seriously, and
+effectually.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's reflections upon the peculiar difficulties of his
+itinerant life at this time are recorded in his diary, under date of
+April 13th, as follows:--
+
+ No situation of life is without its inconveniences; but, perhaps,
+ the Methodist itinerant Preacher is more exposed to privations than
+ most others. His home is everywhere, and amongst persons of every
+ description; and if he needs retirement or books, where can he find
+ a retreat to hide himself, or a secret place where he can, like
+ Jacob, wrestle till the dawn of day? He is a target to be shot at
+ by every one; his weaknesses and failings tried every way; and,
+ after his youth, his health, his life, his all are spent, he too
+ often dies an enfeebled and impoverished man. But, bless the Lord,
+ all does not end here. We have "a building of God, eternal in the
+ heavens;" and we have a home "where the wicked cease from
+ troubling, and the weary are at rest."
+
+Dr. Ryerson resumes his diary on the 9th of May. He says:
+
+ My time has of late been much taken up with provincial affairs. I
+ have felt a hardness towards those who I think are injuring the
+ interests of the country, and with whom it has fallen to my lot to
+ be much engaged in controversy. Necessity seems at present to be
+ laid upon me, from which I cannot free myself.
+
+ _May 10th--Sunday._--To-day I delivered a discourse on Missions. I
+ had intended much, this being a favourite topic with me, but I made
+ out nothing, and I felt truly humbled.
+
+ _Aug. 1st._--For months past I have been greatly tried. My
+ controversial labours have occupied too much of my time and
+ attention. I thank God, the day of deliverance seems to be dawning.
+ The invisible hand of the infinitely wise Being is clearly at work,
+ and I have no doubt the result will be to His glory.
+
+Dr. Ryerson then continues the narrative of his life. He says:--
+
+A change in my domestic and public life now commenced, which involved
+my marriage, and my appointment to the Hamilton and Ancaster Circuits.
+In my diary I say:--
+
+ _Aug. 24th._--I soon expect to alter my situation in life. What an
+ important step! How much depends upon it in respect to my comfort,
+ my literary and religious improvement, and my usefulness in the
+ Church? I have kept up a correspondence with a lady since and
+ before I was an itinerant preacher; but postponed marriage since I
+ became a minister, thinking that I should be more useful as a
+ single man. My ministerial friends all advise me now to marry, as
+ every obstacle seems moved out of the way and I have now travelled
+ three years.
+
+ _Ancaster, Oct. 31st._--I have passed through a variety of scenes
+ since I last noted the dealings of the Lord with me. On the 10th of
+ September, 1828, I entered into the married state with Miss Hannah
+ Aikman, of Hamilton. Through the tender mercy of God, I have got a
+ companion who, I believe, will be truly a help-meet to me, in
+ spiritual as well as temporal things.[20]
+
+The Hamilton and Ancaster Circuit reached from Stoney Creek, east of
+Hamilton, to within five miles of Brantford, including the township of
+Glandford; thence including the Jersey settlement, Dundas Street, and
+Nelson, to ten miles north of Dundas Street, embracing Trafalgar, the
+mountain beyond the town of Milton, Credit, and back to Stoney Creek.
+
+The death of the Rev. Wm. Slater, my colleague and Superintendent, about
+the middle of the year, was a great loss and affliction to me, as I had
+to take his place. Brother Slater had been the colleague of my brother
+John for two years, and he was now mine for the second year. He was a
+true Englishman, a true friend, and a faithful and cheerful minister.
+
+About the middle of this year (1828) were held the Ryan Conventions at
+Copetown, in West Flamboro', and Picton, Prince Edward District, of
+which I have given an account in "The Epochs of Canadian Methodism," pp.
+247-269.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[16] The first of these controversial engagements extended from the
+spring of 1826 until the spring of 1827; the second from the spring of
+1828 until near midsummer of the same year.--H.
+
+[17] The nature and purpose of this Chart are fully explained and
+discussed by Dr. Ryerson in his "Epochs of Canadian Methodism," pp.
+165-220.
+
+[18] See "Epochs of Canadian Methodism," p. 222.
+
+[19] "Letters from the Reverend Egerton Ryerson to the Honourable and
+Reverend Dr. Strachan. Published originally in the _Upper Canada
+Herald_, Kingston, U.C., 1828. Pp. 42--In his "advertisement" or
+preface, Dr. Ryerson illustrates the pressing nature of his engagements
+at the time when he was engaged in the controversy with Archdeacon
+Strachan. He also referred to the unusual difficulties with which he had
+to contend in writing these "Letters" to the Archdeacon. Of many
+important and most forcible arguments against establishments, especially
+those derived from the Holy Scriptures, the author has not availed
+himself, nor has he referred to so many historical authorities as might
+have been adduced, * * * as he has had to travel nearly two hundred
+miles, and preach from twenty to thirty sermons a month." See note on p.
+80 and also Chapter viii.--H.
+
+[20] This union was of comparatively short duration. Mrs. Ryerson died
+on the 31st of January, 1832, at the early age of 28. (See the latter
+part of Chapter ix.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+1828-1829.
+
+Ryanite Schism--M. E. Church of Canada Organized.
+
+
+There is a break in Dr. Ryerson's "Story" at this point; no record of
+any of the events of his life, from August, 1828, to September, 1829,
+was found among the MSS. left by him. The Editor, therefore, avails
+himself of the numerous letters preserved by the venerable author, from
+which he is enabled to continue a narrative, at least in part, of the
+principal events in his then active life.--H.
+
+_Hamilton, 6th Nov._--Writing at this date, from Cobourg, to Dr.
+Ryerson, on the expediency of petitioning the Legislature to give the
+Methodist Ministry the right to perform the marriage ceremony amongst
+their own people, Elder Case, says:--
+
+Should not the petition include all "dissenters," and the prayer be for
+authority to perform the marriage rite for members of our congregations?
+I would rather not have any law in our favour, but that which gives the
+privilege to the Calvinists. If the Church of England is not the
+established religion of this province (and who believes it is?)
+"dissenters" at least, have an equal right with the Church. If numbers
+and priority are to determine the right, the "dissenters" have a
+superior right, for they were first here, and they are more numerous. We
+cannot but feel a pious indignation at the idea, that all should not
+enjoy the same privilege, in regard to marriage; and can this be the
+fact when one denomination, in any sense whatever, has a control over
+the marriage ceremony of another denomination?
+
+The Ryanite Schism, which commenced in 1824, is fully described by Dr.
+Ryerson in his "Epochs of Canadian Methodism," pp. 247-269. In a letter
+from his brother John, dated River Thames, January 28th, 1824, the
+strife caused by this schism is thus referred to. Mr. Ryerson also
+describes the state of the Societies in the London District during this
+crisis. He said:--
+
+I am happy to hear that Mr. Ryan's plans are defeated, and that the
+measures you have adopted to frustrate his machinations against Elder
+Case, have proved successful. I hope you will continue to assist and
+support Elder Case, especially in this affair, and on many other
+accounts he is deserving of much esteem; his disinterested exertions in
+behalf of the Missionary interest in Canada, are deserving of the
+highest praise.
+
+The work is prospering in the different parts of this District. Niagara
+and Ancaster Circuits are rising. There is a good work in Oxford, on the
+Long Point Circuit, as also on the London and Westminster Circuits. The
+Indian Mission, on the Grand River, is progressing finely. At the Salt
+Springs, about thirty have been added to the Society, among whom are
+some of the most respectable chiefs of the Mohawk and Tuscarora nations.
+Visiting them, from wigwam to wigwam, they in general appear to be
+thankful.--H.]
+
+The Ryanite controversy turned chiefly on the refusal at first of the
+American General Conference to separate the Canada work from its
+jurisdiction. Rev. John Ryerson, in a letter from Pittsburg, Pa., dated
+May, 1828, gave Dr. Ryerson the particulars of the reversal of that
+decision. He says:--
+
+A Committee of five persons has been appointed on the Canada Question.
+Dr. Bangs is the chairman. The Committee reported last Thursday
+pointedly against the separation; declaring it, in their opinion, to be
+unconstitutional. Dr. Bangs brought the report before the Conference,
+and made a long speech against the separation. William and myself
+replied to him pointedly, and at length, and were supported by the Rev.
+Drs. Fisk and Luckey. Dr. Bangs was supported by Rev. Messrs. Henings,
+Lindsey, and others. The matter was debated with astonishing ability and
+deep-felt interest on both sides, for two days, when the question being
+put, there were 105 in favour of the separation, and 43 against--a
+majority on our side of 62. Our kind friends were much delighted, and
+highly gratified at our singular and remarkable triumph; and those who
+opposed us, met us with a great deal of respect and affection. You will,
+doubtless, be surprised on hearing of Dr. Bangs' opposing us as he has
+done, but you are not more surprised and astonished than we were; and we
+had no knowledge of his opposition to the separation until the morning
+of the debate, when he got up and commenced his speech in Conference.
+But, blessed be God for ever, amidst the painful and trying scenes
+through which we have passed in the Conference business, the God of
+David has stood by us, and has given us a decided victory.
+
+_Nov. 22nd._--Elder Case, in a letter from Cobourg, gives a detailed
+account of the efforts put forth by Rev. Henry Ryan to foment discord
+among the societies. He says:
+
+As in the west so in the east, Elder Ryan had induced several members to
+attend as delegates at his convention in Hallowell. At Matilda, George
+Brouse; at Kingston, Bro. Burchel and Henry Benson have been elected to
+go. Mr. Case then urges that a circular be issued to the societies
+setting forth "that the Conference, so far as they have had evidence,
+has laboured in every instance to do justice to Mr. Ryan, and even to
+afford him greater lenity, on account of former standing, than, perhaps
+the discipline of the Church would justify."
+
+In a subsequent letter, dated Prescott, 27th November, Elder Case thus
+describes the proceedings of Mr. Ryan. He says:
+
+On my way down, I spent a few hours at Kingston, one day at Brockville,
+and one here. I have learned all the circumstances of Mr. Ryan's
+proceedings. At one place he would declare in the most positive manner
+that he would "head no division," that he "would even be the first to
+oppose any such work," he "would esteem it the happiest day in his life
+if, by their assistance, he could regain his standing in the Church,"
+and that "the measures which he was now professing would prevent a
+division." But when he thought he had gained the confidence of his
+listeners, and they had entered fully into his views, he would throw off
+his disguise, and openly declare, as he did at Matilda, "Now, we will
+pull down the tyrannical spirit of the Conference. There will, there
+must be a split," &c. Brother, there is one very material obstacle in
+the way of effecting a "split," in our societies, and raising a "fog" of
+any considerable duration, _i.e._, the authors of this work may, by
+their strong and positive statements, make a people mad for a
+"division." But, when there is a sense of religion in the mind, they
+will become good natured--they can't be kept mad long. Our people in
+these parts are becoming quite good natured, and now perceive their arch
+friend has made a fool of them.
+
+To show how deeply the Ryanite schism had affected the Societies, and
+how widely the agitation had spread, we give a few extracts from a
+letter written from London (U.C.), to Dr. Ryerson, by his brother John,
+dated 2nd January. He says:--
+
+The day I left you I rode to Oxford (52 miles), and after preaching, I
+gave an explanation of Ryan's case, an hour and a half long. My dear
+brother, this is a desperate struggle. I am using every possible
+exertion to defeat Ryan. I go from house to house to see the friends I
+don't see at the meetings. Could you not go to Burford and see Mr.
+Matthews, as he has a great deal of influence in Burford and the
+Governor's Road? Egerton, by all means, try and go, even if you have to
+neglect appointments. Though I know it is hard for you, I am sure the
+approbation of your conscience, and the approbation of the Church, will
+afford you an ample reward. It will also be necessary for you to keep a
+look out about Ancaster. Write to Rev. James Richardson, and tell him
+to look out, and also write to Rev. S. Belton, and Rev. A. Green. Don't
+fail to go to Burford and, if you can, to Long Point also, and hold
+public meetings on the subject.[21]
+
+_Nov. 26th._--At the Conference held this year (1828), at Switzer's
+Chapel, Ernestown, Bishop Hedding presiding, resolutions were adopted
+organizing the Canada Conference into an "independent Methodist
+Episcopal Church in Canada." Subsequently, Rev. Wilbur Fisk, A.M.,
+Principal of the Wilbraham Academy, U.S., was elected General
+Superintendent, or Bishop, of the newly organized Church. Dr. Ryerson
+was deputed to convey the announcement of this election to Mr. Fisk,
+which he did on this day, as follows:--
+
+The Canada Conference of the M.E. Church have taken the liberty of
+nominating you for our General Superintendent, agreeably to the
+resolutions of the General Conference. I take the liberty, and have the
+pleasure of observing that the nomination was warm and unanimous; and I
+hope and pray, that while our wants excite your compassion, our
+measures, in this respect, will meet your cordial approbation and
+receive your pious compliance. Although writing to a person whom I have
+never seen, yet the pleasure and profit I have derived in perusing your
+successful apologies in favour of the pure Gospel of Christ against the
+invasions of modern libertinism, remind me that I am not writing to an
+entire stranger; and your able and affectionate appeal to the late
+General Conference in behalf of Canada--of which my brothers gave a most
+interesting account--emboldens me to speak to you "as a man speaketh
+with his friend." Rev. Dr. Fisk's reply to this letter is as follows:--
+
+The deep solicitude I have felt, to weigh the subject well, to watch the
+openings of divine providence, and decide in the best light, have
+induced me to deliberate until this time [April]. All my deliberations
+upon this subject have resulted in a confirmation of my earliest
+impressions in relation to it--that it will not be prudent for me to
+accept of the affectionate and flattering invitation of the Canada
+Conference. I feel, however, the influence of contrary emotions. My high
+sense of the honour you have done me, is enhanced by the consideration
+that "the nomination was unanimous and warm." I highly appreciate, and
+cordially reciprocate those warm and concurrent expressions of
+confidence and affection. The information I have of the character of the
+Conference, joined with my personal acquaintance with some of its
+members, convinces me, that whoever superintends the Canada Church,
+will have a charge that will cheer his heart, and hold up his hands in
+his official labours. Equally encouraging and inviting, are the growing
+prospects of your country and your Church, and especially of your
+missionary stations. These to a man of missionary enterprise, who loves
+to bear the banner of the cross, and push its victories more and more
+upon the territories of darkness and sin, are motives of high and almost
+irresistible influence. And they have so affected my mind, that although
+my local attachments to the land of my fathers, and for that branch of
+the Church where I was, and have been nurtured, are strong; although my
+aged parents lean upon me to support their trembling steps, as they
+descend to the tomb; although I might justly fear the influence of your
+climate upon an infirm constitution; yet these considerations,
+strengthened as they are by a consciousness of my own inability, and by
+the almost unanimous dissuasives of my friends, would hardly of
+themselves have induced me to decline your invitation, were it not that
+I am connected with a literary institution that promises much advantage
+to the Church and to the public, but which, as yet, will require close
+and unremitting attention and care on my part for some time to come, to
+give it that direction and permanency which will secure its
+usefulness.[22]
+
+_Nov. 28th, 1828._--Mr. H. C. Thompson, of Kingston, who had charge of
+the re-printing in pamphlet form of Dr. Ryerson's recent letters on
+Archdeacon Strachan's sermon, writes to him to say:--It lingers in the
+press, merely for the want of workmen, who cannot be procured in this
+place.[23] He adds:--The changes which have recently taken place in the
+two provinces cannot fail to gratify every lover of his country, though
+the party in power will no doubt hang their heads in sullen silence. I
+am highly pleased with the Methodist Ministers' Address to the Governor,
+and the reply thereto,--Strachanism must seek a more congenial climate.
+
+_March 19th, 1829._--Dr. Ryerson had, at this time, met with an
+accident, but his life was providentially spared. Elder Case, writing
+from New York, at this date, speaking of it, says:
+
+Thank the Lord that your life was preserved. The enemies of our Zion
+would have triumphed in your death. May God preserve you to see the
+opponents of religious liberty, and the abettors of faction frustrated
+in all their selfish designs and hair-brained hopes!
+
+I have seen a letter from the Rev. Richard Reece, dated London, 19th
+January, to Mr. Francis Hall, of the New York _Commercial Advertiser_
+and the _Spectator_, in which he says:
+
+I am of opinion that the English Conference can do very little good in
+Upper Canada. Had our preachers been continued they might have raised
+the standard of primitive English Methodism, which would have had
+extensive and beneficial influence upon the work in that province, but
+having ceded by convention the whole of it to your Church, I hope we
+shall not interfere to disturb the people. They must, as you say,
+struggle for a while, and your bishops must visit them, and ordain their
+ministers, till they can do without them. He speaks of being highly
+gratified at the conversion of the Indians in Canada.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[21] Rev. Henry Ryan was born 1776 entered the ministry in 1800, and
+died at his residence, in Gainsborough, on the 2nd September, 1833, aged
+57 years.--H.
+
+[22] The post-office endorsement on this letter was as follows:--Paid to
+Lewistown, N.Y., 25c. postage; ferryage to Niagara, 2d.; from Niagara to
+Hamilton, 4-1/2d.; total, 36 cents postage, for what in 1882 costs only
+one-twelfth of that amount.--H.
+
+[23] The title of this pamphlet (in possession of the Editor) is: Claims
+of Churchmen and Dissenters of Upper Canada brought to the test in a
+Controversy between several Members of the Church of England and a
+Methodist Preacher. Kingston, 1828. pp. 232. (See note on page 80, and
+also Chapter viii.)
+
+Rev. Dr. Green, in his _Life and Times_, thus speaks of the effect of
+the publication of these letters upon Rev. Franklin Metcalf and
+himself:--The sermon was ably reviewed in the columns of the _Colonial
+Advocate_, in a communication over the signature of "A Methodist
+Preacher." Mr. Metcalf and I took the paper into a field, where we sat
+down on the grass to read. As we read, we admired; and as we admired, we
+rejoiced; then thanked God, and speculated as to its author, little
+suspecting that it was a young man who had been received on trial at the
+late Conference (1825). We read again, and then devoutly thanked God for
+having put it into the heart of some one to defend the Church publicly
+against such mischievous statements, and give the world the benefit of
+the facts of the case. The "Reviewer" proved to be Mr. Egerton Ryerson,
+then on the Yonge Street Circuit. This was the commencement of the war
+for religious liberty, pp. 83, 84. (See also page 143 of Dr. Ryerson's
+"Epochs of Canadian Methodism.")--H.
+
+For specimens of Dr. Ryerson's controversial style in this his first
+encounter, see the extracts which he has given from the pamphlet itself
+on pages 146--149, etc., of "Epochs of Canadian Methodism."--H.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+1829-1832.
+
+Establishment of the "Christian Guardian"--Church claims resisted.
+
+
+Dr. Ryerson takes up the Story of his Life at the period of the
+Conference of 1829. He says that;--
+
+At this Conference it was determined to establish the _Christian
+Guardian_ newspaper. The Conference elected me as Editor, with
+instructions to go to New York to procure the types and apparatus
+necessary for its establishment.[24] In this I was greatly assisted by
+the late Rev. Dr. Bangs, and the Rev. Mr. Collard, of the New York
+Methodist Book Concern.
+
+The hardships and difficulties of establishing and conducting the
+_Christian Guardian_ for the first year, without a clerk, in the midst
+of our poverty, can hardly be realized and need not be detailed. The
+first number was issued on the 22nd November, 1829. The list of
+subscribers at the commencement was less than 500. Three years
+afterwards (in 1832), when the first Editor was appointed as the
+representative of the Canadian Conference to England, the subscription
+list was reported as nearly 3,000.
+
+The characteristics of the _Christian Guardian_ during these three
+eventful years (it being then regarded as the leading newspaper of Upper
+Canada) were defence of Methodist institutions and character, civil
+rights, temperance principles, educational progress, and missionary
+operations. It was during this period that the Methodist and other
+denominations obtained the right to hold land for places of worship, and
+for the burial of their dead, and the right of their ministers to
+solemnize matrimony, as also their rights to equal civil and religious
+liberty, against a dominant church establishment in Upper Canada, as I
+have detailed in the "Epochs of Canadian Methodism," pp. 129-246.
+
+The foregoing is the only reference to this period of his life which Dr.
+Ryerson has left. I have, therefore, availed myself of his letters and
+papers to continue the narrative.
+
+_June--August, 1830._--With a view to correct the misstatements made in
+regard to the Methodists in Canada, and to set forth their just rights,
+Dr. Ryerson devoted a considerable space in the _Christian Guardian_ of
+the 26th June; and 3rd, 10th, 24th, and 31st July, and 14th August,
+1830, to a concise history of that body in this country, in which he
+maintained its right to the privileges proposed to be granted to it
+under the Religious Societies Relief Bill of that time.[25] He pointed
+out, as he expressed it, that--
+
+His Majesty's Royal assent would have been given to that bill had it not
+unfortunately fallen in company with some ruthless vagrant (in the shape
+of a secret communication from our enemies in Canada) who had slandered,
+abused, and tomahawked it at the foot of the throne.
+
+_Oct. 11th._--Being desirous of availing himself of his brother George's
+educational advantages and ability in his editorial labours, Dr.
+Ryerson, under this date, wrote to him in his new charge at the Grand
+River. He said:--
+
+I am glad to hear that you enjoy peace of mind, and feel an increasing
+attachment to your charge. It is more than I do as Editor. I am scarcely
+free from interruption long enough to settle my mind on any one thing,
+and sometimes I am almost distracted. On questions of right, and
+liberty, as well as on other subjects, I am resolved to pursue a most
+decided course. Your retired situation will afford you a good
+opportunity for writing useful articles on various subjects. I hope you
+will write often and freely.
+
+_Nov. 1st._--Another reason, which apparently prompted Dr. Ryerson to
+appeal to his brother George for editorial help, was the fear that the
+increasing efforts of the influential leaders of the Church of England
+to secure a recognition of her claims to be an established church in
+Upper Canada might be crowned with success. He, therefore, at this date
+wrote to him again on the subject, and said.--
+
+The posture of affairs in England appears, upon the whole, more
+favourable to reform than in Upper Canada. We are resolved to double our
+diligence; to have general petitions in favour of the abolition of every
+kind of religious domination, circulated throughout the Province,
+addressed to the Provincial and Imperial Parliaments, and take up the
+whole question--decidedly, fully, and warmly. We must be up and doing
+while it is called to-day. It is the right time. There is a new and Whig
+Parliament in England, and I am sure our own House of Assembly dare not
+deny the petitions of the people on this subject.
+
+
+Nature of the Struggle for Religious Equality.
+
+During this and many succeeding years the chief efforts of Dr. Ryerson
+and those who acted with him were directed, as intimated before, against
+the efforts put forth to establish a "dominant church" in Upper Canada.
+A brief _resumé_ of the question will put the reader in possession of
+the facts of the case:--
+
+The late Bishop Strachan, in his speech delivered in the Legislative
+Council, March 6th, 1828, devoted several pages of that speech (as
+printed) to prove that "the Church of England is by law the Established
+Church of this Province." This statement in some form he put forth in
+every discussion on the subject.
+
+The grounds upon which this claim was founded were also fully stated by
+Rev. Wm Betteridge, B.D. (of Woodstock), who was sent to England to
+represent the claims of the Church of England in this controversy. These
+claims he put forward in his "Brief History of the Church in Upper
+Canada," published in England in 1838. He rests those claims upon what
+he considers to have been the intention of the Imperial Parliament in
+passing the Clergy Reserve sections of the Act (31 Geo III., c. 31) in
+1791, and also on the "King's Instructions" to the Lieutenant-Governor
+of Upper Canada in 1818. He further contended that the "Extinction of
+the Tithes Act," passed by the Upper Canada Legislature in 1823,
+inferentially recognized the dominancy of the Church of England in
+Canada as a Church of the Empire. Beyond this alleged inferential right
+to be an Established Church in Upper Canada, none in reality existed. It
+was, therefore, to prevent this inference,--which was insisted upon as
+perfectly clear and irresistible,--from receiving Imperial or Provincial
+recognition as an admitted or legal fact, that the persistent efforts of
+Dr. Ryerson and others were unceasingly directed during all of those
+years.
+
+Few in the present day can realize the magnitude of the task thus
+undertaken. Nor do we sufficiently estimate the significance of the
+issues involved in that contest--a contest waged for the recognition of
+equal denominational rights and the supremacy of religious liberty. All
+of these questions are now happily settled "upon the best and surest
+foundation." But it might have been far otherwise had not such men as
+Dr. Ryerson stepped into the breach at a critical time in our early
+history; and if the battle had not been fought and won before the
+distasteful yoke of an "establishment" had been imposed upon this young
+country, and burdensome vested interests been thereby created, which it
+would have taken years of serious and protracted strife to extinguish.
+
+As the fruits of that protracted struggle for religious equality have
+been long quietly enjoyed in this province, there is a disposition in
+many quarters to undervalue the importance of the contest itself, and
+even to question the propriety of reviving the recollection of such
+early conflicts. In so far as we may adopt such views we must
+necessarily fail to do justice to the heroism and self-sacrifice of
+those who, like Dr. Ryerson, encountered the prolonged and determined
+opposition, as well as the contemptuous scorn of the dominant party
+while battling for the rights which he and others ultimately secured for
+us. Those amongst us who would seek to depreciate the importance of that
+struggle for civil and religious freedom, must fail also to realize the
+importance of the real issues of that contest.
+
+To those who have given any attention to this subject, it is well known
+that the maintenance of the views put forth by Dr. Ryerson in this
+controversy involved personal odium and the certainty of social
+ostracism. It also involved, what is often more fatal to a man's courage
+and constancy, the sneer and the personal animosity, as well as
+ridicule, of a powerful party whose right to supremacy is questioned,
+and whose monopoly of what is common property is in danger of being
+destroyed. Although Dr. Ryerson was a gentleman by birth, and the son of
+a British officer and U. E. Loyalist, yet the fact that, as one of the
+"despised sect" of Methodists, he dared to question the right of "the
+Church" to superiority over the "Sectaries," subjected him to a system
+of petty and bitter persecution which few men of less nerve and
+fortitude could have borne. As it was, there were times when the tender
+sensibilities of his noble nature were so deeply wounded by this
+injustice, and the scorn and contumely of his opponents, that were it
+not that his intrepid courage was of the finest type, and without the
+alloy of rancour or bravado in it, it would have failed him. But he
+never flinched. And when the odds seemed to be most against him, he
+would, with humble dependence upon Divine help, put forth even greater
+effort; and, with his courage thus reanimated, would unexpectedly turn
+the flank of his enemy; or, by concentrating all his forces on the
+vulnerable points of his adversary's case, completely neutralize the
+force of his attack.
+
+It must not be understood from this that Dr. Ryerson cherished any
+personal animosity to the Church of England as a Divine and Spiritual
+power in the land. Far from it. In his first "campaign" against the
+Venerable Archdeacon of York (Dr. Strachan), he took care to point out
+the difference between the principles maintained by the aggressors in
+that contest and the principles of the Church itself. He said:--
+
+ Whatever remarks the Doctor's discourse may require me to make, I
+ wish it to be distinctly understood that I mean no reflection on
+ the doctrines, liturgy, or discipline of the Church of which he has
+ the honour to be a minister. Be assured I mean no such thing. I
+ firmly believe in her doctrines, I admire her liturgy, and I
+ heartily rejoice in the success of those principles which are
+ therein continued, and it is for the prosperity of the truths which
+ they unfold that I shall ever pray and contend. And, with respect
+ to Church government, I heartily adopt the sentiments of the pious
+ and the learned Bishop Burnet, that "that form of Church government
+ is the best which is most suitable to the customs and circumstances
+ of the people among whom it is established."[26]
+
+Such was Dr. Ryerson's tribute to the Church of England in, 1826. His
+disclaimer of personal hostility to that Church (near the close of the
+protracted denominational contest in regard to the Clergy Reserves),
+will be found in an interesting personal correspondence, in a subsequent
+part of this book, with John Kent, Esq., Editor of _The Church_
+newspaper in 1841-2.
+
+With a view to enable Canadians of the present day more clearly to
+understand the pressing nature of the difficulties with which Dr.
+Ryerson had to contend, almost single-handed, fifty years ago, I shall
+briefly enumerate the principal ones:--
+
+1. The whole of the official community of those days, which had grown up
+as a united and powerful class, were bound together by more than
+official ties, and hence, as a "family compact," they were enabled to
+act together as one man. This class, with few exceptions, were members
+of the Church of England. They regarded her--apart from her inimitable
+liturgy and scriptural standards of faith--with the respect and love
+which her historical prestige and assured status naturally inspired
+them. They maintained, without question, the traditional right of the
+Church of England to supremacy everywhere in the Empire. They,
+therefore, instinctively repelled all attempts to deprive that Church of
+what they believed to be her inalienable right to dominancy in this
+Province.
+
+2. Those who had the courage, and who ventured to oppose the Church
+claims put forth by the clerical and other leaders of the dominant
+party of that time, were sure to be singled out for personal attack.
+They were also made to feel the chilling effects of social
+exclusiveness. The cry against them was that of ignorance, irreverence,
+irreligion, republicanism, disloyalty, etc. These charges were repeated
+in every form; and that, too, by a section both of the official and
+religious press, a portion of which was edited with singular ability; a
+press which prided itself on its intelligence, its unquestioned
+churchmanship and exalted respect for sacred things, its firm devotion
+to the principle of "Church and State"--the maintenance of which was
+held to be the only safeguard for society, if not its invincible
+bulwark. An illustration of the profession of this exclusive loyalty is
+given by Dr. Ryerson in these pages. He mentions the fact that the plea
+to the British Government put forth by the leaders of the dominant
+party, as a reason why the Church of England in this Province should be
+made supreme and be subsidized, was that she might then be enabled "to
+preserve the principles of loyalty to England from being overwhelmed and
+destroyed" by the "Yankee Methodists," as represented by the Ryersons
+and their friends!
+
+3. The two branches of the Legislature were divided on this subject. The
+House of Assembly represented the popular side, as advocated by Dr.
+Ryerson and other denominational leaders. The Legislative Council (of
+which the Ven. Archdeacon Strachan was an influential member,)
+maintained the clerical views so ably put forth by this reverend leader
+on the other side.
+
+4. Except by personal visits to England--where grievances could alone be
+fully redressed in those days--little hope was entertained by the
+non-Episcopal party that their side of the question would (if stated
+through official channels), be fairly or fully represented. Even were
+their case presented through these channels they were not sure but that
+(as strikingly and quaintly put by Dr. Ryerson, on page 94).
+
+ In company with some ruthless vagrant--in the shape of a secret
+ communication from enemies in Canada--it would be slandered,
+ abused, and tomahawked at the foot of the throne.
+
+As an illustration also of the spirit of the Chief Executive in Upper
+Canada in dealing with the questions in dispute, I quote the following
+extract from the reply of Sir John Colborne to an address from the
+Methodist Conference in 1831.[27] He said:
+
+ Your dislike to any church establishment, or to the particular form
+ of Christianity which is denominated the Church, of England, may be
+ the natural consequence of the constant success of your own
+ efficacious and organized system. The small number of our
+ Church[28] is to be regretted, as well as that the organization of
+ its ministry is not adapted to supply the present wants of the
+ dispersed population in this new country; but you will readily
+ admit that the sober-minded of the province are disgusted with the
+ accounts of the disgraceful dissensions of the Episcopal Methodist
+ Church and its separatists, recriminating memorials, and the
+ warfare of one Church with another. The utility of an Establishment
+ depends entirely on the piety, assiduity, and devoted zeal of its
+ ministers, and on their abstaining from a secular interference
+ which may involve them in political disputes.
+
+ The labours of the clergy of established churches in defence of
+ moral and religious truth will always be remembered by you, who
+ have access to their writings, and benefit by them in common with
+ other Christian Societies. You will allow, I have no doubt, on
+ reflection that it would indeed be imprudent to admit the right of
+ societies to dictate, on account of their present numerical
+ strength, in what way the lands set apart as a provision for the
+ clergy shall be disposed of.
+
+ The system of [University] Education which has produced the best
+ and ablest men in the United Kingdom will not be abandoned here to
+ suit the limited views of the leaders of Societies who, perhaps,
+ have neither experience nor judgment to appreciate the value or
+ advantages of a liberal education....
+
+Such was the spirit in which the Governor in those days replied to the
+respectful address of a large and influential body of Christians. He
+even went further in another part of his reply, and referred to "the
+absurd advice offered by your missionaries to the Indians, and their
+officious interference."[29] Such language from the lips of Her
+Majesty's Representative, if at all possible in these days, would
+provoke a burst of indignation from those to whom it might be addressed,
+but it had to be endured fifty years ago, when to question the
+prerogative of the Crown, or the policy of the Executive, was taken as
+_prima facie_ evidence of disloyalty, and republicanism.
+
+5. Into the discussion of the claims of the Church of England in Upper
+Canada, two questions entered, which were important factors in the case.
+Both sides thoroughly understood the significance of either question as
+an issue in the discussion; and both sides were, therefore, equally on
+the alert--the one to maintain the affirmative, and the other the
+negative, side of these questions. The first was the claim that it was
+the inherent right of the Church of England to be an established church
+in every part of the empire, and, therefore, in Upper Canada. Both sides
+knew that the admission of such a claim, would be to admit the exclusive
+right of that Church to the Clergy Reserves as her heritage. It was
+argued, as an unquestionable fact, that the exclusive right of the
+Church of England in Upper Canada to such reserves must have been
+uppermost in the mind of the royal donor of these lands, when the grant
+was first made. The second point was, that the admission of this
+inherent right of the Church of England to be an established church in
+Upper Canada, would extinguish the right of each one of the
+nonconformist bodies to the status of a Church. It can well be
+understood that in a contest which involved vital questions like these
+(that is, of the exclusive endowment of one Church, and its consequent
+superior status as a dominant Church), the struggle would be a
+protracted and bitter one. And so it proved to be. But justice and right
+at length prevailed. A portion of the Reserves was impartially
+distributed, on a common basis among the denominations which desired to
+share in them, and the long-contested claims of the Church of England to
+the exclusive status of an established church were at length
+emphatically repudiated by the Legislature; and, in 1854, the last
+semblance of a union between Church and State vanished from our Statute
+Book.[30]--J. G. H.
+
+_Dec. 18th, 1830._--In the _Guardian_ of this day, Dr. Ryerson published
+a petition to the Imperial Parliament, prepared by a large Committee, of
+which he was a member, and of which Dr. W. W. Baldwin was Chairman. In
+that petition the writer referred to the historical fact, that, had the
+inhabitants of this Province been dependent upon the Church of England
+or of Scotland for religious instruction, they would have remained
+destitute of it for some years, and also that the pioneer non-Episcopal
+ministers were not dissenters, because of the priority of their
+existence and labours in Upper Canada. The petition, having pointed out
+that there were only five Episcopal clergy in Canada during the war of
+1812, and that only one Presbyterian minister was settled in the
+Province in 1818, declared that:
+
+ The ministers of several other denominations accompanied the first
+ influx of emigration into Upper Canada, (1783-1790,) and have
+ shared the hardships, privations, and sufferings incident to
+ missionaries in a new country. And it is through their unwearied
+ labours, that the mass of the population have been mainly supplied
+ with religious instruction. They, therefore, do not stand in the
+ relation, of Dissenters from either the Church of England or of
+ Scotland, but are the ministers of distinct and independent
+ Churches, who had numerous congregations in various parts of the
+ Province, before the ministerial labours of any ecclesiastical
+ establishment were, to any considerable extent, known or felt.
+
+_Jan. 20th, 1831._--As an evidence that the views put forth by Dr.
+Ryerson, in the _Guardian_, against an established Church in Upper
+Canada, were acceptable outside of his own denomination, I give the
+following letter, addressed to him at this date from Perth, by the Rev.
+Wm. Bell, Presbyterian:
+
+ Though differing from you in many particulars, yet in some we
+ agree. Your endeavours to advance the cause of civil and religious
+ liberty have generally met my approbation. Some of your writings
+ that I have seen discover both good sense and Christian feeling.
+ The liberality, too, you have discovered, both in regard to myself
+ and in regard of my brethren, has not escaped my observation. Be
+ not discouraged by the malice of the enemies of religion. Your
+ _Guardian_ I have seldom seen, but from this time I intend to take
+ it regularly. Consider me one of your "constant readers." The
+ matters in which we differ are nothing in comparison of those in
+ which we agree.
+
+_Feb. 9th._--Some members of the Church of England in the Province
+evinced a good deal of hostility to the Methodists of this period,
+chiefly from the fact that they had been connected with the Methodist
+Episcopal Church in the United States, and that the Canada Conference
+had formed one of the Annual Conferences of that Church, presided over
+by an American Bishop. As an evidence of this hostility, Dr. Ryerson
+stated in the _Guardian_ of this date, that Donald Bethune, Esq., and
+others, of Kingston, had petitioned the House of Assembly:--
+
+ To prohibit any exercise of the functions of a priest, or exhorter,
+ or elder of any denomination in the Province except by British
+ subjects; 2nd, to prevent any religious society connected with any
+ foreign religious body to assemble in Conference; 3rd, to prevent
+ the raising of money by any religious person or body for objects
+ which are not strictly British, etc.
+
+The Legislature appointed a Committee on the subject, and Dr. Ryerson,
+as representing the Methodists, Rev. Mr Harris the Presbyterians, and
+Rev. Mr. Stewart the Baptists, were summoned to attend this Committee
+with a view to give evidence on the subject. This Dr. Ryerson did at
+length, (as did also these gentlemen). Dr. Ryerson traced the history of
+the Methodist body in Canada, and showed that, three years before this
+time, the Canada Conference had taken steps to sever its connection with
+the American General Conference, and had done so in a friendly
+manner.[31]
+
+The petition was aimed at the Methodists, as they alone answered the
+description of the parties referred to by the petitioners. The petition
+was also a covert re-statement of the often disproved charge of
+disloyalty, etc., on the part of the Methodists. The House very properly
+came to the conclusion--
+
+ "That it was inconsistent with the benign and tolerant principles
+ of the British Constitution to restrain by penal enactment any
+ denomination of Christians, whether subjects or foreigners," etc.
+
+This, however, was a sample of the favourite mode of attack, and the
+system of persecution to which the early Methodists were exposed in this
+Province. At the same session of Parliament in 1831, the Marriage Bill,
+which had been before the House each year for six successive years, was
+finally passed. This Bill gave to the Methodists and to other
+non-Episcopal ministers the right for the first time to solemnize
+matrimony in Upper Canada.
+
+_Feb. 19th._--Sir John Colborne, the Lieutenant-Governor, having
+nominated an Episcopal chaplain to the House of Assembly, the question,
+"Is the Church of England an established church in Upper Canada?" was
+again debated in the House of Assembly and discussed in the newspapers.
+With a view to a calm, dispassionate, and historical refutation of the
+claims set up by the Episcopal Church on the subject, Dr. Ryerson
+reprinted in the _Guardian_ of this day, the sixth of a series of
+letters which he had addressed from Cobourg to Archdeacon Strachan, in
+May and June, 1828. It covered the whole ground in dispute.[32]
+
+_Nov. 6th, 1832._--Archdeacon Strachan, in his sermon, preached at the
+visitation of the Bishop of Quebec at York, on the 5th of September,
+speaking of the Methodists, said that he would--
+
+ Speak of them with praise, notwithstanding their departure from the
+ Apostolic ordinance, and the hostility long manifested against us
+ by some of their leading members.
+
+In reply to this statement, Dr. Ryerson wrote from St. Catharines to the
+Editor of the _Guardian_. He pointed out that:--
+
+It was not until after Archdeacon Strachan's sermon on the death of the
+former Bishop of Quebec was published, in 1826, that a single word was
+written, and then to refute his slanders. In that sermon, when
+accounting for the few who attend the Church of England, the Archdeacon
+said that their attendance discouraged the minister, and that--
+
+ His influence is frequently broken or injured by numbers of
+ uneducated, itinerant preachers, who, leaving their steady
+ employment, betake themselves to preaching the Gospel from
+ idleness, or a zeal without knowledge ... and to teach what they do
+ not know, and which from their pride they disdain to learn.[33]
+
+Again, in May, 1827, Archdeacon Strachan sent an "Ecclesiastical Chart"
+to the Colonial Office, and in the letter accompanying it stated that:--
+
+ The Methodist teachers are subject to the orders of the United
+ States of America, and it is manifest that the Colonial Government
+ neither has, nor can have any other control over them, or prevent
+ them from gradually rendering a large portion of the population, by
+ their influence and instructions, hostile to our institutions,
+ civil and religious, than by increasing the number of the
+ Established Clergy.
+
+Who then [Dr. Ryerson asked] was the author of contention? Who was the
+aggressor? Who provoked hostilities? The slanders in the Chart were
+published in Canada, and in England, by Dr. Strachan before a single
+effort was made by a member of any denomination to counteract his
+hostile measures, or a single word was said on the subject.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_Nov. 19th, 1834._--In connection with this subject I insert here the
+following reply (containing several historical facts) to a singularly
+pretentious letter which Dr. Ryerson had inserted in the _Guardian_ of
+this date, denouncing the opposition of a certain "sect called
+Methodists" to the claims of the Church of England as an established
+church in the Colony. The reply was inserted in order to afford
+strangers and new settlers in Upper Canada correct information on the
+subject, and to disprove the statement of the writer of the letter, Dr.
+Ryerson mentioned the following facts:--
+
+The pretensions of the Episcopal clergy began to be disputed by the
+clergy of the Church of Scotland as soon as it was known that the former
+had got themselves erected into a corporation. This was, I believe, in
+1820.[34] The subject was brought before the House of Assembly in 1824,
+and the House in 1824, '25, '26, '27, passed resolutions remonstrating
+against the exclusive claims of the Episcopal clergy. From 1822 to 1827
+several pamphlets were published on both sides of the question, and much
+was said in the House of Assembly; but during this period not one word
+was written by any minister or member of the Methodist Church, nor did
+the Methodists take any part in it, though their ministers were not even
+allowed to solemnize matrimony--a privilege then enjoyed by Calvinistic
+ministers--and though individual ministers had been most maliciously and
+cruelly persecuted, under the sanction of judicial authority.... But in
+the statements drawn up for the Imperial Government by the Episcopal
+clergy during the years mentioned, the extirpation of the Methodists was
+made one principal ground of appeal by the Episcopal clergy for the
+exclusive countenance and patronage of His Majesty's Government. Some of
+these documents at length came before the Canadian public; and in 1827 a
+defence of the Methodists and other religious denominations was put
+forth by the writer of these remarks in the form of a "Review of a
+Sermon preached by the Archdeacon of York." Up to this time not one word
+was said on "the church question" by the Methodists. But it was so
+warmly agitated by others, that in the early part of 1827 Archdeacon
+Strachan, an executive and legislative councillor, was sent to London to
+support the claims of the Episcopal clergy at the Colonial Office. His
+ecclesiastical chart and other communications were printed by order of
+the Government, and soon found their way into the provincial newspapers,
+and gave rise to such a discussion, and excited such a feeling
+throughout the Province as was never before witnessed. The shameful
+attack upon the character of the Methodist ministry, whose unparalleled
+labours and sufferings, usefulness, and unimpeachable loyalty were known
+and appreciated in the Province, and the appeal to the King's
+Government to aid in exterminating them from the country excited strong
+feelings of indignation and sympathy in the public mind. The House of
+Assembly investigated the whole affair, examined fifty-two witnesses,
+adopted an elaborate report, and sent home an address to the King
+condemning the statements of the agent of the Episcopal clergy, and
+remonstrating against the establishment of a dominant church in the
+Province.[35] The determination to uproot the Methodists was carried so
+far in those by-gone days of civil and ecclesiastical despotism, that
+the Indians were told by executive sanction that unless they would
+become members of the Church of England, the Government would do nothing
+for them! In further support of my statement, I quoted four Episcopal
+addresses and sermons, sufficient to show who were the first and real
+aggressors in this matter--certainly not the Methodists.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+As a sample of Dr. Ryerson's controversial style in 1826, when he wrote
+the Review of Archdeacon Strachan's sermon (to which he refers above) I
+quote a paragraph from it. In replying to the Archdeacon's "remarks on
+the qualifications, motives, and conduct of the Methodist itinerant
+preachers," which Dr. Ryerson considered "ungenerous and unfounded," he
+proceeded:--
+
+ The Methodist preachers do not value themselves upon the wealth,
+ virtues, or grandeur, of their ancestry; nor do they consider their
+ former occupation an argument against their present employment or
+ usefulness. They have learned that the Apostles were once
+ fishermen; that a Milner could once throw the shuttle; that a
+ Newton once watched his mother's flock.... They are likewise
+ charged with "preaching the Gospel out of idleness." Does the
+ Archdeacon claim the attribute of omniscience? Does he know what is
+ in man? How does he know that they preach "the Gospel out of
+ idleness?" ... What does he call idleness?--the reading of one or
+ two dry discourses every Sabbath ... to one congregation, with an
+ annual income of Ł200 or Ł300?... No; this is hard labour; this is
+ indefatigable industry!... Who are they then that preach the Gospel
+ out of idleness?--those indolent, covetous men who travel from two
+ to three hundred miles, and preach from twenty-five to forty times
+ every month?--who, in addition to this, visit from house to house,
+ and teach young and old repentance towards God, and faith in our
+ Lord Jesus Christ?--those who continue this labour year after year
+ ... at the enormous salary of Ł25 or Ł50 per annum?--these are the
+ men who "preach the Gospel out of idleness!" O bigotry! thou
+ parent of persecution; O envy! thou fountain of slander; O
+ covetousness! thou god of injustice! would to heaven ye were
+ banished from the earth![36]
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_Jan. 22nd, 1831._--In the _Guardian_ of this day Dr. Ryerson publishes
+a letter from the Rev. Richard Watson to the trustees of the Wesleyan
+University, in Connecticut, declining the appointment of Professor of
+_Belles Lettres_ and Moral Philosophy. He says:--
+
+ To _Belles Lettres_ I have no pretensions; Moral Philosophy I have
+ studied, and think it a most important department, when kept upon
+ its true principles, both theological and philosophic. Being,
+ however, fifty years old, and having a feeble constitution, I do
+ not think it would be prudent in me to accept.
+
+During this year (1831) Dr. Ryerson engaged in a friendly controversy
+with Vicar-General Macdonnell, Editor of the _Catholic_, published in
+Kingston. This controversy included six letters from Dr. Ryerson, and
+five from the Vicar-General, published in the _Christian Guardian_. It
+touched upon the leading questions at issue between Roman Catholics and
+Protestants. The correspondence was broken off by the Vicar-General.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[24] The following is a copy of the document under the authority of
+which Dr. Ryerson was deputed to go to New York to procure presses and
+types for the proposed _Christian Guardian_ newspaper:--
+
+This is to certify that the Bearer, Rev. Egerton Ryerson, is appointed
+agent for procuring a printing establishment for the Canada Conference,
+and is hereby commended to the Christian confidence of all on whom he
+may have occasion to call for advice and assistance for the above
+purpose.
+
+ (Signed) William Case, _Superintendent_.
+ James Richardson, _Secretary_.
+
+ Ancaster, Upper Canada,
+ Sept. 4th, 1829.
+
+[25] These seven papers, taken together, were the first attempt to put
+into a connected form the history of the Methodist Church in Canada down
+to 1830.--H.
+
+[26] "Claims of Churchmen and Dissenters," &c., 1826, p. 27. (See p.
+80.)
+
+[27] For various reasons (apparently prudential at the time) this reply
+was never published in the _Christian Guardian_, as were other replies
+of the Governor.--H.
+
+[28] This expression, "our Church," illustrates the fact which I have
+indicated in first paragraph on page 97.
+
+[29] This charge, preferred by such high authority, was taken up boldly
+by the Methodist authorities. Rev. James (afterwards Bishop) Richardson,
+Presiding Elder, was commissioned to inquire into its truthfulness. He
+made an exhaustive report, proving the entire incorrectness of the
+statement, and that the whole difficulty arose from the persistent
+efforts of a Mr. Alley (an employé of the Indian Department) to promote
+his own interest at the expense of that of the Indians, and to remove
+out of the way the only obstacle to the accomplishment of his
+purpose--the Methodist Missionary. Dr. Ryerson having pointed out these
+facts in the _Guardian_, Capt. Anderson, Superintendent of Indian
+affairs at Coldwater, questioned his conclusion "that the advice given
+to the Indians was both prudent and loudly called for, and perfectly
+respectful to His Excellency." Dr. Ryerson then examined the whole of
+the evidence in the Case, and (See _Guardian_, vol. iii., p. 76) came to
+the following conclusion:--1. That sometimes the local agents of the
+Indian Department are men who have availed themselves of the most public
+occasions to procure ardent spirits, and entice the Indians to
+drunkenness, and other acts of immorality; being apparently aware that
+with the introduction of virtue and knowledge among these people will be
+the departure of gain which arises from abuse, fraud, and debauchery. 2.
+That these agents are not always men who respect the Sabbath. 3. That
+the Missionary's "absurd advice" was in effect that the Indians should
+apply to their Great Father to remove such agents from among them. 4.
+That their "craft being endangered," the agents and parties concerned,
+"with studied design, sought to injure the missionary in the estimation
+of His Excellency, and to destroy all harmony in their operations, in
+order, if possible, to compel the Missionary to abandon the Mission
+Station." The effect of this controversy was very salutary. His
+Excellency, having reconsidered the Case, "gave merited reproof and
+suitable instructions to the officers of the Indian Department in regard
+to their treatment of the Methodist Missionary." Dr. Ryerson adds:--We
+had no trouble thereafter on the subject.
+
+[30] Another disturbing element entered subsequently into this
+controversy. And this was especially embarrassing to Dr. Ryerson, as it
+proceeded from ministers in the same ecclesiastical fold as himself. I
+refer to the adverse views on church establishments, put forth by
+members of the British Conference in this country and especially in
+England (to which reference is made subsequently in this book). Dr.
+Ryerson was, as a matter of course, taunted with maintaining opinions
+which had been expressly repudiated by his Methodist "superiors" in
+England. He had, therefore, to wage a double warfare. He was assailed
+from within as well as from without. Besides, he had to bear the charge
+of putting forth heretical views in church politics, even from a
+Methodist standpoint. He, however, triumphed over both parties--those
+within as well as those without. And his victory over the former was the
+more easily won, as the views of the "British Methodists," on this
+question were almost unanimously repudiated by the Methodists of Canada.
+See "Epochs of Canadian Methodism," pp. 330-353.--H.
+
+[31] See pages 63, 64 of the _Christian Guardian_ for 1831; also page
+90, _ante_.
+
+[32] See _Christian Guardian_ of Feb. 19th, 1831, and also the pamphlet
+containing the whole of this series of eight letters, entitled: "Letters
+from the Reverend Egerton Ryerson to the Honourable and Reverend Doctor
+Strachan, published originally in the _Upper Canada Herald_; Kingston,
+1828," pp. 42, double columns. See page 80.--H.
+
+[33] For reply to this statement see extract from Review given on p.
+105.--H.
+
+[34] In "a Pastoral Letter from the Clergy of the Church of Scotland in
+the Canadas to their Presbyterian Brethren" issued in 1828, they
+say:--"We did, in the year 1820, petition His Majesty's Government for
+protection and support to our Church, and claimed, by what we believe to
+be our constitutional rights, a participation in the Clergy Reserves."
+Montreal, 1828, p. 2. This Pastoral Letter gave rise to a protracted
+discussion for and against the Presbyterian side of the question.--H.
+
+[35] The Report was adopted by a vote of 22 to 8. It stated:--The
+ministry and instructions [of the Methodist Clergymen] have been
+conducive--in a degree which cannot be easily estimated--to the
+reformation of their hearers, and to the diffusion of correct
+morals--the foundation of all sound loyalty and social order.... No one
+doubts that the Methodists are as loyal as any other of His Majesty's
+subjects, etc. Full particulars of this controversy will be found in Dr.
+Ryerson's "Epochs of Canadian Methodism," pp. 165-218.--H.
+
+[36] In "An Apology for the Church of England in Canada, by a Protestant
+of the Established Church of England," the writer thus refers to this
+controversy:--"Our Methodist brethren have disturbed the peace of their
+maternal Church by the clamour of enthusiasm and the madness of
+resentment; but they are the wayward children of passion, and we hope
+that yet the chastening hand of reason will sober down the wildness of
+that ferment," etc. Kingston, U.C., 1826, p. 3.--H.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+1831-1832.
+
+Methodist Affairs in Upper Canada--Proposed Union with the British
+Conference.
+
+
+Of the events transpiring in Upper Canada during 1831 and 1832, in which
+Dr. Ryerson was an actor, he has left no record in his "Story." His
+letters and papers, however, show that during this period he retired
+from the editorship of the _Christian Guardian_, and that plans were
+discussed and matured which led to his going to England, in 1833, to
+negotiate a union between the British and Upper Canadian Conferences.
+His brother George had gone on a second visit to England in March, 1831.
+This second visit was for a twofold purpose, viz., to collect money with
+the Rev. Peter Jones, for the Indian Missions, and also to present
+petitions to the Imperial Parliament on behalf of the non-episcopalians
+of the Province. I give extracts from his letters to Dr. Ryerson,
+relating his experiences of, and reflections on, Wesleyan matters in
+England at that period. Writing from Bristol, on the 6th of August,
+1831, Rev. George Ryerson said:--
+
+ In my address to the Wesleyan Conference here I stated that we
+ stood in precisely the same relation to our brethren of the
+ Methodist Conference in the United States as we do to our brethren
+ of the Wesleyan Conference in England--independent of
+ either--agreeing in faith, in religious discipline, in name and
+ doctrine, and the unity of spirit,--but differing in some
+ ecclesiastical arrangements, rendered necessary from local
+ circumstances. I also expressed my firm conviction that the
+ situation in which we stand is decidedly the best calculated to
+ spread Methodism and vital religion in Canada. This statement did
+ not, I think, give so much satisfaction to the Conference as the
+ others, for what Pope said of Churchmen:
+
+ "Is he a Churchman? then he's fond of power,"
+
+ may also be literally applied to Wesleyan ministers, and, I may
+ add, to Englishmen generally. I have reason to know that they would
+ gladly govern us. I was, therefore, very pointed and explicit on
+ this subject. I rejoice that our country lies beyond the Atlantic,
+ and is surrounded by an atmosphere of freedom. A few months'
+ residence in this country would lead you to value this circumstance
+ in a degree that you can scarcely conceive of; and you would, with
+ unknown energy, address this exhortation to the Methodists and to
+ the people of Canada: "Stand fast, therefore, in the liberty
+ wherewith God's providence hath made you free, and in this abound
+ more and more." I also assured them of our respect and love for
+ them as our fathers and elder brethren, and mentioned my reasons
+ for giving this information to prevent future collision and
+ misunderstanding.
+
+ The Conference or Missionary Society have, however, not given up
+ their intention of establishing an Indian Mission in Upper Canada,
+ but, in consequence of my remonstrances, have delayed it. Brother
+ James Richardson's letter to the Missionary Committee, which I
+ submitted, and was told by Rev. Dr. Townley, one of the
+ Secretaries, that they would by no means withdraw their missionary
+ at Kingston, as it was still their intention to establish a mission
+ to the Indians in Upper Canada, and this station would be very
+ necessary to them. I see that they are a little vexed that
+ emigrants from their Societies should augment our membership.
+
+ The whole morning service of the Church of England is now read in
+ most of the Wesleyan Chapels, and with as much formality as in the
+ Church. Many of the members, when they become wealthy and rise in
+ the world, join the Church, and their wealth and influence are lost
+ to the Society. Organs are also introduced into many of their
+ Chapels.
+
+In a letter dated London, Feb. 6th, 1832, Rev. Geo. Ryerson writes again
+to Dr. Ryerson, and says that he and Peter Jones:
+
+ By request, met the Rev. Richard Watson, and some others of the
+ Missionary Committee. They wished to consult us respecting the
+ resolutions forwarded to them from your Missionary Committee. They
+ profess that they will not occupy any station where there is a
+ mission, as Grand River, Penetanguishene, etc., except St. Clair.
+ But they declare that as it regards the white population, the
+ agreement with the American Conference ceased when we became a
+ separate connexion. I opposed their views, as I have invariably
+ done, in very strong and plain terms, and explained to them the
+ character and object of the persons who were alluring them to
+ commence this schism. They proposed that we should give up the
+ missions to them. I told them we could no more do so, than they
+ give up theirs. They finally acquiesced, and voted the Ł300 as Rev.
+ Dr. Townley wrote. At the Conference, at Bristol, I explained that
+ a union of the two Conferences would be inexpedient and
+ unprofitable, any further than a union of brotherly love and
+ friendship.
+
+In another letter to Dr. Ryerson from his brother George, dated London,
+April 6th, 1832, he says:--
+
+ I have been detained so long on expenses, and continually advancing
+ money for the Central Committee at York, that I hope it will be
+ repaid to Peter Jones. I was a long time attending to the business
+ of my mission to bring it to the only practicable arrangement, that
+ is, having it submitted to the Legislature of Upper Canada, with
+ such recommendations and instructions as would give satisfaction to
+ the country by consulting the wishes and interests of all parties.
+ I have never before in my life been shut up to walk in all things
+ by simple faith more than I have for some months past; yet I was
+ never kept in greater steadfastness and peace of mind, nor had such
+ openings of the Spirit and life of Jesus in my soul. The judgments
+ of God are spreading apace--the cholera is more deadly in London,
+ and it has now broken out in Ireland, and in the centre of Paris,
+ where it is said to be very destructive. You need no other evidence
+ of its being a work of God, than to be informed that it is made the
+ public mock of the infidel population of this city; a state of
+ feeling and conduct in regard to this pestilence that never,
+ perhaps, was witnessed from any country, and that would make a
+ heathen or Mahommedan ashamed. I have seen gangs of men traversing
+ the streets and singing songs in ridicule of the cholera, and have
+ seen caricatures of it in the windows.
+
+_August 29th, 1832._--To-day, in a valedictory editorial, Dr. Ryerson
+took leave of the readers of the _Christian Guardian_, having been its
+first editor for nearly three years. In that valedictory Dr. Ryerson
+said (p. 116):--
+
+I first appeared before the public as a writer, at the age of two and
+twenty years. My first feeble effort was a vindication of the
+Methodists, and several other Christian denominations against the
+uncalled-for attack made upon their principles and character. It also
+contained a remonstrance against the introduction into this country of
+an endowed political Church, as alike opposed to the statute law of the
+Province, political and religious expedience, public rights and
+liberties. I believe this was the first article of the kind ever
+published in Upper Canada, and, while from that time to this a powerful
+combination of talent, learning, indignation, and interest has been
+arrayed in the vain attempt to support by the weapons of reason,
+Scripture, and argument, a union between the Church and the
+world--between earth and heaven; talents, truth, reason, and justice
+have alike been arrayed in the defence of insulted and infringed rights,
+and the maintenance of a system of public, religious, and educational
+instruction, accordant with public rights and interests, the principles
+of sound policy, the economy of Providence, and the institutions and
+usages of the New Testament.
+
+Dr. Ryerson also published in this number of the _Guardian_ the general
+outline of the arrangements proposed at Hallowell (Picton) on behalf of
+the Canada Conference to the English Conference, and designed to form
+the basis of articles for the proposed union between the two bodies.
+Rev. Robert Alder was present at the Conference, and was a consenting
+party to the basis of union.
+
+_December 7th, 1832._--The prospects of Union with the British
+Conference were not encouraging in various parts of the Connexion, and
+chiefly for the reasons mentioned by Rev. George Ryerson in his letters
+from England (see pp. 107, 8). Rev. John Ryerson, writing to Dr. Ryerson
+from Cobourg, also says:--
+
+ The subject of the Union appears to be less and less palatable to
+ our friends in these parts, so much so, that I think it will not be
+ safe for you to come to any permanent arrangements with the British
+ Conference, even should they accede to our proposals. I am of the
+ opinion that, except we give ourselves entirely into their hands in
+ some way or another, no Union will take place. I tell the
+ preachers, and they and I tell the people, that, Union or no Union,
+ it is very important that you should go home; that you will
+ endeavour, in every way you can, to convince the British Conference
+ of the manifest injustice and wickedness of sending missionaries to
+ this country.
+
+_November 21st, 1832._--The proposed union with the British Conference
+excited a good deal of discussion at this time in various parts of Upper
+Canada. Dr. Ryerson, therefore, addressed a note on the subject to Rev.
+Robert Alder, the English Conference representative. I make a few
+extracts:--
+
+At the Hallowell Conference (1832) the question of the union was
+principally sustained by my brothers, and was concurred in by the vote
+of a large majority of the Conference.... But in some parts of the
+country, where Presidential visits have been made, certain local
+preachers have found out that the Societies ought to have been
+consulted; that they have been sold ("by the Ryersons,") without
+consent; that no Canadian will henceforth be admitted into the
+Conference; that our whole economy will be changed by arbitrary power,
+and all revivals of religion will be stopped, etc. The first of the
+objections is the most popular, but they have all failed to produce the
+intended effect, to an extent desired by the disaffected few. The object
+contemplated is, to produce an excitement that will prevent me going to
+England, and induce the Conference to retrace its steps. The merit or
+demerit of the measure has been mainly ascribed to me; and on its
+result, should I cross the Atlantic, my standing, in a great measure,
+depends. If our proposals should meet with a conciliatory reception, and
+your Committee would recommend measures, rather than require
+concessions, in the future proceedings of our Conference, everything can
+be accomplished without difficulty or embarrassment. You know that I am
+willing, as an individual, to adopt your whole British economy, _ex
+animo_. You also know that my brothers are of the same mind, and that a
+majority of the Conference will readily concur. May the Lord direct
+aright!
+
+Dr. Alder's reply to Dr. Ryerson in February, 1833, was that:
+
+ You must look at the great principles and results involved in this
+ most important affair, and not shrink from the duties imposed on
+ you, to avoid a few present unpleasant consequences. It is not for
+ me to prescribe rules of conduct to be observed by you, but I must
+ say, that I am surprised that any circumstance should cause you to
+ waver for a moment in reference to your visit to Europe. If you
+ were to decline coming, would not the many on the other side, who
+ are strictly watching your movements, at once say that the whole
+ arrangements are deceptive, and merely designed to make an
+ impression on me for a certain purpose. You know they would. Of
+ course you will act as you please. I neither advise nor persuade,
+ but say: Be not too soon nor too much alarmed. There are no
+ jealousies, no evil surmisings, no ambitious designs in the matter,
+ but a sincere desire to promote the interests of Methodism and the
+ cause of religion in Upper Canada; and nothing will be desired
+ from, or recommended to, you, but for this purpose.
+
+ It is a noble object that we have in view. Rev. Richard Watson
+ takes a statesmanlike view of the whole case, and will, I am
+ persuaded, as will all concerned here, meet you with the utmost
+ ingenuousness and liberality, and, if they be met in a similar
+ manner, all will end well. If you can agree to the following
+ recommendation, I think everything else will easily be settled,
+ viz., to constitute two or three districts, to meet annually, as
+ District Conferences, and to hold a Triennial Conference, to be
+ composed of all the preachers in the Provinces, under a President,
+ to be appointed in the way mentioned in the plan of agreement
+ proposed by your last Conference. Several of your preachers wish
+ it; Bro. Green, the presiding Elder, is in favour of it.
+
+_January 10th, 1833._--It being necessary to collect funds to defray Dr.
+Ryerson's expenses to England, his brother, William, wrote to him from
+Brockville at this date, giving an account of his success there as a
+collector. He said:--
+
+ After the holidays I commenced operations, and having besieged the
+ doors of several of our gentry, most of whom contributed without
+ much resistance, on most honourable terms, of course, such as
+ paying from $3 to $6, with a great many wishes, and hearty ones
+ too, for your success. More than two-thirds of the sum collected
+ are given by the gentlemen of the village, most of whom expressed
+ and appeared to feel a pleasure in giving, and who have never been
+ known to give anything to the Methodists before on any occasion
+ whatever. Our congregation has greatly increased, so that we now
+ have about five hundred, some say more, in the evening. A majority
+ of the first families in the village attend our chapel. Among many
+ others, Mr. Jonas Jones, and several of the families in the same
+ connection; Mr. Sherwood, the High Sheriff, and several others,
+ most of whom have never been known to attend a Methodist meeting
+ before. You will be surprised to hear that Mrs. James Sherwood has
+ become my warm friend, treating me with the greatest attention and
+ kindness; and also on various occasions speaking most kindly and
+ respectfully of me and all our family, especially yourself.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_January 31st, 1833._--Under this date, Dr. Ryerson has recorded in his
+diary the following tribute to his first wife:--
+
+ A year ago this morning, at half-past five o'clock, the wife of my
+ youth fell asleep in Jesus, leaving a son and daughter (John and
+ Lucilla Hannah), the former two years and a half old, and the
+ latter fourteen days. Hannah Aikman (her maiden name) was the
+ daughter of John and Hannah Aikman, and was the youngest of eleven
+ children. Hannah was born in Barton, Gore District, on the 4th of
+ August, 1804. Her natural disposition was most amiable, and her
+ education was better than is usually afforded to farmer's daughters
+ in this country. At the age of sixteen she was awakened, converted,
+ and joined the Methodist Church, of which she remained an exemplary
+ member until her death. I became intimately acquainted with her in
+ 1824, when she was twenty years of age, and after taking the advice
+ of an elder brother, who had travelled the circuit on which they
+ lived, at the strong solicitation of my parents, and the impulse of
+ my own inclinations, I made her proposals of marriage, which were
+ accepted. This was before I had any intention of becoming a
+ preacher in the Methodist Church, either travelling or local.
+
+ About this time the Lord laid his afflicting hand upon me;[37] I
+ was brought to the gate of death, and in that state became
+ convinced by evidence as satisfactory as that of my existence, that
+ in disregarding the dictates of my own conscience, and the
+ important advice of many members of the Church, both preachers and
+ lay, in regard to labouring in the itinerant field, I had resisted
+ the Spirit of God; and on that sick, and in the estimation of my
+ family, dying bed, I vowed to the Lord my God, that if He should
+ see fit to raise me up and open the way, I would no more disobey
+ the voice of His Providence and servants. From that hour I began
+ visibly to recover, and, though the exercises of my mind were
+ unknown to any but myself and the Searcher of hearts, before I had
+ sufficiently recovered to walk two miles, I was called upon by the
+ Presiding Elder, and several official members, and solicited to go
+ on the Niagara Circuit, which was then partly destitute through the
+ failure in health of one of the preachers. I could not but view
+ this unexpected call us the voice of God, and, after a few days'
+ deliberation and preparation, I obeyed, on the 24th of March, 1825,
+ the day on which I was twenty-two years of age.
+
+ This unanticipated change in the course of my life, while it
+ involved the sacrifice of pecuniary interests and some very
+ flattering offers and promises, presented my contemplated marriage
+ in a somewhat different light; though the possibility of such a
+ change was mentioned as a condition in my proposals and our
+ engagement. And I will here record it to the honour of the dead
+ that she who afterwards became my wife, wrote to me a short time
+ after I commenced travelling, that if a union between us was in any
+ respect opposed to my views of duty, or if I thought it would
+ militate against my usefulness, I was perfectly exonerated by her
+ from all obligations to such a union; that, whatever her own
+ feelings might be, she begged that they would not influence
+ me,--that God would give her grace to subdue them,--that she
+ shuddered at the thought of standing in the way of my duty and
+ usefulness.
+
+ Knowing, as I did, that her fondness for me was extravagant, I
+ could not wound the heart which was the seat of such elevated
+ feelings, or help appreciating more highly than ever the principles
+ of mind which could give rise to such noble sentiments, and such
+ martyr-like disinterestedness of soul. In subsequent interviews, we
+ mutually agreed--should Providence permit--and (at her suggestion)
+ should neither of us change our minds, we would get married in
+ three or four years. During this interval, I had at times
+ agitations of mind as to the advantages of such a step, in regard
+ to my ministerial labours, but determined to rely on the Divine
+ promise, "Blessed is the man that sweareth to his own hurt, and
+ changeth not." This promise has been abundantly fulfilled in me. We
+ were married on the 10th of September, 1828. A more affectionate
+ and prudent wife never lived. She was beloved and respected by all
+ that knew her. I never saw her angry, nor do I recollect that an
+ angry or unkind word ever passed between us. Her disposition was
+ sweet, her spirit uniformly kind and cheerful, sociable, and meek.
+ Her professions were never high, nor her joys rapturous. But in
+ everything she was invariably faithful, and ready for every good
+ word and work. In her confidence, peace, and conduct, as far as I
+ could discover, without intermission, the poet's words were clearly
+ illustrated:--
+
+ "Her soul was ever bright as noon, and calm as summer evenings be."
+
+ Though her piety for years excited my respect, and in many
+ instances my admiration, it was nevertheless greatly quickened and
+ deepened about six months before her death, during the Conference
+ held at York. From that time I believe she enjoyed the perfect love
+ of God. At least, as far as I can judge, the fruits of it were
+ manifest in her whole life.
+
+ Several days previous to her death, when her illness assumed a
+ mortal aspect, and she became sensible that her earthly pilgrimage
+ was closing, her usual unruffled confidence rose to the riches of
+ the full assurance of understanding, faith and hope, and she
+ expressed herself with a boldness of language, a rapture of hope,
+ and triumph of faith that I never before witnessed. Passages of
+ Scripture, and verses of hymns, expressive of the dying Christian's
+ victories, triumphs, and hopes, were repeated by her with a joy and
+ energetic fervency that deeply affected all present. Her deathbed
+ conversations and dying counsels were a rich repast and a valuable
+ lesson of instruction to many of her Christian friends. The night
+ before she took her departure, she called me to her and consulted
+ me about disposing of the family and all her own things, with as
+ much coolness and judgment as if she had been in perfect health,
+ and was about leaving home on a few days' visit to her friends. A
+ little before midnight she requested the babe to be brought to
+ her--kissed it--blessed it, and returned it. She then called for
+ the little boy (John), and, embracing and kissing him, bequeathed
+ to him also the legacy of a pious mother's dying prayer and
+ blessing. Afterwards she embraced me, and said, "My dear Egerton,
+ preach the Word; be instant in season and out of season, and God
+ will take care of you, and give you the victory." She then bid an
+ affectionate farewell individually to all. She continued in the
+ perfect possession of her reason, triumphing in the Rock of her
+ salvation, until the messenger arrived and her spirit took its
+ departure with the words, "Come, Lord Jesus," lingering upon her
+ lips. Thus lived and died one of the excellent of the earth,--a
+ woman of good, plain sense, a guileless heart, and a sanctified
+ spirit and life. Such is the testimony respecting her, of one who
+ knew her best.
+
+In his deep sorrow and affliction, at that time, Dr. Ryerson received
+many sympathizing letters. I give an extract of one from his brother
+George, dated London, Eng., 29th March, 1832. He says:--
+
+ I deeply sympathize with you in your affliction. I know how to feel
+ for you, and you as yet know but a very small part of your trials.
+ Years will not heal the wound. I am, even now, often quite
+ overwhelmed when I allow myself to dwell upon the past. I need not
+ suggest to you the commonplace topics of comfort and resignation,
+ but I have no doubt you will see the hand of God so manifestly in
+ it, that you will say "It was well done." I will further add that
+ the saying of St. Paul was at no time so applicable as at the
+ present (1 Cor. vii. 29, etc.).
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The years 1830-1832 were noted in the history of the Methodist Church in
+Upper Canada for two things: 1st. The establishment of the Upper Canada
+Academy--the radiating centre of intellectual life in the Connexion.
+2nd. The erection of the Adelaide St. Chapel, which for many years was
+the seat and source of Church life in the Societies. At the Conference
+of 1830 it was agreed to establish the Upper Canada Academy. In the
+_Guardian_ of the 23rd of April, 1831, Dr. Ryerson gave an account of
+the new institution and made a strong appeal in its favour. On the 7th
+June, 1832, the foundation stone of the Academy was laid at Cobourg. On
+the 16th June, 1833, the new brick church on Newgate (Adelaide) St. was
+opened for Divine Service. In the _Guardian_ of June 19th, Dr. Ryerson
+says: "For its size--being 75 by 55 feet--it is judged to be inferior to
+very few Methodist Chapels in America." P. 126.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[37] See note on page 86 and page 28.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+1833
+
+Union between the British and Canadian Conferences
+
+
+I undertook the mission to England to negotiate a Union between the
+British and Canadian Conferences with great reluctance. I determined in
+the course of the year, from various circumstances, to abandon it; but
+was persuaded by letters from Rev. Robert Alder, the London Missionary
+Secretary (one of which is given on page 110), and the advice of my
+brother John, to resume it.
+
+The account of my voyage and proceedings in England are given in the
+following extracts from my journals:--
+
+ _March 4th, 1833._--This morning at 6 a.m. I left York _via_
+ Cobourg, Kingston, and New York, on my first important mission to
+ England, an undertaking for which I feel myself utterly
+ incompetent; and in prosecution of which I rely wholly on the
+ guidance of heavenly wisdom, imploring the special blessing of the
+ Most High.
+
+ _Kingston, March 11th._--I find that considerable excitement, and
+ in some instances, strong dissatisfaction, exists on the question
+ of Union, by misrepresentation of the proceedings and intentions of
+ our Conference respecting it. Full explanations have in every
+ instance restored confidence, and acquiescence. A correction of
+ these misrepresentations, and the reply of the Wesleyan Missionary
+ Committee to the proposals of our Conference have given universal
+ satisfaction, and elicited a general and strong desire for the
+ accomplishment of this all-important measure. My interviews with my
+ brothers (William and John) have been interesting and profitable to
+ me.
+
+ _Watertown, N.Y., March 12._--Came from Kingston here to-day,
+ twenty-eight miles. This Black River country is very level, and
+ appears to be fertile, but the people generally do not seem to be
+ thriving.
+
+ _Utica, March 13th._--This is a flourishing town of about 10,000
+ inhabitants, beautifully situated on the south side of the Mohawk
+ river. I travelled through a settlement and village called Renson,
+ consisting principally of Welsh, where the Welsh language is
+ universally spoken; there is a _Whitefield_ Methodist chapel, but I
+ was told they retained more of the name, than of the genuine spirit
+ of their founder. "Because of swearing the land mourneth."
+
+ _Hartford, March 16th._--The southern part of Massachusetts and the
+ northern part of this State, are mountainous and rocky and barren.
+ The inhabitants are supported by manufactures, grazing and dairies.
+ They appear to be rather poor but intelligent. In my conversation
+ to-day with a professed infidel I felt sensibly the importance of
+ being skilled in wielding any weapon with which theology, history,
+ science, so abundantly furnishes the believer in the Christian
+ revelation; and never before did I see and feel the lofty
+ superiority of the foundation on which natural and revealed truth
+ is established, over the cob-web and ill-shaped edifice of
+ infidelity.
+
+ _Hartford, March 17th._--I have attended service three times
+ to-day, and preached twice. Religion seems to be at a low ebb. Yet
+ I have not heard religion spoken of, or any body of religious
+ people referred to, in any other way than that of respect.
+
+ _New York, March 20th._--I am now about to embark for England, the
+ reason of my long journey from Canada to New York is the slow
+ travel by stage, before any railroads, and the Hudson river not
+ navigable so early.
+
+_New York, March 21st._--[Just on the eve of sailing for England, Dr.
+Ryerson wrote from New York to his brother John, at Hallowell. He
+said:--
+
+I stayed with the Rev. Dr. Fisk all night and part of two days. I was
+much gratified and benefited, and have received from him many valuable
+suggestions respecting my mission to England and agency for the Upper
+Canada Academy. He was unreserved in his communications, and is in
+favour of my Mission, as were Brother Waugh, Drs. Bangs, Durbin[38] and
+others. They all seem to approve fully of the proceedings of our
+Conference in the affair.--H.]
+
+_New York, March 22nd._--[On the day on which Dr. Ryerson sailed for
+England, Mr. Francis Hall, of the New York _Commercial Advertiser_, sent
+him a note in which he said:--
+
+ I have just received from a friend in Montreal the following
+ information which I wish you would give to the Rev. Richard Reece,
+ of London:--The Lord has blessed us abundantly in Montreal. Upwards
+ of four hundred conversions have taken place in our chapel since
+ last summer. It is now necessary for us to have a chapel in the St.
+ Lawrence suburbs, and another in the Quebec suburbs immediately.
+ This (said Mr. Hall) for those who know Montreal, is great news
+ indeed. It is equal to an increase of as many thousands in the city
+ of New York; the whole population being only a little more than
+ thirty thousand, a great portion of which are Roman Catholics.--H.]
+
+Dr. Ryerson's journal then proceeds:--
+
+ _At Sea, April 10th._--On the 22nd ult., I embarked on the sailing
+ ship "York," Capt. Uree, New York. I was sick for fourteen days,
+ ate nothing, thought little, and enjoyed nothing. Feeling better, I
+ was able to read a little.
+
+ _April 12th._--After twenty days' sail we landed at Portsmouth.
+ Thanks be to the God of heaven, earth, and sea for His protection,
+ blessing, and prosperity! I was greatly struck with the extensive
+ fortifications, and vast dockyards, together with the wonderful
+ machinery in this place; such indications of national wealth, and
+ specimens of human genius and industry.
+
+ _April 13th._--This morning I arrived in London, and was cordially
+ received by the Secretary of the Wesleyan Missionary Society, and
+ kindly invited to take up my lodgings at the Mission House.
+
+ _April 14th--Sabbath._--Heard the Rev. G. Marsden preach. In the
+ afternoon this holy man addressed about four hundred Sunday-school
+ children, after which I spoke a few words to them. We then attended
+ a prayer-meeting, where many found peace with God. In the evening I
+ heard the Rev. Theophilus Lessey preach a superior sermon, and I
+ felt blessed.
+
+ _April 16th._--This evening I preached my first sermon in England,
+ in City Road Chapel, from John iii. 8. This is called Mr. Wesley's
+ Chapel, having been built by him, and left under peculiar
+ regulations. Alongside is Mr. Wesley's dwelling-house, and in the
+ rear of it rest his bones, also those of Rev. Dr. Adam Clarke and
+ Rev. Richard Watson; three of the greatest men the world ever saw.
+ In the front of this chapel, on the opposite side of the street,
+ are the celebrated Bunhill Field's burying ground, among whose
+ memorable dead rests the dust of the venerable Isaac Watts, John
+ Wesley's mother, John Bunyan, Daniel Defoe, etc.
+
+ _April 21st--Sunday._--To-day I went to hear the celebrated Edward
+ Irving. His preaching, for the most part, I considered commonplace;
+ his manner, eccentric; his pretensions to revelations, authority,
+ and prophetic indications, overweening. I was disappointed in his
+ talents, and surprised at the apparent want of feeling manifested
+ throughout his whole discourse.
+
+ _April 20th._--This morning I attended the funeral of the great and
+ eminently pious Rev. Rowland Hill, who died in the 89th year of his
+ age. Lord Hill, his nephew, was chief mourner. There was a large
+ attendance of ministers of all denominations, and a great concourse
+ of people. Rev. Wm. Jay, of Bath, preached an admirable sermon from
+ Zech. ii. 2. "Howl fir tree, for the cedar hath fallen." The
+ venerable remains were interred beneath the pulpit.
+
+ _April 26th._--To-day I heard Rev. Richard Winter Hamilton, of
+ Leeds, an Independent, preach a missionary sermon for the Wesleyan
+ Society. His text was Col. i. 16. It was the most splendid sermon I
+ ever heard.
+
+ _April 28th._--Heard the Rev. Robert Newton in the morning. In the
+ afternoon I preached a missionary sermon in Westminster Chapel, and
+ in the evening another at Chelsea.
+
+ _April 29th._--This day was held the Annual Meeting of the Wesleyan
+ Missionary Society, in Exeter Hall, Lord Morpeth in the chair. He
+ is a young man, serious and dignified in his manners. The speeches
+ generally were able and to the point. Collection was Ł231.
+
+ _May 1st._--The Annual Meeting of the British and Foreign Bible
+ Society was held in Exeter Hall. Lord Bexley presided. The Bishops
+ of Winchester and Chester, brothers, addressed the meeting. They
+ are eloquent speakers, but the Hon. and Rev. Baptist Noel was the
+ speaker of the day.
+
+ _May 3rd._--This morning I attended the Annual Breakfast Meeting of
+ the preachers' children, at the City Road Morning Chapel; nearly
+ 200 preachers and their families were present. Rev. Joseph
+ Entwistle spoke, as did Mr. James Wood, of Bristol, myself and one
+ or two others.
+
+ _May 5th., Exeter._--Left London at 5 a.m. and arrived here at 10
+ p.m., within a minute of the time specified by the coachman. We
+ passed over the scene of that inimitable tract, "The Shepherd of
+ Salisbury Plain." We were shown the tree under which the shepherd
+ was sheltered.
+
+ _May 6th._--Rev. Wm. Naylor preached this morning in Exeter, and I
+ preached in the evening.
+
+ _Taunton, May 7th._--At a Missionary Tea Meeting to-day, deep
+ interest was excited in the cause of the British North American
+ Missions. Taunton is a very ancient town. It existed in the time of
+ the Romans. It was in this town that King Ina held the first
+ Legislative Assembly or Parliament ever held in Britain. It
+ consisted of ecclesiastics and noblemen and enacted certain laws
+ for the better government of the Heptarchy. It was near this town
+ King Alfred concealed himself, and was discovered in the capacity
+ of a cook. Here also stands the Church of St. Mary, a most splendid
+ and ancient gothic building, where that venerable and holy man of
+ God, Joseph Alleine, author of the "Alarm to the Unconverted,"
+ preached.
+
+In a letter to a friend in Upper Canada, Dr. Ryerson at this date
+writes:--
+
+ _Nottingham, May 29th._--I this morning called upon Mrs. Watson,
+ mother of the late distinguished Richard Watson. She is nearly
+ eighty years of age, and in rather humble circumstances. She is in
+ the possession of a naturally strong and unimpaired intellect, and
+ has apparently not the least vanity on account of the unrivalled
+ talents, high attainments, and great popularity of her son. In
+ conversation she stated the following particulars: That her husband
+ was a saddler, that he formerly lived and followed his business in
+ Boston-on-the-Humber in Lincolnshire, where Richard was born; that
+ her husband was the only Methodist in the town, and was the means
+ of introducing Methodism into that town; that his business was
+ taken from him, and he was obliged to leave and remove to another
+ place on account of it; that Richard was very weakly, and so poorly
+ that she carried him when a child on a pillow in her arms; that
+ when he began to talk and run about he was unusually stupid and
+ sleepy, would drop asleep anywhere; that he was very tall of his
+ age, and made such advancement in learning, that he read the Latin
+ Testament at five years of age, and had read a considerable part of
+ it before his parents knew that he had been put to the study of
+ Latin; the clergyman, his tutor, thought him older, from his size
+ and mind, or, as he said, he would not have put him to Latin so
+ young; that Richard had a very great taste for reading; when he was
+ a very small boy, he read the History of England (when not eight
+ years of age), and recollected and related with the utmost
+ correctness all its leading facts; that he would frequently remain
+ at school after school hours, doing difficult questions in
+ arithmetic for older boys; that he was bound out, according to his
+ request, to the trade of a house-joiner; that he was most diligent
+ and faithful at his work, and made such rapid advancement in
+ learning the trade, that at the end of two years, his master told
+ his father that he had already learned as much as he could teach
+ him, and that he was willing to give him up if he desired--the best
+ hand in his shop; that Richard began to go out and exhort when he
+ was fourteen years of age, and that he preached when he was
+ fifteen, and was received on trial by the Conference as a
+ travelling preacher about a month after he was sixteen; that he was
+ frequently pelted with eggs, and even trodden under foot; that his
+ own uncle on one occasion encouraged it, saying, "My kinsman does
+ it pretty well, give him a few more eggs, lad" (addressing one of
+ the mob), and that Richard came home frequently with his clothes
+ completely besmeared with eggs and dirt.
+
+ I attended the Wesleyan Missionary meeting here and spoke at it.
+ The meeting was highly interesting. It was addressed by Rev. Mr.
+ Edwards, (Baptist) and by the Messrs. Bunting, Atherton, and
+ Bakewell. In this town the noted Kilham made his first Methodist
+ division, and here suddenly ended his life. Here Bramwell got the
+ ground for a chapel in answer to prayer. Near the town runs the
+ River Trent. From Nottingham I went fourteen miles to Mansfield and
+ attended a missionary meeting. I was in the house which was the
+ birth-place of the great Chesterfield, and passed through Mansfield
+ forest, the scene of Robin Hood's predatory exploits.
+
+In his journal Dr. Ryerson says:--
+
+ _London, June 24th._--I had an interview with Rt. Hon. Edward
+ Ellice, on Canadian affairs; a man of noble spirit, liberal mind,
+ and benevolent heart. He condemned Dr. Strachan's measures, and
+ manifested an earnest, desire to promote the welfare of Upper
+ Canada. I gave him an account of the political and religious
+ affairs in Upper Canada with which he expressed himself pleased,
+ and gave me Ł50 for the Upper Canada Academy.
+
+ _June 16th._--This day was dedicated, by Rev. Wm. Ryerson, the new
+ brick chapel on Newgate (Adelaide) Street, Toronto. (See subsequent
+ chapter.)
+
+_June 24th._--Writing to-day to a valued friend in Upper Canada in
+regard to his mission in London, Dr. Ryerson told him that he had no
+doubt of its advantageous results in promoting harmony and peace. He
+then said:--
+
+ I apprehend that Mr. Stanley's appointment to the Secretaryship of
+ the Colonies will not be very beneficial to us. The reason of Lord
+ Goderich and Lord Howick (Earl Grey's son) retiring from that
+ office was that they would not bring any other Bill on slavery into
+ Parliament, but one for its immediate and entire abolition. I
+ understand that Lords Goderich and Howick are sadly annoyed at Mr.
+ Stanley's course.
+
+ It will only be for the friends of good government to pray for the
+ re-appointment of Lord Goderich, or insist upon a change in the
+ Colonial policy towards Upper Canada. This part, however, belongs
+ to political men. But I am afraid it may have an unfavourable
+ bearing upon our religious rights and interests.
+
+ In Rev. J. Richardson's letter to me, he mentions that the
+ petitions were sent in the care of Mr. Joseph Hume. He is not the
+ person to present a petition to His Majesty on religious liberty in
+ the Colonies, and especially after the part he has taken in
+ opposing the Bill for emancipating the slaves in the West Indies.
+ It has incensed the religious part of the nation against him. He is
+ connected with the West India interest by his wife, and his
+ abandoning all his principles of liberty in such a heart-stirring
+ question, destroys confidence in the disinterestedness of his
+ general conduct, and his sincere regard for the great interests of
+ religion. I leave London this afternoon for Ireland. My return here
+ depends upon whether I can do anything in this petition
+ business.[39]
+
+ It is difficult to get a moment for retirement, excepting very
+ early in the morning, or after twelve at night. It is not the way
+ for me to live I had, however, a very profitable and good day
+ yesterday. I preached, and superintended a love-feast in City Road
+ Chapel last evening. It was a very good one, only the people were a
+ little bashful in speaking at first, like some of our York friends
+ who are always so very timid, such as Dr. Morrison, Mr. Howard, and
+ others.
+
+In his journal Dr. Ryerson says:--
+
+ _June 26th._--According to appointment, I called upon the Earl of
+ Ripon, and was most kindly received. I wished to enquire about the
+ medal promised by His Majesty, William IV., to Peter Jones, and to
+ solicit a donation towards our Academy at Cobourg. His Lordship
+ gave me Ł5. He expressed his disapprobation of Sir John Colborne's
+ reply to the Methodist Conference in 1831, (see page 98). He stated
+ that he was anxious for the Union between the British and Canadian
+ Conferences, and was gratified at the prospect of its success.[40]
+ His Lordship stated that, while in the Colonial Department, he had
+ only received Mr. W. L. Mackenzie as a private individual, and had
+ done no more than justice to him.
+
+ _June 28th._--I called at the Colonial office, and laid before Mr.
+ Stanley statements and documents relative to the Clergy Reserve
+ Question. Mr. Stanley was very courteous, but equally cautious. I
+ stated that the House of Assembly of Upper Canada had nearly every
+ year since 1825, by very large majorities, decided against the
+ erection of any Church Establishment in that Province, and in
+ favour of the appropriation of the Clergy Reserves to the purposes
+ of General Education; that this might be taken to be the fair and
+ deliberate sense of the people of Upper Canada; that this question
+ was distinct from any question or questions of political reform;
+ that parties and parliaments who differed on other questions of
+ public policy, agreed nearly unanimously in this. He expressed his
+ opinion that the Colonial Legislature had a right to legislate on
+ it, and asked me why our House of Assembly had not done it. I told
+ him it had, but the Legislative Council had rejected the Bill
+ passed by the Assembly on the subject.
+
+_July 13th._--In a letter at this date to a friend in Upper Canada, Dr.
+Ryerson further refers to this and a subsequent interview as follows:--
+
+I have had two interviews with Mr. Secretary Stanley, on the subject of
+the House of Assembly's Address on the Clergy Reserves, and have drawn
+up a statement of the grounds on which the House of Assembly and the
+great body of the people in Upper Canada resist the pretensions and
+claims of the Episcopal clergy. Mr. Solicitor-General Hagerman has been
+directed to do the same on behalf of the Episcopal clergy. I confess
+that I was a little surprised to find that the Colonial Secretary was
+fully impressed at first that Methodist preachers in Canada were
+generally Americans (Yankees);--that the cause of the great prosperity
+of Methodism there was the ample support it received from the United
+States;--that the missionaries in Upper Canada were actually under the
+United States Conference, and at its disposal. The Colonial Secretary
+manifested a little surprise also, when I turned to the Journals of the
+Upper Canada House of Assembly, and produced proof of the reverse,
+which he pronounced "perfectly conclusive and satisfactory."
+
+_August 8th._--Dr. Ryerson received a touching note at this date from
+Mrs. Marsden, with explanation of her reluctance to let Rev. Geo.
+Marsden, her husband, go to Canada as President of the Conference. She
+says:--
+
+ At length my rebellious heart is subdued by reason and by grace. I
+ am made willing to give up my excellent husband to what is supposed
+ to be a great work. I am led to hope that, as a new class of
+ feelings are brought into exercise, perhaps some new graces may be
+ elicited in my own character, as well as that of my dear husband;
+ at any rate it is a sacrifice to God, which I trust will be
+ accepted, and, both in a private and a public view, be overruled
+ for the glory of God. I am sure, notwithstanding some repeated
+ attempts to reconcile me to this affair, I must have appeared very
+ unamiable to you; but the fact was simply this, I could not see you
+ or converse with you, without so much emotion as quite unnerved me,
+ therefore I studiously avoided you; but did you know the happiness
+ which dear Mr. Marsden and I have enjoyed in each other's society
+ for so many years, you would not be surprised that I should be
+ unwilling to give up so many months as will be required for this
+ service; but to God and His Church I bow in submission.
+
+This estimable lady did not long survive. She died in six months--just
+after her husband had returned from America. In a letter from Rev. E.
+Grindrod, dated March, 1834, he says, Mrs. Marsden died, after a short
+illness, on 22nd February. She was one of the most amiable and pious of
+women. Her lite was a bright pattern of every Christian virtue. Her end
+was delightfully triumphant.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The following is an extract from Dr. Ryerson's diary of this year:--
+
+ After many earnest prayers, mature deliberation, and the advice of
+ an elder brother, I have decided within the last few months to
+ enter again into the married state. The lady I have selected, and
+ who has consented to become my second wife, is one whom I have
+ every reason to believe possesses all the natural and Christian
+ excellencies of my late wife. She is the eldest daughter of a pious
+ and wealthy merchant, Mr. James Rogers Armstrong. For her my late
+ wife also entertained a very particular esteem and affection, and,
+ from her good sense, sound judgment, humble piety, and affectionate
+ disposition, I doubt not but that she will make me a most
+ interesting and valuable companion, a judicious house-wife, and an
+ affectionate mother to my two children. Truly I love her with a
+ pure heart fervently I receive her, and hope ever to treat and
+ value her as the special token of my Heavenly Father's kindness
+ after a season of His chastisement. If thou, Lord, see fit to spare
+ us, may our union promote Thy glory and the salvation of sinners!
+
+Dr. Ryerson's marriage with Miss Mary Armstrong, took place at Toronto,
+on the 8th of November 1833.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[38] While in England, Dr. Ryerson received the following note from Rev.
+Dr. J. P. Durbin, in which he said: After I parted with you at my house,
+I felt a strong inclination to engage your correspondence for our paper,
+at least once a week, if possible, for the benefit of our people and
+country, through the Church. Can you not write us by every packet?
+Information in regard to English Methodism will be particularly
+interesting, especially their financial arrangements. Do inquire
+diligently of them, and write us minutely for the good of our Zion.--H.
+
+[39] In Epochs of Canadian Methodism, Dr. Ryerson says:--When the writer
+of these Essays was appointed a representative of the Canadian
+Conference to negotiate a union between the two Conferences in 1833, he
+carried a Petition to the King, signed by upwards of 20,000 inhabitants,
+against the Clergy Reserve Monopoly and the Establishment of a Dominant
+Church in Upper Canada. This petition was presented through Lord
+Stanley, the Colonial Secretary. Page 221.--H.
+
+[40] Dr. Ryerson has left no record in his "Story" of the negotiations
+for this Union. His report, however, on the subject will be found on
+pages 193, 194, Vol. iv. of the _Guardian_ for October 16th, 1833, from
+which I take the following extracts: On the 5th June, Rev. Messrs.
+Bunting, Beecham, Alder, and myself, examined the whole question in
+detail, and prepared an outline of the resolutions to be submitted to
+the British Conference, and recommended that a grant of Ł1,000 be
+appropriated the first year to the promotion of Canadian Missions. On
+the 2nd August these resolutions were introduced by Rev. John Beecham
+(Missionary Secretary). They were supported by Rev. Jabez Bunting, Rev.
+Jas. Wood (now in his 83rd year), and Rev. Robert Newton. A Committee
+was appointed to consider and report on the whole matter consisting of
+the President, Secretary, and seven ex-Presidents, the Irish
+representatives (Messrs. Waugh, Stewart, and Doolittle), and fifteen
+other ministers. This Committee considered and reported these
+resolutions, which were adopted and forms the basis of the Articles of
+Union. Hereafter, the name of our Church will be changed from "The
+Methodist Episcopal Church in Canada," to "The Wesleyan Methodist Church
+in British North America."--H.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+1833-1834.
+
+"Impressions" of England and their Effects.
+
+
+On my return to Canada, after having negotiated the Union of 1833 with
+the English Conference, accompanied by Rev. George Marsden, as first
+President of the Canadian Conference, I was re-elected editor of the
+_Christian Guardian_, and continued as such until 1835, when I refused
+re-election, and was appointed to Kingston; but in November of the same
+year, the President of the Conference appointed from England (Rev.
+William Lord) insisted upon my going to England to arrange pecuniary
+difficulties, which had arisen between him and the London Wesleyan
+Missionary Committee.
+
+Except the foregoing paragraph, Dr. Ryerson has left no particulars of
+the events which transpired in his history from the period of his return
+to Canada in September, 1833, until some time in 1835. I have,
+therefore, selected what follows in this chapter, from his letters and
+papers, to illustrate this busy and eventful portion of his active life.
+
+The principal circumstance which occurred at this time was the
+publication of his somewhat famous "Impressions" of public men and
+parties in England. This event marked an important epoch in his life, if
+not in the history of the country.
+
+The publication of these "Impressions" during this year created quite a
+sensation. Dr. Ryerson was immediately assailed with a storm of
+invective by the chief leaders of the ultra section of politicians with
+whom he had generally acted. By the more moderate section and by the
+public generally he was hailed as the champion, if not the deliverer, of
+those who were really alarmed at the rapid strides towards disloyalty
+and revolution, to which these extreme men were impelling the people.
+This feature of the unlooked for and bitter controversy, which followed
+the publication of these "impressions," will be developed further on.
+
+_October 2d, 1833._--On this day the Upper Canada Conference ratified
+the articles of union between it and the British Conference, which were
+agreed upon at the Manchester Conference on the 7th of August. (See
+note on page 119.)[41] At the Conference held this year in York
+(Toronto), Dr. Ryerson was again elected editor of the _Guardian_. He
+entered on the duties of that office on the 16th October.
+
+_October 30th._--In reply to the many questions put to Dr. Ryerson on
+his return to Canada, such as: "What do you think of England?" "What is
+your opinion of her public men, her institutions?" etc., etc., he
+published in the _Guardian_ of this day the first part of "Impressions
+made by my late visit to England," in regard to public men, religious
+bodies, and the general state of the nation. He said:--
+
+There are three great political parties in England--Tories, Whigs, and
+Radicals, and two descriptions of characters constituting each party. Of
+the first, there is the moderate and the ultra tory. An English ultra
+tory is what we believe has usually been meant and understood in Canada
+by the unqualified term tory; that is, a lordling in power, a tyrant in
+politics, and a bigot in religion. This description of partizans, we
+believe, is headed by the Duke of Cumberland, and is followed not "afar
+off" by that powerful party, which presents such a formidable array of
+numbers, rank, wealth, talent, science, and literature, headed by the
+hero of Waterloo. This shade of the tory party appears to be headed in
+the House of Commons by Sir Robert Inglis, member for the Oxford
+University, and is supported, on most questions, by that most subtle and
+ingenious politician and fascinating speaker, Sir Robert Peel, with his
+numerous train of followers and admirers. Among those who support the
+distinguishing measures of this party are men of the highest Christian
+virtue and piety; and, our decided impression is, that it embraces the
+major part of the talent, and wealth, and learning of the British
+Nation. The acknowledged and leading organs of this party are
+_Blackwood's Magazine_ and the _London Quarterly Review_.
+
+The other branch of this great political party is what is called the
+moderate tory. In political theory he agrees with his high-toned
+neighbour; but he acts from religious principle, and this governs his
+private as well as his public life. To this class belongs a considerable
+portion of the Evangelical Clergy, and, we think, a majority of the
+Wesleyan Methodists. It evidently includes the great body of the piety,
+Christian enterprise, and sterling virtue of the nation. It is, in time
+of party excitement, alike hated and denounced by the ultra Tory, the
+crabbed Whig, and the Radical leveller. Such was our impression of the
+true character of what, by the periodical press in England, is termed a
+moderate Tory. From his theories we in some respects dissent; but his
+integrity, his honesty, his consistency, his genuine liberality, and
+religious beneficence, claim respect and imitation.
+
+The second great political and now ruling party in England are the
+Whigs--a term synonymous with whey, applied, it is said, to this
+political school, from the sour and peevish temper manifested by its
+first disciples--though it is now rather popular than otherwise in
+England. The Whig appears to differ in theory from the Tory in this,
+that he interprets the constitution, obedience to it, and all measures
+in regard to its administration, upon the principles of expediency; and
+is, therefore, always pliant in his professions, and is even ready to
+suit his measures to "the times"; an indefinite term, that also
+designates the most extensively circulated daily paper in England, or in
+the world, which is the leading organ of the Whig party, backed by the
+formidable power and lofty periods of the _Edinburgh Review_. The
+leaders of this party in the House of Lords are Earl Grey and the Lord
+Chancellor Brougham; at the head of the list in the House of Commons
+stands the names of Mr. Stanley, Lord Althorp, Lord John Russell, and
+Mr. T. B. Macaulay. In this class are also included many of the most
+learned and popular ministers of Dissenting congregations.
+
+The third political sect is called Radicals, apparently headed by
+Messrs. Joseph Hume and Thomas Attwood; the former of whom, though
+acute, indefatigable, persevering, popular on financial questions, and
+always to the point, and heard with respect and attention in the House
+of Commons, has no influence as a religious man; has never been known to
+promote any religious measure or object as such, and has opposed every
+measure for the better observance of the Sabbath, and even introduced a
+motion to defeat the bill for the abolition of colonial slavery; and Mr.
+Attwood, the head of the celebrated Birmingham political Union, is a
+conceited, boisterous, hollow-headed declaimer.
+
+Radicalism in England appeared to me to be but another word for
+Republicanism, with the name of King instead of President. The notorious
+infidel character of the majority of the political leaders and
+periodical publications of their party, deterred the virtuous part of
+the nation from associating with them, though some of the brightest
+ornaments of the English pulpit and nation have leaned to their leading
+doctrines in theory. It is not a little remarkable that that very
+description of the public press, which in England advocates the lowest
+radicalism, is the foremost in opposing and slandering the Methodists in
+this Province. Hence the fact that some of these editors have been
+amongst the lowest of the English radicals previous to their egress from
+the mother country.
+
+Upon the whole, our impressions of the religious and moral character,
+and influence, of the several political parties into which the British
+nation is unhappily divided, were materially different in some respects,
+from personal observation, from what they had been by hear-say and
+reading.
+
+On the very evening of the day in which the foregoing appeared, Mr. W.
+L. Mackenzie (in the _Colonial Advocate_ of Oct. 30th), denounced the
+writer of these "Impressions" in no measured terms. His denunciation
+proved that he clearly perceived what would be the effect on the public
+mind of Dr. Ryerson's candid and outspoken criticisms on men and things
+in England--especially his adverse opinion of the English idols of (what
+subsequently proved to be) the disloyal section of the public men of the
+day in Upper Canada and their followers.
+
+Mr. Mackenzie's vehement attack upon the writer of these "Impressions"
+had its effect at the time. In some minds a belief in the truth of that
+attack lingered long afterwards--but not in the minds of those who could
+distinguish between honest conviction, based upon actual knowledge, and
+pre-conceived opinions, based upon hearsay and a superficial
+acquaintance with men and things.
+
+As the troubled period of 1837 approached, hundreds had reason to be
+thankful to Dr. Ryerson that the publication of his "Impressions" had,
+without design on his part, led to the disruption of a party which was
+being hurried to the brink of a precipice, over which so many well
+meaning, but misguided, men fell in the winter of 1837, never to rise
+again.
+
+It was a proud boast of Dr. Ryerson (as he states in the "Epochs of
+Canadian Methodism," page 385), that in these disastrous times not a
+single member of the Methodist Church was implicated in the disloyal
+rebellion of 1837-8. He attributed this gratifying state of things to
+the fact that he had uttered the notes of warning in sufficient time to
+enable the readers of the _Guardian_ to pause and think; and that, with
+a just appreciation of their danger, members of the Society had
+separated themselves from all connection with projects and opinions
+which logically would have placed them in a position of defiant
+hostility to the Queen and constitution.
+
+But, to return. The outburst of Mr. Mackenzie's wrath, which immediately
+followed (on the evening of the same day) the publication of Dr.
+Ryerson's "Impressions," was as follows:--
+
+ The _Christian Guardian_, under the management of Egerton Ryerson,
+ has gone over to the enemy,--press, types, and all,--and hoisted
+ the colours of a cruel, vindictive, Tory priesthood.... The
+ contents of the _Guardian_ of to-night tells us in language too
+ plain, too intelligible to be misunderstood, that a deadly blow has
+ been struck in England at the liberties of the people of Upper
+ Canada, by as subtle and ungrateful an adversary, in the guise of
+ an old and familiar friend, as ever crossed the Atlantic.
+
+In his "Almanac," issued on the same day, Mr. Mackenzie also used
+similar language. He said:--
+
+ The arch-apostate Egerton, alias _Arnold_, Ryerson, and the
+ _Christian Guardian_ goes over to Strachan and the Tories.
+
+_Nov. 6th._--In the _Guardian_ of this day Dr. Ryerson inserted an
+extended reply to Mr. Mackenzie, and, in calm and dignified language,
+gave the reasons which induced him to publish his "Impressions." He
+said:--
+
+We did so,--1st, As a subject of useful information; 2nd, To correct an
+erroneous impression that had been industriously created, that we were
+identified in our feelings and purposes with some one political party;
+3rd, To furnish an instructive moral to the Christian reader, not to be
+a passive or active tool, or the blind, thorough-going follower of any
+political party as such. We considered this called for at the present
+time on both religious and patriotic grounds. We designed this
+expression of our sentiments, and this means of removing groundless
+prejudice and hostility in the least objectionable and offensive way,
+and without coming in contact with any political party in Canada, or
+giving offence to any, except those who had shown an inveterate and
+unprincipled hostility to Methodism. We therefore associated the
+Canadian _ultra_ tory with the English radical, because we were
+convinced of their identity in moral essence, and that the only
+essential difference between them is, that the one is top and the other
+bottom. We therefore said, "that very description of the public press
+which in England advocates the lowest radicalism, is the foremost in
+opposing and slandering the Methodists in this Province."
+
+That our Christian brethren throughout the Province, and every sincere
+friend to Methodism, do not wish us to be an organized political party,
+we are fully assured--that it is inconsistent with our profession and
+duty to become such. Out of scores of expressions to the same effect we
+might quote quite abundantly from the _Guardian_, but our readers are
+aware of them.
+
+That the decided part we have felt it our duty to take in obtaining and
+securing our rights in regard of the Clergy Reserve Question, has had a
+remote or indirect tendency to promote Mr. Mackenzie's political
+measures, we readily admit; but that we have ever supported a measure,
+or given publicity to any documents from Mr. Mackenzie, or any other
+political man in Canada, on any other grounds than this, we totally
+deny.
+
+Mr. Mackenzie's attack rests on four grounds: 1. That our language was
+so explicit as to remove every doubt and hope of our encouraging a
+"thick and thin" partizanship with him, or any man or set of men in
+Canada; or, 2. That we did not speak in opprobrious, but rather
+favourable terms, of His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor; or, 3. That
+we expressed our approbation of the principles and colonial policy of
+Lord Goderich (now Earl Ripon), and those who agree with him; or 4. That
+we alluded to Mr. Hume in terms not sufficiently complimentary. If Mr.
+Mackenzie's wishes are crossed and his wrath inflamed, because we have
+not entered our protest against His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor,
+we could not do so after we had learned the views of His Majesty's
+Government, in a reply of His Excellency to an address of our Conference
+about two years ago,[42] when every unfavourable impression had been
+removed, and when good-will was expressed towards the Methodists as a
+people; we have not so learned to forgive injuries--we have not so
+learned to "honour and obey magistrates,"--we have not so learned our
+duty as a minister, and as a Christian. We, as a religious body, and as
+the organ of a religious body, have only to do with Sir John Colborne's
+administration, as far as it concerns our character and rights as
+British subjects; His Excellency's measures and administration in merely
+secular matters lie within the peculiar province of the political
+journalists and politicians of the day. If our offering a tribute of
+grateful respect to Lord Goderich, who had declared in his despatches to
+Canada his earnest desire to remove every bishop and priest from our
+Legislature, to secure the right of petitioning the King to the meanest
+subject in the realm, to extend the blessings of full religious liberty
+and the advantages of education to every class of British subjects in
+Canada, without distinction or partiality, and in every way to advance
+the interests of the Province;--if honouring such men and such
+principles be "hoisting the colours (as Mr. Mackenzie says), of a cruel,
+vindictive, Tory priesthood," then has Mr. Mackenzie the merit of a new
+discovery of vindictive cruelty, and with his own definition of liberty,
+and his own example of liberality, will he adopt his own honourable
+means to attain it, and breathe out death and destruction against all
+who do not incorporate themselves into a strait-jacket battalion under
+his political sword, and vow allegiance and responsibility to everything
+done by his "press, types, and all?"
+
+Mr. Mackenzie did not reply to Dr. Ryerson in the spirit of his
+rejoinder. He was a master of personal invective, and he indulged in it
+in this instance, rather than discuss the questions raised on their
+merits. He, therefore, turned on Dr. Ryerson, and, over his shoulders,
+struck a blow at his venerable Father and his eldest Brother. He said:--
+
+ The Father of the Editor of the _Guardian_ lifted his sword against
+ the throats of his own countrymen struggling for freedom from
+ established churches, stamp acts, military domination, Scotch
+ governors, and Irish government; and his brother George figured on
+ the frontier in the war of 1812, and got wounded and pensioned for
+ fighting to preserve crown and clergy reserves, and all the other
+ strongholds of corruption, in the hands of the locusts who infest
+ and disturb this Province.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's simple rejoinder to this attack on his Father and Brother
+was as follows:--
+
+The man who could hold up the brave defenders of our homes and firesides
+to the scorn and contempt of their countrymen, must be lost to all
+patriotic and loyal feelings of humanity for those who took their lives
+in their hands in perilous times.
+
+_Nov. 14th._--As to the effect of the "impressions" upon the country
+generally, the following letter from Hallowell (Picton) written to Dr.
+Ryerson by his brother John, may be safely taken as an example of the
+feeling which they at first evoked. It is characterized by strong and
+vigorous language, indicative of the state of public opinion at the
+time. It is valuable from the fact that while it is outspoken in its
+criticism of Dr. Ryerson's views, it touches upon the point to which I
+have already referred, viz: the separation into two sections of the
+powerful party which was then noted as the champion of popular rights.
+Mr. Ryerson says:--
+
+ Your article on the Political Parties of England has created much
+ excitement throughout these parts. The only good that can result
+ from it is, the breaking up of the union which has hitherto existed
+ between us and the radicals. Were it not for this, I should much
+ regret its appearance. But we had got so closely linked with those
+ extreme men, in one way or another, that we cannot expect to get
+ rid of them without feeling the shock, and, perhaps, it may as well
+ come now as anytime. It is our duty and interest to support the
+ Government. Although there may be some abuses which have crept in,
+ yet, I believe that we enjoy as many political and religious
+ advantages as any people. Our public affairs are as well managed as
+ in any other country. As it respects the Reformers, so called, take
+ Baldwin, Bidwell, Rolph, and such men from their ranks, and there
+ is scarcely one man of character or honour among them. I am sorry
+ to say it, but it is so. The best way for the present is for us to
+ have nothing to say about politics, but treat the Government with
+ respect. Radcliffe, of the Cobourg _Reformer_, and Dr. Barker, of
+ the Kingston _Whig_, have come out in their true character.
+ Radcliffe is preparing a heavy charge against you. But let them
+ come; fear them not! I hope they will show themselves _now_. I
+ thought that you, in your reply to W. L. Mackenzie, did not speak
+ in a sufficiently decided manner. You say you have not changed
+ your views; but I hope you have in some respects. Although you
+ never were a Radical, yet have not we all leaned too much towards
+ them, and will we not now smart for it a little? But, the sooner it
+ comes on, the sooner it will be over.
+
+Rev. John Ryerson then gives the first intimation of the existence of
+that germ of hostility to the recently consummated Union on the part of
+the British Wesleyan Missionaries in this country--a hostility which
+became at length so deep and widespread as to destroy the Union
+itself--a union which was not fully restored until 1847. Mr. Ryerson
+points out the political animus of the movement, and proceeds:--
+
+ You see that the Missionaries are making great efforts to have
+ Kingston and York made exceptions to the general arrangements.
+ Should the English Committee listen to them, confidence will be
+ entirely destroyed. Their object is to make the British Conference
+ believe that we have supported Radical politics to an unlimited
+ extent, and that, therefore, the people will not submit to the
+ Union with such people; they (the Missionaries) are, however, the
+ authors of the whole trouble. Rev. Mr. Hetherington told me that
+ they were getting the back numbers of the _Guardian_ to prove that
+ we had been political intimidators! They say that Mr. Marsden, the
+ President, told the members at Kingston that it they could make it
+ appear that we had done this, they should be exempted from the
+ Union, and be supplied with Missionaries from home.
+
+In a subsequent letter from Rev. John Ryerson, he discusses his
+brother's "Impressions of Public Men in England," and utters a word of
+warning to the Methodist people who have allied themselves too closely
+with the disloyal party. He says:
+
+ What will be the result of your remarks in the _Guardian_ on
+ Political Parties in England, I cannot say. They will occasion much
+ speculation, some jealousy, and bad feeling. I have sometimes
+ thought you had better not have written them, particularly at this
+ time, yet I have long been of the opinion (both with regard to
+ measures and men) that we leaned too much towards Radicalism, and
+ that it would be absolutely necessary to disengage ourselves from
+ them entirely. You can see plainly that it is not Reform, but
+ Revolution they are after. We should fare sumptuously, should we
+ not, with W. L. Mackenzie, of Toronto, and Radcliffe, of Cobourg,
+ for our rulers! I have also felt very unpleasant in noticing the
+ endeavours of these men (aided by some of our members) to introduce
+ their republican leaven into our Ecclesiastical polity. Is it not a
+ little remarkable that not one of our members, who have entered
+ into their politics, but has become a furious leveller in matters
+ of Church Government, and these very men are the most regardless of
+ our reputation, and the most ready to impugn our motives, and
+ defame our character, when we, in any way, cross their path. There
+ are some things in your remarks I don't like; but, on the whole, I
+ am glad of their appearance, and I hope, whenever you have occasion
+ to speak of the Government, you will do it in terms of respect. I
+ am anxious that we should obtain the confidence of the Government,
+ and entirely disconnect ourselves from that tribe of levellers,
+ with whom we have been too intimate, and who are, at any time,
+ ready to turn around and sell us when we fail to please them.
+
+_Nov. 20th._--In another letter to Dr. Ryerson from his brother John, at
+this date, he says:--
+
+ I deeply feel for you in the present state of agitation and trial.
+ My own heart aches and sickens within me at times; I have no doubt,
+ however much of a philosopher you may be, that you at times
+ participate in the same feelings; but, pursuing a conscientious
+ course, I hope you will at times be able to say:
+
+ "Courage, my soul! thou need'st not fear,
+ Thy great Provider still is near."
+
+The following sympathetic letter from Dr. Ryerson's friend, Mr. E. C.
+Griffin, of Waterdown, written at the same time, gives another proof of
+the unreasoning prejudice of those whose knowledge of the outer world
+was circumscribed and superficial. In England, Dr. Ryerson saw things as
+they were. He was, therefore, not prepared for the burst of wrath that
+followed the plain recital of his "impressions" of men and things in
+England. Mr. Griffin writes:--
+
+ The respect I have for you and yours should at all times deter me
+ from bearing evil tidings, yet the same consideration would make it
+ a duty under peculiar circumstances. You have already learned that
+ the public mind has been much agitated in consequence of your
+ remarks in the _Guardian_ on Mr. Joseph Hume, M.P., and Mr. Thomas
+ Attwood, M.P. (see page 123). On this Circuit it is truly
+ alarming--some of our most respectable Methodists are threatening
+ to leave the Church. The general impression has obtained (however
+ unjustly) that you have "turned downright Tory," which, in this
+ country, whether moderate or ultra, seems to have but one meaning
+ among the bulk of Reformers, and that is, as being an enemy to all
+ reform and the correction of acknowledged abuses. This general
+ impression among the people has created a feverish discontent among
+ the Methodists. The excitement is so high that your subsequent
+ explanation has seemed to be without its desired effect. I should
+ be glad if you would state distinctly in the _Guardian_ what you
+ meant in your correspondence with the Colonial Secretary, when you
+ said you had no desire to interfere with the present emoluments of
+ the Church clergy (or words to that effect); and also of the term
+ "equal protection to the different denominations." You are,
+ doubtless, aware of the use made of these expressions by some of
+ the journals, and, I am sorry to say, with too much effect. These
+ remarks, taken in connection with those against Mr. Hume, is the
+ pivot on which everything is turned against you, against the
+ _Guardian_, and against the Methodists.
+
+A few days later Dr. Ryerson received another letter from Mr. Griffin,
+in which he truthfully says:--
+
+ Perhaps there have not been many instances in which sophistry has
+ been applied more effectually to injure an individual, or a body of
+ Christians, as in the present instance. Whigs, tories, and radicals
+ have all united to crush, I may say at a blow, the Methodists, and
+ none have tried to do so more effectually than Mr. W. L. Mackenzie.
+ He persisted in it so as to make his friends generally believe that
+ the cause of reform was ruined by you. His abuse of you and your
+ friends, and the Methodists, is more than I can stand. He has
+ certainly manifested a great want of discernment, or he has acted
+ from design. I see that the Hamilton _Free Press_ has called in the
+ aid of Mr. F. Collins, of the _Canadian Freeman_, to assist in
+ abusing you and your whole family.
+
+From Augusta, Rev. Anson Green wrote about the same time, and in a
+similar strain, but not so sympathetically. He says:--
+
+ I fear your impressions are bad ones. Our people are all in an
+ uproar about them.
+
+_Nov. 22nd._--Rev. William Ryerson writing from Kingston at this time,
+reports the state of feeling there. He says:--
+
+ As to the _Guardian_, I am sorry to inform you that it is becoming
+ less popular than formerly. If your English "impressions" are not
+ more acceptable and useful in other parts than they are here, it
+ will add little to your credit, or to the usefulness of your paper
+ to publish any more of them. I know that you have been shamefully
+ abused, and treated in a most base manner, and by no one so much so
+ as by Mr. Radcliffe of the Cobourg _Reformer_. I hope you will
+ expose the statements and figures of the _Reformer_ to our friends.
+ It is rather unfortunate that if you did intend, as is said, to
+ conciliate the Tory party in this country, you should have
+ expressed yourself in such a way as to be so much misunderstood.
+
+_Nov. 23rd._--Rev. Alvah A. Adams, writing from Prescott, says:--
+
+ There are a few disturbances in our Zion. Some are bent on making
+ mischief. You need not be surprised that the Grenville _Gazette_
+ speaks so contemptuously of you and the cause in which you have
+ been, and are still, engaged. There are reasons why you need not
+ marvel at the great torrent of scurrilous invectives with which his
+ useless columns have of late abounded.
+
+_Nov. 23rd._--Although not so intended by Dr. Ryerson, yet the
+publication of his "impressions," had the effect of developing the plans
+of Mr. W. L. Mackenzie, and those who acted with him, much more rapidly
+and fully than they could have anticipated. In the second supplement to
+his _Colonial Advocate_, published November 23rd, Mr. Mackenzie used
+this unmistakeable language:--
+
+ The local authorities have no means to protect themselves against
+ an injured people, if they persist in their unconstitutional
+ career.... There are not military enough to uphold a bad government
+ for an hour, if the Rubicon has been passed; and well does Sir John
+ Colborne know that although he may hire regiments of priests here,
+ he may expect no more red-coats from Europe in those days of
+ economy.... He also knows that if we are to take examples from the
+ Mother Country, the arbitrary proceedings of the officers of his
+ government _are such_ as would warrant the people to an open and
+ _armed resistance_.
+
+_Dec. 6th._--Dr. Ryerson having received a protest from five of his
+ministerial brethren in the Niagara District,[43] against his
+"impressions" he wrote a remonstrance to each of them, but this did not
+appease them. Rev. David Wright said:--
+
+ As an individual I am not at all satisfied either with the course
+ you have taken or the explanation given. Could you witness the
+ confused state of our Church on Stamford Circuit; the insults we
+ receive, both from many of our members and others of good standing,
+ you would at once see the propriety of the steps we have taken for
+ our defence. Hardly a tea-party or meeting of any kind, but the
+ _Guardian_ is the topic of conversation, and the conversion of its
+ editor and all the preachers to Toryism. The Ranters and the
+ Ryanites are very busy, and are doing us much harm. I am more and
+ more convinced of the imprudence of the course you have taken,
+ especially at this trying time in our Church. In Queenston,
+ Drummondville, Chippewa, Erie, St. Davids, the Lane, and Lyons'
+ Creek the preachers are hooted at as they ride by. This is rather
+ trying. I assure you.
+
+Rev. James Evans said:--
+
+ You request me not to solicit any to continue the _Guardian_ who
+ are dissatisfied, and who wish to discontinue. This is worse than
+ all beside. And do you suppose that, in opposition to the wish of
+ the Conference, and interest of the Church, I shall pay attention
+ to your request? No, my brother, I cannot; I will not. It shall be
+ my endeavour to obtain and continue subscribers by allaying as far
+ as practicable, their fears, rather than by telling them that they
+ may discontinue and you will abide the consequences. I am
+ astonished! I can only account for your strange and, I am sure,
+ un-Ryersonian conduct and advice on one principle--that there is
+ something ahead which you, through your superior political
+ spyglass, have discovered and thus shape your course, while we
+ land-lubbers, short-sighted as we are, have not even heard of it.
+
+Dr. Ryerson, therefore, challenged these five ministers to proceed
+against him as provided by the Discipline of the Church. In his reply to
+them, he lays down some important principles in regard to the rights of
+an editor, and the duty of his ministerial accusers. He said:--
+
+I beg to say that I cannot publish the criminating declaration of which
+you speak. You will therefore act your pleasure in publishing it
+elsewhere. The charges against me are either true or false. If they are
+true, are you proceeding in the disciplinary way against me? Though I am
+editor for the Conference, yet I have individual rights as well as you;
+and the increased responsibility of my situation should, under those
+rights, if possible, be still more sacred. And if our Conference will
+place a watchman upon the wall of our Zion, and then allow its members
+to plunge their swords into him whenever they think he has departed from
+his duty, without even giving him a court-martial trial, then they are a
+different description of men from what I think they are. If, as you say,
+I have been guilty of imprudent conduct, or even "misrepresented my
+brethren," make your complaint to my Presiding Elder, according to
+discipline, and then may the decision of the Committee be published in
+the _Guardian_, or anywhere else that they may say. So much for the
+disciplinary course. Again, if "the clamour," as you call it, against
+the _Guardian_ be well founded, are you helping the _Guardian_ by
+corroborating the statement of that clamour? Can Brother James Evans
+consistently or conscientiously ask an individual to take, or continue
+to take the _Guardian_, when he or you publish to the world the belief
+that its principles are changed? Will this quiet the "clamour?" Will
+this reconcile the members? Will this unite the preachers? Will this
+promote the harmony of the Church? Will it not be a fire-brand rather
+than the "seeds of commotion?" One or two others here got a meeting of
+the male members of the York Society, and proposed resolutions similar
+in substance to yours, which were opposed and reprobated by brother
+Richardson, on the very disciplinary and prudential ground of which I
+speak, and rejected by the Society. In your declaration you say (not on
+account of "clamour," or accusations of editors or others, but on
+account of editorial remarks in the _Guardian_), "you express your
+sentiments to save your character from aspersion." In this you imply
+that the editor of the _Guardian_ has misrepresented your sentiments,
+and aspersed your character; and, if so, has he not changed his
+principles? And, if he has changed his principles, is he not guilty of
+falsehood, since he has positively declared to the reverse? You
+therefore virtually charge him with inconsistency, misrepresentation,
+and deliberate falsehood. Is this the fruit of brotherly love? Again,
+you say that "our political sentiments are the same as before the visit
+of the editor of the _Guardian_ to England." Is not this equal to
+asserting that the editor's sentiments are not the same? You therefore
+say that you love me; that you desire the peace of the Church, and the
+interests of the _Guardian_, yet you propose a course which will confirm
+the slanders of my enemies--to implicate me with inconsistency and
+falsehood--to injure the _Guardian_, and deprive yourselves of the
+power, as men of honour and truth, to recommend it--to kindle and
+sanction dissatisfaction among our Church members--to arm preacher
+against preacher--and to criminate a brother before the public, without
+a disciplinary trial. You say "our friends are looking out for it." Is
+this the way, my brother, that you have quieted their minds, by telling
+them that you also were going to criminate the editor? If this be so, I
+am not surprised that there is dissatisfaction on your circuit. Brother
+Evans said that nothing but a denial of having changed my opinions, and
+an explicit statement of them, would satisfy our friends. I did so, and
+did so plainly and conscientiously. Yet you do not even allude to this
+expression of my sentiments, but still insist upon doing what is far
+more than taking my life--stabbing my principles and integrity. I ask
+if this is my reward for endangering my life and enduring unparalleled
+labours, to save the Societies heretofore from being rent to the very
+centre, and enduring ceaseless storms of slander and persecution for
+years past in defending the abused character of my brethren? Are they
+the first to lift up their heel against me? Will they join in the hue
+and cry against me, rather than endure a "hoot," when I am unjustly
+treated and basely slandered? I hope I have not fallen into such hands.
+
+Dr. Ryerson received at this time a candid and kindly characteristic
+letter from his youngest brother, Edwy, at Stamford, which indicated
+that a reaction was taking place in regard to the much discussed
+"impressions." He says:--
+
+ The present agitated state of the Societies, partly from the Union,
+ and, in a greater degree, from your "impressions" (which would have
+ been a blessing to our Societies, had they never been published)
+ make it very unpleasant to ask even for subscriptions to the
+ _Guardian_. We are here in a state of commotion; politics run high,
+ and religion low. "The _Guardian_ has turned Tory," is the hue and
+ cry, and many appear to be under greater concern about it, than
+ they ever were about the salvation of their souls. Many again, have
+ got wonderfully wise, and pretend to reveal (as a friend, but in
+ reality as an enemy) the secrets of your policy. Under these
+ unpleasant circumstances, the Ranters have availed themselves of
+ the opportunity of planting themselves at nearly all our posts, and
+ sowing tares in our Societies.
+
+ You have received a protest, signed by several preachers, and my
+ name among them. Those were my impressions at the time. Therefore I
+ thought it my duty, in connection with my brethren, to make my
+ protest. I have, however (since seeing the _Guardian_), been led to
+ believe you had not changed from what you were. Many of the
+ preachers are rejoiced that you were put in the editorial chair,
+ and feel strongly disposed to exert their influence that you may
+ not be displaced.
+
+_Dec. 2nd._--On this day Dr. Ryerson received a kind word of
+encouragement from Mr. Alex. Davidson, a literary friend in Port Hope,
+afterwards of Niagara. He said:--
+
+ I have had an opportunity of seeing most of the provincial papers.
+ They exhibit a miserable picture of the state of the press. The
+ conduct of the editors ought, I think, to be exposed. I have been
+ afraid that from such unmerited abuse, you would quit the
+ _Guardian_ in disgust, and I am glad to see that, though your mind
+ may be as sensitive as that of any other person, you remain firm.
+
+Another indication of the reaction in regard to the "impressions" is
+mentioned in a note received from Rev. Ephraim Evans, Trafalgar. He
+says:--
+
+ Mr. Thos. Cartwright, of Streetsville, who had given up the
+ _Guardian_, has ordered it to be sent to him again so that he may
+ not seem to countenance the clamour that has been raised against
+ you. Mr. Evans adds: "I am happy to find that the agitation
+ produced by the unwarrantable conduct of the press generally, is
+ rapidly subsiding; and, I trust, nay, am certain, that the late
+ avowal of your sentiments, will be perfectly satisfactory to every
+ sensible and ingenuous mind. I am, upon the whole, led to believe
+ that Methodism will weather out this storm also, and lose not a
+ spar."
+
+_Dec. 6th._--Among the many letters of sympathy received by Dr. Ryerson
+at this time, was one from his Father, in which he says:--
+
+ I perceive by the papers that you have met with tempestuous
+ weather. I devoutly hope that the Great Pilot will conduct you
+ safely through the rocks and quicksands on either side.
+
+_Jan. 6th, 1834._--In a letter from Rev. Anson Green, at Augusta, it was
+apparent that the tide of popular opinion against Dr. Ryerson had
+turned. He said:--
+
+ I have been very much pleased indeed with the _Guardian_ during the
+ last few months. There is a very great improvement in it. In this
+ opinion I am not alone. Your remarks on the Clergy Reserve question
+ were very timely and highly satisfactory. A number of our brethren
+ have wished me to express to you the pleasure they feel in the
+ course which you have pursued as editor. There has been very great
+ prejudice against you in these parts, among preachers and people,
+ but I think they are dying out and will, I trust, shortly entirely
+ disappear. I hope we shall soon see "eye to eye."
+
+_March 5th._--In the _Guardian_ of this day, Dr. Ryerson intimated
+that:--
+
+Among many schemes resorted to by the abbettors of Mr. Mackenzie to
+injure me, was the circulation of all kinds of rumours against my
+character and standing as a minister. For proof, it was represented that
+I was denied access to the Wesleyan pulpit in this town. When these
+statements were made early in the year, the stewards and leaders of the
+York Society met on the 11th of last January, and passed a resolution to
+the effect
+
+ That being anxious, lest, under exciting circumstances, you might
+ be tempted to withhold your ministrations from the York
+ congregation, they desire their Secretary to inform you that it is
+ their wish, and they believe it a duty you owe to the Church of
+ Christ, to favour it with your views on His unsearchable riches as
+ often as an opportunity may present itself.
+
+As these rumours have now been revived, I published this resolution in
+the _Guardian_ of to-day.
+
+The capital offence charged against Dr. Ryerson in publishing his
+"impressions" was his exposure of Joseph Hume, M.P., the friend and
+patron of Mr. Mackenzie. (See pages 118 and 123.) In the _Guardian_ of
+December 11th, Dr. Ryerson fully met that charge. Among other things he
+pointed out:--
+
+1st. That, having voted for a Church establishment in India, Mr. Hume
+was the last man who should have been entrusted with petitions from
+Upper Canada, against a Church establishment in Upper Canada. 2nd. That
+Methodists emigrating to this country, when they learn that Mr. Hume is
+regarded as a sort of representative of the principles of the Methodists
+in Upper Canada, immediately imbibe strong prejudices against them,
+refusing to unite with them, and even strongly opposing them, saying
+that such Methodists are Radicals--a term which, in England, conveys
+precisely the same idea that the term Republican does in this Province.
+Thus the prejudices which exist between a portion of the Canadian and
+British Methodists here, are heightened, and the breach widened. 3rd.
+That even adherents of the Church of England here who were Reformers in
+England join the ranks of those opposed to us when they know that Mr.
+Hume is a chosen representative of our views in England; for the
+personal animosity between the Whigs and Reformers and Radicals in
+England is more bitter, if possible, than between the Radicals and
+Tories, and far more rancorous than between the Whigs and Tories. There
+is just as much difference between an English Reformer and an avowed
+English Radical as there is between a Canadian Reformer and an avowed
+Canadian Republican. In the interests of the Methodists, therefore,
+religiously and politically, the allusion to Mr. Hume was justifiable
+and necessary. Dr. Ryerson continues:--
+
+I may mention that so strongly impressed was I with these views, that in
+an interview which I had with Mr. Secretary Stanley, a few days before
+the Clergy Reserve petitions were presented by Mr. Hume, I remarked that
+the people of Upper Canada, not being acquainted with public men in
+England, had sent them to the care of a gentleman of influence in the
+financial affairs of Great Britain, but that I was apprehensive that he
+was not the best qualified to advocate a purely legal and religious
+question. Mr. Secretary Stanley smilingly interrupted me by asking "Is
+it Hume?" I replied, "It is, but I hope this circumstance will not have
+the least influence upon your mind, Mr. Secretary Stanley, in giving the
+subject that important and full consideration which its great importance
+demands." Mr. Stanley replied: "No, Mr. Ryerson, be assured that the
+subject will not be in the least prejudiced in my mind by any
+circumstance of that kind; but I shall give it the most important and
+grave consideration."
+
+_May 24th._--Within three months after Dr. Ryerson had stated these
+facts in regard to Mr. Hume, overwhelming evidence of the correctness of
+his statement that Mr. Hume was unfit to act as a representative, in the
+British Parliament, of the people of Upper Canada, was given by Mr. Hume
+himself in a letter addressed to Mr. W. L. Mackenzie, dated 29th March,
+1834. In that letter Mr. Hume stated that Mr. Mackenzie's
+
+ Election to, and subsequent ejection from the Legislature, must
+ hasten that crisis which is fast approaching in the affairs of the
+ Canadas, and which will terminate in independence and freedom from
+ the baneful domination of the mother country.
+
+He also advised that
+
+ The proceedings between 1772 and 1782 in America ought not to be
+ forgotten; and to the honour of the Americans, for the interests of
+ the civilized world, let their conduct and the result be ever in
+ view.
+
+Dr. Ryerson added: There is no mistaking the revolutionary and
+treasonable character of this advice given to Canadians through Mr. W.
+L. Mackenzie. Yet I have been denounced for exposing the designs of such
+revolutionary advisers!
+
+The following is an extract from Mr. W. L. Mackenzie's remarks in the
+_Colonial Advocate_ on Mr. Hume's letter:--
+
+ The indignant feeling of the honest old Reformer (Hume), when he
+ became acquainted with the heartless slanders of the unprincipled
+ ingrate Ryerson, may be easily conceived from the tone of his
+ letter.... Mr. Mackenzie will be prepared to hand the original
+ letter to the Methodist Conference.
+
+_June 4th._--In the _Guardian_ of this date, Dr. Ryerson replied at
+length to Mr. Hume's letter, pointing out how utterly and totally false
+were Mr. Hume's statements in regard to himself. He, in June, 1832,
+expressed his opinion of Mr. Hume (pages 118 and 123). He then said:--
+
+That was my opinion of Mr. Hume, even before I advocated the Clergy
+Reserve petition in England,--such it was after I conversed with him
+personally, and witnessed his proceedings,--such it is now,--and such
+must be the opinion of every British subject, after reading Mr. Hume's
+revolutionary letter, in which he rejoices in the approach of a crisis
+in the affairs of the Canadas, "which will terminate in independence and
+freedom from the baneful domination of the mother country!" I stated to
+Mr. Mackenzie more than once, when he called upon me in London, that I
+could not associate myself with his political measures. But
+notwithstanding all my caution, I, in fact, got into bad company, for
+which I have now paid a pretty fair price.... I cannot but regard it as
+a blessing and happiness to the Methodist connexion at large, that they
+also, by the admission of all parties, stand so completely distinct from
+Messrs. Hume and Mackenzie, as to be involved in no responsibility and
+disgrace, by this premature announcement of their revolutionary
+purposes.
+
+_Oct. 25th._--As to the final result of the agitation in regard to the
+"Impressions," Rev. John Ryerson, writing from Hallowell (Picton), at
+this date, says:--
+
+ The work of schism has been pretty extensive in some parts of this
+ District. There have as the result of it left, or have been
+ expelled, on the Waterloo Circuit, 150; on the Bay of Quinte, 40;
+ in Belleville, 47; Sidney, 50; Cobourg, 32; making in all 320.
+ There have been received on these circuits since Conference 170,
+ which leaves a balance against us of 150.
+
+
+Remarks on the Result of the "Impressions."
+
+The result (on the membership of the Societies) of this
+politico-religious agitation was more or less the same in other parts of
+the Connexion. The publication of the "impressions" was (to those who
+had for years been in a state of chronic war with the powers that be)
+like the falling of the thunderbolt of Jove out of a cloudless sky. It
+unexpectedly precipitated a crisis in provincial affairs. It brought men
+face to face with a new issue. An issue too which they had not thought
+of; or, if it had presented itself to their minds, was regarded as a
+remote, if possible, contingency. Their experience of the working of
+"British institutions" (as the parody on them in Upper Canada was
+called), had so excited their hostility and embittered their feelings,
+that when they at first heard Dr. Ryerson speak in terms of eulogy of
+the working of these institutions in the mother country, they could not,
+or would not, distinguish between such institutions in England and their
+professed counterpart in Upper Canada. Nor could they believe that the
+great champion of their cause, who in the past had exposed the
+pernicious and oppressive workings of the so-called British institutions
+in Upper Canada, was sincere in his exposition of the principles and the
+promulgation of doctrines in regard to men and things in Britain, which
+were now declared by Mr. W. L. Mackenzie to be heretical as well as
+entirely opposed to views and opinions which he (Dr. Ryerson) had
+hitherto held on these important questions. The novelty of the
+"impressions" themselves, and the bitterness with which they were at
+once assailed, confused the public mind and embarrassed many of Dr.
+Ryerson's friends.
+
+In these days of ocean telegraphy and almost daily intercourse by steam
+with Britain, we can scarcely realize how far separated Canada was from
+England fifty years ago. Besides this, the channels through which that
+intercourse was carried on were few, and often of a partizan character.
+"Downing Street [Colonial Office] influence," and "Downing Street
+interference with Canadian rights," were popular and favourite topics of
+declamation and appeal with the leaders of a large section of the
+community. Not that there did not exist, in many instances, serious
+grounds for the accusations against the Colonial Office; but they, in
+most cases, arose in that office from ignorance rather than from design.
+However the causes of complaint were often greatly exaggerated, and very
+often designedly so by interested parties on both sides of the Atlantic.
+
+This, Dr. Ryerson soon discovered on his first visit to England, in
+1833, and in his personal intercourse with the Colonial Secretaries and
+other public men in London. The manly generosity of his nature recoiled
+from being a party to the misrepresentation and injustice which was
+current in Canada, when he had satisfied himself of the true state of
+the case. He, therefore, on his return to the Province, gave the public
+the benefit of his observation and experience in England.
+
+In the light of to-day what he wrote appears fair and reasonable. It was
+the natural expression of pleased surprise that men and things in
+England were not so bad as had been represented; and that there was no
+just cause for either alarm or ill feeling. His comparisons of parties
+in England and in Canada were by extreme political leaders in Canada
+considered odious. Hence the storm of invective which his observations
+raised.
+
+He showed incidentally that the real enemies to Canada were not those
+who ruled at Downing Street, but those who set themselves up--within the
+walls of Parliament in England and their prompters in Canada--as the
+exponents of the views and feelings of the Canadian people.
+
+The result of such a proceeding on Dr. Ryerson's part can easily be
+imagined. Mr. Hume in England, and Mr. W. L. Mackenzie in Canada, took
+the alarm. They very properly reasoned that if Dr. Ryerson's views
+prevailed, their occupation as agitators and fomenters of discontent
+would be gone. Hence the extraordinary vehemence which characterized
+their denunciations of the writer who had so clearly exposed (as he did
+more fully at a later period of the controversy), the disloyalty of
+their aims, and the revolutionary character of their schemes.
+
+This assault on Dr. Ryerson was entirely disproportionate to the cause
+of offence. Were it not that the moral effect of what he wrote--more
+than what he actually said--was feared, because addressed to a people
+who had always listened to his words with deep attention and great
+respect, it is likely that his words would have passed unchallenged and
+unheeded.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+I have given more than usual prominence to this period of Dr. Ryerson's
+history--although he has left no record of it in the "Story" which he
+had written. But I have done so in justice to himself, and from the fact
+that it marked an important epoch in his life and in the history of the
+Province. It was an event in which the native nobility of his character
+asserted itself. The generous impulse which moved him to defend Mr.
+Bidwell, when maligned and misrepresented, and Sir Charles Metcalfe,
+whom he looked upon as unjustly treated and as a martyr, prompted him to
+do full justice to English institutions, and to parties and leaders
+there, even at the expense of his own pre-conceived notions on the
+subject.
+
+By doing so he refused to be of those who would perpetuate an imposition
+upon the credulity of his countrymen, and especially of those who had
+trusted him and had looked up to him as a leader of men, and as an
+exponent of sound principles of government and public policy. And he
+refused the more when that imposition was practised for the benefit of
+those in whom he had no confidence, and to the injury of those for whose
+welfare he had laboured for years.
+
+Dr. Ryerson preferred to risk the odium of interested partisans, rather
+than fail to tell his countrymen truly and frankly the real state of the
+case--who and what were the men and parties with whom they had to do in
+England--either as persons in official life, or as members of
+Parliament, or writers for the press. He felt it to be his duty to warn
+those who would heed his warning of the danger which they incurred in
+following the unchallenged leadership of men whose aim he felt to be
+revolution, and whose spirit was disloyalty itself, if not a thinly
+disguised treason.
+
+After the storm of reproach and calumny had passed away, there were
+thousands in Upper Canada who had reason to cherish with respect and
+love the name of one who, at a critical time, had so faithfully warned
+them of impending danger, and saved them from political and social ruin.
+Such gratitude was Dr. Ryerson's sole reward.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+It would be impossible, within the compass of this "Story," to include
+any details of the speeches, editorials, or other writings of Dr.
+Ryerson during the many years of contest for civil and religious rights
+in Upper Canada. The _Guardian_, the newspaper press (chiefly that
+opposed to Dr. Ryerson), and the records of the House of Assembly
+contain ample proof of the severity of the protracted struggle which
+finally issued in the establishment on a secure foundation of the
+religious and denominational privileges and freedom which we now enjoy.
+To the Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, etc., who joined
+heartily with the Methodist leaders in the prolonged struggle, the
+gratitude of the country must always be due.--J. G. H.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_March 7th._--In the midst of his perplexing duties as editor, and the
+storm of personal attack which his "impressions" had evoked, Dr. Ryerson
+received a letter from his Mother. It must have been to him like "good
+news from a far country." Full of love and gratitude to God, it would
+be to him like waters of refreshment to a weary soul. His Mother said:--
+
+With emotions of gratitude to God, I now write to you, to let you know
+that the state of my health is as good as usual. Surely the Lord is
+good, and doeth good, and His tender mercies are over me as a part of
+the work of His hands. I find that my affections are daily deadening to
+the things of earth, and my desires for any earthly good decreasing. I
+have an increase of my desire for holiness of heart, and conformity to
+all the will of God. I can say with the poet,
+
+ "Come life, come death, or come what will,
+ His footsteps I will follow still."
+
+I long to say, "I live, yet not I, but Christ liveth in me." Besiege the
+throne of grace, dear Egerton, in my behalf. Pray that the Lord would
+finish his work, and cut it short in righteousness, and make my heart a
+fit temple for the Holy Ghost to dwell in. Oh, my son, be continually on
+your guard. You have need to believe firmly, to pray fervently, to work
+abundantly. Live a holy life, die daily; watch your heart; guide your
+senses; redeem your time; love Christ, and long for glory. Give my love
+to your wife, and to all whom who may enquire for me, and accept a share
+yourself, from your affection-mother,
+
+ Mehetabel Ryerson.
+ Charlotteville, March 4th, 1834.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+After his return from England, Dr. Ryerson received a letter from Rev.
+Wm. Lord, dated Manchester, 25th March, 1834, in which he referred to an
+incident of Dr. Ryerson's visit to his house while in England. He
+says:--
+
+ Your company, I am thankful to say, was very useful to several
+ members of my family. The last time you prayed with us, an
+ influence was received by one or two, the effects of which have
+ remained to this day. I now allude more particularly to ----, who,
+ more than twenty times since, has met me at the door, saying, "Have
+ you a letter from Mr. Ryerson?"
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[41] As an example of the manner in which the Union was hailed in some
+parts of the Province, a gentleman, writing from Merrickville on the
+11th December, mentions a gratifying incident in regard to it. He
+says:--At one Quarterly Conference Love Feast, when the presiding Elder
+told the assembled multitude that they were for the first time about to
+partake of bread and water as a token of love under the name of British
+Wesleyan Methodists, a general burst of approbation proceeded from
+preachers, leaders, and members, and such a feeling seemed to pervade
+the whole assembly, as it would be difficult to describe.--H.
+
+[42] See page 98.
+
+[43] Rev. Messrs. David Wright, James Evans, William Griffis, jun.,
+Henry Wilkinson and Edwy Ryerson. The protest was as follows: We, the
+undersigned ministers of the W. M. Church, desirous to avert the evils
+which may probably result to our Zion from "impressions" made by certain
+political remarks in the editorial department of the _Guardian_, take
+this opportunity of expressing our sentiments for your satisfaction, and
+to save our characters from aspersion. First. We have considered, and
+are still of the same opinion, that the clergy of the Episcopal Church
+ought to be deprived of every emolument derived from Governmental aid,
+and what are called the Clergy Reserves. Secondly. That our political
+views are decidedly the same which they were previous to the visit of
+the editor of the _Guardian_ to England, and we believe that the views
+of our brethren in the ministry are unchanged.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+1834.
+
+Events following the Union.--Division and Strife.
+
+
+Dr. Ryerson has left nothing in his "Story" to illustrate this period of
+his personal history, nor the strife and division which followed the
+consummation of the union of the British and Canadian Conferences. These
+untoward events are, however, fully described in the "Epochs of Canadian
+Methodism," pages 247-311: They arose chiefly out of the differences
+which disturbed the British and Canadian Methodist Societies in Kingston
+and other places, and the separation in the Societies generally, caused
+by the establishment of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1834.
+
+I have already given, in chapter xi., page 128, an extract of a letter
+to Dr. Ryerson, from his brother John, indicating the causes of strife
+between the British and Canadian Societies. I give the following letter,
+also from the same gentleman, written from Hallowell early in November,
+1833, in which he said:--
+
+ Brother William and I called on the Rev. Mr. Hetherington at
+ Kingston. He said:--That there could be no union; that we were
+ Radicals; that they would not be united with us; that the District
+ Meetings of Lower Canada, Halifax, etc., intended to make common
+ cause with them; especially they intended to remonstrate against
+ giving up York and Kingston. They also intended to appeal to the
+ British Conference, and if they were not heard by it they would
+ appeal to the British people. If the British Conference will allow
+ its members to throw firebrands, arrows, and death around in this
+ way, and reciprocate their proceedings after this manner with
+ impunity, they are very different men from what I have taken them
+ to be.
+
+_Nov. 20th._--In a subsequent letter to Dr. Ryerson, his brother John
+says:--
+
+ I fear much for the Union from the English Missionary party. Should
+ they, from any consideration, undertake to retain Kingston and
+ York, our cause there will be ruined. In case of such an event, I
+ will retire immediately, and bid farewell to the strife and toil in
+ which we have been engaged ever since we have been travelling
+ preachers. Let me know who have thrown up the _Guardian_. You will
+ have seen the Cobourg _Reformer's_ attacks. It is of much more
+ importance for you to expose Mr. Radcliffe, the editor, than any
+ one else, and point out that, in his present enmity to Methodist
+ principles, this is not the first time he has endeavoured to break
+ the Methodist ranks, and to sow the seeds of discord among her
+ friends. I would take good care not to lean a hairsbreadth towards
+ radicalism. One reason of their making this onslaught is to scare
+ you, and induce you to say something which will excite the jealousy
+ of the Government, and the disapprobation of our British brethren,
+ and thereby destroy us with them as they seek to do with other
+ parties.
+
+_Nov. 22nd._--What is thus stated by his brother John was corroborated
+by his brother William, who was stationed at Kingston, and who, in a
+letter to Dr. Ryerson, said:--
+
+ I need not say what my feelings were when I arrived at this place,
+ and found that arrangements had been made by Mr. Marsden, in
+ violation of the understanding with the Conference, and in defiance
+ of the opinions and wishes of every one of our friends in the town
+ and country, whose feelings have not only been wounded and grieved,
+ but have rendered the prospects of a union in this place more than
+ ever entirely hopeless. I have not been considered fit (probably
+ for want of ability) to act as Superintendent of such an important
+ station; I have no authority to receive or expel a member, or even
+ to preside in a meeting of Stewards and Leaders; while my
+ Superintendent is in Montreal or Quebec; whether or not he will so
+ stoop as to visit us at all, we cannot say. Besides being shut out
+ of the British Wesleyan Chapel, every possible means is being used
+ to prevent a single individual of their Society from attending our
+ Chapel; and my field of labour is not only greatly circumscribed,
+ but the prospect of usefulness is nearly destroyed. What my
+ feelings must be, under such circumstances, you can easily judge. I
+ can only say that as soon as I can see a way opened, and can do so
+ consistently, I will not labour as a travelling preacher one day
+ longer.
+
+_January 8th, 1834._--His brother John, in another letter to Dr. Ryerson
+from Hallowell, said:--
+
+ Whoever may be the agents in making alterations in our economy, I
+ will not be one. With "improvements," alterations, unions, and
+ disunions, we have been agitated long enough. I am done with such
+ business, henceforth and forever. At our last Conference it was
+ understood, and expressly stated that no alterations would
+ hereafter be attempted; and so we have assured the people. But
+ behold, before they receive that assurance, some alterations are
+ mooted. Do away with the Presiding Elders, lessen the Districts,
+ etc., and a dozen other things which will necessarily follow. The
+ reason urged for these changes is worse than the things
+ themselves--namely: If we don't, the British Missionaries will
+ write to the Superintendents and raise such a storm in England,
+ etc., etc. If this is the way we are to be governed, and if this is
+ the state of the Connexion at home, the Resolutions on Union, on
+ parchment or paper, are a miserable farce. The more I think on this
+ subject, the worse I like it.
+
+In a letter from Kingston to Dr. Ryerson on this subject, Rev. Joseph
+Stinson says:--
+
+ I have done my utmost to promote the union of the two Societies in
+ this town. If things are carried with too high a hand, we shall
+ lose our Kingston Chapel and congregation altogether; and, should
+ the Kingston people shut their Chapel against us, it will be
+ impossible to keep things quiet in Lower Canada. I do not think it
+ necessary to sacrifice the Union to Kingston, nor is it necessary
+ to sacrifice Kingston, because a number of disaffected radicals in
+ the Bay of Quinte like to make the state of things here an excuse
+ for their anti-methodistical proceedings. If there were no Kingston
+ in existence, these men would never cordially love the Union.
+
+_April_, 1834.--Dr. Ryerson received a letter from the new President of
+the Canada Conference (Rev. Edmund Grindrod) dated London, England, in
+which the latter said:--
+
+ One object of my visit will be to allay the hostility of our
+ Societies in the Lower Province to their union with us.
+
+Mr. Alder (said Mr. Grindrod) was to have accompanied him, but at Mr.
+Bunting's suggestion this plan was abandoned in the hope that--
+
+ The friends in Lower Canada, when they have had time to reflect,
+ would return to better views and feelings.
+
+_Dec. 3rd._--Writing to Dr. Ryerson from Kingston, at this date, Rev.
+John C. Davidson[44] says:--
+
+ I have been told by the most influential members of the Leaders'
+ Meeting here that pledges to the following effect have been most
+ solemnly given to them by Mr. Alder and Mr. Grindrod, viz:--That
+ the members of the British Society here did not, and were never to
+ make a part of the Societies governed by the Canada Conference;
+ that they were to remain as they always were; that their numbers
+ were to be returned to the home Conference; that our Society was to
+ be merged in theirs; and Kingston become the head of the Missionary
+ establishment in Canada,--always to be the residence of the
+ Superintendent, who was to control and regulate the Kingston
+ Societies; and that the Presiding Elder was to have nothing to do
+ with the town; that a large chapel was to be forthwith built,--to
+ be deeded to the British Conference; and that the minister in
+ charge of Kingston was always to be an Englishman.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Towards the close of this year, the Methodist Episcopal Church in Canada
+was organized. Full details of this division are given by Dr. Ryerson in
+the "Epochs of Canadian Methodism," pages 270-288. Happily this
+separated branch of the great Methodist family is being re-united to the
+parent stock in 1883. Further reference to the subject is, therefore,
+unnecessary in this "Story." Nevertheless it should be remembered that
+in the discussion and controversy which for years followed this event,
+Dr. Ryerson occupied a foremost place as the champion on the Wesleyan
+Methodist side.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[44] This gentleman entered the Methodist Church in 1827, joined the
+Church of England in 1854, and was for many years a minister of a
+congregation in the Province of Quebec. He died in 1881.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+1834-1835.
+
+Second Retirement from the "Guardian" Editorship.
+
+
+As already intimated in Chapter xi., the publication of Dr. Ryerson's
+"Impressions" of England, etc., in the _Guardian_ of 1833, excited quite
+a political and social sensation. Public men of all shades of opinion
+had their feelings at once enlisted for or against the Editor of that
+paper, and condemned or commended his course accordingly.
+
+Such a result did not cause much immediate concern to Dr. Ryerson. He,
+as Editor, claimed from the first, and his opponents outside of the
+Connexion admitted, that in battling for religious equality and
+denominational rights, he should be left untrammelled. In other words,
+that as Editor of a leading paper like the _Guardian_, he should be left
+free to counsel, to advise and warn, and, if necessary, to take strong
+ground on all questions involving purely civil rights, and the
+constitutional exercise of the prerogative on the part of the Executive.
+This was the more necessary, as civil and religious freedom were largely
+identical in those days of undefined prerogative, irresponsible
+government, and inchoate institutions.
+
+All parties, therefore, tacitly conceded what the Editor of the
+_Guardian_ claimed--a wide latitude and a reasonable discretion in
+discussing questions of the day which involved either civil rights or
+religious freedom. This wise discretion was the more necessary from the
+fact that the _Guardian_ was unquestionably the leading newspaper during
+these years, and was edited with more than ordinary ability and
+power.[45]
+
+Besides, there were many thoughtful men who took little part in
+politics, and yet who looked with alarm on the claims and encroachments
+of the Family Compact,--a powerful and influential party, and dominant
+alike in church and state. Many of the able public men of the day, who
+were moderate in their views, were nevertheless the champions of popular
+rights. These men were Messrs. Bidwell, Baldwin, Dunn, and others. Their
+influence was strongly felt in the House of Assembly, and was sustained
+by their great moral worth and high social position. To such men the
+powerful aid of the _Guardian_, in advocating the principles of equal
+justice to all parties alike, was indispensable; and from its support
+they derived much strength, and were greatly aided in maintaining their
+position in the House and in the country.
+
+It was under these circumstances, and amid the peculiar exigencies of
+the times, that the _Christian Guardian_ became the great organ of
+public opinion on the liberal side in Upper Canada. It can, therefore,
+be well understood how at such a time, when the supremacy of party was
+the question of the hour, the publication of Dr. Ryerson's
+"impressions"--candid and moderate as they were--fell like a bombshell
+amongst those in Canada who had set up as political idols such men as
+Hume and Roebuck in England. To dethrone such idols was of itself bad
+enough; but that was not the head and front of Dr. Ryerson's offending.
+What gave such mortal offence was that Dr. Ryerson saw any good whatever
+in the moderate English Conservative (though he saw none in the English
+Tory). And worse still, that he saw many undesirable things in the
+English Whigs, and nothing good in the English Radicals. To give special
+point to these criticisms and comparisons Dr. Ryerson stated that:--
+
+ Radicalism in England appeared to me to be another word for
+ Republicanism, with the name of King instead of President ... and
+ that the very description of the public press, which in England
+ advocates the lowest Radicalism, is the foremost in opposing and
+ slandering the Methodists in this Province. Hence the fact that
+ some of these editors have been amongst the lowest of the English
+ Radicals, previous to their egress from the mother country.
+
+The point of this criticism struck home; and, on the very day on which
+it appeared, the cap was fitted upon the head of the leading radical of
+the province. In fact, he placed it there himself, and thenceforth
+proclaimed war to the knife against the Editor of the _Guardian_. (See
+page 125.)
+
+With singular ability and zeal did Mr. W. L. Mackenzie carry on this
+warfare. He at once saw what would be the effect of the new departure.
+And so promptly and energetically did he denounce the "arch-apostate
+Egerton, _alias_ Arnold, Ryerson" as a deserter, that he secured with
+little difficulty an impromptu verdict from the public against him. This
+he the more readily accomplished, by the aid of at least half a dozen
+editors of newspapers in various parts of the province, while Dr.
+Ryerson was single-handed. Not only did these editors join with great
+vigour in the hue and cry against Dr. Ryerson (for they had many scores
+of their own to settle with their powerful rival), but many of Dr.
+Ryerson's own brethren were carried away by the sudden outburst of
+passion against him. Hundreds of the supporters of the _Guardian_ turned
+from him, as a deserter, and many gave up the paper.
+
+It is true that the tide soon turned; and those who had refused at first
+to heed, or even to listen to, the words of warning uttered by Dr.
+Ryerson in this crisis, were afterwards glad to profit by them, and thus
+saved themselves in time from the direful consequences which followed
+during the sad events of 1837-38.
+
+The effect, however, of that severe and unexpected encounter with
+irrational prejudice (joined to the hostility of those whose plans were
+prematurely disclosed and frustrated) was too much for one who, as a
+Christian minister and a lover of his country, was filled with higher
+aims than those of a mere politician.
+
+In the course of the discussion which followed, Dr. Ryerson came into
+contact with some of the more unreasoning of his brethren. (See pages
+130-133.) The question was raised as to how far the _Guardian_ should be
+involved in conflicts like the present, which from their very nature
+introduced an apple of discord into the Connexion, as they partook more
+of a political than of a religious character. This question was pressed
+upon members of the Conference by the British Missionaries, whose
+national prejudices and political sensibilities were, as they alleged,
+wounded by the adverse strictures of the Editor of the _Guardian_ on
+Church Establishments, the Clergy Reserve question, and kindred topics.
+
+Knowing the impossibility of reconciling views so opposite as those
+expressed by the British Missionaries and those of the great majority of
+Canadian Methodists (as represented by the _Guardian_), Dr. Ryerson
+resolved to retire from the editorship. This, by a vote of his brethren
+in the Conference of 1834, he was not permitted to do. But, like a wise
+and prudent counsellor amongst men of differing views, he determined to
+take the initiative in settling, on a satisfactory basis, the future
+course of the _Guardian_ as to the discussion of political and social
+questions. At that Conference, therefore, he prepared and submitted a
+series of resolutions to the following effect:--
+
+ 1. That the _Christian Guardian_, as the organ of the Conference,
+ shall be properly and truly a religious and literary journal, to
+ explain our doctrines and institutions, and, in the spirit of
+ meekness, defend them when necessary; to vindicate our character,
+ if expedient, when misrepresented; to maintain our religious
+ privileges, etc. 2. To publish general news, etc. 3. That the
+ _Christian Guardian_ shall not be the medium of discussing
+ political questions, nor the merits of political parties; as it is
+ injurious to the interests of religion, and derogatory to our
+ character as a religious body, to have our Church amalgamated or
+ identified with any political party.
+
+These resolutions were cordially adopted by the Conference.
+
+_October 4th, 1834._--In a letter received by Dr. Ryerson from Rev. G.
+Marsden, Liverpool, the latter referred to this subject and said:--
+
+ Your continuance in office, as editor, is of very high importance;
+ indeed, in some respects it is essential to the consolidation of
+ the Union. Loyalty to our Sovereign, and firm attachment to the
+ British Constitution will be supported by it. You will also be able
+ to defend, and to support sound Wesleyan Methodism; and the
+ foundation being now laid, you will be able to guard it well.
+
+Rev. E. Grindrod, also writing from England, said:--
+
+ From the _Christian Guardian_, I perceive that you have had a hard
+ battle to fight, but you have proved victorious; and at a future
+ day, I have no doubt, you will rejoice that the Lord counted you
+ worthy to suffer in the achievement of an object which will
+ probably result in immense benefit to a whole Province for
+ generations to come.
+
+_January 28th, 1835._--About this time Dr. Ryerson received a
+remonstrance on the subject from his brother John, who said:--
+
+ The more I think of your leaving the office, the more unfavourably
+ I think of it. There is a tremendous opposition to it in these
+ parts (Hallowell), among both preachers and people. I think it will
+ do the paper a great wrong; you had better remain undisturbed until
+ next Conference.
+
+_Feby. 20th._--Rev. William Ryerson, in a kind letter from St.
+Catharines, said:--
+
+ The spirit and feeling displayed in your most interesting letter
+ has made the deepest impression on my mind. I know that you have
+ your own difficulties and troubles, yet they do not appear to
+ prevent the outflow of your sympathy for others. How sincerely do I
+ pray that the God of mercy and truth may graciously support you
+ under all your trials and difficulties, and in His good time bring
+ you out of them, purified as gold. I am exceedingly fearful that we
+ shall have more, and great difficulties, at our next Conference.
+ Every article and word in the _Guardian_ is criticised and noted,
+ and made the subject of a large and constant correspondence,
+ especially with the local preachers, in different parts of the
+ Province. We shall be much embarrassed about the editorship of the
+ _Guardian_. Perhaps Providence will point out some suitable person
+ should you retire.
+
+_May 27th._--In the _Guardian_ of this date, Dr. Ryerson again gave
+expression to his long-cherished desire to retire from the editorial
+management of that paper. He did so for reasons already given--
+
+ Besides (he said) it was the understanding entered into with the
+ Conference of 1834, when I consented to undertake the duty of
+ editor for one year. It is gratifying to notice that the
+ vituperation of party interest and malevolence are nearly, if not
+ quite, spent. I have, in this and the last two numbers of the
+ _Guardian_, endeavoured to leave nothing for my successor to settle
+ on that score. My editorial career in the past has been during an
+ eventful and agitated period of our Provincial history. I have
+ steadily endeavoured to keep one object in view--the promotion of
+ Christianity and the prosperity of the country. In severing my
+ connection with a large portion of the reading public, I am moved
+ with feelings not easily expressed. My interest in the cause which
+ I have advocated, and in the general welfare of my native Province
+ (which has been intense for years past), will not be less so in any
+ future fields of labour.
+
+When it was found that Dr. Ryerson had finally decided to retire from
+the editorship of the _Guardian_, various suggestions were made to him
+as to his future field of labour. The Connexion in Lower Canada were
+anxious to secure him as a minister there. The question came up at an
+official meeting in Quebec, and Rev. William Lord, who presided, wrote
+to Dr. Ryerson on the subject, in May, 1835, as follows:--
+
+ Respecting your future appointment to this Province, I may mention
+ that several of the brethren objected to your leaving the Upper
+ Province, lest it should be thought you were sent away in disgrace.
+ I think, however, that I can obtain a station that will be deemed
+ honourable to yourself, and, I think, quite agreeable, affording a
+ fine field of usefulness. I am now sitting in the Quarterly
+ Meeting, and when the question of preachers for the next year came
+ on, I mentioned that I had conversed with you respecting taking a
+ circuit, in this Province. They unanimously requested that Brother
+ Wm. Squire and Brother Egerton Ryerson might be appointed to them
+ next year. I shall soon be in York, when I will endeavour to obtain
+ the consent of the friends there, and I think you will be pleased
+ with the place.
+
+As an indication amongst others of the appreciation in which Dr.
+Ryerson's services were held, Rev. R. Heyland, in a letter to him from
+Adolphustown, said:--
+
+ The people in these parts are very desirous of seeing and hearing
+ the champion who has written so much in defence of Methodism, and
+ rescued the character of our Church from the odium which its
+ unprincipled enemies have been endeavouring to heap upon it for
+ years past. Be so good as to gratify them this once, and come and
+ dedicate our new chapel here.
+
+_June 17th._--On this day, for the second time, Dr. Ryerson took leave
+of the readers of the _Guardian_--having been relieved by the Conference
+of the duties of Editor, at his own request. He said:--
+
+ I was, however, elected Secretary of the Conference, and was
+ stationed at Kingston. In addition, I was appointed, with Rev.
+ William Lord, President of our Conference, a delegate to the
+ American General Conference.
+
+In his valedictory he said:--
+
+In relinquishing my present position my thoughts are spontaneously led
+back to the period--ten years since--when I first commenced public life.
+At that time the Methodists were an obscure, a despised, an ill-treated
+people; nor had their church the security of law for a single chapel,
+parsonage, or acre of land.... Now the political condition and relations
+of the Methodist connexion are pleasingly changed. Ten years ago there
+were 41 ministers and 6,875 church members; now there are 93 ministers
+and 15,106 church members. We may well thank God, therefore, and take
+courage.
+
+I have no ill-will towards any human being. I freely and heartily
+forgive the many false and wicked things said of me, publicly and
+privately. I have written what I thought best for the cause of religion,
+the cause of Methodism, and the civil interests of the country. I have
+never received one acre of land, nor one farthing from Government, nor
+of any public money. I have never written one line at the request of any
+person connected with the Government. I count it to be the highest
+honour to which I can aspire to be a Methodist preacher; and in this
+relation to the Church and to the world I shall count it my highest joy
+to finish my earthly course.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Dr. Ryerson's wish having been fully gratified, and the Conference of
+1835 having relieved him of the editorship, he was stationed at
+Kingston. This place, of all others, had been the scene of strife and
+division between the British and Canadian branches of the Church, and
+was the key to the position held by the British Missionaries in Upper
+Canada. (See pages 128 and 141). Dr. Ryerson's arrival there and his
+reception by the people at Kingston are described in a letter which he
+wrote to his friend, Mr. S. S. Junkin, of the _Guardian_ office, dated
+July 15th:
+
+We have just arrived, and are for the present staying at the house of
+Mr. Cassidy, the lawyer, where we receive every possible kindness and
+attention. (See Chapter xxiii.)
+
+I have been very kindly received by the members here. Strong prejudices
+have existed in the minds of individuals against me. But they are not
+only broken down, but in the principal cases are turned into warm
+friendship already. Some who were as bitter as gall, and croaking from
+day to day that "the glory has departed," are now like new-born babes in
+Christ; are happy in their own souls, praying for sinners, and doing all
+they can to build up the cause. I can scarcely account for it. I never
+felt more deeply humbled than since I came here. I have indeed resolved
+to give my whole soul, body and spirit, to God and to His Church anew,
+but I have had scarcely a tolerable time in preaching. Yet the Divine
+blessing has specially accompanied the Word. On Wednesday night last the
+fallow ground of the hearts of professors seemed to be completely broken
+up. On Thursday night I was in the country, but was told the
+prayer-meeting was the largest that had been held for two years. On
+Sunday evening we had prayer-meeting after preaching. Several came to
+the altar, two or three of whom found peace. I closed it at nine
+o'clock, but some stayed and others came in, and it was kept up until
+near one o'clock in the morning. On Monday night the altar was
+surrounded with penitents, and the meeting, I was told (for I was not
+there), was better than any former one, and was kept up until after
+midnight. At our preachers and leaders' meeting last night there was a
+good time. We have preaching and prayer-meeting again to-night. We have
+formed the leaders' meeting of both chapels into one, to the
+satisfaction of the brethren on both sides. I now begin to hope for
+better times. My soul was bowed down like a bulrush for some days after
+I came here. But I thank God I have a hold upon the salvation of Christ
+that I had not felt for a long time before; and I do believe the Lord
+our God will help us and bless us. I have preached at Waterloo twice
+since I came down. The last time, several penitents came to the altar;
+two professed to find peace, but it was upon the whole a dry time to me.
+They are hard cases there. I attended a very blessed quarterly meeting
+on the Isle of Tanti, on Thursday last. It was the best day to my own
+soul that I have experienced for years.
+
+I feel like a man liberated from prison; but I have reason to believe
+that the people are in general amazingly disappointed in my pulpit
+exercises. They expected great things--things gaudy, stately, and
+speculative,--and I gave them the simplest and most practical things I
+can find in the Bible, and that in the plainest way. You would be amused
+at the sayings of some of the plain Methodist people; they think that it
+is the "real pure Gospel, but they did not expect it so, from that
+quarter." I am told that Dr. Barker has said in his _Whig_, that my
+"pulpit talents are nothing." I am very glad to have this impression go
+abroad; it will relieve me from distressing embarrassments, and enable
+me to do much more good in a plain way; for I know the utmost I can
+attain in the pulpit is to make things plain, and sometimes forcible.
+
+We had a very blessed prayer-meeting last night, after preaching. A
+considerable number of penitents came to the altar, and some found
+peace. The work seems to be deepening among the Society. I think we
+shall have a comfortable and prosperous year.
+
+_September 24th._ In a subsequent letter to Mr. Junkin, Dr. Ryerson
+speaks of a sudden and severe bereavement which had overtaken him. He
+said:--
+
+ My poor little son John[46] has been removed to the other and
+ better country. He continued to walk about until within ten
+ minutes before his death, on the 22nd inst. After attempting to
+ take a spoonful of milk, he leaned back his head and expired in my
+ arms, without the slightest visible struggle. He has suffered much,
+ but expressed a desire that he might live, so that he could see his
+ little sister. He told me a few days before he died, that he hoped
+ to go to Heaven, because Jesus had died for him, and loved him. I
+ feel as a broken vessel in this bereavement of the subject of so
+ many anxious cares and fond hopes. But this I do know, that I love
+ God, and supremely desire to advance His glory, and that He does
+ all things for the best. I will therefore magnify His name when
+ clouds and darkness envelope His ways, as well as when the smiles
+ of His providence gladden the heart of man. O may He make me and
+ mine more entirely and exclusively His, than ever!
+
+In a letter to Mr. Junkin, dated November 14th, Dr. Ryerson says:--
+
+We all go into one chapel to-morrow, which will complete the Union.
+Thank the Lord for it! Every one of our members of the "American"
+Society (so called heretofore) has already taken sittings in the newly
+enlarged chapel, and all things appear to be harmonious and encouraging.
+Every pew in the body of the chapel has already been taken by our
+brethren and intimate friends; and, notwithstanding the new chapel will
+hold more than both the old ones, we are not likely to have enough
+sittings to meet the applications that are likely to be made, when it is
+known out of the Society, though the whole chapel above and below
+(except one tier around the gallery) is pewed.
+
+I have learned that I shall have to take another trip to England. We had
+just got comfortably settled here in Kingston; had become acquainted
+with the people on all sides, and are happy in our souls, and in our
+work. Nothing but the alternative, as Rev. William Lord deeply feels, of
+the sinking or success of the Upper Canada Academy, could have induced
+me this year to have undertaken such a task. But my motto is--"the cause
+of God, not private considerations."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[45] The amount of postage paid by newspapers would be a fair indication
+of their circulation. For instance, in 1830-1, the postage on the
+_Christian Guardian_ was Ł228 sterling ($1,140), which exceeded by Ł6
+the aggregate postage paid by the thirteen following newspapers in Upper
+Canada at that time, viz.:--Mackenzie's _Colonial Advocate_, Ł57; _The
+Courier_, Ł45; _Watchman_, Ł24; _Brockville Recorder_, Ł16; _Brockville
+Gazette_, Ł6; _Niagara Gleaner and Herald_, Ł17; _Hamilton Free Press_,
+Ł11; _Kingston Herald_, Ł11; _Kingston Chronicle_, Ł10; _Perth
+Examiner_, Ł10; _Patriot_, Ł6, _St. Catharines Journal_, Ł6; _York
+Observer_, Ł3. Total Ł222, as against Ł228 paid by the _Guardian_
+alone.--H.
+
+[46] John William, aged six years, one month, and eleven days. (See
+pages 111 and 113.)--H.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+1835-1836.
+
+Second Mission to England.--Upper Canada Academy.
+
+
+Scarcely had Dr. Ryerson been settled at Kingston in the enjoyment of
+the freedom and pleasure of his new life as a pastor, than the
+exigencies of the Upper Canada Academy called him a second time to
+England. The causes of this sudden call upon his time and energies, on
+behalf of the Academy, were many and pressing. They were caused chiefly
+by the miscalculations, if not indiscreet zeal, of Rev. William Lord,
+who, as President of the Conference and Chairman of the Trustee Board of
+the Academy, had, by inconsiderate expenditure, plunged the Board into
+hopeless embarrassment. (See page 166.)
+
+Mr. Lord was sanguine that what he did in Canada, on behalf of the
+Academy, would, if properly represented, be cordially endorsed by the
+brethren and friends in England. He, felt that although he himself might
+not be able to realize these hopes by a personal appeal, yet he was
+certain that the presence in England of Dr. Ryerson on such a mission
+would be highly successful. He, therefore, as President of the Canada
+Conference, called upon him to undertake this task. He furnished Dr.
+Ryerson with such letters and appeals to influential friends as he hoped
+would ensure success. Dr. Ryerson, acting on his motto, that "the cause
+of God, not private considerations," should influence him, obeyed the
+call, and set out for England on this difficult, and, as it proved,
+arduous and protracted mission, on the 20th November, 1835.
+
+The nature and extent of the embarrassments of the Academy are stated in
+the letters written to Dr. Ryerson after he had left for England. His
+brother John said:--
+
+ While you are travelling in England making collections for the
+ Academy, there are, I can assure you, a great many heartfelt
+ prayers and fervent supplications being offered in this country for
+ your success. The whole concern is in an extremely embarrassed
+ state. If Rev. William Lord had not urged us to expenditure, it
+ would have been at least Ł1,000 better for us, although what he did
+ at the time, he doubtless did for the best. Mr. Lord was the means
+ of inducing the building committee to make an unnecessarily
+ expensive fence, out-houses, furniture, &c., saying at the time
+ that money would be forthcoming, and that John Bull never failed to
+ respond to such calls. We have applied to the Legislature for
+ assistance, but I think with but little prospect of success. Should
+ we not get anything there, and you raise no more than Ł2,000, we
+ must go down, and the concern be sold. It will require Ł4,000 or
+ Ł5,000 to get us out of debt. If you should collect no more than
+ Ł2,000 before you return home, don't fail to make some arrangements
+ for borrowing two or three thousand more.
+
+Rev. Mr. Lord, writing to Dr. Ryerson, said:--
+
+ By the delay in finishing the buildings, and the excitement caused
+ by the falsehood of the ultra-Radicals, confidence was gone, money
+ could not be raised, either by begging or borrowing; and if
+ something had not been done, the consequence would have been
+ ruinous. I expect that you will have me greatly blamed for not
+ considering before I drew bills on England for the debt, but there
+ was no time. The mischief would have been done before we could have
+ heard. The man would have been arrested immediately,--our character
+ ruined,--societies divided,--and subscriptions would have been
+ withheld. Our difficulties are great, and we must make a desperate
+ effort to extricate ourselves. Everything depends upon your making
+ a good case, which you can do.
+
+In another letter to Dr. Ryerson, from Canada, Mr. Lord said:--
+
+ Let me urge you to lose no time in obtaining a Charter and grant
+ from Government. I expect our Radical friends will be using their
+ influence through their friends to prevent your success. Be
+ diligent in procuring subscriptions. You possess great advantages
+ now, by the introductions with which you have been favoured. Mr.
+ Alder tells me that my bills will be dishonoured. If so, in
+ addition to the loss of character, there will be a waste of
+ property in fines, &c. We are all distressed, our drafts are coming
+ due and the Banks have ceased to discount, in consequence of the
+ stagnation of trade, through "stopping the supplies." We have
+ agreed upon a temporary mode of relief, by drawing upon you for
+ about Ł500. It has given me great surprise and sorrow to ascertain
+ that upwards of Ł5,000 are wanted to relieve us from our
+ difficulties. What an unfathomable depth this building has reached.
+ You must stay in England until the money is got. Use every effort,
+ harden your face to flint, and give eloquence to your tongue. This
+ is your calling. Excel in it! Be not discouraged with a dozen of
+ refusals in succession. The money must be had, and it must be
+ begged. My dear Brother, work for your life, and I pray God to give
+ you success. Do not borrow, if possible. _Beg, beg, beg_ it all. It
+ must be done!
+
+Such were the circumstances under which this important mission was
+undertaken by Dr. Ryerson. As a set off to these disheartening letters,
+Dr. Ryerson received the following from some of his brethren in Canada.
+Rev. Ephraim Evans said:--
+
+ I have become a consenting party to your being solicited, at
+ considerable sacrifice of feeling, to undertake a tedious journey
+ at the most untoward season of the year, for the good of the common
+ cause, and I sincerely tender, in common with my Brother James, my
+ best thanks for your kind compliance, and my hearty wishes for your
+ complete success. Indeed I feel most deeply that upon your success
+ depends, under God, the prosperity or downfall of the Upper Canada
+ Academy. Be assured that my most fervent prayers will be daily
+ offered up for your health and safety, for a happy issue to attend
+ your generous endeavours again to promote the interests of the
+ Church of our mutual affection.
+
+ I entertain not the slightest hope of being able to procure such a
+ Charter as we would be justifiable in accepting, or any support to
+ the institution from our own Legislature.
+
+Rev. John Ryerson, writing from Hallowell, said:--
+
+ Your friends in Kingston (and all the Methodists there seem to be
+ such) spoke much about you and your successful labours there.
+ Brothers Counter, Jenkins, and others, say they are resolved to
+ have you for their preacher next year, on your return from England.
+ I hope and pray that good luck will attend your efforts. Everything
+ depends on the issue of your mission. May the Lord give you favour
+ in the eyes of the people, and good success in your vastly
+ important work.
+
+Rev. Joseph Stinson, writing from Kingston, said:--
+
+ We all feel very strange now that you are gone, but be of good
+ cheer; we follow you with our sympathy and prayers. We doubt not
+ but God--that God in whose cause you are making this additional
+ sacrifice, will succeed your labour, and cause all things to work
+ together for your good.
+
+In a letter from London, England, Dr. Ryerson says:--
+
+ Mr. Lunn and other friends have arrived from Quebec, and have given
+ me Canadian news, among other items the stations of various
+ ministers: Rev. James Richardson and Rev. J. S. Atwood withdraw
+ from the Conference, and Rev. Mr. Irvine goes to the States. The
+ President and I remain at Kingston. I have been appointed, by a
+ unanimous vote, the representative to the British Conference, and I
+ am to present to Lord Glenelg an Address from the Conference to the
+ King. On the 18th of June, 1836, the Upper Canada Academy was
+ opened, and the Principal (Rev. M. Richey) inaugurated.
+
+Dr. Ryerson added:--
+
+ I am to stay in Birmingham, at the house of a worthy and wealthy
+ Quaker, by the name of Joseph Sturge.
+
+ At the general meeting of the Missionary Committee, held recently
+ the resolutions of the Committee relative to the withdrawal of the
+ Government grant for the work in Upper Canada were read. Dr.
+ Bunting rose and mentioned its restoration, and kindly and
+ cordially mentioned me as the means of getting it restored. He gave
+ a flattering account of my proceedings in the affair. I thanked him
+ afterwards for his great kindness in the matter.
+
+The labours and result of this, Dr. Ryerson's second mission to England,
+are given in Chapter xvi., pages 158-166.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+1835-1836.
+
+The "Grievance" Report; its Object and Failure.
+
+
+Amongst the Committees of the House of Assembly at this time was a
+useful one called the "Committee on Grievances." To this Committee was
+referred all complaints made to the House, and all projects of reform,
+etc. At the close of the Session of 1835, Mr. W. L. Mackenzie, as
+Chairman, brought in an elaborate Report which, without being read, was
+ordered to be printed. In that Report, Mr. Mackenzie endeavoured to
+create a diversion in his favour by showing that while Dr. Ryerson
+professed to be opposed to Government grants to religious bodies, yet he
+was willing to receive one for the Wesleyan Conference. The Report
+stated that:--
+
+ The "British Wesleyan Methodist Conference," formerly the M.E.
+ Church, received Ł1,000 in 1833, and Ł611 in 1834, to be applied
+ ... "to the erection, or repairing of chapels and school-houses,
+ and defraying the general expenses of the various missions."
+
+ This appropriation to the Methodists, as an Ecclesiastical
+ Establishment, is very singular. In the year 1826 ... Dr. Strachan
+ informed the Colonial Minister that the Methodist ministers
+ acquired their education and formed their principles in the United
+ States.... They appealed to the House of Assembly, which inquired
+ into and reported on the matter in 1828.
+
+ Upon another occasion they received a rebuke from Sir John Colborne
+ ... in answer to the Address of the Conference requesting him to
+ transmit to His Majesty their Address on the Clergy Reserves.
+ Since, however, a share of public money has been extended to and
+ received by them, there seems to have been established a mutual
+ good understanding.
+
+To this Report, Dr. Ryerson replied to the effect--
+
+ That the grant was made to the British Conference in England (over
+ which we had no control) and not to the Canada Conference; that the
+ grant in question was made by Lord Goderich, as part of a general
+ scheme agreed upon in 1832, to aid Missionaries in the West Indies,
+ Western, and Southern Africa, New South Wales, and Canada, "to
+ erect chapels and school-houses in the needy and destitute
+ settlements;" that the Rev. R. Alder had come from England, in
+ 1833, to establish separate and distinct missions from those under
+ the Canada Conference with a view to absorb this grant; that when
+ the Union was formed, in 1833, the missions in charge of the Canada
+ Conference became the missions of the British Conference, and were
+ managed by their own Superintendent; that the Canadian Missionary
+ Society from that time became a mere auxiliary to the parent
+ Society in England; that the Canada Conference assumed no
+ responsibility in regard to the funds necessary to support these
+ missions; and that, in point of fact, they had cost the British
+ Methodists thousands of dollars over and above any grant received
+ from Lord Goderich as part of the general scheme for the support of
+ missionaries in the extended British Colonies.
+
+Dr. Ryerson, in concluding these explanations, adds:--
+
+ We trust that every reader clearly perceives the unparalleled
+ parliamentary imposition that has been practised upon the public by
+ the "Grievance Committee," and their gross insinuations and
+ slanders against the Methodist ministers.
+
+In 1836, the Report of the Grievance Committee came up in the House
+again. On this subject Rev. John Ryerson wrote in March, 1836, to Dr.
+Ryerson, in London, as follows:--
+
+ The altercations and quarrels which have taken place in the
+ Assembly this session on the part of Peter Perry and W. L.
+ Mackenzie, especially about the "Grievance Report," have raised you
+ much in the estimation of the people. The correctness of your views
+ and statements are now universally acknowledged, and your defamers
+ deserted by all candid men. Political things are looking very
+ favourable at the present time. The extremer of the Radical party
+ are going down headlong. May a gracious Providence speed them on
+ their journey!
+
+To Mr. Perry, Dr. Ryerson replied fully and explicitly. He said:
+
+ Mr. Perry has charged me with departing from my former ground in
+ regard to an ecclesiastical establishment in Upper Canada. My
+ editorials and correspondence with Her Majesty's Government will be
+ considered conclusive evidence of the falsity of the charge, and
+ will again defeat the attempts of the enemies of Methodism to
+ destroy me and overthrow the Conference. Another cause of attack by
+ Mr. Perry is, that amongst several other suggestions which I took
+ the liberty to offer to Lord Glenelg, Colonial Secretary, was the
+ appointment of a certain gentleman of known popularity to the
+ Executive Council. Mr. Perry seemed to consider himself as a sort
+ of king in Lennox and Addington, and appears to regard it as an
+ infringement upon his sovereign prerogatives that I should be
+ stationed so near the borders of his empire as Kingston. But many
+ of his constituents can bear record whether the object of my
+ ministry was to dethrone Peter Perry, or to break down the power
+ and influence of a much more formidable and important
+ personage--the power of him that ruleth in the hearts of the
+ children of disobedience.[47]
+
+_March 30th, London._--During his stay in England, Dr. Ryerson had been
+able to look upon public affairs in Upper Canada with more calmness, and
+more impartiality, than when he was there in the midst of them as an
+actor. In that spirit he, at this date, addressed a letter to the
+_Guardian_ on what he regarded as an approaching crisis of the highest
+importance to the Province. He said:--
+
+ It is not a mere ephemeral strife of partizanship; it is a
+ deliberate and bold attempt to change the leading features of the
+ Constitution--a Constitution to which allegiance has been sworn,
+ and to which firm attachment has been over and over again expressed
+ in addresses to the Governor up to 1834. Such being the case, it
+ becomes every man who fears God and loves his country to pause, to
+ think, to decide. I have told the Colonial Secretary, that whilst
+ the Methodist Church asked for nothing but "equal and impartial
+ protection," yet I believed the attachment to the Constitution of
+ the country and to the British Crown, expressed in petitions and
+ addresses from the Methodist Conference and people of Canada, to be
+ sincere, and that they would prove to be so in their future
+ conduct. They had been falsely charged as being Republicans, but
+ they had always repudiated this charge as a calumny. Nor would they
+ be found among those who, like Messrs. Peter Perry and W. L.
+ Mackenzie, had recently avowed their intention to establish
+ republican elective institutions in the Province.
+
+ As to the charges of the "Grievance Committee" party, I can truly
+ say that I have never received one farthing of public money from
+ any quarter, and my humble support to my King and country is
+ unsought, unsolicited, and spontaneous.
+
+_May 21st--London._--At this date Dr. Ryerson wrote:--
+
+During my exile here in England I have more and more longed for news
+from Canada, and cooling water to the panting hart could not be more
+refreshing than late intelligence from my dear native land has been to
+me. I can now listen with an interest and sympathy that I never did
+before, to the patriotic effusions of the warm-hearted and eloquent
+Irishmen, whom I have recently heard, respecting "the first flower of
+the earth, the first gem of the sea."
+
+The news from Canada presents to my mind strange contrasts. A few years
+ago efforts were made to prove that the Methodist ministers were the
+"salaried hirelings" of a foreign republican power. Now efforts are
+being made to persuade the Canadian public that the same ministers are
+the salaried hirelings of British power, because they refuse to be
+identified with men and measures which are revolutionary in their
+tendencies. Our motto is "fear God and honour the King," and "meddle not
+with them that are given to change." Many who were influenced to take
+part in the former crusade have long since given proof of a better
+spirit; so it will be, I trust, with those who have now been hurried on
+into the present shameless and malignant opposition, against a cause
+which has confessedly been of the highest spiritual and eternal
+advantage to thousands in Upper Canada. I venture to predict that not a
+few of our partizan adversaries will ere long lament their madness of
+political idolatry and religious hostility. In the former case,
+Methodism survived, triumphed, and prospered; in the present case, if we
+are true to our principles and faithful to our God, He will again "Cause
+the wrath of man to praise Him, and restrain the remainder of that
+wrath."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[47] Dr. Ryerson's reply to Mr. Perry was afterwards reprinted as an
+election flysheet, headed "Peter Perry Picked to Pieces by Egerton
+Ryerson," and circulated broadcast in the counties. It resulted in Mr.
+Perry being rejected as M.P.P. for Lennox and Addington in the elections
+of 1836. (See Chapter xxiii.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+1836-1837.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's Diary of his Second Mission to England
+
+
+The following is from Dr. Ryerson's diary (which is incomplete) giving
+the result of his experiences and labours in England, during his second
+mission there.
+
+ _London, January 1st, 1836._--I am again in the great metropolis of
+ the Christian world. My wife and I left our native land, and
+ affectionate pastoral charge, on the 20th of November, 1835, and
+ arrived here the 30th of December, after a voyage of tempest and
+ sea-sickness. But to the Ruler of the winds, and the Father of our
+ spirits, we present our grateful acknowledgments for the
+ preservation of our lives. To our Heavenly Father have I, with my
+ dear wife, presented ourselves at the commencement of this new
+ year. O, may we through grace keep our vows, and henceforth abound
+ in every Christian grace and comfort, every good word and work!
+
+ We have been most kindly received by the Missionary Secretaries and
+ other brethren; the prospects appear encouraging for the success of
+ our mission: another ground of thankfulness, increased zeal, and
+ faithfulness.
+
+ _Jan. 2nd._--Called at the Colonial Office to present my note of
+ introduction from Sir John Colborne to Lord Glenelg. We were
+ admitted to an interview with Mr. (afterwards Sir James) Stephen,
+ Assistant Colonial Secretary, who promised to present Sir John
+ Colborne's letter to Lord Glenelg, and inform me when he would
+ receive me. To-day I received a call from my kind and excellent
+ friend, Rev. John Hannah, a thorough scholar, a profound divine, an
+ affectionate, able, and popular preacher. He heartily welcomed us
+ to the country.
+
+ _Jan. 3rd--Sabbath._--It being the first Sabbath in the year, I
+ attended that most solemn and important service--the renewal of the
+ covenant. It was conducted by Rev. Dr. Bunting, in a manner the
+ most impressive and affecting I ever witnessed. There were but few
+ dry eyes in the chapel. He spoke of the primary design of Methodism
+ as not to oppose anything but sin--not to subvert existing forms of
+ faith, but to infuse the vital spirit of primitive Christianity
+ into them. Dr. Bunting said that the renewal of the covenant was a
+ service peculiar to Methodism, and expatiated on the importance of
+ its being entered upon advisedly, and in humble dependence upon
+ Divine grace. After singing, the whole congregation knelt down,
+ remaining some time in silent prayer. After Dr. Bunting, as their
+ mouthpiece, read the covenant, all then rose and sang "The covenant
+ we this moment make," etc. The Lord's Supper was administered to
+ several hundred persons, and the services concluded with singing
+ and prayer.
+
+ _Jan. 4th._--I spent the evening at Rev. Mr. Alder's, in company
+ with Dr. Bunting, Rev. John Bowers, and Rev. P. L. Turner. In
+ conversation, the religious and general interests of the Methodist
+ Connexion were introduced. I was no less edified than delighted
+ with the remarks of Dr. Bunting, especially those which related to
+ the former distinction between, and the present confounding of,
+ supernumerary and superannuated preachers, and the desirableness of
+ restoring the ancient distinction. He spoke of the experience
+ requisite to, and evils of general legislation in, Church
+ affairs--introducing matters of legislation into Quarterly
+ Meetings, etc. Dr. Bunting's prayer at parting was deeply
+ spiritual.
+
+ _Jan. 5th._--Spent the day in writing an article for the
+ _Watchman_, on the present state of the Canadas; and in drawing up
+ some papers on the Upper Canada Academy. Had a pleasant visit from
+ Rev. John Beecham, one of the Missionary Secretaries.
+
+ _Jan. 6th._--Met at the Mission House with Rev. Richard Reece,
+ President of the Conference. He is, I believe, the oldest preacher
+ who has filled the presidential chair since the days of Wesley.
+
+ _Jan. 10th, Sunday._--In the morning heard Rev. Mr. Cubitt, and in
+ the evening endeavoured to preach for him.
+
+ _Jan. 13th._--Received a note from Lord Glenelg fixing the time
+ when he would receive me.
+
+ _Jan. 14th._--Spent a delightful evening in company with Rev. John
+ Hannah and wife, Dr. Sandwich (Editor of the _Watchman_) and wife,
+ and several others. The conversation principally turned upon the
+ learning of the ancients, and the writings of the early Protestant
+ Reformers and their successors. Dr. Sandwich is a very literary
+ man, Mr. Hannah an excellent general scholar.
+
+ _Jan. 15th._--Spent the evening with Rev. William Jenkins, an old
+ superannuated minister, in company with several friends. Mr. and
+ Mrs. Jenkins are a venerable couple about 80 years of age.
+
+ _Jan. 17th--Sabbath._--Heard the Hon. and Rev. Baptist Noel. The
+ Church was plain, the congregation large, and very attentive and
+ solemn. A large number of school children were present; the little
+ girls all dressed alike; they all had prayer and hymn books; they
+ read the responses and sung with the utmost correctness. In the
+ afternoon we went to that splendid monument of art and wealth--St.
+ Paul's. The sermon was more evangelical than I expected. In the
+ evening I preached to a very large congregation in St. George's
+ Chapel, Commercial Road. A gracious influence seemed to rest on the
+ congregation.
+
+ _Jan. 24th--Sabbath._--Preached in the Hinde-street Chapel. In
+ Surrey Chapel I heard Rev. James Parsons, of York, one of the first
+ preachers of the day. Surrey Chapel is the place of the celebrated
+ Rowland Hill's protracted ministry. Its shape is octagon, and it
+ will seat 3,000 persons. The church service was read well by a
+ person of strong, sonorous voice. At the conclusion of the church
+ service Mr. Parsons ascended the pulpit. His prayer was simple,
+ unaffected, and scriptural. His text was Luke xi. 47-48. His manner
+ was by no means pleasing; he stood nearly motionless, and appeared
+ to be reading his sermon. Yet attention was riveted; the current of
+ thought soon began to rise, and continued to swell, until he came
+ to a pause. Then there was a general burst of coughing; after which
+ the preacher proceeded in an ascending scale of argument, until he
+ had his audience entranced, when he would burst forth upon his
+ captives with the combined authority and tenderness of a conqueror
+ and deliverer, and press them into the refuge city of Gospel
+ salvation.
+
+ _Jan. 25th._--Attended a Missionary-meeting in Southwark Chapel.
+ Mr. Thomas Farmer, presided. Several spake: one a New Zealander,
+ whose wit and oddities amused all, but profited none.
+
+ _Jan. 26th._--Had an interview with Lord Glenelg, on the subject of
+ my mission. We can get a charter for the Upper Canada Academy, but
+ assistance is uncertain. His Lordship was very courteous and
+ communicative. He thanked me for the information I gave him
+ concerning the Colonies.
+
+ _Jan. 31st, Sunday._--Preached twice to-day (in City Road and
+ Wilderness Row). The Lord was with me, and I believe I did not
+ labour in vain.
+
+ _Feb. 13th._--Had an interview with the Rt. Hon. Edward Ellice; was
+ received with great kindness; he promised to use his utmost
+ influence to promote the object of my mission at the Colonial
+ office.
+
+ _Feb. 18th._--Called at the residences of several of the nobility;
+ found none at home, but Lord Ashburton, who gave me Ł5.
+
+ _Feb. 20th._--Made no progress in the way of collecting; much
+ ceremony is necessary. Have obtained some useful information, and
+ written to Sir Robert Peel on the object of my mission.
+
+ _Feb. 21st, Sunday._--Heard the Rev. Peter McOwan preach. It was
+ the best sermon I have heard from a Methodist pulpit since my
+ arrival in England. I preached in Great Queen-street Chapel in the
+ evening, on the new birth. I think the Lord was present to apply
+ the word.
+
+ _Feb. 22nd._--Called upon Lord Kenyon. I was very courteously
+ received; but His Lordship declined subscribing on account of the
+ many objects to which he contributed in connection with America. He
+ expressed his good wishes. I next called upon the Earl of
+ Aberdeen--Colonial Secretary under Sir Robert Peel's government. He
+ expressed himself satisfied with my letters from Upper Canada, but
+ said that he would enquire of Mr. Hay, late under Colonial
+ Secretary, and directed me to call again. I was also received by
+ Dr. Blomfield, Lord Bishop of London. Dr. Blomfield is a handsome
+ and very courteous man. He declined subscribing on account of its
+ not having been recommended by the Bishop of the Diocese; was not
+ unfriendly to my object; said he had a high respect for the
+ Wesleyan body, and considered they had done much good; he had
+ expressed this opinion in print.
+
+ _Feb. 23rd._--Addressed a letter to Lord Glenelg requesting an
+ early answer to our application, stating our pressing
+ circumstances. Called upon Thomas Baring, Esq., M.P., who gave me
+ Ł5. I find it very hard and very slow work to get money.
+
+ _Feb. 24th._--Received an answer from Sir Robert Peel in the
+ negative. His reason is non-connection with Upper Canada! A
+ gentleman of the house of Thomas Wilson & Co. gave utterance to a
+ sentiment which singularly contrasted with the selfishness of Sir
+ Robert Peel. He said: Education was the same thing throughout the
+ world, and that was the light in which this institution should be
+ viewed. His house gave me ten guineas, and have kindly engaged to
+ furnish me with names of other gentlemen.
+
+ _Feb. 25th._--Obtained Ł21 for the Academy. The sentiments
+ expressed by two of the gentlemen on whom I called deserve to be
+ recorded. Mr. A. Gillespie, jun., who is connected with Lower
+ Canada, after subscribing Ł10 and furnishing me with a list of
+ names of merchants engaged in trade with the Canadas, said:--"I am
+ a member of the Church of Scotland, but I have a high respect for
+ John Wesley and Dr. Bunting. I admire the principles of John
+ Wesley, and hope you will abide by them, and that they will be
+ taught in this institution. Above all things keep out Socinianism."
+ I then called on a Mr. Brooking, who said:--"I feel happy in the
+ opportunity of contributing to such an object. I have been in the
+ North American provinces and know that nothing is wanted more than
+ good institutions for the education of youth, and especially under
+ the superintendence of the Methodists. From what I have seen I
+ believe they have done more good in the colonies than any other
+ Church. Though I am a member of the Church of England, I feel it my
+ duty as a Protestant, and a friend to religion, to give my utmost
+ mite to the labours of your ministers in the colonies. I believe in
+ those new countries the Methodists are the bulwark of Protestantism
+ against popery and infidelity, and I am glad you are establishing
+ such an institution."
+
+ _Feb. 27th._--Received the greatest kindness from Mr. E. H.
+ Chapman, who was in Upper Canada last summer, and had seen the
+ institution at Cobourg. He expressed himself happy in the
+ opportunity to subscribe, and said he had travelled two days with
+ Sir John Colborne. Mr. Chapman considered, of all people, the
+ Methodists the most active and successful in imparting religious
+ instruction to the Colonists.
+
+ _Feb. 28th--Sabbath._--Preached at Islington; then dined with a Mr.
+ Brunskill, who was well versed in the history of Methodism.
+
+From this date until the close of July there is no record in Dr.
+Ryerson's diary. From letters written by him to Canada, I therefore
+continue the narrative:--
+
+ _Birmingham, April 11th._--During a delightful visit here at the
+ missionary anniversaries I had an opportunity of hearing and
+ conversing with two of the most remarkable men of the present day:
+ William (or, as he is called, Billy) Dawson, the Yorkshire farmer,
+ and the venerable Gideon Ousley, the patriarchal Irish missionary.
+ Mr. Dawson excelled in his own characteristic way any man I ever
+ heard. His great strength lies in a matchless power of graphic
+ description, dramatic imitation, and hallowed unction from the Holy
+ One. He is a man of an age. At the missionary breakfast I sat
+ beside the venerable Ousley, and told him of some of his spiritual
+ children in Canada that I knew. He gave God the praise, and desired
+ me to deliver this message to his old friends and spiritual
+ children in Canada: "I am now in my 75th year, labouring as hard as
+ ever; am well, and strong. Be faithful unto death. I will meet you
+ in Heaven."
+
+ _London, June 8th._--To-day my brethren are assembling in Annual
+ Conference at Belleville. It is the first conference in the
+ proceedings of which, I have not been permitted to take a part
+ since I entered the ministry. A considerable part of the day I
+ spent in imploring the divine blessing upon the deliberations of my
+ brethren. After reckoning the difference of time, I retired at the
+ hour when I knew they would be engaged in the conference
+ prayer-meeting in order to unite with them at the throne of the
+ Heavenly grace; and truly, I found it refreshing indeed to be
+ present in spirit with them in beseeching the continual direction
+ of the Divine Pilot to guide the Wesleyan ship over the tempestuous
+ sea. I long to be with my fellow-labourers in Canada in their toils
+ as well as joys. "If I forget thee," O thou Spiritual Jerusalem of
+ my native land, "let my right hand forget its cunning, and my
+ tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth. Peace be within thy walls,
+ and prosperity within thy palaces!"
+
+ _June 12th._--Although I find that collecting for the Upper Canada
+ Academy is a wearisome work, yet I must not slacken my exertions so
+ long as our friends in Upper Canada are in such straits for funds.
+ Brother John has written me an urgent letter from Hallowell, in
+ which he says:--I hope the Lord will give you good success in
+ collecting for our Seminary. Everything depends on the success of
+ your exertions. Ł4,000 is the least that will answer. O, how
+ awfully we have got involved in this painful and protracted
+ business! O, if you can help us out of this mire, the Lord reward
+ you! I am greatly at a loss what to do. I had concluded to leave,
+ and go to the States; but thought I had better wait your return and
+ take counsel with you. I hope the Lord may direct me!
+
+ _Dublin, July 2nd._--I have just come over here to the Irish
+ Conference, and was affectionately received by the Irish preachers.
+ While in Dublin I stayed with a very intelligent and kind family. I
+ attended the Irish Conference, which was held in Whitefriar's
+ Street Chapel--a building rented for a preaching-place by the
+ venerable Wesley himself. Here in the midst of the sallies of Irish
+ wit and humour, mingled with evident piety and kindness, I sat down
+ and wrote a letter to the dear friends in Canada.
+
+From this letter I make an extract:--
+
+ The preachers are warm-hearted, pious men, some of them very
+ clever; warm in their discussions, abounding in wit; talk much in
+ doing their business; several are sometimes up at a time. They are
+ certainly a body of excellent men. In their financial reports it
+ appears that many of them are really examples of self-denial,
+ suffering, and devotion.
+
+The following are extracts from Dr. Ryerson's diary:--
+
+ _July 26th._--Attended the Conference at Birmingham. When Dr. Fisk
+ was introduced, the address of the American General Conference was
+ read. Silence and attention were marked until the words "negro
+ slavery" were mentioned, when there was a general cry of "hear,
+ hear," and "no, no, no."
+
+ During the Conference a Mr. Robinson was called upon to explain his
+ reason for preaching to a secret society called "Odd Fellows." Dr.
+ Bunting and Dr. Newton had always refused to preach to such
+ societies. Dr. Fisk made some remarks on Masonry in the United
+ States, and the evil of the Methodist preachers being connected
+ with, or countenancing, such societies.
+
+ _Sept. 2nd._--Presented to Lord Glenelg the Address, to the King,
+ of the Canadian Conference. He read it carefully, and expressed
+ himself pleased with it. He enquired as to the charges against Sir
+ Francis Head, and the appointment of those persons only to office
+ who are truly attached to the British Constitution. I answered his
+ lordship on each of these points mentioned, and assured him of the
+ loyal British feelings of the inhabitants of Upper Canada. I
+ pressed upon him the importance of an early settlement of the
+ Clergy Reserve question. His lordship thanked me for the
+ communications which I had from time to time made to him on
+ Canadian affairs. He requested me to write to him on any matter,
+ relative to the Canadas, I thought proper.
+
+ _Sept. 4th--Sunday._--Attended the Hon. and Rev. Baptist Noel's
+ Church at 8 a.m., when he administered the Lord's Supper to such as
+ could not attend at any other hour. I communed for the first time
+ in the Established Church. I heard this evangelical minister preach
+ at 11 a.m. Preached myself in Spitalfields in the evening.
+
+ _Sept. 6th._--Came here (Birmingham) from London on a collecting
+ tour. Have been kindly received by my Quaker friends, the Sturges.
+ In commemoration of the first Wesleyan Conference being held in
+ Birmingham, gold medals were presented to Dr. Bunting and Dr.
+ Newton, and silver medals to representatives of other
+ Conferences--the Irish and American. My name as representative not
+ having been received in time for a presentation at Conference, a
+ medal was subsequently presented to me as Canadian representative,
+ and to Rev. Richard Reece, ex-President, by the ladies of the
+ Society in Birmingham. The addresses on the occasion were made by
+ the President and Secretary--that to Mr. Reece in a few choice
+ words by Dr. Bunting; and to me, in a kindly manner, by Dr. Newton.
+ In reply I acknowledged the unexpected compliment, not as paid to
+ me, but to the country and connexion which I represented.
+
+ _Sept. 7th._--Have been kindly received by the preachers in
+ Birmingham. Spent a pleasant evening at Mr. Oldham's (son-in-law of
+ Rev. John Ryland), where I met no less than six clergymen of the
+ Established Church; the conversation was wholly of a religious
+ character, perfectly free and social. I was informed that all the
+ clergymen in Birmingham, except one, were truly evangelical. Mr.
+ Ryland told me that Rev. J. A. James had expressed his conviction
+ that there is decidedly more piety amongst the mass of the
+ Established Clergy than among the Dissenting Clergy. It was
+ altogether the most unaffectedly genteel, and truly religious party
+ I have met with in England.
+
+ _Sept. 9th._--Busy and successful. Very kindly received by the
+ following Church of England ministers, viz., Rev. Mr. Mosely,
+ Rector, Rev. Dr. Jeune [afterwards Master of Pembroke College], and
+ Rev. William Marsh, who is frequently called the model of the
+ Apostle John, on account of the depth and sweetness of his piety,
+ the purity of his life, and the heavenly expression of his
+ countenance. [His daughter is a noted evangelist and writer, 1883.]
+
+ _Sept. 10th._--Took tea with Mr. Meredith, a Swedenborgian, upwards
+ of 80, perfectly sincere in his belief, and sweet in his spirit.
+ Also met the celebrated Dr. Philip, of South Africa, and the more
+ celebrated John Angel James, of Birmingham. The conversation of the
+ evening was principally turned upon the means by which the great
+ measure of emancipation was carried--the conduct of Mr. Stanley and
+ Mr. Buxton. I was struck with Mr. Sturge's remark, that he
+ "believed such men as Sir A. Agnew, Sir Harry Inglis, and Lord
+ Ashley [now, in 1883, Lord Shaftesbury], were the most honest men
+ in the House of Commons."
+
+ _Sheffield, Sept. 17th._--Here I met with my old friends, Revs.
+ Messrs. Marsden, Grindrod, and Moss.
+
+ _Sept. 18th--Sunday._--Preached in Craven street Chapel in the
+ morning, and at Brunswick Chapel in the evening.
+
+ _Sept. 20th._--Attended the Financial District Meeting. It was
+ stated that 900 persons had seceded in Sheffield in the Kilhamite
+ schism, and yet the finances were better at the end of the quarter
+ than they had been the preceding one. Kind references were made to
+ myself, and the object of my mission.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's Diary ends here. From his letters to Canada I make the
+following extracts:--
+
+ _Sheffield, Oct. 5th._--I was in Barnsley on Friday and Saturday;
+ went to Wakefield on Saturday, and preached there on Sunday.
+ Addressed about 40 circulars to gentlemen in Wakefield on Monday
+ morning. Returned to Sheffield and spoke at the Missionary Meeting;
+ begged yesterday; spoke at the adjourned meeting last evening; have
+ been begging to-day. Spent Friday and Saturday in Wakefield; go to
+ Leeds on Saturday evening, and so on. The preachers and friends
+ shew me all possible kindness and attention. The Yorkshire people
+ are very warm-hearted and social. Methodism there presents an
+ aspect different in several respects from that which it presents in
+ London, or in any other part of England I have visited; more warm,
+ energetic, and unaffected--something like Hallowell Methodism in
+ Upper Canada. Oh! I long to get home to my circuit work. Amidst all
+ the kindness and interest that it is possible for piety,
+ intelligence, Yorkshire generosity and wit to impart, I feel like
+ an exiled captive here in England.
+
+ _Bradford, Oct. 10th._--The time I am here appears very dreary, as
+ I am from morning until midnight in public labours or society of
+ some kind. I have collected Ł83 last week, and for much of it I
+ have begged very hard--though some think that I do not beg hard
+ enough. It is, however, only one who has been a stranger and had to
+ beg, that can fully appreciate the feelings and embarrassments of a
+ stranger in such circumstances. This work and sacrifice have not
+ been of my own seeking--but against my seeking. I was comfortably
+ settled amongst kind friends in Kingston, but am now cast forth in
+ this distant land, and engaged in the most disagreeable of all
+ employments,--and for what? Oh! it is for the sake of Him to whose
+ cause and glory I have consecrated my life and all. I shall love,
+ honour, and value my pastoral labours more than ever. I hope that
+ they may be more useful. During the past week I have been enabled
+ more fully than for a year past to adopt the language of St. Paul.
+ Gal. ii. 20.
+
+ _Oct. 11th._--While here I was truly gratified to receive a letter
+ from Miss Clarissa Izard, of Boulogne (France), in which she
+ says:--I trust you will pardon me, sir, for this expression of my
+ gratitude. If it had not been for a sermon preached by you on the
+ 21st of February last, I might have been where hope never cometh;
+ but, blessed be God, now I have a hope--a hope which lifts me above
+ this world, and which, I trust, I shall retain until I obtain the
+ crown of righteousness which fadeth not away.
+
+Among the many pleasing incidents in Dr. Ryerson's otherwise unpleasant
+duty of collecting funds for the Upper Canada Academy, was the note
+written from Kensington Palace by command of Her Royal Highness the
+Duchess of Kent. It was as follows:--
+
+ I am commanded by the Duchess of Kent to acknowledge the receipt of
+ your letter of the 22nd inst., and accompanying statement of "The
+ Upper Canada Academy, for the education of Canadian youth, and the
+ most promising youth of converted Indian tribes--to prepare them
+ for school-masters." Her Royal Highness is most happy in
+ patronizing, as you request, so useful and benevolent an
+ Institution, and calculated especially to promote the best
+ interests of the native population, the British emigrants, and the
+ aboriginal tribes of that valuable and important British Province.
+ Her Royal Highness desires that her name be placed on the
+ subscription list for Ł10.
+
+Referring to the great importance of the Upper Canada Academy, and to
+the services rendered by Dr. Ryerson in connection with its
+establishment, Rev. William Lord said:--
+
+ There have been many circumstances and occurrences connected with
+ this institution which, to my mind, are indicative of Providential
+ interference. The bitterness manifested against it by the enemies
+ of Methodism and of the peace of the country; the difficulties
+ which stood in the way of its completion; the distressing,
+ overwhelming, and unforseen embarrassments of its funds, which
+ forced the Committee to send you to this country to seek relief,
+ just at a time when the affairs of the Province had arrived at a
+ crisis, and at a time when you could render special service, by
+ communicating with the Home Government--service, allow me to say,
+ greater than any other man could render, or than you could have
+ rendered at any other time or place--the favourable turn which
+ public affairs have recently taken, and, I know, in some degree
+ through your instrumentality; the perplexing and most painful
+ disappointments experienced in obtaining suitable teachers, now
+ happily overcome; the share of public favour which the Academy has
+ obtained on the commencement of its operations; and, lastly, the
+ great services you have rendered the Missionary Society, in the
+ advantage you have secured to our Indian Missionaries by your
+ representations and applications to the Government, are to me
+ reasons for believing God is in this business. You may, I think,
+ take courage, and go on in the name of the Lord. I can sympathize
+ with you; I have also suffered in this cause. I would not endure
+ the anxiety and mental agony I have experienced on account of this
+ institution for any earthly consideration. But if it flourish, I
+ have my reward. And now the reflection that, at much personal risk,
+ I have more than once saved innocent and deserving men from
+ imprisonment, and Methodism from indelible reproach, is cheering
+ and consoling. I will still stand by your side and share in your
+ difficulties. My honour in this matter is united with yours, and
+ the ruin of this institution will be mine.
+
+In a letter from London, dated 21st July, 1836, Dr. Ryerson narrates the
+difficulties which he had encountered in obtaining a Charter for the
+Upper Canada Academy. The correspondence with the Colonial Office
+embraced twenty-nine letters, and extended over a period of six months.
+In conducting it, Dr. Ryerson states:--I found those in the Colonial
+Office, and those who retired from it (during that time) equally
+favourable to the object of my mission, and equally desirous of
+promoting the best interests of the Colonies. In his report of the
+negotiations for the Charter, Dr. Ryerson says:--
+
+ The Attorney-General assured me that not only Lord Glenelg, but
+ every member of His Majesty's Government was anxious to accede to
+ my application--that the difficulties were purely legal--that
+ though the doctrines and rules of the Methodist body in Canada were
+ doubtless very sacred, yet they were unknown in law, (in England.)
+ I, therefore, laid before the Crown officers[48] a copy of the
+ statutes of Upper Canada (which I had borrowed from the Colonial
+ office), and showed the grounds on which we professed to be
+ invested with the clerical character by the statutes of the
+ Province, as well as by the formularies of our connexion, and were
+ recognized as ministers by the Courts of Quarter Sessions; that we
+ might be defined as ministers (for the purposes of the Charter) as
+ in the Marriage Statute of U.C., which would be the same thing as
+ being defined according to the Rules of our Discipline. Placing the
+ question before the Crown officers in this simple light, their
+ scruples were at once removed, and they cordially acceded to my
+ proposition to recognize our ministerial character. As I was
+ required to name in the Charter the first trustees and visitors,
+ and as I had no list of those who had been appointed by the
+ Conference, I was obliged to furnish names myself. I was also
+ required to name in the Charter the time and place of the next
+ Annual Meeting (Conference) of Ministers. I inserted the second
+ Wednesday of June as the time of meeting; Cobourg, or Toronto, as
+ the place of meeting.
+
+ With the aid of a professional gentleman (whom I could only get for
+ a small portion of each day) the draft of Charter was prepared
+ after a delay of five weeks. This draft was approved, with the
+ exception of the words: Wesleyan Methodist _Church_, for which the
+ Solicitor-General had substituted the words: Wesleyan Methodist
+ _Connexion_, as the designation of the Body on whose behalf a
+ Charter was to be granted. In a letter to Sir George Grey I stated
+ my reasons why the word _Church_ should be retained, as the
+ Wesleyan ministers, under whose superintendence the Academy is to
+ be placed, had been licensed (under the Provincial Statute referred
+ to in the Charter) as Ministers of the Wesleyan Methodist Church in
+ Canada. To these reasons the Crown Officers yielded, and thus the
+ Charter was completed.
+
+ I then renewed my application for receiving aid from the Casual and
+ Territorial Revenue of Upper Canada. In reply, I was assured that
+ the Lieutenant-Governor would be directed to bring the claims of
+ the Academy before the notice of the Provincial Legislature.
+
+Dr. Ryerson concludes:--
+
+ Thus terminated this protracted correspondence of more than six
+ months, during the whole of which time I was enabled to cleave to
+ and maintain my original purpose; though I had to encounter
+ successive, discouraging, and almost insurmountable difficulties.
+ Not having been able to effect any loan from private individuals,
+ on account of the agitated state of the Canadas--being in suspense
+ as to the result of my application to the Government, I was
+ several months pressed down with anxiety and fear by this suspense,
+ and by reason of the failure of my efforts to obtain relief. In
+ this anxiety and fear my own unassisted resolution and fortitude
+ could not sustain me. I had to rely upon the unfailing support of
+ the Lord, my God.
+
+ In my negotiations for the Charter, I was uniformly treated with
+ courtesy and kindness in the Colonial office, and by the several
+ members of His Majesty's Government. Praise God!
+
+In a letter written to Dr. Alder, after Dr. Ryerson had returned from
+England, the latter said:--
+
+ We have not yet received a farthing of the Government grant to our
+ Academy. The Governor's reply still is, there is no money in the
+ treasury; but he has given us his written promise, and offered his
+ word to any of the banks, that it shall be paid out of the first
+ money which had not been previously appropriated. But, strange to
+ say, there is not a bank or banker in Upper Canada that will take
+ the Governor's promise for Ł100. Mr. Receiver-General Dunn kindly
+ lent, out of his own pocket, to my brother John, about Ł1,200 for
+ the Academy, upon my brother's receipt, remarking at the same time
+ that he did it upon his credit, and out of respect to the
+ Methodists, but that he could place no dependence upon the word of
+ Sir Francis in the matter. We are thus pressed to beg or borrow in
+ relation to the Academy as much as ever, or even worse, for several
+ of us are individually responsible for Ł2,200, besides Mr. Farmer's
+ loan of Ł800. At our recent Academy Board Meeting, the damages of
+ Mr. Lord's protested bills came under consideration. The
+ circumstances of the case are briefly as follows:--Mr. Lord's
+ sincere desire and zeal to promote the interests of the Institution
+ and Connexion generally, were admitted and appreciated by all the
+ brethren; but it appears, 1. That a large portion of the debts were
+ incurred in compliance with the advice of Mr. Lord, and in
+ consequence of his influence as the representative of the British
+ Connexion. He assured the Sub-Committee at Cobourg that money
+ should be forthcoming, and if necessary he would go to England and
+ beg it, that John Bull never stopped when he commenced a thing,
+ etc.; that Mr. Lord did that contrary to the recommendation of the
+ Conference Committee, and against the advice and even remonstrance
+ of the Chairman of the District (John Ryerson), who had been
+ appointed by the Conference to see that the Sub-Committee should
+ not exceed the appropriations of the Conference, as they had done
+ in former years. 2. The premises were mortgaged to Mr. Lord as
+ security for the sum of Ł2500, some of which has not been advanced,
+ and the payments of which he did advance were provided for (with
+ the exception of two or three hundred pounds) by the brethren in
+ this Province. 3. After Mr. Lord received information from the
+ Committee in London that his bills would not be honoured, he called
+ a meeting of the Board--stated his difficulties--got individuals to
+ allow him to draw upon them to meet the bills on their return, and
+ sent me to England. 4. Mr. Lord assured our Conference at
+ Belleville, June, 1836, that the brethren here would never be
+ called upon to pay a farthing of the damages for non-payment of his
+ bills. I believe that no man could feel more earnestly desirous to
+ promote the interests of the Canadian Connexion in every respect
+ than he did. It is also the full conviction of our leading brethren
+ that had I attended the American General Conference, instead of
+ being in England, such an arrangement would have been made as to
+ have secured to our Connexion what was due us from the New York
+ Book Concern--which amounts to more than I obtained in England,
+ besides the mortification and mental suffering which I experienced
+ in my most unpleasant engagements, notwithstanding the sympathy and
+ never-to-be-forgotten kindness of many of my fathers and brethren
+ of the parent Connexion.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[48] Sir J. Campbell, afterwards Chief Justice, and Sir R. M. Rolfe,
+afterwards a Baron of the Exchequer.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+1836.
+
+Publication of The Hume and Roebuck Letters.
+
+
+In a letter from London, dated 29th April, 1836, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+This day week I went to the House of Commons to hear the debates on the
+motions relative to the Canadas, of which Messrs. Roebuck and Hume had
+given notice. As Mr. Roebuck was about to bring forward his motion, the
+House of 202 members thinned to 50 or 60 members. Under these
+circumstances he postponed it for a week, in the hope that a sufficient
+number of members would give him an opportunity to make a speech in
+return for the Ł1,100 a year paid to him as Agent of "the poor and
+oppressed Canadians." When Mr. Hume brought forward his motion there
+were only 43 members present. I thought how much Canada was benefitted
+by such men who could only command the attention of 50 out of the 658
+members of the House of Commons! I know not a man more disliked and
+despised by all parties in the House than is Mr. Roebuck--a man who has
+been employed to establish (as he says in one of his letters to Mr.
+Papineau) a "pure democracy in the Canadas." One of the serious
+drawbacks to the credit and interests of our country, amongst public and
+business men of all parties in England, is their supposed connection
+with such a restless political cynic as Mr. Roebuck, and such an
+acknowledged and avowed colonial separationist as Mr. Hume.
+
+In regard to these proceedings of Messrs. Hume and Roebuck, Dr. Ryerson
+writes, in this part of the Story of his Life, as follows:--
+
+It was during the early part of 1836 that I was accosted by almost every
+gentleman to whom I was introduced in England with words, "You in Canada
+are going to separate from England, and set up a republic for
+yourselves!" I denied that there was any such feeling among the people
+of Canada, who desired certain reforms, and redress of grievances, but
+were as loyal as any people in England.
+
+After the Canadian elections of 1836, Dr. Charles Duncombe (afterwards
+leader of the rebels in the County of Oxford) came to England, the
+bearer of petitions got up by Mr. W. L. Mackenzie and his partizans and
+crammed Mr. Hume to make a formidable assault upon the British Canadian
+Government. In presenting the Canadian petition Mr. Hume made an
+elaborate speech, full of exaggerations and mis-statements from
+beginning to end. I was requested to take a seat under the gallery, and,
+while Mr. Hume was speaking as the mouth-piece of Dr. C. Duncombe, I
+furnished Lord Sandon and Mr. W. E. Gladstone with the materials for
+answers to Mr. Hume's mis-statements. Mr. Gladstone's quick perception,
+with Lord Sandon's promptings, kept the House in a roar of laughter at
+Mr. Hume's expense for more than an hour; the wonder being how Mr.
+Gladstone was so thoroughly informed on Canadian affairs. No member of
+the House of Commons seemed to be more astonished and confounded than
+Mr. Hume himself. He made no reply, and, as far as I know, never after
+spoke on Canadian affairs; and Mr. Roebuck soon ceased to be Agent for
+the Lower Canada House of Assembly. He has since become an ultra
+Conservative!
+
+In a letter from London, dated 1st June, Dr. Ryerson says:--
+
+Before Dr. Duncombe arrived in England, and seeing how much injury was
+being done to the reputation and influence of Canada by these
+representations, I commenced a series of letters in the London _Times_,
+designed to expose the machinations and mis-statements of Messrs. Hume
+and Roebuck in England, in regard to matters in Upper Canada, showing
+from their own letters to Messrs. Papineau and Mackenzie that they were
+the first prompters of the project.[49] To-day I also addressed a letter
+to Sir George Grey, Under-Secretary for the Colonies, on the political
+crisis in that Province. After discussing several matters relating to
+the recent election of a new House of Assembly, I concluded as
+follows:--As the affairs of the Province will now be taken into
+consideration by His Majesty's Government, there are three subjects on
+which I would respectfully request an interview with Lord Glenelg,
+yourself, and Mr. [Sir James] Stephen. 1. The Clergy Reserve question--a
+plan to meet the circumstances of the Province, and yet not deprive the
+clergy of the Church of England of an adequate support. 2. The
+Legislative Council--how it may be rendered more influential and
+popular, without rendering it elective, or infringing (but rather
+strengthening) the prerogatives of the Crown. 3. The Executive--how its
+just authority, influence and popularity may be promoted and
+established, so as to prevent the occurrence of that embarrassment in
+which it is now involved, not from improper acts, but from an actual
+deficiency of the requisite operative means to secure the Royal
+Prerogative from insult and invasion. I am aware that each of these
+subjects is surrounded with difficulty, and that no plan proposed will
+be entirely free from objection, but I should like to state the views
+which my acquaintance with the Province has impressed on my own mind,
+and which I have not seen suggested in any official document or public
+journal, but which have been favourably thought of by two or three
+respectable gentlemen connected with Canada, to whom I have stated them.
+
+In reply, Lord Glenelg appointed the following Monday for the desired
+interview. I afterwards embodied the substance of my views in a letter
+to Sir George Grey.
+
+No further reference is made to this interview by Dr. Ryerson. But in a
+letter from him, dated 21st July, he says:--
+
+ I was applied to, and did, in my individual capacity, communicate
+ to the Colonial Secretary frequently, and in one or two instances
+ at great length, on the posture of Canadian affairs; and the
+ parties and principal questions which have divided and agitated the
+ Canadian public. I repeatedly received the thanks of the Secretary
+ of State for the Colonies, for the pains which I had taken in these
+ matters; but what influence my communications may have had, or may
+ have, on the policy of His Majesty's Government towards the Canadas
+ is not for me to say, as I desired Lord Glenelg not to assume,
+ _prima facie_, as correct, any of my representations, but to
+ examine my authorities--to weigh my arguments--to hear what could
+ be said by others--as I had no friends to recommend to office, and
+ no personal interests to promote, only the religious and general
+ peace and prosperity of the Canadas, and the maintenance of a firm
+ and mutually beneficial connection between these Colonies and the
+ parent State.
+
+ I think I have good reason to believe that much more correct and
+ decided views are entertained by His Majesty's ministers and many
+ public men in England, in respect to the interests and government
+ of the Canadas, than were possessed by them six months ago; and
+ that all of those inhabitants of the Colonies, who patriotically
+ maintain their Christian and constitutional allegiance, will ensure
+ the respect, equal and firm protection, and parental regard of
+ their Sovereign and his government, by whatever party it may be
+ administered.
+
+In a letter from London, dated 26th July (page 154), Dr. Ryerson
+says:--Mr. William Lunn, of Montreal, has just arrived from Quebec. He
+informs me that--
+
+ My letters to the London _Times_, on Hume and Roebuck, have
+ produced the most amazing effect upon the public mind of the
+ Province, of anything that I ever wrote. To the Lord be all the
+ praise for his great goodness, after all our toil and suffering.
+ There is nothing like integrity of principle and faithfulness in
+ duty, in humble dependence upon the Lord, and with an eye to His
+ glory!
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[49] The British North American Association of Merchants had these
+letters reprinted from _The Times_ newspaper, and a copy sent to each
+member of Parliament, both of the Lords and Commons. They were signed,
+"A Canadian."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+1836-1837.
+
+Important Events Transpiring in Upper Canada.
+
+
+Dr. Ryerson was absent in England from 20th November, 1835, to 12th
+June, 1837. On the 15th of January, 1836, Sir John Colborne, by order in
+Council, endowed fifty-seven Rectories in Upper Canada out of the Clergy
+Reserve Lands. On the 23rd of that month Sir F. B. Head, the new
+Governor, arrived in Toronto. On the 14th of January following, he
+opened the Session of the Legislature. What followed was reported to Dr.
+Ryerson by his friend, Mr. S. S. Junkin, in a letter, dated, Toronto,
+1st May:--
+
+ Our Parliament was prorogued on the 20th April, after such a
+ session as was never before known in Upper Canada. You will form
+ some idea of the state of affairs when I tell you that it "stopped
+ the supplies," and the Governor reserved all of the money bills,
+ (twelve)--including that for the contingences of the House,--for
+ the King's pleasure.
+
+The immediate cause of the rupture between the new Governor (Sir F. B.
+Head) and the House of Assembly--
+
+ Arose out of the resignation of the Executive Council. On the 20th
+ February, the Governor (as directed by Lord Glenelg) added three
+ Reformers to his Council, viz.: Messrs. Robert Baldwin, John Rolph,
+ and John Henry Dunn. On the 4th March, these gentlemen and the
+ Conservative members, (Messrs. Peter Robinson, George H. Markland,
+ and Joseph Wells) resigned. They complained that they were held
+ responsible for measures which they never advised, and for a policy
+ to which they were strangers. In reply the Governor stated in
+ substance that he alone was responsible for the acts of his
+ government, and was at liberty to have resource to their advice
+ only when he required it; but that to consult them on all questions
+ would be "utterly impossible." This answer was referred to a
+ Committee of the House of Assembly, which brought in a report
+ censuring the Governor in the strongest terms. On the 14th March,
+ Sir F. B. Head appointed Messrs. R. B. Sullivan, William Allan,
+ Augustus Baldwin, and John Elmsley, as his new Executive Council.
+ On the 17th the House declared its entire want of confidence in the
+ new Council, and stated that in retaining them the Governor
+ violated the instructions of the Colonial Secretary to the
+ Governor, to appoint Councillors who possessed the confidence of
+ the people. Much recrimination followed; at length Sir F. B. Head
+ dissolved the House, and directed that a new election be held.
+
+In regard to this election, Dr. Ryerson, in the "Epochs of Canadian
+Methodism" (page 226) says:--
+
+ Sir F. B. Head adroitly turned the issue, not on the question of
+ the Clergy Reserves, or of other practical questions, but on the
+ question of connection with the mother country, and of
+ Republicanism vs. Monarchy, as had been recommended by Messrs. Hume
+ and Roebuck, and advocated by Messrs. Mackenzie and Papineau. This
+ was successful, inasmuch as those Reformers who would not disavow
+ their connection with Messrs. Mackenzie, Hume and Roebuck, lost
+ their election; for though not more than half a dozen had any
+ sympathy with the sentiments of Messrs. Hume, Roebuck, Papineau,
+ and Mackenzie, they did not wish to break the unity of the Reform
+ party by repudiating them, and suffered defeat in consequence at
+ the elections. The successful candidates, generally, while they
+ repudiated Republican separation from the mother country, promised
+ fidelity to the oft-expressed and well-known wishes of the people
+ in the settlement of the Clergy Reserve question, which, however,
+ they failed to fulfil.
+
+In a letter to Dr. Ryerson, from Hallowell, his brother William said:--
+
+ Our loyal address, a very moderate one, to the Governor, was
+ carried unanimously--all the young Preachers on trial being allowed
+ to vote on that occasion. This is equally gratifying and surprising
+ to all the friends of British supremacy. A gentleman from Montreal,
+ who was present, was so surprised, and I may say, delighted, that
+ he could hardly contain himself. I did not know for a short time,
+ but he would be constrained from the violence of his feeling to
+ jump up and shout. The Conference also adopted a very good address
+ to the King. (See page 162.)
+
+ We are on the eve of a new election. The excitement through the
+ country at large exceeds anything I have ever known. There would be
+ very little cause for doubt or fear as to the results, were it not
+ for one of the last acts of Sir John Colborne's administration, in
+ establishing and endowing nearly sixty Rectories. Knowing, as I do,
+ that the public mind is strongly opposed to any measure of that
+ sort, or any step towards legalizing a church establishment, yet I
+ could not believe the feeling was so strong as it actually is. If
+ the elections should turn out disastrously to the best interest of
+ the country, the result can only be attributed to that unjust and
+ most unpolitic act. We are willing to do all that we consistently
+ can, but everywhere the rectory question meets us. While I am
+ compelled to believe that a vast majority are devotedly loyal to
+ our gracious Sovereign, yet the best and most affectionate subjects
+ of the King would almost prefer revolution to the establishment of
+ a dominant Church thus sought to be imposed on us.
+
+In a letter to Dr. Ryerson, from Toronto, his brother John says:--
+
+ The late elections agitated the Societies very much in some places,
+ but they are now settling down to "quietness and assurance." I hope
+ that the worst of the storm is over. The Governor is a talented
+ man, but very little magisterial dignity about him. He takes good
+ care to let every one know that _he_ esteems every day alike,
+ travelling on Sabbaths the same as other days. Indeed he seems to
+ have no idea of religion at all, but is purely a man of pleasure.
+ His popularity will soon be upon the wane if he does not mend in
+ these respects.
+
+ The friends in Kingston are very anxiously looking for your return,
+ and are becoming quite discontented and out of patience. They
+ complained bitterly to me of your long absence, and were anxious to
+ have me stay with them until you return.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+1837-1839.
+
+Return to Canada.--The Chapel Property Cases.
+
+
+In this part of the "Story" of his life, Dr. Ryerson has only left the
+following sentence:--At the Conference held after my return to Canada,
+in June, I declined re-election as Editor of the _Christian Guardian_,
+having promised my Kingston brethren, from whom I had been suddenly
+removed in November, 1835, that I would remain with them at least one
+year on my return from England.
+
+After Conference, Dr. Ryerson (with Rev. E. Healy) attended as a
+deputation to the Black River Conference. He said:--
+
+ The Conference was presided over by Bishop Hedding, who, in strong
+ and affecting language, expressed his feelings of respect and love
+ for our Connexion in Canada. In reply, I reiterated the expression
+ of our profound respect and affection for our honoured friend and
+ father in the Gospel; by the imposition of whose hands, I, and
+ several other brethren in Canada, have been set apart to the Holy
+ Ministry. After my return to Kingston, brother Healy and I received
+ from the Black River Conference a complimentary resolution in
+ regard to our visit. In enclosing it to me, Rev. Jesse T. Peck, the
+ Secretary [afterwards Bishop], said:--Allow me humbly, but
+ earnestly, to beg a continuance of that friendship with you, which
+ in its commencement has afforded me so much pleasure.
+
+In August of this year, 1837, the celebrated trial of the Waterloo
+Chapel case[50] took place before Mr. Justice Macaulay, at the Kingston
+Assizes, and a verdict was given against the Wesleyan Methodists. It was
+subsequently appealed to the Court of King's Bench, at Toronto. Three
+elaborate judgments were delivered on the case. Rev. John Ryerson was a
+good deal exercised as to the ill effects, upon the connexional church
+property, of Judge Macaulay's adverse decision. In a letter to Dr.
+Ryerson, he said:--
+
+ We are much troubled and perplexed, here in Toronto, about the
+ Waterloo Chapel case. I saw the Attorney-General on the subject
+ to-day. When Judge Macaulay's judgment is published, I hope you
+ will carefully review the whole matter, and lay the thing before
+ the public in such a way as to produce conviction. Everybody is
+ inquiring whether or not you will take up the subject.
+
+An appeal was made to the King's Bench at Toronto. This Court--
+
+ Set aside the verdict of the lower Court, and ordered a new
+ trial.... At this second trial, as also that respecting the
+ Belleville Church property case, [November, 1837], ... the whole
+ matter was "ventilated," and the result was that the legal decision
+ of the highest judicial tribunal of the land confirmed the Wesleyan
+ Methodist Church as the rightful owner of the Church property, it
+ being the true representative and successor of the original
+ Methodist Episcopal Church in Canada. These litigations extended
+ over more than two years, and the friends of Zion and of peace
+ greatly rejoiced when they were brought to a just and final
+ settlement. (Epochs of Canadian Methodism, pages 278, 279.)
+
+In regard to these three judgments on the case, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ During the latter part of this month I have devoted such time as I
+ could spare to a lengthened review for the _Guardian_, of the
+ elaborate judgments of Chief Justice Robinson, and Justices
+ Macaulay and Sherwood, on the Waterloo Chapel case.[51] The opinion
+ of the Chief Justice displays profound research, acute
+ discrimination, and sound judgment. The opinion of Mr. Justice
+ Macaulay indicates great labour and strict religious scrupulosity.
+ The opinion of Mr. Justice Sherwood betrays great want of
+ acquaintance with the discipline, usages, and general history of
+ Methodism. To the Methodist Connexion the conflict of opinion and
+ confusion of reasoning of these learned judges are most prejudicial
+ and disastrous. I have therefore sought, in the "review," to set
+ forth the true facts of this abstruse case--facts connected with
+ the history of Methodism--facts, with the most material of which I
+ am personally acquainted, and in the progress of which I have been
+ called to act a conspicuous part.
+
+In regard to this "review," Rev. E. Healy wrote to Dr. Ryerson, from
+Brockville, and said:--
+
+ I have read your review of the opinion of the judges, and am happy
+ to see it. What the judges will do with you, I do not know. You are
+ considered, I believe, by some in this part of the country, as part
+ man and part demon. This is one reason, doubtless, why I am also so
+ bad a man, as I have said so much in your favour.
+
+Rev. Hannibal Mulkins,[52] writing from Whitby on this subject, said:--
+
+ The agitation which was anticipated by some of the preachers at the
+ last Conference, and which has existed in some degree has happily
+ subsided, notwithstanding the most vigorous efforts have been made,
+ and all the arts of calumny and misrepresentation, employed to
+ harrass, to worry, and devour.
+
+ I was very glad to see your "review" of the opinions of the Judges
+ in the Chapel case. I have read it with much satisfaction. On this
+ circuit, notwithstanding the prejudices of some individuals, it has
+ been perused with general delight, and to our friends in particular
+ it has been highly satisfactory.
+
+Dr. Ryerson, in a letter from New York, dated November, 1837, says:--
+
+ I have just returned from an extended tour of about 500 miles in
+ the Middle and Southern States, in order to obtain information and
+ evidence relative to the organization of the Methodist Church in
+ America, the character of its Episcopacy, and the powers of the
+ General Conference--points which involve the issue of our chapel
+ property case. From the mass of testimony and information I have
+ been able to collect, by seeing every preacher in this continent
+ who was in the work in 1784, relative to the character of Methodist
+ Episcopacy, and the powers of the General Conference, I feel no
+ doubt as to the result.[53]
+
+Rev. Joseph Stinson, in making his report on the same subject, said:--
+
+ I spent a whole day with Bishop Hedding, and had much conversation
+ with him about our affairs generally. He told me that the American
+ Methodist Church had never regarded Episcopacy as a Divine
+ ordinance--nor as an essential doctrine of the Church--but as an
+ expedient form of ecclesiastical government, which could be
+ modified by the General Conference, or even dispensed with without
+ violating the great principles of Methodism. The Bishop is of the
+ opinion, however, that if our Courts decide against us, we shall
+ have to return to Episcopacy, and that the first Bishop should be
+ ordained by the Bishops of the American Church.
+
+Dr. Ryerson, in the same November letter, says:--
+
+ I have also accompanied Mr. Stinson to render him what assistance I
+ could, in examining Manual Labour Schools, with a view to
+ establishing one for the benefit of our Indian youth--an object of
+ the very greatest importance, both to the religious and civil
+ interests of our aboriginal fellow countrymen. Also to get from the
+ New York Missionary Board a sum of money for the Indian work which
+ was expected from them before our Union with the English
+ Conference.
+
+In a letter to Dr. Alder, written from New York in the same month, Dr.
+Ryerson said:--
+
+ The concern of our preachers and friends on the Chapel case is deep
+ and truly affecting. As I took so responsible a part in the Union,
+ I cannot describe my feelings on this question. At the request of
+ our brethren I have undertaken to do what I could to secure our
+ Church property from the party claiming it. I have travelled nearly
+ 500 miles this week for that purpose. But it is cheering amidst all
+ our difficulties, and the commotions of the political elements,
+ that our preachers, I believe, without exception, are of one
+ heart--that our societies are in peace--that the work of our
+ blessed Lord is reviving in many of the circuits, although the
+ cause in Kingston suffers, and my dear brethren there complain, in
+ consequence of my connexional engagements and absence from them.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[50] Between the Episcopal and Wesleyan Methodists for the possession of
+the Church property. Waterloo was four miles north of Kingston.
+
+[51] The Review is inserted in the _Guardian_, vol. viii., pages
+169-178. The Belleville case was published in pamphlet form.
+
+[52] This gentleman entered the Wesleyan ministry in 1835, but joined
+the Church of England in 1840. He was for many years Chaplain to the
+Penitentiary, at Kingston, and always retained a warm regard for Dr.
+Ryerson. He died in 1877, aged 65 years.
+
+[53] The particulars here referred to are given in detail in the "Epochs
+of Canadian Methodism," pages 279-281.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+1837.
+
+The Coming Crisis.--Rebellion of 1837.
+
+
+As Dr. Ryerson had anticipated, the combined effects of the publication
+of his "impressions," in 1833; his letters exposing the designs of
+Messrs. Hume, Roebuck, and Mackenzie in 1837; the secession of a section
+of the Methodist Church, and the disputes consequent thereon
+(culminating in the Waterloo and Belleville Chapel suits)--in which he
+took a leading part--provoked the parties concerned to active hostility
+against him. He had, however, many warm friends, especially among his
+ministerial brethren. One of these was Rev. John Black, in the Bay of
+Quinte District,--a quaint, but true and warm-hearted man. In inviting
+him to take part in the Quarterly Meeting services, at Napanee, Mr.
+Black indulges in a little playful satire, as follows:--
+
+ It appears that there are some amongst us here whom we dare not
+ number amongst your friends, and who prophesied that you would
+ never return from England--that you dare not, etc. Now we wish to
+ afford them living proof of their vanity in prophesying, by your
+ presence amongst them. Besides, on the other hand, the good-hearted
+ brethren amongst us greatly rejoiced on hearing of your successful
+ mission to England, and they wish to see and hear you once more.
+
+Somewhat in Rev. John Black's spirit of kindly raillery, Rev. John C.
+Davidson, of Hallowell, in inviting Dr. Ryerson to take part in a
+Camp-meeting (and after mentioning several inducements), said:--
+
+ I would mention another inducement for you to come, viz.: the
+ multiplicity of warm friends and virulent enemies you have on this
+ circuit. Your presence and preaching will afford pleasure and
+ profit to your friends, and will very much tend, in my opinion, to
+ disarm the groundless prejudice entertained by many others against
+ you.
+
+In a more serious letter to Dr. Ryerson, dated Cobourg, 16th November,
+1837, Rev. Anson Green gives expression to a general feeling of
+uneasiness and distrust which prevailed everywhere in the country at
+that time:--
+
+ I pity you most sincerely. You have a storm about your ears that
+ you must bear, if you do not bow before it. In these perilous times
+ a man scarcely knows what to advise. I fear that destruction
+ awaits us on either hand. With the Radicals we are Tories; and with
+ the Tories we are Rebels. It is said by the Rebels here that they
+ have money enough, and men enough, and guns enough, and that the
+ plans are so laid that there can be no mistake. The Government
+ appears to be in possession of these facts. Thus far the
+ proceedings of the Rebels do not show much wisdom, or skill, in
+ laying plans, or in executing them. I am mistaken if they stop
+ short of a civil war.
+
+ I very much regret that you should be under the necessity of coming
+ in contact with Governor Head in any one thing. I could not be a
+ rebel; my conscience and religion forbid it; and, on the other
+ hand, I could not fight for the Rectories and Church domination. I
+ think them both to be great evils, and I have resolved to choose
+ neither. I believe that in Haldimand and Cramahe townships there
+ are twenty rebels to one sincere loyalist. Brother Wilson, (son of
+ old Father Wilson), says that his life has been threatened for
+ circulating the petition which you sent down, and others are in a
+ similar condition. What will be the effect of all this I cannot
+ say, but I have thought from the beginning that either the
+ Rectories must be abolished, and a suitable disposition made of the
+ Reserves, or a change of Government will ensue. And if the Church
+ party have it all in their own hands to make peace, by allowing
+ other Churches to enjoy equal privileges with themselves, and do
+ not do so, they must bear the responsibility of all the bloodshed
+ and carnage that may ensue. I fear that they are so perfectly
+ infatuated that they will suffer utter destruction, and choose it
+ rather than equal and impartial justice.
+
+On the 5th December, 1837, Dr. Ryerson reached Cobourg on his way to
+Toronto. When he arrived there, Elders Case and Green, and other
+friends, thought that as his life had been threatened it would be unsafe
+for him to proceed to Toronto.[54] He, therefore, waited there for
+further news, and, in the meantime, wrote to a friend in Kingston, on
+the 6th, as follows:--
+
+You will recollect my mentioning that I pressed upon Sir Francis the
+propriety and importance of making some prudent provision for the
+defence of the city, in case any party should be urged on in the madness
+of rebellion so far as to attack it. He is much blamed here on account
+of his overweening confidence, and foolish and culpable negligence in
+this respect. There was great excitement in this town and neighbourhood
+last night. To-day all is anxiety and hurry. The militia is called out
+to put down the rebellion of the very man whose seditious paper many of
+them have supported, and whom they have countenanced.
+
+The precepts of the Bible and the example of the early Christians, leave
+me no occasion for second thoughts as to my duty, namely, to pray for
+and support the "powers that be," whether I admire them or not, and to
+implore the defeat of "fiery conspiracy and rebellion." And I doubt not
+that the sequel will in this, as in other cases, show that the path of
+duty is that of wisdom, if not of safety. I am aware that my head would
+be regarded as something of a prize by the rebels; but I feel not in the
+least degree agitated. I trust implicitly in that God whom I have
+endeavoured--though imperfectly and unfaithfully--to serve; being
+assured nothing will harm us, but that all things, whether life or
+death, will work together for our good if we be followers of that which
+is good. Let us trust in the Lord, and do good, and He will never leave
+nor forsake us!
+
+About 700 armed men have left this district to-day for Toronto, in order
+to put down the rebels. There is an unanimity and determination among
+the people to quash rebellion and support the law that I hardly
+expected. The country is safe, but it is a "gone day with the rebel
+party."
+
+In a graphic letter to Dr. Ryerson, written on the 5th December, by his
+brother William, at Toronto, the scenes at the _emeute_ in that city are
+thus described:--
+
+ Last night, about 12 or 1 o'clock, the bells rang with great
+ violence; we all thought it was an alarm of fire, but being unable
+ to see any light, we thought it was a false alarm, and we remained
+ quiet until this morning, when, on visiting the market-place, I
+ found a large number of persons serving out arms to others as fast
+ as they possibly could. Among many others we saw the
+ Lieutenant-Governor, in his every-day suit, with one
+ double-barrelled gun in his hand, another leaning against his
+ breast, and a brace of pistols in his leather belt. Also, Chief
+ Justice Robinson, Judges Macaulay, Jones, and McLean, the
+ Attorney-General, and Solicitor-General, with their muskets,
+ cartridge boxes and bayonets, all standing in the ranks as private
+ soldiers, under the command of Colonel Fitzgibbon. I assure you it
+ is impossible for me to describe my feelings. I enquired of Judge
+ McLean, who informed me that an express had arrived at the
+ Government House late last night, giving intelligence that the
+ Radicals had assembled in great force at Montgomery's, on Yonge
+ Street, and were in full march for the city; that the Governor had
+ sent out two persons, Mr. A. McDonell and Ald. J. Powell, to obtain
+ information (both of whom had been made prisoners, but escaped).
+
+ Dr. Horne's house is now in flames. I feel very calm and composed
+ in my own mind. Brother John thinks it will not be wise for you to
+ come through all the way from Kingston. You would not be safe in
+ visiting this wretched part of the country at the present. You know
+ the feelings that are entertained against you. Your life would
+ doubtless be industriously sought. My dear brother, farewell. May
+ God mercifully bless and keep you from all the difficulties and
+ dangers we are in!
+
+Rev. William Ryerson further writes, on the 8th December:
+
+ About 10 o'clock to-day about 2,000 men, headed by the
+ Lieut.-Governor, with Judge Jones, the Attorney-General and Capt.
+ Halkett, as his aides-de-camp, and commanded by Cols. Fitzgibbon
+ and Allan N. Macnab, Speaker of the House, left the city to attack
+ the rebels at Montgomery's. After a little skirmishing in which we
+ had three men wounded but none killed, the main body commenced a
+ very spirited attack on their headquarters at Montgomery's large
+ house. After a few shots from two six-pounders, and a few volleys
+ of musketry, the most of the party fled and made their escape. The
+ rest of them were taken prisoners. There were also three or four
+ killed and several wounded. After which His Excellency ordered the
+ buildings to be burnt to the ground, and the whole force returned
+ to the city. All the leaders succeeded in making their escape. A
+ royal proclamation has just been issued offering Ł1,000 for the
+ apprehension of Mackenzie, and Ł500 for that of Samuel Lount, David
+ Gibson, Silas Fletcher, and Jesse Lloyd; so that now, through the
+ mercy of God, we have peace, and feel safe again, for which we
+ desire to feel sincerely thankful.
+
+Dr. Ryerson, having reached Toronto safely, and knowing how anxious his
+parents would be to know something definite as to the state of affairs,
+wrote a letter to his Father on the 18th December, as follows:--
+
+I have been trying to get time to make you and Mother a visit of at
+least one night; but I find it quite out of my power to secure the
+enjoyment of so precious a privilege.
+
+It is remarkable that every man, with very few exceptions, who has left
+our Church and joined in the unprincipled crusade which has been made
+against us, has either been an active promoter of this plot, or so far
+connected with it as to be ruined in his character and prospects by the
+timely discovery and defeat of it! I have been deeply affected at
+hearing of some unhappy examples, among old acquaintances, of this
+description. I feel thankful that I have been enabled to do my duty from
+the beginning in this matter. Four years ago, I perceived and began to
+warn the public of the revolutionary tendency and spirit of Mackenzie's
+proceedings. Perhaps you may recollect that in a long article in the
+_Guardian_, four years ago this winter, headed "Revolutionary Symptoms,"
+I pointed out, to the great displeasure of even some of my friends, what
+has come to pass.
+
+It is also a matter of thankfulness that every one of our family and
+marriage connections, near and remote, is on the side of law, reason,
+and religion in this affair. Such indications of the Divine goodness are
+a fresh encouragement to me to renew my covenant engagement with my
+gracious Redeemer, to serve Him and His cause with greater zeal and
+faithfulness.
+
+I hope, my dear Father, you are employing your last days in preparing
+for your approaching change, and for standing before the bar of God. My
+poor prayers are daily offered up in your behalf. Much travelling and
+other engagements have hitherto prevented me from writing to you as I
+would; but, hereafter, the first Monday in each month shall be
+considered as belonging to my dear aged Parents, in praying for or
+writing to them. My dutiful respects and love to my dear Mother. I would
+esteem it a great favour and privilege to receive a few lines from you
+or her.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[54] Dr. Ryerson in his "Epochs of Canadian Methodism," page 314,
+says:--It had been agreed by W. L. Mackenzie and his fellow rebels, in
+1837, to hang Egerton Ryerson on the first tree they met with, could
+they apprehend him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+1837-1838.
+
+Sir F. B. Head and the Upper Canada Academy.
+
+
+Lord Glenelg, as agreed, when Dr. Ryerson was in England, (page 165,)
+directed Lieutenant-Governor Sir F. B. Head to bring the pecuniary
+claims of the Upper Canada Academy before the Legislature. This he did
+in February, 1837. A committee (of which Hon. W. H. Draper was
+chairman)[55] brought in an excellent report on the subject. The House
+of Assembly by a vote of 31 to 10 agreed to advance $16,400 to the
+Academy. The Legislative Council, on motion of Hon. J. Elmsley, made
+such onerous conditions as virtually defeated the bill, and no relief
+was granted.[56] Dr. Ryerson, then in England, pressed the matter most
+urgently upon Lord Glenelg, who in April 1837, sent directions to Sir F.
+B. Head to advance the money without delay. This, on various pretexts,
+he refused to do; but when the Legislature opened in January, 1838, he
+sent a message to the House, which Dr. Ryerson, then in Toronto, thus
+describes, in a letter to a friend at Kingston, dated February 3rd,
+1838. He said:--
+
+ Instead of giving us the promised money for the Upper Canada
+ Academy, Sir Francis Head has sent a part of the correspondence
+ with Lord Glenelg and with me down to the House of Assembly, with a
+ message in which he implicates me, as also a letter to Lord
+ Glenelg, written a few weeks after my return from England, in which
+ he impeaches me. I have, in consequence, drawn up a petition to the
+ House, filling six large sheets, exposing the whole of his conduct
+ towards us, vindicating myself from the charges contained in his
+ despatches, and proposing to establish every fact which I have
+ stated before a select Committee of the House of Assembly. My
+ petition was presented this morning. According to rule, a petition
+ has to lie on the table for twenty-four hours before it is read.
+ But a motion was made and agreed to, to dispense with the rule, and
+ read my petition. It was then read, and created a great sensation.
+ It was then moved that 200 copies of it be printed, together with
+ all the documents sent down by the Governor, to which the petition
+ referred. After discussion the motion was carried by a vote of 33
+ to 4. This was, of course, very gratifying to my feelings, as it
+ must be extremely mortifying to the Governor. This is the first
+ petition that has been ordered to be printed by the present--Sir
+ Francis' own--Parliament. The dispensing with the rule, and giving
+ such a petition the preference, was the highest mark of respect
+ which the House could have shown me. I have not felt so much
+ agitated with anything for years, as with this matter. I am now
+ greatly relieved. I feel as if the Lord God of Hosts was on our
+ side. The Governor clearly thought that as he was so greatly lauded
+ and had become so famous a conqueror, we would not dare to come out
+ against him before the public, or meet him face to face before the
+ Assembly.
+
+On the 16th, Dr. Ryerson again writes to Kingston:--
+
+ This Academy business is a most painful one to me. The Legislative
+ Council and the House of Assembly have each appointed a select
+ Committee on the subject. But I am afraid we will get nothing until
+ we hear from Lord Glenelg.
+
+ My mind has been, and is, in a great degree depressed beyond
+ expression, in regard to our circumstances. My only trust is in Him
+ who has thus far brought us through, and turned the designs of our
+ enemies to our account. For the last two days I have been as low as
+ I was at my lowest in London.
+
+In addition to Dr. Ryerson's petition to both Houses, he made a separate
+Appeal to members of the Assembly. In it he stated in substance that Sir
+Francis Head--
+
+ Had already issued his warrant for $8,200; that he was informed in
+ December, 1837, not merely verbally, but in writing, by Hon. J. H.
+ Dunn, Receiver-General, that he had funds with which to pay the
+ balance ($8,200), yet the Governor refused to issue the requisite
+ warrant for it, on the plea of much business; but said that Mr.
+ Dunn had all the warrant that was necessary. In January he again
+ declined to issue the warrant, and excused himself by saying that
+ Mr. Dunn required no further authority. When, later in the month,
+ Dr. Ryerson had not only removed every variety of objection and
+ excuse, but sent a note from Mr. Dunn saying that he had the
+ necessary funds, Sir F. B. Head stated that he "must see one or two
+ of his councillors." After he had done so, he wrote a note to Dr.
+ Ryerson to say that he had misled him, as to the advance being a
+ grant instead of a loan, etc.
+
+ On 21st February, the House of Assembly recommended that the
+ balance be paid over at once. It pointed out that Dr. Ryerson had
+ become personally liable to the banks for $3,400, and Revs. John
+ Ryerson and E. Evans for $2,000 of the balance due; that although
+ grants were constantly being made by the House, yet there was no
+ precedent for a loan; and that as to whether the advance was to be
+ a grant or a loan they would abstain from offering an opinion. This
+ report had the desired effect. The money was paid.
+
+On the 22nd February, Dr. Ryerson was, therefore, enabled to write to
+his friend in Kingston, to say that
+
+ The prayer of my petition has been this day complied with by a
+ unanimous vote of the House of Assembly; and the Hon. Mr. Draper
+ told Brother Evans that His Excellency would issue his warrant for
+ the money as soon as the Address of the Assembly is presented. Not
+ a man in the Assembly would risk his reputation in defence of the
+ conduct of the Governor in this affair. The Report of the Committee
+ was received, and the Address passed two readings last night and
+ one this morning, and without one word from any member of the
+ Assembly in the way of comment or remark. The Committee of the
+ Legislative Council has actually declined entering into the
+ investigation of the subject at all, as had been desired by His
+ Excellency. Thus has Sir Francis Head not only disgraced himself,
+ but helped us.
+
+ I thank the Lord for His blessing thus far. We will still trust in
+ Him, and not be afraid. Tories, Radicals, and the Governor, have
+ each had their turn at us. I hope we may now be allowed to live in
+ peace. The result of this affair has in some measure compensated me
+ for the anxiety of mind I have endured.
+
+After this unpleasant controversy with Sir F. B. Head was over, Rev.
+Anson Green wrote to Dr. Ryerson as follows:--
+
+ How do you feel after your brush with Sir Francis? You need not
+ feel very downcast, having attained so triumphant a victory. I
+ doubt not but Sir Francis would willingly pay double the amount
+ claimed by us, if he could have prevented the result which has
+ happened. It is too late, however, to recall it now. I hope he will
+ learn wisdom from the past, and not be so self-willed and
+ headstrong in future. No one seems pleased with him but those whose
+ praise is a reproach.
+
+Rev. W. H. Harvard, in a letter from Kingston, said:--
+
+ I am truly pained at the conduct of the Lieutenant-Governor, and
+ sympathize with you in thus being brought into such an unavoidable
+ collision with him. I am more than grieved that he should use us so
+ ungenerously.
+
+ I am glad that you are the warrior, for you will combine caution
+ and courage, and will come off more than conqueror. You are at
+ present the centre of our solicitude. I pray that your heart may be
+ comforted and controlled from above. We are the Lord's covenanted,
+ consecrated servants. In His work we are employed. By His Holy
+ Spirit may we ever be actuated and aided!
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[55] At the Conference of this year resolutions of thanks were passed to
+Mr. Draper, and were sent to him by Dr. Ryerson, the Secretary. Mr.
+Draper's reply was as follows:--
+
+I feel deeply indebted to the Conference of the Wesleyan Methodist
+Church for the honour conferred upon me in deeming my humble exertions
+in the cause of Christian education worthy of their approbation, and I
+trust I shall never forget their good opinion. I cannot, at the same
+time, pass by the opportunity of thanking you for the terms in which you
+have communicated that resolution to me, and of expressing my
+satisfaction that I have in any degree contributed to the success of
+your unwearied exertions in behalf of the Upper Canada Academy in
+England. I sincerely rejoice that you were enabled to obtain that aid
+for its completion, which was so necessary and so well deserved.
+
+[56] In a letter to Dr. Ryerson, his brother William thus accounts for
+the failure to get the grant: To the miserable Missionary grant of Ł900
+to the English Conference we are chiefly indebted for the loss of the
+Bill for the relief of the Upper Canada Academy, as we are positively
+informed by our best friends in the House of Assembly. It has also been
+the means of depriving many of the preachers of a considerable part of
+their small salary, and in one or two instances, of the whole of it. It
+has, and still does more to weaken our hands, and to embarrass our
+labours, and also to strengthen the hands and to increase the number of
+our enemies, than almost any or all other causes put together.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+1838.
+
+Victims of the Rebellion.--State of the Country.
+
+
+Early in 1838 the trials for treason took place. Messrs. Lount and
+Matthews were found guilty and sentenced to death. Other parties were
+also tried: among them was Dr. Thomas D. Morrison, a prominent Methodist
+in Toronto.[57] In a letter to Dr. Ryerson, at Kingston, his brother
+John mentions that Dr. Morrison was triumphantly acquitted. He also
+mentions (as an amusing incident at the trial) the success of the two
+counsel for Dr. Morrison, in showing that statements entirely
+contradictory to each other could be fully proved from Sir F. B. Head's
+own speeches and dispatches. He said:--
+
+ Mr. Macdonald, of St. Catharines, stated that Sir Francis had
+ declared in his speech at the opening of the Parliament, that he
+ knew of the rebellion long before it occurred, and that he was the
+ cause of it. Mr. Boswell, of Cobourg, admitted that Sir Francis had
+ said he knew a good deal. But the Governor was very fond of a fine
+ style; he liked rounded periods, or, as Lord Melbourne had
+ expressed it, "epigrammic" flights, so well, that he could hardly
+ make his pen write the words of truth and soberness on such
+ occasions. Mr. Boswell read several extracts from Sir Francis'
+ despatches to Lord Glenelg, which were in direct opposition to the
+ extracts read by Mr. Macdonald. A gentleman whispered to me that
+ anything (no matter what) could be proved from Sir Francis'
+ writings and sayings. In reply to the Attorney-General, Mr.
+ Macdonald said:--That if the suspicion of treasonable motives and
+ doings in others, and not informing or using prompt measures to
+ correct or prevent what might follow, was treason, then Sir Francis
+ was the greatest traitor in the country, for he said he knew all
+ about the proposed outbreak. Mr. Boswell said, that after Sir
+ Francis had seen the "Declaration," and had taken the advice of the
+ Attorney-General, he had sent a despatch to the Colonial Secretary
+ declaring that there was nothing treasonable in the country; that
+ everything was as it should be! To demonstrate this, he had sent
+ away all the troops. Thus, you see, the two lawyers made poor Sir
+ Francis prove everything.
+
+ The jury returned with a verdict of "not guilty," which caused
+ great cheering, and which could not be suppressed for some time.
+ Several of the jury were warm Tories, but they acquitted the
+ Doctor.
+
+In another letter to Dr. Ryerson, his brother John gives an account of
+the efforts made to induce Sir George Arthur, the new Governor, to
+commute the sentence of Lount and Mathews. He says:--
+
+ I have signed a petition for the mitigation of Lount and Mathews'
+ punishment, as did Brother William. I have just seen Rev. James
+ Richardson, who has been with Lount and Mathews. Mathews professed
+ to have found peace. Lount is earnestly seeking. A good deal of
+ feeling has been excited respecting the execution of these
+ unfortunate men. A petition signed by 4,000 persons in their behalf
+ was presented to His Excellency. It was agreed that Rev. Mr. Brough
+ (Church of England minister from Newmarket) and I should go and
+ present the Toronto petition, and that we should seek a private
+ interview with him. Instead of having a private interview, we were
+ called into the Council Chamber in the presence of the Executive
+ Council. This was rather embarrassing to me, as I did not wish to
+ say what I had intended to say in the presence of Sir Francis' old
+ Executive Council. After presenting the petition, Mr. Brough
+ introduced the conversation and referred Sir George to me. I told
+ him that I was extensively acquainted with the country,--that I had
+ travelled lately through the Niagara, Gore, Home, Newcastle, Prince
+ Edward, and part of the Midland Districts,--had conversed with a
+ great many persons, many of whom, even persons of high
+ respectability, and were strongly attached to the interests of His
+ Majesty's Government, and the pervading feeling was that the severe
+ penalty of the law should not be executed on those victims of
+ deception and sin. I also read an extract of your last letter to
+ His Excellency [p. 188]--relating to the inexpediency of inflicting
+ severe punishment "in opposition to public sentiment and policy,
+ for political offences," etc. After having listened to me very
+ attentively, His Excellency said, that after the fullest
+ consultation with his Executive, and the most serious and prayerful
+ consideration of this painful matter, he had come to the conclusion
+ that Lount and Mathews must be executed.
+
+ I also mentioned to the Governor that you and Rev. J. Stinson had
+ waited on Sir Francis about four weeks previous to the
+ insurrection,--that you informed him of insurrectionary movements
+ about Lloydtown and other places, which you had learned from
+ me,--that you had strongly urged Sir Francis to raise volunteers,
+ and put the city and other places in a state of defence,--that you
+ and I had waited on the Attorney-General next day, and that we had
+ urged these things on him in a similar manner;--but that these
+ statements and advice had been disregarded, if not disbelieved.
+
+In a subsequent letter he thus related the closing scene:--
+
+ At eight o'clock to-day, Thursday, 12th April, Lount and Mathews
+ were executed. The general feeling is in total opposition to the
+ execution of those men. Sheriff Jarvis burst into tears when he
+ entered the room to prepare them for execution. They said to him
+ very calmly, "Mr. Jarvis, do your duty; we are prepared to meet
+ death and our Judge." They then, both of them, put their arms
+ around his neck and kissed him. They were then prepared for
+ execution. They walked to the gallows with entire composure and
+ firmness of step. Rev. J. Richardson walked alongside of Lount, and
+ Rev. J. Beatty alongside of Mathews. They ascended the scaffold
+ and knelt down on the drop. The ropes were adjusted while they were
+ on their knees. Mr. Richardson engaged in prayer; and when he came
+ to that part of the Lord's Prayer, "Forgive us our trespasses, as
+ we forgive those that trespass against us," the drop fell!
+
+In a letter written to Dr. Ryerson the next day, his brother John
+mentioned a sad incident connected with Lount's trial:
+
+ Lount's daughter, a young woman, was present when her father was
+ condemned. It had such an effect on her, that she went home and
+ died almost immediately afterwards. These are indeed melancholy
+ times!
+
+The evil effects upon the country of the arbitrary conduct of Sir F. B.
+Head, are thus described in a letter to Dr. Ryerson from his brother
+William, dated Toronto, 22nd April:--
+
+ The very painful excitement caused by the execution of Lount and
+ Matthews has in some degree subsided, but dissatisfaction with the
+ state of things is, I fear, increasing from day to day. Emigration
+ to the States is the fear of the hour. It is indeed going on to an
+ extent truly alarming and astonishing. A deputation has been sent
+ from this city to Washington to negotiate with the American
+ Government for a tract of land on which to form a settlement or
+ colony. They have returned, and say that they met with a most
+ gracious reception, encouragement and success beyond their most
+ sanguine expectations. An emigration society has been formed,
+ embracing some of the leading citizens. Its object is to commence a
+ colony in the Iowa Territory, on the Mississippi River.[58] A very
+ large class are becoming uneasy, and many of the best inhabitants
+ of the country, as to industry and enterprise, are preparing to
+ leave. My own spirit is almost broken down. I feel, I assure you,
+ like leaving Canada too, and I am not alone in those feelings; some
+ of our friends whom you would not suspect, often feel quite as much
+ down in the throat as I do. If ever I felt the need of faith, and
+ wisdom, and patience, it is at the present. I have just returned
+ from visiting the prisoners. After all, we know but little of the
+ calamities and miseries with which our once happy land is now
+ afflicted, and yet Sir Francis, the most guilty author of this
+ misery, escapes without punishment; yes, with honour and praise!
+ How mysterious are the ways of Providence--how dark, crooked, and
+ perverse the ways of man.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[57] Dr. Morrison had been a clerk in the Surveyor-General's
+office,--had, indeed, while there, collected materials for Dr.
+Strachan's Ecclesiastical Chart,--but, without any charge, or the
+slightest deficiency in faithfulness and efficiency, was dismissed, for
+the simple reason that he had become a Methodist! He then devoted
+himself to the medical profession. He was once elected to the House of
+Assembly for York, defeating the Attorney-General. He was also once
+elected Mayor of Toronto. He was the writer's [and the editor's]
+physician during life; died in great peace, strong in faith, giving
+glory to God.--"Epochs of Canadian Methodism," pages 188, 189.--H.
+
+[58] This disposition to remove from Upper Canada to Iowa was not
+confined to Toronto and its vicinity. In the following chapter the case
+of a Mr. John Campbell, M.P.P. for Frontenac county, is mentioned. He
+was on his way to Iowa when he saw and read Dr. Ryerson's defence of Mr.
+Bidwell. The reading of that defence changed his plans, and he remained
+in Canada. (See page 192.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+1795-1861.
+
+Sketch of Mr. William Lyon Mackenzie.
+
+
+The story of Dr. Ryerson's life would scarcely be complete without
+giving some information in regard to the chief opponents whom he
+encountered in the earlier part of his career--men well known at the
+time, but whose names and memories are now passing away.
+
+With the exception of Bishop Strachan, no man came so immediately in
+contact with Dr. Ryerson in the first years of his public life as did
+Mr. W. L. Mackenzie.
+
+Mr. Mackenzie was born in Scotland, in March, 1795. He died in Toronto,
+on the 28th August, 1861, in the 67th year of his age. He came to Canada
+in 1820, and until 1824 was engaged in mercantile pursuits. In May of
+that year he entered public life, and commenced the publication of the
+_Colonial Advocate_ at Queenston. From that time until near the close of
+his life, he maintained his connection, more or less, with the press;
+but he was always on the stormy sea of politics, even when not a
+journalist. The reasons which induced him to enter public life are thus
+given in Mr. Charles Lindsey's "Life and Times of Mackenzie," page 40.
+They are in Mr. Mackenzie's own words, and were written some time after
+the rebellion of 1837-8:--
+
+ I had long seen the country in the hands of a few shrewd, crafty,
+ covetous men, under whose management one of the most lovely,
+ desirable sections of America remained a comparative desert. The
+ most obvious public improvements were stayed; dissension was
+ created among classes; citizens were banished and imprisoned
+ [Gourley, Beardsley, etc.] in defiance of all law; the people had
+ been forbidden, under severe pains and penalties, from meeting
+ anywhere to petition for justice; large estates were wrested from
+ their owners in utter contempt of even the forms of the courts; the
+ Church of England, the adherents of which were few, monopolized as
+ much of the lands of the Colony as all the religious houses and
+ dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church had had the control of in
+ Scotland at the era of the Reformation. Other sects were treated
+ with contempt, and scarcely tolerated; a sordid band of
+ land-jobbers grasped the soil as their patrimony, and with a few
+ leading officials, who divided the public revenue among themselves,
+ formed "the family compact," and were the avowed enemies of common
+ schools, of civil and religious liberty, of all legislative or
+ other checks to their own will. Other men had opposed and been
+ converted by them. At nine-and-twenty I might have united with
+ them, but chose rather to join the oppressed; nor have I ever
+ regretted that choice, or wavered from the object of my early
+ pursuit. So far as I, or any other professed reformer, was
+ concerned in inviting citizens of [the United States] to interfere
+ in Canadian affairs, there was culpable error. So far as any of us,
+ at any time, may have supposed that the cause of freedom would be
+ advanced by adding the Canadas to [that] confederation, we were
+ under the merest delusion. Mr. Lindsey adds:--In some respects the
+ condition of the Province was worse than Mr. Mackenzie described
+ it. He dealt only with its political condition.
+
+With a Scotchman's idea of justice and freedom, he felt a longing desire
+to right the wrongs which he saw everywhere around him. This, therefore,
+constituted, as he believed, his mission as a public man in Canada, and
+it furnishes the key to his life and character.
+
+Mr. Mackenzie was a political pessimist. He looked upon every abuse
+which he attacked, with a somewhat severe, if not a jaundiced, eye.
+Every evil which he discovered was, in his estimation, truly an evil;
+and all evils were about of equal magnitude. Besides, in attacking an
+evil or an abuse, he did not fail to attack the perpetrator or upholder
+of it also, and that, too, with a strength of invective, or of cutting
+sarcasm, which brought every foible, and weakness of his, and even those
+of his father before him, vividly into view. This was the baleful secret
+of his strength as an assailant; but this, too, caused him to be
+regarded by his victims with intense dislike, bordering on hatred. This
+style of attack, on the part of Mr. Mackenzie, did not necessarily arise
+from anything like vindictiveness, but rather from a keen sense of
+dislike to what he conceived to be wrong in the thing he was attacking.
+
+In 1849 (12 years after the rebellion), Mr. Mackenzie, in a letter to
+Earl Grey, used the following remarkable language:--
+
+ A course of careful observation during the last eleven years has
+ fully satisfied me that, had the violent movements in which I and
+ many others were engaged on both sides of the Niagara proved
+ successful, that success would have deeply injured the people of
+ Canada, whom I then believed I was serving at great risks.... I
+ have long been sensible of the errors committed during that
+ period.... No punishment that power could inflict or nature
+ sustain, would have equalled the regrets I have felt on account of
+ much that I did, said, wrote, and published; but the past cannot be
+ recalled.... There is not a living man on the continent who more
+ sincerely desires that British Government in Canada may long
+ continue, etc. Page 291, 292.
+
+No man was more unselfish than Mr. Mackenzie. He would rather suffer
+extreme hardship than accept a doubtful favour. Even in regard to kindly
+and reasonable offers of help, he was morbidly sensitive (as mentioned
+on page 298 of his "Life and Times"); and yet, looking at the conduct of
+many men in like circumstances, he deserved commendation rather than
+censure for his extreme conscientiousness.
+
+Mr. Mackenzie did the State good service in many things. His
+investigations into the affairs of the Welland Canal were highly
+valuable to the country, greatly aided as he was by Mr. (now, Sir)
+Francis Hincks as chief accountant. His inquiries in regard to the Post
+Office and Prison management were also useful. Besides, he advocated
+many important reforms which were afterwards carried out. Mr. Mackenzie
+was the first Mayor of Toronto.
+
+Towards the close of his life he and Dr. Ryerson were not on unfriendly
+terms; and when in 1852, as a member of the Legislature he instituted an
+inquiry into the management of the Educational Depository, he expressed
+himself satisfied with its usefulness.[59] At a later period when Mr.
+John C. Geikie[60]--then a bookseller in Toronto--commenced his attack
+upon the Depository in 1858, Mr. Mackenzie thus rebuked him in his
+_Weekly Message_ of April 9th, of that year:--
+
+ At one time we thought with the redoubtable Geikie that Dr.
+ Ryerson's book concern was a monopoly, but a more thorough inquiry
+ induced us to change that opinion. We found that great benefits
+ were obtained for the townships, the country schools, and general
+ education through Dr. Ryerson's plan which could in no other way be
+ conferred upon them, etc.
+
+Dr. Ryerson, on his part, felt kindly towards Mr. Mackenzie. He
+mentioned to the Editor of this book near the close of the year 1860,
+that on the ensuing New Year's day he (Dr. Ryerson) would call upon and
+shake hands with his old antagonist, and wish him a "Happy New Year."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[59] Mr. Mackenzie frequently visited the Educational Depository to make
+inquiries, etc. The Editor of this book had frequent conversations with
+him on the subject, and explained to him the details of management. He
+was pleased to know that through the agency of the Depository thousands
+of volumes of good books were being yearly sent out to the schools.
+
+[60] Now the Rev. Dr. Cunningham Geikie, of England, and author of the
+"Life and Words of Christ," and other valuable books. He declined the
+use of the title of reverend in his controversy with Dr. Ryerson.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+1838.
+
+Defence of the Hon. Marshall Spring Bidwell.
+
+
+From various papers and letters left by Dr. Ryerson, I have compiled the
+following statement in regard to his memorable defence of the Hon. M. S.
+Bidwell, in 1838. I have used Dr. Ryerson's own words throughout, only
+varying them when the sense, or the construction, or condensation of a
+sentence, required it. He said:--
+
+On Dr. Duncombe's return to Canada, I believe the conspiracy was
+commenced by him, Mr. Wm. Lyon Mackenzie, and others, sought to
+accomplish their objects by rebellion; but in this the great body of
+Reformers took no part except to surpress it. I had warned them that Mr.
+Mackenzie's proceedings would result in rebellion. I afterwards received
+the thanks of great numbers of Reformers for having by my warnings and
+counsels saved them and their families from being involved in the
+consequences of the rebellion. I was so odious to Mr. Mackenzie and his
+fellow rebels, that they determined to hang me on the first tree could
+they get hold of me. Of this, I had proof from one of themselves; yet I
+afterwards succeeded by my representations and appeals, to get several
+of them out of prison. My brother John, who was then in Toronto,
+presented to Governor Arthur and advocated a largely signed petition
+against the execution of Lount and Matthews. He also read a letter from
+me (then a stationed minister in Kingston) against their execution, and
+on the impolicy of capital punishment for political offences.
+
+After the suppression of the rebellion--in the putting down of which the
+great body of the Reformers joined--the leaders of the dominant party
+sought, nevertheless, to hold the entire party of the Reformers
+responsible for that rebellion, and to proscribe and put them down
+accordingly. The first step in this process of proscription was the
+ostracism of Mr. M. S. Bidwell, an able and prudent politician, and a
+gentleman who took a high place in the legal profession.[61] and
+completed them in the office of Mr. Daniel Hagerman, of Ernestown. He
+was admitted as a barrister-at-law in April, 1821.
+
+Mr. Bidwell was first elected to the House of Assembly in 1824;
+re-elected and chosen Speaker in 1828. On the death of George IV., in
+1830, a new general election took place, when the Reform party were
+reduced to a minority, and Mr. Bidwell was not re-elected Speaker; but
+he greatly distinguished himself in the debates of the House. In 1834, a
+new general election took place; a large majority of Reformers were
+returned, and Mr. Bidwell was again elected Speaker. In May, 1836, Sir
+F. B. Head dissolved the House of Assembly, and Mr. Bidwell and his
+colleague, the late Peter Perry, were defeated in the united counties of
+Lennox and Addington, which Mr. Bidwell had represented in Parliament
+during twelve years. From that time (May, 1836) Mr. Bidwell never
+attended a political meeting, or took any part in politics.
+
+During my stay in England, from December, 1835, to April, 1837, I had
+many conversations with Lord Glenelg, Sir George Grey, and Sir James
+Stephen (Under Secretaries), on the Government of Canada, shewing them
+that the foundation of our Government was too narrow, like an inverted
+pyramid, conferring the appointments to all offices, civil, military,
+judicial, to one party--excluding all others, however respectable and
+competent, as if they were enemies, and even aliens. I mentioned that
+not one member of the Reform party, (which had commanded for years a
+majority in the House of Assembly) had ever been appointed to the Bench,
+though there were several of them able lawyers, such as Bidwell, Rolph,
+etc. (Page 169.)
+
+Lord Glenelg, in a despatch, directed Sir F. B. Head to appoint Mr.
+Bidwell to a judgeship on the first vacancy. Sir F. Head refused to do
+so, for which he was recalled, and Sir George Arthur was appointed in
+his place. In the meantime the House of Assembly was dissolved by Sir
+Francis, and a general election ordered. I had warned the public against
+Mr. Mackenzie's doings in converting constitutional reform into
+republican revolution, in consequence of which he attacked me furiously.
+Peter Perry, in the parliamentary session of 1836, attacked me also, and
+defended Mr. Mackenzie in a long speech. This speech reached me in
+England. I sat down and wrote a letter in reply, which reached Canada,
+and was published there on the eve of the elections, of which I then
+knew nothing. The constitutional party in Lennox and Addington had my
+letter printed by thousands, in the form of a large hand-bill headed:
+"Peter Perry Picked to Pieces by Egerton Ryerson." Although Mr. Bidwell
+took no part in the controversy, he was on the same electoral ticket
+with Mr. Perry, and both were defeated.[62]
+
+The Radical party being defeated at the polls, its leaders: Mr. Wm. L.
+Mackenzie, Dr. Charles Duncombe, and many others, sought to accomplish
+by force of arms what they had failed to accomplish by popular
+elections; the rebellion of 1836-7 was the result. As Mr. Bidwell was
+known to be the intimate friend of Dr. Rolph, and as Dr. Rolph was
+thought to be implicated in the rebellion, it was assumed by Sir F. Head
+that Mr. Bidwell was concerned in it also. But this was perfectly
+untrue. Besides, Mr. Bidwell entertained the strongest views that not a
+drop of blood should be shed to obtain the civil freedom of a
+country--that only moral suasion and public opinion should be employed
+for such purposes.
+
+Sir F. Head thought that now was the opportunity to revenge himself
+alike upon Lord Glenelg and the Whig Government, which had ordered him
+to appoint Mr. Bidwell to a judgeship, and also upon Mr. Bidwell as a
+former leader of the Reform party who had opposed him. Mr. Bidwell's
+letters having reached the Governor, he sent for that gentleman. What
+transpired is thus related by Mr. Bidwell, in a letter written to me
+some time afterwards:--
+
+ Sir Francis assured me that the letters had been sent to him
+ without his orders, and that he never would allow my letters to be
+ opened. I asked him to open them, as I did not wish to have any
+ suspicions about them indulged afterwards; but he refused to do it,
+ and said he had too much respect for me to allow it. Indeed, on the
+ Wednesday previously, I expressly informed the Attorney-General of
+ my own anxiety, (and that I was willing) to undergo the most full
+ and unreserved examination, and to let all my papers be examined.
+
+ The terms of my note of the 8th December--the evening of the day of
+ the interview--were dictated, or at least, suggested to me by Sir
+ Francis, and referred particularly to his expressions of personal
+ regard. The object of drawing such a note from me is now
+ apparent--but I was not then aware that he had received orders from
+ Lord Glenelg to make me a Judge.
+
+Before leaving Toronto (as he intimates), and after his arrival at
+Lewiston, Mr. Bidwell wrote to Sir F. Head (December 11th, 1837),
+protesting his innocence and against the injustice of the means used to
+compel him to leave his country.
+
+The conclusion of Mr. Bidwell's note from Toronto is as follows:
+
+ I am confident ... that the investigations, which will now of
+ course be made, will fully remove those suspicions from the mind of
+ your Excellency, and will prove that I had also no knowledge or
+ expectation that any such attempt [_i.e._ insurrectionary movement]
+ was in contemplation.
+
+To accomplish his revengeful purpose, however, Sir F. Head wrote or
+inspired an editorial to the Toronto _Patriot_ newspaper (then the organ
+of his Government) stating that as Mr. Bidwell had left the country,
+under circumstances that proved his consciousness of guilt, it was
+therefore the duty of the Benchers of the Law Society to erase his name
+from their rolls.
+
+I was then stationed at Kingston. When I saw the editorial in the
+_Patriot_, I at once recognized Sir F. Head's hand in it, and was
+horror-struck at the idea of a man being exiled from his country, and
+then deprived of his professional character and privileges without a
+trial! I passed a sleepless night.
+
+The late Mr. Henry Cassidy was then mayor of Kingston; a staunch
+Churchman and Conservative. His wife was a relative of mine, so a sort
+of family intimacy existed between us. Mr. Cassidy had been a student in
+Mr. Bidwell's law-office and was now his law agent. Mr. Bidwell enclosed
+to Mr. Cassidy the correspondence which had taken place between himself
+and Sir F. Head and Attorney-General Hagerman, and Mr. Cassidy had shown
+it to me. The morning after I saw the article in the _Patriot_,
+proposing the erasure of Mr. Bidwell's name from the books of the Law
+Society, I went to Mr. Cassidy, saying that I had not closed my eyes all
+night, in consequence of Sir F. Head's article in the _Patriot_; that I
+was the only person besides himself who knew the facts of the case, and
+though I had been assailed by the newspapers of the party with which Mr.
+Bidwell had been connected, I felt it in my heart to prevent a gross act
+of injustice and cruelty being inflicted upon a man, in his absence and
+helplessness, who had introduced and carried through our Legislature the
+laws by which the different religious denominations held their Church
+property, and their ministers solemnized matrimony. I asked Mr. Cassidy
+if he would allow me the use of the letters which Mr. Bidwell had
+enclosed to him, justifying his own innocence, and showing the injustice
+done him by the misstatements of Sir F. Head. After some hours of
+deliberation, Mr. Cassidy consented. I sat down, and over the signature
+of "A United Empire Loyalist," I detailed the case, introducing as
+proofs of Mr. Bidwell's innocence the injustice proposed to be inflicted
+upon him, referring to Mr. Attorney-General Hagerman's own letter, and
+appealing to the Law Society, and the country at large, against such
+injustice and against such violation of the rights of a British subject.
+I got a friend to copy my communication, so as not to excite
+suspicion.[63] It was the first article that had appeared in the public
+press after the rebellion, breathing the spirit of freedom, and
+advocating British constitutional rights against illegal oppression.[64]
+
+The effect of this article upon the public mind was very remarkable. As
+an example, Mr. John Campbell, member of the Legislative Assembly for
+the County of Frontenac, despairing of the liberties of the country
+under the "tory" oppression of the day, determined to sell his property
+for whatever it might bring, and remove to the States. He was on a
+steamboat on Lake Ontario, on his way to the Territory of Iowa to buy
+land and settle there, when the newspaper containing my communication
+fell into his hands; he read it, rose up and said that as long as there
+was a man in Canada who could write in that way there was hope for the
+country. He returned home, resumed his business, and lived and died in
+Canada.
+
+The Attorney-General was annoyed at the publication of his letter to Mr.
+Bidwell, and attempted a justification of his conduct. At the conclusion
+of a letter to me, he said that I had concealed my name for fear of the
+legal consequences of my seditious paper. I at once sat down and wrote
+the most argumentative paper that I ever penned (and for the recovery
+of which I afterwards offered five pounds, but without success),
+reducing the questions to a series of mathematical propositions, and
+demonstrating in each case from the Attorney-General's own data, that my
+conclusions were true, and his absurd. I concluded by defying his legal
+threat of prosecution, and signed my name to the letter.
+
+The effect of my reply to Mr. Attorney-General Hagerman was marvellous
+in weakening the influence of the first law adviser of the Crown, and in
+reviving the confidence of the friends of liberal constitutional
+government.[65]
+
+Subsequently, (in June, 1838), I received a letter from Mr. Hagerman, in
+which he stated that in my observations on Mr. Bidwell's case I had made
+assertions that impeached his character, and desired me to inform him on
+what evidence I had based my statements. He said:--
+
+ The first assertion is that I was the author of certain remarks
+ published under the editorial head of the _Patriot_ newspaper of
+ this city, injurious to the reputation of Mr. Bidwell.... The
+ second statement is that I desired to procure his expulsion from
+ the Province, because he had been preferred to me for the office of
+ judge.
+
+My reply to Mr. Hagerman was brief and to the point:
+
+ I beg to say, in reply to your letter, that I am not conscious of
+ having made either of the assertions which you have been pleased to
+ attribute to me.
+
+I think it only just to the late Mr. Hagerman to add, that the sharp
+discussions between him and me did not chill the friendliness, and even
+pleasantness, of our personal intercourse afterwards; and I believe few
+men would have more heartily welcomed Mr. Bidwell's return to Canada
+than Mr. Justice Hagerman himself. Mr. Hagerman was a man of generous
+impulses. He was a variable speaker, but at times his every gesture was
+eloquent, his intonations of voice were truly musical, and almost every
+sentence was a gem of beauty.
+
+The discussion ended there; but no proposal was ever made to, much less
+entertained by, the Law Society to erase Mr. Bidwell's name from its
+rolls.
+
+Mr. Bidwell's case did not, however, end here. In 1842, on the
+recommendation of Hon. Robert Baldwin, any promise given by Mr. Bidwell
+not to return to Canada--of which no record was found in any of the
+Government offices--was revoked, in 1843, by the Governor-General (Lord
+Metcalfe). Mr. Bidwell was also strongly urged to come back, and a
+promise was given to him by the authority of the Governor-General that
+all of his former rights and privileges would be restored to him, with a
+view to his elevation to the Bench. He, however, declined to return.
+Again, some years afterwards, when Sir W. B. Richards was
+Attorney-General, he was authorized to offer Mr. Bidwell the position of
+Commissioner to revise our Statute Law. He declined that offer also.
+
+In conversation, in 1872, with Sir John Macdonald in relation to Mr.
+Bidwell's early life, Sir John informed me that some years before, he
+himself had, while in New York, solicited Mr. Bidwell to return to
+Canada, but without success. Sir John said that he had done so, not
+merely on his own account (as he had always loved Mr. Bidwell, and did
+not believe that he had any connection whatever with the rebellion), but
+because he believed that he represented the wishes of his political
+friends, as well as those of the people of Canada generally.
+
+Mr. Bidwell was an earnest Christian. He was also a charming companion.
+A few weeks before his lamented decease, he visited his relatives and
+friends in Canada, spent a Sabbath in Toronto, occupying a seat in my
+pew in the Metropolitan Church. While here he presented me with a
+beautiful likeness of himself on ivory. I have placed it in the Canadian
+room of our Departmental Museum. I little thought it was my last meeting
+with him, as I had long anticipated and often intended to visit him in
+New York, where he promised to narrate to me many incidents of men and
+things in the Canada of former years, which had not come to my
+knowledge, or which I had forgotten. A suitable monument would be an
+appropriate tribute to his memory by our Legislature and country.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The following are extracts of letters written to Dr. Ryerson, by Mr.
+Bidwell, at the dates mentioned:
+
+ _May 21st, 1828--Kingston._--I admire and fully approved of your
+ plan (as I advised Mr. H. C. Thompson) of striking off a large
+ number of copies, in pamphlet form, of your Review of Archdeacon
+ Strachan's Sermon. (See page 68.) I have no doubt it will be really
+ a great service to the country to do so. Indeed, I sincerely think
+ that you could not in any other way be instrumental in promoting so
+ much the cause of Christ, as in the labours which you have
+ undertaken. The concerns of this Colony, as you see in the
+ newspapers, are attracting the attention of the British Parliament;
+ and the decided expression of public opinion here at present will
+ outweigh all that Dr. Strachan and his junto can say and do. My
+ father and I will shortly give the subject of Church Establishment
+ in this Province, contended for by Dr. Strachan, a full and careful
+ examination, and communicate to you the result.
+
+ _January 19th, 1829--York._--I rejoice once more to receive a
+ letter from you.... I sincerely thank you for your congratulations
+ on my elevation to the Speakership. I am sensible how much I need
+ the prayers and counsels of my friends in discharging the duties of
+ my station. I wish Christians would reflect what important
+ consequences may follow from every step taken by those in public
+ life, and especially in the Legislature.... I send you a copy of
+ Wilbur's Reference Bible, which I beg you will accept as a
+ testimony of my respect and friendship.
+
+ _March 10th, 1829--York._--The Marriage Bill has been passed, with
+ amendments made by the Legislative Council. The House is about
+ equally divided on trying questions, so that we often forbear
+ attempting measures which we would wish to pass. This unpleasant
+ state of things produces anxiety, uncertainty, and (worst of all)
+ violent party spirit. I can with great truth declare that I have
+ received but little satisfaction in my public life.
+
+ To you and your brother the Province owes a large debt of
+ gratitude. For one, I feel it sensibly, and wish most sincerely
+ that we could have the benefit of your counsel in our House. Two or
+ three such men would be a comfort, a relief, a support, and an
+ assistance, beyond what you have any idea of.
+
+ _April 6th, 1831--Kingston._--I am very glad to see your
+ commendations of the Attorney-General.[A] I think they are just.
+ They are certainly politic and seasonable. Indeed, I had thought of
+ hinting to you the propriety of some such notice of his liberality,
+ etc. I was afraid otherwise the coldness of the courtiers towards
+ him might make him repent of such liberality. But I think that your
+ remarks have come at the right time, and are exactly of the right
+ sort.[66]
+
+ _June 14th, 1833--York._--We have heard with pleasure of your safe
+ arrival in England: and pleasing indeed this has been to your many
+ friends in the Province, whose prayers, good wishes, and friendly
+ recollections, have accompanied you across the Atlantic.... Mr.
+ John Willson, M.P.P., of Saltfleet, has, within a day or two,
+ obtained from the Receiver-General, on the warrant of the
+ Lieutenant-Governor, Ł600 of the public money, to aid in building
+ chapels, I suppose, for the Ryanites. (See page 87). The fact was
+ mentioned to me privately this morning, but I deem it so important
+ as to justify and require me to inform you confidentially of it,
+ leaving it to your judgment to use the intelligence in the most
+ discreet manner that may be consistent with the duty you owe to
+ liberty and religion.
+
+ It excites surprise, pain, mortification, indignation, and
+ contempt, to see the Executive Government here making unjust and
+ invidious distinctions between His Majesty's subjects in the
+ appropriations of the Clergy Reserves, thereby endeavouring to
+ secure an unconstitutional and corrupt influence, especially after
+ Lord Goderich's declaration in his despatch (which he directed to
+ be published), that if any preference was shown to one denomination
+ of Christians more than another, it was contrary to the policy of
+ His Majesty's Government, and against repeated instructions sent to
+ the Government here.
+
+ As a Presbyterian I lament the grant to the Presbytery, and will do
+ all I can to get it repealed, for I am convinced it will do injury
+ to liberty and religion, and to the very persons who may wish, or
+ wicked enough, to receive it. I suppose the Province is indebted to
+ Sir John Colborne for these grants. If it is the Government at
+ home, it ought to be known: if it is not, they ought not only to
+ remove Sir John, but also reform this abuse. Have the Government
+ ever given your Society sixpence, or even a foot of land for your
+ chapels?--although it is the oldest and most numerous body of the
+ kind in the Province; is not wealthy, and has rendered the most
+ valuable services, and at a time when no other Church evinced the
+ least interest for the religious instruction or the welfare of the
+ people.
+
+ _April 12th, 1838--New York._--Your letter of the 23rd ult. and its
+ enclosure [the defence], I need not say, have effected me deeply,
+ too much, indeed, for me to describe my feelings. I thank you from
+ the bottom of my heart for this instance of your kindness; not less
+ valued, certainly, because it was unexpected, not to say
+ undeserved. If my misfortunes shall be the means of recovering a
+ friendship which I formerly enjoyed and always prized, I shall feel
+ not a little reconciled.[67]
+
+ I took the precaution some time ago, to send to England a plain,
+ distinct statement of all that had occurred between Sir Francis
+ Head and myself. This was transmitted to a friend to show to Lord
+ Glenelg. My only object was the vindication of my character. I have
+ never had the least expectation of obtaining justice or redress
+ from the Colonial office. There seems in that department utter
+ incapacity. The very persons they select for the Government of
+ Upper Canada are enough to prove this. And yet I believe that Lord
+ Glenelg is an able, as well as amiable, devout, good man.
+
+ _May 15th, 1838--New York._--I have received a letter from the
+ gentleman in England, to whom I had written. He had seen Lord
+ Durham, and shown him my letter. He expressed no opinion; but the
+ gentleman thinks that the matter stands favourably before him. He
+ has not yet seen Lord Glenelg.
+
+ _August 10th, 1839--New York._--Mr. Christopher Dunkin[68] is very
+ anxious to have the honour of an introduction to you. I am very
+ happy to be the means of gratifying him. Mr. Dunkin was editor of
+ the Montreal _Courier_, in the latter part of 1837, and beginning
+ of 1838. He was afterwards appointed by Lord Durham on the
+ Commission relating to education, and has latterly resided in the
+ United States.
+
+About the time of Mr. Bidwell's defence, Dr. Ryerson also wrote an
+explanatory letter to the Colonial Office in regard to his excellent
+friend, Hon. John H. Dunn, the Receiver-General, whose generous conduct
+towards the Upper Canada Academy is mentioned on page 166[69]. In a
+letter of acknowledgment from Mr. Dunn to Dr. Ryerson, he said:--
+
+ I am very glad to learn from your letter that you have written to
+ Lord Glenelg. It is but just to put His Lordship in possession of
+ facts which may counteract the influence of misrepresentation, and
+ enable His Lordship to exercise his own humane disposition in
+ putting matters right, which have been so wrong and arbitrary
+ towards the individual Mr. Bidwell, whom you have taken the
+ interest in, and trouble, to restore to his position and his
+ country.
+
+ I feel exceedingly obliged for the kind feeling which you entertain
+ towards me. Believe me, that you have only done me justice by
+ mentioning my name to Lord Glenelg. I have laboured hard since I
+ have been in the Province to discharge my duty to my God and my
+ Government. I have entertained different opinions at times of the
+ "Powers here," but they have been the dictates of an honest heart.
+ I cannot guide my opinions to the service of any party. Whatever
+ they may be, I shall lament if they should result in any other than
+ for the best interests and welfare of the Province of Upper Canada.
+
+ You were so good as to read me your letter to Lord Glenelg, on the
+ subject of the late execution of Lount and Matthews. Your version
+ too, of the real meaning of the representation which caused Sir
+ Francis Head to compel us to retire from the Executive Council, is
+ so correct, that I cannot suggest any amendment; besides, I am
+ bound by my oath not to divulge any transaction arising at the
+ Council Board. I shall be very happy to see the letter published.
+ (See page 170.)
+
+ You have seen my name kindly mentioned in the public prints. What
+ has been said has been the spontaneous expressions of other
+ persons, quite unknown to me. I am grateful to those persons who
+ have vindicated me against a party, eager to destroy me, and my
+ family. I leave them to a Judge who knows the secrets of all
+ hearts, and before whom we all shall soon appear. I have had my
+ share of afflictions and troubles in this world, and to which I
+ feel little or no attachment whatever. When the heart is sick, the
+ whole body is faint.
+
+Dr. Ryerson (in the _Guardian_ of 22nd January, 1840) thus referred to
+Mr. Dunn as one of the speakers in the Legislative Council on the
+popular side of the clergy reserve question:--
+
+ I was glad to hear Mr. Dunn speak so well and so
+ forcibly,--universally and affectionately esteemed as he is beyond
+ any other public functionary in Upper Canada.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Some months after the exile of Mr. Bidwell, Mr. James S. Howard was
+dismissed by Sir F. B. Head from the office of Postmaster of Toronto.
+The alleged ground of dismissal was that he was a Radical, and had not
+taken up arms in defence of the country. Dr. Ryerson, with his usual
+generous sympathy for persons who in those days were made the victims of
+Governor Head's caprice, at once espoused Mr. Howard's cause. In his
+first letter in the Defence of Sir Charles Metcalfe, he said:--
+
+ After the insurrection of 1837-8, unfavourable impressions were
+ made far and wide against the late Postmaster of Toronto, and Mr.
+ Bidwell. But subsequent investigations corrected these impressions.
+ The former has been appointed to office, and Sir F. B. Head's
+ proceedings against the latter have been cancelled by Sir Charles
+ Metcalfe. (Page 16.)
+
+Again, in the "Prefatory Address" to the Metcalfe Defence, he said:--
+
+ While God gives me a heart to feel, a head to think, and a pen to
+ write, I will not passively see honourable integrity murdered by
+ grasping faction.... I would not do so in 1838, when an attempt was
+ made to degrade and proscribe, and drive out of the country all
+ naturalized subjects from the United States, and to stigmatize all
+ Reformers with the brand of rebellion.... I relieved the name of an
+ injured James S. Howard from the obloquy that hung over it, and
+ rescued the character and rights of an exiled Bidwell from ruthless
+ invasion, and the still further effort to cover him with perpetual
+ infamy by expelling him from the Law Society. (Page 7.)
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[61] According to the books of the Law Society, Mr. Bidwell commenced
+his legal studies in Kingston, the 14th March, 1816, in the office of
+Mr. Daniel Washburn, and completed them in the office of Mr. Daniel
+Hagerman, of Ernestown. He was admitted as a barrister-at-law in April,
+1821.
+
+Mr. Bidwell was first elected to the House of Assembly in 1824;
+re-elected and chosen Speaker in 1828. On the death of George IV., in
+1830, a new general election took place, when the Reform party were
+reduced to a minority, and Mr. Bidwell was not re-elected Speaker; but
+he greatly distinguished himself in the debates of the House. In 1834, a
+new general election took place; a large majority of Reformers were
+returned, and Mr. Bidwell was again elected Speaker. In May, 1836, Sir
+F. B. Head dissolved the House of Assembly, and Mr. Bidwell and his
+colleague, the late Peter Perry, were defeated in the united counties of
+Lennox and Addington, which Mr. Bidwell had represented in Parliament
+during twelve years. From that time (May, 1836) Mr. Bidwell never
+attended a political meeting, or took any part in politics.
+
+[62] As stated by Dr. Ryerson, in the above note, Mr. Bidwell took no
+part in politics after his political defeat in May, 1836. In a note to
+Mr. W. L. Mackenzie, dated August 3rd, 1837, Mr. Bidwell said: Having
+learned from the _Constitution_ of yesterday that I was chosen as a
+delegate to a Provincial Convention, I think it right without delay to
+inform you ... that I must be excused from undertaking the duties of
+that appointment.... I cannot but regret that my name should have been
+used without my consent, or previous knowledge, by which I am driven to
+the disagreeable necessity of thus publicly declining [the] appointment,
+etc. In the _Guardian_ of 27th September, where this letter appears, it
+is stated that Mr. Mackenzie did not publish it in the _Constitution_
+until the 20th September--six weeks after he had received it.
+
+In a letter from Mr. Bidwell, dated, the 30th April, 1837, to Dr.
+O'Callaghan, of Montreal, he said: Retired from public life, probably
+for ever; I still look with the deepest sympathy on the efforts of those
+who are actively contending for the great principles of liberty, and
+good government, etc.--"_Political History of Canada_, 1840-1855, by Sir
+Francis Hincks, 1877, page 7."
+
+[63] Sir Alexander Campbell, now Minister of Justice, in a note to the
+Editor, thus explains this circumstance:--In the winter of 1837-38, I
+was a student-at-law, and a resident of Kingston. Dr. Ryerson was then
+the Methodist minister in charge of the only congregation of that body
+in town. The rebellion of 1837-8, had led to excited, and very bitter
+feelings--arrests had been frequent; and it was not prudent for any one
+to try to palliate the deeds of the rebels, or to seek to lessen the
+odium which covered their real, or even supposed allies and friends. Dr.
+Ryerson, however, desired to bring out the facts connected with Mr.
+Bidwell's banishment, and to change the current of public feeling on the
+subject--but it was not wise to send letters to the press in his own
+handwriting, or in any other way suffer it to become known that he was
+the author of the letters in defence of Mr. Bidwell. Under these
+circumstances he asked me to copy them, and take them to the _Herald_
+office--then the most liberal paper in Upper Canada. I was proud of the
+confidence placed in me, and copied the several letters, and went with
+them to the publisher. The letters were signed in words which I have not
+since seen, but which remain impressed upon my memory, and which were as
+follows:--
+
+"I am Sir, by parental instruction and example, by personal feeling and
+exertion,
+
+ A United Empire Loyalist"
+
+The letters constituted an eloquent defence of Mr. Bidwell, who
+certainly took no part in the counsels of those who were afterwards
+engaged in the rebellion, when it became evident that they intended to
+push matters to extremes.
+
+The incident made a great impression on me at the time, and was the
+beginning of a friendship with which Dr. Ryerson honoured me, and which
+ended only with his life.
+
+ A. Campbell.
+
+Ottawa, 29th December, 1882.
+
+[64] The defence was afterwards reprinted in a pamphlet on the 10th of
+May, 1838, with the following title: "The Cause and Circumstances of Mr.
+Bidwell's Banishment by Sir F. B. Head, correctly stated and proved by A
+United Empire Loyalist." Kingston, 1838, pp. 16.
+
+[65] Some time after Sir George Arthur's arrival as Governor, he sent
+for me, and stated that his object in doing so was to request me, for
+the sake of the Government and the country, to withdraw the letter I had
+written in answer to Attorney-General Hagerman; that it greatly weakened
+the Government; that my power of argumentation was prodigious, but he
+believed I was mistaken; that Mr. Bidwell had called to pay his respects
+to him at Albany, on his way to Canada; and that he (Sir George)
+believed Mr. Bidwell was guilty, as far as a man of his caution and
+knowledge could be concerned in the rebellion; and though my argument on
+his behalf seemed to be irresistible, he believed I was wrong, and that
+the withdrawal of my letter would be a great help to the Government. I
+replied that my weekly editorials in the _Christian Guardian_ (of which
+I had consented to be re-elected Editor) showed that I was anxious to
+suppress the factious and party hatreds of the day, and to place the
+Government upon a broad foundation of loyalty and justice; that what I
+had written in the case of Mr. Bidwell had been written by me as an
+individual and not as the editor of the organ of a religious body, and
+had been written from the firm conviction of Mr. Bidwell's innocence,
+and that his case involved the fundamental and essential rights of every
+British subject; and that, however anxious I was to meet His
+Excellency's wishes, I could not withdraw my letter. I then bowed myself
+out from the presence of Sir George, who, from that hour became my
+enemy, and afterwards warned Lord Sydenham against me as "a dangerous
+man," as Lord Sydenham laughingly told me the last evening I spent with
+him in Montreal, at his request, and before his lamented death.
+
+[66] These remarks will be found on page 83 of the _Guardian_ of 2nd
+April.
+
+[67] This loss of friendship with Dr. Ryerson may be explained by the
+following reference to Mr. Bidwell, in a letter from Dr. Ryerson, to his
+brother John, dated, Kingston, 29th May, 1838:--From an intimate
+religious friend of Mr. Bidwell, I learn that during the last few years
+he had acted more after a worldly policy, common to politicians, and
+had, therefore, partly laid himself open to the censure which he has
+received. I am also sensible of his prejudices against me of late years,
+and of the great injury which I have thereby sustained. I had some
+difficulty to overcome my own feelings in the first instance. But as far
+as individual feelings and interests are concerned, "it is the glory of
+man to pass over a transgression," generous as well as just, as we have
+received help from Bidwell himself when we could not help ourselves, and
+were trampled upon by a desperate party. If others had seen the letters
+from Bidwell to Mr. Cassidy, which I have been permitted to read, I am
+sure the noble generosity of their hearts would be excited in all its
+sympathies. I do not think, however, that he will ever return to this
+Province to reside. That appears to be altogether out of the question
+with him; but that does not alter the nature of the case.
+
+I have replied to Mr. Hagerman with calmness, but with deep feeling. My
+reply will occupy about eight columns in to-morrow's _Herald_.
+
+[68] Mr. Dunkin afterwards became a noted politician, and member of the
+Parliament of United Canada, from 1857, until Confederation. He was the
+promoter of the "Dunkin Act." He was one of the contributors to the
+_Monthly Review_, established by Lord Sydenham in 1841. He was
+subsequently appointed to the Bench, and died a few years since.
+
+[69] The Hon. John Henry Dunn was a native of England. He came to Canada
+in 1820, having been appointed Receiver-General of Upper Canada, and a
+member of the Executive and Legislative Council. He held the office of
+Receiver-General until the union of the Provinces in 1841, when the
+political exigencies of the times compelled him to resign it. He and
+Hon. Isaac Buchanan contested the city of Toronto, in the Reform
+interest, in 1841, and were returned. Mr. Dunn received no compensation
+for the loss of his office, and soon afterwards returned to England,
+where he died in 1854. He was a most estimable public officer. His son,
+Col. Dunn, greatly distinguished himself during the Crimean war, and, on
+his visiting Canada soon afterwards, was received with great enthusiasm,
+and a handsome sword was presented to him.--H.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+1838.
+
+Return to the Editorship of the "Guardian."
+
+
+The Rebellion of 1837-38 was suppressed by the inherent and spontaneous
+loyalty of all classes of the Canadian people. Yet, after it was over,
+the seeds of strife engendered by the effort to prove that one section
+of the community was more loyal than the other, and that that other
+section was chiefly responsible for the outbreak, bore bitter fruit in
+the way of controversy. Dr. Ryerson took little part in such
+recriminatory warfare. It was too superficial. He felt that it did not
+touch the underlying points at issue between the dominant, or ruling,
+party and those who were engaged in a contest for equal civil and
+religious rights. He, and the other leaders who influenced and moulded
+public opinion, clearly saw that this recriminatory war was carried on
+by the dominant party as a mask to cover their ulterior designs--designs
+which were afterwards developed in the more serious struggle for
+religious supremacy which that party waged for years afterwards, and
+which at length issued in the complete triumph of the principles of
+civil and religious freedom for which Dr. Ryerson and the
+representatives of other religious bodies had so long and so earnestly
+contended. (See page 452.)
+
+Besides, Dr. Ryerson was anxious to fulfil the engagement made with the
+Kingston Society that he would resume his pastoral charge there, after
+his return from England in June, 1837. He was, however, repeatedly
+pressed by his friends to write for the _Guardian_, or other newspaper,
+on the vital questions of the day. In reply to his brother John, who had
+urged him in the matter, he wrote (March, 1838) saying that he was so
+happily engaged in his pastoral duties at Kingston that he could not
+then devote the necessary time to the discussion of public questions.
+His brother, in remonstrating with him on the subject, said:--
+
+ Your letter affords me great satisfaction, accompanied with sorrow.
+ I am afflicted to think of the state the Province is in. Never did
+ high-churchism take such rapid strides towards undisputed
+ domination in this country as it is now taking. Never were the
+ prospects of the friends of civil and religious liberty so gloomy
+ and desperate as they are now. You say that you have not time to
+ write on these subjects. I will say, if you had, it would not now,
+ I fear, accomplish much. Indeed, it would, require the undeviating
+ course and the whole weight of the _Guardian_ to accomplish
+ anything at this time, so completely is all moral power in the
+ country enervated and liberty prostrated.
+
+ It is a great blessing that Mackenzie and radicalism are down, but
+ we are in imminent danger of being brought under the domination of
+ a military and high-church oligarchy, which would be equally bad,
+ if not infinitely worse. Under the blessing of Providence there is
+ one remedy, and only one; and that is, for you to take the
+ editorship of the _Guardian_ again. Several preachers have spoken
+ to me on this subject lately. One of them said to me (and he could
+ think of nothing else) that that alone would save us and the
+ country from utter ruin, and urged the necessity of the Conference
+ electing you, whether you would consent to serve or not. The truth
+ is, it is absolutely necessary for the sake of the Church and the
+ country that you reside in Toronto, and have direction of affairs
+ here. I wish all of our proceedings to be calm and moderate, but
+ that we be firm, and that the great principles of religious freedom
+ and equality should be uncompromisingly maintained.
+
+In a subsequent letter to Dr. Ryerson his brother John said:
+
+ In fact there is no way of escape out of our troubles but for you
+ to take the _Guardian_. The feeling of dissatisfaction at the
+ present state of things is becoming exceedingly strong among the
+ preachers and people. I participate in their feelings.
+
+Dr. Ryerson yielded to these appeals, and did write for the _Guardian_.
+In a letter, dated Kingston, April 4th, he said:--
+
+ I have recently written at considerable length to Lord Glenelg
+ respecting the Academy and other local matters. What you say in
+ regard to myself, and my appointment next year, I feel to be a
+ delicate and difficult matter for me to speak on. In regard to
+ myself I have many conflicting thoughts. My feelings, and private
+ interests, are in favour of my remaining where I am, if I remain in
+ the Province. I have been very much cast down, and my mind has been
+ much agitated on the subject. For the present I am somewhat
+ relieved by the conclusion to which I have come, in accordance with
+ Dr. Clarke's "Advice to a Young Preacher," not to choose my own
+ appointment, but after making known any circumstances, which I may
+ feel it necessary to explain, to leave myself in the hands of God
+ and my brethren, as I have done during the former years of my
+ ministry. If the Lord, therefore, will give me grace, I am resolved
+ to stand on the old Methodistic ground in the matter of appointment
+ to the _Guardian_.
+
+ I thank you for Chief Justice Robinson's address at the trial of
+ the prisoners. It is good. My own views are in favour of lenity to
+ these prisoners. Punishments for political offences can never be
+ beneficial, when they are inflicted in opposition to public
+ sentiment and sympathy. In such a case it will defeat the object it
+ is intended to accomplish. It matters not whether that sentiment
+ and sympathy are right or wrong in the abstract; the effect of
+ doing violence to it will be the same. But I would not pander to
+ that feeling, how carefully soever one may be disposed to observe
+ its operations. The fact, however, is, that Sir Francis Head
+ deserves impeachment, just as much as Samuel Lount deserves
+ execution. Morally speaking, I cannot but regard Sir Francis as the
+ more guilty culprit of the two.
+
+ I admire, as a whole, Sir George Arthur's reply to the address of
+ the "Constitutional Reformers." There is good in it. They will see
+ the folly of continuing the former party designations, and
+ pretended grounds of complaint. I think, however, that their
+ address will do good, from the large number of names attached to
+ it. I was surprised, and it has created quite a sensation here,
+ that there are so many as 772 in Toronto, who still have the moral
+ courage to designate themselves "Constitutional Reformers." It
+ will teach the other party that they are not so strong, and so
+ absolute in the voice of the country, as they thought themselves to
+ be.
+
+ I am satisfied that there never was such a time as from the
+ termination of the trial of the prisoners to the next session of
+ Parliament, for us to stamp upon the public mind at large, our own
+ constitutional, and Scriptural, political, and religious doctrines;
+ and to give the tone to the future Government and Legislation of
+ the Province, and to enlarge vastly a sphere of usefulness. I shall
+ write some papers for the _Guardian_ with this view.
+
+In a letter from Brockville, Rev. William Scott said:--
+
+ My humble opinion is, that in order to our safety as a Church--our
+ preservation from high church influence--you must be at Toronto. I
+ assure you that is the opinion of our influential men in this
+ quarter, who understand the state of the province, and the position
+ of Methodism. Permit me to add that the one hour's conversation
+ which I had with you amply repaid me for all the furious battles
+ which I have fought on this circuit in your defence.
+
+Rev. Joseph Stinson, in a letter to Rev. John Ryerson, said:
+
+ I am quite of your opinion that your brother Egerton ought to take
+ the _Guardian_ next year. There is a crisis approaching in our
+ affairs which will require a vigorous hand to wield the defensive
+ weapon of our Conference. There can be no two opinions as to whom
+ we should give that weapon. We now stand on fair ground to maintain
+ our own against the encroachments of the oligarchy, and we must do
+ it, or sink into a comparatively uninfluential body--this must not
+ be.
+
+As urged by these letters from his brethren, Dr. Ryerson, early in May,
+1838, prepared several articles for the _Guardian_. His brother John,
+who was a member of the Book Committee, thus speaks of the series of
+articles sent to that paper:--
+
+ I cannot express to you how much I am gratified and pleased with
+ your article on "Christian Loyalty." It will, no doubt, do immense
+ good. We have had a regular campaign in our Book Committee, in
+ reading and discussing your articles. The one on "Christian
+ Loyalty" occupied nearly the whole time. Your article on "The
+ Church" is one of the most admirable papers I ever read. Not a word
+ of that is to be altered. Your communication on "Indian Affairs," I
+ cannot speak so highly of. I hope you will pardon me for leaving
+ out some of the severe remarks on Sir Francis. I am afraid they
+ will do harm with the present Government.
+
+At the Conference of 1838, Dr. Ryerson was re-elected Editor of the
+_Christian Guardian_. In his first editorial, dated 11th July 1838, he
+said:--
+
+ Notwithstanding the almost incredible calumny which has in past
+ years been heaped upon me by antipodes-party-presses, I still
+ adhere to the principles and views upon which I set out in 1826. I
+ believe the endowment of the priesthood of any Church in the
+ Province to be an evil to that Church.... I believe that the
+ appropriation of the proceeds of the clergy reserves to general
+ educational purposes, will be the most satisfactory and
+ advantageous disposal of them that can be made. In nothing is this
+ Province so defective as in the requisite available provisions for,
+ and an efficient system of, general education. Let the distinctive
+ character of that system be the union of public and private
+ effort.... To Government influence will be spontaneously added the
+ various and combined religious influence of the country in the
+ noble, statesmanlike, and divine work of raising up an elevated,
+ intelligent, and moral population.[70]
+
+In combatting the idea that his editorial opinions in the _Guardian_
+were necessarily "the opinions of the Methodists" as a body, and that
+they were responsible for them, Dr. Ryerson, in the _Guardian_ of August
+15th, thus defines the rights of an editor:--To be the mere scribe of
+the opinions of others, and not to write what we think ourselves, is a
+greater degradation of intellectual and moral character than slavery
+itself.... In doctrines and opinions we write what we believe to be the
+truth, leaving to others the exercise of a judgment equally unbiassed
+and free.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In the exuberance of loyal zeal, and yet in a kindly spirit which was
+characteristic of him, Rev. W. M. Harvard, President of the Canada
+Conference, issued a pastoral on the 17th April, 1838, to the ministers
+of the Church, enjoining them not to recognize as members of the Society
+those whose loyalty could be impeached. The directions which he gave
+were:--
+
+ Should there be a single individual for whose Christian loyalty the
+ preacher cannot conscientiously answer for to his brethren, in the
+ first place such individual should not be included in the return of
+ membership, and in the second place such individual should be dealt
+ with kindly and compassionately, but firmly, according to the
+ provisions of the Discipline.
+
+ No man who is not disposed to be a good subject can be admissible
+ to the Sacraments of the Church....
+
+ Should any person apply hereafter for admission into our Church,
+ who may be ill-affected to the Crown ... tell him kindly, but
+ firmly, ... that he has applied at the wrong door.
+
+As soon as this extraordinary pastoral had appeared, Dr. Ryerson
+addressed a letter of some length to the _Guardian_, objecting in very
+temperate, but yet in very strong language to the doctrine laid down in
+it by the President of the Conference. Before publication, however, he
+sent it to Mr. Harvard for his information and perusal. He showed from
+the writings of John Wesley, Richard Watson, and others, and from
+examples which he cited (John Nelson, "the apostolic fellow-labourer of
+John Wesley," etc.) that such a doctrine savoured of despotism, and was
+harsh and inquisitorial in its effects. He concluded thus:--
+
+ None of the various political opinions which men hold, and their
+ respectful and constitutional expression of them, is any just cause
+ of excluding from the Lord's Table any human being, provided his
+ religious character is unexceptional. The only condition of
+ membership in our Church is "a desire to flee from the wrath to
+ come,"[71] and none of the opinions mentioned is inconsistent with
+ the fruits by which that desire is evidenced. The Discipline of the
+ Church, or the Scripture itself, does not authorize me to become
+ the judge of another man's political opinions--the Church is not a
+ political association--any man has as good a right, religiously and
+ politically, to his opinions of public matters as I have to
+ mine--and laymen frequently know much more, and are better judges,
+ than ministers in civil and secular affairs.
+
+It can be well understood what would be the effect of the Pastoral, and
+not less so of Dr. Ryerson's clear and dispassionate disclaimer of the
+doctrines which it officially laid down.
+
+It required courage and firmness, in the loyal outburst and reaction of
+those days, to question the propriety or expediency of any reasonable
+means by which the unimpeachable loyalty of members of the Church could
+be ascertained. What added to the embarrassment of Dr. Ryerson in
+discussing such a question was the fact that the Methodists were being
+constantly taunted with being disloyal. Knowing this, and sensitive as
+to the disgrace of such a stigma being cast upon the Church, the
+President felt constrained to take some decisive, and yet, as he
+thought, kindly and satisfactory means of ridding the Church of members
+who were the cause, in his estimation, of such a disgrace and reproach
+to that Church.
+
+Among many other strong letters of commendations of his reply to Mr.
+Harvard, which Dr. Ryerson received, were two,--one from a
+representative minister of the Canadian section of the Church, and the
+other from an equally excellent representative of the British
+missionaries. Thus:
+
+Rev. Anson Green, writing from Picton, said:--
+
+ I was sorry, though not surprised, to hear that you were very much
+ perplexed. I could easily understand your feelings, and quite
+ sympathize with you. Your recent efforts for the peace and
+ prosperity of the Church have very much endeared you to my heart. I
+ am fully prepared to believe the assertion which you made while in
+ England, "that you love Jerusalem above your chief joy." This you
+ have fully proved by your untiring efforts on behalf of the
+ Academy, the Chapels, and on the Church question; but in nothing
+ more, allow me to say, than in the firm, manly, and Christian
+ spirit, in which you have come out, publicly, in defence of the
+ membership of the Church, and of sound principles. I had resolved
+ when Rev. Mr. Harvard wrote to me to carry out the principles of
+ his instructions and Pastoral in this district, to write him a
+ letter respectfully and yet firmly declining to do so. But when I
+ saw the storm gathering in every quarter, I could only exclaim in
+ the despondency of my soul:--When will our brethren cease to
+ destroy us, and when will the Church again have rest from internal
+ commotion and strife! And just at this crisis (a memorable crisis
+ to thousands of our Canadian friends) your excellent rejoinder to
+ Mr. Harvard's Pastoral came out in the _Guardian_. It was a balm to
+ the afflicted heart. It was a precious cordial poured forth. Your
+ letter was sent from house to house, from cottage to cottage, and
+ met with unequivical applause from all. The lowering sky began to
+ clear up, and we are encouraged once more to hope for clear
+ sunshine. You have had the courage to speak the truth in opposition
+ to men in high authority. Your letter was in every respect just
+ what it should have been, and thousands do most sincerely thank you
+ for it.
+
+Rev. Joseph Stinson, writing from Simcoe, said:--
+
+ As far as I can ascertain, your appointment as Editor of the
+ _Guardian_ next year will give general satisfaction. The
+ President's Pastoral and your reply are producing quite a
+ sensation. Most people give Mr. Harvard credit for purity of
+ intention, but regret that the subject of politics has been
+ adverted to by him in such a form. Your remarks on the Pastoral
+ have hushed the fears of many who were greatly disturbed; but some
+ think that your statement of abstract right is carried too far, and
+ may at a future day be appealed to in support of measures which you
+ would utterly condemn.
+
+ Some of your old tory friends think that there is design in all you
+ write on these questions, and do not hesitate to designate you by
+ the amiable title of a "jesuit," etc. You can bear all this and
+ much more in carrying out your design, to show them that their
+ tactics are understood, and their proceedings are closely watched,
+ so as to prevent them from obtaining those objects which would be
+ alike unjust to us as a Church, and ungenerous to themselves. It is
+ well that in all of the "burnings which your fingers" have had, you
+ have not yet lost your nails; for I expect that you will need them
+ before long. The high church party have the will, if they can
+ muster the courage, to make a renewed and desperate attack upon
+ you. Fear not; while you advocate the truth, you can defy their
+ rage.
+
+ The public mind seems to me to be in a state of painful suspense.
+ The people hate and dread rebellion. They are not satisfied with
+ the present leading political party. They hope to see a new man
+ rise up with sufficient talent and influence to collect around him
+ a respectable party to act as a balance between oppression and
+ destruction. Some talk of a new election; some talk of leaving the
+ country; all seem to think that something must be done; none know
+ what to do. How ought we in this awful crisis (for an awful crisis
+ it is), to pray for the Divine interposition in behalf of our
+ distracted province.... I saw your venerable father last night. He
+ very much wishes you to write to him.
+
+On the 7th of November, 1838, the first number of the 10th volume of the
+_Guardian_ was issued. In it there is an elaborate article signed by Dr.
+Ryerson (although he was then Editor), on the state of public affairs in
+Upper Canada. In his introductory remarks he said:--
+
+ From the part I have usually taken in questions which affect the
+ foundations of our Government, and our relations with the Mother
+ Country,--and from the position I at present occupy in respect to
+ public affairs, and in relation to the Province generally, it will
+ be expected that I should take a more than passing notice of the
+ eventful crisis at which we have arrived. In conclusion, he says:
+ Having faithfully laid before the Government and the country the
+ present posture of affairs, and the causes of our present
+ dissatisfaction and dangers, I advert to the remedies: (1. Military
+ defence.) 2. Let the Government be administered as much in
+ accordance with the general wishes of this country, as it is in
+ England. 3. Abolish high-church domination, and provide perfect
+ religious and political equality. 4. Let them be at equal fidelity
+ to obey the authorities when called upon.... He who does most to
+ bring about this happy state of things in the Province will be the
+ greatest benefactor of his country.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[70] Even at this early date, Dr. Ryerson indicated the comprehensive
+character of the system of education which he was afterwards destined to
+found in Upper Canada.
+
+[71] These words as to membership are identical with those which Dr.
+Ryerson uttered fifteen years afterwards in his discussion on the
+Class-meeting question.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+1838-1840.
+
+Enemies and Friends Within and Without.
+
+ Any controversialist, whose honest belief in his own doctrines
+ makes him terribly in earnest, may count on a life embittered by
+ the anger of those on whom he has forced the disagreeable task of
+ reconsidering their own assumptions.--Canon Farrar.
+
+
+All through his public career, Dr. Ryerson had many bitter enemies and
+many warm and devoted friends. This was not to be wondered at. No man
+with such strongly marked individuality of will and purpose, and with
+such an instinctive dislike to injustice and oppression, could fail to
+come in contact with those whose views and proceedings were opposed to
+his sense of right. The enmity which he excited in discussing public
+questions was rarely disarmed (except in the case of men of generous
+impulses or noble natures) by the fact that he and those who acted with
+him were battling for great principles--those of truth, and justice, and
+freedom.
+
+When these principles could not be successfully assailed, the usual plan
+was to attack the character, and wound the tender sensibilities of their
+chief defender. This was a mistake; but it was the common error with
+most of Dr. Ryerson's assailants. And yet those who did so in his
+presence, and in the arena of debate, rarely repeated the mistake. With
+all his kindness of heart and warmth of friendship, there was, when
+aroused, much of the lion in his nature. Few who assailed him in
+Conference, or made a personal attack upon him in other places of public
+discussion, could stand before the glitter of his eye when that
+lion-nature was aroused; and fewer still would care to endure the effect
+of its fire a second time.
+
+Most of the personal attacks made upon Dr. Ryerson were in writing, and
+often anonymously. He had, therefore, to defend himself chiefly with his
+pen. This he rarely failed to do, and with good effect.[72] On such
+occasions he used strong and vigorous language, of which he was an
+acknowledged master. Very many of these attacks were ephemeral, and not
+worthy of note. Others were more serious and affected character, and
+these were more or less bitter and violent. They, of course, called
+forth a good deal of feeling at the time, but are only referred to now
+as part of the story of a life, then singularly active and stormy.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The Editor of the Toronto _Patriot_ having published extracts from a
+pamphlet issued in the Newcastle District (County of Northumberland), in
+1832, in which attacks were made upon Dr. Ryerson's character, he
+replied to them in the columns of that paper. In 1828, his circuit was
+in the Newcastle district, and the person who made these attacks resided
+in Haldimand, about eight miles east of Cobourg. Among other things,
+this man said that Dr. Ryerson "read seditious newspapers at his house,
+on the Sabbath day!" In reply, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ As my plan of labour prevented me from reaching this person's
+ locality until Sunday evening, and then preach in the Church there,
+ it would be impossible for me to do as he has alleged. Were I to
+ have done so, I would be unworthy of the society of Christian men.
+ But the author of this libel, which was published by him four years
+ after the alleged circumstance took place, was defeated as a
+ candidate for the House of Assembly, on account of a personal
+ attack which he made upon me at the hustings! _Hinc illć lucrymć._
+ This person also said that I "hoped yet to see the walls of the
+ Church of England levelled to the dust." In my reply to this I
+ said:--I solemnly declare that I never uttered such a sentiment,
+ nor have I cherished any hostility to the Church of England. Some
+ of my friends desired me to take orders in the Church of England
+ [see page 41]; and a gentleman (now an Episcopal clergyman) was
+ authorized by the late Bishop of Quebec to request me to make an
+ appointment to see him on his then contemplated tour through the
+ Niagara District, where I was travelling. After mature, and I
+ trust, prayerful deliberation, I replied by letter declining the
+ proposals made, at the same time appreciating the kindness and
+ partiality of my friends. A short time afterwards, I met the friend
+ who had been the medium of this communication from the late Dr.
+ Stewart. He was deeply affected at my decision. When I assigned my
+ religious obligation to the Methodists as a reason for declining
+ the offer, he replied that all of his own religious feelings had
+ also been derived from them, but he thought the Church required our
+ labours.
+
+Some person having written, professedly from Kingston, a diatribe
+against Dr. Ryerson, in the London (Eng.) _Standard_, Rev. Robert Alder
+replied to it, and apprised him of the fact:--
+
+ An attack having been made on you in a letter from Kingston, and
+ inserted in the _Standard_, I have been stirred up to write in your
+ defence. I expect also to have a battle to fight with Sir Francis
+ Head, for "I guess" he knows something of your Kingston friend.
+
+From Mr. Alder's reply, I make the following extracts:--
+
+ There is no man, either in the Canadas or at home, better
+ acquainted with the former and present state of these fine
+ provinces than Mr. Ryerson, as his letters in the _Times_, signed
+ "A Canadian," testify. Even his Kingston slanderer admits that the
+ facts stated in these letters were, in the main exceedingly
+ correct, indisputably true, and for the publication of which he is
+ entitled to the grateful thanks of every loyal subject throughout
+ British North America. But the malice of an adversary is too often
+ swifter than the gratitude of those who have derived benefit from
+ our services. This is proved in the case of Mr. Ryerson; for while
+ every radical and republican journal in the province has teemed
+ with communications vilifying his character and motives in the
+ strongest terms, a stinted meed of praise has been doled out to
+ him....
+
+ No wonder that persons in this country deeply interested in Canada
+ frequently consulted him; no wonder that the British North American
+ Land Company re-published his letters from the _Times_ at their own
+ expense. And it is to the honour of the noble lord at the head of
+ the Colonial Department, that he did obtain from so intelligent and
+ influential an individual as Mr. Ryerson, information respecting
+ the state of parties in a country so well-known to him. If his
+ information and advice, and that of another "Methodist Parson" in
+ Canada, had been received and acted upon elsewhere, there is reason
+ to believe that Mackenzie and his traitorous associates would not
+ have been permitted to unfurl the standard of rebellion in the
+ midst of a peaceful and loyal people. (See pages 176 and 183.)
+
+The inspired truth that "A man's foes shall be they of his own
+household" received many a painful illustration in Dr. Ryerson's
+history. In 1838, it was reduced to a system. The assailant was often "A
+Wesleyan," or, "A True Wesleyan," and under the friendly _ćgis_ of four
+or five papers, which were usually hostile to Methodism itself, the
+attack would be made. From numerous examples noted in the _Guardian_, I
+select a specimen:--
+
+ The rebellious _Guardian_ is shut against us; its cry is war,
+ havoc, and bloodshed, with Wesley on the lips, but implacable
+ hatred to him in the heart of its editor and his friends.... One of
+ two things remain for us, either to expel the Ryerson family and
+ their friends from our Society, who are the root of all our
+ misfortunes, or ... for all true Wesleyans to withdraw from them
+ and their wicked adherents, as the Israelites did from Egypt, or a
+ leper.
+
+In Dr. Ryerson's effort to protect individuals who were oppressed, and
+who had no means of defence, except in the columns of the _Guardian_, he
+was often virulently assailed, and even his life threatened. On the 22nd
+December, 1838, he received a letter of this kind from an influential
+gentleman in Toronto, who threatened legal proceedings unless the name
+of a writer in the _Guardian_ was given to him. He said:--
+
+ In reply to your letter of last evening, I have to say that the
+ writer of the communication in the _Guardian_, to which you refer,
+ is one of the "peaceable members of the Methodist Society," whose
+ character had been gratuitously and basely assailed by the Editor
+ of the _Patriot_ and his associate. He is a poor man, whose living
+ depends upon his daily industry. Were he a rich man, I might
+ consult with him on the subject of your letter; but being in those
+ circumstances of life which disable him from sustaining himself
+ against your wealth, and relentless persecution, I at once
+ determine to shield him from your power. I will not, therefore,
+ furnish you with his name.
+
+ In the published paragraph of his communication, the writer has
+ asserted that certain things were published some time since in the
+ _Patriot_, respecting the associate of its Editor, and an attempt
+ was made to blast the character and prospects of several
+ unoffending members of the Methodist Society--men, the daily bread
+ for whose families must be taken out of their mouths, if the
+ political or private character of their protectors is, in times
+ like the present, believed to be what this associate has
+ represented it to be. These men do not, like you, get rich upon
+ "wars and rumours of wars;" their high church zeal would not, like
+ yours, treble their business, and bring them into possession of a
+ tolerable fortune in a few years. It is to blunt the assassinating
+ dagger of a marked, and hitherto privileged slanderer, against the
+ character of such men that I admitted the paragraph in question
+ into the _Guardian_. If you are not the associate of the city
+ Editor in this "crusade against the character of peaceable members
+ of the Methodist Society," then you are exonerated from the remarks
+ in the letters, and the columns of the _Guardian_ are open to you
+ for any reparation you can desire. Notwithstanding your attacks
+ upon both my public and private character for years past;
+ notwithstanding your late unprovoked attack upon my private
+ character in a city newspaper; notwithstanding your late indirect
+ threats upon my life, and the _Guardian_ office in the event of an
+ invasion; notwithstanding all this, and much more, I am still ready
+ to open the columns of the _Guardian_ to you, if you think that any
+ kind of injustice has been done you. The letter to which you refer,
+ mentions no name, but adverts to an already published portrait of a
+ certain character who is, upon good grounds, believed to be
+ figuring behind the scenes in this high church warfare against
+ Methodists and others, and who is known to be indiscriminately
+ scattering "firebrands, arrows and death," amongst all of Her
+ Majesty's subjects who will not contribute to the profits of his
+ newspaper craft in crying up his golden idol of a dominant church.
+ It is amusing to see you, sir, who have availed yourself so
+ lavishly, in all time past, of the freedom of the press to assail
+ others, so sensitive at the mere suspicion of a mere report against
+ causeless attacks upon private individuals, having been intended
+ for yourself.
+
+Dr. Ryerson concluded in the following vigorous language:--
+
+Sir,--After having exhausted the resources of a free, I may add a
+licentious press to destroy me, with a view of extinguishing the
+principles of civil and religious liberty which I advocate, you and your
+party now seek to have recourse to the "glorious uncertainty of the law"
+to accomplish what you cannot effect by free discussion before an
+intelligent public; but I am not concerned at your threats. I know the
+malice of the party of which you are a convenient, active, and useful
+tool; I know its resources; I know its power; but I also know the ground
+on which I stand. I know the country for whose welfare I am labouring;
+above all, I rely upon the wisdom and efficiency of that Providence,
+whose administration, I believe, if I can judge of the signs of the
+times, has better things in store for the inhabitants of Upper Canada
+(my native land) than the despotism of a dominant oligarchy, upheld and
+promoted by the persecuting, the anti-British, and anti-patriotic spirit
+of such partizans as yourself.
+
+Rev. Matthew Richey wrote to Dr. Ryerson from Cobourg, in January, 1839,
+stating that some of the leading Methodists in Montreal were inducing
+subscribers to give up the _Guardian_, on the alleged ground of some
+disloyal sentiments contained in that paper of the 12th December.[73]
+Mr. Richey adds:--
+
+ I have written to a leading friend in Montreal, earnestly
+ expostulating with him upon the precipitancy of such a course. I
+ have not failed to apprise him of the bitter hostility of the
+ _Kingston Chronicle_, the _Toronto Patriot_, the _Cobourg Star_,
+ and _The Church_, to Methodism, and to say that, did they read
+ these papers, they would not be surprised at the pungency with
+ which you express yourself on the questions at issue between the
+ arrayed parties of the Province.
+
+ To intimate that the faithful discharge of your duty may expose you
+ to gaol or gibbet ... is not very complimentary to the freedom of
+ the Government under whose protection you are placed. Situated as
+ you are in the burning centre of excitement, and aware of the high
+ hopes, as well as high-handed measures of your opponents, you have
+ great need of patience, and forbearance.
+
+The leading Methodists in Montreal to whom Rev. Matthew Richey refers in
+the foregoing letter, having written to Dr. Ryerson on the subject of
+their complaint, he replied to them, on the 7th January, as follows:--
+
+ Your letter of the 24th ult. being rather unusual, both in matter
+ and form, seems to demand more than a silent acknowledgment. I
+ shall have much pleasure in complying with your request; but I
+ should despise myself, were I capable of making any reply to the
+ allegation contained in your letter.
+
+ Not a few of you impugned both my motives and principles in former
+ years, I have lived to furnish a practical commentary on your
+ candour and justice, by being the first to excite in the Colonial
+ Office in England a determination to protect British interests in
+ Lower Canada against French ambition and prejudice. I may yet have
+ an opportunity of furnishing a second similar commentary upon your
+ second similar imputation.
+
+ It is true that I am not of the high church school of politics, nor
+ of the Montreal _Herald_ school of bloodshed and French
+ extermination; but I, nevertheless, think there still remains
+ another basis of Scripture, justice, and humanity, on which may
+ rest the principles of a loyalty that will sacrifice life itself
+ in the maintenance of British supremacy, in perfect harmony with a
+ vigorous support of the constitutional rights of the
+ subject,--unmoved at one time by the fierce denunciations of
+ revolutionists, and unshaken at another time by the imputations of
+ ultra-sycophantic partizanship.
+
+ Twice have the leading members of the Methodist Society in Montreal
+ had the opportunity of insulting (and if their influence could have
+ done it, of injuring) me--and twice have they improved it,--in May,
+ 1834 [see page 148], when I was in Montreal; and in December,
+ 1838--a juncture when a stain might be inflicted upon the character
+ and reputation of any vulnerable minister of the Church that would
+ tarnish his very grave. It is a pleasing as well as singular
+ circumstance, and one that will be engraved upon the tablet of my
+ heart while memory holds her seat, that when in 1834 I was insulted
+ in Montreal, I was invited to preach in Quebec; and now that I am
+ honoured from Montreal a second time in a similar way, I have this
+ day received from Quebec a second token of "respect for my
+ character and love to Methodism" of ten new subscribers to the
+ _Guardian_, with a promise "ere long of from ten to twenty
+ more."[74]
+
+On the other hand, Dr. Ryerson, in the _Guardian_ of October 17th, 1838,
+exposes the kind of warfare which was carried on against him by the high
+church party:--
+
+ I have been informed, upon the authority of creditable eye
+ witnesses, that the number of the _Patriot_ which contained four or
+ five columns of attacks on the Editor of the _Guardian_ in his
+ private and public relations, has been carried from house to house
+ for the edification of Methodists; that in one instance the wife of
+ a rector had carried and read the _Patriot_ to members of the
+ Methodist Church and friends of the Editor, and then asked if they
+ could be led by such a man as Egerton Ryerson?
+
+In the _Guardian_ of the 31st October, Dr. Ryerson says:--
+
+ Another example of this vicious and disgraceful mode of warfare is
+ contained in a pamphlet published at the _Kingston Chronicle_
+ office, with a view of preventing the soldiers from deserting to
+ the United States.... I copy the following infamous passages,
+ purporting to be written by a deserter [name and regiment not
+ given]:--Well, I deserted. Ryerson never rested till he worked me
+ up to the deed. I was like a child in his hands--he led me as he
+ pleased.... It was only to get clear off, and then the road to all
+ that I ever wished for was open before me--so said Ryerson, etc....
+ Ryerson has two or three more on hand, etc.
+
+Dr. Ryerson adds:--
+
+ I had marked other passages of a like character, from the
+ _Patriot_, the _Cobourg Star_, and the _Statesman_.... Such are the
+ barbarous weapons used to pull down the religious liberties of the
+ people of this Province, and to establish a church domination.
+
+While Dr. Ryerson was at the Conference at Hamilton, in 1839, Rev. D.
+McMullen, of Hillier, in a letter to him, said:--
+
+ I have read the _Guardian_ with some attention during the past
+ year. I believe the general principles of political, civil, and
+ ecclesiastical policy advocated in it are such as must be supported
+ and ultimately prevail, or our country will be ruined. Yet, while I
+ admire the talent displayed by you, it is still a question with me
+ whether you, as a Methodist minister, in conducting a religious
+ journal, are justifiable in going the lengths you do in discussions
+ of a political character. I know that your ability and your
+ intimate acquaintance with the state of things in the country, with
+ parties, and all the questions at issue, etc., render you a very
+ competent person (perhaps the most so of any other in the country)
+ to write on these subjects; nor do I think that you ought to bury
+ this talent, but that through some other medium than the
+ _Guardian_, you should employ it for the country's good, and in a
+ way that would occasion less dissatisfaction among our people, and
+ excite and stir up less bad feeling against us and you from
+ without.
+
+At the same Conference, Dr. Ryerson received a strong letter of approval
+and encouragement from Mr. Hugh Moore, a highly respected and active
+member of the Church in Dundas. Mr. Moore said:--
+
+ I came to Hamilton this morning (13th June) to see you and to
+ strengthen your hands in the course that you have taken, and are
+ taking, in the _Guardian_. I could not get an opportunity of seeing
+ you, so I take this way of assuring you of our hearty approbation
+ and support,--as it is deemed necessary at this time to speak out.
+ Go on; you speak the language of our hearts. I should have seen you
+ at Toronto on my way from Montreal, and have told you of the
+ opinion and feelings of our community here, but time would not
+ permit. It is worthy of note that the people are determined to
+ support you. May God aid and direct you and all that are with you!
+
+Equally hearty was a letter which Dr. Ryerson received from Rev. John
+McIntyre, in September, 1839,[75] inviting him to come and preach for
+him in Perth. In urging him to comply with the request, Mr. McIntyre
+said:--
+
+ If the day is favourable, the people will assemble from all
+ quarters. I know myself of persons who intend to come about 20
+ miles to hear you. You can have no idea of your popularity in this
+ district, although principally a military settlement. Methodists,
+ Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, and moderate Churchmen, consider
+ you, as some Presbyterians were pleased some time ago to style you,
+ "The Saviour of Upper Canada." Now, to disappoint their just
+ expectation would be almost unpardonable. The people entertain so
+ high an opinion of your abilities, that (as some have lately said)
+ you could speak with five minutes' notice on any subject. I should
+ be extremely sorry that they should ever hold any other opinion;
+ but, at your departure from Perth, the people may say, as the Queen
+ of Sheba did on her visit to Solomon, "It was a true report we
+ heard of his acts, and of his wisdom, and behold the half was not
+ told us."
+
+Rev. G. R. Sanderson, also writing to Dr. Ryerson, said:--
+
+ I greatly regret these constant attacks upon you, who have laboured
+ so arduously and struggled so perseveringly for the good of our
+ country, and the settlement of the Clergy Reserves. I am sure,
+ however, that you will have the warmest thanks of all true friends
+ of their country; and that posterity will not withhold that praise
+ which is due you for your indefatigable exertions.
+
+I have already, on page 101, inserted a kindly letter to Dr. Ryerson
+from Rev. William Bell, Presbyterian minister, expressive of his
+sympathy with the course pursued by the _Guardian_ on the Clergy Reserve
+and other questions. The following letters of the same character were
+from parties outside of Dr. Ryerson's own Church. Thus in 1839, the
+Congregational Association of Upper Canada passed resolutions approving
+of Dr. Ryerson's course--the last one of which was as follows:--
+
+ We express to the Rev. Egerton Ryerson our thanks for his able and
+ persevering exertions to effect a settlement of the Clergy Reserve
+ question, and our determination to afford him any and every support
+ in his endeavours that it may be in our power to render.
+
+Rev. James Noll in enclosing the resolutions said:--
+
+ I feel myself happy, Sir, to be the medium of communicating to you
+ the sentiments and feelings of my brethren at a time when you are
+ insulted and abused as a public disturber, a rebel, and a political
+ demagogue, by those who are willing to sacrifice the peace, and
+ even risk the safety of the Colony.... Allow me to assure you of my
+ admiration of the fair, spirited, and able manner in which you have
+ conducted this important and painful controversy.... The cause you
+ are advocating is closely identified with the cause of God. Your
+ object is not only the temporal but spiritual welfare of your
+ country, and your friends are the great bulk of its loyal and
+ well-disposed inhabitants.
+
+Rev. John Roaf (Congregational), of Toronto, in a letter to Dr. Ryerson,
+dated December, 1838, said:--
+
+ I am desirous of not omitting one of my duties in relation to the
+ "Church question," and looking to you as the Leader of the
+ non-established parties, am anxious to understand your views upon
+ the rectory question. Should you also think of any other measure by
+ which I and my immediate brethren can support the cause which you
+ are so zealously and efficiently promoting, or can assist in
+ weakening the opposition to which you are subject, I shall be happy
+ in attending to your suggestions.
+
+Mr. William Greig (Baptist), Bookseller, Montreal, in a letter to Dr.
+Ryerson, dated June, 1839, says:--
+
+ As an ardent friend to civil and religious liberty, and an admirer
+ of the course pursued by yourself as Editor of the _Christian
+ Guardian_, I cannot but express my regret at seeing you assailed on
+ all sides, and especially by those for whose good you have been
+ exerting yourself. As a native of Great Britain, I am fondly
+ attached to her civil institutions, and will yield in loyalty to no
+ one. I cannot, therefore, but approve of any lawful and fair
+ measures which will tend to bring all denominations to that level,
+ that every one provide for itself. I therefore say, go on in your
+ present course; keep up the fire, brisk and hot on the enemy, till
+ they are routed. As I see several are withdrawing their
+ subscriptions to the _Guardian_, the friends of civil and religious
+ liberty, of whatever denomination, ought to come in and take their
+ places. Although not a Methodist, please put me down as a
+ subscriber to the _Guardian_.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[72] Dr. Ryerson, early in his controversial career, adopted Lord
+Macaulay's motto: No misrepresentation should be suffered to pass
+unrefuted. We must remember that misstatements constantly reiterated,
+and seldom answered, will assuredly be believed.
+
+[73] The article in the _Guardian_ to which reference is made, is the
+reply of Dr. Ryerson to several Methodists in Toronto who had signed the
+Address of the British Missionary party to the Governor; and who, in a
+letter to him, had repudiated the construction put upon the Address by
+the _Patriot_. Among other things the Editor said: The manly firmness
+with which the signers of this Address have resisted the cunning wiles
+of Egerton Ryerson, is a solemn pledge of their love and veneration for
+the glorious institution of the Empire.... Thus ever thought we of
+British Wesleyans; and thus thinking was our impelling motive for
+persevering for the first three years of our editorial career, in one
+incessant battering of the pernicious, seditious principles of Egerton
+Ryerson; the very first number of whose paper betrayed him to us,
+_flagrante delicto_, a pestilent and dangerous demagogue.... If his
+ambition were as legitimate and praiseworthy as his talents are
+commanding, he would be a far more valuable member of society than he
+can ever hope to be while hankering to return to the flesh pots of
+Yankee Episcopal Methodism, etc.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's reply was an elaborate defence of his opposition to the
+efforts of the _Patriot_ party to create a dominant Church, the
+application of the reserves to high church uses, and the establishment
+of the fifty-seven rectories.
+
+[74] In a letter to Dr. Ryerson, dated Montreal, 1st February, 1836,
+Rev. William Lord said:--Rev. Anson Green was here last week and
+preached. An Upper Canada Presiding Elder preaching with acceptance in
+Montreal! Who would have thought of such a thing when brother Egerton
+Ryerson and even brother Joseph Stinson were denied the pulpit!
+
+[75] This gentlemen entered the Methodist ministry in 1835, and joined
+the Church of England in 1841. He died some years since.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+1778-1867.
+
+The Honourable and Right Reverend Bishop Strachan.
+
+
+The Venerable John Strachan, D.D., LL.D., Archdeacon of York, and
+subsequently (1839-1867) first Bishop of Toronto, was the chief clerical
+opponent which Dr. Ryerson encountered in the contest for religious
+freedom and denominational equality during nearly twenty years.
+
+Dr. Strachan was born in Scotland, in April, 1778, and died at Toronto,
+in November 1867, in the 90th year of his age.
+
+It was a singular coincidence that Dr. Strachan entered the ministry of
+the Church of England in May, 1803, just two months after Dr. Ryerson
+was born. Who could then have foreseen the respective careers of these
+two remarkable men! The one, the virtual founder and administrative head
+of the Church of England in Upper Canada for upwards of 60 years; and
+the other, although not the founder, yet the controlling head and leader
+of the Methodist Church in the Province for nearly the same period.
+
+Dr. Strachan was an uncompromising high churchman. His exclusive views
+on the "priestly authority, and the catholic and apostolic character of
+the Church of England," were those of a church optimist, but they were
+not based upon any profound study of the subject, as his own statement
+will attest.[76]
+
+It is interesting to note the causes which led Dr. Strachan to cling so
+tenaciously to the idea of "Church and State"--a union which he regarded
+as sacred, and ordained of God for the maintenance of His cause and
+Church on the earth. It is no less interesting to understand the reason
+why Dr. Ryerson as strenuously repudiated and resisted the practical
+application of the same idea to Canada. The reason in each case may be
+stated in a few words.
+
+The one from early associations regarded the idea of Scottish parish
+churches and parochial schools, supported by the State, as eminently
+Scriptural, if not divinely enjoined from the earliest Jewish times. The
+other was brought up in a land where such a state of things had never
+existed, and where the pure gospel had been preached from the earliest
+times without the aid of a state endowment. He lived in a land, too,
+where the command to the Christian Church was felt to be fitly expressed
+by John Wesley, to take the "world as a parish" and preach the Gospel to
+every creature. The manner in which this command was to be obeyed was
+indicated by our Lord's example, when He sent forth His disciples with
+this injunction:--
+
+ Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses ... for
+ the workman is worthy of his meat. Matt. x. 9, 10.
+
+Members of the Conference, in Dr. Ryerson's early days, unhesitatingly
+obeyed the directions of the Conference--many regarding it as the voice
+of God in the Church--and went forth, without scrip or purse,
+everywhere, even to the remotest corner of the land, bearing the good
+tidings, not considering their pecuniary interests,[77] or even their
+lives dear unto them, so that they might win souls for the Master.[78]
+
+Dr. Strachan's views on the question of State aid to churches were
+clearly, on the other hand, the result of his observations, in Scotland.
+They are prominently brought out in his memorable speech, delivered in
+the Legislative Council, on the 6th of March, 1828. He says:--
+
+ Have not the Methodists in this Province ... ever shown themselves
+ the enemies of the Established Church? Are they not at this moment
+ labouring to separate religion from the State, with which it ought
+ to be firmly united?... Has it not been the primary object of all
+ enemies to regular government ... to pull down religious
+ establishments?... If they tell me the Ecclesiastical
+ establishments are great evils, I bid them look to England and
+ Scotland, each of which has a religious establishment, and to these
+ establishments are they mainly indebted for their vast superiority
+ to other nations. To what but her Established Church, and the
+ Parochial Schools under her direction, does Scotland owe her high
+ reputation for moral improvement. (Pages 27 and 28.)
+
+Again, in a remarkable letter to his friend (Rev. Dr. Thomas Chalmers,
+of Edinburgh[79]), written in 1832, on the Life and Character of Bishop
+Hobart of New York, Dr. Strachan relates a conversation with that Bishop
+in which he took him severely to task for extolling the voluntary system
+of the American Episcopal Church as compared with the endowed State
+Church of England. I make a few extracts:--
+
+ Let us look at the Episcopal Church of the United States, and see
+ what moral effect it can have on the population, as a source of
+ religious instruction.... The influence of the two Churches as
+ confined to England and New York (alone) is as one to seventy....
+ Such influence on the manners and habits of the people [in that
+ state] is next to nothing, and yet you extol your Church above that
+ of England, and exclaim against establishment! Add to this, the
+ dependence of your clergy upon the people for support--a state of
+ things which is attended with most pernicious consequences ... but
+ in general, the clergy of all denominations in the United States,
+ are miserably dependent upon their congregations.... It is the duty
+ of Christian nations to constitute, within their boundaries,
+ ecclesiastical establishments.... For it is incumbent upon nations
+ as upon individuals, to honour the Lord with their substance.
+ (Pages 41-47.)
+
+Bishop Strachan's early and later writings abound in expressions of
+similar views. It was not to be wondered at, therefore, that a man of
+his strong convictions would seek to give practical effect to them in
+dealing, as opportunity offered, with questions of church establishment
+and the clergy reserves.
+
+It is true that by his persuasive words and strong personal
+influence--when the object was the financial benefit of the
+Church--Bishop Strachan rallied around him many of the leading members
+of the Church of England in Upper Canada who aided him in his plans for
+endowing the Church out of the public domain. Yet it is also true that
+many equally sound churchmen were opposed to these schemes, and saw in
+them the germ of a fatal canker, which in time would be sure to destroy
+the Church's missionary zeal, and paralyze all of those noble and
+generous impulses which characterize a living Church in the promotion of
+Christian effort in the various departments of Church work.[80]
+
+As time has passed on the little band of loyal churchmen, who incurred
+the Bishop's unmerited censure for opposing his exclusive schemes of
+Church aggrandisement, has increased to thousands in our day. They
+deeply regret the success of those schemes, and deprecate the existence
+of clergy reserves and rectory endowments as in themselves fatal to the
+healthy development of Church work as an active and aggressive force in
+the Christian life.
+
+It is not necessary to refer here to Bishop Strachan's views in regard
+to ecclesiastical polity. They are well known. On this matter also many
+sound churchmen differed widely (and still differ) from his views. Yet
+Bishop Strachan, while holding such strong and exclusive views, was
+kindly disposed towards "Sectaries" individually, and lived on terms of
+personal friendship with many of those whose opinions were opposed to
+his on church questions. In his Legislative Council speech, already
+quoted, he says:--
+
+ I have been charged with being hostile to the Scotch Church, and
+ with being an apostate from that communion.... My hostility to the
+ Kirk of Scotland consists in being on the most intimate terms with
+ the late Mr. Bethune and Dr. Spark.... To both these excellent men
+ I willingly ... pay a tribute of respect.... Nor have I ever missed
+ an opportunity, when in my power, of being useful to the clergy of
+ the Church of Scotland, or of treating them with respect, kindness,
+ and hospitality. (Page 22.)
+
+Again, in his sermon on "Church Fellowship," preached in 1832, Dr.
+Strachan says:--
+
+ Widely as we differ from the Roman Catholics in many religious
+ points of the greatest importance, we have always lived with them
+ in the kindest intercourse, and in the cordial exchange of the
+ charities of social life. The worthy prelate, by whom they are at
+ present spiritually governed, has been my friend for nearly thirty
+ years. With the members of the Church of Scotland we associate in
+ the same manner....[81] The merits of our sister Church cannot be
+ unknown to you, my brethren. To me they are familiar, and connected
+ with many of my cherished and early associations.... Of that
+ popular and increasing class of Christians [the Methodists], who
+ call themselves a branch of our Church, both at home and abroad, I
+ would speak with praise. (Pages 23-25.)
+
+As to his relations with Dr. Ryerson, I here insert two notes from the
+Bishop to him. The first is dated February 7th, 1838, as follows:--
+
+ The Archdeacon of York presents his compliments to the Rev. E.
+ Ryerson, and begs to acknowledge with satisfaction his courtesy in
+ sending him a copy of his excellent sermon on the Recent
+ Conspiracy, which the Archdeacon has read with much pleasure and
+ profit. Such doctrines, if generally diffused among our people,
+ cannot fail of producing the most beneficial effects, both
+ spiritual and temporal.
+
+The second related to the calamity which had befallen the Church of
+England congregation of St. James, in the destruction of its church
+building by fire early in January, 1839. Dr. Ryerson at once wrote to
+the Archdeacon offering him the use of the Newgate (Adelaide Street)
+Church. On the 6th January, Dr. Strachan replied as follows:--
+
+ I thank you most sincerely for the kind sympathy you express in the
+ sad calamity that has befallen us, and for your generous offer of
+ accommodation. Before your note reached me, I had made arrangements
+ with the Mayor, for the Town Hall, which we can occupy at our
+ accustomed hours of worship, without disturbing any other
+ congregation. I and my people are not the less grateful for your
+ kind offer, which we shall keep in brotherly remembrance.
+
+In his Charge to the Clergy in 1853, and again in 1856, he pays a
+personal tribute to Dr. Ryerson. In the later Charge, speaking of the
+School system, he says:--
+
+ So far as Dr. Ryerson is concerned, I am one of those who
+ appreciate very highly his exertions, his unwearied assiduity, and
+ his administrative capacity.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's last reference to the Bishop is contained in the "Epochs
+of Canadian Methodism," written in 1880, as follows:
+
+ Upwards of fifty years have passed away since my criticisms on Dr.
+ Strachan's "Sermon on the death of the Bishop of Quebec" were
+ written. On the re-perusal of them, after the lapse of so long a
+ time, the impression on my own mind is that Dr. Strachan was honest
+ in his statements and opinions.... He was more moderate and liberal
+ in his views and feelings in his later years, and became the
+ personal friend of his old antagonist, "The Reviewer," who, he
+ said, had "fought fair." (Page 145.)
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[76] My mother (he said) belonged to the Relief denomination.... My
+father was attached to the Non-Jurants; and although he went
+occasionally with my mother, he was a frequent hearer of Bishop Skinner,
+to whose church he was in the habit of carrying me. He died when I was
+very young, but not before my mind was impressed in favour of
+Episcopacy.... I readily confess, that in respect to Church Government,
+my principles were sufficiently vague and unformed; for to this
+important subject my attention was never particularly drawn till I came
+to this country, when my venerated friend, the late Dr. Stewart, of
+Kingston, urged me to enter the Church, and as I had never yet
+communicated, that excellent person, whom I loved as a father, admitted
+me to the altar a little before I went to Quebec to take holy orders, in
+1803. Before I had determined to enter the Church of England, I was
+induced by the advice of another friend (the late Mr. Cartwright) ... to
+make some inquiries respecting the Presbyterian Church of Montreal, then
+vacant. (Dr. Strachan's Speech in the Legislative Council, March 6th,
+1828, pages 25, 26.)
+
+[77] The stipends of Methodist ministers in those days were very small.
+Rev. Dr. John Carroll tells me that the "quarterage" payable to an
+unmarried Methodist minister in America, at first, was only $60 per
+annum; then it was increased to $80, at which rate it remained until
+1816, when the General Conference fixed it at $100, at which it remained
+until 1854. The rule for a married minister was double that for a single
+man, and $16 for each child. Besides quarterage, there was an allowance
+for travelling and table expenses. Two hundred dollars was the sum for
+salary, besides travelling and aid expenses, allowed to a minister up to
+1854, and even then this sum was rarely ever paid in full.--H.
+
+[78] Rev. H. Wilkinson in a note to Dr. Ryerson, in 1837, thus describes
+the kind of places to which some ministers had to be sent, and their
+duties and qualifications when there. He said: I require a man for a
+mission which lies about 200 miles from Bytown, up the Grand River
+(Ottawa), and which will be difficult of access in the winter. A
+suitable person could make his way northwards with some of the rude
+lumbermen, who now and then go up in companies. The brother would need
+to be strong in mind and body, and fervent in spirit. He would need to
+go on foot, and paddle a canoe, or row a boat, as the case might be, and
+thus reach his appointments in the best way he can.
+
+[79] While in the vicinity of St. Andrews I contracted several important
+friendships, amongst others, with Thomas Duncan, afterwards Professor of
+Mathematics, and also with Dr. Chalmers, since then so deservedly
+renowned. We were all three very nearly of the same age, and our
+friendship only terminated with death, being kept alive by a constant
+correspondence during more than sixty years. (Bishop Strachan's Charge
+to his Clergy, June, 1860; page 10.)
+
+[80] Speaking of the passage of a Clergy Reserve Bill in 1840, to which
+the Bishop of Toronto was strongly opposed, Dr. Ryerson says: A
+considerable majority of the members of the Church of England in both
+Houses of the Legislature voted for the Bill, and were afterwards
+charged by the Bishop with "defection and treachery" for doing so. On
+this point, Lord Sydenham, in a despatch to Lord John Russell, dated,
+5th February, 1840, said: It is notorious to every one here, that of
+twenty-two members (being communicants of the Church of England) who
+voted upon this bill, only eight recorded their opinion in favour of the
+views expressed by the Right Reverend Prelate, whilst, in the
+Legislative Council the majority was still greater; and amongst those
+who gave it their warmest support, are to be found many gentlemen of the
+highest character for independence, and for attachment to the Church,
+and whose views on general politics differ from those of Her Majesty's
+Government. (Dr. Ryerson's Criticism on Bishop Strachan's letter to Lord
+John Russell, dated, February 20th, 1851.)
+
+[81] These kindly words the Bishop repeated in substance to the Editor
+some years since, when talking with him on the subject.--H.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+1791-1836.
+
+The Clergy Reserves and Rectories Questions.
+
+
+The discussion of the Clergy Reserve Question enters so largely into the
+Story of Dr. Ryerson's Life, that I give in this chapter a short,
+condensed sketch of its origin and history down to 1837-38. The
+remainder of the sketch will be developed in an account of the contest
+preceding the settlement of the question in subsequent chapters.
+
+After the conquest of Canada, in 1760, the right of the Roman Catholic
+inhabitants to enjoy their religion was guaranteed to them in the Treaty
+of Paris, Feb. 10th, 1763. In 1774, an Act was passed by the British
+Parliament (14 Geo. III., ch. 83) by which the right to their accustomed
+dues and tithes was secured to the clergy of the Church of Rome in the
+then Province of Quebec (including what was afterwards Upper and Lower
+Canada). The same Act provided for the encouragement of the Protestant
+religion, and, for the support of a Protestant clergy, by other tithes
+and dues.[82]
+
+In 1791, the Province of Quebec was divided into Upper and Lower Canada,
+and, in an Act introduced into the British Parliament by Mr. Pitt,
+provision was made for their government. Sections 35-42 of that Act
+dealt with the maintenance and support of a Protestant Clergy, and this
+provision (1) allotted one-seventh of all lands which might be hereafter
+granted by the King for settlement; and (2) gave authority for the
+erection of "parsonages or rectories, according to the establishment of
+the Church of England," to be endowed out of the lands so allotted, etc.
+(Sec. 38).
+
+The alleged reasons which induced George III. to make provision for the
+support of religion in the North American Colonies, are set forth, so
+far as they related to the Protestant religion, by the late Bishop
+Strachan in a pamphlet which he published in England in 1827.[83] He
+mentions the fact that Great Britain, of all European nations, had
+hitherto made no provision for religious instruction in her colonies. He
+further states that:--
+
+ The effect of this was that emigrants belonging to the Established
+ Church who settled in America, not having access to their own
+ religious ministrations, became frequently dissenters; and when the
+ Colonies (now the United States) rebelled, there was not, among a
+ population of nearly 3,000,000, a single prelate, and but very few
+ Episcopal clergymen.
+
+ The folly of this policy was shown in the strongest light during
+ the rebellion; almost all of the Episcopal clergy and their
+ congregations remained faithful to the King, demonstrating by their
+ conduct, that had proper care been taken to promote a religious
+ establishment in connection with that of England, the revolution
+ would not have taken place.[84]
+
+ Aware of the pernicious effects of this narrow and unchristian
+ policy, and sensible that the colonial ought to be attached to the
+ parent state by religious, as well as by political feelings, the
+ great Mr. Pitt determined (in forming a constitution for the
+ Canadas) to provide for the religious instruction of the people,
+ and to lay the foundation of an Ecclesiastical Establishment which
+ should increase with the settlement.
+
+ To accomplish this noble purpose, Mr. Pitt advised that one-seventh
+ of the lands should be set apart for the maintenance of a
+ Protestant Clergy. In Upper Canada this appropriation comprises
+ one-seventh of the whole province: but in Lower Canada, one-seventh
+ of those parts only which have been granted since 1791 (pages 2,
+ 3).[85]
+
+In a pamphlet published at Kingston, U.C., during the previous year, the
+substance of Mr. Pitt's remarks on that part of the Bill which
+authorized the setting apart of these lands, is given as follows:--
+
+ Mr. Pitt (House of Commons, 12th May, 1791), said that he gave the
+ Colonial Government and Council power, under the instructions of
+ His Majesty, to distribute out of a sum arising from the tithes for
+ land or possessions, and set apart for the maintenance and support
+ of a Protestant clergy. Another clause (he said) provided, for the
+ permanent support of the Protestant clergy, a seventh portion of
+ the lands to be granted in future. He declared that the meaning of
+ the Act was to enable the Governor to endow and to present the
+ Protestant clergy of the established church to such parsonage or
+ rectory as might be constituted or erected within every township or
+ parish, which now was, or might be formed; and to give to such
+ Protestant clergyman of the established church, a part, or the
+ whole, as the Governor thought proper, of the lands appropriated by
+ the Act. He further explained that this was done to encourage the
+ established church; and that possibly hereafter it might be
+ proposed to send a Bishop of the established church to sit in the
+ Legislative Council. (Parl. Reg., vol. 29, pp. 414, 415.)[86]
+
+ Mr. Fox was entirely opposed to these arrangements. He said: By the
+ Protestant clergy, he supposed to be understood not only the clergy
+ of the Church of England, but all descriptions of Protestants....
+ That the clergy should have one-seventh of all grants, he must
+ confess, appeared to him an absurd doctrine. If they were all of
+ the Church of England, this would not reconcile him to the measure.
+ The greater part of these Protestant clergy were not of the Church
+ of England; they were chiefly Protestant dissenters.... We were, by
+ this Bill, making a sort of provision for the Protestant clergy of
+ Canada [of one-seventh of the land] which was unknown to them in
+ every part of Europe; a provision, in his apprehension, which would
+ rather tend to corrupt than to benefit them. (Hansard, vol. 29,
+ 1791, page 108.)
+
+I have carefully gone through the whole of the debate on this subject,
+but I cannot find one word in it which would indicate that Mr. Pitt, Mr.
+Fox, or Mr. Burke (the chief speakers), entertained the idea that
+endowing the clergy had any political significance as a precautionary
+measure for ensuring the loyalty of the inhabitants. The opinion was
+expressed that setting apart these lands was the most feasible way (as
+Mr. Pitt said) of providing "for the permanent support of the Protestant
+clergy," and of giving "them a competent income."[87]
+
+In a letter to Dr. Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury, dated December,
+1790, Col. J. Graves Simcoe said:--
+
+ I am decidedly of opinion that a regular Episcopal establishment
+ ... is absolutely necessary in any extensive colony which England
+ means to preserve, etc. The neglect of this principle of
+ overturning republicanism in former periods, by giving support and
+ assistance to those causes which are perpetually offering
+ themselves to affect so necessary an object, is much to be
+ lamented; but it is my duty to be as solicitous as possible, that
+ they may now have their due influence, etc.
+
+In a "Memoir" written by Governor Simcoe in 1791, he said:
+
+ In regard to the Episcopal establishment ... I firmly believe the
+ present to be a critical moment, in which that system, so
+ interwoven and connected with the monarchical foundation of our
+ government, may be productive of the most permanent and extensive
+ benefits, in preserving the connection between Great Britain and
+ her Colonies.
+
+From various sources I gather the following particulars:--
+
+ From 1791 to 1819, the Clergy Reserves were in the hands of the
+ Government, and managed by it alone. For years they yielded
+ scarcely enough to defray the expenses of management. In 1817 the
+ House of Assembly objected to such an appropriation for the clergy,
+ as "beyond all precedent lavish," and complained that the
+ reservations were an obstacle to improvement and settlement. In
+ 1819, lands were taxed for the construction of roads, and it was
+ contended that the reservations on the public roads should also be
+ taxed.
+
+ In 1819, the question was first mooted, as to the right of
+ Presbyterians to share in the reserves. In March, of that year,
+ thirty-seven Presbyterians of the town of Niagara, petitioned Sir
+ Peregrine Maitland, to grant to the Presbyterian congregation
+ there, the annual sum of Ł100 in aid, out of the clergy reserves,
+ or out of any other fund at the Governor's disposal. In
+ transmitting this petition to the Colonial Secretary for
+ instructions, Sir P. Maitland mentioned that "the actual product of
+ the clergy reserves is about Ł700 per annum." In May, 1820, a reply
+ was received from Lord Bathurst, stating that, in the opinion of
+ the Crown officers, the provisions of the Act of 1791, "for the
+ support of the Protestant clergy, are not confined solely to the
+ clergy of the Church of England, but may be extended also to the
+ clergy of the Church of Scotland," but not to dissenting ministers.
+
+ In 1819, on the application of Bishop Mountain, of Quebec, the
+ clergy in each province were incorporated for the purpose of
+ leasing and managing the reserves--the proceeds, however, to be
+ paid over to the Government. On the appearance of a notice to this
+ effect in the Quebec _Gazette_, dated, 13th June, 1820, the clergy
+ of the Church of Scotland memorialized the King for a share in
+ these reserves.
+
+ In 1823, the House of Assembly, on motion of Hon. William Morris,
+ concurred in a series of resolutions, asserting the right of the
+ Church of Scotland in Canada to a share in the reserves. These
+ resolutions were rejected by the Legislative Council, by a vote of
+ 6 to 5.
+
+ In April, 1824, Dr. Strachan was deputed by the Bishop of Quebec
+ and Sir P. Maitland, to go to England and get authority from Lord
+ Bathurst to sell portions of the reserves. In the meantime, the
+ Canada (Land) Company proposed to purchase all the Crown and Clergy
+ Reserve Lands at a valuation to be agreed on. The clergy
+ corporation having desired a voice in this valuation, the Bishop of
+ Quebec deputed Archdeacon Mountain to press this view on Lord
+ Bathurst. Some misunderstanding having arisen between Lord Bathurst
+ and Archdeacon Strachan, and the Canada Land Company, Dr. Strachan
+ went to England in April, 1826, and was deputed by Lord Bathurst to
+ arrange the differences with Mr. John Galt, Commissioner of the
+ Company. This they did by changing the original plan. The clergy
+ lands were exchanged for 1,000,000 acres in the Huron tract. Out of
+ the moneys received from the Canada Company the Home Government
+ appropriated Ł700 a year to the Church of Scotland clergy,[88] and
+ the same amount to the clergy of the Church of Rome in Upper
+ Canada.
+
+ In June, 1826, the Home Government, on the memorial of the Church
+ of Scotland General Assembly, and an address from the House of
+ Assembly, founded on the resolutions of 1823 (which, as introduced,
+ had been rejected by the Legislative Council), acknowledged the
+ rights of the Church of Scotland clergy to a share of the reserves.
+ In January, 1826, the House of Assembly memorialized the King to
+ distribute the proceeds of the reserves for the benefit of all
+ denominations, or failing that to the purposes of education and the
+ general improvement of the Province. The reply to this memorial was
+ so unsatisfactory that the House of Assembly (December 22nd, 1826),
+ adopted a series of eleven resolutions, deprecating the action of
+ the Home Government in appropriating the clergy reserves to
+ individuals connected with the Church of England "to the exclusion
+ of other denominations"--that church bearing "a very small
+ proportion to the number of other Christians in the province." The
+ Assembly prayed that the proceeds of the reserves be applied to the
+ support of district and common schools, a Provincial seminary, and
+ in aid of erecting places of worship for all denominations of
+ Christians. These resolutions passed by majorities of from 25 to
+ 30; the nays being 2 and 3 only. The bill founded on these
+ resolutions was negatived in the Legislative Council (January,
+ 1827). In the year 1826, Dr. Strachan obtained a royal charter for
+ King's College, with an endowment of 225,000 acres of land, and a
+ grant of Ł1,000 for sixteen years. This charter was wholly in
+ favour of the Church of England, and its obnoxious clauses remained
+ unchanged until 1835.
+
+ In March, 1827, Hon. R. W. Horton introduced a Bill into Parliament
+ to provide for the sale of the clergy lands, as asked for by the
+ Bishop of Quebec. This led to a protracted discussion between the
+ friends in the House of the English and Scotch Churches, and
+ requests were made for information on the state of these Churches
+ in Upper Canada. Archdeacon Strachan, then in England, furnished
+ this information in his famous letter and Chart, dated, May 16th,
+ 1827. Objection to giving the clergy corporation power to sell
+ these lands having been made, Mr. Horton withdrew his original
+ bill, and in a new one, which was passed, confined the exercise of
+ this power to the Executive Government.
+
+ In March, 1828, the House of Assembly memorialized the King to
+ place the proceeds of the reserves at the disposal of the House for
+ the purposes of education and internal improvement. Mr. Morris'
+ motion to strike out "internal improvement" was lost. In this year
+ a committee of the House of Commons reported against continuing the
+ reservation in mortmain of the clergy lands, as it imposed serious
+ obstacles to the improvement of the colony.
+
+ In 1829, two despatches on the clergy reserve question were sent to
+ the Colonial Secretary by Sir John Colborne. In one, dated 11th
+ April, Sir John says: If a more ardent zeal be not shown by the
+ Established Church, and a very different kind of minister than that
+ which is generally to be found in this Province sent out from
+ England, it is obvious that the members of the Established Church
+ will be inconsiderable, and that it will continue to lose ground.
+ The Methodists, apparently, exceed the number of the Churches of
+ England and Scotland.... If the Wesleyan Methodists in England
+ could be prevailed on to supply this Province with preachers, the
+ Methodists of this country would become, as a political body, of
+ less importance than they are at present.
+
+ In this year the House of Assembly passed a bill similar to that of
+ 1828. It was rejected, as in the previous year, by the Legislative
+ Council. In 1830, the same proceedings were repeated with like
+ result.
+
+In December, 1830 (see page 101), a monster petition was agreed to, and
+afterwards signed by 10,000 persons and sent to England, praying that
+steps be taken to leave the ministers of all denominations to be
+supported by the people among whom they labour and the voluntary
+contributions of benevolent Societies in Canada and Great Britain--to do
+away with all political distinctions on account of religious faith--to
+remove all ministers of religion from seats and places of political
+power in the Provincial Government--to grant to the clergy of all
+denominations the enjoyment of equal rights and privileges in everything
+that appertains to them as British subjects and as ministers of the
+Gospel, particularly the right of solemnizing matrimony--to modify the
+charter of King's College, so as to exclude all sectarian tests and
+preferences--and to appropriate the proceeds of the sale of the lands,
+heretofore set apart for the support of a Protestant Clergy, to the
+purposes of general education and various internal improvements.
+
+Such was the comprehensive character of the reforms prayed for in this
+province upwards of fifty years ago. All of these reforms have been long
+since granted; but the enumeration of them shows how far off the mass of
+the people and their ministers were then from the enjoyment of the civil
+and religious privileges which are now the birthright of every British
+subject in Canada.
+
+This "programme of reforms" will also show what were the principles for
+which Dr. Ryerson, and other pioneers of religious freedom in Upper
+Canada, had to contend half a century ago. Nor was the victory easily
+won which they achieved. The struggle was a long and arduous one. Each
+step was contested by the dominant party, and every reform was resisted
+with a determination worthy of a better cause.
+
+In March 1831, the first attempt was made (on motion of Mr. Hagerman) to
+deprive the Canadian Legislature of the power to deal with the clergy
+reserve question. His motion was to revest the reserves in the crown for
+religious purposes, but it was negatived by a vote of 30 to 7. Although
+defeated now, the same proposition was frequently made afterwards, and
+at length with success. In 1839 a provision of that kind was passed, but
+it failed on technical grounds to receive the royal assent. See chapter
+xxxi.
+
+In 1831 and 1832, addresses to the King were adopted by the House of
+Assembly praying, as before, that the reserves be applied to educational
+purposes. In this year a satisfactory reply from the Home Government, in
+regard to the clergy reserve question, was communicated to the
+Legislature, and it was invited to consider the desirability of
+exercising its power to "vary or repeal" certain provisions for the
+support of a Protestant Clergy. In 1832 and in 1833, bills to revest the
+clergy reserve lands in the Crown were read a second time, and, in 1834,
+one to that effect was finally passed, but was rejected by the
+Legislative Council. A bill for the sale of the reserves and the
+application of the proceeds to educational purposes, was passed in 1835,
+by a vote of 40 to 4, but was again rejected by the Legislative Council.
+This body in the same year proposed that both Houses should abdicate
+their functions in regard to the reserves (as they were unable to concur
+in any measure on the subject), and request the Imperial Parliament to
+legislate on the subject! The House of Assembly peremptorily refused, by
+a vote of two to one, to concur in such a proposition, and read a
+dignified lecture to the Council on its refusal to pass their measures,
+or to originate one of its own. The members of the Assembly felt that
+the influence of the Governor and the members of the Council would be so
+potent in England, that by it the wishes of the people of Upper Canada,
+as repeatedly expressed by that House, would be frustrated.[89] In 1836,
+the bill of the previous year was passed by the Assembly by a majority
+of 35 to 5. The Legislative Council amended it so as to leave the matter
+as before with the British Parliament. This amendment was defeated by
+the House of Assembly by a vote of 27 to 1, and so the matter ended. In
+1837-38 the rebellion took place, leaving the clergy reserve question in
+abeyance for some time.
+
+On the 15th January, 1836, Sir John Colborne, by order in council,
+established fifty-seven rectories in Upper Canada, and endowed them out
+of the clergy reserve lands. This was done at the last moment, and while
+the successor of Sir John Colborne (Sir F. B. Head) was on his way from
+New York to Toronto. So great was the haste in which this act was done,
+that only 44 out of the 57 patents were signed by the retiring Governor;
+so that only that number of rectories were actually endowed. There is no
+doubt but that the Constitutional Act of 1791 authorized not only the
+setting apart of the clergy reserves, but also the erection of
+"parsonages and rectories according to the establishment of the Church
+of England," to be endowed out of the lands so allotted. (Sec. 38). But,
+in Lord Glenelg's opinion, the subject was never submitted for the
+signification of the King's pleasure thereon. Certain ambiguous words,
+in Lord Ripon's reply to a private communication from Sir John Colborne,
+was the authority relied upon for the hasty and unpopular act of the
+retiring Governor. The legality of the act was frequently questioned,
+but it was finally affirmed by the Court of Chancery in Upper Canada in
+1856. The judgment in the case of the Attorney-General _vs._ Grasett was
+that--
+
+ Under the statute 31, Geo. III., ch. 31, and the Royal Commission,
+ Sir John Colborne, the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, had
+ authority to create and endow rectories without further
+ instructions.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[82] These tithes continued to be collected for the support of a
+Protestant Clergy until February, 1823, when a declaratory Act, passed
+by the Legislature of Upper Canada in 1821, was sanctioned by the King
+to the effect that hereafter "no tithes shall be claimed, demanded, or
+received by any ecclesiastical parson, rector or vicar, of the
+Protestant Church within this Province."
+
+[83] Observations on the Provision made for the Maintenance of a
+Protestant Clergy in the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, under the
+31st Geo. III., cap. 31. By John Strachan, D.D., Archdeacon of York,
+Upper Canada, pp. 44. London, 1827.
+
+[84] In a letter written by Dr. Ryerson in 1851, he criticised a similar
+statement then made by Bishop Strachan. He pointed out that Washington
+and other leaders of the revolution were staunch churchmen.
+
+[85] In no part of Mr. Pitt's remarks on the Bill setting apart land for
+the Protestant Clergy do I find any intimation of the kind mentioned by
+Bishop Strachan. Governor Simcoe, however, held these views, which by
+mistake the Bishop may have attributed to Mr. Pitt. (See next page.)--H.
+
+[86] An Apology for the Church of England in the Canadas, etc. By a
+Protestant of the Established Church of England. Kingston, U.C., 1826,
+page 11.
+
+[87] It was in the discussion on this Bill that the long personal
+friendship which had existed between Fox and Burke was brought to an
+abrupt termination.--H.
+
+[88] In 1830, Presbyterian ministers not of the Church of Scotland,
+were, on petition to that effect (signed by Rev. W. Smart, Moderator,
+and Rev. W. Bell, Presbytery Clerk), placed on the same footing as the
+ministers of the Kirk.--H.
+
+[89] This was abundantly proved afterwards. In the following Parliament
+an amended bill was carried, by a majority of one vote, in the House of
+Assembly to place the proceeds of the reserves at the disposal of the
+British Parliament. Petitions were at once sent to the Queen to induce
+her to assent to this bill, and the Bishop went to England to present
+them. Sir George Arthur also lent his aid for the same object. The
+scheme failed, however, on technical grounds, but was successfully
+revived the next year. (See _Guardian_ 1st January, 1840, and page
+249.)--H.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+1838.
+
+The Clergy Reserve Controversy Renewed.
+
+
+The question at issue, when the House of Assembly was elected in 1836
+for the parliamentary term ending in 1839, was adroitly narrowed by Sir
+F. B. Head to the simple one of loyalty to the Crown, or--as Dr.
+Ryerson, in a letter to Hon. W. H. Draper (September, 1838), expressed
+it--"Whether or not ... this Province would remain an integral part of
+the British Empire." Lord Durham pointed out that Sir F. B. Head led the
+people to believe "that they were called upon to decide the question of
+separation [from Great Britain] by their votes."
+
+Under such circumstances the clergy reserve question was subordinated to
+those of graver moment. Besides, even if pledges had been given by
+members before the election on the subject, they were not felt, as the
+event proved, to be very sacred. Speaking of this Parliament, Dr.
+Ryerson, in his letter to Mr. Draper, (already mentioned), said:--
+
+ The present Assembly at its first session adopted a resolution in
+ favour of appropriating the reserves for "the religious and moral
+ instruction of the Province." But its proceedings during the second
+ session were so vacillating that it is now difficult to say what
+ the opinions of the members are.
+
+One explanation of this state of feeling was, that the political views
+of a majority of the members were in harmony with those of the ruling
+party in the country, and yet were at variance with the views of their
+constituents on the clergy reserve question. Advantage was taken of the
+existence of this political sympathy by the leaders of the dominant
+party, with a view to secure the removal of the clergy reserve question
+from the hostile arena of the Upper Canada Legislature to the friendly
+atmosphere of the English House of Commons, and the still more friendly
+tribunal of the House of Lords--where the bench of bishops would be sure
+to defend the claims of the Church to this royal patrimony.[90]
+
+Accordingly, at the third session of this Parliament, Mr. Cartwright, of
+Kingston, introduced a bill "to revest the Clergy Reserves in Her
+Majesty"--the first reading of which was carried by a vote of 24 to 5,
+and passed through Committee of the whole by a vote of 29 to 12. As soon
+as Dr. Ryerson, then in Kingston, got a copy of this bill he wrote the
+following letter, on the 13th January, 1838, to the _Guardian_:--
+
+The professed object of this bill is described by its title, but the
+real object, and the necessary effect of it, from the very nature of its
+provisions, is to apply the reserves to those exclusive and partial
+purposes against which the great majority of the inhabitants of this
+province, both by petition and through their representatives, have
+protested in every variety of language during the last twelve years--and
+that without any variation or the shadow of change. The bill even
+proposes to transfer future legislation on this subject from the
+Provincial to the Imperial Parliament! The authors of this bill are, it
+seems, afraid to trust the inhabitants of Upper Canada to legislate on a
+subject in which they themselves are solely concerned; nay, they will
+environ themselves and the interests they wish to promote behind the
+Imperial Parliament! The measure itself, containing the provisions it
+does, is a shameful deception upon the Canadian public--is a wanton
+betrayal of Canadian rights--is a disgraceful sacrifice of Canadian, to
+selfish party interests--is a covert assassination of a vital principle
+of Canadian constitutional and free government--is a base political and
+religious fraud which ought to excite the deep concern and rouse the
+indignant and vigorous exertion of every friend of justice, and freedom,
+and good government in the country.
+
+My language may be strong; but strong as it is, it halts far behind the
+emotions of my mind. Such a measure, I boldly affirm, is not what the
+people of Upper Canada expected from the members of the present Assembly
+when they elected them as their representatives; it is not such a
+measure as, I have reason to believe, a majority of the present members
+of the Assembly gave their constituents to understand they would vote
+for when they solicited their suffrages. Honourable gentlemen, if I can
+be heard by them, ought to remember that they have a character to
+sustain, more important than the attainment of a particular object;
+they ought to remember that they act in a delegated capacity; and if
+they cannot clear their consciences and maintain the views and interests
+of their constituents, they ought, as many an honest English gentleman
+has done, to resign their seats in the legislature; they ought to
+remember to whom and under what expectations they owe their present
+elevation; above all, they ought to remember what the equal and
+impartial interests of their whole constituency require at their hands.
+
+If, however, every pledge or honourable understanding should be
+violated; if every reasonable hope should be disappointed; and if the
+loyal and deserving inhabitants of Upper Canada should be deceived, and
+disappointed, and wronged by the passage of this bill into a law,
+petitions ought to be circulated in every part of the province to Her
+Majesty the Queen to withhold the royal assent from the bill; and I
+hereby pledge Ł50 (if I have to sell my library to obtain the amount)
+for the promotion of that object. Such an act, under the present
+circumstances of the country, would be worse than a former alien bill,
+and ought to be deprecated, resisted, and execrated by every enlightened
+friend of the peace, happiness, and prosperity of the Province.
+
+In reply to a letter from Rev. Joseph Stinson, urging him to come to
+Toronto and oppose this bill, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ For me to leave Kingston, under present circumstances, and go to
+ Toronto would ruin my ministerial influence and usefulness here and
+ blast all our present hopes of prosperity. You know that by my
+ continued and repeated absence, I have already lost fifty per cent.
+ in the confiding hopes of the people, and consequently in very
+ power of doing them good. You know, likewise, that the financial
+ interests of the Society have so lamentably declined that we are
+ already largely in arrears. I cannot, therefore, leave, unless I am
+ positively required to do so by the Book Committee.
+
+A more serious aspect of the matter, however, was presented to Dr.
+Ryerson in the extraordinary silence of the Conference organ on the
+subject. In the same letter he said:--
+
+ I cannot but feel deeply grieved at not only the tameness but the
+ profound silence of the _Guardian_ on this bill. Silence on such a
+ measure, and at such a time, and after the course we have pursued
+ hitherto, is acquiescence in it to all intents and purposes, and
+ may be fairly and legitimately construed so by both friends and
+ enemies. Oh, is it so? Can it be so, that the Editor of the
+ _Guardian_ has got so completely into the leading strings of that
+ churchism which is as poisonous in its feelings towards us, and its
+ plans respecting us, as the simoon blast; that he will see measures
+ going forward, which he must know are calculated, nay, intended, to
+ trample us in the dust, and not even say one word, except in praise
+ (as often as possible), of the very men who he sees from day to day
+ plotting our overthrow!
+
+ I have also observed, in Dr. Strachan's letters to Hon. Wm. Morris,
+ an attack upon Lord Glenelg, the Colonial Secretary--such a one as
+ would enable us to turn to our account on the clergy reserve
+ question (and against Dr. Strachan's exclusive system) the entire
+ influence of Her Majesty's Government, which would have great
+ weight both in and out of the House of Assembly. How I have heard
+ Dr. Bunting, Mr. Beecham, and other members of the Committee at
+ home, say that Lord Glenelg is one of the best and ablest men of
+ the present day. At all events, after what we have obtained through
+ his Lordship's instrumentality, I think that silence on our part is
+ disgraceful--apart from considerations of local interests in this
+ battle for right and justice.
+
+Two able and moderate advocates of the settlement of the clergy reserve
+question were sent to England in 1837 to confer with Lord Glenelg on the
+subject, viz.: Hon. William Morris on behalf of the Church of Scotland,
+and Hon. W. H. Draper on behalf of the Church of England. In November of
+that year Dr. Ryerson was requested to draw up a paper embodying the
+opinions of the leading members of the Conference. This was done, and an
+elaborate paper on the subject was published in the _Guardian_ of
+January 17th, 1838.[91] Shortly afterwards Dr. Ryerson addressed a
+letter to Lord Glenelg on the subject. I only insert the narrative part
+of it, as follows:--
+
+ I was favoured with a conversation on the clergy reserve question
+ with Mr. [Sir James] Stephen, in accordance with your Lordship's
+ suggestion, the day before I left London for Canada (27th April,
+ 1837). After my arrival in this Province it was unanimously agreed
+ to support the plan for the adjustment of that important and long
+ agitated question, which had been mentioned by Mr. Stephen, in the
+ interview referred to.
+
+ Sir F. B. Head set his face against it from the beginning, and did
+ not wish me to say anything about it publicly. The Attorney-General
+ acknowledged it was equitable, and did not make any serious
+ objection to it.[92]
+
+ Recently a meeting of our principal ministers took place in
+ Toronto, in order to consult upon the measures which it was
+ desirable to adopt in order to promote the settlement of the
+ question at the next session of Parliament. At the request of the
+ meeting, another gentleman and myself waited upon the Hon. Mr.
+ Draper (who had taken the most official part in previous sessions),
+ and showed him the resolutions agreed to. We stated that if it
+ would embarrass him in promoting the earliest settlement of the
+ question, we would desist from publishing anything on the subject.
+ He expressed himself as highly gratified at our frankness,
+ courtesy, and general views, and said that if his high-church
+ friends had treated him with the same liberality and courtesy he
+ would have been saved from much difficulty and embarrassment, which
+ he had experienced in his previous exertions; but that he thought
+ there could be no objection to our publishing at large our views on
+ the subject. The preparation of the document was assigned to me.
+ When published, it appeared to meet the views of all parties,
+ except the ultra shade of one party, who want the whole of the
+ reserves; and it is now the most popular plan throughout the
+ Province of settling the question, except that of appropriating the
+ reserves to educational purposes exclusively.
+
+ A day or two before the publication of this document, the House of
+ Assembly went into Committee on a Bill to revest the reserves in
+ the Imperial Parliament! Going to Toronto at this time, I did what
+ I could to bring the subject again before the House, and
+ accordingly addressed a letter through the press to Speaker MacNab,
+ of the Assembly, on the importance of an immediate settlement of
+ the question, and also urging the adoption of the plan which had
+ been recently proposed.[93] These papers appeared to create a
+ considerable sensation among the members of the Assembly; it was
+ agreed on all sides that the question ought to be settled
+ forthwith. But the reluctance of the Crown Officers to take up the
+ subject soon became manifest; and it was not for some weeks after,
+ that the subject could be forced upon them.[94] Then all (with very
+ few exceptions) professed that the subject ought not to be
+ postponed any longer. But the Crown Officers had no measure
+ prepared, and differed in opinion on the subject--the
+ Attorney-General consenting to the revesting of the reserves in the
+ Crown, the Solicitor-General contending that they should be divided
+ among four denominations (Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists,
+ and Roman Catholics, according to their relative numbers in Great
+ Britain and Ireland!) This proposition had but three or four
+ advocates in the House, including the author of it. Mr. Boulton,
+ seconded by Mr. Cartwright, moved, in substance, that the clergy
+ reserve provision was made for the clergy of the Church of
+ England;--that it does not provide for more than a competent
+ support for them;--that to appropriate it for them would give most
+ satisfaction to the country. This resolution had five votes in
+ favour of it. All these amendments, and several others, having been
+ lost in Committee, the original resolution moved by Mr. Cartwright,
+ to revest the clergy reserves in Her Majesty, for "the support of
+ the Christian religion in this Province," was adopted by a
+ majority of three or four. A bill was then brought in and read a
+ first time, and ordered to a second reading next day, but was never
+ afterwards taken up--the exclusive church party being anxious to
+ keep it out of sight. Thus the question is laid over for another
+ year, to the great disappointment and dissatisfaction of thousands
+ who have promptly come forward to the support of the Government of
+ the country.
+
+As an indication of the determination of the party then in power in
+Upper Canada to carry their scheme for the re-investment of the Reserves
+in the Crown, before the close of this friendly Parliament, I quote the
+following extract from a despatch from Sir George Arthur to Lord
+Glenelg, dated 11th July, 1838:--
+
+ At the first meeting of the Legislature, I propose to cause a bill
+ to be introduced for re-investing the lands reserved for the clergy
+ in the Crown, to be applied for religious purposes, and I have
+ reason to think that it will be carried by a considerable majority.
+
+In June, 1838, Dr. Ryerson became Editor of the _Christian Guardian_. It
+was, as I have shown, at a most critical period in our provincial
+history. He was called to that post by the unanimous voice of his
+brethren. That call, too, was emphasized by the fact that the object of
+the dominant party in decrying the loyalty of their opponents was now
+clearly seen; and that, therefore, none but a man of undaunted courage,
+unimpeachable loyalty, as well as unquestioned ability, could
+successfully cope with the powerful combination of talent and influence
+which the ruling party possessed.
+
+Nor should it be forgotten, that in the unfortunate crisis through which
+the Province had just passed, the prestige of the party which had always
+claimed the whole of the reserves as the patrimony of the Church of
+England, had, from political causes, immensely increased. This gave them
+a double advantage; while, on the other hand, the prestige of the party
+which for years had firmly and consistently resisted these claims, had,
+for the same political reasons, as sensibly and as seriously declined.
+
+These facts were well known to every one in Upper Canada at the time.
+They imposed a double burthen upon those who had the courage (or, it
+might be said, audacity) to question the righteousness of claims,
+which--not to speak of the invaluable services and inviolable loyalty of
+the claimants themselves in the crisis of the rebellion--were by words
+of the statute, as interpreted by the law officers of the Crown, so
+clearly given to those claimants.
+
+Such was the position of parties, and the condition of affairs in Upper
+Canada, when Dr. Ryerson was called to the editorial chair of the
+leading newspaper in the Province. That he was possessed of the
+requisite ability and firmness to maintain the rights of a discouraged
+minority, and resist the then almost unquestioned will of a powerful
+majority, few doubted. The bold defence of the supposed exiled rebel,
+Bidwell, proved that neither courage nor talent was wanting. The bitter
+hatred of the revolutionary party, as expressed in the threat that,
+should they succeed, their first victim would be Egerton Ryerson, showed
+that in the new crusade he would have no help (if not covert opposition)
+from that extreme section of his former friends. Nor, as events proved,
+could he reckon on any support from the British missionary section of
+the Methodist community. Indeed, they were hostile to his views, as will
+be seen in a subsequent chapter.
+
+In entering into this contest, therefore, Dr. Ryerson found that he
+would have to encounter a threefold enemy--each section of it able,
+resolute and influential, especially that one practically in possession
+of the reserves--fighting, as it was, for its very existence, and acting
+entirely on the defensive.
+
+Soon after Dr. Ryerson entered on his editorial duties he published in
+the _Guardian_ an elaborate series of letters on "The Clergy Reserve
+Question, as a matter of History, a Question of Law, and a Subject of
+Legislation," addressed to Hon. W. H. Draper, Solicitor-General. After
+reviewing the proceedings of the Government and Legislature on the
+subject down to the end of the session of 1838, he summed up the leading
+facts which he had established, in the following words:--
+
+ I have stated that the Government has been administered for
+ fourteen years in utter contempt of the wishes of the inhabitants,
+ constitutionally, continuously, and almost unanimously expressed
+ through their representatives and otherwise, on a subject which
+ concerns their highest and best interests, and which, as the
+ history of Great Britain amply shows, has always more deeply
+ interested British subjects than any other. Sir, on the unspeakably
+ important subjects of religion and education our constitutional
+ right of legislation has, by the arbitrary exercise and influence
+ of Executive power, been made a mockery, and our constitutional
+ liberties a deception; and it is to the influence over the public
+ mind of the high religious feelings and principles of those classes
+ of the population who have been so shamefully calumniated by the
+ Episcopal clergy and their party scribes, that the inhabitants of
+ Upper Canada are not doing in 1838, what Englishmen did do in 1688,
+ when their feelings were outraged and their constitutional
+ liberties infringed, and the privileges of Parliament trampled
+ upon, in order to force upon the nation a system of religious
+ domination which the great majority of the people did not desire.
+
+As the session of the Legislature of 1839 approached, a vigorous effort
+was made by _The Church_ newspaper (the clerical organ), and the
+_Patriot_ (the lay organ) of the church party to influence public
+opinion in favour of a re-investment of the clergy reserves in the Crown
+(for the reasons given on page 225.)
+
+It was well known that Dr. Ryerson had strenuously opposed any
+reference of the questions to the British Parliament as a pusillanimous,
+and yet an interested, party abnegation of Canadian rights. He,
+therefore, prepared and circulated extensively a petition to the House
+of Assembly on this and kindred subjects. This proceeding called forth a
+counter petition, urging the Legislature to recognize the principle of
+an established church, etc. Dr. Ryerson, therefore, lost no time in
+inserting in the _Guardian_ of 24th October, a stirring appeal, in which
+he urged the Methodist ministers and members throughout the country to
+sign the petition which he had prepared without delay. He insisted upon
+the abolition of the rectories surreptitiously established by Sir John
+Colborne, on the ground that, although authorized by the Act of 1791,
+yet that their establishment was not in harmony with the terms of the
+despatch of Lord Ripon, dated November 8th, 1832, which stated that--
+
+ His Majesty has studiously abstained from the exercise of his
+ undoubted prerogative of founding and endowing literary or
+ religious corporations, until he should obtain the advice of the
+ representatives of the people in that respect.
+
+He concluded the appeal with these words:--It becomes every man who
+properly appreciates his civil and religious rights and privileges, and
+those of posterity after him, to give his name, his influence, and
+exertions, in the final effort to place those rights and privileges upon
+the broad foundation of equal justice to all classes of the inhabitants.
+
+In a subsequent appeal, issued in November, he said:--Let every man who
+has a head to think, a foot to walk, and a hand to write, do all in his
+power to circulate the petitions for the entire abolition of high church
+domination, and the perfect religious and political equality of all
+denominations of Christians.... The majority of the people of England
+are willing to have glebes, rectories, tithes, church rates, etc.; but
+the majority of the people of this Province want nothing of the kind....
+The right of the inhabitants of this Province to judge, and to have
+their wishes granted on everything connected with the disposition of the
+clergy reserves, and the proceeds of them, has been formally recognized
+in gracious despatches from the Throne.
+
+Few in the present day can realize the storm which these petitions and
+appeals provoked. Every effort was made (as will be seen) to silence the
+voice and stay the hand of Dr. Ryerson, the chief promoter of the
+petitions, and the able opponent of the establishment of church
+ascendancy in Upper Canada. Thus matters reached a crisis in the latter
+part of the year 1838. So intense was the feeling evoked by the ruling
+party against Dr. Ryerson's proceeding, that in many places the
+promoters of the petitions were threatened with personal violence, and
+even with death, as may be seen by letters published in the _Guardian_
+at this time. The publication of these letters at the present time would
+excite feelings of amazement that such a state of things was ever
+possible in a free country like Canada.
+
+Not only was this policy of intimidation pursued in the rural parts of
+the country, but the newspapers in Toronto and the larger towns,
+controlled by his opponents, made a combined assault upon Dr. Ryerson,
+as the central figure in this movement. On the 19th December, 1838, he
+inserted an able defence of himself. He said:--
+
+ The question of the Clergy Reserves, or in other words, of a
+ dominant ecclesiastical establishment in this Province, embracing
+ one or more Churches, has been a topic of public discussion for
+ nearly twenty years. For thirty years after the creation of Upper
+ Canada (in 1783) there was no ecclesiastical establishment in the
+ country, except in the letter of an Act of Parliament. During that
+ time there was no weakening of the hands of Government by
+ discussing the question of a dominant church.... But from the time
+ that the Episcopal clergy commenced the enterprise of
+ ecclesiastical supremacy in the Province, there has been civil and
+ religious discord. The calumnious and persecuting measures they
+ have pursued from time to time to accomplish their purpose, I need
+ not enumerate. For twelve years I have sought to restore peace to
+ the Province, by putting down their pretensions. I have varied in
+ the means I have employed, but never in the end I have had in view,
+ as I have always avowed to them and their partizans, and to the
+ Colonial and Imperial Governments, on every suitable occasion.
+
+It was a favourite weapon of attack to denounce as rebels and
+republicans all those who opposed the exclusive claims of the then
+representatives of the Church of England. And this stigma was, in 1838,
+a personal and social one which every person to whom it was applied
+resented. But the more such persons resented the charge of disloyalty
+the more was the charge reiterated, and they were harassed and denounced
+as "radicals" and "republicans."
+
+In repelling this unfounded charge, Dr. Ryerson did not descend to
+vindication or explanation. He became in turn the assailant, and began
+to "carry the war into Africa." With scorn and invective he replied to
+the charge, and showed that his opponents, with all their boasting and
+professions of loyalty, had failed to render the necessary aid in time
+of need. Thus: It has been said that I prevented the militia from
+turning out when first called upon.... It is true that I did not exhort
+any one to volunteer.... One reason ... was that I desired to have the
+country furnished with a practical illustration of high-church
+patriotism and loyalty in the hour of need. The _Church_ and the
+_Patriot_ had boasted of their multitudes; but those multitudes
+shrivelled into a Falstaff's company in an hour which detected the
+difference between the loyalty of the lip and the heart.... The
+elongated countenances in certain quarters for a few days [in December,
+1837], will never be forgotten! From the Government House to the poorest
+cottage the omnipotent power of the _Guardian_ was proclaimed as
+producing this alarming state of things! Indeed, I received a verbal
+message from His Excellency on the subject. At this juncture ... the
+heads of the Presbyterian and Methodist Churches formally addressed
+[their adherents] exhorting them to rally to the standard of their
+country, and from that hour we have heard nothing but congratulations
+and boasts in regard to the readiness ... with which the militia came
+forward in all parts of the Province at the call of the Government. It
+has been insinuated that I attacked the local Government.... The charge
+is unfounded. When the local Government was attacked for having pursued
+a different course from that of Lord Durham towards the political
+prisoners, I reconciled the course of the two administrations. Several
+numbers of the _Guardian_ containing that dissertation were requested
+for the Government House, and ... were sent to England.... But when both
+my position and myself stand virtually ... impugned by proclamation, I
+am neither the sycophant nor the renegade to crouch down under unmerited
+imputations, come from whence they may, even though I should suffer
+imprisonment and ruin for my temerity.
+
+I am at length exhorted to silence, but not my opponents.... A royal
+answer was returned to an address of the Episcopal Clergy a few weeks
+since.[95] Nor is silence imposed upon me until the entire weight of the
+Chief Magistracy is thrown into the Episcopal scale. If the injunction
+had been given to _all_ parties ... then we might have felt ourselves in
+some degree equally protected.... But at the moment when the Province is
+turned into a camp--when freedom of opinion may be said to exist, but
+scarcely to live--when unprecedented power is wielded by the Executive,
+and the Habeas Corpus Act is suspended, for one party in the Province to
+have free range of denunciation, intimidation, etc., against Methodists
+and others ... and then for silence to be enjoined on me and those who
+agree with me ... does excite, I confess, my anxious concern, as the
+object of it in regard to myself and a large portion of the country
+cannot be mistaken.
+
+The despatches of Lord Ripon (Nov. 8th, 1832) and Lord Glenelg (Dec.
+15th, 1835) recommended a "comprehensive liberality" in every
+department, and in all the acts of the Government, they conceded in full
+the popular demands on the clergy reserve question, and deprecated the
+establishment of any religious corporations until the advice of the
+local Legislature had been obtained--these very despatches Sir F. B.
+Head promised to carry out.... But has that pledge been redeemed by him?
+Has it not been grossly violated?... In his appointments and dismissals
+from office, and in the whole tone and spirit of his government, did not
+Sir F. B. Head become the head of a party instead of the Governor of the
+Province?... The result of his new system of government already is
+derangement of the currency--insurrection--bloodshed--loss of
+property--demoralization, by calling large bodies of men from rural to
+military employments--decrease of population--cessation of
+immigration--decrease of credit--decrease of revenue--increase of the
+public debt--decrease of the value of property--increase of popular
+dissatisfaction--vast military expenditures from the taxes of an
+overburthened British population--insecurity of person and property, and
+general distrust. Under these "Church and King" counsels, for two years
+more, and this province will be a Paradise!... We have laboured hard to
+obtain and secure many blessings for our native land, but certainly not
+such blessings as these!
+
+In connection with this discussion, a Kingston paper stated that Dr.
+Ryerson was moved by ambitious motives. In reply Dr. Ryerson said:--As
+to my motives of ambition, etc., my enemies will probably concede to me
+two or three things. 1. That long before Sir F. B. Head came to Upper
+Canada I had been honoured by as large a share of popular favour in this
+province as any individual could reasonably expect or desire.... 2. That
+the path to royal favour has been opened as widely to me as it is
+possible for it to be opened to any clerical individual who has laid it
+down as a rule, and stated it to Ministers of the Crown and Governors,
+that he never could knowingly receive a farthing from any quarter, or in
+any way, which was not pointed out and authorized by the discipline of
+his Church. But as a love of popular favour has not obliterated from my
+recollection the rightful prerogatives of the Crown, I cannot see why I
+should thereby be disqualified from a disinterested maintenance of
+constitutional rights, especially when many more are immediately
+concerned in the latter than in the former.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[90] In his despatch to Lord Glenelg, giving an extract of his speech at
+the opening of the ensuing session of the Legislature, Sir George Arthur
+puts this idea in an official form. He says:--That such "a tribunal is
+free from those local influences and excitement which operate too
+powerfully here." In his seventh letter to Hon. W. H. Draper on the
+clergy reserve question, dated January, 26th, 1839, Dr. Ryerson argues
+the whole question of the re-investment of the reserves at length. He
+also shows that so far from the "tribunal" here spoken of by Sir George
+Arthur being a desirable one to adjudicate on this question, it would be
+the very reverse.
+
+It should be remembered that in more than one despatch the Colonial
+Secretary held that the question was one to be settled by the
+Provincial, rather than by the Imperial Parliament, and declined to
+interfere with the rights of the Canadian Legislature in the matter.
+This will be clearly shown in a subsequent chapter. Lord Glenelg's
+utterances on this question are very emphatic, especially in his
+despatch dated 5th December, 1835.
+
+[91] The paper was signed by Rev. Messrs. Harvard, Case, Stinson, J.
+Ryerson, W. Ryerson, E. Ryerson, Green, Evans, Jones, Wilkinson, Beatty,
+and Wright. See also _Guardian_ of October 10th, 1838.
+
+[92] In the _Guardian_ of September 12th, 1838, page 180, Dr. Ryerson
+makes a fuller reference to this matter. Speaking of the Hume and
+Roebuck letters (page 167), he says: I was indeed--what I never thought
+of in London--applauded to satiety by the constitutional press of Upper
+Canada [for these letters], and by many individuals, several of whom, on
+my landing in Canada last year, gave me no small thanks for the results
+of the election of 1836. But all that ceased within a week after my
+return to Canada.... And why? Because I availed myself of the first
+opportunity after my return to submit and press upon Sir Francis and the
+Attorney-General and others, the importance and necessity of an early
+and equitable settlement of the clergy reserve question, in order to
+satisfy the expectations of thousands who had voted for constitutional
+candidates.... The very moment it was seen that my views and intentions
+on that subject remained unchanged, I saw a change in the expression of
+countenances. Sir Francis, indeed, _never_ thanked me, for [the
+letters]; he wished me to say nothing about the clergy reserve question;
+and within four weeks sent a calumniating letter against me to Lord
+Glenelg; and the Attorney-General, so far from remembering the estimate
+he professed (on my return from England) to place upon my services to
+the Province, sought last winter to get a clause inserted in the Report
+of the Select Committee on the Upper Canada Academy, impugning my
+motives and exonerating Sir Francis from the allegations contained in my
+petition (see page 180), without even investigating its merits, etc.
+
+[93] In a letter to a friend, in January, 1838, Dr. Ryerson relates an
+amusing incident which was characteristic of Sir Allan MacNab's love of
+a bit of fun. He said:--In conversation one day with Mr. Speaker MacNab,
+he gravely proposed to me that I should meet Archdeacon Strachan and a
+clergyman of the Church of Scotland; and for him and other members of
+the Assembly to hear us put forth our respective claims to the clergy
+reserves, and for them to say a word now and then if they liked. After
+having heard the parsons argue the point, some member was to bring such
+a measure before the Assembly, as we three should propose. This rather
+amusing way of settling the question was evidently by way of a joke, so
+I made no objection to it. He is to inform me of the time and place for
+the argument, after having consulted the other parties concerned; but I
+shall hear no more of it!
+
+[94] The cause of this apathy will be apparent from the narrative in
+chapter xxxi., and the note on page 225.
+
+[95] In their address they designated themselves as the Bishop,
+Archdeacons, and Clergy of the Established Church _of Upper Canada_; but
+Sir George Arthur, in his reply, addressed them as the Bishop,
+Archdeacons, and Clergy of the established Church _of England_ in Upper
+Canada.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+1838-1839.
+
+The Ruling Party and the Reserves.--"Divide et Impera."
+
+
+In dealing with so large and influential a body as the Methodists, made
+up, as it was years ago, of two distinct elements, somewhat antagonistic
+to each other, it can easily be understood that the more astute among
+the high church or "family compact" party clearly saw that their only
+hope of success in the clergy reserve controversy was by taking
+advantage of the presence of this antagonistic element in the Methodist
+body, and to turn it to practical account against Dr. Ryerson, so as to
+checkmate him in the contest. Queen Elizabeth's motto: _Divide et
+impera_, was therefore adopted. And every effort was made to intensify
+the feelings and widen the breach which already existed between the two
+sections of the Methodists. This was the more easily done by the appeal
+which was made to the national prejudices of Methodists of British
+origin, as against the alleged republican tendency of their colonial
+brethren.[96] In this effort the ruling party were publicly and
+privately aided by members of the Missionary Committee in London. To
+discuss this question now would be practically useless. None but actors
+in the scenes and conflicts of those times could realize the strong,
+even bitter, feelings which existed in the chief towns between the two
+parties at the time. Cherished sentiments of loyalty, strong home
+feelings, and orthodox Methodist principles, were appealed to, and
+alternately asserted their influence on opposite sides in the contest.
+
+Added to the difficulty which Dr. Ryerson experienced in conducting the
+clergy reserve controversy was the fact, that many Methodists of British
+origin fully sympathized with the claims of the old national and
+historical Church of England--they held that it was _ipso facto_ the
+"established" church in every British Colony, as often asserted by the
+Missionary party.
+
+As the clergy reserve question gradually became the absorbing topic of
+discussion in the country (with Dr. Ryerson as one of the chief leaders
+in that discussion), it was natural that so important a matter should
+receive the attention of Conference. This it did at an early date. In
+1837 strong resolutions were passed upon the subject, which excited much
+uneasiness among the English Missionary party. The Rev. W. H. Harvard,
+President of the Conference, in writing to Dr. Ryerson on the subject
+after Conference, said:--
+
+ Since I came away from the Conference, I have been greatly
+ concerned as to the anti-church impression likely to be made on the
+ mind of our people by our recent resolutions of Conference; and I
+ would fain engage your interest with Rev. E. Evans, our Editor, to
+ accompany them with some saving paragraph on the general principle
+ of an establishment which may keep our people from the danger of
+ imbibing the principle of dissent, the operation of which will
+ always foster a religious radicalism in our body, and the influence
+ of which our fathers at home strongly deprecate. I think with you,
+ that in the altered circumstances of our Colonial relations, we
+ have reason to plead for concessions of equality of rights and
+ privileges which would never be granted in the Mother Country. In
+ that respect I do not dissent from the spirit of the resolutions.
+ But I more and more think and feel that there is a middle path of
+ respectful deference to the principle of an establishment even in
+ the Colonies, which, so modified, would not be injurious, but
+ rather helpful, to our good cause,--and which is a vantage ground
+ on which none of our enemies could touch us. It is true, that from
+ Wesleyan high quarters you have had encouragement to believe an
+ independent stand against Church domination would not be
+ disapproved; yet even there a denial of the principle of an
+ establishment (or that the Government should profess some one form
+ of Christianity, with equal privileges to other Christians) would
+ meet with reprobation; and if not, who does not see, if we take
+ that anti-Wesleyan ground, it may involve the question of Wesleyan
+ consistency on our part, while at the same time it would be in
+ danger of throwing our people into the arms of the
+ Radical-popish-infidel faction, where they will, bear like, be
+ hugged till the breath of piety is pressed out of them. Of course,
+ it would drive away from our congregations many of those pious or
+ well-disposed Church people who occasionally mingle with and derive
+ good from us. It was Mr. Wesley's conviction that the Methodists
+ were in part raised up to spread scriptural holiness in the Church
+ of England, as well as in the world at large. I must repeat my
+ wish, that you had yielded to my suggestion to admit into the
+ resolution the phrases, "that the principle of an establishment
+ should be so administered in this Province as to secure perfect
+ equality of rights and privileges among all other communities."
+
+ You may have ulterior views which I am too short-sighted to
+ perceive. But I am fully convinced, that if the _Guardian_ does not
+ save us from identification with dissent from the Church of England
+ at this crisis, the real friends of our Zion will bitterly deplore
+ it another day.[97]
+
+Here was a broad and distinct declaration of principle, as fully in
+harmony with the views of the dominant party as they were entirely
+opposed to those held by the Canadian Conference party. They were
+perfectly sincere, too, and were uttered by one of the most moderate,
+and yet most thoroughly representative agents of the British Missionary
+party in this Province. It can be easily seen how tempting an
+opportunity it was for the ruling party to foster this feeling amongst
+the English Missionary section of Methodists, by strong appeals to their
+well-known loyalty--their respect and love for the old mother-church,
+which John Wesley so venerated. Even condescension and flattery were
+employed. _The Church_ and other newspapers made appeals with tact and
+ability[98] (see page 236); the Lieutenant Governor himself took the
+trouble to address a letter on the subject direct to the Missionary
+Committee in London, and Archdeacon Strachan never failed to single out
+for respectful mention and commendation the representatives of the
+British Missionary party in Canada, as distinguished from the "disloyal
+and republican section of the Methodists."[99]
+
+Referring to this period, Rev. John Ryerson, in his Historical
+Recollections of Methodism (as annotated by Dr. Ryerson) informs us
+that--
+
+ After aiding to suppress the rebellion, the _Guardian_ resumed the
+ discussion of the clergy reserve question, and insisted that it
+ should be settled. But nothing was farther from the thoughts of Dr.
+ Strachan and Sir George Arthur. They contended that the mooting of
+ the question at such a time was evidence of disloyalty on the part
+ of those who were endeavouring to despoil the Church of its lawful
+ rights. The Editor of the _Guardian_ (Dr. Ryerson) was threatened
+ with personal violence, with prosecution, and banishment. Yet the
+ _Guardian_ kept on the even tenor of its way; and in proportion to
+ the fury of the monopolists, did the Editor increase his exertions
+ to wrest from them their unjust gains. Then the oppressors of equal
+ rights, seeing that nothing else would do, called into requisition
+ the old craft to divide the Methodists, or, by other influences, to
+ coercively control them.
+
+ Sir George Arthur, the amanuensis of Dr. Strachan in these matters,
+ wrote to the Missionary Committee in London of the evil and
+ disturbing doings of the _Guardian_, and called on them for their
+ interference. This flattering appeal received a very complimentary
+ reply. The Committee also wrote to their missionary agents in
+ Canada, directing them to interpose and arrest the unjustifiable
+ course of the _Guardian_. The objection was that the paper "had
+ become party-political;" that "its course was disquieting to the
+ country, and disreputable to Wesleyan Methodism," ... etc. It is
+ not denied (adds Rev. J. Ryerson), that the _Guardian_ at this time
+ was very political for a religious journal....
+
+On this Dr. Ryerson remarked--
+
+It is true, as my brother has intimated, that the _Guardian_ was "very
+political," because the Editor was intensely in earnest on the great
+object for which he had been elected by the Conference.... The times of
+his former proposed conciliations and compromises were now past. He felt
+the awfulness of the crisis and the responsibility of his position. The
+Reform party had been crushed by the rebellion of 1837, and the Reform
+press silenced; there was, in fact, no Reform party. The high-church
+party thought that their day of absolute power and ecclesiastical
+monopoly had dawned. It had been agreed by Mr. W. L. Mackenzie and his
+fellow rebels ... that Egerton Ryerson [should be their first victim].
+He alone stood above successful calumny by the high-church party, and
+backed as he was by his Canadian Methodist brethren, he determined to
+defend to the last, the citadel of Canadian liberty....
+
+He knew that, as in a final struggle for victory between two armies,
+when that victory was trembling in the scales, the wavering of a single
+battalion on either side might animate and decide victory in favour of
+the enemy; so a compromising sentence or ambiguous word from the Editor
+might rouse the high-church party to increased confidence and action,
+and proportionally weaken the cause of civil and religious liberty in
+Upper Canada. The Editor of the _Guardian_ had no fear, and he evinced
+none.... I contended that all the political questions then pending had a
+direct or indirect bearing on this great question; ... that I would not
+be turned aside from the great object in view until it was obtained;
+that the real object of the Government and of the Missionary Committee
+was not so much to prevent the introduction of politics into the
+_Guardian_, as the discussion of the clergy reserve question itself, and
+of the equal religious rights of the people altogether, so that the
+high-church party might be left in peaceable possession of their
+exclusive privileges, and their unjust and immense monopolies, without
+molestation or dispute.
+
+Rev. J. Ryerson adds: Had Dr. Ryerson "yielded to the dictation of Sir
+George Arthur's government, and the interference of the London
+Missionary Committee, one-seventh of the land of the Province might now
+be in the hands of the Church of England. But the course of the
+_Guardian_ in this matter, however right, brought upon [the Canadian
+Methodist Church] calamities and sufferings of seven years'
+continuance."
+
+About a month before the Conference of 1839 met, Sir George Arthur
+received a reply, by the hands of Dr. Alder, from the Missionary
+Committee in London (signed by Dr. Bunting and the other Secretaries),
+which he published in the _Patriot_ newspaper. Dr. Ryerson inserted the
+letter in the _Guardian_ of the 22nd May, with these remarks:--
+
+ We copy from the _Patriot_ a letter, addressed by the Wesleyan
+ Missionary Secretaries in London to Sir George Arthur, disclaiming
+ "all participation in the views expressed in the _Guardian_ on the
+ ecclesiastical questions of this Province."
+
+He then goes on to show that the views expressed in the _Guardian_ were
+identical with those embodied in the proceedings of the Wesleyan
+Conference in Upper Canada from the beginning, and that they were
+explicitly avowed and understood by both parties at the time of the
+union of the Conferences in 1833.
+
+The object of the publication of the letter was evidently twofold: 1st.
+To put a weapon into the hands of the friends of a dominant church in
+Upper Canada. 2nd. To paralyze the efforts of Dr. Ryerson to secure
+equal rights for all religious bodies, and thus to weaken his powerful
+influence as a champion of those rights.
+
+It was a noticeable fact that all of the disclaimers from the British
+party first appeared in the Church of England organs, and were there
+triumphantly appealed to as the unbiassed expression of Methodist
+opinion from headquarters in England. In supplementing Rev. John
+Ryerson's Historical Narrative of events at this period, Dr. Ryerson
+stated, in substance, that:--
+
+ It was soon found that Sir George Arthur had thrown himself into
+ the hands of the oligarchy on the question of the clergy
+ reserves--he would not consent to have them applied to any other
+ purpose than the support of the clergy, and was anxious to have
+ them revested in the Crown. When Sir George's views and plans were
+ brought before the Legislature, I opposed them. The Missionary
+ Committee interposed (at Sir George's own request) and supported
+ him on that question. However, Her Majesty's Government
+ subsequently set aside the proceedings of Sir George Arthur, upon
+ the very same grounds on which I had opposed them; but that made no
+ difference in the feelings towards me of Dr. Alder and his
+ colleagues.
+
+Early in June, 1839, Dr. Alder addressed a letter to the _Guardian_,
+explaining and defending his views on church establishments. On the 12th
+of that month, Dr. Ryerson replied to him at length, and, at the close,
+put a series of questions to Dr. Alder. From the 2nd and 6th I make the
+following extracts:--
+
+ 2. Are you satisfied that you are providentially called of God to
+ attempt to make Methodism an agency in promoting a national
+ establishment of religion in a new country, in the teeth of an
+ overwhelming majority of the inhabitants?
+
+ 6. Are you warranted from any writings or authority of Mr. Wesley
+ to insist that, "under _no_ circumstances," the principle of an
+ establishment shall be abandoned?... Mr. Wesley and his coadjutors
+ have left it on record, in the minutes of their Conference, as
+ their deliberate judgment, that "there is no instance of, or ground
+ at all for, a national church in the New Testament;" that they
+ "apprehended it to be a merely political institution." How can any
+ true Wesleyan convert that into a matter of faith and religious
+ principle for which Mr. Wesley declared there "was no instance or
+ ground at all in the New Testament?" ... I know that the local
+ Executive is most intent to secure the aid of the Missionary
+ Committee to support the recent re-investment act of spoliation; I
+ believe that your letter ... emboldened and encouraged them in the
+ re-investment scheme, and His Excellency stated some months since
+ that he had written for you to come to this country; they think
+ that they can bargain with you upon more advantageous terms than
+ they can with the Methodist Conference in this Province, but I
+ entreat you to pause before you proceed to insist that that which
+ Mr. Wesley declares ... to be "a merely political institution,"
+ forms any part of Wesleyan Methodism.[100]
+
+Dr. Ryerson's account of what transpired at the ensuing Conference is in
+substance as follows:--
+
+ Dr. Alder attended the Conference at Hamilton, June, 1839, and
+ introduced resolutions expressive of his views, to which he
+ insisted upon the concurrence of the Conference. The resolutions
+ were discussed for three days. On the last day Dr. Ryerson replied,
+ after which the resolutions were negatived by a vote of 55 to
+ 5.[101]
+
+At the same Conference Dr. Ryerson was appointed secretary, by a vote of
+41 to 14. But it was in regard to the election of Editor that the
+greatest interest was taken, not so much amongst the Canadian section of
+the Methodist people as amongst the members of other religious bodies.
+The _Guardian_ stated:--
+
+ For the last two months the several provincial journals have
+ renewed their efforts of vehement vituperation against the Editor;
+ ... they have sought and hoped to create a division in the ranks of
+ the Methodist family, and, by thus dividing, to conquer; they even
+ triumphed by anticipation--so much so, that the Editor of _The
+ Church_ oracularly predicted the speedy release of the Editor of
+ the _Guardian_ from his editorial duties.
+
+The chagrin which was felt by these parties can be well imagined when
+the ballot announced that Dr. Ryerson had been re-elected editor, by a
+vote of 60 to 13! Speaking of this memorable triumph, Dr. Ryerson
+declared that:--
+
+ Never before did I receive, directly or indirectly, so many
+ unequivocal testimonies of respect and confidence, not merely from
+ the Methodist Church at large, but also from members of other
+ churches.
+
+In the meantime (as Dr. Ryerson stated elsewhere) the discussion on the
+question of a dominant church monopoly and party ... proscription waxed
+hotter and hotter; ... rumours prevailed of a change of Governors in
+Upper Canada; the high church party felt that this was their time, and
+perhaps their last chance to confirm their absolute power.... Under
+these circumstances, I stated to the Conference that the moment that
+the clergy reserve and other questions affecting our constitutional and
+just rights as British Canadian subjects, and as a religious body, were
+adjusted, we ought to abstain entirely from any discussions in reference
+to civil affairs. When Dr. Alder's resolutions were rejected by our
+Conference, one prepared by myself was agreed to, as follows:--
+
+ While this Conference has felt itself bound to express its
+ sentiments on the question of an ecclesiastical establishment in
+ this Province, and our constitutional and religious rights and
+ privileges, and our determination to maintain them, we disclaim any
+ intention to interfere with the merely secular, party-politics of
+ the day.
+
+This resolution, as it afterwards appeared, did not go far enough to
+meet the wishes and designs of Dr. Alder. He, therefore, brought the
+matter before the Book Committee, Toronto, in October, 1839. To that
+Committee he stated at length his decided objection to the course
+pursued by the _Guardian_ since Conference as "a violation of the known
+design of the resolution adopted by it." Dr. Ryerson, while fully
+justifying the course which he had pursued, nevertheless tendered to the
+Committee his resignation as Editor. The Committee, however, instructed
+Rev. William Case to write to him as follows:--
+
+ By request of the Book Committee, I beg leave to communicate the
+ result of their deliberations on the subject of your proffered
+ resignation of the editorship of the _Guardian_. "_Resolved_, That
+ the Committee do not feel themselves at liberty to accept of the
+ resignation of the Editor of the _Guardian_, and that he be
+ affectionately requested to withdraw it, and to continue his
+ services in accordance with the deliberately framed regulations of
+ the Committee until the ensuing Conference, the regulations to
+ which he objects having been adopted, not for the purpose of
+ reflecting in any way upon the Editor; and that we assure him that
+ we have the utmost confidence in his ability, his integrity, and
+ his anxious desire to promote the best interests of the Connexion."
+
+Dr. Ryerson withdrew his resignation at the time, but resolved to press
+it at the next Conference. This he did; and peremptorily declined
+re-election at the Conference of 1840--in fact other and more serious
+matters were pressed upon him. He thus finally retired from the
+editorship of the paper which he had established in 1829, and which he
+had made such a power in Upper Canada. He justly felt that, with the
+enlarged Methodist constituency which the _Guardian_ at this time
+represented, it would be impossible for him, while great questions
+remained unsettled, to harmonize the conflicting opinions on
+politico-religious matters which were then held by opposite and
+influential sections of the Methodist Church. He clearly foresaw further
+conflict on these and other inter-connexional subjects, and was,
+therefore, the more anxious to free himself from the unwise, official
+trammels, which a hostile, anti-Canadian and unpatriotic party sought
+to impose upon him--single-handed as he was. He longed for more
+congenial work. He also felt that literary freedom was essential to him
+in his thorough and practical discussion of the all absorbing questions
+of the day.[102] This it was well known he could do, in dealing with
+these questions, not only on their own merits, but with the
+comprehensive grasp which his enlarged experience, intuitive clearness
+of perception, and naturally statesmanlike views on grave public
+questions, eminently qualified him for.
+
+As an illustration of the acknowledged ability, fairness, and
+conclusiveness of argument with which he dealt with questions which
+touched the sensibilities and even prejudices of leading members of the
+British Missionary party in Canada, it is a striking fact that when
+these gentlemen were not under the direct and potent influence of the
+Mission House, they were Dr. Ryerson's personal friends, and gave him an
+active support. This was particularly the case with the late Rev. Dr.
+Stinson, a man of noble and generous impulses; Rev. W. H. Harvard,
+always kind and courteous; Rev. Dr. Richey, a man of much refinement and
+culture, and others. In the important crisis of 1838, both Dr. Stinson
+and Dr. Richey voted for Dr. Ryerson as Editor. The former wrote a
+strong letter urging his appointment as Editor. (Page 201.) The latter,
+on his way to Halifax, after the Conference of 1839, wrote from Montreal
+to Dr. Ryerson, as follows:--
+
+ Sir John Colborne, on whom I called, and by whom I was graciously
+ received, is delighted with the continuance of the Union. So are
+ all our Montreal friends, after my explanations. They will
+ immediately order the _Guardian_. Sir John paid a handsome tribute
+ to your talents, as who with whom I conversed did not? however they
+ might happen to view your course. They all say you commenced
+ admirably,--that the moment the paper passed into your hands, it
+ manifestly improved; and they all approve of your course for the
+ last six months, just about as well as you know I do. Adhere most
+ religiously, my dear brother, to the spirit and letter of the
+ resolutions, by which the Conference has expressed its will that
+ you should be guided. Your friend Joseph Howe[103] begins, I
+ perceive, to mingle with tories, as they are invidiously
+ designated. I do not wish you to be a tory; and I will not insult
+ you by expressing a desire that you were a high conservative.
+
+ I do not flatter you in saying, that on no man in Upper Canada does
+ the peace of our Church and of the Province so much depend, as on
+ yourself. May all your powers be employed for good! Guard against
+ the fascination of political fame. It will do no more for you on a
+ dying bed than it did for Cardinal Wolsey. O! that your fine mind
+ were fully concentrated upon the [Greek: politeuma] of Heaven!
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[96] Dr. Ryerson, in the _Guardian_ of October 31, 1838, says:--Five
+columns of _The Church_, of the 20th ult., are occupied with an appeal
+to the old country Methodists, to induce them to oppose the Conference
+and Connexion in this Province in the clergy reserve question. The
+Cobourg _Star_ follows in the wake of _The Church_, in the same pious
+crusade. The _Patriot_ of the 26th inst. also copies the schismatic
+appeal of _The Church_.
+
+[97] Even Rev. J. Stinson (who heartily sympathized in many things with
+the Canadian Methodists), in a letter to Dr. Ryerson, written in
+February, 1839, said:--I have read your address to Hon. W. H. Draper, on
+the clergy reserve question, with considerable attention; and while
+there is much in it which I admire, I must honestly tell you, _en
+passant_, that it contains more against the principle of an
+establishment in this Colony than I like.
+
+[98] Not satisfied with these strong appeals in the newspapers, resort
+was had to personal ones, made to leading members of the missionary
+party. In a kind and yet candid letter which Dr. Ryerson received in
+November, 1838, Rev. Joseph Stinson says:--I sincerely sympathize with
+you in your present perplexing and trying circumstances. I heard to-day
+that some of the dominant church champions are appealing to me to array
+myself against you. They may save themselves the trouble of making such
+appeals. Whenever I have differed in opinion with you, I have told you
+so, and shall do so again,--but shall never, unless you become a
+revolutionist, either directly or indirectly sanction any factious
+opposition to you. I think, as Wesleyan Methodists, we ought, openly and
+fearlessly, to advocate the righteous claims of our own Church; but we
+ought to do it without detracting from the merits or opposing the
+interests of that Church which is so closely connected with our
+Government, as is the Church of England. I know that the exclusive
+spirit--the arrogant pretentiousness--the priestly insolence--the
+anti-Christian spirit of certain members of that Church richly deserves
+chastisement.... I know that your public services have been undervalued;
+your faults have been shamefully exaggerated; your motives have been
+misrepresented; your influence (connected as you are with a large and
+influential body of Christians) is feared, and your enemies are as
+bitter as Satan can make them; but, if you are conscious that, in the
+sight of God, you are aiming at the right object, why not leave your
+cause in His hands? why so frequently appeal to the people? You may not
+see it; but there is a recklessness in your mode of writing, sometimes,
+which is really alarming, and for which many of the members of the
+Conference of our Society do not like to be responsible. I know well,
+that the acts of the high church party are far more likely to excite
+rebellion than your writings. There is a strong, a very strong, feeling
+against a dominant Church; but a majority of the Province would rather
+have that, and connection with Great Britain, than republicanism.
+
+[99] On the other hand, the Editor of _The Church_ thus sketched Dr.
+Ryerson:--As The promoter, if not originator, of prejudices of
+indigenous growth, against the Church of England, and as the thoughtless
+scatterer of the seeds of political error and of antipathy to the
+national church. Notwithstanding these counteracting influences, the
+Editor does not despair of seeing the day when Methodists in Canada will
+join with Churchmen in vindicating the Church's right to the property of
+the reserves, which will enable them to plant the established church in
+every corner of these Provinces. And this they will do, not upon the
+ground merely of filial partiality, but on the most rational security
+for the permanence and purity of our Protestant faith, etc. Under these
+circumstances, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+I have felt it due to the _Guardian_ connexion to enter my protest
+against the claims of the Episcopal Church, and to combat and explain
+the opinion of my English brethren as not those prevalent in this
+Province.
+
+A lengthened communication, embodying those views, appearing on page 109
+of the _Guardian_ of May 16th, 1838.
+
+[100] With a view to increase the clamour against the Editor of the
+_Guardian_ on this subject, Mr. Alex. Davidson, writing to Dr. Ryerson
+from Niagara, said:--Dr. Alder's letter to you had been printed and
+circulated there in the form of a hand-bill. Mr. E. C. Griffin, of
+Waterdown, writing from Hamilton on the same subject, said: I have
+learned from brother Edward Jackson what are the feelings of the Society
+in Hamilton, respecting the letter of Dr. Alder. He says, that if the
+leaders' meeting is any index of the views of the entire Society here,
+they are a "unit" to a man (except the preacher) in their determination
+to support you in your principles and proceedings.
+
+[101] The following incident in connection with this vote is mentioned
+by Dr. Ryerson: Dr. Alder (he said) appeared disappointed and depressed;
+and, after the close of the Conference I said to him: Dr. Alder, you see
+how entirely you have mistaken the state of Canadian society, and the
+views and feelings of the Methodist people. Now, I do not wish that you
+should return to England a defeated and disgraced man. I purpose to
+write a short editorial for the _Guardian_, stating that the differences
+and misunderstandings which had arisen, after having been carefully
+considered and fully discussed, were adjusted in an amicable spirit, and
+the unity of the Church maintained inviolate. Dr. Alder appeared
+delighted and thankful beyond expression. I prepared the editorial. Dr.
+Alder used and interpreted this editorial on his return to England, to
+show that the Canadian Conference and its Editor had acceded to all of
+his demands, and that he had been completely successful in his mission
+to Canada! The English Committee adopted resolutions complimentary to
+Dr. Alder in consequence; but I did not imagine that Dr. Alder's
+fictitious representation of the results of his mission would afterwards
+be made the ground of charges against myself!
+
+[102] Dr. Ryerson gave full expression to these views in a letter
+addressed to the Governor-General in April, 1840. (See chapter xxxiii.,
+page 266.)
+
+[103] See letter from Mr. Howe to Dr. Ryerson on page 258.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI.
+
+1839.
+
+Strategy in the Clergy Reserve Controversy.
+
+
+The year 1839 was somewhat noted for the prolonged and animated
+discussions which took place in and out of the Legislature on the clergy
+reserve question. There were some new features in the discussion of the
+preceding year which had their effect on the clergy reserve legislation
+of that year. And while they partially ceased to be influential in the
+discussions of 1839, yet the legislation of that year was practically
+brought to the same issue as that of 1838, only that it was more
+decisive. It may be interesting, therefore, to refer to these special
+features in the discussion of 1838-9.
+
+The first was the final change of tactics on the part of the leaders of
+the Church of England party in the contest. The second was the
+persistent and personal efforts which Lieutenant Governor Arthur put
+forth in behalf of that party, so as to enable them to accomplish their
+object, and, at the same time, to counteract the efforts of those who
+were seeking to uphold Canadian and popular rights. The third was (as
+shown in the last chapter) the plan adopted to foment discord in the
+Methodist body--which was by far the most formidable opponent of the
+scheme of monopoly and aggrandisement which the ruling party was seeking
+to promote.
+
+At this distance of time it is easy to survey the whole field of
+conflict, and to note the plans and strategies of the combatants.
+Although efforts had hitherto been made to shift the battle-ground from
+Upper Canada to England, yet, as the Colonial Secretary had discouraged
+such efforts as unwise, and as an unnecessary interference with the
+rights of the Provincial Legislature, the matter was not openly pressed
+in 1839. Nor was it pressed at all to a conclusion in 1838. For, by a
+singular coincidence, the very day (29th December, 1837) on which Mr.
+Cartwright had moved to bring a bill into the House of Assembly to
+revest the clergy reserve in Her Majesty, Sir George Grey penned a
+despatch to Sir George Arthur, in which he disclaimed, on behalf of the
+Imperial Government, any wish or intention to interfere, in the
+settlement of the clergy reserve question, with the functions of the
+Provincial Legislature, on the ground that--
+
+ Such interference would tend to create a not unreasonable suspicion
+ of the sincerity with which the Legislature have been invited to
+ the exercise of the power [to vary or repeal] reserved to them on
+ this subject by the Constitutional Act of 1791.
+
+It is likely that the publication of this despatch prevented the House
+of Assembly from proceeding any farther with Mr. Cartwright's bill, than
+ordering it to a second reading on the 26th February, 1838. In this
+dilemma the ruling party were evidently at a loss how to act. It
+required much tact and skill to break the ranks of the chief forces
+arrayed against the scheme to revest the reserves in the Crown--a scheme
+distasteful to Canadians generally, and subversive of the legislative
+independence of Upper Canada. Two methods were therefore adopted: The
+first was to divide the Methodists (as shown in the last chapter). The
+second and more astute one was to appeal to the professed loyalty of
+that class which hitherto had been held up to scorn as disloyal, and
+denounced as republican in its tendencies, as well as seditious in their
+conduct. The appeal was varied in form, but it was in substance that as
+those who made it were not themselves afraid to trust their interests in
+the hands of the Sovereign, their opponents should be equally trustful
+in the equal and entire justice which would be meted out to all of her
+Canadian subjects.[104] This appeal, from its very speciousness, and the
+skill with which it was pressed, had its effect in many cases. But, as a
+general rule, it failed. The object of the decisive change of tactics
+was too transparent to deceive the more sensible and thoughtful men to
+whom the appeal was addressed.
+
+The two other methods adopted (already referred to) were only partially
+successful; but the three combined, no doubt, strengthened the hands of
+the advocates of the scheme for the re-investment of the reserves in the
+Crown. They, however, ceased to press the matter upon public attention,
+being determined to bide their time, and (as events proved), to carry
+their point in another and more skilful way.
+
+In the meantime, and early in 1839, Dr. Ryerson was deputed by several
+important circuits to present loyal addresses to Sir George Arthur. This
+he did on the 2nd February; and in enclosing them to the Governor's
+secretary, used language which sounds strange in these days of religious
+equality. He said:--
+
+ I feel myself fully authorized, by various communications and my
+ official position, to assure His Excellency that the members of the
+ Wesleyan Methodist Church will not be contented with subordinate
+ civil standing to any other church, any more than the members of
+ the Church of Scotland. They do not, and never have asked for any
+ peculiar advantages; but they feel that upon the principles of
+ justice, by labours, by usefulness, by character, by numbers, and
+ by the principles laid down in royal despatches, they are entitled,
+ in the eye of the law, and in the administration of an impartial
+ government, to equal consideration, and equal advantages with any
+ other church. I am confident that I but state a simple fact, when I
+ express our belief that the Methodist Church, in its doctrines,
+ ministry, and institutions, furnishes as formidable a barrier
+ against the irreligion and infidelity of the times as any other
+ section of Protestantism. Nor is it possible for
+ us--notwithstanding our unfeigned respect for His Excellency--to
+ feel ourselves under any obligations to tender our support to
+ another section of the Protestant Church, whose clergy, in this
+ Province, collectively, officially, and individually (with solitary
+ exceptions), have resisted the attainment of every civil and
+ religious privilege we now enjoy--have twice impeached our
+ character and principles before the Imperial Government--who deny
+ the legitimacy of our ministry, who, in their doctrines respecting
+ Church polity, and several points of faith, do not represent the
+ doctrines of the Church of England, or of the established clergy in
+ England as a body, but that section only of the established clergy
+ that have associated with all arbitrary measures of government
+ against various classes of Protestant non-conformists which have
+ darkened the page of British history, and also the dark ages,
+ notions of rites and ceremonies, and the conductor of whose
+ official organ in this Province has recently represented the
+ Methodist ministry as the guilty cause of those divine
+ chastisements under the influence of which our land droops and
+ mourns. I am sure my brethren, as well as myself, freely forgive
+ the great wrongs thus perpetrated against us; but we feel ourselves
+ equally bound in duty to ourselves, to our country, and to our
+ common Christianity, to employ all lawful means to prevent such
+ exclusive, repulsive, and proscriptive sentiments from acquiring
+ anything more than equal protection in the Province.
+
+ I might appeal to circumstances within His Excellency's knowledge,
+ to show that from 1836 to the close of the last session of our
+ Provincial Parliament, I have spared no pains--without the remotest
+ view to personal or even Methodistic advantage--to second, to the
+ utmost of my humble ability, any plan to which the Province might,
+ under all circumstances, be induced to concur, in order to settle
+ the protracted controversy on the clergy reserve question; and that
+ it has not been, until I have had indubitable proofs that there was
+ no disposition or intention on the side of the Episcopal clergy to
+ yield a single iota any further than they were compelled. It was
+ not until all these circumstances had transpired, that we
+ reluctantly determined to appeal against the exclusive and unjust
+ pretensions of the Episcopal clergy, to the bar of public
+ opinion--a power recognized by our free constitution, and which no
+ party or administration can successfully resist many years.
+
+The reply of the Governor was friendly and conciliatory; but in it he
+expresses his
+
+ Surprise to find that his appeal on a late occasion to the Wesleyan
+ Methodists, to give the Church of England their most cordial
+ support, had been misunderstood and construed into an expression of
+ sectarian preference. By inviting the Methodists to such a course
+ of conduct, His Excellency thought that he was only appealing to a
+ feeling of attachment for the Church of England, which he had
+ always been induced to consider--especially from personal
+ observation--as a badge of "legitimate Wesleyan Methodists" all
+ over the world.
+
+Dr. Ryerson in his remarks on this reply, said:--
+
+ The questions at issue about the clergy reserves do not involve the
+ principle of "attachment for the Church of England" from the well
+ known fact that many respectable members of that Church, in every
+ district throughout the Province, concur in the views advocated in
+ the _Guardian_ on that question--therefore an appeal to "attachment
+ for the Church of England" as the rule of judgment in this
+ controversy, much less as a "badge of legitimate Wesleyan
+ Methodists," is the very climax of absurdity.
+
+The discussions on the clergy reserve question up to the time when the
+House reassembled (27th February, 1839), must have convinced the
+dominant party that it was, and ever would be, hopeless, in the face of
+the determined opposition which their schemes encountered, to obtain
+that which they wanted from the local legislature. They could not again
+openly bring in a bill (as they did last year) to revest the reserves in
+the Crown, in the face of the declarations of the Colonial Secretary,
+that--
+
+ Imperial Parliamentary Legislation on any subject of exclusively
+ internal concern, in any British colony possessing a representative
+ assembly is, as a general rule, unconstitutional. It is a right of
+ which the exercise is reserved for extreme cases, in which
+ necessity at once creates and justifies the exception. (Lord
+ Glenelg to Sir F. B. Head, 5th December, 1835.)
+
+They therefore adopted what events proved to be a ruse, to accomplish
+their object. It is true that Sir George Arthur, in his opening speech,
+urged that--
+
+ The settlement of this vitally important question ought not to be
+ longer delayed.... I confidently hope, that if the claims of
+ contending parties be advanced ... in a spirit of moderation and
+ Christian charity, the adjustment of them by you will not prove
+ insuperably difficult.
+
+The Governor then adroitly added--
+
+ But, should all your efforts for the purpose unhappily fail, it
+ will then only remain for you to re-invest the reserves in the
+ hands of the Crown, and to refer the appropriation of them to the
+ Imperial Parliament, as a tribunal free from those local influences
+ and excitements which may operate too powerfully here.
+
+Both Houses, in apparent good faith, sought to carry out the wishes of
+the Governor as expressed in the first part of his speech. The managers
+of the scheme indicated in the latter part of the speech initiated a
+totally different bill in each House, apparently liberal and
+comprehensive in character, but yet objectionable in detail. Dr. Ryerson
+felt this so strongly that he petitioned to be heard at the Bar of the
+House of Assembly against the bill which had been introduced into it.
+His request was at first granted on the 7th April, by a vote of 24 to
+22, but afterwards refused by a vote of 21 to 17. After protracted
+debates in the House of Assembly and about forty-four divisions, that
+House sent up its bill to the Legislative Council for concurrence. The
+Council struck out the whole of the bill after the word "whereas," and
+substituted one of its own, and in turn sent it down to the House of
+Assembly for concurrence. That House, not to be outdone by the other,
+struck out the whole of the Legislative Council bill, and substituted a
+bill of its own, totally different from the one first sent up to the
+Legislative Council, the last clause of which read as follows:--
+
+ The moneys to arise, and to be procured and henceforth received for
+ any sale or sales [of clergy reserve lands] shall be paid into the
+ hands of Her Majesty's Receiver-General of this Province, to be
+ appropriated by the Provincial Legislature for religion and
+ education.
+
+The bill thus constructed needed but the alteration of the last five
+words to adapt it admirably to the object and purpose of the Church
+party. The Legislative Council, therefore, changed the concluding words
+in the last clause into the words "Imperial Parliament for religious
+purposes." In this apparently simple way, but in reality, fundamental
+manner--and without any attempt at a conference between the Houses, with
+a view to adjust differences--the Legislative Council, taking advantage
+of a comparatively thin House of Assembly, made the desired change on
+the last day of the session. By adroit manoeuvring the agents of the
+Church party carried the bill in the House of Assembly thus altered. In
+this way they succeeded in destroying the whole object of the bill, as
+passed by the House of Assembly. Sir George Arthur, in his despatch to
+the Colonial Secretary, virtually admitted that the passage of the
+altered bill was due to the fact that it was carried in the House of
+Assembly by a majority of one vote [22 to 21], in a House of 44 members,
+and at a late hour on the night preceding the prorogation!
+
+Such were the discreditable circumstances under which the bill
+re-investing the clergy reserves in the Crown was passed. It, however,
+required the assent of the Queen before it became law. This it was
+destined never to receive, owing to a technical objection raised in
+England in the following October, that such a delegation to the Imperial
+Parliament could not be made by a subordinate authority. This defeat,
+however, proved to be a moral victory for the vanquished, as it gave
+them time for farther deliberation; it incited them to greater caution
+in their mode of warfare, and induced them to adopt tactics of a more
+secret and, as it proved, effective character.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[104] In the _Guardian_ of September 19th, 1838, the question is put in
+this form and discussed: "Why do you not appeal to Her Majesty's Privy
+Council, or to the High Court of Parliament instead of appealing to the
+public here?" The answer was conclusive.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII.
+
+1839.
+
+Sir G. Arthur's Partizanship.--State of the Province.
+
+
+The bill for revesting the clergy reserves in the Crown barely escaped
+defeat (as just mentioned) in the House of Assembly, on 11th May, 1839.
+On the 14th Sir George Arthur sent the bill to Lord Normanby (successor
+to Lord Glenelg) for Her Majesty's assent, with an elaborate despatch.
+On the 15th, Dr. Ryerson also addressed to Lord Normanby a long letter
+on the same subject. In it he called the attention of the Colonial
+Secretary to the following facts, which he discussed at length in his
+letter:--
+
+1. That the great majority of the House of Assembly in four successive
+parliaments had remonstrated against the exclusive pretensions of the
+Church of England in Upper Canada; and that the claims of the Church of
+England to be the established Church of the Province had from the
+beginning been steadily denied by such representatives, and elsewhere.
+
+2. That the ground of dissatisfaction in the Province was not merely
+between the Churches of England and Scotland, but between the
+high-church party, and the religious denominations and the inhabitants
+of the Province generally.
+
+3. That from the beginning the House of Assembly had protested against
+any appropriation of the clergy reserves being made to the Church of
+England, not granted equally [for educational purposes] to the other
+Christian denominations.
+
+4. That notwithstanding the annual remonstrances of the House of
+Assembly, large grants had been paid since 1827, to the Episcopal
+Clergy, exclusive of grants by the Imperial Parliament and the
+Propagation Society.
+
+5. That under these circumstances it was not surprising that there
+should be a widespread and deeply seated dissatisfaction. It is rather
+surprising that a vestige of British power exists in the Province.
+
+6. That Sir George Arthur has for the last five months endeavoured--by
+official proclamations and other published communications through
+public offices, and by military influences in various parts of the
+Province--to prevent any expression of opinion on this subject, even by
+petition to the Legislature.
+
+7. That the Lieutenant-Governor has been induced to make himself a
+partizan with the Episcopal Church in the clergy reserve discussion; the
+entire influence of the Executive has been thrown into that scale; the
+representation of impartial sovereignty has been made the watchword of
+party.
+
+8. That under the pretense of resisting brigand invasion, large militia
+forces have been raised; violent penniless partizans have been put on
+pay in preference to respectable and loyal men; and these forces have
+not been placed on the frontier where invasion might have been expected,
+but have been scattered in parties over many parts of the interior, in
+order to exterminate discontent by silencing complaint.
+
+These, with a reference to the embarrassed financial condition of the
+Province, were the chief points to which Dr. Ryerson called the
+attention of the Colonial Secretary in this elaborate letter.
+
+On the 22nd of the same month (May) Dr. Ryerson addressed another
+vigorous letter to Lord Normanby, on the clergy reserves and kindred
+questions. "That letter," he says, he writes "with feelings which he has
+no language to express."
+
+The main points of the letter were as follows:--
+
+1. For thirty years (up to 1820) nothing was heard of an ecclesiastical
+establishment in the Province: all classes felt themselves equally free,
+and were, therefore, equally contented and happy.
+
+2. From the first open and unequivocal pretensions to a state
+establishment being made, the inhabitants of Upper Canada, in every
+constitutional way, have resisted and remonstrated against it.
+
+3. Every appropriation and grant to the Episcopal clergy out of the
+lands and funds of the Province has been made in the very teeth of the
+country's remonstrance.
+
+4. The utter powerlessness of the representative branch of the
+Legislature has rendered the officers and dependents and partizans of
+the Executive more and more despotic, overbearing, and reckless of the
+feelings of the country.
+
+5 This most blighting of all partizanship has been carried into every
+department of the Executive Government--the magistracy, militia, and
+even into the administration of justice. Its poison is working
+throughout the whole body politic; it destroys the peace of the country;
+rouses neighbour against neighbour; weakens the best social affections
+of the human heart, and awakens its worst passions; and converts a
+healthy and fertile province into a pandemonium of strife, discontent,
+and civil commotion.
+
+6. While upwards of $220,000 (besides lands) have been given to the
+Episcopal clergy since 1827, the grants made by the Imperial Parliament
+to the clergy of Upper Canada amount to over $400,000, being over
+$620,000 in all.
+
+7. A very large sum has been expended in the erection of Upper Canada
+College, on the grounds of King's College, and with an endowment of
+$8,000 or $10,000 a year. This institution is wholly under the
+management of Episcopal clergymen, while the Upper Canada Academy, which
+has been built at Cobourg by the Methodists at a cost of about $40,000,
+could not without a severe struggle get even the $16,000 which were
+directed to be paid over to it by Lord Glenelg. The matter had to be
+contested with Sir F. B. Head on the floor of the House of Assembly
+before he could be induced to obey the Royal instructions. (Page 179.)
+
+8. In the recent legislation on the clergy reserve question, the high
+church party resisted every measure by which the Methodist Church might
+obtain a farthing's aid to the Upper Canada Academy. And, to add insult
+to injury, the high church people denounce Methodists as republicans,
+rebels, traitors, and use every possible epithet and insinuation of
+contumely because they complain, reason, and remonstrate against such
+barefaced oppression and injustice--notwithstanding that not a single
+member of that church has been convicted of complicity with the late
+unhappy troubles in the Province.
+
+9. A perpetuation of the past and present obnoxious and withering
+system, will not only continue to drive thousands of industrious farmers
+and tradesmen from the country, but will prompt thousands more, before
+they will sacrifice their property and expatriate themselves, to
+advocate constitutionally, openly, and decidedly, the erection of an
+"independent kingdom," as has been suggested by the Attorney-General, as
+best both for this province and Great Britain.
+
+10. It rests with Her Majesty's Government to decide whether or not the
+inhabitants shall be treated as strangers and helots; whether the
+blighted hopes of this province shall wither and die, or revive, and
+bloom, and flourish; whether Her Majesty's Canadian subjects shall be
+allowed the legitimate constitutional control of their own earnings, or
+whether the property sufficient to pay off the large provincial debt
+shall be wrested from them; whether honour, loyalty, free and
+responsible government are to be established in this province, or
+whether our resources are to be absorbed in support of pretensions
+which have proved the bane of religion in the country; have fomented
+discord; emboldened, if not prompted, rebellion; turned the tide of
+capital and emigration to other shores; impaired public credit; arrested
+trade and commerce, and caused Upper Canada to stand "like a girdled
+tree," its drooping branches mournfully betraying that its natural
+nourishment has been deliberately cut off.
+
+In a third and concluding letter to Lord Normanby, Dr. Ryerson uses this
+language:--
+
+The great body of the inhabitants of this province will not likely again
+petition on the question of the clergy reserves and a church
+establishment in this province. They will express their sentiments at
+the hustings with a vengeance, to the confusion of the men who have
+deceived, and misrepresented, and wronged them; ... A petition would
+acknowledge the right of the Imperial Parliament to interfere--which
+ought not to be admitted. If past expressions of public sentiment will
+not satisfy Her Majesty's Government, none other can do it; and more
+efficient means (such as the coming elections), must and ought to be
+adopted, instead of the fruitless method of asking by petition for what
+has been guaranteed to the constituencies of the country as a right.
+
+The validity of the recent Act of the Legislature, revesting the
+reserves in the Crown, never will be acknowledged, or recognized by the
+electors of this province. Any Ministers of the Crown in England would
+more than lose their places, who should press through the House of
+Commons, on the last night of the session, in a thin house, a great
+public measure which had not only been repealed by four successive
+parliaments, but had been negatived from six to twelve times during the
+same session of the existing parliament. Nor would the British nation
+ever submit to any public measure (much less to loss of the control of
+one-seventh of their lands, and the infliction upon them of an
+uncongenial ecclesiastical system) which had been forced upon them.
+
+The declarations of the Representative of Royalty have heretofore been
+regarded in this province as sacred and inviolable; but the reliance of
+the Canadian electors upon those declarations from the lips of Sir
+Francis Head has cost them bloodshed, bankruptcy, and misery.... The
+electors will employ the elective franchise to redress their accumulated
+wrongs to the last farthing.
+
+It is, of course, my good or bad fortune to be assailed from week to
+week, whether I write or not.... I am no theorist. I advocate no change
+in the Constitution of the Province. I have never written a paragraph
+the principles of which could not be carried out in accordance with the
+letter and spirit of the established Constitution. I desire nothing
+more than the free and impartial administration of that Constitution for
+the benefit of all classes of Her Majesty's subjects. I only oppose or
+support men, or measures, for the attainment of that object.
+
+Entertaining such strong feelings in regard to the personal conduct of
+Sir George Arthur in respect to the passage of the clergy reserve bill,
+Dr. Ryerson felt that he could not accept any social courtesy at his
+hands. In reply, therefore, to an invitation from Sir George, for Her
+Majesty's birthday, he felt constrained to decline it. In his letter to
+the A.D.C., he said:--
+
+ After the most mature deliberation up to the last moment in which
+ it is proper to reply, I feel it my duty respectfully to decline
+ the honour of His Excellency's invitation. I most firmly believe
+ that the office of impartial sovereignty has been employed by His
+ Excellency for partial purposes; that an undue and an
+ unconstitutional exercise of the office of royalty has been
+ employed by His Excellency to influence the public mind, and the
+ decisions of our constitutional tribunals on pending and debatable
+ questions between equally loyal and deserving classes of Her
+ Majesty's subjects in this Province; that His Excellency has also
+ employed the influence of the high office of the Queen's
+ representative to procure and afterwards express his cordial
+ satisfaction at the passing of a Bill, in a thin House, on the very
+ last night of the session, the provisions of which had been
+ repeatedly negatived by a considerable majority of the people's
+ representatives, and which deprive the faithful but embarrassed
+ inhabitants of this Province of the control of a revenue and lands
+ sufficient in value to pay off the whole public debt--a proceeding
+ at complete variance with the fair and constitutional
+ administration of a free monarchical government, and the imperial
+ usages since the accession of the present Royal Family to the
+ throne of Great Britain; and, finally, that His Excellency has
+ employed the influence of his high office to the disparagement of
+ the large section of the religious community whose views, rights,
+ and interests, I have been elected to my present offices to
+ advocate and promote.
+
+ I beg that my declining the honour proposed by His Excellency may
+ not be construed into any disrespect to His Excellency personally,
+ or to the high office His Excellency holds--for the inviolableness
+ and dignity of which I feel the jealous veneration of a loyal
+ subject--but I beg that it may be attributed solely to a fixed
+ determination not to do anything that may in the slightest degree
+ tend to weaken, but on the contrary, to use every lawful means, on
+ all occasions, to advance those civil and religious interests which
+ I am most fully convinced are essential to the happy preservation
+ of a prosperous British Government in this country, and to the
+ happiness and welfare of the great body of Her Majesty's Canadian
+ subjects.
+
+In order to insure the assent of Her Majesty to the Bill which had been
+sent to the Colonial Secretary by Sir George Arthur, the authorities of
+the Church of England in the Province circulated a petition for
+presentation to the Queen and the British Parliament[105] containing the
+following statement and request:--
+
+ "Your petitioners, consisting of the United Empire Loyalists and
+ their children, took refuge in this Province after the American
+ Revolution, under the impression that they possessed the same
+ constitution as that of the Mother Country, which includes a
+ decent provision for the administration of the Word and Sacraments
+ according to the forms of the Church of England."
+
+The prayer of the petition was--
+
+ That the proceeds of the clergy reserve lands be applied to the
+ maintenance of such clergy, and of a bishop to superintend the
+ same, so that the ministrations of our Holy Religion may be
+ afforded without charge[106] to the inhabitants of every township
+ in the Province.
+
+Dr. Ryerson, having with difficulty procured a copy of this petition,
+pointed out in the _Guardian_ of July 3rd, 1839: 1st. Its historical
+misstatements, and denounced the selfish and exclusive character of its
+demands. He showed in effect that the Province was settled in 1783,
+whereas the constitutional Act (which was invoked as though it had
+existed long before that date), was not passed until 1791--eight years
+after "the United Empire Loyalists and their children took refuge in
+Upper Canada." 2nd. That for forty years and more, nine-tenths of the
+United Empire Loyalists and their descendants, with all their
+"impressions," might have perished in heathen ignorance had not some
+other than the Episcopal clergy cared for their spiritual interests; and
+that after these forty years of slumbering and neglect, and after the
+incorporation of the great body of the old Loyalists and their
+descendants into other churches, the Episcopal clergy came in, and now
+seek, on the strength of these apocryphal "impressions" (which never
+could have existed), to claim one-seventh of the lands of the Province
+as their heritage.[107] In proof of these facts Dr. Ryerson referred to
+the testimony of fifty-two witnesses, given before a select Committee of
+the House of Assembly in 1828, and published in full at that time.
+
+I have purposely abstained from making any special reference to
+discussions in the clergy reserve question with which Dr. Ryerson had no
+connection. An important one, however, took place between Hon. Wm.
+Morris and Archdeacon Strachan in 1838-39, chiefly in regard to the
+claims of the Church of Scotland. Mr. Morris, however, did good service
+in the general discussion.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In November, 1838, Dr. Ryerson received a letter from Thomas Farmer,
+Esq., of London, England, in regard to the Centenary Celebration, to
+which he replied as follows:--
+
+ Our prospects as a country are rather gloomy. We have lately had
+ the excitement and loss produced by Lord Durham's departure, and
+ the second rebellion in Lower Canada, followed in a few days by a
+ brigand invasion of this province to distract and destroy us. You
+ refer to a Centenary Offering. I cannot say what we shall be able
+ to do. We have not the slightest provision yet for the education of
+ preacher's children; nor a contingent fund to aid poor circuits, or
+ to relieve the distressed preachers' families; and an unpaid for
+ Book Room, and not an entirely paid for Academy;--all of which
+ subjects have engaged our most anxious consideration;--but in the
+ present entirely unsettled state of our public affairs, we scarcely
+ know what to do in respect to the future. We cannot, therefore, as
+ yet fix upon the objects of our Centenary Offering.
+
+The Methodist Centenary Year occurred in 1839. The Conference set apart
+the 25th October for its celebration,
+
+ By holding religious "services in all of our chapels and
+ congregations, for the purpose of calling to mind the great things
+ which the Lord has done for us as a people; of solemnly recognizing
+ our obligations and responsibilities to our Heavenly Father; and of
+ imploring, on behalf of ourselves and the whole Wesleyan Methodist
+ family throughout the world, a continuance and increase of
+ religious happiness, unity and prosperity."
+
+Meetings were held all over the Province during the months of August,
+September and October, for the collection of a centenary offering, to be
+applied to the Superannuation Fund, Book Room, Parsonages, Missionary,
+and other objects. Dr. Ryerson, as one of a deputation, attended a large
+number of meetings. Writing from Brockville, he mentions the fact that
+he
+
+ Stopped at a graveyard, a few miles west of Prescott, to survey the
+ graves of some of the honoured dead. The remains of Mrs. Heck, the
+ devoted matron who urged Philip Embury (the first Methodist
+ preacher in America) to lift up his voice in the city of New York,
+ in 1766, are deposited here.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[105] See note on page 224.
+
+[106] This selfish demand--"that the ministrations of our Holy Religion
+be afforded without charge to the inhabitants of every township" (in
+which members of the Church of England were persistently educated in
+those days)--was most unfortunate in its influence on the Church, and
+has borne bitter fruit in these later times. Its legitimate effect has
+been to dry up the sources of Christian benevolence, paralyze the arm of
+Christian effort, and secularize, if not render impossible, any
+successful plan of Church extension and missionary work. Witness the
+almost complete failure (as compared with other Christian bodies) to
+raise sufficient funds to support even the limited number of Home
+missions in most of the dioceses, and the nearly hopeless task of
+infusing a genuine missionary zeal in behalf of the "regions beyond."
+
+[107] It should be noted, in connection with this petition, that one
+most important part of its prayer was granted in that year--viz., the
+appointment of the Archdeacon (who went to England to present the
+petitions and to receive the appointment) as first Bishop of Toronto.
+His patent bears date, 27th July, 1839. The other part of the prayer was
+also granted, but not until 1840, when Lord John Russell, then Colonial
+Secretary, by an unprecedented and unlooked for stretch of official
+authority, but no doubt with the assent of his colleagues, introduced a
+bill into the House of Commons to do what even he and other Colonial
+Secretaries had deprecated doing--viz., the re-investing of the reserves
+in the Crown. Dr. Ryerson, then in England, strongly protested against
+this act of provincial spoliation and legislative invasion, but the bill
+became law. (See next chapter.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII.
+
+1838-1840.
+
+The New Era--Lord Durham and Lord Sydenham.
+
+
+In the midst of the gloom which overspread the Province, in consequence
+of the long continued exercise of irresponsible and arbitrary power on
+the part of the local executive, Dr. Ryerson, like many other
+loyal-hearted Canadians, rejoiced at the advent of Lord Durham,--a man
+possessed of plenary powers to inquire into and report on the grievances
+existing in Canada. Those who wished to perpetuate the reign of the
+ruling party, strongly deprecated Dr. Ryerson's advocacy of Lord
+Durham's schemes of reform. One of the most respectable organs[108] of
+that party (Neilson's Quebec _Gazette_) in a complimentary editorial on
+Dr. Ryerson (in May, 1839), expressed regret that a man "of his
+undoubted talents and great industry" should have endorsed Lord Durham's
+system of Responsible Government. In the _Guardian_ of the 5th June, Dr.
+Ryerson replied, pointing out the fair and equitable system of
+Responsible Government advocated by Lord Durham, as compared with the
+crude one put forth by Messrs. W. L. Mackenzie and L. J. Papineau. He
+then illustrates the necessity for the reform proposed by Lord Durham,
+by referring to the arbitrary and irresponsible acts of Sir Francis
+Head. He said:--
+
+The published word of the Representative of Royalty had [until Sir F. B.
+Head's time] been sacred and inviolable in Upper Canada; the majority of
+the people believed him. In 1836 they elected a House of Assembly in
+accordance with his wishes. He fulfilled his pledges by dismissing many
+of the magistrates and militia officers, because they voted against his
+candidates at the elections, and finished his career by plunging the
+country into misery, and thereby insuring its ruin.
+
+Now, where (he asked) was the "responsibility" under which ... such a
+Governor acts? He abuses the confidence reposed in him,--where is his
+censure? He disobeys the orders given him from England,--where is his
+punishment? He ruins men [Bidwell, etc.] whom he was ordered to
+appoint,--where is their redress, and his accountability? They are
+exiles, and he is made a Baronet! He disgraces and degrades numbers of
+persons without colour of reason, or justice, or law--yet they are
+without redress, and he is even without reproof. He tramples upon the
+orders from Her Majesty's Government, and attacks her ministers in their
+places--then returns to England, and boasts of his disobedience.... And
+there are those who tell us of the responsibility of our Governors to
+the Queen and Parliament!... The history of Sir F. B. Head's
+administration is enough to make the veriest bigot a convert to
+"Responsible Government."
+
+For these and other important reasons it can be seen how the great
+question of the day (in 1839) was that of responsible government for
+these provinces. Dr. Ryerson and others had written freely on the
+subject, claiming that the government of the country should be
+administered, as it was then expressed--"according to the well
+understood wishes of the people." This could only be done by men
+representing their wishes, and responsible to the legislature for their
+exercise of power and for every official act of the Governor.
+
+In October, Dr. Ryerson received a letter on this subject from a
+well-known advocate of the principle of responsible government in Nova
+Scotia--Hon. Joseph Howe. He said:--
+
+ May I beg your acceptance of a little work on responsible
+ government, the object of which is to advance the good cause in
+ which you have so heartily and with so much ability embarked. It is
+ a great satisfaction to the friends of responsible government here,
+ that the cause has been taken up in Canada by men about whose
+ intentions and loyalty there can be no mistake. So long as we
+ deprive the family compact of their only defence, which the folly
+ of rebels and sympathizers raised for them, and act together
+ without just cause for suspicion that we are anything but what we
+ say, there can be little doubt of ultimate success. Should your
+ electors return a majority favourable to responsibility at the next
+ election, and all the colonies unite in one demand, it will be
+ yielded. Our legislature, and any that can be chosen here, will
+ uphold the principle. So will the majorities in Newfoundland, and
+ Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick. I cannot speak with
+ certainty, but hope they will soon understand the question
+ thoroughly in that province. It may be necessary for all the
+ provinces to send delegates at the same time to England, to claim
+ to be heard on the subject at the Bar of the Commons and Lords, and
+ to diffuse, through every fair channel, correct views of the
+ question. Think of this, and drop me a line at your leisure.
+
+This Dr. Ryerson did in due time.
+
+The coming of Lord Durham was the first harbinger of better days for
+Canada. His mission was one of enquiry, and for the suggestion of
+remedial measures. The mission of Mr. Poulett Thompson (who followed
+Lord Durham as Governor-General) was hailed with delight by the people
+generally. He came to give practical effect to pressing measures of
+reform--to unite the provinces, and to introduce a new element of
+strength into the administrative system of the country.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The year 1839 was noted for the enthusiasm with which "Durham Meetings"
+were held throughout Upper Canada. These meetings were for the purpose
+of endorsing the famous report of Lord Durham, and for approving of the
+many valuable reforms which that report suggested. Much opposition and
+even violence characterized these meetings; but they revived and again
+inaugurated the right of free speech on public questions. The only
+record which Dr. Ryerson has left of this period of his history is as
+follows:--
+
+In 1838 I yielded to persuasion and remonstrances, and was again
+re-elected Editor, and continued as such until June, 1840, when I
+relinquished finally all connection with the Editorship of the
+_Christian Guardian_.
+
+It was during this period, from 1833 to 1840, that the most important
+events transpired in Upper Canada; the controversy respecting the clergy
+reserves, and a church establishment, was steadily and earnestly
+maintained.
+
+The constitution of Lower Canada was suspended for two years, and an
+Executive Council Government was established in its place. The dominant
+party in Upper Canada by liberal professions succeeded in the elections,
+in 1836; but, instead of adopting a just and liberal policy, they sought
+to exclude all Reformers from a share in the Government as virtual
+rebels, and set themselves to promote a high-church establishment
+policy, to the exclusion of the Methodists and members of other
+religious denominations.
+
+This unwise, unjust, and inverted-pyramid policy laid the foundation for
+a new agitation. The Methodists were the only party capable of coping
+with the revived high-church policy to crush out the rights of other
+denominations and the liberties of the country, and to paralyze their
+influence. The Presbyterians being divided, the Canadian Conference was
+not to be deterred, or moved from its principles, avowed and maintained
+for more than ten years; the result was a contest between the English
+and Canadian Conferences, which culminated in 1840 in a separation of
+the two bodies, and a conflict of seven years--wholly political--for
+London Wesleyan, English superiority, and tory ascendancy on the one
+side, and Canadian Methodist and Canadian liberty on the other side.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+It is not my purpose to enter into detail, except in so far as Dr.
+Ryerson became an actor in the new scenes and events which followed the
+appointment of Mr. Charles Poulett Thompson as Governor-General.
+
+Mr. Poulett Thompson arrived in Quebec on the 19th October, 1839, and in
+Toronto on the 21st November. As Governor-General, he superseded both
+Sir John Colborne at Quebec and Sir George Arthur at Toronto.
+
+On the 3rd December, the Governor-General opened the Upper Canada
+Legislature; and on that very day Dr. Ryerson addressed to him an
+elaborate letter on the chief object of his mission. In referring to the
+clergy reserve question, he said:--
+
+For sixteen years this question has been a topic of ceaseless
+discussion; and one on which the sentiments and feelings of a very large
+majority of the inhabitants have been without variation expressed;
+notwithstanding that Governor has succeeded Governor, and party has
+succeeded party.... From the time when, at the elections of 1824, the
+sentiments of the country were first called forth to the present moment,
+its collective voice has demanded, what your Excellency has avowed on
+another subject, "equal justice to all of Her Majesty's subjects." This
+question is the parent of social discord in Upper Canada; all the other
+party questions have originated in this. The elevation of one class
+above all others in a community where there is little diversity of rank
+or intelligence, begets a necessity for special means to support that
+elevation. Hence partizan appointments to office; hence partizan
+administration of offices; hence party animosities, embittered by the
+jealousies of conscious weakness on one side, and a deep sense of
+unmerited exclusion and provocation on the other.... Hence on the one
+side a selfish, insolent, baseless ecclesiastical and political
+oligarchy, and, on the other side, an abused, an injured, and
+dissatisfied country.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The bill providing for the vesting of the proceeds of the reserves in
+the Imperial Parliament, to which I have referred in the preceeding
+chapter, was not sanctioned by Her Majesty. This was "a sore blow and a
+heavy discouragement" to those who had laboured so assiduously to carry
+such a bill through the local Legislature. The objection raised to it by
+Lord John Russell was twofold. The chief reason, however, was thus
+expressed:--
+
+ It appeared to Her Majesty's Government that strong objections
+ existed to this delegation to Parliament by a subordinate authority
+ of the power of legislation. The proceeding should have been by
+ address to the three estates of the Realm, asking them to undertake
+ the decision of the question.
+
+Thus by a stroke of Lord John Russell's pen, the whole of the pet scheme
+of the ruling party, devised after three months' anxious local
+legislation, was irrecoverably lost. And yet it was not lost, for by the
+after careful manipulation of Lord John and his colleagues by Bishop
+Strachan, Lord Seaton (Sir John Colborne) and Sir George Arthur, that
+bill afterwards proved to be, for ten years, the basis of a far more
+sweeping and unjust measure than even the most reckless and partizan
+member of the Legislature in Upper Canada would have ventured to
+propose.
+
+When it was known that Her Majesty had declined to sanction Sir George
+Arthur's bill, steps were taken by the Governor-General to devise such a
+measure as would meet with the approval of the great mass of the people
+in Upper Canada. To aid him in accomplishing this desirable end, Mr.
+Poulett Thompson privately sought the aid of leading public men in the
+Province. Having obtained their assistance, he, with the advice of his
+Council, prepared a compromise measure which was designed to be just and
+equitable to all parties concerned.
+
+On the 6th January, 1840, the Governor-General sent a message to the
+House of Assembly, in which he thus outlines the measure which, with his
+sanction, Hon. Solicitor-General Draper submitted to the House:--
+
+ The Governor-General proposes that the remainder of the land should
+ be sold, and the annual proceeds of the whole fund, when realized,
+ be distributed [one half to the Episcopal and Presbyterian
+ Churches, and the other half among other religious bodies desiring
+ to share in it] for the support of religious instruction within the
+ Province, and for the promotion there, of the great and sacred
+ objects for which these different bodies are established or
+ associated.
+
+On this bill, Dr. Ryerson remarked:--
+
+ From this message, the hopelessness of success in any further
+ attempts to get the annual proceeds of the reserves appropriated to
+ exclusively secular objects, is apparent.... Up to the present time
+ I have employed my best efforts, by every kind of argument,
+ persuasion and entreaty, to get the proceeds applied simply and
+ solely to educational purposes.... This is unattainable, and is
+ rendered so by an original provision of our Constitution (of 1791),
+ as stated by the Governor-General.
+
+The bill was fiercely attacked by the then newly-appointed Bishop of
+Toronto. He denounced it as--
+
+ Depriving the National Church of nearly three-fourths of her
+ acknowledged property, and then, in mockery and derision, offering
+ her back a portion of her own, so trifling as to be totally
+ insufficient to maintain her present Establishment; it tramples on
+ the faith of the British Government by destroying the birthright of
+ all the members of the Established Church who are now in the
+ province, or who may hereafter come into it; it promotes error,
+ schism and dissent, and seeks to degrade the clergy of the Church
+ of England to an equality with unauthorized teachers, etc.
+
+The Bishop then uttered, that which events proved to be a memorable and
+true prophecy, that the Church--
+
+ Need be under no great apprehension in regard to any measure likely
+ to pass the Provincial Legislature on the subject of the
+ reserves:--reckless injustice in their disposition will not be
+ permitted; although the Church may appear friendless and in peril,
+ from the defection and treachery of some professing members.... If
+ any of her children incline to despondency, let them turn their
+ eyes to England, where we have protectors both numerous and
+ powerful, watching our struggles, and holding out the hand of
+ fellowship and assistance. [See next page.]
+
+Dr. Ryerson at once joined issue with the Bishop, and--
+
+ Confuted the pretensions of "John Toronto" by the doctrines and
+ statements of "John Strachan," who, when in England in 1827,
+ published a pamphlet in which he stated that "the provincial
+ legislatures have nothing to do, either directly or indirectly,
+ with the Romish Church; but the same legislatures may vary, repeal,
+ or modify the 31st Geo. III., cap. 31, as far as it respects the
+ Church of England."
+
+Dr. Ryerson pertinently asked the Bishop--
+
+ How could a "birthright" be "varied, repealed, or modified," as he
+ had admitted that the constitutional act could do, "as far as it
+ respects the Church of England?" Can (he asks) the Legislature
+ "vary or repeal" the deeds by which individuals hold their
+ lands?--Which of the "dissenting" denominations recognized by law
+ is not as orthodox in doctrine as the Church of England, and far
+ more orthodox than those who endorse the Oxford "Tracts for the
+ Times?"
+
+The bill was finally passed in the House of Assembly, by a vote of 31 to
+7, and in the Legislative Council, by a vote of 13 to 4, notwithstanding
+a remarkably outspoken and defiant speech from the Bishop. In it he used
+the following language:
+
+ Feeling that the bill provides for the encouragement and
+ propagation of error; inflicts the grossest injustice by robbing
+ and plundering the National Church; that it attempts to destroy all
+ distinction between truth and falsehood; that its anti-Christian
+ tendencies lead directly to infidelity, and will reflect disgrace
+ on the Legislature, I give it my unqualified opposition.
+
+The Bishop again utters his prediction, and stated that what he wanted
+would be secured in England. He said--
+
+ At the same time I have no fear of its ever becoming law. But it
+ may be useful, for its monstrous and unprincipled provisions will
+ teach the Imperial Government the folly of permitting a Colonial
+ Legislature to tamper with those great and holy principles of the
+ Constitution, on the preservation of which the prosperity and
+ happiness of the British Empire must ever depend.
+
+Although it was almost impossible to reason with any one who would
+deliberately use such extravagant language, yet Dr. Ryerson replied to
+the Bishop's statements _seriatim_. With a touch of irony, he said:--
+
+ After penning such an effusion, the Bishop might well betake
+ himself to the Litany of his Church, and pray the good Lord to
+ deliver him--from all blindness of heart; from pride, vain glory
+ and hypocrisy; from envy, hatred and malice, and all
+ uncharitableness.
+
+The fate of the bill is thus described in a statement on the subject,
+prepared by Dr. Ryerson. What he details clearly reveals the powerful
+and sympathetic influences which the Bishop of Toronto was able
+successfully to bring to bear upon "Henry of Exeter"--the then leader of
+the Bench of Bishops,--and, through him, upon the other Bishops in the
+House of Lords. Besides, Sir John Colborne (now Lord Seaton) took strong
+ground in the House of Lords in favour of the views of his old friend,
+Bishop Strachan, and aided the English Bishops in giving them practical
+effect. Thus the reiterated prophecy of the Bishop of Toronto was not
+uttered without abundant foreknowledge. It proved too true. Knowing
+this, he no doubt felt free to deal in strong language, both against the
+Legislature of Upper Canada, and the members of the Church of England in
+both Houses, who were too patriotic, just and reasonable, as well as
+far-seeing, to second his efforts to aggrandize the Church at the
+expense, and against the strongly-expressed and oft-repeated wishes, of
+the majority of the people, of Upper Canada. He said:
+
+ On the bill being sent to England (accompanied by a most energetic
+ despatch from the Governor-General, imploring Her Majesty's
+ Government not to disallow, but to sanction it), the Bishop of
+ Exeter moved in the House of Lords, that the question of the right
+ to the clergy reserve property in Canada should be referred to the
+ twelve Judges of England; but the decision of the Judges having
+ proved adverse to the exclusive pretensions of the Bishop of Exeter
+ and his party in England and Canada, the English Bishops then
+ conferred with Lord John Russell, in order to set aside Lord
+ Sydenham's Canadian bill, and introduce one into the Imperial
+ Parliament which would accomplish as far as possible the objects
+ aimed at by referring the question to the Judges. Lord John Russell
+ became a consenting party and agent in this unconstitutional act of
+ injustice and spoliation against the rights and feelings of a large
+ majority of the people of Upper Canada. It was against this act
+ that Messrs. W. and E. Ryerson (then in England), on behalf of the
+ Wesleyan Church in Canada, remonstrated in an elaborate and
+ strongly-worded letter to Lord John Russell--the only communication
+ of the kind made by any religious body in Canada against the bill
+ while it was before the British Parliament, or for several years
+ afterwards.
+
+Knowing the strong influences which had been brought to bear upon Mr.
+Poulett Thompson against Dr. Ryerson, by Sir George Arthur (page 193),
+and against the Methodist body generally by interested parties in this
+discussion, Dr. Ryerson addressed a letter to the Governor-General on
+the 25th March, 1840, in which he reviewed the course of the _Guardian_
+and his own attitude on public questions during the preceding ten years.
+The letter was evidently written with deep feeling, and under a keen
+sense of the injustice done to the Methodist people by means of the
+prolonged and persistent misrepresentation of these years. He said:--
+
+ I address your Excellency with feelings of the highest respect and
+ strong affection. You are the first Governor of Canada who has
+ exerted his personal influence and the authority of his station,
+ to accomplish that in Upper Canada which has been avowed and
+ promised by every Colonial-Secretary during the last ten
+ years--framing enactments and administering the Government for the
+ equal protection and benefit of all classes of Her Majesty's
+ Canadian subjects.... In doing so, your Excellency has been told
+ that you have patronized "republicans and rebels." ... The
+ _Guardian_, which you have been pleased to honour with an
+ expression of your approbation, has been charged with opposite
+ crimes from different quarters.... You have been told that the
+ ministers of the Wesleyan Methodist Church--whose rights you have
+ justly and kindly consulted--have formerly come from the United
+ States; and that the _Guardian_, during the first years of its
+ existence, was nothing but a vehicle of radicalism, disaffection,
+ and sedition.... As to the former, I may say that the Methodist
+ ministers have not come from ... the United States during the last
+ twenty years.... As to the latter, I furnish three columns of
+ extracts from the _Guardian_, ... from which the following may be
+ adduced:--
+
+ 1. That in 1830 I entertained less friendship towards our American
+ neighbours than I do in 1840.
+
+ 2. That in 1830 I advocated the very principles in the
+ administration of the Provincial Government that your Excellency
+ has declared to be the basis of your administration in 1840.
+
+ 3. That in 1830 I was as strongly opposed to an exclusive, or
+ sectarian, spirit as I am in 1840.
+
+ 4. That the very advice which I gave to the electors in 1830, as to
+ their rights and interests, I could now repeat with a view to
+ support your Excellency's administration.
+
+ 5. That the very principles upon which your Excellency has
+ commenced your administration, ... were actually promised and
+ assured to the people of Upper Canada by a Tory Government in 1830.
+
+ In 1830 the Colonial-Secretary and Sir John Colborne proclaimed the
+ "good laws and free institutions," and the non-preference system
+ amongst religious denominations, which your Excellency is
+ determined to carry into practice.... When the hopes created by
+ these avowals have not only been deferred for these years, but
+ those who have indulged these hopes have been maligned and
+ proscribed for constitutionally seeking a realization of them, you
+ cannot be surprised if many of their hearts have been made sick,
+ and that confidence and hope has yielded to distrust and despair.
+
+The Governor-General, through his private secretary, often requested Dr.
+Ryerson, while Editor of the _Guardian_, to correct misstatements which
+were made in regard to His Excellency's proceedings.[109]
+
+After an interview with His Excellency, at his request, Dr. Ryerson, in
+a letter dated 4th April, 1840, made a practical suggestion as to the
+desirability of establishing the _Monthly Review_, as a means of
+disseminating the liberal views which he entertained in regard to the
+future government of this country, and also as an organ of public
+opinion in harmony with these views. It was at first proposed that Dr.
+Ryerson should edit the _Review_, but after fuller consideration of the
+matter he declined, and the editing and management of it was, at his
+suggestion, placed in the hands of John Waudby, Esq., Editor of the
+Kingston _Herald_. It was issued in Toronto early in 1841, but ceased on
+the death of Lord Sydenham, in September of that year. In Dr. Ryerson's
+letter to the Governor he said:--
+
+ About a fortnight after your Excellency left Toronto, I happened in
+ the course of conversation with Hon. R. B. Sullivan to mention the
+ subject of establishing a monthly periodical, such as I had
+ mentioned to you. Mr. Sullivan was anxious that something of the
+ kind should be undertaken; I stated to him that I understood that
+ your Excellency would highly approve of such a publication, if it
+ could be successfully established. Mr. Sullivan pressed me to
+ prepare a prospectus and submit it for your Excellency's
+ consideration. I drew up a prospectus, and got an estimate of the
+ cost, covering all expenses. Mr. Sullivan fully concurred in the
+ prospectus, except the first paragraph. He was afraid it might be
+ construed into an expression of opinion in favour of "responsible
+ Government," and proposed another paragraph in place of it. The one
+ was as acceptable to me as the other. A feeling of apprehension and
+ embarrassment at the responsibilities of such an undertaking, and
+ the course of exertion which a successful accomplishment of it
+ would require, has deterred me from forwarding, until now, the
+ accompanying prospectus for your Excellency's perusal and
+ signification of your pleasure thereon.[110]
+
+ I cannot but see that the public mind in this country is in a
+ chaotic state, without any controlling current of feeling, or fixed
+ principle of action, in civil affairs; but susceptible, by proper
+ management and instruction, of being cast into any mould of
+ rational opinion and feeling; yet liable, without judicious
+ direction, to fall into a state of "confusion worse confounded." I
+ know that now is the time--perhaps the only time--to establish our
+ institutions and relations upon the cheapest, the surest, and the
+ only permanent foundation of any system, or form of Government--the
+ sentiments and feelings of the population. But I alone have not the
+ means or the power of contributing to the accomplishment of these
+ objects. To the utmost of my humble abilities and acquirements, I
+ am willing to exert myself; and that without a shillings'
+ remuneration--although my present salary is less than Ł200 per
+ annum. I believe the government about to be established in these
+ provinces may be made the most enduring and loftiest memorial of
+ your Excellency's fame, and the greatest earthly blessing to its
+ inhabitants; and it will be to me a source of satisfaction to
+ contribute towards the formation and cementing of materials for the
+ erection of a monument at once so honourable to its founder, and so
+ beneficial to Her Majesty's Canadian subjects.
+
+ The personal influence of your Excellency in Lower Canada will be
+ required to induce two or three of the cleverest men in Lower
+ Canada to contribute to the columns of the _Review_; especially on
+ questions and subjects which grow out of the state and structure of
+ society in that province. Mr. Sullivan thinks he will be able to
+ contribute one, if not two, articles for each number. I am
+ acquainted with several other gentlemen who are competent to
+ contribute very ably on some subjects. I know from experience that
+ furnishing matter for any periodical, as well as giving it
+ character, must chiefly devolve upon the conductor of it. He must
+ give it soul, if it have any; he must combine, concentrate, and
+ direct its power. And such a publication, got up under so high and
+ favourable auspices, and properly conducted, and embodying the
+ productions of the leading minds of both provinces, cannot fail to
+ prove an engine of immense and even irresistible moral power in the
+ country; and must materially contribute to its intellectual as well
+ as political elevation.
+
+ As to my own views and feelings, I would greatly prefer retiring
+ altogether from any connection with the press in all discussions of
+ civil affairs in every shape and form, and I can consistently and
+ honourably do so in June. But if this course be not justifiable in
+ the present circumstances of the province; if it be deemed
+ expedient for me still to take a part in public matters, I am
+ sensible I ought to do more than I do now, or can do through the
+ organ of a religious body. The relation, character and objects of
+ the publication I now conduct, impose a restriction upon the topics
+ and illustrations which are requisite to an effective discussion of
+ political questions. Under such circumstances I can neither do
+ justice to myself, nor to the subjects on which I occasionally
+ remark, or might discuss.
+
+ I have felt the more disposed to make this communication, because
+ your Excellency's avowed system and policy of Government is but
+ carrying out and reducing to practice those views of civil polity
+ in Canada which have guided my public life, as your Excellency will
+ have observed from the articles and references which have appeared
+ in the _Guardian_. I have been defeated and disappointed
+ heretofore, because the local executive itself has been for the
+ most part rather the head of a party, than the Government of the
+ country, and the opposition, or "Reform" party, has often gone to
+ equal extremes of selfishness and extravagance; so that I have
+ occupied the unenviable and uncomfortable position of a sort of
+ break-water--resisting and checking the conflicting waves of mutual
+ party violence, convinced that the exclusive and absolute
+ ascendancy of either party would be destructive of the ends of just
+ Government, and public happiness; a position which, previously to
+ your Excellency's arrival in Canada, I had determined to abandon,
+ as I found myself possessed of no adequate means of accomplishing
+ any permanent good by occupying it.
+
+ I think the appearance in this province of Lord John Russell's
+ despatch on "Responsible Government" is timely. The "Reformers" are
+ too fully committed to Government to fly off; and a large portion
+ of the old "Conservative" party are glad of an excuse to change
+ their position. Neither party can triumph, as _both_ must concede
+ something. This mutual concession will prepare the way for mutual
+ forbearance, and ultimately for co-operation and union. Having
+ perceived that the Editor of the _Examiner_ was seeking, under the
+ pretence of supporting the Government, to get a House of Assembly
+ returned, consisting wholly of the old Reformers, who had
+ identified themselves in 1834-5-6, with the Papineau party of Lower
+ Canada, I thought it desirable to check such a design in the bud,
+ by insisting upon the support of Hon. W. H. Draper, and that he
+ should be returned upon the same grounds as those of Mr. Baldwin.
+ The elucidation and description of this one case will affect the
+ position of parties in the character of the elections throughout
+ the province, and make them turn, not upon Lord Durham's "Report,"
+ or any of the old questions of difference, but upon your
+ Excellency's administration. This, I have no doubt, with a little
+ care, will, in most instances be the case. Thus will the members
+ returned from Upper Canada, be isolated from the French
+ anti-unionists of Lower Canada, and be more fully, both in
+ obligation and feeling, identified with the Government. I have not,
+ therefore, been surprised at the _Examiner's_ indignation, as it is
+ so ultra, and thorough a partizan, and as it has some discernment,
+ though but little prudence.
+
+In reply, the Private Secretary of the Governor-General said:
+
+ I am to express to you His Excellency's approbation of the plans
+ you have suggested, and he desires me to say that he requests that
+ you will visit Montreal, on your way to New York, as he is anxious
+ to see you on the subject contained in your letter.
+
+ The Special Council meets this day for the first time.
+
+The Secretary further added:--
+
+ His Excellency agrees that the line which you have taken is most
+ judicious. There is no doubt that the gentleman to whom you refer
+ is doing very great mischief both to Hon. Robert Baldwin and the
+ Government, by the extremes to which he is pushing his cry for
+ responsible government, and his opposition to Hon. W. H. Draper.
+
+Dr. Ryerson (who was on his way to the General Conference at Baltimore)
+in a note, dated Montreal, 4th May, said:--
+
+ The Governor-General having kindly invited me to visit him and
+ converse on matters relating to public affairs, I did so, and was
+ most cordially received by him. I also had a long interview with
+ him on Friday afternoon, and am desired to spend the evening with
+ him on Saturday. His Excellency has given every requisite
+ information as to his plans. I am thus enabled to accomplish the
+ object of my visit far beyond what I expected when I left home.
+
+In a letter from New York (dated 9th May) Dr. Ryerson said:--Much to my
+surprise to-day, while in New York on my way to Baltimore, I received a
+note from the Governor-General's Secretary, T. W. C. Murdoch, Esq., as
+follows:--
+
+ By direction of the Governor-General I send you the enclosed bill
+ of exchange for Ł100 stg., the receipt of which I would request you
+ to acknowledge.
+
+ You will have seen the English papers which hold out every prospect
+ that both the Union and the Clergy Reserve Bills will be
+ satisfactorily settled. I feel that I may congratulate you, and
+ every friend of Canada, on such a result.
+
+I acknowledged this kind and generous act, but at once returned the Bill
+of Exchange to His Excellency--at the same time respectfully assuring
+him, that under no circumstances could I receive anything for what I had
+done, or might do, to support the policy and administration of Her
+Majesty's Government, in the peculiar circumstances of the Province.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+One of the chief points discussed in Upper Canada, in connection with
+the proposed union of the provinces, was the effect it would have on the
+Protestant character of the government and institutions of the county.
+Mr. John W. Gamble, a public man, and a leading member of the Church of
+England, in Vaughan, writing to Dr. Ryerson on the subject, said:--
+
+ I feel deeply the conviction that the time has now arrived when
+ Protestants must sink all points of minor consideration, and unite
+ in defence of our common faith. The union of the provinces will
+ most assuredly result in giving not only a preponderance, but a
+ large majority to the Roman Catholics in the united legislature;
+ and this taken in conjunction with the plans now in operation for
+ pouring a large Roman Catholic population into these provinces,
+ surely ought not only to excite the fears, but rouse the energies
+ of those who know and love the truth as it is in Jesus. I am
+ altogether ignorant of your opinion upon the union question, but I
+ call upon you as a Protestant to unite with me in endeavouring to
+ avert the threatened calamity.
+
+Mr. Gamble was for many years afterwards an earnest opponent in the
+Legislature of United Canada of the extension of the Separate School
+system in the province.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Although greatly enfeebled in health, yet Dr. Ryerson's Mother was
+enabled to write to him occasionally. In a letter written by her in
+1839, after returning from seeing him, she said:--
+
+ I suppose you are anxious to know the state of my mind. I yet feel
+ that the Lord is my trust, and I am waiting daily till my change
+ come. I feel that when the "earthly house of this tabernacle be
+ dissolved, I have a house not made with hands, eternal in the
+ heavens." Dear Egerton, I feel very much as I did when I left
+ you--a great deal of weakness. I am anxious to live to see you all
+ once more, perhaps for the last time. Do not neglect to come up,
+ one and all, as soon as convenient, if you only stay one day. When
+ you come fetch some books, such as you think would be profitable
+ for me, and one of your good-sized Bibles; also three of your
+ likenesses. I thought that your Father had brought them up when he
+ came. Do not fail to come up and see us. Don't let me be denied the
+ happiness of seeing you soon.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[108] The organs of that party in Upper Canada spoke of Dr. Ryerson's
+advocacy of Lord Durham's reforms with far less courtesy, and for
+obvious reasons.
+
+[109] Thus in a note dated 8th April, 1840, the Private Secretary
+said:--I know that His Excellency would wish you to comment on Lord
+John's despatch in the sense in which it is treated in the Montreal
+_Gazette_. [This was done in the _Guardian_ of 15th April.] There
+is no doubt also that it is absurd in Hon. Henry Sherwood to pretend
+that he is supporting the Government when he opposes their own
+Solicitor-General, but not less so in the _Examiner_ to support him and
+oppose Mr. Draper, or to stand up for a kind of responsible government
+which both His Excellency and Lord John Russell have declared to be
+inadmissible. I know that His Excellency would wish you to do everything
+in your power to support both Mr. Draper and Mr. Baldwin. Should any
+article come out which you consider would interest His Excellency, may I
+request you to send me a copy.
+
+[110] The following was the prospectus agreed upon and issued:--
+
+A Monthly Review, Devoted to the Civil Government of Canada.
+
+The Canadas have been united under an amended constitution; the
+foundation has been laid for an improved system of government. The
+success of that constitution will greatly depend upon a correct
+understanding and a just appreciation of its principles; and the
+advantages of the new system of government will be essentially
+influenced by the views and feelings of the inhabitants of the Canadas
+themselves. At a period so eventful, and under circumstances so
+peculiar, it is of the utmost importance that the principles of the
+constitution should be carefully analysed, and dispassionately
+expounded; that the relations between this and the Mother Country, and
+the mutual advantages connected with those relations, should be
+explained and illustrated; the duties of the several branches of the
+government and the different classes of the community, stated and
+enforced; the natural, commercial, and agricultural resources and
+interests of these Provinces investigated and developed; a comprehensive
+and efficient system[a] of public education discussed and established;
+the subject of emigration practically considered in proportion to its
+vast importance; the various measures adapted to promote the welfare of
+all classes of the people originated and advocated; and a taste for
+intellectual improvement and refinement encouraged and cultivated.
+
+As the Editor's views on all the leading questions of Canadian policy
+accord with those of His Excellency the Governor-General, who has been
+pleased to approve of the plan of the _Monthly Review_, it will be
+enabled to state correctly the facts and principles on which the
+government proceeds; yet the writers alone will be held responsible for
+whatever they may advance.
+
+[a] Dr. Ryerson, who wrote this prospectus, evidently had in view such a
+system of Education as he afterwards established.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV.
+
+1840.
+
+Proposal to leave Canada--Dr. Ryerson's Visit to England.
+
+
+The year 1840 is somewhat memorable in the Methodistic history of Upper
+Canada, for three things: 1st. The final retirement of Dr. Ryerson from
+the editorship of the _Christian Guardian_; 2nd. Visit of Revs. William
+and Egerton Ryerson to England, and the painful, yet fruitless,
+discussions with a Committee of the British Conference on the lapsed
+Union; 3rd. The annual and special Canada Conferences of that year--at
+the latter of which the formal separation of the British and Canadian
+sections of the Conference took place under peculiarly affecting
+circumstances.
+
+Dr. Ryerson and his brother John attended the American General
+Conference at Baltimore, May, 1840. In a letter from there he said:--
+
+ The Methodist Connexion here are much in advance of us, and, as a
+ whole, even of the British Connexion. I have never seen a more
+ pious, intelligent, and talented body of men than the preachers
+ assembled here at Conference; nor more respectable, intelligent
+ congregations. The manners of the people in these Middle States are
+ very like the manners of intelligent people in Upper Canada--alike
+ removed from the English haughtiness and Yankee coldness--simple,
+ frank, and unaffected. Bishops Roberts, Soule, Hedding and Waugh
+ dined with us to-day. They are venerable and apostolic men. We have
+ had cordial invitations to come to this country, and did we consult
+ our own comfort, brother John and I would do so without hesitation.
+ Bishop Hedding hopes to visit us at our approaching Conference.
+ Rev. R. Newton, of England, will not visit Canada. Mr. ---- has
+ told him that it was not worth while to go to Canada; and all that
+ can be said to induce him to come is unavailing. We in Canada are
+ not worth so much trouble, or notice!
+
+In a letter from Baltimore, dated May 25th, 1840, Dr. Ryerson states the
+reason why he proposed to leave Canada:--
+
+ I am still at the General Conference. Rev. Dr. Bangs says that I
+ ought to remain until the close. After much consideration I have
+ decided upon a step which, for many reasons, appears desirable.
+ Instead of coming to this country for a few months, in order to
+ avail myself of some collegiate lectures, to pursue certain
+ branches of science, I have concluded and have made arrangements to
+ take a station in the city of New York for one, if not for two
+ years. My brother John would have done the same if we could have
+ both left Canada this year. If things in the province do not go on
+ better with us he will do so another year. I have seen the new
+ constitution which is about to be adopted by the British Parliament
+ for the future Government of Canada. I do not approve of it. To
+ interfere any more in civil contentions will be wasting the best
+ part of my life to little purpose, for there seems to be no end to
+ such things. To remain in Canada and be silent, will incur the
+ hostility of both parties. The government will regard my neutrality
+ as opposition, and the popular party will view it as indifference
+ to the rights of the people; and, in such circumstances, I shall
+ neither be useful nor happy. While, therefore, I am on good terms
+ with the Government and the country at large, my brother thinks
+ with me that it is by all means best to withdraw from such scenes.
+ I have the offer of one of the three or four largest Methodist
+ Chapels in New York. I shall be appointed to one of the largest and
+ most elegant in the city, where all the great public meetings are
+ held. There are, however, three or four vacant, equally desirable.
+ I much prefer this to my taking a district in Canada. I would not
+ return to the _Guardian_ again for any earthly consideration.
+
+Dr. Ryerson went to the Conference at Belleville after his return from
+Baltimore. Writing from there, he said:--
+
+Previously to proceeding to elect the Secretary, an English brother
+remarked that he had certain communications from the Committee in
+London, which he wished to read. I observed that no communications could
+be read until the Conference was organized, and the Conference could not
+be organized until the Secretary was elected. The brother persevered,
+and then stated that the documents referred to me. I then arose, and
+observed that the proceeding was at variance with law, Methodism, and
+justice. The Conference was justly roused to indignation by my remarks,
+which were followed by some observations from my brother John, in the
+same strain. Not a man spoke in favour of the English brother's
+proceeding, and he was compelled to withdraw his proposal. Such an
+anti-Methodistic and barbarous attempt to sacrifice me (as some of the
+preachers afterwards expressed it), excited a strong feeling in my
+favour, and, I was told, increased my majority of votes for the
+Secretaryship. When the Conference balloted for Secretary, the votes
+stood as follows:--Matthew Richey, 1; Anson Green, 1; Wm. Case, 2; E.
+Evans, 12; Egerton Ryerson, 43. The circumstance has so deeply affected
+me, that I feel it to be like tearing soul from body to be separated
+from brethren who stand by me in the day of trial, and who will not
+suffer me, as one of them expressed it to me, to be sacrificed at the
+pleasure of my enemies.[111] But I see no reason to change my purposes;
+and my brother John thinks I can do more good to the Connexion by being
+in New York, than by remaining in Canada.
+
+I desire, with humble dependence upon the wisdom and providence of God,
+to commit my all to Him. I hunger and thirst after the mind which was in
+Christ Jesus.
+
+Subsequently Dr. Ryerson wrote, saying:--
+
+My plans in regard to the United States must now be changed. The charges
+of the London Committee, and the state of the Connexion in regard to the
+Union, render my absence from the Province, in the judgment of my
+brethren, unjustifiable and out of the question. Some of the preachers
+insist that I must go to England, and meet Mr. Alder before the British
+Conference. Such a mission is not impossible, but, I hope, not probable.
+
+After the election of Secretary, the charges against Dr. Ryerson were
+read. They were embodied in a resolution to the effect that he had
+improperly interfered and sought to deprive the British Conference of
+its annual grant from the Imperial Government for the extension of
+missions in the province. The resolution was negatived by a vote of 59
+to 8, and a series of resolutions sustaining Dr. Ryerson, in the
+strongest manner, was passed. He and his brother William were appointed
+as Representatives at the British Conference, with directions "to use
+all proper means to prevent collision between the two Connexions."
+
+As intimated in Dr. Ryerson's letter from Baltimore, he decided to
+retire finally from the Editorship of the _Christian Guardian_. This he
+did at the Belleville Conference, and on the 24th of June, 1840, he laid
+down his pen as Editor of the _Christian Guardian_, and was succeeded by
+Rev. Jonathan Scott. In his valedictory of that date, Dr. Ryerson
+said:--
+
+The present number of the _Guardian_ closes the connection of the
+undersigned with the provincial press. To his friends and to those of
+the public who have confided in him, and supported him in seasons of
+difficulty and danger, he offers his most grateful acknowledgments;
+those who have opposed him honourably, he sincerely respects; those who
+have assailed him personally, he heartily forgives; and of those whose
+feelings he may have wounded in the heat of discussion, he most humbly
+asks pardon. While he is deeply sensible of his imperfections,
+infirmities, and failings, he derives satisfaction from the
+consciousness that he has earnestly aimed at promoting the best
+interests of his adopted church and his native country.
+
+ Egerton Ryerson.
+
+Immediately after the close of the annual Conference of 1840, Dr.
+Ryerson and his brother William left for England. From his diary,
+written at that time, he had made the following extracts for this
+work:--
+
+ _July 22nd, 1840._--After landing at Liverpool, I called upon an
+ old and kind friend, Mr. Michael Ashton, and I had much
+ conversation with him and Rev. R. Young, on the affairs of our
+ mission. I and my brother William arrived in London on the 23rd.
+ Took up our lodgings with my old hostess, 27 Great Ormond Street.
+ Addressed a note to Lord John Russell, on the object of our
+ mission; an interview was appointed for the next day. Went to the
+ House of Commons in the evening, having an order for admission to
+ the Speaker's gallery, through the kindness of Lord Sandon.
+
+ _July 24th._--Went to the Colonial office; had a long interview
+ with Lord John Russell, on the Canada Clergy Reserve Bill. Mr.
+ [afterwards Sir James] Stephen was present. We pointed out to His
+ Lordship the injustice of the bill, and the probable consequences
+ if it were passed in its present shape. We spoke at some length,
+ but with great plainness; intimating that we regarded the measure
+ as the forfeiture of good faith on the part of Her Majesty's
+ Government, as the violation of the constitutional rights of the
+ inhabitants of Upper Canada, and as the cause of the unpopularity
+ of the British Government in that country. But his Lordship
+ appeared inflexible, and seemed to regard it essential to
+ conciliate the Bishops, but not essential to do what he considered
+ just in itself, or to fulfil the declarations of Government to the
+ inhabitants of Upper Canada, or to consult their oft-expressed
+ views and wishes. In the afternoon we went to see Mr. Charles
+ Buller, but he was not in town. In going through Hyde Park we saw
+ the Queen and Prince Albert, coming from Windsor. We took a hasty
+ view through Westminster Abbey, and in the evening we called upon
+ the Rev. Mr. Stead, formerly a missionary to India, and received
+ from him many useful suggestions respecting the object of our
+ mission.
+
+ _July 27th._--Prepared a long letter to Lord John Russell on the
+ Canada Clergy Reserve Bill, now before Parliament. Went to the
+ House of Commons in order to hear the debate on the third reading
+ of said bill. Lord John Russell was not present. But we heard a
+ long debate on the China opium trade, etc. Mr. W. E. Gladstone
+ introduced the discussion. Afterwards Sir Robert Peel spoke on the
+ present position of the Church of Scotland in resisting the
+ decision of the House of Lords. Mr. Fox Maule [Lord Panmure] spoke
+ in reply, and contended that the point for which the General
+ Assembly contended was the right of the people to a voice in the
+ choice of their ministers.
+
+ _July 28th._--Visited the City Road Chapel Grave-yard, the Bank,
+ various book establishments, and St. Paul's Cathedral.
+
+ _July 30th._--Left London yesterday; entered the city of York by
+ the southwest gate; got a glimpse of the Minster; the country
+ exceedingly beautiful, and in a high state of cultivation. Heard of
+ the death of poor Lord Durham. The attacks upon him in the House of
+ Lords as Governor-General of Canada, the abandonment of him by the
+ Government, the mortification experienced by him in consequence of
+ the Royal disapprobation at his sudden return from Canada before
+ his resignation had been accepted, are said to have hastened, if
+ not caused his death. His heart seems to have been set upon making
+ Canada a happy and a great country, and I think he intended to
+ rest his fame upon that achievement. He was defeated, disappointed,
+ died! How bright the prospect two years ago--how sudden the change,
+ how sad the termination! Oh, the vanity of earthly power, wealth
+ and glory!
+
+ _July 29th._--Arrived this morning at Newcastle-upon-Tyne by stage,
+ eighty miles from York. The next morning we went to the Conference,
+ and sent in our cards to Rev. G. Marsden; he came out and kindly
+ received us, and hoped our mission would be for good. We met with a
+ very cool reception from several of the preachers, with whom I was
+ acquainted and on friendly terms during my former visits. Not
+ feeling very well, or very much at home, we enquired our way to our
+ lodgings, and left.
+
+ _July 31st._--Went to the Conference this morning at 7 a.m. We were
+ furnished with the President's card of admittance, and shown a seat
+ in a corner at the side of the Chapel, and could hear but a part of
+ the debates. In the afternoon we addressed a note to the President,
+ to which we only received a verbal reply.
+
+ _Aug. 1st._--This morning we were engaged in writing a strong
+ letter to the President concerning our treatment, our position, the
+ objects of our mission, etc., but we were saved the pain of
+ delivering it, as, on our arrival, we were met and introduced as
+ accredited Representatives of the Canada Conference. Rev. J.
+ Stinson and Rev. M. Richey were also introduced at the same time.
+ My brother William then presented the address and resolutions of
+ the Canada Conference. A comfortable seat was now provided for us,
+ in front of the President. Thank God, we now have a right to speak,
+ can take our own part, and maintain the rights and interests we
+ have been appointed to represent!
+
+ _Aug. 3rd._--The Committee of the last year on Canadian affairs had
+ met and reported:--That the resolutions of the Committee of which
+ the Canadian Conference had complained we unanimously confirmed,
+ and recommended that the Conference appoint a large Committee to
+ whom the Messrs. Ryerson and the documents of the Canadian
+ Conference be referred.
+
+ The cases of Circuits proposed to be divided were next taken up.
+ This caused many amusing remarks. Rev. R. Newton thought they were
+ losing the spirit of their fathers in travelling, who had
+ insuperable objections to solitary stations. Dr. Bunting assigned
+ as a reason for the failure of the health of so many young men, the
+ custom of giving up horses: said it was an innovation; quoted some
+ of the last words of Wesley: "I cannot make preachers--I cannot buy
+ preachers--and I will not kill preachers."
+
+ A long conversation ensued on the subject of reading the Liturgy
+ generally, and concluded by a resolution that the Liturgy be read
+ on the principal Sabbath at each Conference. On the subject of
+ reading the Liturgy by the preachers themselves, Dr. Bunting said:
+ It was very well for men to spend their strength in preaching, and
+ let others read the prayers, when Methodism was only a Society
+ supplementary to the Church; but having in the order of Providence
+ grown up into an independent and separate Church, the preachers
+ were something more than mere preachers of the Word--they were
+ ministers of the Church, and ought to read as well as preach.
+
+ The address of the Irish Conference was read. Rev. T. Jackson said
+ he could bear testimony to the very respectful manner in which the
+ address of the British Conference had been received by the Irish
+ Conference, and he trusted the brethren would understand the import
+ and bearing of that remark. Rev. Mr. Entwistle referred to the
+ liberality and cheerfulness of the Irish preachers in their
+ difficulties, when Dr. Bunting replied that if they had been in
+ such difficulties their heads would have hung down.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's diary ends here. A full account of the interviews and
+discussions with the Wesleyan authorities in England are given in the
+Epochs of Canadian Methodism, pages 407-426. The result was, that the
+Committee on the subject reported a series of resolutions adverse to the
+Canada representatives, which were adopted by the Conference after "more
+than four-fifths of its members had left for their circuits." The
+pacific resolutions of the Upper Canada Conference were negatived by a
+majority, and it was declared "that a continuance of the more intimate
+connection established by the articles of 1833 [was] quite
+impracticable."
+
+Thus was ignominously ended a union between the two Conferences which
+had (nominally) existed since 1833, and which had promised such happy
+results, and thus was inaugurated a period of unseemly strife between
+the two parties from 1840 to 1847, when it happily ceased. What followed
+in Upper Canada is thus narrated by Dr. Ryerson:--
+
+The English Conference having determined to secede from the Union which
+it had entered into with the Canadian Conference in 1833, and to
+commence aggressive operations upon the Canadian Conference, and its
+societies and congregations, a special meeting of the Canadian
+Conference became necessary to meet this new state of things, to
+organize for resenting the invasion upon its field of labour, and to
+maintain the cause for which they had toiled and suffered so much for
+more than half a century.
+
+The prospects of the Canada Conference were gloomy in the extreme; the
+paucity of ministers, and the poverty of resources in comparison to the
+English Conference, besides numerous other disadvantages; but the
+ministers of the Canadian Conference with less than a dozen individual
+exceptions, had hearts of Canadian oak, and weapons of New Jerusalem
+steel, and were determined to maintain the freedom of the Church, and
+the liberties of their country, whatever might be the prestige or
+resources of their invaders; and "according to their faith it was done
+unto them;" out of weakness they waxed strong. They sowed in tears, they
+reaped in joy. Their weeping seed-sowing was followed by rejoicing,
+bringing their sheaves with them.
+
+The Special Conference caused by these events was held in the Newgate
+(Adelaide) Street Church in October, 1840. The venerable Thomas
+Whitehead, then in his 87th year, opened the proceedings, after which
+Rev. William Case was elected to preside. Rev. Mr. Whitehead was
+subsequently elected President. Dr. Ryerson was elected Secretary, but
+declined, and Rev. J. C. Davidson was appointed in his place. The whole
+matter of differences between the two Conferences was discussed at
+great length, and with deep feeling on the part of the speakers. Dr.
+Ryerson spoke for five hours, and his brother William for nearly three.
+Finally a series of eleven resolutions were adopted, strongly
+maintaining the views of the Canadian Representatives to England, and
+protesting--
+
+ Against the Methodistic or legal right or power of the Conference
+ in England to dissolve, of its own accord, articles and obligations
+ which have been entered into with this Conference by mutual
+ consent.
+
+In consequence of the adoption of these resolutions, the following
+ministers requested permission to withdraw from the Canada Conference
+with a view to connect themselves with the British Missionary party,
+viz:--
+
+ Rev. Messrs. William Case, Ephraim Evans, Benjamin Slight, James
+ Norris, Thomas Fawcett, William Scott, John G. Manly, Edmund
+ Stoney, James Brock, Thomas Hurlburt, Matthew Lang, John Douse,
+ William Steer, John Sunday, and C. B. Goodrich.
+
+The leave-taking was said to have been very tender and sorrowful. Of the
+members of the Canada Conference who left it, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ Among the ten who seceded from the Canada Conference to the London
+ Wesleyan Committee was the venerable William Case, who took no part
+ in the crusade against his old Canadian brethren, but who wished to
+ live in peace and quietness, with the supply of his wants assured
+ to him in his old, lonely Indian Mission at Alnwick, near Cobourg,
+ isolated alike from the white inhabitants and from other Indian
+ tribes, where he continued until his decease.
+
+The character of this untoward contest with the British Conference
+party--so far as it related to Dr. Ryerson--can be best understood from
+the conclusion of his five hours' speech before the Special Conference.
+He said:--
+
+ I am aware that a combined effort has been determined upon and is
+ making to destroy me as a public man, and to injure this Connexion,
+ as far as my overthrow can affect it. I rejoice to know that the
+ strength and efficiency of our Church are not depending upon me;
+ but I am not insensible to the advantages which it is supposed will
+ be gained over the Church if I can be put down. Our adversaries
+ seem to have abandoned the idea of answering my arguments, or of
+ diverting me from my purposes, in regard to my position, and views
+ and feelings towards this Connexion. The only expedient left is
+ that which requires no strength of intellect--no solid
+ arguments--no moral principle--but abundance of confidence,
+ malignity, and zeal. It is the expedient of impeaching my moral
+ integrity, and blackening my character. And this is attempted to be
+ accomplished. One class of adversaries, not by an appeal to reason,
+ or even to official documents, but by the importation and retail
+ from one side of the Atlantic to the other, and one end of the
+ province to the other, and from house to house, of bits and parcels
+ of perverted private conversations--a mode of warfare disgraceful
+ to human nature, much more to any Christian community. History
+ apprizes me that, in such a warfare, some of the best of men have
+ not triumphed until long after they slept in death, when the hand
+ of time and the researches of impartial history did them that
+ justice which the cupidity and jealousies of powerful
+ contemporaries denied them. I know not the present result of
+ existing combinations against myself. On that point I feel little
+ concern, though I am keenly alive to their influence upon my public
+ usefulness. I engaged in the Union, because I believed the
+ principles upon which it was founded were reasonable, and the
+ prejudices against it on all sides were unreasonable. I do not
+ regret the opposition which I have experienced--the reproaches
+ which I have incurred--the labours I have endured; but I do
+ regret--and every day's reflection adds fresh poignancy to my
+ regrets--that in carrying out a measure which I had hoped would
+ prove an unspeakable blessing to my native country, I have lost so
+ many friends of my youth. No young man in Canada had more friends
+ amongst all Christian denominations than I had when the Union took
+ place. Many of them have become my enemies. I can lose property
+ without concern or much thought; but I cannot lose my friends, and
+ meet them in the character of enemies, without emotions not to be
+ described. I feel that I have injured myself, and injured this
+ Connexion, and I fear this province, not by my obstinacy, but by my
+ concessions. This is my sin, and not the sins laid to my charge. I
+ have regarded myself, and all that Providence has put into my hands
+ from year to year, as the property of this Connexion. I can say, in
+ the language of Wesley's hymn--
+
+ "No foot of land do I possess,
+ No cottage in the wilderness;
+ A poor wayfaring man."
+
+ And it is to me a source of unavailing grief, that after the
+ expenditure of so much time, and labour, and suffering, and means,
+ one of the most important measures of my life may prove a
+ misfortune to the Church of my affections and the country of my
+ birth. I have only to say, that as long as there is any prospect of
+ my being useful to either, I will never desert them.
+
+ We have surveyed every inch of the ground on which we stand: We
+ have offered to concede everything but what appertains to our
+ character, and to our existence and operations as a Wesleyan
+ Methodist Church. The ground we occupy is Methodistic, is rational,
+ is just. The very declarations of those who leave us attest this.
+ They are compelled to pay homage to our character as a body; they
+ cannot impeach our doctrines, or discipline, or practice; nor can
+ they sustain a single objection against our principles or standing;
+ the very reasons which they assign for their own secession are
+ variable, indefinite, personal, or trivial. But the reasons which
+ may be assigned for our position and unity are tangible, are
+ definite, are Methodistic, are satisfactory, are unanswerable.
+
+The effect of this disruption was disastrous to the peace and unity of
+the Wesleyan body, especially in the towns and cities.
+
+Some time after the Conference, Dr. Ryerson received the following
+characteristic letter from the venerable Thomas Whitehead, the President
+of the Canada Special Conference:--
+
+ I have been not a little pleased with the expectation of seeing you
+ this evening, and of hearing you speak of the sorrows and joys of
+ Wesleyan Methodism in Upper Canada. God grant that you and I and
+ all of us, when our labours, sorrows and joys on earth are ended,
+ may meet around the throne of God and the Lamb. Your labours,
+ sorrows and joys for these years past have been unparalleled, and
+ to the present they are increasing. Well, you have been called
+ (with not a few invaluable assistants) to stand up in defence of
+ the Gospel, and have been sometimes placed near the swellings of
+ Jordan; however, you still rejoice in your labours, and the effects
+ thereof, and so do I; and, blessed be God, the Pilot of the
+ Galilean lake is still on shipboard, and he will soon speak peace
+ to the troubled waters, and there will be a great calm. I have no
+ doubt but Brother Green and Brother Bevitt (a comical soul) and
+ yourself have had cold travelling (I hope good lodging) in your
+ western rides; I am persuaded you have met with friends, and a
+ generous people. God bless them!
+
+ I greatly rejoice that our brethren in the ministry are faithful,
+ affectionate, and successful in defence of all that appertains to
+ the privileges of the glorious Gospel of the Son of God, long, long
+ preached by the Wesleyan Methodist ministers in the wilds of Upper
+ Canada, and I trust they will, by all Christian means and measures,
+ support Her Majesty's Government in Canada. May the Holy and
+ Blessed God give us peace, and good government in our day. I have
+ been a little vexed with the travelling gab of one of our own
+ former friends, who is pleased to inform the people that you were
+ the sole cause of the late rebellion. I must tell him, the first
+ time I meet with him, that the meaning of his sing-song is not
+ understood, and that if he will explain his hidden meaning, it will
+ be, that he is ready to prove that the Rev. Egerton Ryerson was the
+ sole cause of the rebellion in Heaven, by the fallen angels. In
+ that case no one would mistake his meaning.
+
+In a letter of congratulation, written in May, 1841, to Rev. Dr. Bangs,
+on his appointment to the Presidency of the Wesleyan University,
+Middletown, Conn., Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ I hope and pray that you may be able to continue without abatement
+ to favour and edify the religious public with the rich results of
+ your varied reading and matured thinking. On this ground I desire
+ to express my personal obligations; and not the least for your
+ "Letters to young Ministers of the Gospel," which were the first I
+ recollect of reading. Many of your remarks and suggestions, on the
+ subjects which they treat, have been of great service to me.
+
+Speaking of the rupture of the union between the British and Canadian
+Conferences, and of alleged personal obstacles which he presented in the
+way of a reunion, Dr. Ryerson said:--The agents of the London Missionary
+Committee have not injured the Societies generally; although the scenes
+of schism which have been and are exhibited in many places are highly
+disgraceful. I am not aware that Elder Case has taken any active part in
+these transactions, and he has continued an acting and useful member of
+the Academy Board, notwithstanding his strange secession from our
+Conference. I have observed by the discussion, especially in the
+pamphlet lately published by the Committee in London, that the whole
+affair is made to appear, as much as possible, a matter of difference
+between the Committee and me personally, and epithets have been
+multiplied against me in proportion to the want of facts. I have always
+resolved not to allow myself to be the ground of difference between two
+bodies. If I can make this circumstance instrumental in effecting an
+amicable adjustment of differences, such as would be agreeable and
+advantageous to my brethren, I have thought it would be best to do so,
+and retire personally from the Conference, either employing my pen for
+the religious and general interests of my native land, or seeking a
+more peaceful field of labour in your part of the world, where I almost
+wish I had gone last year as proposed--although I know not that I could
+have done otherwise than I did, in accordance with what is due to
+personal honour and character.
+
+The Imperial Parliament has disposed of the clergy reserves in a manner
+the most unfair, unjust, and corrupt, although the old Constitution of
+Canada provides for the disposal of them by the Provincial Legislature.
+Wide-spread, secret dissatisfaction exists in the country; a majority of
+the new Assembly (which has not yet met) are friends of the people, but
+many are afraid to move, or to say what they think. My own apprehension
+is that, notwithstanding all exertions to the contrary, under the
+present system of things the morals and intelligence of the people will
+be on a level with their liberties. Whether my continued silence in such
+circumstances is a virtue, or a crime; or whether I should retire from
+the country, or remain and make one Christian, open, and decisive effort
+to secure for my fellow-countrymen a free constitution and equal rights
+among their churches, is a perplexing question to me, as well as to my
+brothers. It is believed by some intelligent men, who have talked on the
+subject, that if I would come out as the advocate of the country, there
+would be no doubt of success, from my knowledge of the subject, from a
+general, and, as I think, overweening confidence on the part of my
+friends in my powers of concentration, perseverance and energy, and from
+the feelings of the country. It is also thought that, if there should be
+a failure of success, I could then honourably retire to the United
+States. I am no theorist, but I hate despotism as I do Satan, and I love
+liberty as I do life; and my thoughts and feelings flow so strongly in
+favour of the religious and civil freedom of my native country, that
+with all my engagements and duties, I cannot resist them, at least half
+of the time. I would be most grateful to you for your opinion on this
+general matter, irrespective of details, with which, of course, you
+cannot be acquainted.
+
+To this letter Rev. Dr. Bangs replied as follows:--
+
+ I feel much for my Canadian brethren, and I can never be
+ indifferent to their weal or woe. I have never had but one opinion
+ respecting your separation from us, and that is, that it was an
+ erroneous step at the time, originating with the ambition of one
+ man--Henry Ryan. (See page 87.) Regrets, however, are useless now.
+ The die has been cast; but from that unhappy moment you have been
+ tossed about from one point of the compass to another. What a sad
+ condition the people are in, according to your representation! And
+ who shall right them? I suppose you cannot do it, although you
+ cannot be indifferent to their interests, temporal and eternal.
+
+ Respecting your leaving the country, I would say, that if your
+ brethren judge it best, you will receive a cordial welcome among
+ us; as I am sure you would from me. In the meantime, you would do
+ well to consult Bishop Hedding, who presides among us this year. I
+ thank you for the expressions of affection. Whatever of good you
+ may have received from my poor labours, let God have the praise and
+ glory. I never undertook any duties with more appalling feelings
+ than I did the present ones; and yet I have been wonderfully
+ blessed and favoured by providential indications. When I was called
+ to the Presidency of the Wesleyan University, I dared not say no;
+ but I accepted it with a trembling sense of my responsibilities,
+ and thus far I have been greatly blessed and comforted. I shall be
+ glad to see you, and remember that I have a prophet's room, and a
+ bed and a table for you.
+
+From Rev. Dr. D. M. Reese, a noted member of the New York Conference,
+Dr. Ryerson received the following letter:--
+
+ I am at a loss to say what is the opinion of our great men here,
+ touching your Canadian conflict with the British Conference; though
+ all our sympathies are with you. All concur that you have the
+ victory in your pamphlet war. I have not heard a different opinion
+ from any one who has read them. I suppose you may have learned how
+ cavalierly Rev. R. Newton treated Rev. Mr. Gurley, though
+ introduced to him by letters from those to whom Mr. N. was largely
+ indebted here. He refused to introduce him to Dr. Bunting, etc.,
+ although this favour was solicited. He neither invited Mr. G. to
+ see him again, nor even called on him. This British reciprocity of
+ American politeness is humiliating, and resembles the treatment you
+ and your brother received at his hands, as well as that of other
+ great men in the Wesleyan Conference towards you.
+
+At the Special Conference of October, Dr. Ryerson was appointed
+Corresponding Secretary of the Wesleyan Missionary Society of Upper
+Canada. On the 10th November he issued a statement and appeal on behalf
+of the Society. In it he indicates definitely the secret causes which
+led to the disruption of the Union. He said:--
+
+Zealous attempts have been made to lead astray sincere friends of
+Methodism and religion by the pretense that party politics is the
+[difficulty]. Never was a pretext more unfounded.... It will be seen by
+the proceedings of our Conference-- ... and is even admitted in the
+report of the ... English Conference--that no political party question
+should, on any account, be suffered amongst us, ... or in our official
+organ, and that we did not even desire the continued discussion of the
+clergy reserve question.... But with even silent neutrality on all
+questions of civil polity ..., the authorities of the English Conference
+were not satisfied; they insisted that we should "admit and maintain,
+even in this Province, the principle of Church and State Union"--a
+question which has been the most exciting and baneful topic of party
+feeling and party organization of any question which has ever been
+discussed in Upper Canada. They also insisted that we should concede to
+the Conference in England the right of an "efficient direction over the
+public proceedings" of the Connexion in this province.... These are the
+real grounds of the difference between the two bodies.
+
+In a letter on this subject, written by Dr. Ryerson, 13th November, he
+said:--
+
+ Herewith is a copy of a letter which I addressed to the late Rev.
+ Richard Watson in 1831 [see _Guardian_ of November 18th, 1840],
+ deprecating the interference of the London Committee with our work
+ in this province, and explaining our views and operations as a
+ body.... In going one day into the Wesleyan Mission House, when in
+ England in 1833, I found one of the clerks copying that letter into
+ the official books of the Committee. That letter is of some
+ importance on several accounts. It will show that we were just as
+ moderate, and as reasonable, and as constitutional in our views as
+ a body in 1831, as we have been from that time to this, and that
+ the representations to the contrary are the fabulous creations of
+ party feelings.... [It will also show] that [the London Committee]
+ fully understood our views on the question of a church
+ establishment in Upper Canada, respecting which they have not even
+ pretended that we ever made the slightest compromise; and that we
+ as a body were in a prosperous condition before the Union.
+
+It was not, therefore, without full knowledge of Dr. Ryerson's views on
+this subject, and of the state of the Methodist body in Upper Canada,
+that the British Conference in 1833, and again in 1840, sought to
+interfere with the work in this province and divide the Societies. By
+Dr. Ryerson's mission to England this evil was averted by a union in
+1833, which proved to be but a hollow truce, as the events of 1840
+demonstrated.
+
+That the evil genius of Rev. Robert Alder exercised a baneful influence
+upon both Conferences, is abundantly evident from his own subsequent
+conduct and other events. And that this was the case is more clearly
+manifest from the fact that when he ceased to exert any influence in the
+Connexion, and when Dr. Ryerson and the Canadian Representatives were
+able to lay the whole case before the British Conference in 1847, that
+body, led by Dr. Bunting himself, entirely endorsed the consistent
+action of the Canada Conference in all of this painful and protracted
+business. He said: "The Canadian brethren are right, and we are wrong."
+(See a subsequent Chapter on the subject.)
+
+Looking at the facts of the case in the light of to-day, can any one
+wonder at the pertinacity and zeal with which Dr. Ryerson resisted the
+unnatural and unwise system of foreign dictation sought to be imposed
+upon the Canadian Connexion. This he did at a great sacrifice of
+personal feeling, and of personal friendship, as well as of personal
+comfort and popularity. He maintained, as he had stipulated in the
+articles of Union, that "the rights and privileges of the Canadian
+preachers and Societies should be preserved inviolate." He knew that a
+Church in a free country like Canada, characterized as it was by
+Methodistic zeal and vigour, and yet tempered by the moderation of
+Canadian institutions and manners, possessed within itself a spirit of
+independence and of growth and progress which would never brook the
+official control of a Committee thousands of miles away. To be subject
+to even the generous control of such a Committee, possessed of no
+practical experience in Canadian matters, would, he knew, doom the
+Church to a dwarfed, and unnatural, and a miserable existence. Events
+had already proved to Dr. Ryerson (while the Union during 1839-1840 was
+in a moribund state) that the Church, controlled by a dominant section
+of the British Conference, would be a prey to internal feuds and
+jealousies. In the conflicts that would then ensue spiritual life would
+die out, missionary zeal would be fitful in its efforts, and every
+Church interest would partake largely of a sectional and partizan
+character, destructive alike to the symmetry, growth and harmony of
+development of a living Church, endowed with rich spiritual life and
+free and vigorous in its independent action.
+
+To a person of the statesman-like qualities of mind which Dr. Ryerson
+possessed in so high a degree, these things must have been ever present.
+They gave evident decision to his thoughts and vigour to his pen. He was
+no novice in public or ecclesiastical affairs. He had been trained for
+fifteen years in a school of resistance, almost single-handed, to
+ecclesiastical domination, and had detected and exposed intrigues,--one
+of which was of parties in this conflict, which was entirely derogatory
+to the dignity and independence of Methodism in Canada. (See pages
+238-241.)
+
+His knowledge of public affairs and of party leaders gave him abundant
+insight into the motives and tactics of men bent upon accomplishing pet
+schemes and favourite projects. And all of this knowledge had so ripened
+his experience that it rendered him the invaluable and trusted leader in
+Canadian Methodism, which in those days made his name a household word
+in the Methodist homes of Upper Canada. This trust and confidence he
+never betrayed. His unswerving fidelity to his Church and people cost
+him dearly--the loss of many friends, and the reproaches of many
+enemies. But he survived it all, and was enabled, under Providence, to
+mould the institutions of Canadian Methodism and even of his native
+country. He has left on some of them the impress of his mind and genius,
+which it is the pride of Canadians to recognize and acknowledge to this
+day.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[111] The more important parts of the painful proceedings at this
+Conference are given in "Epochs of Canadian Methodism," pages 341-358.
+The result of this formidable attack on Dr. Ryerson by the English
+Missionary party before the Canada Conference, is thus stated by Rev.
+Dr. Carroll: "When the Rev. Matthew Richey's motion of condemnation on
+the Rev. Egerton Ryerson for his interference in the matter [of the
+Government grant of Ł900 to Wesleyan missions] was put to the
+Conference, there were only eight in its favour, several of whom, after
+obtaining further light, wished to change their votes; and fifty-nine
+against it. Three were excused from voting."--_Case, etc._, vol. iv.,
+page 298, note.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXV.
+
+1840-1841.
+
+Last Pastoral Charge.--Lord Sydenham's Death.
+
+
+The following paragraphs, prepared by Dr. Ryerson, refer to this period
+of his history:--
+
+In the autumn of 1840, on returning from England, when the English
+Wesleyan Committee and Conference seceded from the Union with the
+Canadian Conference, I was appointed to Adelaide Street station in
+Toronto, which had been filled for two years by the Rev. Dr. Richey--an
+eloquent and popular preacher. The separation between the two
+Conferences had taken place the week before I assumed the charge of
+Adelaide Street station. Dr. Richey had carried off the greater part of
+both the private and official members of the Church, and I was left with
+but a skeleton of each. When I ascended the pulpit for the first time,
+the pews in the body of the church, which had been occupied by those who
+had seceded, were empty, and there were but scattered hearers, here and
+there, in the other pews and in the gallery. By faith and prayer I had
+prepared myself for the crucial test, and conducted the services without
+apparent depression or embarrassment. I made no pretensions, and had
+never made any, to pulpit eloquence--the motto of my ministry being to
+make things plain and strong by previous thought and prayer, and without
+verbal preparation. I often went from lying on my back in my study, in
+an agony of distress and prayer, to the pulpit, where a divine anointing
+seemed to rest upon me, such as I had never before experienced. There
+were frequent prayer-meetings in my own study, at six o'clock in the
+morning. The result was, by the Divine blessing, that the church was
+filled with hearers, and the membership was more than doubled.
+
+At the first Annual Missionary Meeting in the Church after the division,
+the President of the Executive Council presided; several members of the
+Government were on the platform, and the collections and subscriptions
+were more than double those of any previous year. The pretext for this
+separation of the English Wesleyan Committee and Conference from the
+Canadian Conference, was professed loyalty in Church and State; but both
+the Imperial and Canadian Government of that day approved the position
+of the Canadian Conference, withdrew and suspended the grant previously
+made to the London Wesleyan Missionary Committee during the seven years
+of its hostility to the Canadian Conference, and only consented to its
+restoration for the joint interests of the two Conferences, and on
+recommendation of the Representatives of the Canadian Conference, after
+the reconciliation and reunion of the two Conferences, in 1847.
+
+[Illustration: Old Newgate Street (afterwards Adelaide St.) Wesleyan
+Church, 1832-1872.]
+
+In October, 1840, Dr. Ryerson addressed a letter of congratulation to
+Lord Sydenham, on his elevation to the peerage. He again referred to
+the publication of the _Monthly Review_, proposed by His Excellency. In
+regard to the latter he said:--
+
+ The publication of a monthly periodical such as I suggested to your
+ Excellency last spring, appears to me now, as it did then, to be of
+ great importance, in order to mould the thinkings of public men and
+ the views of the country in harmony with the principles of the new
+ Constitution and the policy of Your Excellency's administration,
+ and to secure a rational and permanent appreciation of its objects,
+ and merits; and it would have afforded me sincere satisfaction to
+ have given a proper tone and character to a publication of that
+ kind. But what I have written publicly in reference to the
+ principles and measures of Your Excellency's Government has already
+ been productive of serious consequences both to myself and the Body
+ with which I am connected.
+
+ In the discharge of my ecclesiastical duties, I have to devote
+ several hours of four days in each week to visiting the sick, poor,
+ and other members of my pastoral charge, and am preparing a series
+ of discourses on the Patriarchal History, and the Evidences of
+ Christianity, arising from the discoveries of modern science, and
+ the testimony of recent travellers, besides the correspondence and
+ engagements which devolve upon me in the office I hold in the
+ Methodist Church. Under such circumstances the assumption by me of
+ the management of such a periodical is impracticable. I could not
+ do justice to it, nor to my other appropriate duties. I might, in
+ the course of my miscellaneous reading, select passages from
+ established authors, which would be suitable for a miscellany at
+ the end of each number, to illustrate and confirm the principles
+ discussed in the preceding pages of it. I might now and then
+ contribute a general article on the Intellectual and Moral Elements
+ of Canadian Society; or, on the Evils of Party Spirit; or, on the
+ Necessity of General Unity in order to General Prosperity, etc.,
+ etc.; but even in these respects I fear I could not render much
+ efficient aid, from the exhaustion of my physical strength in other
+ labours, and for want of the requisite time for study, in order to
+ write instructively and effectively on general subjects.
+
+In the same letter, Dr. Ryerson thus referred to his determination to
+take no further part in the discussion of public affairs, owing to the
+hostility which his support of Lord Sydenham's policy had excited in
+various quarters[112]:--
+
+In retiring from taking any public part in the civil affairs of this
+country, I beg to express my grateful sense of the frankness, kindness,
+and condescension which I have experienced from Your Excellency. You are
+the first Governor of Canada who has taken the pains to investigate the
+character and affairs of the Wesleyan Methodist Church for himself, and
+not judge and act from hearsay; the first Governor to ascertain my
+sentiments, feelings, and wishes from my own lips, and not from the
+representations of others. As a body, considering our labours and
+numbers, we have certainly been treated unjustly and hardly by the Local
+Government. Every effort was used here to deprive us of the Royal
+liberality, and Lord Glenelg's recommendations in regard to the Upper
+Canada Academy. I think Lord John Russell himself was prepossessed
+against me by the representations of Rev. Mr. Alder, and probably of Sir
+George Arthur and others. But by your condescension and courtesy I have
+been prompted and emboldened to express myself to Your Excellency on all
+questions of civil government and the affairs of this country, more
+fully than I have to any man living. My private opinions and public
+writings have been simultaneously before Your Excellency, together with
+all the circumstances under which I have expressed the one and published
+the other. I feel confident, therefore, that however I may be
+misrepresented by some, or misunderstood by others, I shall have justice
+in the estimate and opinions of Your Excellency--that I have been
+anything but theoretical or obstinate--that I have shrunk from no
+responsibility in the time of need and difficulty--and that my opinions,
+whether superficial or well-considered, are such as any common-sense,
+practical man, whose connection, associations, and feeling are involved
+in the happiness and well-being of the middle classes, might be expected
+to entertain.
+
+It is not my intention or wish to obtrude my opinions upon your
+attention, except in so far as may be necessary to acquaint Your
+Excellency with the interests and wishes of the body whom I have been
+appointed to represent. In regard to the many other important questions
+embraced in the great objects of your Government, I shall abstain from
+any officious interference; although all that may be in my mind or heart
+on any subject shall be at the service of Your Excellency when desired.
+
+From what I have witnessed and experienced, I have no doubt that every
+possible effort will made to prejudice me in Your Excellency's mind, and
+induce Your Excellency to treat the Methodist body in this province as
+preceding Governors have done. But I implore Your Excellency to try
+another course of proceeding, whether as any experiment, or as an act of
+justice. I am persuaded that Your Excellency has found no portion of the
+people of this Province more reasonable in their requests, or more
+easily conciliated to your views and wishes than the Representatives,
+members and friends of the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Canada; and, I
+doubt not, Your Excellency will find them cultivating and exhibiting the
+same spirit during the entire period (and may it be a long one!) of your
+administration of the Government of Canada.
+
+On the 8th of the same month, Dr. Ryerson felt himself constrained to
+address a note to Lord Sydenham in regard to the policy of Lord John
+Russell's Clergy Reserve Bill, so far as it might affect the question of
+public education, in which he was deeply interested. He said that he
+conceived the Bill to be most unjust in its provisions, as he had stated
+to His Lordship (while it was under consideration of Parliament). He
+added: Should the partial and exclusive provisions of the measure
+pervade the views and administration of Government in Canada, in regard
+to a general system of education, etc., I should utterly despair of ever
+witnessing social happiness, general educational culture, or unity in
+this country. But I have no doubt the exclusive powers with which the
+Bill invests the Governor, will be exerted to counteract the inequality
+of its other provisions, and that Your Excellency's whole system of
+public policy will be based upon the principles of "equal justice to all
+classes of Her Majesty's Canadian subjects." Under these circumstances,
+I have suggested to the conductor of the _Christian Guardian_ (from the
+editorship of which I retired last June) not to make any remarks on the
+Bill which may tend to create dissatisfaction; nor do I intend, for the
+same reasons, to publish the letter which my brother and I addressed to
+Lord John Russell on the subject. His Lordship said, indeed, that the
+Bill was not what he wished, nor could he say it was just; but he had
+clearly ascertained that a more liberal one could not be got through the
+House of Lords, and he thought that that Bill was better than none.
+
+The Hon. Isaac Buchanan, in a letter to the Editor, dated April
+1882,--speaking of these times and events--said:--
+
+ I was one of Dr. Ryerson's oldest friends and coöperators that have
+ survived him. I was first in Toronto (then York) in 1830. Although
+ not then 20 years of age, I came out to Montreal as a partner in a
+ mercantile firm; and in the fall of 1831 I came up to York to
+ establish a branch House. From that time I have known Dr. Ryerson,
+ and then formed that high opinion of both his abilities and his
+ character which went on increasing more and more; so that for the
+ last forty years of his life I have regarded him as Canada's
+ greatest son. Of late years I seldom met him, but when I did, it
+ was an inexpressible pleasure to me, as an interchange of the most
+ unbounded mutual confidences took place between us in our views and
+ objects. He knew my view of religion,--that as with Spiritual
+ Religion (which is nothing to the mind unless it is everything), so
+ with the Religion of Humanity (my name for the removal of all
+ impediments out of the way of the employment, and of the enjoyment
+ of living of our own people)--it will not take a second place, but
+ must be the first question in the politics of every
+ country--otherwise its Government is a mere political machine. He
+ knew my belief that the Church Question being in the way of this
+ people's question, it took the first place among the causes of all
+ the industrial evils in England and Ireland. With me, therefore, it
+ was a _sine qua non_ to get quit of our dominant Church nuisance in
+ Canada, viewing it as a thing in the way of the prosperity of the
+ people, and therefore as a thing insidiously undermining their
+ loyalty. I am sure that his views were not far removed from mine in
+ this matter, and yet not a particle of enmity to the Church ever
+ affected me, and, I believe, the same thing was true of Dr.
+ Ryerson. But I felt the insufferable evil of the position it had in
+ this country, not only as usurping the first place in politics,
+ which the Labour Question should occupy, but as rendering the
+ connection with England odious and short-lived. Being one of those
+ sent for by the Governor-General (Mr. Poulett Thompson) on the
+ clergy reserve question, I told His Excellency plainly that
+ although my countrymen, the Scotch, did not hesitate to dissent, as
+ a matter of conscience, they would not be loyal to a government
+ that made them dissenters by Act of Parliament.
+
+ Five years previous to this, or in 1835, I had, as an extra of the
+ _Albion_ newspaper, published by Mr. Cull, about the time York
+ became Toronto, proposed a plan of settlement for the clergy
+ reserves, fitted to solve the difficulties connected with them,
+ whether Industrial, Educational, or Political. My proposal was that
+ an educational tax should be levied, the payments by each church or
+ sect being shewn in separate columns, and each sect receiving from
+ the clergy reserve fund, in the proportion of its payments for
+ education.
+
+ This first attempt of mine to get an endowment for education
+ failed, as there was then no system of Responsible Government. But
+ five years afterwards (in 1840) when my election for Toronto had
+ decided the question of Responsible Government, and before the
+ first Parliament met, I spoke to Lord Sydenham, the
+ Governor-General, on the subject. He felt under considerable
+ obligation to me for standing in the breach when Hon. Robert
+ Baldwin found he could not succeed in carrying Toronto. I told him
+ that I felt sure that if we were allowed to throw the accounts of
+ the Province into regular books, we would show a surplus over
+ expenditure. His Excellency agreed to my proposal, and I stipulated
+ that, if we showed a surplus, half would be given as an endowment
+ for an educational system. Happily we found that Upper Canada had a
+ surplus revenue of about $100,000 a year--half of which the
+ Parliament of 1841 set aside for education as agreed--the law
+ stipulating that every District Council getting a share of it would
+ locally tax for as much more, and this constituted the financial
+ basis of our educational system. Thus I have given you a glimpse of
+ the time when Dr. Ryerson and I were active coöperators.
+
+Dr. Ryerson has left no farther record of his two years' ministry in
+Newgate (Adelaide) Street circuit, Toronto, than that recorded on page
+282. Some incidents of it will be found in the letter of the Rev.
+Jonathan Scott, editor of the _Guardian_, on page 294. Rev. I. B.
+Howard, Dr. Ryerson's assistant at the time, has also furnished me with
+some personal reminiscences of his intercourse with him during the
+latter year of Dr. Ryerson's pastoral life. He says:--
+
+ When I was Dr. Ryerson's assistant in Toronto, upwards of forty
+ years ago (in 1841-2), he was studying Hebrew with a private tutor.
+ As I had previously taken lessons in that language he kindly
+ invited me to unite with him (at his expense) in this study. This
+ I did three times a week at his house. On those days I always dined
+ with him; and as it was his custom to spend the hour before dinner
+ in devotional reading and prayer, I had the great privilege of
+ spending this hour with him in his study--and I shall never forget
+ the sincere, heart-searching, and devout manner in which he
+ conducted these hallowed exercises, nor the great spiritual
+ instruction and benefit I received from them. His humble
+ confessions, earnest pleadings, and fervent spirit deeply impressed
+ my youthful heart with the fact that he was indeed a man of God.
+
+ During that year (one of the few of his regular pastorate) I had
+ also the privilege of frequently hearing him preach, especially
+ during eight weeks of special and very successful revival services,
+ which we held in old Adelaide (then nearly new and known as
+ "Newgate") Street Church. I have frequently heard him preach since
+ that time, mostly on special occasions, and always with pleasure
+ and profit; but never since he left the pastoral work have I heard
+ from him such earnest, powerful and overwhelming appeals to the
+ minds, and hearts, and consciences of men, as when, with the
+ responsibilities and sympathies of a pastor's heart, he delighted,
+ and moved, and melted the large and admiring audiences which
+ attended his ministry. I have always believed, that, had he
+ continued in his pastoral work, he would have been not only an able
+ and popular, but also in an eminent degree a successful soul-saving
+ preacher.
+
+ During the year I was with him in Toronto, Dr. Ryerson frequently
+ heard me preach; and as it was only the second year of my ministry
+ his presence in the congregation was at first a great terror to me;
+ but the kind words of encouragement, as well as the wise and
+ fatherly counsels which he frequently gave me soon allayed my
+ fears, and led me to regard it rather as a privilege than a cross
+ to have him for a hearer.[113] Would that every young preacher had
+ such a kind and sympathizing superintendent!
+
+Hon. William Macdougall also bears testimony to the kindness which he
+experienced from Dr. Ryerson at this period. He says:
+
+ About the year 1840, I was living in the township of Vaughan, and
+ like other boys of the same class and age, devoting my winters to
+ school, and my summers to the healthful exercise of the farm. My
+ father was a good farmer, pretty well-to-do, and I, being the
+ eldest son, was second in command. He had purchased two or three
+ uncleared lots in the same township, one of which was designed for
+ me. I was fond of books, and possessed some good ones, besides I
+ had made diligent use of a circulating library in the
+ neighbourhood. We took in a political newspaper, an agricultural
+ monthly, and the _Christian Guardian_. At this point of my career I
+ met Dr. Ryerson. He came into our neighbourhood to attend a
+ missionary meeting, and stopped at my father's house. I was asked
+ to go with him to his next appointment. We were thus alone together
+ for some hours. On the way we chatted about temperance, history,
+ politics, education, etc. The rebellion of 1837, and the political
+ questions that grew out of it still agitated the public mind. He
+ spoke of Mackenzie and Rolph; of Baldwin and Bidwell; of Sir
+ Francis Head and the Family Compact. I discovered that he admired
+ Bidwell, but disliked Mackenzie. He took much pains to explain to
+ me some points in reference to the clergy reserve and rectory
+ questions, and seeing that I was an appreciative listener, he asked
+ me if I would like to be a politician. I said I would, if I thought
+ I could overturn the Family Compact, secure the clergy reserves for
+ education, and drive the Hudson Bay Company out of the North-West.
+ He looked at me for a moment with an amused expression. The last
+ plank of my platform seemed to arouse his curiosity. The Hudson Bay
+ Company and its affairs had not then attracted much notice. He
+ asked me why I desired to drive out the Hudson Bay Company. I
+ replied that I had read a lecture by Hon. R. B. Sullivan, on
+ immigration and the movement of population westward, in which he
+ described the Great Valley of the Saskatchewan in colours so
+ glowing, that I wondered why we did not all go there, but on
+ further enquiry I found that a small body of London Fur-traders
+ claimed the whole country as a preserve for musk-rats and foxes,
+ under an old charter from a King who, at the time, did not own a
+ foot of it; that I thought the fur-traders ought to be compelled to
+ give up the good land, _vi et armis_, if need be. He said, "My
+ young friend, your ambition is great; I am afraid you have not
+ considered the difficulties to be overcome." I felt slightly sat
+ upon; but I warmed with my subject, and as I had already made
+ temperance speeches to admiring audiences in the "back
+ concessions," I was not easily disconcerted. He then made the
+ remark which forty years afterwards I recalled to his recollection.
+ "Before you undertake such enterprises you must study law; it is a
+ noble profession, and in this country is the only sure road to
+ success in politics. If I had not felt it my duty to preach the
+ Gospel, I would have studied law myself." I remarked that I had
+ read articles in the _Christian Guardian_, attributed to him, which
+ I had heard people say exhibited a great deal of legal knowledge.
+ He seemed pleased by the compliment, but did not acknowledge the
+ paternity of the articles. After some further conversation as to my
+ studies, etc., he recommended me to begin at once to read Latin,
+ and promised to speak to my father and advise him to let me study
+ law. He kept his promise; my father rather reluctantly consented,
+ telling me that if I left home I would lose the farm. You know the
+ rest.
+
+ May I not venture the remark, that if a promising agriculturist was
+ spoiled by that interview, Dr. Ryerson was the spoiler? and, if
+ Canada has derived any benefit from my humble labours as
+ journalist, legislator, executive councillor, etc., he is entitled
+ to a share of the credit, for, as I loved--and still recall with
+ envious regret--the unsophisticated pleasures and contentment of a
+ farmer's life, I would, probably, have pursued the even tenor of my
+ bucolic way but for his advice and kind-hearted mediation.
+
+ In the political controversies that agitated the country from 1850
+ to 1862, we sometimes crossed swords. In 1865, it became my duty,
+ as a member of Government, to carry through Parliament an important
+ measure relating to Grammar Schools. Much to his surprise, I
+ successfully resisted all attempts at mutilation, for which he
+ warmly expressed his acknowledgements. During the serious, and
+ sometimes acrimonious discussions which preceded and followed the
+ Act of Confederation, I enjoyed the benefit of his approving
+ sympathy and wise counsel. Others with better warrant may speak of
+ his great power and achievements as a Christian Minister; but you
+ will permit me to say that I knew him as a generous friend and
+ patron of Canadian youth; as a sagacious and resolute man of
+ affairs; as a staunch defender of the British constitutional system
+ of government; and as a patriotic, true-hearted son of Canada--_Si
+ monumentum requiris--circumspice!_
+
+Dr. Ryerson's pastoral charge of the Toronto City Circuit in 1840-41,
+and other ministerial duties, engrossed all of his time to the exclusion
+of other matters. It seemed to have been a positive relief to him to
+engage in these more congenial pursuits. He rarely used his pen, except
+on very pressing occasions. He was nevertheless a close observer of
+passing events, but took no active part in them.
+
+Lord Sydenham frequently availed himself of Dr. Ryerson's counsel and
+co-operation. Shortly before the death of that able Governor, Dr.
+Ryerson had gone to Kingston, as requested, on matters of public
+interest. The unexpected death of Lord Sydenham, on the 19th of
+September, 1841 (the immediate cause of which was a fall from his
+horse), called forth a burst of universal sorrow throughout the then
+newly created Province of Canada. One of the most touching tributes to
+his memory was penned by Dr. Ryerson, while on his way to Kingston to
+see him. It was published in the _Guardian_ of the 29th September, and
+republished with other notices in a pamphlet by Mr. (now Sir) Francis
+Hincks, then editor of the Toronto _Examiner_. From that sketch of Lord
+Sydenham's career I take the following concluding passages:--
+
+ At the commencement of His Lordship's mission in Upper Canada, when
+ his plans were little known, his difficulties formidable, and his
+ Government weak, I had the pleasing satisfaction of giving him my
+ humble and dutiful support in the promotion of his non-party and
+ provincial objects; and now that he is beyond the reach of human
+ praise or censure--where all earthly ranks and distinctions are
+ lost in the sublimities of eternity--I have the melancholy
+ satisfaction of bearing my humble testimony to his candour,
+ sincerity, faithfulness, kindness and liberality. A few days before
+ the occurrence of the accident which terminated his life, I had the
+ honour of spending an evening and part of a day in free
+ conversation with His Lordship; and on that, as well as on former
+ similar occasions, he observed the most marked reverence for the
+ truths of Christianity--a most earnest desire to base the civil
+ institutions of the country upon Christian principles, with a
+ scrupulous regard to the rights of conscience--a total absence of
+ all animosity against any person or parties opposed to him--and an
+ intense anxiety to silence dissensions and discord, and render
+ Canada contented, happy and prosperous.
+
+ ... The day before his lamented death he expressed his regret that
+ he had not given more of his time to religion.... The last hours of
+ his life were spent in earnest supplications to the Redeemer, in
+ humble reliance upon whose atonement he yielded up the ghost.
+
+After the publication of this letter in the _Guardian_, Dr. Ryerson
+received the following acknowledgment from T. W. C. Murdoch, Esq., late
+private Secretary to Lord Sydenham:--
+
+ I ought to have thanked you before for the numbers of the
+ _Guardian_ containing your letter on the death of Lord Sydenham.
+ That letter I have read over and over again with the deepest
+ emotion, and I cannot but feel how much more worthily the task of
+ writing the history of his administration might have been confided
+ to your hands than to mine. That I shall discharge the duty with
+ affectionate zeal and good faith, I hope I need not assure you, but
+ I fear my inability to do justice to so statesmanlike an
+ administration, or to make apparent to others those nice shades of
+ policy which constituted the beauty and insured the success of his
+ government. In the meantime what are we to hope or expect from the
+ new Governor Sir C. Bagot. My principal confidence is that Sir R.
+ Peel is too prudent a man to wish discredit to his administration
+ by allowing the re-introduction of the old, bad system, and that
+ consequently Sir Charles will be instructed to follow out to the
+ best of his ability Lord Sydenham's policy.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[112] In the _Guardian_ of October 7th, 1840, Dr. Ryerson says:--Lord
+Sydenham well knows the feelings of reluctance and apprehension under
+which I assumed the responsibility of giving my humble and earnest
+support to the measures of his government in Upper Canada.... He well
+knows that I adopted the course I did with a deep consciousness that it
+would be attended with personal sacrifice, with no other expectation or
+wish but justice to the church to which I belonged--equal justice to
+other churches--and the hope of prosperity to my native country under an
+improved and efficient system of government. I did not indeed expect
+that hostility against me from London would be prosecuted to the extent
+it has been.... I have incurred the censure of the British Conference
+for supporting, and not for opposing, the government when it needed my
+support, and when it was in my power to have embarrassed it.... As it
+respects myself personally, I shall not repine at having made the
+sacrifice, if the new system of government but succeeds, and the land of
+my birth and affections is made prosperous and happy. Note on page 199.
+
+[113] This the Editor has been assured was also Rev. Dr. Potts'
+experience of Dr. Ryerson as a hearer, several years afterwards, and
+during the time that he (Dr. Potts) was pastor of the Metropolitan
+Church, Toronto.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+1841.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's attitude toward the Church of England.
+
+
+The constant references in this volume to Dr. Ryerson's attitude of
+hostility to the exclusive claims and pretensions put forth on behalf of
+the Church of England in this province, require some explanation. His
+opponents sought to neutralize this opposition by endeavouring to make
+it appear that, because he opposed these claims and ignored these
+pretensions, he was hostile to the Church of England as a great
+spiritual power in the land.[114] He had himself often pointed out the
+fallacy of this reasoning, and drawn so clear a distinction between men
+and things in the controversy--the Church and her representatives--that
+I cannot add any thing to what he has written on the subject. In one
+letter he said:--
+
+ I am often charged with hostility to the Church of England. Did I
+ know nothing of the Church of England except what has been
+ exhibited in this province, ... how could I have any partiality for
+ that Church? There is a large and growing branch of the Established
+ Church in England that I venerate, admire, and love; but there is a
+ semi-popish branch of it for which I have no such respect, and that
+ is the branch, with a few individual exceptions, which exists in
+ this province....
+
+Again, in a letter to Hon. W. H. Draper, on the clergy reserve question,
+dated October 12th, 1838, he said:--
+
+ I would not derogate an iota from the respect claimed by the Church
+ of England on account of the prerogatives to which she is legally
+ entitled [in England]. As the form of religion professed by the
+ Sovereign and rulers of the Empire--as the Established Church of
+ the British realm--as the Church which has nursed some of the
+ greatest statesmen, philosophers, and divines that have
+ enlightened, adorned, and blest the world, she cannot fail to
+ command the respect of all enlightened men, whatever may be thought
+ of the conduct and pretensions of the Canadian branch of that
+ Church--pretensions which have been virtually repudiated in royal
+ charters, and contradicted by the entire civil and ecclesiastical
+ history of the old British colonies.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's attitude to the Church of England was clearly defined in a
+private and friendly correspondence between him and John Kent, Esq.,
+Editor of _The Church_ newspaper, in 1841-42. (See page 97.) That paper
+was established in May, 1837, as the organ of the Church of England in
+Upper Canada. It was at first edited by Rev. Dr. (afterwards Bishop)
+Bethune, rector of Cobourg. In 1841, John Kent, Esq., became its
+editor.[115] In the religions controversies of those days _The Church_,
+was ably edited. It was a decided champion of the high church, or
+Puseyite party, and, as such it came into constant conflict with the
+Wesleyan Methodists and their organ, the _Christian Guardian_, and
+especially with its chief editor, Dr. Ryerson. On the 21st December,
+1841, Dr. Ryerson wrote a letter for insertion in _The Church_, and
+accompanied it with a private note to Mr. Kent. From that letter I make
+the following extracts:--
+
+ I, as well as my friends, have been the subjects of repeated
+ strictures in your pages; during the last two years I have replied
+ not a word, nor published a line in reference to the Church Of
+ England.
+
+ I have stated on former occasions--and perhaps my two years'
+ silence may now give some weight to the statement--that my
+ objections had no reference to the existence, or prosperity, of the
+ Church of England as a Church, but simply and solely to its
+ exclusive establishment and endowment in Upper Canada, especially,
+ and indeed entirely, in reference to the clergy reserves. During
+ the discussions which took place, and which were continued for
+ years, I wrote many strong things; but nothing on the Episcopal
+ form of Government, or the formularies, or doctrines of the Church
+ of England. The doctrines of the Church of England, as contained in
+ the Articles and Homilies, I always professed to believe. On the
+ subject of Church Government, I often expressed my views in the
+ language of Dr. Paley, and in accordance with the sentiments of
+ many distinguished dignitaries and divines of the Church of
+ England, that no particular form of Church Government has been
+ enjoined by the Apostles. I have objected to the Episcopal, or any
+ other one form of Church Government, being put forth as essential
+ to the existence of the Church of Christ, and as the only
+ Scriptural form; but no further. I do not think the form of Church,
+ any more than the form of civil government, is settled in the
+ Scriptures; I believe that both are left, as Bishop Stillingfleet
+ has shown at large, to times, places, and circumstances, to be
+ determined upon the ground of expediency and utility--a ground on
+ which Dr. Paley has supported the different orders of the Church of
+ England with his accustomed clearness, ability and elegance. I
+ know, on the contrary, that much may be said upon the same ground
+ in favour of itinerancy, of Presbyterianism, and of independency.
+
+ On the subject of forms of prayer, I have never written; though I
+ have for many years used forms of prayer in private as helps to,
+ not substitutes for, devotion. I believe the foundation of the
+ Church of Christ is not laid in forms, but in doctrines....
+
+ I believe it would be a moral calamity for either the Church of
+ England, or Church of Scotland, or the Wesleyan Methodist Church,
+ the Congregational, or the Baptist Churches to be annihilated in
+ this province. I believe there are fields of labour which may be
+ occupied by any one of those Churches with more efficiency and
+ success than by any of the others. They need not, and I think,
+ ought not, to be aggressors upon each other....
+
+ As there were seven Apostolic Churches in Asia, we believe
+ ourselves one of the Apostolic Churches in Canada.... Those
+ persons, who believe that the instruction, and religious advantages
+ and privileges afforded by our Church will more effectually aid
+ them in working out their salvation than those which they can
+ command in any other part of the general fold of Christ, are
+ affectionately received under our watch-care; but not on account of
+ our approximation to, or our dissent from, the Church of England,
+ or any other Church.
+
+ With the settlement of the clergy reserve question ended my
+ controversy with the Church of England, as I have again and again
+ intimated that it would. Churches, as well as individuals, may
+ learn wisdom from experience. I therefore, submit, whether the
+ controversies and their characteristic feelings between the Church
+ of England and the Wesleyan Methodist Church in this province ought
+ not to cease, with the removal of the causes which produced
+ them?... Whether both Churches are not likely to accomplish more
+ religious and moral good by directing their energies against
+ prevalent vice and ignorance than by mutual warfare?
+
+Dr. Ryerson concludes his letter in the following truthful and striking
+language:--
+
+ I intend no offence when I express my conviction that the Church of
+ England in this province has vastly greater resources for doing
+ good than for warring with other Protestant Churches. I know her
+ weak points, as well as her strong towers. I am not a stranger to
+ the appropriate weapons for assailing the one, and for neutralizing
+ the strength of the other. And you have not to learn that it is
+ easier to deface than to beautify--to pull down a fair fabric than
+ to rear a common structure; and that a man may injure others
+ without benefitting himself. On the other hand I am equally
+ sensible that the Wesleyan Methodist Church has nothing to gain by
+ controversy; but I am quite sure, from past experience, as well as
+ from present aspects, that she has not so much to fear, to risk, or
+ to lose, as the Church of England. If controversy be perpetuated
+ between your Church and our own, I wash my hands from all
+ responsibility of it--even should the duty of self-defence compel
+ me to draw the sword which I had, in inclination and intention,
+ sheathed for ever. History, and our own experience to some extent,
+ abounds with monitory lessons, that personal disputes may convulse
+ churches, that ecclesiastical controversies may convulse provinces,
+ and lead to the subversion of governments....
+
+In his private note to Mr. Kent, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ I have long been impressed with the conviction that Canada could
+ not prosper under the element of agitation. I supported the Union
+ of the Canadas with a view to their civil tranquility. I believe my
+ expectations will be realized. In our new state of things I desire
+ not to be considered as standing in an attitude of hostility to the
+ Church of England, any more than to any other Church. I have wished
+ and resolved to leave civil and ecclesiastical party politics with
+ the former bad state of things. Travelling, observation and
+ experience, have been a useful school to me, and time will do
+ justice to the merits or demerits of my motives and conduct.
+
+On the 22nd of December, Mr. Kent replied to Dr. Ryerson:--
+
+ Do not think that I wish to meet you coldly. I would gladly fling
+ away the weapons of strife. The warfare in which I am engaged, and
+ which I dare not decline, is literally embittering my existence,
+ and pressing upon me very severely. I am not aware that I have in
+ any way personally attacked you, or ever by name, since the
+ commencement of my editorial career. I should hail a day of concord
+ with overflowing joy. I should rejoice to see your powerful, acute,
+ and vigorous mind exerting itself in a manner that we should all
+ consider serviceable to the cause of loyalty and the Protestant
+ religion.
+
+ From a glance at your letters, I fondly hope that some gleam of
+ light is breaking in upon us all. My firm conviction is that the
+ doctrine of the apostolical succession will be the bond of union
+ and the cementer of differences, now apparently impossible. You
+ must have studied the question--and how can your vivid and clear
+ mind elude its force? Must there not be some one apostolical mode
+ of conferring the ministerial functions, or must it be open to all,
+ and Quakerism be right? I do not think I have been the assailant.
+ The _Guardian_ is outrageously personal and unscrupulous in its
+ misstatements.... I am far from thinking that I am meek and gentle
+ enough; but I have carefully excluded personalities,--though I
+ readily concede that my course of argument, which pervades all I
+ write or select, has been to cut away the ground from under the
+ feet of every denomination in the province, outside of the Church.
+
+ The papists, I firmly believe, are meditating some grand movement
+ all over the world; and it would be glorious indeed if Protestants
+ could find a common centre of union. But what can I, in my humble
+ way, do? I dare not drop the necessity of the apostolical
+ succession,--though I might dwell less upon it, and avoid, as much
+ as possible, as I always have done, to mix it up with offence to
+ other denominations. Yet, as I before intimated, the assertion and
+ maintenance of it, in the simplest and least controversial manner,
+ must ever provoke hostility. It is an endless subject to get
+ upon....
+
+ I shall be very happy to call on you at an early opportunity, and
+ obtain, or rather revive, the pleasure of your personal
+ acquaintance. It would be the happiest Christmas I ever spent, if
+ it witness the extinction of long theological enmities, and the
+ dawn of an era of Christian concord and love.
+
+On the 29th December, Dr. Ryerson wrote a private note again to Mr.
+Kent. He said:--I was glad to learn by the last _Church_ that you will
+give my remarks a place in your columns, and that you cordially and
+elegantly respond to the general spirit and design of them....
+
+I have had a correspondence with the Editor of the _Guardian_ in
+reference to the mode of conducting it, in regard to the Church of
+England, and in some other respects. I am happy to be able to say that
+he has at length yielded to my reasonings and recommendations, and will,
+I have no doubt, conduct the _Guardian_ in accordance with the general
+views expressed in my communications to you.[116] To-day's _Guardian_,
+as you see, presents a visible and agreeable improvement in the points
+referred to.
+
+I blame you not for your strict and high principles as a churchman, but
+I do not think that you do now make sufficient allowance for difference
+of forms and ceremonies in the common faith of Protestantism. I think
+you should allow as much as Archbishop (Lord Keeper) Williams has done,
+and as much as is involved in the passage quoted by him from Irenćus.
+Why should we be "unchurched" any more than the continental churches?
+
+Mr. Kent, in reply to Dr. Ryerson (31st December), said:--
+
+ I trust you will think that in the remarks which I have made on
+ your letter in _The Church_, I have met your overtures in a pacific
+ and cordial spirit. I am sure that my remarks will be much more
+ acceptable to churchmen, so far as such remarks are friendly to
+ you, than they will be to others not belonging to our pale. I have
+ not consulted a soul about what I have written, nor have I shown
+ your pleasing reply to my first note to any one save good and safe
+ Mr. Henry Rowsell; though I should like to show it to Rev. H. J.
+ Grasett, and Bishop Strachan. You need never be afraid of what you
+ say to me in confidence.... It is certainly much more consistent in
+ you (provided only you get rid of Mr. Wesley's authority, and then,
+ by the way, you destroy your genealogy and succession) to call
+ yourselves a Church, than to be of the Church and not in it.... You
+ are said to possess some fine old Divinity works. You cannot have
+ read them without some approximation to our Church.
+
+ You are not in the position of the continental Churches. No
+ constraint is upon you. You can get Episcopacy, if you desire it.
+ Neither does the Church of England stand relatively towards you, as
+ the Gallican Church towards the Huguenots. You admit the purity of
+ our doctrine, and do not consider our discipline unscriptural. If
+ you were to read Bishop Stillingfleet on Separation, I think you
+ would open up new trains of thought. I just became so staunch an
+ Episcopalian, from viewing the matter extrinsically of Scripture
+ and history, and was led to conclude, from the nature of things,
+ that there can be but one valid ministry.
+
+ You are certainly a _Prospero_. You have waved your magic wand over
+ the _Guardian_. I saw it in an instant, and saw that you had done
+ it. I purposely, in my editorial, abstained from all allusions to
+ our confidential intercourse, or I would have thanked you for this
+ exercise of your healing influence.
+
+ It is by no means an unpleasing marvel that you and I, on the last
+ day of 1841, should be conversing so pleasantly and amicably. I
+ trust that peace and amity will flourish still more!
+
+ Do me the favour to accept a slight New Year's gift at my hands.
+
+Dr. Ryerson wrote a reply to the strictures of _The Church_ newspaper,
+and on the 26th addressed a private note on the subject to Mr. Kent, in
+which he said:--
+
+ ... The great difference between us seems to be that I value what I
+ hold to be the cardinal doctrines, and morals and interests of
+ Christianity, above either Churchism or Methodism. So that those
+ interests are advanced, either through the Church of England, or
+ Church of Scotland, or any other Protestant Church, I therein do
+ rejoice and will rejoice. You make the Church of England first of
+ all--essential to all--all in all; and that all who are not in the
+ Church of England are enemies to the Church of Christ, "strangers
+ to the covenants of promise, and aliens from the commonwealth of
+ Israel." ... It is true you have exempted me by way of compliment;
+ but no intelligent man would wish to hold his religious intercourse
+ and standing on the tenor of a compliment; and that too at the
+ expense of his ecclesiastical connexion and general principles. If
+ I cannot but be viewed as an enemy of the Church of England as a
+ Methodist, it is a poor compliment to tell me that I am friendly to
+ it as a man. I do not understand the hair-splitting casuistry which
+ separates the man from the Christian....
+
+ I believe in your perfect sincerity and personal disinterestedness
+ and kindness, but I must say that you do not appear from the last
+ _Church_ to suppose it possible for a man to think in a different
+ channel from yourself without endangering his title to the skies,
+ or to common sense, and without absolutely forfeiting his claim to
+ orthodox Christianity. I refer not all to your maintenance of
+ apostolic succession, but to your unqualified reprobation of the
+ motives, feelings, and character of all who are not of your own
+ fold. How different are the sentiments and spirit of Bishop
+ Onderdonk's essay in support of the "Divine Right of Episcopacy"
+ from those of your articles in the last _Church_? Now, though we
+ may be without the attributes of what you believe to be a
+ scripturally constituted Church, we are not without the attributes
+ and feelings of men.... The apparatus of the Church of England is
+ surprisingly powerful when spiritually, rightly, and
+ comprehensively applied; but to build your structure like an
+ inverted pyramid, and to rouse every one not of you into warfare
+ against you, does not appear to me to be sound in theory, or wise
+ in practice.
+
+Mr. Kent, in a private reply, dated 3rd February, said:--
+
+ I have read your letter over so as to prepare my remarks. In doing
+ this I anticipate no trouble. On the contrary, I hope to strengthen
+ my position and give greater weight to my axioms respecting the
+ duties of Churchmen in withholding aid from all religious societies
+ unconnected with the Church. I find, however, that your tone of
+ remark is excessively warm and indignant; and, deeming from the
+ tenor of your conversation on Thursday last, that you have doubts
+ on your mind respecting church government, and feeling convinced
+ that if ever you are led to subscribe to the indispensable
+ obligations of episcopacy, ... you will admit the validity of my
+ reasons for acting and writing as I do--under all these
+ circumstances I feel bound to ask you to meditate whether you will
+ not withdraw your letter. I give you my sacred honour that I do not
+ dread its effects. But I feel this, that should you ever experience
+ and avow a change of opinion in reference to the matters that are
+ now engaging your attention, it will be brought up against you by
+ your enemies, and may altogether prove a constant embarrassment.
+ Should you withdraw it, I will only mention the matter to Mr.
+ Grasett, who has already seen it. Should you determine on its
+ insertion, it shall appear next Saturday.
+
+Dr. Ryerson did not withdraw his letter, and it appeared in _The Church_
+of February 5th. The personal correspondence, however, ended here.
+
+In accounting for his decided opposition to a church establishment in
+Upper Canada, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ Before I was twenty years of age I had read Paley's Political
+ Philosophy, including his chapters on the British Constitution and
+ a Church Establishment; Locke on Government, and especially
+ Blackstone's Commentaries, particularly those parts on the Rights
+ of the Crown and the Rights of the Subject. From Paley I learned
+ that a Church Establishment is no part of Christianity, but a means
+ of supporting it, and a means which should be used only when the
+ majority of the people are of the religion thus supported. From
+ Blackstone I learned that the Church of England is the Established
+ Church of England and Ireland, but not of any colony, except under
+ one or more of three conditions, none of which existed in Upper
+ Canada. Upon the grounds, therefore, furnished by Blackstone and
+ Paley, I opposed the erection of a Church Establishment in Upper
+ Canada, without touching the question of a Church Establishment in
+ England.
+
+Dr. Ryerson in a letter to a friend, thus refers to his early
+experiences in regard to the Church of England:--
+
+Although I had no opportunity of attending the service of the Church of
+England until I was nearly twenty years of age, I made the Homilies and
+Prayer Book, with the Bible, very constant companions of travel and
+subjects of study. I drew my best pulpit illustrations from them, at the
+very time that I was controverting the pretensions of the leaders of
+that Church to exclusive establishment and supremacy in Upper Canada;
+and, in so doing, I had the sympathies and support of a large portion of
+the members of the Church of England, in addition to the unanimous
+support of the members of other religious denominations. I felt that I
+was preaching the Protestant Reformation doctrines of the Church of
+England; and throughout life I have loved the Church of England with all
+its faults, only second to that of my own church. I declined the offer
+of ordination in the Church of England [page 206] several months after I
+commenced preaching on a Methodist circuit, simply and solely upon the
+ground that I was indebted to the Methodists for all the religious
+instruction and influences I had experienced. I believed that I would be
+more useful among them, though my life would be, as then appeared, one
+of privation and labour. During the first four years of my ministry, my
+salary amounted to less than one hundred dollars per annum, and during
+the next twelve years (after my marriage) my salary did not exceed six
+hundred dollars a year, including house rent and fuel.
+
+In a letter written on the 28th October, 1843, to the Editor of the
+_Guardian_ by Dr. Ryerson, he says:--
+
+It is still, as it has long been, the position with the Editor of _The
+Church_ and writers of his school to represent the efforts of other
+Churches to maintain their own equal rights and privileges as hostility
+to the Church of England.... Who proposed peace, and who has perpetuated
+war--aggressive war? [page 292.] ... Who is it that proclaims bodies
+prior to his own in Western Canada as "Dissenters," and seeks by every
+species of unfair statement and insinuation to injure and degrade
+them--both politically and religiously--and substantially maintaining
+that Civil Government itself is an appropriate Providential instrument
+to put down "dissent." For one, I have as yet been silent under this
+provocation, insult, and proscription.
+
+Circumscribed must his views be who does not perceive that "Puseyism,"
+both in a religious and civil point of view, will soon become a far more
+important question for the consideration and decision of the inhabitants
+of Western Canada than that of the seat of Government, or than even that
+of the University. And the day is hastening apace, when it will be a
+prime matter of inquiry with them to determine ... whether they will
+quietly consent to have their civil rights and liberties placed in any
+form in the hands of men who regard the great majority of their
+Christian fellow-subjects as unbaptized heathens and aliens in a
+Christian country. Such is the issue to which _The Church_ is bringing
+matters in Western Canada.[117]
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In a journey from Kingston to Toronto by stage, which Dr. Ryerson made
+in February, 1842, Bishop Strachan was a fellow passenger. Dr. Ryerson
+thus speaks of the agreeable intercourse which he had with the Bishop on
+that occasion:--
+
+For the first time in my life I found myself in company with the Lord
+Bishop of Toronto. He was accompanied by Mr. T. M. Jones, his
+son-in-law, and Mr. Jarvis (Indian Department), very pleasant
+companions, nor could I desire to meet with a more affable, agreeable
+man than the Bishop himself. It would be unpardonable to introduce
+remarks ... of one's neighbours ... into travelling notes in any form,
+but there has been something so peculiar in the relations of "John
+Toronto" and "Egerton Ryerson," that I must beg, in this instance, to
+depart from a general rule. Conversation took place on several topics,
+on scarcely any of which did I see reason to differ from the Bishop. He
+spoke of the importance to us of getting our College at Cobourg
+endowed--that an annual grant was an insufficient dependence--that as
+the clergy reserve question had been settled by law, we had as much
+right to a portion of the clergy lands as the Church of England--that as
+we did not desire Government support for our ministers, we ought to get
+our proportion appropriated to the College, as religious education was
+clearly within the provisions of the Clergy Reserve Act. Valuable
+suggestions, for which I thanked his lordship. I took occasion to advert
+to what had excited the strongest feelings in my own mind, and in the
+minds of our people generally--namely imputations on our loyalty to the
+Government and laws of the country. The Bishop, with his characteristic
+energy, said that what he had written on the subject he could at any
+time prove--that he never represented or supposed that the Methodist
+body of people were disaffected; nor had he represented or supposed that
+those preachers who had been born and brought up in the country were
+disloyal; but he was satisfied that such was the case with the majority
+of those who used to come from the United States. I felt that the whole
+matter was one of history, and not of practical importance in reference
+to present interests; and I was much gratified in my own mind to find
+that the real question, as one of history, was the proportion of
+preachers who formerly came from the United States, and the character
+and tendency of their feelings and influence; for no preachers have come
+from the United States to this country these many years, and we have
+none but British subjects in the Canada Conference.
+
+After parting with the Bishop at Cobourg, in analyzing the exercises of
+my own mind, I found myself deeply impressed with the following facts
+and considerations:--
+
+1. That the settlement of the clergy reserve question had annihilated
+the principal causes of difference between those individuals and bodies
+in this province who had been most hostile to each other.
+
+2. That how much asperity of feeling, and how much bitter controversy
+might be prevented, if those most concerned would converse privately
+with each other before they entered into the arena of public
+disputation.
+
+3. That how much more numerous and powerful are the reasons for
+agreement than for hostility in the general affairs of the country, even
+among those who differ most widely on points of religious doctrine and
+polity.[118]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[114] I have already on pages 41 and 206 mentioned the overtures which
+were made to Dr. Ryerson by the late Bishop Stewart of Quebec to induce
+him to enter the ministry of the Church of England. See also page 97.
+
+[115] "From 1841 to 1843 the editorial management of _The Church_ was
+assumed by Mr. John Kent, who had been a valuable contributor to its
+pages from the commencement. The excitement, however, amid the clash and
+din of party strife was too much for him, and the paper came back to its
+first editor, who held it again ... for nearly four years.... It
+gradually lost ground, and died out ... in 1856. Memoir of Bishop
+Strachan by Bishop Bethune," page 159.
+
+[116] From Dr. Ryerson's letter to Rev. J. Scott, Editor of the
+_Guardian_, I make the following extracts:--I take the liberty to
+mention two or three things that I have seen in the _Guardian_ which
+have caused me some pain and concern. I refer to your mode and style of
+controversy with "_The Church_." During, and since my late tour to the
+West, I have heard several preachers and some others allude to it, and
+nearly all in terms of regret. I set down the questions as they occur to
+my own mind.
+
+1. We have no controversy with the Church of England as a Church
+Establishment. We have disclaimed opposing, or doing anything to
+disparage the Church Establishment in England.... 2. Then on the subject
+of church polity. Your articles, especially the series entitled
+"Dissent, etc., No Wonder"--were put forth as a defence.... But which of
+our institutions did they defend? The burden of them went to prove that
+the Church of England is unscriptural in its polity, union with the
+state, etc. Suppose all this were true, would it prove that our own
+Church is apostolic and Scriptural? To prove that our neighbours are
+black, does not prove that we are white. We do not profess to build up
+ourselves upon the ruin of any body else, or to be "foragers" upon
+others, although we readily accept members of other churches when they
+offer themselves. To prove that Presbyterian ordination is valid (as did
+the valuable series of articles copied by you from the _Wesleyan
+Magazine_, and Powell, on Apostolic Succession) defends our ordination.
+To prove that the Church of England is wrong and rotten from beginning
+to end cannot be a defence of ourselves. It may, indeed, please some of
+our friends; but it also tends to prove that we are settled enemies to
+the Church of England in all its forms and features, as well as in its
+union with the state.
+
+Far be it from me to look upon the things I have mentioned as
+characteristics of the _Guardian_; I look upon them as blemishes, and as
+drawbacks from its usefulness--objects which I know are scarcely less
+dear to your heart than life itself. If we narrow our own foundations by
+such sweeping denunciations against the Church of England, and
+strictures on persons without our communion, ... we multiply our
+opponents, and reduce the circulation of our journal within the circle
+of our own members.
+
+I am sensible of my own errors, deficiency and unworthiness; but I have
+felt that I should not do my duty to you as a brother beloved, and one
+from whom I have received too many proofs of regard, and so much aid in
+my labours, without thus telling you what was in my heart.
+
+Rev. Mr. Scott at first felt aggrieved and disappointed on receiving
+this letter and a personal correspondence between him and Dr. Ryerson
+ensued, which, however, ended satisfactorily. In a letter to Dr.
+Ryerson, written in 1864--23 years afterwards,--Mr. Scott thus recalls
+the reminiscence of his career as Editor of the _Guardian_. He says:--My
+esteemed friend: You and I have not always thought alike (and what is
+manliness worth that is not independent enough to disagree?) but as age
+advances I have an increasing pleasure in recalling to mind the years,
+when you were Superintendent of old Adelaide street Church, and I was
+your supplementary helper,--in joint intercession with the humbled at
+night--in the damp basement, and during the day pursuing the penitents
+in dirty taverns, and the dens of dirtier March [now Lombard] street,
+the sainted Mrs. S. E. Taylor praying for us; and Christ won many souls.
+Since then what progress Scriptural Christianity--Methodism--has made in
+Canada! I trust that when you repose in the tomb, and I am beneath some
+quiet sod of loved Canada, we shall meet those again for whose salvation
+we laboured. In the words of an ancient wish: May your last days be your
+best days! Mr. Scott entered the ministry in 1834; and died at Brampton,
+May 5th, 1880, aged 77.
+
+[117] In this connection see the significant conclusion of the note on
+page 291.
+
+[118] This incident might also form a fitting sequel to chapter xxvii,
+page 213.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+1841-1842.
+
+Victoria College.--Hon. W. H. Draper.--Sir Chas. Bagot.
+
+
+Amongst the last public acts performed by Lord Sydenham was the giving
+of the Royal assent to a Bill for the erection of the Upper Canada
+Academy into a College with University powers. This he did on the 27th
+August, 1841. Dr. Ryerson thus refers to the event, in a letter written
+from Kingston on that day:--
+
+ The establishment of such an institution by the members of the
+ Wesleyan Methodist Church in Canada attests their estimate of
+ education and science; and the passing of such an act unanimously
+ by both Houses of the Legislature, and the Royal assent to it by
+ His Excellency in Her Majesty's name, is an ample refutation of
+ recent statements and proceedings of the Wesleyan Committee in
+ London ... while the Act itself will advance the paramount
+ interests of literary education amongst Her Majesty's Canadian
+ subjects.... For the accomplishment of this purpose, a grant must
+ be added to the charter--a measure ... honourable to the
+ enlightened liberality of the Government and Legislature. When they
+ are securely laying a broad foundation for popular government, and
+ devising comprehensive schemes for the development of the latent
+ resources of the country, and the improvement of its internal
+ communication, and proposing a liberal system of common school
+ education, free from the domination of every church, and aiding
+ colleges which may have been established by any church, we may
+ rationally and confidently anticipate the arrival of a long-looked
+ for era of civil government and civil liberty, social harmony, and
+ public prosperity.
+
+In October, 1841, Dr. Ryerson was appointed Principal of the
+newly-chartered College, and on the 21st of that month, he opened its
+first session by a practical address to the students.
+
+At the close of that address he said:--
+
+ His late Most Gracious Majesty William IV., of precious memory,
+ first invested this institution, in 1836, with a corporate charter
+ as an Academy--the first institution of the kind established by
+ Royal Charter, unconnected with the Church of England, throughout
+ the British Colonies. It is a cause of renewed satisfaction and
+ congratulation, that, after five years' operation as an Academy, it
+ has been incorporated as a College, and financially assisted by the
+ unanimous vote of both branches of the Provincial
+ Legislature,--sanctioned by more than an official cordiality, in
+ Her Majesty's name, by the late lamented Lord Sydenham, one of
+ whose last messages to the Legislative Assembly was, a
+ recommendation, to grant Ł500 as an aid to the Victoria College....
+ We have buoyant hopes for our country when our rulers and
+ legislators direct their earliest and most liberal attention to its
+ literary institutions and educational interests. A foundation for a
+ common school system in this province has been laid by the
+ Legislature, which I believe will at no distant day, exceed in
+ efficiency any yet established on the American Continent;[119] and
+ I have reason to believe that the attention of Government is
+ earnestly directed to make permanent provision for the support of
+ colleges also, that they may be rendered efficient in their
+ operation, and accessible to as large a number of the enterprising
+ youth of our country as possible.
+
+[Illustration: University of Victoria College, Cobourg.]
+
+Dr. Ryerson, although appointed Principal of the newly chartered
+Victoria College in October, 1841, did not relinquish his pastoral
+duties as Superintendent of the Toronto City Circuit until the
+Conference of June, 1842. His appointment as General Secretary of the
+Wesleyan Missionary Society, in 1840, necessitated his constant
+attendance during the winter season at missionary-meetings.
+Correspondence, consultation, and committee meetings filled up such time
+as he could spare from his duties as Superintendent of the Circuit. His
+was indeed a busy life; and by his untiring energy and industry he was
+enabled to give more than the usual time to the various departments of
+the Church's work. His aid and counsel was constantly being sought in
+these things, and was as freely given as though he had the most abundant
+leisure at his command. In February, 1842, he went to Kingston to attend
+its missionary anniversary. While there he says:--
+
+ In an interview which I had with Sir Charles Bagot, the new
+ Governor-General, it affords me a satisfaction I cannot express, to
+ be able to say that, in advancing the interests of Victoria
+ College, and in securing the rights and interests of our Church,
+ Sir Charles Bagot will not be second to Lord Sydenham--that while,
+ as a man and a Christian, His Excellency is a strict and
+ conscientious churchman, as a Governor he will know no creed or
+ party in his decisions and administration.... I believe that it is
+ a principle of His Excellency's Government, in public appointments,
+ etc., qualifications and character being equal, to give the
+ preference to native and resident inhabitants of the
+ province--those who have suffered in the privations, have grown
+ with the growth, and strengthened with the strength of the country.
+ Sir Charles has the wisdom and experience of sixty-three years, and
+ the buoyant activity of our public men of forty. If I mistake not,
+ the characteristics of his government will be impartiality and
+ energy--not in making further changes, but,--in consolidating and
+ maturing the new institutions which have been established amongst
+ us--in obliterating past differences, in developing the latent
+ resources of the country, and in raising up a "united, happy, and
+ prosperous people."
+
+In March, 1842, the question was raised as to the right of ministers of
+the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Canada, who had been members of the old
+organization of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Upper Canada, to
+solemnize matrimony, or for the Conference legally to hold church
+property. Dr. Ryerson prepared a case on the subject, and submitted it
+to Hon. R. S. Jameson, the Attorney-General, for his opinion. The
+opinion of the Attorney-General was conclusive in favour of these
+rights, and thus this troublesome question, so often raised by
+adversaries, was finally set at rest.
+
+The transition period between the death of Lord Sydenham and the arrival
+of his successor, Sir Charles Bagot, was marked by much uncertainty in
+political matters. In September, 1842, Dr. Ryerson wrote to his friend,
+Mr. John P. Roblin, the Liberal M.P.P. for Prince Edward county, on the
+apparently threatening aspect of affairs. Mr. Roblin, in his reply,
+dated Kingston, September 16th, said:[120]
+
+ The political sea has indeed appeared rough; the clouds were dark
+ and ominous of a dreadful storm. But I am happy to say that they
+ have passed away, and the prospect before us is now favourable.
+ There were in the House quite a large majority against ministers;
+ this they plainly saw, and, therefore, shaped their course to avert
+ the blow. Hon. W. H. Draper stated distinctly that it was, and had
+ been, his opinion, that the Lower Canadians should have a fair
+ proportion of members in the Executive Council, and for that
+ purpose he had no less than three times tendered his resignation;
+ that he was ready to go out, and would do so at any moment. Hon. R.
+ Baldwin certainly occupies a proud position at present, and may
+ continue to do so, if he is not too punctilious. The arrangement,
+ which it is understood has been come to, is that Messrs. Ogden,
+ Draper, and Sherwood go out, and that Mr. L. H. Lafontaine comes in
+ as Attorney East; Mr. Baldwin, Attorney-General West; Mr. T. C.
+ Aylwin, Solicitor-General East; Mr. James E. Small, or some other
+ Liberal, as the third man. This will make a strong Government, for
+ it can command a large majority in the House. It is true that the
+ gentleman you mentioned, and a few others will be dead against it,
+ but they are a small minority, and will form a wholesome check.
+
+ No man would regret more than I would to see the country thrown
+ into confusion at this time. I entertain a high opinion of the
+ Governor-General (Sir Charles Bagot.) He certainly has shown a
+ disposition to do everything he consistently could to give
+ satisfaction to the prominent party, and being (as he is) of the
+ Tory school, and appointed by a Tory ministry, he certainly is
+ deserving of much credit for going as far as he did to meet the
+ views of the Reformers.
+
+The following was the only record left by Dr. Ryerson of his
+principalship of Victoria College:--At the end of two years' labours in
+the station of Adelaide Street Church (the predecessor of the present
+Metropolitan Church), I was again wrested from my loved work by an
+official pressure brought to bear upon me to accept the Presidency of
+Victoria College, which was raised from Upper Canada Academy to a
+College, and opened and inaugurated, in 1842, as a University College.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+On the 3rd of August, 1842, the Wesleyan University at Middletown,
+Connecticut, conferred on the Principal of Victoria College the degree
+of D.D. His old and valued friend Francis Hall, Esq., proprietor of the
+New York _Commercial Advertiser_, was the first to convey to him the
+pleasing intelligence. He said:
+
+ Perhaps this will be the first communication from Middletown which
+ announces to Victoria College that its head is Rev. Egerton
+ Ryerson, D.D. May you long live to enjoy the distinguished title! I
+ hope to take you by the hand in a few days, and congratulate you
+ personally.
+
+On the 21st of June, 1842, Dr. Ryerson was, with appropriate ceremonies,
+formally installed as Principal of Victoria College. The Editor of this
+volume well remembers what a joyful day it was for the College; and how
+heartily and kindly the new Principal spoke words of encouragement to
+each of the students then present. On that occasion he delivered a
+carefully prepared inaugural address, which was afterwards published in
+pamphlet form and widely circulated. On the 10th September, he sent a
+copy of the address to Hon. W. H. Draper. In his note Dr. Ryerson called
+Mr. Draper's attention to what he conceived to be the defective nature
+of the provisions for the education of law-students, before their
+entrance on the study of the law (pages 24 and 25 of the address). To
+this Mr. Draper replied on the 16th. He also added an explanation in
+regard to his present position in the Government. He said:--
+
+ I have perused your address with much satisfaction. The Law Society
+ of Upper Canada, by appointing a well-qualified examiner last term,
+ will, I think, forward your views as to the education which should
+ precede the study of that profession.
+
+ By the recent changes which have taken place, I have no longer the
+ right to visit Victoria College officially; but I hope that I may
+ be favoured with an opportunity of doing so in my private capacity.
+
+ You will not, I trust, consider it intrusive in me to briefly state
+ the cause of my retirement from the Cabinet. I have long considered
+ the Government in a false position, while the French Canadians saw
+ in the Council no person acquainted with their wants and
+ wishes--able and willing to look after their interests, and in whom
+ they had confidence. Apprehending from what took place in the
+ beginning of last session that they might refuse to take office
+ with me, I signified several months ago my readiness to retire if
+ that were the case. In July I renewed that offer. And now, when a
+ negotiation was opened on, it appeared that they would not come in
+ without Mr. Baldwin. I again offered my resignation, because,
+ taking the view I do of his conduct when we were last in Council
+ together, I feel I should not be in that body if he were there
+ also. From that moment I ceased to advise or have anything to do
+ with the matter. Had every other part of it been satisfactory to
+ me, or had it been altered so as to make it satisfactory,
+ nevertheless his being brought in inevitably put me out. Should you
+ hear my conduct canvassed and misunderstood, this explanation will,
+ I trust, set it right.
+
+To Mr. Draper's letter Dr. Ryerson replied, and on the 7th October again
+wrote, asking him to deliver an address to the students at the opening
+of the session. In his letter Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ I deeply regret any occurrence which would deprive Canada of the
+ advantage of your official counsels. I have observed your public
+ conduct throughout, and it has been such in my estimation, as I
+ have felt it a pleasurable duty to appreciate and defend, even in
+ the most doubtful and trying circumstances. You now enjoy the proud
+ distinction of advising and assisting, on public grounds, to form a
+ government, from which, on personal grounds, you have felt it your
+ duty to retire. You cannot suppose that I entertain a less exalted
+ opinion of your disinterestedness and high sense of honour, when
+ the strong opinions I have again and again expressed of it, have
+ been more than realized by your present patriotic and noble course
+ of proceeding.
+
+ In regard to the address which I have solicited you to deliver at
+ the opening of the next session of our College, I desire to state
+ that you will of course make it long or short, as you like,
+ although I should like it long. It is my intention to get, if
+ possible, some gentleman of high public standing and literary
+ talent to deliver an address at the commencement of each collegiate
+ year. I think that such addresses will have a salutary influence
+ upon the taste and feeling and ambition of the students; and the
+ notices and publication of them in the newspapers will tend to
+ elevate the standard of the public taste, and will, I think, be
+ useful to public men themselves. I shall be gratified, and I am
+ sure good will ensue, from your appearing before the public in a
+ somewhat new character.
+
+To this letter Mr. Draper replied, on the 10th October:--
+
+ I find that, consistently with my professional engagements at the
+ different assizes (which are now of paramount importance to me), I
+ cannot prepare an address so as to do justice to your request. If
+ it involved only the attendance on the day, I would cheerfully make
+ some sacrifice to accomplish it; but there is more, for I would
+ wish, if I undertook the task, to perform it well, and try to
+ approximate the favourable expectation of those who were willing to
+ entrust it to me; and for this end I cannot devote time enough out
+ of the short interval between this and the latest day named by you.
+ Accept my assurance that I feel great reluctance in declining your
+ proposal. The compliment it conveyed was highly gratifying to me
+ under existing circumstances, and I should have felt sincere
+ pleasure in exciting my humble abilities in favour of an
+ institution to which, when I had fuller opportunities, I had
+ endeavoured to be of use (page 179). Accept my acknowledgements for
+ the kindness and courtesy of your other remarks in reference to
+ myself.
+
+Sir Charles Bagot did not long hold the office of Governor-General. Like
+Lord Sydenham, he was unexpectedly stricken by the hand of death, at
+Kingston, on the 19th May, 1843. A sketch of his life and character was
+prepared by Dr. Ryerson and published in the Kingston _Chronicle_. In
+that sketch he said:--
+
+ Sir Charles Bagot has created throughout the length and breadth of
+ United Canada the settled and delightful conviction that its
+ Government is henceforth to be British, as well as Colonial--and,
+ as such, the best on the continent of America; that Canadians are
+ to be governed upon the principle of domestic, and not
+ transatlantic, policy; that they are not to be minified as men and
+ citizens, because they are colonists; that they are (to use the
+ golden words of Sir Robert Peel) "to be treated as an integral
+ portion of the British Empire."
+
+This sketch was very favourably received by the leading public men of
+Canada, and, after it appeared in the _Chronicle_, was reprinted by
+Stewart Derbyshire, Esq., Queen's Printer, who, in a letter to Dr.
+Ryerson on the subject, said:--
+
+ Your letter in the _Chronicle_ has attracted high admiration in the
+ quarters most competent for criticism, and it is felt you have done
+ a real service to the country. Supposing your wish is to diffuse
+ the sentiments of your letter, I have taken the liberty of giving
+ it to our printers of the _Canada Gazette_ to set up in handsome
+ type, 8 octavo pages, and shall strike off 1,000, and send about,
+ giving away a good many, and putting the rest at book-stores at a
+ very small price. The common run of people do not value what they
+ do not pay for. Have I acted in this in accordance with your
+ wishes--or do you interdict the publication? Many extra copies of
+ the _Chronicle_ were struck off, and about forty copies sent to-day
+ to England by the steamer "Great Western." Sir Robert Peel, Lord
+ Stanley, and Sir Charles Buller had one each.
+
+Dr. Ryerson assented to the republication of his letter.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In the light of after events, the following extract from a letter
+received by Dr. Ryerson from Hon. R. B. Sullivan, dated Kingston, 21st
+July, 1843, is somewhat interesting. Mr. Sullivan had placed one of his
+sons under Dr. Ryerson's care at Victoria College. After referring to
+matters relating to the education of youth, Mr. Sullivan proceeded:--"I
+hope that our friendship will be a sufficient inducement to you to teach
+my boy that upon his own good conduct under Providence his future
+happiness depends, and to give him that steadfastness of mind which lads
+naturally want. In asking these things of you, I place myself under no
+common obligation. There is no man in Canada of whom I would ask the
+same. My doing so of you arises from a respect and regard for you
+personally, which has grown as we have been longer acquainted, and which
+no prejudices on the part of those with whom I have mixed, and no
+obloquy heaped upon you by others, have ever shaken."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+It is pleasant to get a kind word from those who approve of one's
+course. It is pleasanter to get it from those who have been indifferent,
+or even hostile. Thus, in a letter from Rev. Matthew Holtby to Dr.
+Ryerson, written in March, 1842, he said:
+
+ Soon after I arrived here from England, I became acquainted with
+ you and your writings, and ever since, I have watched your course,
+ often with painful and prayerful anxiety. It is long since I
+ doubted the propriety of your public conduct, or the justice of
+ your cause; but as I observed the storm gathering around you, and
+ the winds blowing into a hurricane, from all the cardinal points at
+ once, I have had my fears, that you might faint in the apparently
+ unequal conflict. Thank God, he has delivered you--he has enabled
+ you to stand at the helm, and to steer the Old Ship into smoother
+ water. But we may rest assured that our foes are not dead. I only
+ wish you may manifest as much nautical skill in a calm, as you have
+ in the long storm, and I doubt not but all will be well.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[119] This memorable prophecy as to the future of our educational system
+was evidently made by Dr. Ryerson under the conviction that the verbal
+promise made to him by Lord Sydenham in 1841,--that he should have the
+superintendence of that system--would have been carried out by his
+successor, Sir Charles Bagot. There was no written promise, however, on
+the subject, and he and his friends were greatly surprised at the
+singular appointment made in May, 1842. It was not until 1844 that Dr.
+Ryerson received the promised appointment--the reward (as was then most
+unjustly alleged against him) of services rendered to Sir Charles
+Metcalfe in the crisis of that year. (See, however, chapter xliii. on
+Dr. Ryerson's appointment as Superintendent of Education.)
+
+[120] This correspondence illustrates one phase of the political history
+of the times.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII.
+
+1843.
+
+Episode in the Case of Hon. Marshall S. Bidwell.
+
+
+As mentioned in Chapter xxiv., page 188, an effort was made in 1843 to
+induce Hon. M. S. Bidwell to return to Canada. Copies of the
+correspondence on the subject were enclosed to Dr. Ryerson, by the Hon.
+Robert Baldwin, in a letter dated Kingston, 5th June, 1843, as
+follows:--
+
+ I enclose you copies of letters which I am sure will afford you
+ much pleasure. At present this communication of them must be
+ confidential, as you will see by their date that they have not yet
+ reached their object himself. But after the warm interest you have
+ taken in the cause of my friend, at a time when any interference on
+ my part would have been worse than useless, I feel it due to you to
+ make you early acquainted with what has taken place. I have seen,
+ with much pleasure, that you have carried out the intention you
+ hinted to me when I last had the pleasure of seeing you at
+ Kingston. Your admirable letter must have had a good effect. I see
+ that some little popguns were let off at you on the occasion, but
+ they are too puny to excite anything but a smile at their
+ imbecility.
+
+ I regret much my inability to have been present at your last annual
+ examination, but hope to be more fortunate another year.
+
+The Hon. Robert Baldwin's letter to Mr. Bidwell, enclosed to Dr.
+Ryerson, dated Kingston, 2nd June, 1843, was as follows:--
+
+ I have great pleasure in being able to transmit to you a copy of a
+ note addressed by me to His Excellency the Governor-General, with a
+ copy of that of Mr. Secretary Harrison, conveying His Excellency's
+ reply, which, I am happy, so distinctly removes every obstacle to
+ your return to what has been in all essentials your native country;
+ and that without the descent on your part, by even a single step,
+ from the high ground which you have always maintained in relation
+ to your unjust expatriation.
+
+ I will at present only stop to assure you of the sentiments of
+ unabated affection and respect with which you have ever continued
+ to be regarded in this country, during the whole period of your
+ exile, and to express my conviction of the satisfaction with which
+ your return will be hailed by all your former friends, and by many
+ even of your former political opponents--in which satisfaction, I
+ trust, I need scarcely add that no one will more sincerely
+ participate than myself.
+
+The following is a copy of Mr. Baldwin's note to Sir Charles Metcalfe,
+the Governor-General, dated 25th May:--
+
+ Mr. Robert Baldwin, having been informed by Mr. Secretary Harrison
+ that with reference to the case of Mr. Bidwell, which Mr. Baldwin
+ had the honour of bringing under the notice of the Governor-General
+ shortly after his assumption of the Government, His Excellency only
+ requires a request to be made to him as a foundation for his
+ directing that the pledge taken from that gentleman, in his
+ departure from Upper Canada, should be cancelled, and giving His
+ Excellency's sanction for the introduction into Parliament of a
+ Bill to restore to Mr. Bidwell the political rights of which his
+ residence abroad, under pressure of that pledge, has deprived him,
+ Mr. Baldwin respectfully begs leave to make that request.
+
+The letter in reply, of Mr. Secretary Harrison to Hon. Robert Baldwin,
+dated 29th May, was as follows:--
+
+ I am commanded by the Governor-General to inform you, in reply to
+ your note of the 25th inst., that His Excellency considers it right
+ that whatever pledge may have been given by Mr. Bidwell on his
+ departure from Upper Canada, to preclude his return, should be
+ cancelled. The letter of that gentleman to the then
+ Lieutenant-Governor, Sir Francis Bond Head, supposed to contain
+ such a pledge, is not to be found in the archives of the
+ Secretary's office. I am, therefore, directed to say that the
+ pledge is considered as cancelled, and that the letter, if ever
+ found, may be returned.
+
+ I am also further desired to acquaint you that in the event of Mr.
+ Bidwell's proposing to return, His Excellency will give his
+ sanction to the introduction into Parliament of a Bill to restore
+ to that gentleman the political rights of which his residence
+ abroad, under pressure of his pledge, deprived him.
+
+On the 14th August, 1843, Hon. Robert Baldwin wrote the following letter
+to Dr. Ryerson:--
+
+ I send you a copy of a letter from our friend, Mr. Bidwell, in
+ answer to my letters to him. The original I have sent up to my
+ father, but had a copy made for you, knowing the interest you have
+ ever taken in his case.
+
+Hon. M. S. Bidwell's letter to Hon. Robert Baldwin, dated New York, 31st
+July, 1843, was as follows:--
+
+ I hardly know how to commence my answer to your letter after so
+ long a delay which has been unintentional and unexpected, and in a
+ great measure unavoidable. I might, indeed, and ought to have
+ written to you when I first received it, but I then hoped it would
+ be in my power to make you a short visit in compliance with your
+ invitation. On this point I was kept in suspense by the state of
+ Mrs. Bidwell's health, and was besides very laboriously occupied
+ with indispensable professional engagements. With this frank
+ explanation I throw myself upon your indulgence to pardon my delay.
+
+ Never, my dear friend, for one moment have I doubted your kind and
+ friendly feelings, or your anxiety that I should be treated with
+ justice and liberality by the Government, and I have never ceased
+ to be gratified that I was honoured with the friendship of one
+ whose wishes and talents have, for many years, commanded my
+ respect. Amidst the dejection of spirits and perplexity of mind
+ that I have suffered, this consideration has afforded me great
+ consolation.
+
+ Your communication has now taken me by surprise. You will add to
+ your former obligations if you will make suitable acknowledgements
+ for me to His Excellency for the answer which, by his directions,
+ Mr. Secretary Harrison returned to your letter.
+
+ All that I have learned of Sir Charles Metcalfe's character and
+ measures has filled me with the highest respect, and with a
+ confidence that Canada will be governed by him with wisdom,
+ justice, and liberality. Loving that country, this confidence has
+ been a source of great joy to me.
+
+ Let me add that, in my judgment, Sir Robert Peel in all his
+ measures, since his last appointment has shown a wise moderation
+ and conciliatory spirit, and an anxious desire for the true welfare
+ of the vast Empire beneath the sway of Her Majesty's sceptre.
+
+ I would gladly make you a visit at once if I could, but I should
+ feel great pleasure to see you here. I shall do with great pleasure
+ what I can to make the visit agreeable to you. I have heard with
+ concern of the feeble health of your venerable father. I cannot
+ tell you with what deep interest and great respect I think of him.
+ He has been the consistent friend of constitutional liberty through
+ evil report as well as good report. Amidst perfidy and violence,
+ folly and bigotry and intolerance, he has presented a rare and
+ happy example, which I admire, of an enlightened and cultivated
+ mind supporting the great principles of the British Constitution
+ with discriminating zeal, constancy of purpose, and moderation of
+ temper. I beg that you will do me the favour when you write to him
+ to present my most affectionate and respectful regards.
+
+ I perceive that Mr. Secretary Harrison alludes to the possibility
+ of my returning to Canada. I cannot fail to feel, as long as I
+ live, a deep interest in that country, and the most ardent wishes
+ for its prosperity. But I have formed no plans for a change of
+ residence. A constant attention to my business, which is necessary
+ for the support of my family, has left me no time to form plans.
+
+ With a gratified sense of your kindness and with great regard and
+ affection, your friend,
+
+ Marshall S. Bidwell.
+
+To this letter from Mr. Bidwell, Hon. Robert Baldwin replied on the 12th
+August, as follows:--
+
+ I have, believe me, great pleasure in acknowledging the receipt of
+ your letter, as well on account of its relieving me, to a certain
+ extent at least, from apprehensions that Mrs. Bidwell's health was
+ the cause of your silence.
+
+ I cannot, however, conceal my disappointment at the last paragraph
+ of your letter, in which, though you do not altogether shut out the
+ hope of our having you again amongst us.... The obligations in
+ regard to Mrs. Bidwell's health which you wrote (as precluding such
+ consideration for the present) are, however, too sacred for even
+ friendship to venture upon more than a repetition of those
+ assurances, which my former letter contained, of the feelings of
+ affection entertained towards you in this country, and the
+ satisfaction which your return would afford. I, however, find it
+ impossible to do otherwise than indulge in the pleasing
+ anticipation of again seeing you amongst us, not as a mere visitor,
+ but as once more a Canadian, in fact as well as in feeling. We have
+ not, and certainly for the generation to which we belong, shall
+ not, have any subjects of equal importance, in a pecuniary point of
+ view, to those which seek the aid, and reward the exertion, of your
+ professional talents where you are. It seems, therefore, to partake
+ somewhat of selfishness to wish to withdraw you from an arena
+ worthy of your great talents, to appropriate those talents to a
+ sphere so much more limited. Be that as it may, I will indulge the
+ hope, so long as you do not forbid it. In the meantime, could you
+ not take a leave of absence for a few weeks during the coming
+ Autumn Assizes, and amuse yourself with holding some briefs on some
+ of them here? We have now five Circuits--the Eastern, Midland,
+ Home, Niagara, and Western. Mr. Justice Jones takes the Eastern,
+ Mr. Justice McLean the Midland, the Chief Justice the Niagara, and
+ Mr. Justice Hagerman the Western. Nothing would give me more
+ pleasure than to see you thus renew your relations with our bar;
+ even if you should not do so with a view to a final return to it.
+ Let me know soon, in a post or two, if possible, as well as the
+ circuit you mean to go on.... Now as I have gone on with this
+ scheme, I find myself grow warm on it, so do not throw cold water
+ upon it by a negative.
+
+ If I could do so with any propriety, I would avail myself of your
+ kind invitation to visit you at New York for the purpose, not only
+ of seeing you, but of urging this my suit in person. But I assure
+ you it is out of my power to do so. Parliament is called for 2nd
+ September, and I shall not have a moment's leisure from this time
+ till the Session is over. You must recollect that, as a Parliament
+ man, I am comparatively but a young hand, and I have to try and
+ make up for want of experience by hard work; though I find it by no
+ means a sufficient substitute.
+
+ I complied in substance with your request to make your
+ acknowledgements to His Excellency for the answer, which by his
+ direction, Mr. Secretary Harrison returned to my letter; but lest I
+ should do so less appropriately than I ought, I took the liberty of
+ letting you speak for yourself, by showing His Excellency your
+ letter.
+
+ Your opinions of the Governor-General and of Sir Robert Peel
+ entirely agree with my own. But I regret to say that some of our
+ friends, and of our firm friends too, seem to me to forget what has
+ been accomplished because everything is not done at once, or,
+ because some things are done not exactly as they would have them.
+ This impatience is much to be regretted. If I were one whom it was
+ necessary to keep up to the mark, as it may be called, it might be
+ excusable, but they do not even profess to think that to be the
+ case as respects the points in question. Their display of
+ dissatisfaction, therefore, has only the effect of lessening the
+ weight of the party in Upper Canada in the eyes of both the Head of
+ the government here and the Imperial authorities at home. But I did
+ not mean to make this a letter of complaint; but the fact is, I am
+ just now smarting under an ebullition of violence on the part of
+ our friends in Toronto, on the subject of Mr. Stanton's appointment
+ to the Collectorship there, which almost involuntarily led me into
+ these remarks. You will, I hope, excuse me.
+
+ My dear father, I am happy to say, appears by his last letters to
+ be rather better. I fear much, however, that the improvement cannot
+ be considered of a permanent character. As the Governor-General
+ kept your letter till yesterday, I was only able to send it up to
+ him to-day. It will, I am sure, afford him much gratification.
+
+ I hope you will excuse the length of this epistle, and rebuke me by
+ the shortness of your reply, which need contain no more than six
+ words, to wit: "I will ride the circuit." I believe "ride" is the
+ professional term; at least used to be so, though it may belong to
+ the era of Mr. Justice Twisden, if not a still more remote one,
+ rather than at present.... You see how inclined I am to run on, so
+ that lest I should transgress beyond endurance, I will conclude at
+ once, with the assurance of my warm and continued regard. Ever your
+ affectionate friend,
+
+ R. B.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX.
+
+1844.
+
+Events Preceding the Defence of Lord Metcalfe.
+
+
+The defence of Lord Metcalfe, the Governor-General of Canada, who
+succeeded Sir Charles Bagot in 1843, was unquestionably the most
+memorable act of Dr. Ryerson's long and eventful life.
+
+His previous training for twenty years in the school of controversy in
+relation to civil and religious rights; his personal intercourse with
+leading statesmen in England on Canadian affairs; his contests for
+denominational equality with successive Governors in Upper Canada, and
+his counsels and suggestions, (offered at their request), to such
+notable representatives of Royalty in Canada as Lord Durham, Lord
+Sydenham, Sir Charles Bagot, and Sir Charles Metcalfe, put it beyond the
+power of even the most captious to question the pre-eminent
+qualifications of Dr. Ryerson to discuss, in a practical and intelligent
+manner, the then unsettled question of responsible government as against
+the prerogative--a question which had arisen between Sir Charles
+Metcalfe and his late Councillors. In the chapter which Dr. Ryerson had
+prepared for this part of the Story of his Life, he thus refers to his
+intercourse with, and relations to, the distinguished Governors whom I
+have mentioned. He said:--
+
+In 1839 a Royal Commission was issued to Lord Durham to investigate the
+affairs of Canada, and report thereon to Her Majesty. While engaged in
+his important duty he sent for and conferred with me repeatedly, and
+treated me with such consideration, as that on leaving him he would
+accompany me to the door and open it for me, shaking hands with me most
+cordially. After his return to England he sent me a copy of his famous
+Report (addressed by himself) before it was laid on the table of the
+House of Lords. On receiving in advance this report of Lord Durham I
+published in the _Guardian_, with appropriate headings, extracts from
+that part of it which related to the establishment of responsible
+government and its administration in Canada, and then lent the extracts
+and the type on which they were printed to Mr. (afterwards Sir) Francis
+Hincks for insertion in the _Examiner_ newspaper, of which he was at
+that time proprietor and Editor. I afterwards aided Lord Sydenham in
+every way in my power to allay the party passions and animosities of the
+past, and to establish responsible government upon liberal principles,
+irrespective of past party distinctions, comprehending Hon. W. H. Draper
+and Hon. Robert Baldwin in the same administration--a union or coalition
+which did not long survive the life of Lord Sydenham--Mr. Baldwin
+declaring his want of confidence in Mr. Draper, and retiring from the
+government. Soon afterwards, Mr. Baldwin and his friends succeeded to
+power under Sir Charles Bagot.
+
+This was the state of things until 1843, when Sir Charles Bagot died,
+and Sir Charles Metcalfe was appointed to succeed him. I had the
+melancholy pleasure of offering a tribute (in the form of an obituary
+notice) to the character and administration of both Lord Sydenham and
+Sir Charles Bagot--papers much noticed and widely circulated at the time
+as the best specimens of any writing which had ever appeared; but I had
+a genial theme and good subjects in both cases. Sir Charles Metcalfe was
+popular with all parties at first: but after a few months a difference
+arose between him and his Councillors as to the appointment of the Clerk
+of the Peace of the County of Lanark, and then on the principle of
+appointments to office; or in other words, the exercise of the patronage
+of the Crown.
+
+To understand the character of this famous and much misrepresented
+controversy, and how I became involved in it, some preliminary and
+explanatory remarks are necessary:--
+
+It is to be observed in the first place, that one chief subject of
+complaint by "Reformers" for many years--nay from the beginning--was the
+partial exercise of the patronage of the Crown, appointing magistrates,
+officers of militia, judges, etc., from men of one party only, in whose
+behalf every kind of executive favour was bestowed for years. This was
+the purport of their complaints in the various petitions and addresses
+of "Reformers" to the Earl of Durham, Lord Sydenham, Sir Charles Bagot,
+etc., who necessarily promised that the Governments should henceforth be
+conducted upon the principles of justice, "according to the well
+understood wishes of the people," of whom "Reformers" claimed to
+contribute a large majority, and even of the liberal Conservative
+members of the Church of England. But singular to say, on the occurrence
+of the first vacancy, the Reform government urged upon Sir Charles
+Metcalfe the appointment of one of their own party, irrespective of the
+superior claims, as the Governor conceived (on the ground of service,
+experience and fitness), of a deserving widow and her orphan son. The
+circumstances were as follows:--
+
+ Amongst the early gentlemen immigrants in the County of Lanark was
+ a Mr. Powell, a man of wealth and education; but in attempting to
+ clear and cultivate a farm in a new country, he soon expended his
+ means and became reduced in circumstances. He was appointed Clerk
+ of the Peace, and discharged its duties for many years, when he
+ sickened and died. During the two years' sickness which preceded
+ his death, the duties of office were discharged satisfactorily by
+ his son, who was then about twenty or twenty-one years of age. On
+ the death of her husband, the Widow Powell proceeded to Kingston to
+ plead in person before Sir Charles Metcalfe for the appointment of
+ her son to the office vacated by the death of her husband, and as
+ the only means of supporting herself and family. One can easily
+ conceive the effect of such an appeal upon Sir Charles Metcalfe's
+ benevolent feelings. He declined the advice of his Councillors for
+ a party appointment, and determined to appoint the widow's son to
+ the office rendered vacant by the death of her husband, and one
+ which he had successfully discharged for nearly two years. The
+ Council, instead of resigning on the fact of the appointment,
+ sought to obtain from Sir Charles Metcalfe a promise that he would
+ henceforth act upon their advice. He said he would always receive
+ and consider their advice, but would give no promise on the part of
+ the Crown as to how far he would pledge the prerogative in advance
+ and act upon that advice. On this the Councillors resigned,
+ charging Sir Charles Metcalfe with violating the principles of
+ responsible government. This he positively denied. The
+ circumstances of the case were so mystified by the statements made,
+ that general prejudice was excited against Sir Charles Metcalfe,
+ and the Councillors seemed for the time to have the country at
+ their backs.[121]
+
+I was at that time President of Victoria College; and the late Hon. Wm.
+Hamilton Merritt, returning from Kingston at the sudden close of the
+Session of Parliament held there, stopped the stage in front of the
+College, called to see me, and asked me what I thought of the
+occurrences between the Governor-General and his Councillors. I told him
+that, from what I had heard, my sympathies were with the Councillors. He
+answered that I was mistaken; that the Councillors were clearly in the
+wrong; that they had made a great mistake, and were endangering
+principles of government for which he had so long contended. He then
+stated the particulars of what had transpired, and referred me, in
+confirmation of his statement, to the documents and correspondence which
+would all be printed in a few days. I replied, that if what he (Mr.
+Merritt) stated was correct, Sir Charles Metcalfe was an injured man,
+and that the new system of responsible government was likely to be
+applied in a way contrary to what had always been professed by its
+advocates. Mr. Merritt requested me to examine for myself the documents
+and correspondence to which he had referred, but enjoining secresy as to
+his conversation with me--and which I never mentioned to any human being
+during his life.
+
+After Mr. Merritt returned to St. Catharines he wrote to Dr. Ryerson
+early in January, 1844 on the subject, as follows:--
+
+ There can be little doubt that both the Governor and his late
+ administration have erred. A conciliatory spirit would have avoided
+ this crisis; they had an opportunity of placing this Province in a
+ most enviable situation--they have neglected, or did not possess
+ the ability to avail themselves of it; and I am sorry to say, that
+ I am neither satisfied with their measures, nor can I place
+ confidence in their judgment. At the same time I feel so thoroughly
+ convinced of the necessity of having under the control of our
+ Legislature the entire management of our internal concerns--without
+ which any attempt at a thorough reformation would be useless--that
+ I have my apprehensions, that any movement which would have a
+ tendency to check its onward progress, would be injurious--the
+ principle does not appear to be fully understood, or fully
+ conceded. The time has not arrived--nevertheless I feel satisfied
+ the Governor-General would admit it, and act fully up to it with
+ any Cabinet which possessed his confidence, and thus bring it into
+ action much earlier than persisting in the opposite course. On the
+ other hand, you are subject to the imputation of abandoning men who
+ resigned for the maintenance of that principle, and few can doubt
+ the honesty of purpose of Lafontaine and Baldwin.
+
+ Being thus placed on the horns of a dilemma, the wisest plan is,
+ perhaps, to let matters take their course--at all events I have
+ made up my mind to do so. I should be most happy to hear from you
+ on the subject, knowing you have given those subjects much
+ attention; and believing that your mind is devoted to promoting the
+ best interests of your fellow countrymen, your opinions are
+ received with attention, and always carry great weight with me.
+
+To this letter from Mr. Merritt, Dr. Ryerson replied on the 20th
+January, 1844, as follows:--
+
+After you called upon me, I turned my attention to the state of our
+public affairs, and reflected on them from various points of view. I
+concluded to state my views to His Excellency, if he requested me to do
+so, and also to Hon. S. B. Harrison, if I should see him.
+
+Dr. Ryerson having gone to Kingston at the request of Sir Charles
+Metcalfe, saw Mr. Harrison, who urged him to state his views fully to
+the Governor-General. In the same letter to Mr. Merritt, Dr. Ryerson
+said:--The next day, in compliance with His Excellency's expressed wish,
+I laid before him the result of my reflections on the present state of
+our affairs, in an interview of three hours and a half. In them His
+Excellency expressed his full concurrence, and thanked me cordially for
+the trouble I had taken to wait upon him and state at large what he
+considered of so much importance. In addition to the question at issue
+between Sir Charles Metcalfe and his late Councillors, Dr. Ryerson
+discussed with him the subject of the reconstruction of his Cabinet. The
+result he thus states in his letter to Mr. Merritt:--I cannot of course
+enter into every one of the subjects to which I referred in my
+conversation with the Governor-General. Mr. Harrison has doubtless
+written to you on the whole matter. The result was that Mr. Harrison
+will take office if you will.[122]
+
+As to your superior qualifications for the position offered you, there
+can be but one opinion in the country. I am satisfied that, without the
+slightest sacrifice of principle or consistency--upon the broadest
+principles of responsible government, and in harmony with the best
+interests of the country--you can accept of office. I think that when
+the views I have expressed to His Excellency are fairly and fully stated
+to the country, you would, in office, have a large majority of at least
+the Upper Canada members of the present House of Assembly to support
+you; and, in case of a general election, I doubt not but you would have
+an ample majority in the new Parliament. Should you consent to take
+office, I think you need not fear the result. I think there is a fair
+opportunity for you to render a great service to the country, and to
+establish still more widely and permanently an already honourable
+reputation of no common order.
+
+I shall be glad, at your earliest convenience, to learn the result of
+your deliberations. I should also be happy to see you, if you should
+soon proceed to Kingston. Whatever the Governor-General may have
+heretofore thought of either the theory or practice of responsible
+government, he is certainly right on the subject now. And when His
+Excellency avows what Sir F. Head denied, and offers everything that has
+been demanded, surely, as far as principles of government are concerned,
+the country wants, and ought to have, no more. I think it will be a
+fearful calamity to the country, if we drive Sir Charles Metcalfe away
+from us. I doubt whether England can produce his like for Canada.
+
+To this letter Mr. Merritt replied, on the 25th January:--
+
+ I regret to say that my own private affairs, arising from
+ circumstances which have occurred since I saw you, prevent my
+ assuming any situation under the Government which must necessarily
+ occupy my undivided attention. I have heard from and replied to Mr.
+ Harrison to the same effect. No person can more regret the
+ unfortunate position in which we are placed than I do, and I agree
+ with you that the loss of Sir Charles Metcalfe will be a public
+ calamity. I have no doubt he will honestly carry out the principles
+ of responsible government, and with a competent council, who
+ understand what the country requires, and with competent
+ individuals to carry those measures into effect, he would render
+ more essential service to Canada than any former Governor whatever.
+
+ I am under some apprehension that you mistake the feelings of the
+ majority of Upper Canada members. A mere majority would ensure
+ defeat; they must act in a body to give a majority in the present
+ House; and from recent indications, there appears to be a change in
+ the minds of those who were under very different impressions some
+ time since. Although I was under a different impression some time
+ since, I cannot see any chances of a new ministry being sustained,
+ unless by a dissolution. 1. A majority seems indispensable to
+ secure which the Reformers of Upper Canada must unite--and every
+ Conservative must support them also;--the first cannot be relied
+ on, therefore it is unnecessary to discuss the second. Most of the
+ present members will feel themselves committed by their recent
+ vote; they will all be pressing for a new election; and shape their
+ course to the prevailing opinions. No ministry can have time to
+ bring their measures before the public to produce any general
+ impression; and no ministry can have confidence in the ultimate
+ success of the wisest measures. In short, they will have no chance
+ to exercise their ability, with a view of commanding success.
+ Whereas, were a new election to take place (on the declaration by
+ the Governor-General, that from the difficulty he experienced in
+ making up a ministry which would command a majority of the present
+ House, in conformity to the principles he avowed), the
+ Governor-General could appeal to the people to return a
+ representation from which he could select a Council possessing
+ their confidence. Such an appeal would not be inconsistent with his
+ former declarations, which must have been predicated on his
+ obtaining a Council which would command a majority. Under such
+ circumstances members would feel very naturally a much greater
+ anxiety in sustaining any ministry with a chance of four years to
+ test their measures, than as many days, as in the present instance.
+ As far as I am individually concerned, even in that case, I could
+ not accept of office unless I succeeded in arranging my own
+ personal concerns, which I hope to effect during the season.
+
+ I hear that in this district a strong feeling prevails in favour of
+ the late ministry, who resigned, as they believe, to support the
+ principle of responsible government; and they cannot understand
+ that the Governor-General adheres to the same. This impression is
+ natural; and it takes a long time to remove error. No man doubts
+ the motives of Mr. Baldwin; none other of the administration is
+ named, or possesses the least weight. I have not moved about or
+ corresponded with a single member of the House, and I shall remain
+ as passive as possible.
+
+ I fully agree with you, that with the present Governor-General a
+ fair opportunity offers to carry out useful projects; nay more, I
+ am sure that one half of the present revenue now wasted, could be
+ saved (not less than Ł100,000) for useful objects; but I cannot at
+ present assist in carrying it into effect, which you cannot regret
+ more than I do.
+
+In a note received from Mr. Civil Secretary Higginson, dated 10th April,
+he gave Dr. Ryerson the reasons for the unexpected delay in the
+formation of a new Cabinet. Hon. S. B. Harrison had also written to him
+on the same subject, so far as he and the other proposed Upper Canada
+members were concerned. Mr. Higginson said:--
+
+ The formation of a permanent Council has been most vexatiously, but
+ unavoidably, delayed, owing to the extraordinary timidity--I can
+ call it by no more appropriate name--of our friends in Lower
+ Canada--the most eligible of whom have hitherto shrunk from the
+ responsibility they would incur by the acceptance of office. Hon.
+ D. B. Viger, who is still in Montreal, and who ought from long
+ experience, to have a good knowledge of his countrymen, expresses
+ himself confident of the result, and is of opinion that the delay,
+ of which we complain, produces good and strengthens His
+ Excellency's position. It is very evident that it has a different
+ effect in the West; and it is to be hoped that as soon as the
+ Montreal election is over (of which, barring violence, Mr. Molson
+ is certain) immediate steps will be taken to fill up the offices
+ now vacant.
+
+In reply to Mr. Higginson's note, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+I do not think that much evil arises at the present time, even in Canada
+West, from delay. Could the vacancies be filled up two or three months
+ago, the government would have secured the support of thousands who have
+since swelled the ranks of the ex-Councillors. But the loss by delay
+was, I think, incurred to its full extent during the months of January,
+February, and March. The proceedings of the late meeting of the Leaguers
+in Toronto have doubtless added something to their strength. But some
+portions of these very proceedings will meet them in a way they little
+expect--not, to be sure, before a jury of twelve men, as did the nine
+months' proceeding of O'Connell and his associates, but before the jury
+of the whole country, and upon principles sanctioned by the Constitution
+and history of England, which, I believe more confidently than when I
+wrote last, will result in a triumphant acquittal and justification of
+the Vice-Regal defendant.
+
+On the 23rd May, Mr. Civil Secretary Higginson wrote to Dr. Ryerson, as
+follows:--
+
+ You will be sorry to hear that Hon. Mr. Harrison has failed to make
+ certain private arrangements which he so much hoped for, and that
+ he has declined to take office. He is, therefore, unable to join
+ the Cabinet.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[121] As an indication of outside opinion on this question, I insert the
+following note, written by Rev. Anson Green, on the 31st December, 1843,
+to Dr. Ryerson. Mr. Green said: I cannot see why the Executive Council
+should resign at the present time, for they stated in the House that
+both Mr. Stanton, Collector at Toronto, and the Speaker of the
+Legislative Council were appointed by their advice. I think they should
+have waited until His Excellency refused to ask or take their advice,
+and not force him to make pledges. In my opinion both parties have acted
+indiscreetly. I have reason to believe that a majority of the Reformers
+from Upper Canada, in Parliament, would be happy to support Hon S. B.
+Harrison, if he could form a ministry from the majority on the question
+at issue.
+
+[122] In regard to this proposal, Mr. Harrison wrote to Dr. Ryerson on
+the 17th of January, to say that he had an interview with the
+Governor-General, and that: His Excellency expressed himself favourably
+disposed upon all the points touched upon, and was willing to consider
+the means of carrying out the objects contemplated. It appears,
+therefore, to me, that the matter may be arranged if our friend Merritt
+can be persuaded to join. I have written to him in that view. Should
+that be the case, I am prepared, and a communication should be made to
+Hon. W. H. Draper, which I will make immediately upon hearing from you
+and Mr. Merritt. As Mr. Draper will be here by the latter end of this
+week, it would be better, on hearing from Mr. Merritt, that you should
+be here yourself.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XL.
+
+1844.
+
+Preliminary Correspondence on the Metcalfe Crisis.
+
+
+With a view to a thorough understanding of the question at issue between
+Sir Charles Metcalfe and his Councillors, the following statement by Dr.
+Ryerson is necessary:--
+
+After the conversation with Hon. W. H. Merritt, in January, 1844, and
+after subsequent communications with him on the subject, I most
+carefully and minutely examined the documents and correspondence and
+other statements of parties, and was satisfied of the correctness of Mr.
+Merritt's statements and conclusion. The question then arose in my own
+mind, whether, after I had so much to do in the establishment of
+responsible government and was morally so largely responsible for it, I
+should silently witness its misapplication, and see a man stricken down
+for maintaining, as the representative of his Sovereign, what Reformers
+had maintained in all previous years--that the patronage of the Crown,
+like the administration of justice, should be administered impartially
+according to merit, without respect to religious sect, or political
+party.
+
+Dr. Ryerson also states (26th February) that:--After a prolonged and
+interesting interview with the Governor-General, I addressed a letter to
+him on the subject of that interview. In it I said: In looking over what
+I have from time to time, during the last eight years, written on the
+best government for Canada, I find that I have invariably insisted upon
+precisely the same views which I expressed to your Excellency, and with
+a frequency and fulness that I had no recollection of when I was
+honoured with the late interviews by you. These views were then warmly
+responded to by that portion of the public for whom I wrote. I am,
+therefore, the more fully (if possible) convinced of their correctness
+and importance to the best interests of Canada, and that they will be
+sustained when properly brought before the public--at least in Western
+Canada.
+
+In reply to a note from Mr. Civil Secretary Higginson, dated 2nd March,
+Dr. Ryerson, on the 7th, addressed a reply of some length to His
+Excellency. In it he said:--
+
+ The aspect of things in Western Canada has clearly changed for the
+ worse during the last two months--since my first interview with
+ Your Excellency in January. The party of the opposition have become
+ organized--organized under circumstances more formidable than I
+ have ever witnessed in Canada. Their ranks and influence have been
+ increased by numbers who, two months since, were neutral, and who
+ could have been forthwith brought to the side of constitutional
+ government. Private letters to me (on which I can rely) speak in a
+ very different tone as to the state of public sentiment and
+ feeling. Unless a change to a very considerable extent be affected
+ in the public mind, I think a dissolution would rather strengthen
+ than weaken the ex-Council party. I am confident I do not overrate
+ their strength--and it is a dangerous, though common error, to
+ underrate the strength of an adversary. They are likewise
+ organizing their party, and exciting the public mind to such a
+ degree as to prevent any sentiments or measures from the present
+ administration from being regarded or entertained at all. Such
+ being the case, I have felt that delay has been loss. Whether that
+ loss can be repaired presents to my own mind a problem difficult of
+ solution.
+
+Speaking of his former relations with the Lieutenant-Governors of Upper
+Canada, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+I love liberty, personal and public, as much as any man. I have written
+much in its defence; but as much as I love liberty, and as ultra liberal
+as some may have supposed me to be, I have always regarded an
+infringement of the prerogative of the Crown as a blow at the liberty of
+the subject, and have, in every instance, resisted and repelled it as
+such. I did so in support of Sir F. Head in 1836. I did so in support of
+Sir George Arthur, in the difficult and painful task of administering
+the criminal law after the insurrection of 1837. I did so in support of
+the Royal instructions and recommendations of which Lord Sydenham was
+the bearer and agent; but in each instance, after having been lauded
+without measure, I was abandoned, or pursued, without protection or
+mercy. Sir Francis Head took offence at certain communications which
+Rev. Dr. Alder and Rev. Peter Jones justly made to the Imperial
+Government respecting his treatment of the Indians, and swore that, "as
+he had put down the radicals, he would now put down the Methodists;" and
+the Bishop of Toronto avowed and rejoiced that, radicalism having been
+extinguished, "the Church" would and should be maintained inviolate in
+all its (assumed) rights and immunities. Sir George Arthur having got
+through his many difficulties (in the course of which he gave me many
+thanks) determined, when the Session of the Legislature came, not to
+split with the Bishop of Toronto; not to grant, under any circumstances,
+the Methodists more than a mouse's share of public aid, and none at all
+except as salaries for their clergy, actually employed. He embodied
+these views in resolutions, and employed Hon. R. B. Sullivan to advocate
+them in the Legislative Council.
+
+It was with extreme reluctance that I could at all assent to the measure
+of Union of the Canadas. The agents of the London Wesleyan Committee
+vehemently opposed it, and wished me to write against it. I wished to
+remain neutral. Lord Sydenham most earnestly solicited my aid--promised
+a just measure on the clergy reserve question, and assured me against
+any hostility of the agents of the London Committee, of all the
+protection and assistance that the Government could give. He died,--and
+I have been left, without the slightest assistance or protection on the
+part of the Government, to meet alone the hostile proceedings and
+influence of the London Wesleyan Committee. In order to sustain myself
+in these reverses, and especially in the last, but most painful one, I
+have been compelled to put forth physical and intellectual efforts that
+I am absolutely incapable of repeating.
+
+I have adverted--even at the expense of being tedious and egotistic--to
+these unpleasant details, that Your Excellency may fully understand and
+appreciate my present position, and my caution in embarking in another
+conflict without a reasonable hope that I will not be made a victim of
+abandonment and of oppression, after I have employed the utmost of my
+humble efforts in support of the principles of the constitution and
+prerogatives of the Crown.
+
+In the present crisis, the Government must of course be first placed
+upon a strong foundation, and then must the youthful mind of Canada be
+instructed and moulded in the way I have had the honour of stating to
+Your Excellency, if this country is long to remain an appendage to the
+British Crown. The former, without the latter, will only be a partial
+and temporary remedy.
+
+Anything like a tolerable defence of Your Excellency's
+position--anything approaching to an effective exposure of the
+proceedings of the late Council in their demands, the grounds of their
+resignation, their explanation, their tribunal of appeal, their
+variations of position, the principles and consequences involved in each
+step of their course, and the spirit and doctrines they now exhibit,
+appears to me to be a desideratum. They could be convicted out of their
+own mouths on every count of the charges they have brought against the
+Governor-General, and from the same source might evidence be adduced
+that they advocate sentiments and sanction proceedings which are unknown
+to the British Constitution, and which appertain only to an independent
+state. Yet, in place of exposition, and arguments and illustrations that
+would tell upon the public mind, we have nothing but puerile effusions,
+thread-bare assertions, and party criminations--nothing that would
+convince adversaries and make friends of enemies. Your Excellency's
+replies, and a few passages in the Montreal _Gazette_, and in a
+pamphlet which lately appeared in the Kingston _Chronicle_, are all that
+I have seen which are calculated to produce practical effect upon the
+public mind. Hon. D. B. Viger's pamphlet is too limited in its range of
+topics, and too speculative and refined to be effective upon any other
+than well-educated statesmen.
+
+The desideratum required I would attempt to supply, and then devise
+measures, put forth publications, and employ efforts to direct the
+public mind into new channels of thinking, and furnish the youthful mind
+with instruction and materials for reading that would render this
+country British in domestic feeling, as I think it now is intentionally
+in loyalty. To do anything effectual toward the accomplishment of such a
+task, my position should be made as strong as possible. At best my
+qualifications for a work so difficult and varied are extremely limited,
+but more especially under present circumstances.
+
+After weighing the matter carefully, and pondering (in comparing small
+things with great) upon the part which Bishop Burnet took in settling
+the disordered elements of British intellect after the revolution of
+1688, I have resolved to do as he did--place my humble services at the
+disposal of my Sovereign--and in whatever situation Your Excellency is
+of opinion I can render most service to the government and the country
+under existing circumstances. I will hazard the enterprise, and stand or
+fall with the Governor-General in the present crisis, notwithstanding
+the increased cloudiness of our political atmosphere. I would rather aid
+as a private individual, and as an independent volunteer in the service
+of the Crown and country--as I have been on former occasions--than be
+placed in any official situation.
+
+To this letter Dr. Ryerson received the following reply from Mr.
+Secretary Higginson, dated 12th March:--I am directed to convey to you
+the expression of the Governor-General's cordial thanks for the public
+spirited offer of your able and valuable services in the present crisis
+of public affairs; an offer which His Excellency accepts with a high
+degree of satisfaction, feeling confident that you will bring most
+efficient aid to the Government.
+
+On March 18th Dr. Ryerson replied to this note from Mr. Higginson. He
+said:--I think there will be but little difficulty in disentangling the
+question from the perplexing confusion in which it has been involved,
+and placing it upon the true issue as to a government of party, or of
+justice. If, in elucidating and applying it, I can incorporate some of
+Lord Brougham's fulminations on the evil of party with my own
+conceptions, I may be able to add the occasional discharge of a cannon,
+or the bursting of a bombshell, to the running fire of ordinary
+musketry. Though I am no stranger to contests, I cannot divest myself
+of palpitations at the approach of an engagement. When once the fire has
+commenced, I feel but little concern except to keep cool and
+good-natured, and to have an ample supply of ammunition for all
+exigencies--satisfied of the righteousness of the cause and the
+government of an over-ruling Providence.
+
+In February the Rev. John Ryerson wrote to Dr. Ryerson on the Metcalfe
+crisis, and said:--
+
+ While I believe that the late Executive Council, in the main, and
+ in principle, was right, and Sir Charles wrong, yet I am very far
+ from endorsing all that the Council did as right. I think that they
+ should not have resigned when they did. I think they were guilty of
+ a breach of trust in throwing up office in the midst of a session
+ of Parliament, and when many important measures were pending. I
+ think, as the "antagonism" which caused the resignation of the late
+ Council existed before the Parliament was convened, that they
+ should then have resigned, or remained in office until the
+ prorogation....
+
+ You are not to suppose from these remarks that I have turned
+ politician, or that I am intermeddling with things which do not
+ belong to me. I have been endeavouring to attend to my appropriate
+ work; and though continually pressed with questions, soliciting my
+ opinions respecting passing events, I have said as little on all
+ these matters as possible, and I am identified with no party.
+ Indeed, the state of my health is such as to admonish me to think
+ about other things than worldly politics, and I blush to think that
+ I have written so much respecting them. Powerfully convincing
+ reasoning, with truth on your side, might produce a great effect
+ among our people; but at the present more than nine-tenths of them,
+ in these western parts, are the supporters of the late Executive
+ Council.
+
+In reply to a letter from his brother John, asking his opinion on the
+pending dispute between Sir Charles Metcalfe and his late Councillors,
+Dr. Ryerson wrote on April 3rd, and said:--
+
+Of the general measures of the late Council I cordially approve. I
+cannot say so of their dispute with the Governor-General. Of the policy
+which he or they had pursued, I have nothing to say. In that they might
+have been right, and he wrong. But, according to British practice, they
+ought to have resigned on what he had done, and not on what he would not
+promise to do. If the Crown intended to do just as they desired the
+Governor-General to do, still the promise ought not to be given, nor
+ought it to have been asked. The moment a man promises to do a thing he
+ceases to be as free as he was before he made the promise. It is
+essential principle that in the British Constitution that the Crown
+should be free--should be undefined in its prerogative. The exercise in
+that prerogative may be checked in various ways; but to bind it by
+promises is to infringe its constitutional liberty. If the Queen were to
+bind herself by promise, or declaration, that she would not appoint any
+person contrary to Sir Robert Peel's advice, how could she refuse to
+make O'Connell a peer, or appoint him Lord Chancellor of England if Sir
+Robert were to insist upon it? How could she ever get clear of Sir
+Robert by differing with him on a question of policy, if she were to
+bind herself before-hand to act according to his advice? Would it not be
+virtually giving the regal power into his hands?
+
+Dr. Ryerson then proceeded to illustrate the views which he held on this
+subject:--
+
+I can find examples in English History since 1688, of British Sovereigns
+having done just as Sir Charles Metcalfe is alleged to have done; I can
+also find examples of ministers resigning on account of what such
+Sovereigns had done; but I can find no example of any minister resigning
+on account of what the Sovereign would not promise to do on the subject
+of consultation and possible appointments.
+
+ I have seen it alleged, that the Governor-General was not bound to
+ act upon the advice of his Council, only to ask it before he made
+ any appointment. But the Governor-General did take the advice of
+ the Council, in regard to the appointments of the Clerks of the
+ Peace, both in the Bathurst and Dalhousie districts. Yet he is
+ blamed as much for not acting upon it as if he had acted without
+ taking it. But in Mr. Hincks' writings, and in all the papers
+ advocating the same sentiments, I observe that it is contended that
+ the Governor-General should act upon, as well as take, the advice
+ of his Council. If so, what is he but their amanuensis--the
+ recorder of their decrees?--the office which Sir Charles Bagot
+ sustained on account of his illness; but whose example, in such
+ circumstances, can not be laid down as a general rule.
+
+ Responsible government was a mere theory with the late Council, or
+ until they came into office under Sir Charles Bagot. They had
+ thought and reasoned about it, but they had never acted upon it,
+ until then; what they learned under the government of a sick and
+ dying man was not adapted to make them perfect practitioners. So
+ they were about as wise and as raw in the business practically, as
+ was Sir Charles Metcalfe, who had doubtless thought, and read, and
+ reasoned upon the subject also. The unskilfulness of inexperience,
+ with good intentions, seems to me to have been evinced in the whole
+ proceeding.
+
+ Of course it was considered, on the impulse of the moment, good
+ policy to take a stand upon the principle of responsible
+ government, and not upon the propriety, or policy, of certain
+ appointments. By taking the latter ground, all might be lost; by
+ taking the former ground, all would be gained, and a great deal of
+ glory too, in the course of a few days, or a few weeks at most. But
+ it has turned out otherwise. The question of prerogative has been
+ brought up--a constitutional and imperial question. As such the
+ British Government have decided upon it.... It is now no longer a
+ question between the late Councillors and Sir Charles Metcalfe, but
+ between them and Her Majesty's Government. I see, therefore,
+ nothing in prospect but a renewal of the scenes of 1837, and 1838,
+ only on a larger scale. Whether the point contended for is worth
+ that price, or will be even obtained at that price, is
+ problematical. I see no alternative, unless some enlightening,
+ healing agency interpose. I pray for the safety of our Zion and
+ people, especially, while I implore Divine interposition in behalf
+ of our beloved country.
+
+ I am no party man--I have never judged--I cannot judge questions
+ according to party, but according to constitutional principles and
+ history. On the first blush I was favourably impressed with the
+ position and resignation of the late council; but when I came to
+ examine their position, as I had done Hon. Mr. Draper's speech on
+ the University question by the light of history (it being a new
+ question), I came to the conclusions that I have stated above. I
+ think the most general impression in the country, and perhaps
+ amongst the members of our Church, is that which first struck my
+ own mind; but I think it is contrary to the principles and practice
+ of the British Constitution.
+
+During one of his visits to Kingston, early in 1844, Dr. Ryerson called
+at the office of his old friend, Hon. J. H. Dunn (one of the late
+Councillors), who had desired to see him. Mr. Dunn was not in when he
+called. He therefore, on his return to Cobourg addressed him as
+follows:--My brother John told me that you had asked him what I thought
+of the late differences between the Governor-General and his Council.
+After all that I have read and learned, I think very much of them as I
+did of the differences between the late Lord Sydenham and Hon. Robert
+Baldwin. You then asked me (at the Lambton House) whether I approved of
+your remaining in office, or of Mr. Baldwin's resigning. You will
+recollect my reply, that I thought Mr. Baldwin ought to have waited
+until an actual difference arose between him and other members of the
+Council on some measure, or measures; and that he ought not to have
+resigned on account of an alleged want of confidence, or theoretical
+difference of opinion. So I think in the present case. After stating
+your views to Sir Charles Metcalfe, you ought to have waited until some
+act, or acts, had taken place in contravention of these views, and which
+act, or acts, you were not disposed to justify; or if you thought it
+your duty to resign, then it appears to me you should have resigned on
+some acts which had been performed, and which you would not justify, and
+on the policy involved in which you were prepared to appeal to the
+country. But to resign upon a conversation, and not upon specific
+administrative acts, appears to me to be without precedent. It has
+brought up the question of prerogative, the constitutional decision of
+which, rests of course, with the supreme tribunals of the Empire. I
+think Mr. Baldwin's conscientious theoretical rigidness has led to an
+error, praiseworthy in its motives, but not the less an error--an error
+which in private life would have attracted no attention, but in public
+life makes a great noise, and may lead to serious consequences. I could
+wish with all my heart that you were in your late office, which you have
+so long and so faithfully filled.
+
+In a note to Dr. Ryerson, on various matters, dated April 10th, Mr.
+Civil Secretary Higginson said:--
+
+ The Reform League in Toronto are making unusual exertions, and as
+ you may have seen by their late resolutions, no longer conceal
+ their real object, but in defiance of all their machinations, and
+ they are not over scrupulous as to their means, truth and honesty
+ of purpose, backed by loyal hearts and liberal measures, must and
+ will prevail.
+
+To this note Dr. Ryerson thus replied on the 12th April:--
+
+I think the public feeling in Canada West is now stationary; or since
+the rumour of my appointment as Superintendent of Education (and how it
+got afloat I cannot imagine) is rather turning in favour of the
+Governor-General. The reason seems to be this: The opponents of His
+Excellency represent him as weak--as supported by nobody but a weak
+ultra-party. It has been alleged by both my friends and enemies, that
+whether the best or worst man in Canada, I have not hesitated to face in
+succession the united press and councils of each of the two
+ultra-parties in Canada, and succeeded in each instance to reduce them
+from a large majority to a small minority--deriving no advantage from
+the victories, except as some suppose, the pleasure of humbling my
+enemies. It is the impression of great numbers of persons, and to an
+extent and degree which has often amused me, that whatever cause I
+espouse, be it good or bad, will succeed; and that I never undertake a
+thing, however apparently impracticable, without a certainty of success.
+Though such a feeling increases the difficulty of every step of a man's
+career, it furnishes him with capital to begin with. My life having been
+bound up with the two great principles of constitutional monarchy on the
+one hand, and equal civil and religious principles in Canada on the
+other, all who really desire such a government, without regard to the
+domination of a party, ... seem to think the Governor-General will
+succeed if I have resolved to espouse his government....
+
+From this state of mind in the case of many Reformers, and from what I
+have learned from other sources, I am satisfied that, notwithstanding
+the efforts to inflame party spirit--to produce party blindness, and
+create party organizations--there is still a spirit of candour and
+enquiry (all I ask) amongst a large portion of the Liberal party which
+will furnish an ample fulcrum for a lever that will overthrow the enemy.
+I think that June will probably be the best time for the application of
+such a lever. The opposition can do nothing more at present. June is
+rather a leisure month for reading--the hay and wheat harvest will come
+on in July, August and September,--during which time agitators can do
+but little, and then I suppose will come the session of the Legislature.
+I hope to produce a vindication of His Excellency that will do no
+discredit to him, and shake, if not confound, his enemies, and exhibit
+such a platform of government as will appeal to every candid, common
+sense, sound British subject, best adapted to promote the best interests
+and greatest happiness of Canada....
+
+To vindicate injured worth, either in high or humble life, has on
+different occasions, afforded me peculiar pleasure, and I contemplate,
+even as a pleasing task (though painful from the occasion) the purpose
+and opportunity of doing so in respect to so noble a subject and so good
+a cause as that with which His Excellency is identified. When the
+Government once assumes the attitude of strength, many who are now
+neutral, or perhaps professedly leaning to the apparently stronger
+party, will come over avowedly to the Crown. The timidity of the secret
+friends of the government in Lower Canada is an infirmity (I think of a
+majority of mankind) which requires as much pity as it deserves censure.
+All Greeks are not Spartans. Ten men seem to be made for work, where one
+is constituted for war. I have found it so in the hour of peril; when I
+have been left almost alone, though I found abundance of helping and
+co-operating friends as soon as the tide of victory began to turn in my
+favour. I think it will be so with the government in less than twelve
+months--at least in Upper Canada. The League organization in Toronto is
+the most formidable affair that has ever been formed in western Canada.
+I am told that its funds are large also,--several thousand pounds--but I
+think its power can be broken.
+
+In a note to Dr. Ryerson from Mr. Higginson, dated 23rd of May, he
+said:--You will of course have seen the manifesto just hatched and
+brought forth by the League, jesuitically and cleverly enough put we
+must admit; it will no doubt be widely circulated, and it is very
+desirable that an antidote to the poison should be as extensively
+communicated to the people; and who in the province is so capable as
+yourself for such a task? If you would take up the arguments
+_seriatim_--you could prove their fallacy without much difficulty. The
+fabric being founded upon misapprehension and falsehood, must go with a
+run. I confess I long to see these ambitious party-men unmasked.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLI.
+
+1844.
+
+Sir Charles Metcalfe Defended against his Councillors
+
+
+On the 27th May, 1844, Dr. Ryerson issued the first part of his
+memorable Defence of Sir Charles Metcalfe, not only against the attacks
+of his late Councillors, but also against those of the all-powerful
+League which had been formed against him on the 24th March, under the
+auspices of the Toronto Reform Association. The Manifesto of that famous
+League was dated on the 16th May. Its issue at once decided Dr. Ryerson
+to enter the lists in defence of Sir Charles, and the prefatory note to
+his rejoinder was written on the 27th May. From the introductory portion
+of it I make the following extract:--
+
+ Rev. Egerton Ryerson ... proposes ... to prove [from the] testimony
+ of his late Advisers ... that His Excellency is entitled to the
+ verdict of the country on every count of the indictment got up
+ against him.
+
+ Sir Charles Metcalfe may say to the people of Canada, as
+ Themistocles said to the Athenians who were incensed against him,
+ "Strike, but hear me!"
+
+ ... If Leonidas,[123] with three hundred Spartans, could throw
+ themselves into the Thermopylć of death for the salvation of their
+ country, it would ill become one humble Canadian to hesitate at any
+ sacrifice, or shrink from any responsibility, or even danger, in
+ order to prevent his own countrymen from rushing into a vortex,
+ which, he is most certainly persuaded, will involve many of them in
+ calamities more serious than those which followed the events of
+ 1837.
+
+The following account of this memorable controversy was written by Dr.
+Ryerson himself. It has been slightly abridged and a few explanatory
+notes added:--
+
+After much consideration, but without consulting any human being, I
+determined to enter the arena of public discussion to set forth and
+vindicate the true principles of responsible government, and to defend
+Sir Charles Metcalfe, as I had before defended Mr. Bidwell, from the
+unjust attacks made upon him; and I published an introductory paper
+avowing my purpose. My friends generally and the country at large were
+against me. My elder brother, John, a life-long Conservative, on first
+meeting me after the publication of that introductory paper, said,
+"Egerton, you have ruined yourself, for nine-tenths of the people are
+opposed to the Governor-General." I answered, "I know it; but I believe
+that nine-tenths of the people are mistaken, and that if they will read
+what I am about to write they will think as I do."
+
+The contest was severe; the ablest and most meritorious public men in
+the province were arrayed on the opposite side; but I felt that truth
+and justice did not rest on numbers--that there was a public, as well as
+an individual, conscience, and to that conscience I appealed, supporting
+my appeal by reference to the past professions of Reformers, the best
+illustrations from Greek, Roman, and English history, and the authority
+of the best writers on constitutional government, and moral and
+political philosophy, and the highest interests, civil and social, of
+all classes of society in Upper Canada. For months I was certainly the
+"best abused man" in Canada; but I am not aware that I lost my temper,
+or evinced personal animosity (which I never felt), but wrote with all
+the clearness, energy, and fire that I could command.
+
+The general elections took place in October, 1844, and in all Upper
+Canada (according to the _Globe's_ own statement) only eight candidates
+were elected in opposition to Sir Charles Metcalfe! Such a result of a
+general election was never before, or since, witnessed in Upper Canada.
+
+It has been alleged again and again, that Sir Charles Metcalfe was
+opposed to responsible government and that I supported him in it. The
+only pretext for this was, that in the contest with Sir Charles Metcalfe
+his opponents introduced party appointments as an essential element of
+responsible government, which they themselves had disavowed in previous
+years when advocating that system of government. The doctrine of making
+appointments according to party (however common now, with its
+degenerating influences) was then an innovation upon all previously
+professed doctrines of reformers, as I proved to a demonstration in my
+letters in defence of Sir Charles Metcalfe.
+
+Sir Francis Hincks, in an historical lecture delivered at Montreal, in
+1877, has revived this charge against Sir Charles Metcalfe, and has
+attempted to create the impression that there was a sort of conspiracy
+between the late Earl of Derby and Lord Metcalfe to extinguish
+responsible government in Canada. For such an insinuation there is not a
+shadow of reason, though the author may have thought so, from his strong
+personal feelings and former party views, as one of the actors in the
+struggle.
+
+I was in England during the latter part of 1844 and 1845, when the Earl
+of Derby was Colonial Secretary, and had more than one conversation
+with him on Canadian affairs; and I know that the Earl of Derby had no
+more intention or desire to abolish responsible government in Canada
+than had Sir Francis Hincks himself. The Earl of Derby had, indeed,
+fears lest the party in power, under the new system, should act upon the
+narrow and prescriptive principles and spirit of the old tory party, and
+wished to see that with the new system an enlarged policy would
+extinguish the hatreds, as well as the proscriptions, of the past, and
+unite all classes in the good government and for the advancement of the
+country. This was the view of Lord Metcalfe; and this was the view
+advocated in my letters in his defence, which may be appealed to in
+proof that the essence of that contest was not responsible government,
+but as to whether or not the distribution of the patronage of the Crown
+should be dispensed upon the principles of party, or on those of justice
+and morality.
+
+I may add an illustrative and curious incident on this subject:--On the
+passing of the Imperial Act for confederating the British North American
+Colonies into the Dominion of Canada, and its proclamation, I wrote and
+published an address to the people of Upper Canada in 1868, suggesting
+to them to forget the differences of the past, and the principles and
+spirit in which they should introduce the new system of government, and
+build up for themselves a united and prosperous nation. A few days after
+the publication of this address, I met in the street, an honourable
+gentleman, who had been one of the party opposed to Sir Charles
+Metcalfe, a member of a Liberal government, a life-long Reformer. He
+complimented me on my recent address to the people of Upper Canada; but
+added, "The great mistake of your life was the letters you wrote in
+defence of Lord Metcalfe." I answered, "Do you think so?" "Yes," said
+he, "that was the great mistake of your life." "And," said I, "you
+approve of my recent public address?" "Yes," he answered, "I think it is
+the best thing you ever wrote." "Well," said I, "do you know that that
+address with the exception of the introductory and concluding
+paragraphs, is a reproduction, word for word, of my third letter in
+defence of Lord Metcalfe, counselling my fellow-countrymen as to the
+principles and spirit in which they should act in carrying into effect
+the then new system of responsible government!" He exclaimed, "It cannot
+be! I have these letters." I said, "It can be; and it is so; and if you
+will compare my third letter in defence of Lord Metcalfe with my recent
+address, you will find that I have not omitted an illustration from
+Greek, or Roman, or English history, or an authority from standard
+writers, on political or moral science, or a petition or address from
+Reformers from the rebellion of 1837 to the establishment of
+responsible government under Lord Sydenham and Sir Charles Bagot in
+1840-42; that I have not added to, or omitted, a word, but have repeated
+_verbatim et literatim_ in 1868, in regard to confederate government,
+what I advised the people of Canada in 1844 in regard to responsible
+government." And now, I continued, "who has changed? you or I?" "Oh," he
+said, "circumstances alter cases." "Truly," I said, "circumstances alter
+cases; but circumstances don't change principles; I wrote on the
+principles and spirit of government irrespective of party." On such
+principles I have endeavoured to act throughout my more than half a
+century of public life--principles, the maintenance of which has
+sometimes brought me into collision with the leaders of one party, and
+sometimes in opposition to those of another party; but principles which
+I have found higher and stronger than party.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+A day or two after the issue of Dr. Ryerson's first paper in defence of
+Sir Charles Metcalfe, Hon. Isaac Buchanan sent to him copies of letters
+which he had written to Hon. Joseph Howe, Halifax, and to Civil
+Secretary Higginson, Kingston, on the Metcalfe controversy. In this
+letter he said:--
+
+ It is with infinite pleasure that I see you have publicly come out
+ to tell the truth as to politics and public men. The fact is,
+ politics in a new country are either the essential principles of
+ society or parish business. In both cases every man is interested,
+ and to a less extent than in an old state of things, where in a
+ hereditary educated class, there are natural guardians of the
+ public virtue. Is it objectionable that clergymen interfere in the
+ arrangement of detail for the happiness of the country? But it is,
+ as I have always maintained, their most imperative duty to hold and
+ express an opinion on constitutional politics. The priests in Lower
+ Canada, from not doing so, permitted the rebellion of 1837. I,
+ myself, care nothing, and never did care anything, for party
+ politics in Canada; and, in my mind, the distinction has always
+ been more marked between these and constitutional politics than I
+ have been able to explain.
+
+Dr. Ryerson did not attend the opening of Conference at Kingston, in
+June, 1844. Mr. Higginson wrote to him on the 12th to express his
+disappointment at not seeing him there, and added:--
+
+ Of your letters--your admirable letters--I only hear one opinion,
+ that they are most powerful, unassailable; and this the opposition
+ press appears to find them, for I can perceive no attempt to answer
+ the convincing arguments adduced by you. They merely abuse you and
+ impugn your motives: lying and misrepresentation are their
+ favourite weapons.
+
+ You will have heard of the discovery of the Orange Plot, the
+ conspiracy between Sir C. Metcalfe and Ogle R. Gowan to upset the
+ Government!
+
+ We had a very satisfactory communication from Lord Stanley, by the
+ last packet, entirely approving of the "dignified and temperate"
+ conduct of the Governor, and assuring him of the strenuous support
+ of Her Majesty's Government, in resisting the "unreasonable and
+ exorbitant pretensions of the late Cabinet." Shall we see you
+ again before we move to Montreal? Sir Charles goes to the Falls,
+ and then returns to Kingston, which he leaves on the 20th for
+ Montreal.
+
+From Mr. Higginson Dr. Ryerson received the following interesting
+letter, dated Montreal, 20th July:--
+
+ As you will no doubt think it right, after you complete the series
+ of your admirable and unanswerable letters, to expose the fallacy
+ and falsehood with which Hon. R. B. Sullivan, as "Legion,"
+ endeavours to bolster up his arguments in reply to them, I think
+ the enclosed _précis_ of a conversation that took place between the
+ leader of the French party in the late Council and myself, early in
+ May last, will convince you that His Excellency did not write his
+ despatch of the 23rd of that month, quoted in the debate by Lord
+ Stanley, upon insufficient grounds, or in ignorance of the real
+ sentiments and inclinations of his then advisers. Letter No. 5 of
+ "Legion," in referring to this despatch, charges His Excellency
+ with what he calls paraphrasing, or, in other words,
+ misrepresentation, as no men in their senses could have made such
+ demands as the late Council are stated to have urged. The words
+ made use of by His Excellency are not theirs, it is true; but did
+ not the opinions expressed by Mr. Lafontaine, their leader, bear
+ out the assertion? I regret that Lord Stanley did not quote what
+ followed. I have given the meaning, rather than the words, of the
+ dictatorial Councillor; but I have not in the slightest degree
+ exaggerated the substance of his discourse. I ought to add that the
+ conversation originated in a rumour of His Excellency's intending
+ to appoint a Provincial Aide-de-camp, of whom Mr. Lafontaine did
+ not approve; and that, although addressed to me, I could only
+ suppose that it was intended for the ears of His Excellency. You
+ will, of course, not believe the newspaper statements of Sir
+ Charles having sent for Mr. Lafontaine. Ever since our arrival here
+ the French party have been urging that the only way of getting out
+ of our difficulties is by allowing Messrs. Lafontaine and Baldwin
+ to resume their places--as the French people believe that they
+ cannot enjoy responsible government without them. To this His
+ Excellency cannot consent. What the result may be is not quite
+ clear; our future plans have been delayed by this negotiation,
+ which, though still pending, must terminate in a day or two. I hope
+ that under any circumstances we shall be able to meet the present
+ Parliament, if not with a majority, at least with a strong
+ minority.
+
+ The following is the _Précis_ to which I refer:--
+
+ Mr. Lafontaine said: Your attempts to carry on the government on
+ principles of conciliation must fail. Responsible government has
+ been conceded, and when we lose our majority we are prepared to
+ retire; to strengthen us we must have the entire confidence of the
+ Governor-General exhibited most unequivocally--and also his
+ patronage--to be bestowed exclusively on our political adherents.
+ We feel that His Excellency has kept aloof from us. The opposition
+ pronounce that his sentiments are with them. There must be some
+ acts of his, some public declaration in favour of responsible
+ government, and of confidence in the Cabinet, to convince them of
+ their error. This has been studiously avoided. Charges have been
+ brought against members of the Council, in addresses, and no notice
+ given to them, viz.: Mr. B. was even mentioned by name, or at least
+ by office, and will declare on the first day of the session that it
+ is only as a member of responsible government that he for one would
+ consent to act. If he supposed for a moment that Sir Charles could
+ introduce a different system, he would resign. In fact, the
+ Governor ought to stand in the same position towards his Cabinet as
+ Her Majesty does. They cannot be prepared to defend his acts in
+ Parliament if done without their advice--instance the case of the
+ Collector of Customs' intended dismissal. No new-comers ought to be
+ appointed to office. Declares his disinterestedness, as his
+ party--_i.e._ the French Canadians--must carry the day. The
+ Conservatives would be just as ready to join them as those that
+ have--has no desire for office for office's sake. If the Governor
+ does not take some steps to denounce and show his disapprobation of
+ Orangeism, his not doing so will be construed into the reverse, and
+ the system will extend, and bloodshed will follow. The other party
+ will organize--and they would be great fools if they did not--no
+ Orangemen to be included in Commissions of the Peace--no justice at
+ present for Catholics in Upper Canada. A law for the suppression of
+ illegal societies does exist, but very difficult to discover
+ members of them and to execute the law. Conciliation is only an
+ attempt to revert to the old system of government--viz: the will of
+ the Governor. It must fail. Lord Stanley decidedly adverse to the
+ Lower Canadians; does not forget their expunging one of his
+ despatches from their journals--it was so impudent. Trusts the Home
+ Government will accept the proposed civil list; they will never
+ have so large a one offered again. In conclusion, Sir Charles
+ Metcalfe's great reputation places him in an eminently favourable
+ position for carrying out Sir Charles Bagot's policy, by which
+ alone the Province can be satisfactorily governed. A declaration by
+ Government to this effect would put a stop to political agitation
+ which the opposition keep alive as long as they have the slightest
+ hopes of office--all they care for. Let them know that the game was
+ up, and all would go right, and many come round. The differences of
+ religion in Upper Canada will always prevent amalgamation; you must
+ make them all of the same, like ourselves in Lower Canada. French
+ language clause in Union Bill must be expunged.
+
+On the 26th July Dr. Ryerson replied to Mr. Higginson--
+
+I shall make use of the enclosure _Précis_ in substance when I come to
+reply to "Legion"--which will, of course, not be until he shall have got
+through his series.
+
+The "Defence" of Sir Charles Metcalfe consisted of nine papers, in which
+the whole question at issue was fully discussed. In concluding the
+ninth, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ I have written these papers ... as a man who has no temporal
+ interest whatever, except in common with that of his native
+ country--the field of his life's labours--the seat of his best
+ affections--the home of his earthly hopes;--up to the present time
+ I have never received one farthing of its revenue. I know something
+ of the kinds and extent of the sacrifices which are involved in my
+ thus coming before the public. If others have resigned office, I
+ have declined it, and under circumstances very far less propitious
+ than those under which the late Councillors stepped out.... I have
+ no interest in the appointment of one set of men to office, or in
+ the exclusion of any other man, or set of men, from office. I know
+ but one chief end of civil government--the public good; and I have
+ one rule of judging the acts and sentiments of all public
+ men--their tendency to promote the public good.... I am as
+ independent of Messrs. Viger, Draper and Daly, as I am of Messrs.
+ Baldwin, Sullivan and Hincks.... I might appeal to more than one
+ instance in which the authority and patronage of the Governor did
+ not prevent me from defending the constitutional rights of my
+ fellow-subjects and native country.... The independent and
+ impartial judgment which I myself endeavour to exercise, I desire
+ to see exercised by every man in Canada. I believe it comports best
+ with constitutional safety, with civil liberty, with personal
+ dignity, with public duty, with national greatness. With the
+ politics of party--involving the confederacy, the enslavement, the
+ selfishness, the exclusion, the trickery, the antipathies, the
+ crimination of party, no good man ought to be identified.... With
+ the politics of government--involving its objects, its principles,
+ its balanced powers, its operations--even against the encroachments
+ of any party--every British subject has much to do. Civil
+ government, as St. Paul says, "is an ordinance of God." Every
+ Christian ... is to see it not abused, or trampled under foot, or
+ perverted to party or sectional purposes; but he is to seek its
+ application to the beneficent ends for which it was designed by our
+ common Creator and Governor. Such have been the ends for which the
+ people of Canada have long sought its application; such have been
+ the ends sought by the Governor-General.
+
+Dr. Ryerson, in his letter to Mr. Higginson (26th July) said:
+
+I have now concluded my defence of His Excellency against the attacks of
+his late councillors. I have done the best I could. As to its influence
+upon the public mind, I am, of course, not responsible. I cannot compel
+persons to read, think, or reason, however I may do so for them. In some
+places, I am told, a most essential change has taken place in the public
+mind, in consequence of the perusal of my letters. In other places,
+passion has prevented the perusal of them, and numbers of persons have
+just become calm enough to desire to peruse them, and are anxiously
+waiting for the pamphlet edition.
+
+I have not yet heard of any one who has read them all, who has not
+become convinced of the correctness of my reasoning. But it is the
+opinion of persons who have far better means of judging than I have,
+that the effect of them the next two months will be much greater than
+during the last two months. The violent feelings which the whole party
+of the Leaguers sought to excite against myself have, to a great extent,
+subsided, and a spirit of inquiry and reflection is returning to the
+public mind. I believe nothing has been done to circulate my articles
+among the mass of the people--beyond the ordinary newspaper agency. I
+believe that were my ninth number itself printed and widely circulated
+in Upper Canada in tract form, it would prepare the way for the success
+of a just administration, consisting of any persons whom His Excellency
+might select--at least so far as the great majority of the people of
+Western Canada is concerned. I think the decision of the Imperial
+Government on the whole question should be laid before the Legislature
+in a despatch. The matter would be thus brought to a single issue, and I
+doubt not but the prerogative would be placed upon the true foundation.
+
+To proceed again to legislation, without a distinct settlement of this
+question, appears to me derogatory to the dignity of the Crown itself
+(both in England and Canada) and unsafe in every respect; and unjust to
+both His Excellency and to all who have supported him. I think also that
+the Hon. Mr. Draper ought (if necessary) to be supported as strongly as
+ever George III. supported Mr. Pitt. Mr. Draper has thrown himself into
+the breach, and defended and supported the Government in no less than
+three emergencies, when others have abandoned, and even sought to
+overthrow it. I think that Mr. Draper ought not to be made a sacrifice,
+without an appeal to the people. Much prejudice and passion have, of
+course, been excited by the Leaguers since last January, and they have
+formed a regular and extensive organization; but a reaction has already
+commenced; the backbone of their power is broken. They can form
+branches, associations, and threaten us as they did a few months ago;
+but not a few amongst themselves are wavering. If the Government will
+act with liberality and energy, and the Home Government transmit an
+official decision on the question at issue, to be first submitted to the
+Legislature and then to the people, I believe His Excellency's exertions
+will be crowned with a glorious victory, to his own credit, the honour
+of the British Crown, the strengthening of our connection with the
+Mother Country, and the great future benefit of Canada.
+
+As to myself: when I commenced this discussion I did not know what might
+be my own fate in respect to it. I wished, at least, to do my duty to my
+family; to quiet their apprehension, and not embarrass and distrust my
+own mind, while undertaking a task of so great magnitude.
+
+In regard to the past: I have completed my task to the best of my humble
+ability. The satisfaction of having done my duty is all the
+acknowledgment or commendation I desire, or can receive. With my present
+experience, I might perform the task in a manner more worthy of the
+subject, and more to my own satisfaction. I hope, however, an occasion
+for such a discussion may not occur again in Canada. The hostile
+personal feelings excited against me in some quarters will, I hope, be
+lived down in time. The disclosures which have been made of the alleged
+sins of my public, and even private life, have not, I trust, brought to
+light one dishonourable act, one republican or unconstitutional
+sentiment, even under the severest provocations, and grossest abuse.
+
+Dr. Ryerson had written to the Governor-General early in August on
+several matters. He received a reply from Mr. Secretary Higginson on the
+15th of that month. In it he says:--
+
+ The Governor-General looks forward to the pleasure of seeing you
+ soon, when he will have an opportunity of personally expressing his
+ warmest thanks for your admirable and unanswerable letters in
+ defence of the Queen's Government. His Excellency feels very much
+ indebted to you for the zeal and ability that enabled you to
+ perform, in so truly an efficient manner, the arduous task which
+ your patriotism and public spirit induced you to undertake. Upon
+ other important subjects adverted to in your letter, His Excellency
+ will be very happy to have personal communication with you when
+ you come down. Our object now is to complete the Council, as far as
+ may be practicable, without the body of the French party, who
+ doggedly refused to take part in any Administration of which
+ Messrs. Lafontaine and Baldwin are not members. Mr. William Smith,
+ of the Montreal Bar, accepts the Attorney-Generalship, for the
+ duties of which he is said to be well qualified. He is a Liberal in
+ politics, and has always been looked on as a friend of the French
+ party. The Hon. Mr. Morris is willing to take the
+ Receiver-Generalship, and I hope that Mr. W. H. Merritt will now
+ find himself at liberty to join the Council. The Crown Lands
+ Department will still remain unfilled; and perhaps it is well that
+ that door should be still kept open.
+
+Mr. Billa [now Hon. Senator] Flint, of Belleville, in a letter dated
+14th August, in correcting an error in one of Dr. Ryerson's Metcalfe
+letters on a matter of fact, adds:--
+
+ I hope soon to read your pamphlet, but in not reading your letters
+ heretofore, I have been enabled to answer the attacks of your
+ enemies, not on the grounds of a consent, but upon other, and I
+ trust better ground, that of not condemning a man unheard, as is
+ the case in this part of the community, and as I have stated that
+ you must be near right from the fact that your enemies dare not
+ publish your productions.
+
+With a view to aid Dr. Ryerson in his personal defence, Hon. Isaac
+Buchanan wrote to him on the 22nd August, and said:--
+
+ As I think you may feel called on to answer the personal attacks
+ made upon you, or, at all events, to defend the ministerial
+ character from those who deprive it of all manliness and
+ independence, I send you Hetherington's "History of the Church of
+ Scotland." On one page, and in the note referred to, you will find
+ the methods and conduct of Knox explained. It will be the best, as
+ well as the most truthful policy on your part, to show your
+ agreement with this great character. The effect will be great, not
+ only on the Methodist Scotch, but all other Scotch in the Colony,
+ for we are all for national, instead of party, freedom; we prefer
+ our country to our party.
+
+ It may be my fondness for my country; but I think no other country,
+ or people, have ever shown that indomitable love of equal justice
+ and rational, because national freedom, as opposed to party
+ supremacy, as we have done in Scotland.
+
+ I feel sure that you may make some happy illustrations from
+ Hetherington's History to enlighten the public on the present state
+ of affairs, when we are about to be enthralled by party tyranny,
+ and do much to revive the spirit:
+
+ "Ne'er will I quail with down-cast eye
+ Beneath the frown of tyranny;
+ In freedom I have lived, in freedom I will die."
+
+ The history of our Church is not only the history of Scotland, but
+ the history of the world's freedom from the tyranny of men, or
+ parties.
+
+Dr. Ryerson had written to His Excellency in regard to the issue of his
+letters in a pamphlet with a full index. To this letter Mr. Higginson
+replied on the 19th August:--
+
+ I am desired by His Excellency to repeat his thanks for your
+ continued exertions in support of Her Majesty's Government.
+
+ Your index to the pamphlet will be exceedingly useful. I should
+ like very much to have the pamphlet translated into French, for the
+ benefit of the Lower Canadians, and perhaps I shall be able to
+ accomplish it. I should be obliged by your ordering a few hundred
+ copies to be sent to me for distribution in the Eastern Townships.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[123] By a singular popular error, which this sentence may have
+suggested, it was stated and generally believed that the Defence of Lord
+Metcalfe by Dr. Ryerson was written and published under _the nom de
+plume of_ "Leonidas."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLII.
+
+1844-1845.
+
+After the Contest.--Reaction and Reconstruction.
+
+
+Dr. Ryerson naturally took a deep interest in political affairs at this
+time, and Sir Charles Metcalfe kept him fully informed of events
+transpiring at the seat of Government. In a letter, dated 19th August,
+1844, Mr. Civil Secretary Higginson said to him:--
+
+ You will be glad to hear that Hon. D. B. Papineau accepts a seat in
+ the Council. The Inspector-General and Solicitor-General of Lower
+ Canada are the only offices unprovided for. As to Mr. W. H.
+ Merritt, the state of his private affairs may operate in his case,
+ as in that of Mr. Harrison. If it should prove so, the Hon. James
+ Morris may be induced to join the Council, and a very worthy
+ representative of the Upper Canada Constitutional Reformers he
+ would be. Whether the present Parliament is to be met again, or to
+ be dissolved, remains for discussion. Sir Charles inclines to meet
+ them, and I think we can do with a majority, albeit a small one, to
+ support the Government.
+
+Mr. Higginson wrote to Dr. Ryerson, Sept. 8th, and said:
+
+ Dissolution or no dissolution, still undetermined. Thorburn
+ declines office. We must have an Inspector-General, and from the
+ Upper Canada Liberals. Where are we to find one fit for the duties?
+
+Dr. Ryerson addressed a letter, on the 10th September, to Hon. W. H.
+Draper, in reply to Mr. Higginson's note--
+
+ I need scarcely say that I congratulate you most heartily on your
+ formal appointment as Attorney-General, and on the important
+ additions which have been made to your strength in the Council.
+ Would not Mr. Scobie make a good Inspector-General? He is said to
+ be a good financier. His private character, sound principles, and
+ moderate feelings, are all that you could desire. After much
+ reflection, and conversation with some judicious persons who have
+ travelled more than I have throughout the country, and have better
+ opportunities of forming an opinion than I have, I am inclined to
+ think that you will gain much more than you can lose, by meeting
+ the present Parliament, and declaring your views, and taking your
+ stand upon the true principles of responsible government. I make
+ these remarks, because I spoke rather in favour of a dissolution
+ when I saw you last.
+
+To this letter Hon. W. H. Draper replied, on the 17th:--
+
+ I acknowledge the force of your arguments against a dissolution,
+ but at the same time it appears to me you have not weighed the
+ arguments on the other side. These may be concisely stated. 1st.
+ That the ensuing session will be one certainly preceding a general
+ election, and therefore, one in which popular doctrines have their
+ fullest force. 2nd. That members having committed themselves by the
+ vote of last session would fear to retrace their steps and brave
+ the charge of inconsistency at such a time. 3rd. That the
+ ex-ministers would have an opportunity, which they would not
+ neglect, of presenting a new question for the country. You have
+ sickened them of the first question; they would like a second,
+ better selected, if they could get it. For example, if they moved a
+ committee to inquire how the Government has been administered
+ during the last ten months, would they not be very likely to carry
+ it? Information can do no harm; enquiry is a right of the House,
+ etc., etc. Who would venture to oppose when the committee was
+ granted? No business would be done till it had reported. Whatever
+ the report--and if they got a majority on the committee, we may
+ judge its character--their point would be gained, and they would
+ have a new issue to try before the country; a new topic of
+ inflammatory harangue, and studious misrepresentation. Whether this
+ would be their move I cannot say, but they would do something
+ tending to a similar end. The experience of 1836 will teach them
+ not to make a dead set against doing business, or granting
+ supplies, etc. They will make that a consequence, and if possible
+ force the Government to a dissolution, thus casting the onus of
+ doing no public business on the Government. Again, although not
+ meeting the present House may be considered as an admission of
+ inferiority there, I think this less injurious than that the new
+ Administration should be beaten there; and I cannot in any way
+ anticipate a different result. After going over the list in every
+ way I see no just ground for hoping for victory there. Again, of
+ those in whom we might place some hope of a vote in a crisis, there
+ are some who will not be in their places. Col. Prince certainly
+ will not, and I doubt much if Hon. W. H. Merritt, or Mr. Thorburn
+ can. Does no other Upper Canadian Reformer suggest himself? I
+ confess that I am at a great loss. Neither Harrison nor Merritt can
+ take office, as they say, because of their private affairs. Hon.
+ James Morris has given up politics. I have not failed to note your
+ observation respecting Mr. Scobie, and have brought the matter
+ before the Council.
+
+To this letter Dr. Ryerson replied on the 19th September:--
+
+ You will observe that my remarks had reference almost exclusively
+ to the best means of augmenting the elective suffrage in favour of
+ the Government. The facilities for circulating knowledge amongst
+ the mass of the people are so very imperfect, that it takes a long
+ time, and great exertions, even out of the ordinary channel, to
+ inform the great body of the people on any subject.
+
+ In the present instance, the Tory party, although they approve of
+ my letters, do not take pains to circulate them gratuitously. It is
+ amongst the persons opposed to the Governor-General, that the
+ reading of them is the most important. That class of persons cannot
+ be supposed to be very solicitous to procure publications against
+ their own sentiments and feelings, although they--at least very
+ many of them--would readily read them if they were put into their
+ hands. I have scarcely heard of an individual who has read all my
+ letters who does not adopt the sentiments of them--how strong
+ soever his feelings might be against the Governor-General. It was
+ with a view, therefore, of gaining over to the Government a larger
+ portion of the electors, that I proposed delay, and the
+ intermediate means of fully informing the public mind.
+
+ From the considerations which you assign, I do not see that you can
+ do otherwise than dissolve the House. I can easily conceive how
+ some persons can absent themselves from a short session, and thus
+ weaken the Government more than others could strengthen it by their
+ presence and support; and that popular movements may be devised to
+ shift the question and embarrass you. You will probably not gain
+ as many elections now as you would six months or three months
+ hence; but what you may not gain in numbers you may gain in the
+ moderation of new members, or in a new House; especially if you can
+ reduce the majorities of opposition members who may be returned,
+ and hold before them in a new House the possibility of a second
+ dissolution.
+
+Dr. Ryerson then sums up his suggestions as follows:--
+
+The great question then is, How can you come before the country
+forthwith to the best advantage? I would take the liberty of offering
+the following suggestions, which have probably occurred to yourself,
+with others that I shall not mention: 1. Ought not the views of the
+Government, on the great questions, be put forth in some more
+authoritative, or formal and imposing way, than has yet been adopted? I
+know not whether it would be in order for the Governor-General to issue
+a proclamation in some such form as Lord Durham adopted, when he made
+his extraordinary appeal to the inhabitants of British North America. In
+such a document, whatever ought to be the form of its promulgation, the
+question and doctrine of responsible government should be stated with an
+explicitness that will leave the ex-Council party no room to cavil, or
+justify further resistance on that subject. You have this advantage,
+that you can state your case as you please, and as fully as you please,
+to the country. 2. Ought there not to be more effective means used than
+have yet been employed to circulate the refutations of the ex-Council's
+publications amongst their own supporters? Every one you gain from that
+side counts two, in more ways than one. And from what I have understood,
+I am persuaded the chief desideratum is to furnish them with the
+refutations of the attacks of the late Councillors. A proper improvement
+of means for nearly two months might accomplish a great deal, and would
+soon reduce them to a minority, in a large majority of the counties in
+Upper Canada.
+
+On the 18th September, Mr. Higginson wrote to Dr. Ryerson:
+
+ The question of meeting the present Parliament, or of going to the
+ people, has at last been decided in favour of the latter measure.
+ There was so much to be said, _pro_ and _con_, that it was a most
+ difficult point to decide. If the Government could have reckoned
+ with any degree of certainty upon a majority in the House, which
+ they unfortunately could not, there would have been the strongest
+ reasons, as your brother so forcibly put them, for not dissolving.
+ Your suggestion to Hon. Mr. Draper as to Mr. Scobie filling the
+ Inspector-Generalship, engages the attention of His Excellency and
+ the Council. Can the gentleman referred to command a seat? I fear
+ not.
+
+ They complain of a great want of information in the Colborne
+ District. I mean Dr. Gilchrist's portion of it, where they see
+ nothing but the Peterborough _Chronicle_. Mr. Hickson may be
+ depended on as far as he can be of use in circulating some of your
+ wholesome truths. As there will now be no opportunity of speaking
+ to the people from the Throne previous to the elections, some other
+ mode must be taken to ensure our not coming before the country upon
+ a wrong issue, and such language used as the masses can readily
+ comprehend. It is to the electors we must look for victory, and
+ that Sir Charles Metcalfe will triumph I entertain no doubt.
+
+In acknowledging an official letter to His Excellency, Mr. Higgins on
+(October 10th) informed Dr. Ryerson that he should receive an official
+reply through Mr. Daly. He then added:--
+
+ I doubt not that you will outlive all the abuse that foul-mouthed
+ radicalism can heap upon you.
+
+ It is, as you know, impossible to calculate with any degree of
+ certainty upon the results of the elections until the polls are
+ tested; but, I think I may assert with safety that our prospects in
+ Lower Canada are by no means so discouraging as our enemies, and, I
+ believe, some of our friends, would make it appear. Of the latter,
+ there is a class that stand still with their arms folded, fancying
+ that there must be a majority against the Government, and that it
+ will be taken by the Home authorities as an evidence of the
+ impossibility of working responsible government.
+
+In sending letters of introduction to friends in England, Hon. George
+Moffatt, of Montreal, wrote to Dr. Ryerson in October to say:--
+
+ As to the result of the Metcalfe contest, returns have been
+ received from more than half of the constituencies in the two
+ sections of the Province, and it is gratifying to find that the
+ Governor-General is assured of having a good working majority in
+ the Assembly. I have no fears about him, and my only anxiety now is
+ that things may not be again grossly mismanaged at the Colonial
+ Office. Unfortunately, however, Sir Charles Metcalfe's health is
+ very precarious, and should he resign, it will be of the utmost
+ importance that a statesman of ability and character should be sent
+ out to succeed him.
+
+ I drew your attention to the ungrateful conduct of the returned
+ exiles, generally; and if proof were wanting of the entire failure
+ of the conciliation system in this section of the Province, it
+ would only be necessary to refer to the active part taken by these
+ men in the late contest.
+
+Hon. Peter McGill, of Montreal, in his letter of introduction to Sir
+Randolph Routh, thus referred to Dr. Ryerson:--
+
+ The Rev. Egerton Ryerson, with whose name you, and every one
+ connected with Canada, must be familiar, has recently been doing
+ the State some service, by his eloquent writings in defence and
+ vindication of Sir Charles Metcalfe's Government, and in support of
+ law, order, and British Connection.
+
+Having applied to His Excellency for letters of introduction to parties
+in England, Mr. Secretary Higginson writes:--
+
+ I have the pleasure to enclose an introduction from His Excellency
+ to Lord Stanley, and letters to old friends of his and mine, Mr.
+ Trevelyan, of the Treasury, and Mr. Mangles, M.P.
+
+ How nobly and strongly Upper Canada has come out! She will send us
+ at least thirty good men and true, who will not be overawed by a
+ French faction. From this section of the Province we shall have, on
+ the lowest calculation, thirteen or fourteen, which gives us a
+ majority of five or six to commence with, and that will doubtless
+ increase.
+
+From no one did Dr. Ryerson receive during the Metcalfe contest more
+faithful and loving counsel than from his old friend, Rev. George
+Ferguson. Mr. Ferguson had been a brave soldier before he entered the
+ministry, in 1816, and he was, up to the time of his death, in 1857, a
+valiant soldier of the cross. In a letter to Dr. Ryerson, in September,
+1844, he said:--
+
+ My esteemed friend, beloved brother, (and may I add) dear son:
+ These epithets you know come from a warm heart; a heart of
+ friendship, affection, and love, without dissimulation. If you have
+ a friend in this little wicked and deceitful world it is George
+ Ferguson. I have watched you in all your movements from first to
+ last with great anxiety and deep concern. Your welfare and
+ prosperity I have, do, and will rejoice in; and when you are
+ touched in character, or otherwise, I feel it acutely. When I
+ understood what you intended to undertake, and hearing the clamour
+ among the people, I felt awful, not that I feared that any
+ production or argument coming from your pen would be controverted
+ successfully. I believe that your last production is unanswerable
+ on logical, constitutional, and fair, honest principles, but I was
+ afraid that it would not accomplish the end for which it was
+ designed; for the people, generally, had run mad, formerly by the
+ word "reform," and now they are insane by the word "responsible." I
+ fear that the Governor will lose the elections in Canada West. Your
+ pamphlet may, it is true, be a text book to the next Parliament,
+ and keep them right from fear. I was not afraid that you had
+ committed yourself with the Conference and the Church after all the
+ fuss preachers and people made in this respect, (and I am of
+ opinion many would have been glad of it) but I had my serious fears
+ that it would injure your enjoyments in religion, and be a source
+ of temptation that would cause you to leave the ministry. But I
+ hope and pray that one who has stood against all the bribes, baits,
+ and offers made to buy him, when but a boy, will be upheld. Oh! no,
+ no; having Christ in the soul, walking with God, having secret
+ communion and fellowship with the Deity continually, with your
+ talents and qualifications what a treasure to the Church! and the
+ good you would be made the happy instrument of doing! This is true
+ honour, real dignity, true popularity, and eternal wealth. I would
+ rather go to the grave with you dying well, than ever hear that my
+ beloved Egerton was lost to the Church. But, my dear son, you have
+ need to watch, to stand fast, to be strong, and acquit thyself as a
+ man; to have an eye single to the glory of the Lord, to keep the
+ munition, to watch the way. You never will be out of danger till
+ you get to heaven. Be much in secret prayer and communion with your
+ Maker. These simple truths come from a father in his 29th year of
+ his ministry--one that is, in every sense of the word,
+ superannuated, and one that will shortly be known no more.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Hon. R. B. Sullivan (under the _nom de plume_ of "Legion") in a series
+of thirteen letters, with appendix, extending to 232 pages of a
+pamphlet, replied to Dr. Ryerson's Defence of Lord Metcalfe. These
+letters were afterwards reviewed by Dr. Ryerson in a series of ten
+letters, extending to 63 pages of a pamphlet. This review was in the
+form of a rejoinder, but in it no new principles of government were
+discussed. Dr. Ryerson's "Defence" proper, was originally published, as
+was his review of "Legion's" letters, in the _British Colonist_, then
+edited by the late Hugh Scobie, Esq. The Defence was afterwards
+published in pamphlet form, and extended to 186 pages.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIII.
+
+1841-1844.
+
+Dr. Ryerson Appointed Superintendent of Education.
+
+
+The alleged "reward" which Dr. Ryerson was positively asserted to have
+received from Lord Metcalfe for his memorable Defence of that nobleman,
+was long a favourite topic on which Dr. Ryerson's enemies loved to
+dilate. Beyond the fact that the appointment was finally made by the
+administration of Sir Charles Metcalfe, upon the recommendation of Hon.
+W. H. Draper, there was nothing on which to base the charge of such a
+_quid pro quo_ having been received by Dr. Ryerson for his notable
+Defence of the Governor-General.
+
+In point of fact, the appointment was first spoken of to Dr. Ryerson by
+Lord Sydenham himself, in the autumn of 1841. The particulars of that
+circumstance are mentioned in detail in a letter written by Dr. Ryerson
+to T. W. C. Murdoch, Esq., Private Secretary to Sir Charles Bagot, on
+the 14th January, 1842. Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ In the last interview with which I was honoured by [Lord Sydenham],
+ he intimated that he thought I might be more usefully employed for
+ this country than in my present limited sphere; and whether there
+ was not some position in which I could more advantageously serve
+ the country at large. I remarked that I could not resign my present
+ official position in the Church, with the advocacy of whose
+ interests I had been entrusted, until their final and satisfactory
+ adjustment by the Government, as I might thereby be represented as
+ having abandoned or sacrificed their interests; but that after such
+ adjustment I should feel myself very differently situated, and free
+ to do anything which might be beneficial to the country, and which
+ involved no compromise of my professional character; that I knew of
+ no such position likely to be at the disposal of the Government
+ except the Superintendency of Common Schools (provided for in the
+ Bill then before the Legislature), which office would afford the
+ incumbent a most favorable opportunity, by his communications,
+ preparation and recommendation of books for libraries, etc., to
+ abolish differences and jealousies on minor points; to promote
+ agreement on great principles and interests; to introduce the best
+ kind of reading for the youth of the country; and the not onerous
+ duties of which office would also afford him leisure to prepare
+ publications calculated to teach the people at large to appreciate,
+ upon high moral and social considerations, the institutions
+ established amongst them; and to furnish, from time to time, such
+ expositions of great principles and measures of the administration
+ as would secure the proper appreciation and support of them on the
+ part of the people at large. Lord Sydenham expressed himself as
+ highly gratified at this expression of my views and feelings; but
+ the passing of the Bill was then doubtful, although His Lordship
+ expressed his determination to get it passed if possible, and give
+ effect to what he had proposed to me, and which was then
+ contemplated by him.
+
+Apart from this statement of the intentions of Lord Sydenham, it is also
+clear that the determination of Sir Charles Metcalfe to appoint Dr.
+Ryerson to a position in which he could carry out a comprehensive scheme
+of Public School Education, in Upper Canada, was come to some time
+before the question of the difference between Sir Charles Metcalfe and
+his late Councillors had engaged Dr. Ryerson's attention, and even at a
+time when his impressions on the subject were against the
+Governor-General. This conclusion was arrived at by Sir Charles
+Metcalfe, after full and frequent conversations with Dr. Ryerson on the
+subject of the University Bill. With a view to avail himself of Dr.
+Ryerson's knowledge and judgment on that subject, he directed his
+Private Secretary to address the following note to him on the 18th of
+December, 1843:--
+
+ One of the many important subjects that at present engages the
+ attention of the Governor-General your Church is particularly
+ interested in, and His Excellency is, therefore, desirous of having
+ the benefit of your opinion upon it. I mean the consideration of
+ the arrangements that are now necessary in consequence of the
+ failure of the University Bill introduced last session. I beg to
+ add that His Excellency will be happy to have some conversation
+ with you on the question to which I allude, the first time you may
+ visit this part of the province.
+
+Not having been able to go at once to Kingston, Dr. Ryerson wrote to the
+Governor-General in regard to the University Bill. His Secretary replied
+early in January, saying:--
+
+ When it suits your convenience to come this way, His Excellency
+ will have an opportunity of fully discussing the subject touched
+ upon in your letter.
+
+Dr. Ryerson soon afterwards went to Kingston and saw Sir Charles
+Metcalfe on the subject. In a letter written to Hon. W. H. Merritt
+shortly after this interview, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ His Excellency's object in desiring me to wait upon him had
+ reference to the University question, on which he intends, with the
+ aid of Mr. Draper, etc., to have a measure brought into the
+ Legislature, which I think will be satisfactory to all parties
+ concerned. I took a day to consider the questions he had proposed.
+ In the meantime I saw Mr. S. B. Harrison and stated to him the
+ opinions I had formed. Of their correctness and importance, and
+ practicability he seemed to be fully satisfied, and urged me to
+ state them to His Excellency.
+
+In a letter from Dr. Ryerson, published in the _Guardian_, and dated
+28th October, 1843, the character of Mr. Baldwin's University Bill is
+thus described:--
+
+ It is a measure worthy of the most enlightened government; and is,
+ I have reason to know, entirely the production of Hon.
+ Attorney-General Baldwin.... In the discussion [on the University
+ question] the authorities of Victoria College have taken no part.
+ We have remained perfectly silent and neutral, not because we had
+ no opinion as to the policy which has been recently pursued in
+ converting a Provincial ministry into a Church of England one[124]
+ ... because we, as a body, had more to lose than to gain by any
+ proposed plan to remedy the abuse and evil complained of. As a
+ body, we gain nothing by the University Bill, should it become a
+ law; it only provides for the continuance of the small annual aid
+ which the Parliament has already granted; whilst, of course, it
+ takes away the University powers and privileges of Victoria
+ College--making it a College of the University of Toronto. Our
+ omission, therefore, from the Bill would be preferable, as far as
+ we, as a party, are concerned, were it consistent with the general
+ and important objects of the measure. But such an omission would
+ destroy the very character and object of the Bill. As a Provincial
+ measure, it cannot fail to confer unspeakable benefits upon the
+ country. Viewing the measure in this light, the Board of Victoria
+ College have consented to resign certain of their rights and
+ privileges for the accomplishment of general objects so
+ comprehensive and important.
+
+In a written statement on this subject prepared by Dr. Ryerson for this
+volume he says:--
+
+Towards the close of 1843, Sir Charles Metcalfe determined to prepare
+and give effect to a liberal measure on the University question--on
+which subject Hon. Robert Baldwin had proposed elaborate and
+comprehensive resolutions. Sir Charles Metcalfe sent for me to consult
+with me on the University question, as I was then connected with one of
+the colleges. I explained to His Excellency my views, and added that the
+educational condition of the country at large was deplorable, and should
+be considered in a system of public instruction, commencing with the
+Common School and terminating with the University; being connected and
+harmonious throughout, and equally embracing all classes without respect
+to religious sect or political party. Sir Charles was much impressed and
+pleased with my views, and expressed a wish that I could be induced to
+give them public effect.
+
+Dr. Ryerson then goes on to say:--I remarked to Sir Charles that Lord
+Sydenham, a few days before his sudden death, had proposed the same
+thing to me, and that had he survived a few weeks, I would likely have
+been appointed, with a view of organizing a system of Elementary
+Education; but that as Lord Sydenham died suddenly, and as I scorned to
+be an applicant to Government for any office, I mentioned the fact to no
+member of the Government. In May, 1842, another gentleman was appointed
+Assistant to the Provincial Secretary as Superintendent of Education. He
+was treated as a clerk in the office of the Provincial Secretary, having
+no clerk himself, and having to submit his drafts of letters, etc., to
+the Provincial Secretary for approval. [For particulars of this
+appointment, see p. 347.]
+
+After this interview Dr. Ryerson, on the 26th February, wrote to the
+Governor-General on the University Question. Mr. Secretary Higginson
+replied, and at the conclusion of his letter repeated the offer which
+Sir Charles Metcalfe had made at the close of the year:--The
+Governor-General is so sensible of the great value of the aid you would
+bring to the Government in the intellectual improvement of the country,
+that he anxiously hopes, as suggested, that some arrangement may be
+devised satisfactory to you to obtain your co-operation; and His
+Excellency will keep his mind bent on that object, and will be happy to
+hear any further suggestion from you with a view to its accomplishment.
+
+Early in this month (February, 1844), Dr. Ryerson's appointment as
+Superintendent of Education has been talked of. His brother John wrote
+to him on the 6th of March, recalling the fact of that appointment
+having been the subject of conversation with Sir Charles Bagot and some
+members of the Cabinet in 1842. Rev. John Ryerson then went on to say:--
+
+ You know that when your appointment to the office of Superintendent
+ of Education was talked of in Toronto, in 1842, I was in favour of
+ your accepting the appointment. The appointment that was made I
+ thought a most unwise one, and the late Executive greatly lowered
+ themselves in making it. Whenever I have thought of the thing
+ since, I have felt disgusted with the late Government, that they
+ should have been guilty of such a shameful dereliction of duty and
+ honour as not, at least, to have offered the appointment to you.
+
+In reply to this letter, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+As liberal as the Council of Sir Charles Bagot were in many things,
+they rejected the application of every Methodist candidate for office.
+Making appointments upon the principles of party, they must be given
+only to one of the party; a system of appointment which holds out a poor
+prospect to the Methodist who makes religion first, and party not more
+than second--especially when he may have as a rival candidate one who
+makes party everything, and religion nothing.
+
+To this letter Rev. John Ryerson replied:--
+
+ I am very well pleased with the idea of your being appointed to the
+ office of Superintendent of Education--an office for which, I
+ think, you are better qualified than any other person in the
+ Province, and an office in which you can be of more service to the
+ Church, and the country generally, than in any other way.... You
+ say the appointment is not political.... Yet, is it true, in point
+ of fact, that the appointment is not political?... Would any person
+ be continued in the office who would not support the Government for
+ the time being?... Did not Lord Sydenham create this office for the
+ very purpose of connecting the incumbent with the Government, and
+ did he not have you in his mind's eye when he influenced this part
+ of the enactment?... There is no doubt, however, that in case of
+ the Baldwin Ministry again coming into power, the stool will be
+ knocked from under you. And we should not forget that the success
+ of the Governor-General, in carrying out his contemplated measures,
+ respecting the University, Colleges, etc., depends upon the
+ Parliament; and I have very little expectation of his being able to
+ secure the support of the present Parliament, in connection with
+ every other Ministry but the late ones; and what will be the result
+ of another election, who can tell?
+
+In corroboration of the foregoing statements, Hon. Isaac Buchanan, in a
+letter to the Editor of this volume dated 24th March, 1883, says:--
+
+Being on the other side of the Atlantic from the fall of 1841 to that of
+1843, I was not in circumstances to know to what extent the name of Dr.
+Ryerson was discussed prior to the appointment of Mr. Murray [in May,
+1842]; but I cannot believe that the minds of many who knew him to be
+the fittest man, could have been otherwise than on Dr. Ryerson. On the
+contrary, I believe that nothing prevented him being gladly offered the
+originating of an educational system for Upper Canada--a Province which
+he knew so well and loved so much--but the most unworthy church
+prejudices of parties who had influence with the Government of the day,
+for it was known to be a herculean task which no one could do the same
+justice to as Dr. Ryerson, and which few men (however great as scholars
+themselves) could have carried through at all.
+
+Thus from the foregoing statements of Dr. Ryerson, Rev. John Ryerson,
+and Hon. Isaac Buchanan, the following facts clearly appear:--
+
+1. That Dr. Ryerson was offered the appointment of Superintendent of
+Education by Lord Sydenham in 1841, and "had he survived a few weeks
+[Dr. Ryerson] would likely have been appointed, with a view of
+organizing a system of Elementary Education" for Upper Canada.
+
+2. That Dr. Ryerson's appointment as Superintendent was "the subject of
+conversation with Sir Charles Bagot and some members of his Cabinet in
+1842."
+
+3. That the failure to appoint Dr. Ryerson was due to the fact that the
+Cabinet of Sir Charles Bagot--the Governor himself being unable to
+act--"rejected," as Dr. Ryerson himself stated, "the application of
+every Methodist candidate for office;" or, as Hon. Isaac Buchanan
+states: "Nothing prevented [Dr. Ryerson] being gladly offered the
+originating of an educational system for Upper Canada, but the most
+unworthy church prejudices of parties who had influence with the
+Government of the day."
+
+4. That the appointment of Dr. Ryerson by Sir Charles Metcalfe was due
+to the discussion on the comprehensive scheme of education which took
+place between Dr. Ryerson and Sir Charles Metcalfe, on the University
+question, late in 1843.
+
+It may be proper to state that the appointment of Rev. Robert Murray in
+May, 1842, was a surprise to the public, as the Editor of this volume
+well remembers, and was, as Rev. John Ryerson states, "a most unwise
+one." Mr. Murray was a minister of the Church of Scotland at Oakville.
+He was chiefly known at the time as an anti-temperance writer[125]; but
+had never been known to have taken any special interest in education. He
+was intimate with Hon. S. B. Harrison, who owned mills at Bronte, a few
+miles west of Oakville, where Mr. Harrison resided for some years. To
+Mr. Harrison, the then leader of the Government, Mr. Murray was
+indebted, as was then understood, for the appointment.
+
+Rev. John Ryerson having written to his brother Egerton, asking if the
+rumour of his appointment as Superintendent of Education was true, Dr.
+Ryerson replied, on the 3rd April:--
+
+As to the appointment to which you allude, it is but a rumour. No
+appointment has yet been made. Should it take place, it will not require
+my removal from Cobourg. Whatever has been proposed to me on that
+subject, has been proposed with a view of giving body, form, practical
+character and efficiency, to a system of general education, upon these
+non-sectarian principles of equal justice which have characterized my
+life. Nothing political is involved in the appointment--although it was
+at first proposed to give me a seat in the Council! The education of the
+people has nothing to do with the dispute with Lord Metcalfe, of which
+you speak. I do not think it would become me to refuse to occupy the
+most splendid field of usefulness that could engage the energies of man,
+because of the dispute which has arisen.
+
+On the 12th April, Dr. Ryerson replied to a letter from Mr. Secretary
+Higginson, in which he said:--
+
+ Dr. Bethune, the Editor of _The Church_, has indeed protested
+ against my proposed appointment;[126] but I understand that a
+ majority of the members of his own congregation at Cobourg approve
+ of the appointment. Mr. Boswell, M.P.P., and Mr. Sheriff Rultan
+ (the most influential churchmen in the District), have expressed
+ themselves in favour of it in the strongest and warmest terms; as
+ have Mr. Keefer, of Thorold (who is a magistrate of wealth, leisure
+ and benevolence,--was foreman of the Grand Jury at the late assizes
+ in the Niagara District, and has, at the request of the District
+ Council, consented to superintend the schools in that district);
+ also Dr. Beadle, who is an old resident, and I believe, an American
+ Presbyterian.
+
+Up to this time (April), Dr. Ryerson had decided to take no part in the
+controversy between Sir Charles Metcalfe and his Councillors, but to
+devote his energies to the great work of founding a system of education
+for his native country. Much to the surprise of his friends, and (as he
+says in his prefatory paper) "without consulting a human being," he felt
+that it was his duty--after the issue of the manifesto of the Toronto
+League--to relinquish the work assigned to him, and once more to take up
+his pen in defence of one whom he believed to be in the right, and yet
+who was left single-handed to meet the storm of popular clamour which
+had been excited against him by combined and powerful enemies. Dr.
+Ryerson, therefore, determined to decline the appointment offered to
+him, and to abide the issue of the impending contest in which he
+proposed to take a prominent part. In the opening remarks of this
+memorable "Defence," he said:--
+
+ I was about entering upon the peaceful work--a work extensive and
+ varied beyond the powers of the most untiring and vigorous
+ intellect--a work down to this time almost entirely neglected--of
+ devising and constructing (by the concurrence of the people,
+ through their District Councils) a fabric of Provincial common
+ school education--of endeavouring to stud the land with appropriate
+ school-houses--of supplying them with appropriate books and
+ teachers--of raising a wretched employment to an honourable
+ profession--of giving uniformity, simplicity, and efficiency to a
+ general system of elementary educational instruction--of bringing
+ appropriate books for the improvement of his profession within the
+ reach of every school-master, and increased facilities for the
+ attainment of his stipulated remuneration--of establishing a
+ library in every district, and extending branches of it into every
+ township--of striving to develop by writing and discourses, in
+ towns, villages and neighbourhoods, the latent intellect, the most
+ precious wealth of the country--and of leaving no effort unemployed
+ within the limited range of my humble abilities, to make Western
+ Canada what she is capable of being made, the brightest gem in the
+ crown of Her Britannic Majesty. Such was the work about to be
+ assigned to me; and such was the work I was resolving, in humble
+ dependence upon the divine aid, to undertake; and no heart bounds
+ more than mine with desire, and hope, and joy, at the prospect of
+ seeing, at no distant day, every child of my native land in the
+ school-going way; and every intellect provided with the appropriate
+ elements of sustenance and enjoyment; and of witnessing one
+ comprehensive and unique system of education, from the a, b, c, of
+ the child, up to the matriculation of the youth into the Provincial
+ University, which, like the vaulted arch of heaven, would exhibit
+ an identity of character throughout, and present an aspect of equal
+ benignity to every sect, and every party upon the broad basis of
+ our common Christianity.
+
+ But I arrest myself from such a work--leave it perhaps for other
+ hands, and the glory of its accomplishment to deck another's brow;
+ and, if need be, to resign every other official situation; and,
+ unsolicited, unadvised by any human being--inwardly impelled by a
+ conviction of what is due to my Sovereign, to my country, to a
+ fellow-man--I take up the pen of vindication, of reasoning, of
+ warning and appeal, against criminations and proceedings of
+ impending evil, which, if they be not checked and arrested, will
+ accomplish more than the infamous ostracism of an Aristides, render
+ every other effort to improve and elevate Canada abortive, and
+ strew in wide-spread desolation over the land the ruins of the
+ throne and its government.
+
+From the date of Mr. Higginson's letter (12th April) until the 7th of
+September nothing was done in regard to the appointment of a
+Superintendent of Education. On the latter day, however, Mr. Higginson
+wrote to Dr. Ryerson as follows:--
+
+ We find a great difficulty in making a provisional arrangement for
+ the Educational duties. The University authorities require the
+ immediate services of a mathematical professor, and His Excellency
+ proposes Mr. Murray for the office, which will, it is hoped, be a
+ satisfactory arrangement to all parties; but Mr. Murray cannot
+ hold both positions, even for a time. Under these circumstances it
+ appears to be worthy of consideration, whether your appointment
+ ought not to take place at once, which would not, of course,
+ interfere with your projected visit to Europe in November, when it
+ might be easier to make some proper temporary provision for the
+ performance of your duties during your absence. His Excellency is
+ aware that you were in favour of deferring your nomination until
+ after your return from Europe; and if you should adhere to this
+ opinion, you may, perhaps, be able to suggest some means of meeting
+ the apparent difficulty.
+
+On the 18th September, Mr. Higginson addressed another note to Dr.
+Ryerson, in reply to one from him, in which he said:
+
+ You will have learned from my last note that Sir Charles approved
+ of all your suggestions, except the non-announcement of your
+ appointment. As you see reason to alter your opinion on this point,
+ the difficulty is removed, and you shall be gazetted in the last
+ week of the month, as you propose. I wish, with you, that the
+ College question could be settled in England, if we could only
+ prevail on the contending parties to agree to a case of facts. This
+ might be accomplished, and I am not without hope that some scheme
+ may be devised to which no party will have just ground of
+ objection. I shall write to you upon this subject as soon as
+ anything is determined on.
+
+At this point I resume the narrative which Dr. Ryerson had prepared for
+this volume in regard to his appointment:--In September, 1844, a vacancy
+occurred in the Professorship of Mathematics in the University of
+Toronto, by the resignation and return to England of Mr. Potter; and, as
+the gentleman who had been appointed to the Education branch of the
+Secretary's Office, was reputed to be an excellent mathematician, and
+had high testimonials of his qualification, he applied for the
+professorship; evidently feeling the anomalousness of his position, and
+his inability and powerlessness to establish a system of Public School
+Education.[127]
+
+The Governor-General appointed him to the Mathematical Professorship,
+and formally offered the Education Office to me. I laid the official
+letter containing the offer before the executive authority (a large
+committee) of my Church, and was advised to accept it. But as I had
+determined to abide by the decision of the country as to the principles
+of its future government, on which I was then appealing to it, I
+determined not to accept of office until I should know the result of
+that appeal.
+
+After the endorsement of my views by all the constituencies of Upper
+Canada, with eight exceptions, I felt no hesitation, in accepting an
+office which had been some months before offered to me. The draft of my
+official instructions, stating the scope and design of my appointment
+and of the task assigned to me, was written by myself, at the request of
+Mr. Secretary Daly, afterwards Governor in Australia.
+
+During my connection with the Education Department--from 1844 to 1876--I
+made five educational tours of inspection and enquiry to educating
+countries in Europe and the United States. I made an official tour
+through each county in Upper Canada, once in every five years, to hold a
+County Convention of municipal councillors, clergy, school-trustees,
+teachers and local superintendents, and thus developed the School system
+as the result of repeated inquiries in foreign countries, and the freest
+consultation with my fellow-citizens of all classes, in the several
+County Conventions, as well as on many other occasions.
+
+During the nearly thirty-two years of my administration of the Education
+Department, I met with strong opposition at first from individuals--some
+on personal, others on religious and political grounds; but that
+opposition was, for most part, partial and evanescent. During these
+years I had the support of each successive administration of Government,
+whether of one party or the other, and, at length, the co-operation of
+all religious persuasions; so that in 1876 I was allowed to retire, with
+the good-will of all political parties and religious denominations, and
+without diminution of my public means of subsistence.
+
+I leave to Dr. J. George Hodgins, my devoted friend of over forty years,
+and my able colleague for over thirty of these years, the duty of
+filling up the details of our united labours in founding a system of
+education for my native Province which is spoken of in terms of strong
+commendation, not only within, but by people outside of the Dominion.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Note.--It is the purpose of the Editor of this book (in accordance with
+Dr. Ryerson's oft expressed wish) to prepare another volume, giving,
+from private letters, memoranda, and various documents, a personal
+history of the founding and vicissitudes of our educational system from
+1844 to 1876 inclusive.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[124] The second resolution adopted by the Victoria College Board, on
+the 24th October, 1843, says:--the noble and comprehensive objects of
+the amended Charter have been entirely defeated; and the abrogated,
+sectarian Charter has been virtually restored, by the partial and
+exclusive manner in which appointments to that institution have been
+made, and its affairs managed; apart from the misappropriations of large
+portions of its funds.
+
+[125] In September, 1839, Rev. Robert Murray, of Oakville, published a
+series of lectures on "Absolute Abstinence." From a review of these
+lectures, by Dr. Ryerson in the _Guardian_ of the 18th of that month, I
+make the following extracts:--
+
+We confess we have seldom read anything so illiberal and sweeping....
+The principle of total abstinence is wholly repudiated, and temperance
+societies are forbidden an existence.... But such a work ... shall not
+by us be allowed to go forth without the accompaniment of our decided
+reprobation. This is not the day for encouragement to be given to the
+drunkard, nor this the time when a Minister of the Gospel is ... to fill
+the cup of death and present it to his fellows without an attempt being
+made to dash it to the ground.
+
+The following extract from the second lecture, relating to the
+fulfilment of a certain prophecy in the book of Jeremiah, is given by
+Dr. Ryerson:--
+
+"Many of you, I am persuaded, have witnessed this prophecy fulfilled to
+the very letter. Have you never seen young men making themselves
+cheerful with malt liquors, while the young maids were producing the
+same effect with the blood of the grape? Nor is there the slightest
+doubt on my mind, that the prophet hailed this event as a special
+manifestation of the great goodness of God."
+
+It was in reference to the author of such opinions, and the advocate of
+such views, that Rev. John Ryerson used the language quoted on the
+preceding page.
+
+[126] On the 19th October, 1844, Dr. Ryerson was appointed
+Superintendent of Education for Upper Canada. Of his appointment, Rev.
+Dr. Bethune, Editor of _The Church_, on the 25th October, said:--It was
+an impolitic and a heartless step, as regards the Church of England in
+this colony, to raise to the office of Superintendent an individual who
+has thriven upon his political obliquities, and who owes his fame, or
+rather his notoriety, to his unquenchable dislike to the National
+Church. In a moment of danger we can forget the injury; but it must not
+be thought that we shall sit quietly beneath the wrong.
+
+Rev. Dr. Bethune subsequently changed his opinion of Dr. Ryerson, and,
+when Bishop of Toronto, referred to him in some of his public utterances
+in very kind and complimentary terms.
+
+[127] In regard to this appointment, the Hon. Isaac Buchanan, in a
+letter to the Editor of this volume, dated March, 1883, said:--I was one
+of the first to see the necessity of our getting Dr. Ryerson to take
+hold of our Educational system, and I shared the somewhat delicate duty
+of getting our esteemed friend, Rev. Robert Murray (whom we had got
+appointed Assistant-Superintendent of Education), to accept a
+professorship at the Toronto University, when Rev. Dr. Ryerson succeeded
+to the vacant post in 1844.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIV.
+
+1844-1846.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's First Educational Tour in Europe.
+
+
+Dr. Ryerson left Canada for Europe in November, 1844, on his first
+educational tour through Europe. He visited and examined into the
+educational systems of Belgium, France, Italy, Bavaria, Austria, the
+German States, and Switzerland. He kept a full diary of his travels.
+Much of it is out of date, but I shall give those portions of it which
+relate to his personal history, and his impressions of men and things.
+The epitome of these travels which he had prepared is as follows:--
+
+ _England._--Scenery of Essex and Kent from the Thames; landing in
+ Holland; its scenery, palaces, school system, schools,
+ universities, museums, principal cities and towns, churches, canals
+ and roads.
+
+ _Belgium._--From Utrecht to Antwerp--cathedral, churches, schools,
+ museums; Rubens' paintings; Brussels--schools; Hôtel de Ville,
+ etc.; field of Waterloo; Belgian school system; Howard's Model
+ Prison; convent; university buildings.
+
+ _France._--Journey to Paris; curiosities and peculiarities of
+ Paris; acquaintance with the Protestant clergy; my residence and
+ employments there for three months, to qualify myself to speak as
+ well as write official letters, etc., in the French language.
+
+ _From Paris to Rome._--Modes of travel; places viewed on the way;
+ Orleans, Loire, Lyons, Rhone, Avignon, Nismes, Montpellier, Arles;
+ antiquities; Marseilles, Genoa, Leghorn, Civita Vecchia, to Rome.
+
+ _Rome._--Three weeks among its antiquities, palaces, churches,
+ colleges and schools.
+
+ _June 13th, 1845._--Naples; the peasants on the way from Rome to
+ Naples; Vesuvius, Herculaneum, Pompeii, museums, hospitals,
+ college, schools.
+
+ _June 20th._--In a steamer from Naples to Leghorn, thence in a
+ hired coach to Pisa and Florence,--beautiful country, and highly
+ cultivated. Employed four weeks in studying the institutions and
+ peculiarities of Florence; no beggars or Jesuits allowed in
+ Florence; the grand Duke a father to his people.
+
+ _July 19th._--Proceeded to Bologna, re-enter the Papal dominions,
+ and crossed the Appenines; views; a Normal School at Bologna,
+ containing 1,000 pupils, and a Foundling Hospital with 3,000
+ children.
+
+ _July 23rd._--Left Bologna in a vetturina, in company with two
+ agreeable gentlemen, a German and an American; Ferrara; reached the
+ Po, where we entered Austrian dominions; when we entered the first
+ custom-house in Italy, the head officers of which did not ask for
+ money, and declined it when offered to them. Crossed the Adige;
+ interesting places; thence to Venice, where I spend four days in
+ that wondrous city.
+
+ _Bavaria._--In a stage by the Trent, through the Tyrolese Alps to
+ Munich, capital of Bavaria, where I employed nineteen days in
+ visiting its schools and museums, conversing with the professors.
+
+ From Munich by stage to Ratisbon; down the Danube to Luiz and
+ Vienna--the most perfect city in its buildings, streets, and
+ gardens I had visited. Gave a day to go down the Danube to the
+ capital of Hungary.
+
+ _Bohemia._--From Vienna, through Bohemia, by the first train on the
+ then new railroad to Prague; women working on the railroad.
+
+ _Saxony and Germany._--From Prague to Dresden--visits to schools;
+ thence to Leipsic--visits to public buildings, schools, and
+ university; thence to Halle--Franke's foundations, and other
+ schools; to Wittemburg--Luther and Melancthon.
+
+ _Prussia._--Berlin, Sept. 8th.--Examination of its various
+ institutions, schools, and its university; Hanover, Cologne,
+ Mayence, Wiesbaden, Frankfort, Strasbourg, Bâle, Zürich; school of
+ M. Fellenburg; Lausanne--Geneva--to Paris.
+
+ _Episode in my European travels, 1844, etc._--Acquaintance and
+ travel with a Russian nobleman, who becomes a Catholic priest--the
+ Pope's Nuncio at the Court to have the Canadian school regulations
+ for Separate School translated and published in the Bavarian
+ newspapers; also requested me to be the bearer of a medal to
+ Cardinal Antonelli. Rome; presentation to, and interview with, the
+ Pope.
+
+ _London--February 22nd, 1845._--Started this morning in company
+ with a young Russian nobleman (Dunjowski), for the Continent. We
+ commenced our voyage on the Thames, wending our way amidst shoals
+ of craft of all descriptions. The most prominent object in the
+ river was the new "Great Britain" iron steamer; she seemed to
+ preside Queen of the waters; excelling every other ship, as much in
+ the beauty and elegance of her form, as in the vastness of her
+ dimensions. On our left lay Essex, rising gradually at a distance
+ from the river; the undulating surface presents a high state of
+ cultivation, variegated by stately mansions, farm-houses, and
+ villages. On the right lay Kent, remarkable for its historical
+ recollections. The chalk-hills near Purfleet, the men working in
+ them, also the lime and sand, attracted my attention as a novelty I
+ had never before witnessed. We had a tolerable view of Gravesend,
+ the great thoroughfare of south-eastern England. We passed the
+ ancient village of Tilbury Fort, and Sheerness. We arrived at
+ Holland on Sunday morning (about twenty hours from London), but
+ could not ascend the river to Rotterdam on account of the ice. We
+ therefore steamed to Screvinning, a village on the sea-shore, about
+ three miles from the Hague. There were about fifty fishing-boats
+ lying on the shore, high and dry, with their prows to the sea, as
+ the tide was out. I was struck with their shortness, breadth,
+ strength, and clam-like shape of their bottoms, with a portion in
+ the centre perfectly flat. The speed of these curiously-constructed
+ crafts is considerable; they sail close to the wind; having boards
+ at the side as a substitute for a keel. Our mode of landing was
+ novel. The boats were run aground, when several stout Dutch sailors
+ jumped into the water nearly waist deep, and each took a passenger
+ on his shoulders, soon placing him on _terra firma_. I have
+ travelled in a great variety of ways, but I was never before placed
+ on a man's shoulders, astride of his neck; but in this way I took
+ my leave of the German Ocean. There is not a rock to be seen on the
+ shore; which consists of fine sand thrown up from the sea, and
+ forms a bank about twenty feet high; the highest land on the coast
+ of Holland, forming a ridge from one to three miles wide along the
+ northern coast. Screvinning is principally inhabited by fishermen.
+ The road to the Hague is perfectly straight, level, and smooth,
+ lying between two rows of oak trees, one row of which divides
+ between it and a collateral canal--the accompaniment of every road
+ throughout Holland. At 5 p.m. we went to the French Protestant
+ Church, the place in which the famous Saurin delivered his eloquent
+ discourses. The congregation was thin; my emotions and
+ recollections of Saurin contrasted with the present preacher and
+ congregation. The pulpit was at the side; the form of the church
+ was amphi-theatrical. I noticed old Bibles, and Psalms; the text
+ was Luke xxiii 27-28. A moderate preacher, calm, solemn and
+ graceful; baptisms after the service. Went from the French to the
+ English Church; only fifteen persons were present, including
+ ourselves. I spoke to the clergyman (Mr. Beresford), introducing
+ ourselves, and the object of our mission.
+
+ _February, 24th._--Went to the British Embassy with Rev. Mr.
+ Beresford; from thence to the Royal Library; and then proceeded to
+ the Chinese and Japanese collection of curiosities; then on to the
+ Gallery of Paintings; some very exquisite. From thence to the
+ residence of the Russian (Greek) clergyman, Chaplain to the Queen
+ of Holland, who kindly shewed us the Queen's private
+ apartments--refined taste, and great magnificence. Then on to a
+ Protestant school, of about 800 poor children, which is supported
+ by subscription. The King is a subscriber to the amount of 1,000
+ guilders. The teachers consist of a head master and four
+ assistants. No monitors; admirable construction of the seats;
+ excellent order of the children; rod never used--shame, the chief
+ instrument of correction; fine specimens of painting; Scriptures
+ read, and prayers four times a day; salary of the head master 1,000
+ guilders, and assistants from 300 to 400; books furnished to the
+ children, and all the stationery; an excellent building,
+ well-ventilated, comfortably warm, and perfectly clean; the
+ children remain from six to twelve years of age. Saw the British
+ Chargé d'Affaires, who procured me a general letter of introduction
+ to teachers, etc., throughout Holland, from the Minister of the
+ Interior. Visited the largest and principal free school at the
+ Hague; it contains about eleven hundred children, girls and boys,
+ taught by a head-master, aided by a second, and five other
+ under-masters, and five assistants, lads from fifteen to eighteen
+ years of age. No master ever sits, or has a seat to sit on. Were
+ conducted by the Russian clergymen to the palace again; the state
+ apartments were splendid indeed; collection of paintings extensive
+ and most select; hot-houses and gardens delightful. Spent the
+ evening with this gentleman, and was deeply interested in his
+ conversation on his own labours, and the customs and character of
+ the Hollanders.
+
+ _February 25th._--Left the Hague for Leyden. The country perfectly
+ level, looking like a low meadow won from the empire of water by
+ the industry of man, intersected by dykes and canals, interspersed
+ with villas and good private dwellings; here and there a wood of
+ twenty or fifty years growth. On our way we visited Dr. de Rendt,
+ who keeps the most select private school in Holland for the first
+ class of nobility and gentry.
+
+ _February 26th--Leyden._--Attended the University, and conversed at
+ large with the Inspector of Schools for the district, Mr. Blusse,
+ who gave the history, and explained the whole system of elementary
+ education in Holland. Visited six schools, admirable upon the
+ whole. Three thousand poor children are taught in them, at an
+ expense to the State. Visited the Museum, University, and Library;
+ then proceeded to Haarlem, examined the schoolrooms of the
+ celebrated Mr. Prinsen and afterwards heard his own views of the
+ essentials of a good system of popular education: his remarks were
+ profound and practical. He remarked, "a good system of education
+ consists in the men. Theory and practice make the teacher. The
+ government of the head, how acquired and how exercised. Few books;
+ much exposition." His business for forty-four years has been to
+ make school-masters. Religious instruction, history of his own
+ career and of his own school. Afterwards examined Casler's
+ monument and the church; heard the organ, and proceeded to
+ Amsterdam.
+
+ _Feb. 27th--Amsterdam._--Had some talk with the Government
+ Inspector of Schools. Visited a school, taught by a Roman Catholic,
+ in which there were 950 children in one room, all quiet, and all
+ attentive. There were four masters and twelve assistants. They have
+ prayers four times a day.
+
+ _Feby. 28th._--Went to Saundau. Reflections on Peter the Great.
+ Visited the palace, its paintings and museum. Took supper with the
+ Rev. Mr. Jameson, Episcopal clergyman.
+
+ _March 1st--Belgium._--Proceeded to Utrecht, thence to Antwerp.
+
+ _March 2nd--Sunday._--Went to the cathedral; paintings by Rubens;
+ earnestness and oratory of the preacher. Went to St. Pauls; the
+ streets very quiet.
+
+ _March 3rd._--Visited the Jesuit's church, and three schools;
+ phonic and Lancasterian method of learning. Visited the museum, the
+ city, the view from the tower of the cathedral, statues of Rubens,
+ of the Virgin and Saviour. Proceeded to Brussels; visited three
+ schools; courteously received; arrangements good. Visited the Hotel
+ de Ville; Gobelin tapestry; history of Clovis; abdication of
+ Charles V. Paintings. Reflections.
+
+ _March 4th._--Spent three hours in examining the field of Waterloo.
+ Went to Nivelles and visited the Normal School for south Belgium;
+ all the arrangements perfect. Returned to Brussels.
+
+ _March 3rd._--Left Brussels for Ghent; met a commissioner at the
+ railway station, and visited the Government Model School; the views
+ of the intelligent master were very excellent. Called on a Doctor
+ to whom I had a letter of introduction. He explained the school
+ system of Belgium with great clearness. Visited the prison, the
+ celebrated establishment that excited the admiration of Howard, and
+ after the model of which several prisons in England and America
+ have been built. There were about twelve hundred
+ prisoners--arrangements wonderful, discipline apparently
+ perfect--kept by twenty-eight men. Visited a poorhouse, a
+ benevolent establishment to assist poor old people; about three
+ hundred inmates; grateful feelings, sympathy. Visited the
+ celebrated convent, containing about eight hundred nuns, who come
+ and remain voluntarily; none, it is said, have ever left. Visited
+ the university buildings--the best I have seen on the continent;
+ lecture-rooms very fine. Left for Lille, in France; courteously
+ treated at the French custom house.
+
+ _March 8th--Paris._--On our way from Lille we crossed a branch of
+ the Rhine and the Meuse on the ice; country level and well
+ cultivated; passed Cambray and other towns. Walked to the park,
+ Tuileries, to the Triumphal Arch of Napoleon--a world of
+ magnificence.
+
+ _March 9th._--Studying French; walked through and around the Palais
+ Royale in the boulevards--noble, splendid.
+
+ _March 10th--Sunday._--Attended the Wesleyan chapel--about one
+ hundred present--then the English Church; thence to the Madeleine
+ Church--most magnificent; congregation vast; music and chanting
+ excellent beyond description; discourse read; paintings and
+ sculpture fine; church built by Napoleon.
+
+ _March 11th._--Went to Dr. Grampier, the director of the French
+ Protestant Evangelical Mission, a pious man, an able author, at the
+ head of an excellent institution having missions in Africa as well
+ as in different parts of France.
+
+ _March 12th._--Removed to new lodgings; tolerably comfortable.
+
+ _March 13th._--Went to the university; heard lecture on history;
+ Attended an evening party at Dr. Grampier's; was introduced to
+ several gentlemen of rank and wealth. Singing and reading of the
+ Scriptures; much pleased with the party; as many ladies as
+ gentlemen; assembled at eight, broke up at eleven o'clock.
+
+ _March 14th._--Heard a most splendid lecture on astronomy from the
+ celebrated Arago; audience very large; the professor had no notes;
+ the subject was light--comets, causes of the changes in the color
+ of the stars, etc., etc.; lecture two hours, much cheered.
+
+ _March 15th._--Went to the French Chamber of Deputies; saw Guizot.
+ Difference between the French Chamber of Deputies and the British
+ House of Commons struck me--1st. The more ample accommodations for
+ members; 2nd. The little attention which appeared to be paid to the
+ President of the Chamber; 3rd. In the members going to the tribune
+ to speak, and reading their speeches; 4th. In the position of the
+ different officers of the House; 5th. The fine appearance of the
+ servants, and the very convenient accommodations for them; 6th. The
+ superior accommodations for strangers. Heard two lectures at the
+ university, one on mineralogy; lecture good; specimens
+ numerous--the other on electricity; splendid lecturer; fine
+ illustrations.
+
+ _March 16th--Sunday._--Went to the Oratoire, the principal
+ Protestant place of worship; about seventy catechumens admitted;
+ the dress of the females white. Sermon by Mr. Monod; text--"_Mon
+ fils, donne-moi ton coeur_;" very practical and impressive; the
+ singing peculiarly touching. He is a complete talking machine; read
+ from Lamartine, as did M. Delille beautifully and effectively.
+
+ _March 17th._--Close application to the study of French all day.
+ Anecdotes at breakfast respecting the pride of Victor Hugo. Walked
+ along the Seine, then across the river into Notre Dame--the
+ Westminister Abbey of Paris--worthy of the appellation.
+
+ _March 18th._--Pursued my studies till 7 p.m., when I attended a
+ party given by Count Gasparin, M.H.D., who, with his father, is
+ styled the Wilberforce of France--the one being a member of the
+ House of Peers, the other of the House of Deputies. They are
+ regarded as the representatives of Protestantism in the French
+ Legislature. Had a good deal of conversation with Dr. Grampier, on
+ the strength, state, and prospects of Protestantism in France; also
+ the mode of instructing young persons for public recognition in the
+ Church, and admission to the Holy Communion. These catechumens are
+ instructed two or three times a week, for six months, in the
+ evidences, doctrines, and morals of Christianity. They are then
+ examined, and if they shew themselves qualified, they are publicly
+ admitted. The ceremony of admission takes place twice a year, a
+ little before Easter, and at Pentecost. None are admitted under
+ fifteen years of age. Dr. Grampier considered that Protestantism
+ was decidedly gaining upon Popery; and that his own university had
+ been as successful amongst the Catholics, as amongst Protestants,
+ in genuine heart conversions; that whole congregations in some
+ parts of France had embraced Protestantism. His remarks respecting
+ Guizot were interesting and curious. The mother of this great man
+ is now eighty-four years of age, a woman of great vigour of mind; a
+ saint, and nursing-mother in Israel; she offers daily prayers for
+ her son. Guizot is an orthodox Protestant, employed Dr. Grampier to
+ instruct and prepare his children for the Holy Communion, but never
+ goes to church himself, but has told Dr. Grampier that he prays
+ every day. He has been much afflicted in the loss of two wives whom
+ he greatly loved; and also of a son, about twenty-one, a young man
+ of most amiable disposition, great acquirements, talents and
+ virtues. Conversed also with Count Gasparin, who appears to be a
+ truly converted man; spoke of the inefficiency of a formal
+ religion, and the necessity of the religion of the heart. Mentioned
+ the readiness of Roman Catholics to hear Protestant missionaries.
+ He believes that God is about to do a great work in France. The
+ Count is an author; his father has been Minister of the Interior.
+
+ _March 19th._--Heard lecture on chemistry by Prof. Dumas, one of
+ the ablest chemists of the present day, and a most eloquent
+ lecturer.
+
+ _March 20th--Good Friday._--Went to hear a Protestant clergyman,
+ one of the most pious and able ministers in Paris; his manner
+ unaffected, eloquent, and impressive. No organ; singing good, all
+ sang. It being a holy day, crowds were everywhere; streets for
+ miles were filled with three, and sometimes four lines of
+ carriages, of all descriptions; the broad sidewalks were literally
+ crowded with pedestrians, forming solid masses from twenty to fifty
+ feet wide, and extending two miles. Order was preserved by soldiers
+ and cavalry, stationed at short distances. I never saw such a
+ moving mass of people, embracing, no doubt, every nation in Europe
+ and America. The attractions of the harlequins, jugglers,
+ hucksters, etc., of all descriptions, surpass imagination. I walked
+ to Napoleon's Arch of Triumph; observed the inscriptions and
+ remarkable figures on that elegant and extraordinary structure;
+ ascended to the top, and there enjoyed one of the most magnificent
+ views I ever beheld, embracing all Paris and its environs for many
+ miles, the day being cloudless; the serpentine Seine, the richly
+ cultivated country, its parks, its gardens, its arcades of trees,
+ its villas, churches, colleges, hospitals, palaces, squares, and
+ monuments, together with the elegant Tuileries, the noble Louvre,
+ the magnificent Champs Elysées, the playing fountains, the spacious
+ streets, and the moving masses of people, presented a scene which
+ for variety, splendour, and I may add, solemnity, could not be
+ excelled by any prospect that might have been commanded on the
+ pinnacle of Jerusalem's Temple. In fifty years the mass of this
+ vast multitude will be numbered amongst a bygone generation; and
+ these stately works of art shall perish. What a worm am I amongst
+ such a multitude! yet I am destined to immortality; have but a few
+ years to live in a probationary state, but an eternity to exist!
+
+ _March 21st._--Went to the Louvre to see the paintings; about two
+ thousand in number; some large and splendid, many beautiful, and
+ some affecting; none of the paintings from sacred history equal
+ those I have seen in England, Holland, and Belgium, especially in
+ Antwerp.
+
+ _March 22nd--Easter._--Went to the Oratoire, where a discourse was
+ delivered, and the Lord's Supper celebrated. The preacher, Mons.
+ Venueil, was so impressive and affecting that the greater part of
+ the congregation were in tears several times. Being Easter Sunday,
+ his subject was the resurrection, of Christ. He reminded me of
+ Saurin. The spectacle presented of the communicants standing around
+ a long table, and the minister in the midst, at one side,
+ distributing the emblems with suitable addresses, reminded me of
+ pictures I have seen of Christ at the Last Supper. The catechumens
+ who had been received on the previous Sabbath, first partook. I,
+ for the first time, communed with French Protestants, and I felt it
+ good to be there. I attended the Wesleyan chapel; service in
+ French; congregation about seventy-five; preacher (a little
+ Frenchman), quite animated; he quoted many passages of Scripture,
+ chapter and verse, proving the universality of the Atonement. The
+ communion followed.
+
+ _March 24th, 1845._--This day I am forty-two years of age! My life
+ is more than half gone, at the best. The recollections of the past
+ year are painful and humiliating beyond expression. It has been the
+ least spiritual year of my Christian life. For some weeks past I
+ have been revived in my purposes, devotions and enjoyments. By
+ God's grace, my future life and labours shall be His. I have never
+ before felt so keenly the weakness and depravity of the human
+ heart; nor have I ever felt so deeply the necessity and the
+ sufficiency of the atoning blood of Christ. He is all. All is
+ wretchedness and death without Him.
+
+ _March 26th._--Worked very hard at my French studies; much
+ discouraged, but must not abandon my efforts to speak a new
+ language. Visited the Pantheon--wondrous structure--a sovereign's
+ pride, and a nation's monument. Visited the tombs of the dead;
+ ascended to the dome--magnificent view; fine paintings in fresco.
+ My impressions will never be effaced. This evening was in company
+ with Count Gasparin and his noble father, and Mr. Monod, one of the
+ principal Protestant ministers in Paris. Mr. Monod spoke strongly
+ of Puseyism; mentioned that he was at a school this week where
+ there were twelve Protestant young ladies sent from England to be
+ educated in a Papal school, and every one of them had become Roman
+ Catholics. He told me there was no intercourse between the
+ Protestants in France and Holland; he considers vital religion is
+ advancing in Holland.
+
+ _March 27th._--Went to the Observatoire; heard lecture from Mons.
+ Arago; room crowded. Visited the beautiful gardens of the
+ Luxembourg.
+
+ _March 30th._--Heard Mons. Armand Delille (my host) preach, in Dr.
+ Grampier's Church; impressive service, and a comfortable place of
+ worship outside the gates of the city.
+
+ _March 31st._--Commenced receiving lessons in French from Mons. O.
+ De Lille; believe I shall soon be able to speak. The name of God be
+ praised for His help and blessing!
+
+ _April 2nd._--Went to the College (Sorbonne); heard a lecture on
+ Botany.
+
+ _April 3rd._--Was strongly talked with for not speaking French; Oh,
+ that God would help me; I desire to employ it to His honour. Heard
+ Mons. Arago on Astronomy.
+
+ _April 5th._--Commenced conversing in French, in good earnest.
+ Heard a lecture by Mons. Despretz on Modern History, in which the
+ eloquent lecturer drew a parallel between France and Rome, and the
+ reign of Augustus and the career of Buonaparte, of course in favour
+ of the latter.
+
+ _April 6th--Sabbath._--Attended church both morning and evening.
+ Received this morning a present of several books in French from the
+ pious author of them; read the description and reflections upon
+ "Jésus Bénissant les Enfants"; was deeply affected with the
+ remembrance of the manner in which my most pious and excellent
+ mother brought me, in various ways, to the Saviour, when I was a
+ little boy. I owe my all to her, as a divinely-owned instrument, in
+ my early conversion and dedication of myself to God and His Church.
+ She is now on the verge of heaven--may grace strengthen me to meet
+ her there.
+
+ _April 7th._--Heard four lectures this day on law, chemistry,
+ theology, and philosophy. The lecture on theology was on the
+ authenticity of the Scriptures--comparing the prophecies of Isaiah
+ with the narrative of the evangelists. Lecture on philosophy was
+ devoted to an admirable analysis of Locke.
+
+ _April 8th._--Attended four lectures at the university at 9
+ o'clock. "Droit de la nature et des nations," (in the college of
+ France) by Mons. de Postels; "Poésie latine," by M. Patin, the
+ subject was Horace; "Anatomie, physiologie comp. et zoologie," by
+ De Blainville; much of geological theory; "Physique-Acoustique," by
+ M. Despretz; musical instruments.
+
+ _April 9th._--Have attended five lectures: "Histoire de Littérature
+ Grecque," by Egger; "Histoire Ecclésiastique," by l'Abbe Jager;
+ "Botanique anat. et Physiologie Végétales," by Payer; "Théologie
+ Morale," by l'Abbe Receveur.
+
+ _April 10th._--Attended three full lectures, and part of a fourth.
+ 1st. Eloquence latine--Cicero, by M. Hanet; 2nd. Histoire Moderne,
+ by M. Michelet, celebrated, (Collége de France) crowded audience
+ and much applause; 3rd. Littérature Grecque; 4th. Histoire Moderne,
+ par M. Sornement. I understood more than I ever did before. The
+ name of the Lord be praised!
+
+ _April 11th._--Attended five lectures. 1st. Civil Law of France;
+ 2nd. Astronomical Geography; 3rd. Sacred Literature; 4th. Botany
+ and Vegetable Physiology; 5th. French Eloquence. Read French and
+ English with a young collegian. The name of the Lord be praised for
+ the goodness of this day, and for the success of my labours!
+
+ _April 12th._--Was enabled to make a long recitation this morning,
+ and have attended five lectures at the university. Received a
+ parcel from London, furnishing me with Canadian papers; how
+ refreshing is news from home in a foreign country. Thus has my
+ heavenly Father blest me with all good things.
+
+ _April 13th--Sabbath._--Attended service at the Chapelle Tailbout;
+ M. Bridel preached on prayer; thence to the Wesleyan Chapel, which
+ was crowded. Read the religious intelligence from Canada. I rejoice
+ to hear of the doings of my brethren; the success of the work in
+ their hands; hope still to labour with them.
+
+ _April 14th._--Attended four lectures at the university, besides my
+ studies. I pray my heavenly Father to assist and prosper my
+ exertions. I can do nothing without confidence in Him. To the glory
+ of His name shall the fruit of my unworthy labours be consecrated.
+
+ _April 15th._--Attended the meeting of the "Société des Introits
+ généraux du Protestantisme français." Proceedings commenced with
+ prayer. The meeting was addressed by a number of pasteurs; most of
+ the speakers had notes. Also attended the annual meeting of the
+ "Société des Traités religieux" in the Chapelle Tailbout; report
+ well read; speeches short and energetic.
+
+ _April 16th._--Attended the Conference of the Protestant Pastors,
+ in the Consistory of the Oratoire. About sixty present; the
+ proceedings opened with prayer. The President then asked the
+ members present to propose the subject of their friendly
+ conversation; several were proposed. Two hours brotherly
+ conversation took place on the duties, powers, and interests of the
+ synod. Most of those who spoke had notes; delivered their
+ sentiments sitting; were asked in order. Attended the twenty-fifth
+ anniversary of the "Société Biblique Protestante;" commenced with
+ prayer and singing. The Count de Gasparin spoke extemporaneously,
+ and with great elegance and ease. A number spoke with energy and
+ force; the last speaker selected passages to show that the Gospel
+ is not incomprehensible to the vulgar, as Romanists assert; also
+ attended the annual meeting of the "Société Evangélique de France;"
+ Chairman read a very short address; several spoke; M. de Gasparin
+ concluded by prayer.
+
+ _April 17th._--Attended the Conference of Pastors; the proceedings
+ the same as yesterday. At the annual meeting of the "Société des
+ Missions Evangélique;" the chair was occupied by a venerable old
+ man, who seemed, from the allusions made, to be an old friend and
+ supporter of the Society. The aged President read with a feeble
+ voice a short address. There were nine speakers; the last the
+ venerable Monod, who delivered a charge and parting address to the
+ young men who were going to Africa. He embraced in his address the
+ marrow of the Gospel, its power, its promises, its preciousness.
+ The young men were deeply affected, as were all present. He
+ directed them to the power and promises of Christ; assured them of
+ the continued sympathy of the Protestant pastors and churches of
+ France. Another pastor volunteered a few words of address to the
+ young men, on the distribution of religious tracts, and everywhere
+ proclaiming themselves as the missionaries of Christ from France.
+ There was a most affectionate greeting of pastors and old friends.
+ In the Consistory Chapel of the Oratoire de l'Eglise, there are
+ four busts of ministers whose memory is cherished by their
+ survivors. The names and epitaphs are as follows:--(1) F.
+ Methezet--"Il se repose de ses travaux et ses oeuvres le
+ suivent." (2) J.A. Barbant--"Je sais en qui j'ai cru." (3) J.
+ Monod--"Christ est ma vie, et la mort est gain." (4) P. H.
+ Marron--"O mort oů est ton aiguillon! O sépulcre oů est ta
+ victoire!"
+
+ _April 18th._--Attended the annual meeting of the "Société Biblique
+ Françoise et Etrangčre." Count de Gasparin in the chair; speeches
+ spirited; details of report interesting and encouraging. Went to
+ Dr. Grampier's; a social meeting of pastors, to converse and pray
+ on the subject of Missions; subject of conversations; the
+ Missionary work and spirit. From thence went to an annual party,
+ where there was much of fashion and elegance; magnificent tea;
+ peculiar manners; conversed with Mr. Touse, an English clergyman,
+ and with M. G. de Gasparin.
+
+ _April 19th._--Attended the annual meeting of the "Société pour
+ l'encouragement et l'instruction primairie le protestants de
+ France." The Protestants are not satisfied with the system of mixed
+ schools; they wish to have exclusively Protestant schools. The
+ report was full, explicit, and decided. Several speeches from the
+ principal Protestant ministers, dwelling upon religious instruction
+ in primary schools. Attended the morning conference; nothing new in
+ the proceedings; but there was a marriage; but neither groomsmen
+ nor bridesmaids. Address of the pastor. The bride led by her
+ father, the brother-in-law leading the bridegroom; salutations of
+ friends; the presentation of the wedding-ring by the father of the
+ bride; presentation of a Bible to the newly-married couple;
+ touching offering to the poor.
+
+ _April 20th--Sabbath._--Went to the "Institution des Diaconesses de
+ l'Église Evangélique de France." The situation is delightful.
+ Several addresses and statements of affairs. Employed the evening
+ in religious study. Witnessed much lightness among certain
+ ministers of the Protestant Reformed Church. The prevalent views
+ here respecting the sanctity of the Sabbath are very different from
+ those which prevail either in England or Canada.
+
+ _April 25th._--Visited several schools of the Protestant dissenters
+ in Paris--called "Ecoles Gratuités." The first was the Female
+ Normal School, containing nineteen pupils. I was impressed with the
+ admirable arrangement of the school and its appliances, as well as
+ the taste and neatness of the botanical garden. The dormitory was
+ plain, neat, and airy; in it on the wall were pasted the following
+ passages of Scripture, viz., Psalms xv. 5., Amos iv. 12. There were
+ two schools for boys and girls attached to the institution, but
+ these several departments constitute one school--all Roman Catholic
+ children taught by Protestants, on strictly Protestant principles.
+ The priests make no opposition. People independent of the priests.
+
+ _April 26th._--Pursued my studies with encouraging success. Visited
+ M. Toase who gave me useful information.
+
+ _April 27th--Sabbath._--Heard M. Toase; went afterwards to the
+ Madeleine; building magnificent; passed through the garden of the
+ Tuileries; a paradise of a place; shades; walks; grass-plots;
+ lakes; fountains; fish; statues; amusements; but, alas! what
+ profanation of the Sabbath!
+
+ _April 30th._--Went to Versailles; grand and little Trainon,
+ magnificent.
+
+ _May 1st._--The King's birthday and fęte; illuminations; fireworks;
+ appearance of the King Louis Philippe on the balcony of the palace.
+ The Tuileries; the Champs Elysées; booths; fętes; riding; examples
+ of physical strength; girls riding; jumping; great multitudes; good
+ order preserved; Church of St. Roch; music; saw Lord Cowley; his
+ kindness in lending me his ticket for the House of Peers; getting
+ recommendations from the Government; documents on education, etc.
+
+ _May 3rd._--Visited Notre Dame; Hôtel-Dieu; Chambre des Pairs;
+ Chapelle; gallery of paintings; nuns; few peers present; old men;
+ session short; not imposing; fine paintings in the Chapel;
+ admirable selection in the gallery; answer from Lord Cowley.
+
+ _May 8th._--Have devoted several days to study, nothing worthy of
+ remark.
+
+ _May 9th._--Left Paris for Lyons; on the top of the diligence on
+ the railroad to Orleans, level, fertile country; passed through
+ Orleans; saw Cathedral; Jeanne d'Arc; Loire; historical
+ recollections.
+
+ _May 12th._--Examined the curiosities of the town; rough-looking
+ people; homage to the Virgin; "Hôtel du Midi;" view from the
+ Observatoire; Roman antiquities.
+
+ _May 13th._--Left Lyons in a steamer for Avignon; confluence of the
+ Rhone and Soane; varied, beautiful, and sometimes bold; romantic
+ scenery on the Rhone. Vienne; vineyards; wines; St. Villars;
+ Pontius Pilate; river very narrow and crooked; Roch de Tain;
+ Hannibal; vista of the valley of the Isčre; Alps; Valence; St. Pay;
+ Percy; wine of St. Peroy; Castle of Crupol; Drôme; Montilvart;
+ Viviers; rocks; canal; Ardiche; "Paul St. Esprit," great curiosity;
+ Roquemon; women carrying stones; noble and extensive work on the
+ banks of the river, and in the erection of new bridges.
+
+ _May 14th._--Avignon; wall; view from the tower of the Cathedral;
+ visit it; paintings very beautiful; palace; inquisition; left
+ Avignon for Beaucaire; river uninteresting; thence to Nismes by
+ railway; poor country; asses and mules used; women shoeing them;
+ people athletic, but very passionate and quarrelsome.
+
+ _May 15th._--Examined the antiquities of Nismes; truly wonderful
+ and interesting.
+
+ _May 16th._--Arrived at Montpellier; narrow streets; Citadel
+ Fountaine; promenade; Jardin des Plantes; Mrs. Temple's tomb; read
+ a passage from Young's Night Thoughts there; Baunia Palm; Ecole de
+ Médicine; Cathedral; Museum of Painting.
+
+ _May 17th._--Returned to Nismes; revisited the Amphitheatre and the
+ Maison Carée; beautiful in proportion and execution. Returned to
+ Beacaise; visited the Castle; very high, and remarkably strong;
+ crossed the river to examine a castle, now a prison; historical
+ recollections of both castles. Visited the Church dedicated to St.
+ Martha; curious front. Visited St. Martha's Tomb; felt awful in the
+ grim darkness, rendered barely visible by the flickering lamp;
+ inscription at the head of the Tomb: "Solicita Noritubatur";
+ singular well; old women in the Church; the Image of St. Martha,
+ with its knees and feet worn by kissing. Proceeded to Cette; the
+ Amphitheatre is by no means as well preserved as that of Nismes,
+ but larger; the walls immeasurably thick. Saw the remains of a
+ Roman theatre; its curious workmanship attests its former
+ magnificence.
+
+ _May 18th--Sabbath._--Back at Marseilles, but no Sabbath here;
+ theatres all open, and crowds pressing into them; saw some curious
+ handbills about the Pope granting indulgences; holy water in the
+ churches; children using it.
+
+ _May 20th._--Coast from Marseilles, bold, varied, picturesque;
+ barren rocks; vineyards and olive trees; entrance into the bay and
+ harbor of Genoa very beautiful.
+
+ _May 21st._--In Genoa the streets are very narrow; the buildings
+ very high; the city clean; all preferable to Paris; left for
+ Leghorn.
+
+ _May 22nd._--At Leghorn, visited Smollet's tomb. At Pisa, saw the
+ leaning tower; baptistry, etc.
+
+ _May 23rd._--Entered Rome at sunset. We could see St. Peter's more
+ than fifteen miles off.
+
+ _May 25th._--Commenced visiting the churches of the city. 1. Temple
+ of Antonius; column to his honour, and his victories inscribed. 2.
+ Church of St. Ignazia; tomb of Gregory XV. 3. Pantheon of
+ Agrippa--built 22 B.C., of Oriental granite brought from Egypt. The
+ obelisk is from the Temple of Isis. 4. In the second chapel to the
+ left, Raphael was buried in 1520. He gave orders to his scholar
+ Lorenzetto to make the statue of the Virgin, behind which he is
+ buried. It is ornamented by gold and silver offerings of trinkets,
+ rings, and bracelets. 5th. Piazza della Minerva--formerly Temple
+ of Minerva, another of Isis, another of Serapis, now a church
+ obelisk. Statue of Michael Angelo. 6. Roman College. 7. Palace of
+ Prince Doria. In the picture gallery I was especially struck by a
+ beautiful painting of the Holy Family; also Titian, by himself, his
+ last work. Visited the Church of St. Joseph--under which was the
+ Mamertine Prison, where St. Paul was confined. Arch of Titus. The
+ Church of St. Peter's in Vincola has twenty pillars from the
+ Diocletian Bath, two of them Oriental granite. Michael Angelo's
+ last work is a marble figure of Moses, with the two tables of the
+ law under his right arm,--magnificent. There are also twelve
+ magnificent marble figures of the twelve apostles.
+
+ _May 26th._--Church of St. Maria, in Villicella; festival in honour
+ of St. Fillippo. High mass was celebrated in presence of the Pope
+ and cardinals. I stood near the altar, and had a good view of them
+ all. The Pope passed twice within a few feet of me; was carried in
+ a splendid chair by twelve men, who passed up the aisle into the
+ vestry. He is eighty years of age, good looking and walked with a
+ firm step; he blessed the people as he passed. The cardinals kissed
+ the Pope's hand, the priests his toe or foot. Next went to the
+ Church of the Jesuits, where there is a splendid representation of
+ Religion, giving the foot to Protestant heresy in the person of
+ Luther and Calvin.
+
+ _June 1st--Sunday._--Went to the Roman College to the worship of
+ the congregation of Jesuits. In another hall a discourse was being
+ delivered to the pupils, some four hundred being present. At St.
+ Paul's, was shown the house in which St. Paul resided during two
+ years a prisoner in Rome. Witnessed an extraordinary but most
+ impressive service in the celebrated Amphitheatre, where, it is
+ said, 200,000 Christians were put to death in two centuries.
+
+ _June 6th._--During the last five days have been studying Italian,
+ and revisiting some of the more remarkable remains of Roman
+ antiquities, colleges, and schools; also a prison for women, well
+ managed and arranged; much attention is paid to their religious
+ instruction.
+
+ _June 10th--Sabbath._--Visited the Churches of St. John, and Maria
+ Maggiore; visited one of the most important and interesting schools
+ of the Christian Brothers; 400 pupils taught by four masters; 4,000
+ pupils are taught by the same fraternity. Visited also the College
+ of Propaganda; was shewn by the Rector over the whole
+ establishment; it is wonderful, the influence of which is felt in
+ all lands; he shewed me the oldest and most curious MSS. I ever
+ saw.
+
+ _June 14th._--Arrived at Naples, after a stage journey of thirty
+ hours. Peasants very lazy; passed the murdered body of a man. As we
+ advanced we observed a great change in the manners and habits of
+ the people.
+
+ _June 15th--Sabbath._--Vesuvius was splendid last night, to a
+ degree, I understand that has not been seen since 1839. Visited the
+ Poor House; the establishment accommodates upwards of 2,000.
+
+ _June 16th._--Visited Pompeii, and Herculaneum, and Vesuvius. Met
+ with the Jesuit Prefect of Educational Institutions; and a Priest
+ from the United States. From the Jesuit I obtained a full account
+ of the educational institutions in Naples; from the American Priest
+ much useful information on various subjects. Ascended Mount
+ Vesuvius; when we reached the summit my face was burnt; lava
+ falling all round us--God of dreadful majesty, who art a "consuming
+ fire!" Beheld here the setting sun--God of glory who art "the light
+ of the world!" Descending we reached our hotel about midnight;
+ thank God for His protection and mercy.
+
+ _June 18th._--Went to the museum to examine the antiquities of
+ Herculaneum and Pompeii. Left for Leghorn.
+
+ _June 20th--Pisa._--Took a coach with two other gentlemen; a
+ beautiful ride of eight hours along the valley of the Arno, from
+ Pisa to Florence. The best cultivated country, and the best looking
+ peasantry I have ever seen; the river walled, and the bridges fine.
+
+ _June 24th._--The celebration of the Feast of John the Baptist,
+ commenced by a chariot race, after the fashion of the chariots in
+ the games of the Greeks and Romans.
+
+ _June 26th._--The Grand Duke of Tuscany will not allow Jesuits in
+ his dominion; but in Naples the Jesuits are all
+ powerful--confessors to the king and royal family--and that even an
+ artist cannot get employment who has not a Jesuit for a confessor.
+
+ _July 19th._--This day I leave Florence after four weeks of study,
+ and acquaintance with its schools, arts and science.
+
+ _July 20th--Bologna._--Crossed the Appenines, and had a view of the
+ Adriatic. Visited the Scoules Normali, containing upwards of 1,000
+ pupils.
+
+ _July 23rd._--Left Bologna in a vetturina for Ferrara, in company
+ with a German and two Americans. Ferrara is fallen, forsaken,
+ solitary.
+
+ _July 25th._--Crossed the Po in a curious ferry-boat, and entered
+ the Lombardo-Venetian dominions of Austria. Here I met with the
+ first instance in Italy of money not being asked by Custom House
+ officers; every part of the proceeding indicated dignity unknown to
+ the Papal States. Crossed the Adige by a ferry; passed through
+ Monselice, near which is the town and castle of Este. North of Este
+ is Argna, or Argnota, where Petrarch retreated, dwelt, and died!
+ Next passed through Battaglia and Padua; on the left is Abano, the
+ birth-place of Livy. Gothic laggia, vast hall, said to be the
+ largest unsupported roof in the world, built by Frate Giovanni;
+ bust and tomb of Livy.
+
+ _July 30th._--Came on to Venice, where we spent four days; a
+ wondrous city.
+
+ _August 4th._--Have been in Munich nineteen days; visited its
+ museum, churches, elementary schools, &c., &c.; conversed with many
+ professors.
+
+ _August 25th._--Left Munich; passed through Landsport; arrived at
+ Ratisbon; visited Valhalla; descended the Danube to Linz.
+
+ _Sept. 3rd._--The city of Vienna is the most perfect I have seen,
+ in its buildings, streets, gardens, etc.; it would furnish me with
+ materials for a volume were I a writer of travels.
+
+ _Sept. 4th._--Came through Bohemia by the first railroad train from
+ Vienna to Prague, where I remained two days. The houses in the
+ villages through which we passed, were all of one story, thatched
+ with straw; the peasants wear skins, and women work on the
+ railroads.
+
+ _Sept. 5th._--Left Prague in a small steamer for Dresden; visited
+ Dr. Blockman's school; every appurtenance; very complete schools,
+ both public and private. From thence on to Leipsic; visited all the
+ principal buildings; visited the Burgher school, designed for the
+ education of the middle ranks, and those of the upper ranks, if
+ desired.
+
+ _Sept. 15th and 16th._--From Leipsic went on to Halle (in Prussia);
+ visited the schools on Franke's Foundations; several farms belong
+ to the establishment; there are six schools, rather small; there
+ are free scholars, orphans, and money scholars. Went to the
+ University.
+
+ _Sept. 17th--Wittemburg._--This morning visited the church in which
+ Luther first preached the doctrines of the Reformation, and where
+ both Luther and Melancthon are buried; I ascended the pulpit, and
+ there prayed that the spirit of the Reformation might more
+ abundantly rest upon me; I experienced strong sensations on
+ entering the church; it is a plain building with a few monuments;
+ the statue (bronze) of Luther is in the market-place, with the
+ words:--
+
+ "Ist's Gottes Werk, so wird's bestehen;
+ Ist's Menschen, so wird's untergehen."
+
+ We then visited the house in which Melancthon lived, now being
+ repaired; Luther's chamber in the convent; his study, with his
+ chair, table, and stove; his library, his bed-room; at his table I
+ knelt and prayed, and renewed my covenant with my God. I afterwards
+ visited the place where Luther burnt the Pope's Bull.
+
+ _Sept. 18th--Berlin._--Employed the day in visiting the great
+ schools of this magnificent city: Frederick William Gymnasium,
+ Dorothean Higher City School, Royal Red School, embracing both the
+ classical and scientific departments; went over the establishment.
+
+ _Sept. 19th._--Visited the University and Picture Gallery; went
+ through all the apartments of the City Trade School; the collection
+ of apparatus and specimens to carry out the course of instruction
+ is perhaps the most complete in Prussia, in schools of this class.
+
+ _Sept. 20th._--Potsdam--a magnificent place; went into the Court,
+ and visited several of the rooms of the Royal Military School--a
+ noble establishment; visited the Normal School; witnessed the
+ teaching of two of the pupil-teachers,--both used the blackboard,
+ and both appeared thorough masters of what they were teaching,
+ using no books,--other pupil-teachers were looking on; never saw a
+ finer class of young men.
+
+ _Sept. 23rd._--Berlin. Dined with the British Ambassador, and had
+ an interview with the Prussian Minister of Public Instruction;
+ witnessed the semi-annual parade of the Prussian army--more than
+ 10,000 men; saw also the King of Prussia and the Empress of Russia.
+
+ _Sept. 24th._--Hanover. Passed through several townships; visited
+ the Palace; saw the gold and silver plate, much of which belonged
+ to former British Sovereigns; visited Herrenhausen, favourite
+ residence of George I. and II. of England.
+
+ _Sept. 28th._--Cologne. Visited Cathedral and Churches; saw the
+ tomb of Charlemagne, and the house in which Rubens was born.
+
+ _Oct. 1st._--Bonn. Saw the University buildings; saw the great
+ Catholic Normal School, at Bright.
+
+ _Oct. 2nd._--Mayence. Ascended the Rhine from Bonn,--embracing all
+ the magnificent scenery of this celebrated river.
+
+ _Oct. 3rd._--Visited Wiesbaden, capital of Hesse-Cassel; went to
+ Frankfort; visited Burgher School there, 700 children. Birth-place
+ and monument of Goethe.
+
+ _Oct. 5th._--Strasburg. Left Frankfort; passed through Darmstadt;
+ heard two sermons in French, and one in German; visited the
+ magnificent Cathedral, and Normal School.
+
+ _Oct. 7th._--Zurich. Came to Bâle yesterday; arrived here this
+ morning; visited the great Cantonal Industrial School--noble
+ building.
+
+ _Oct. 8th._--Cargon. Obtained much information from the director of
+ the Gymnase, Real and Higher Burgher School here.
+
+ _Oct. 9th._--Berne. Travelled through a mountainous and picturesque
+ country to Papiermühle; walked three miles to the celebrated school
+ of M. de Fallenberg; had the whole system explained--gymnasium,
+ real, intermediate, poor, and limited to the number of thirty;
+ dined at the Agricultural School,--situated on a gentle hill, in
+ the midst of the valley of Switzerland, surrounded by mountains,--I
+ have been abundantly repaid in spending a whole day in surveying
+ such an establishment.
+
+ _Oct. 11th._--Lausanne. Fine view of the Alps; visited the garden
+ where Gibbon finished his History on the rise and fall of the Roman
+ Empire.
+
+ _Oct. 12th._--Geneva. Arrived here in heavy rain; attended three
+ services; visited the tomb of Sir H. Davy; had a fine view of Mt.
+ Blanc; left for Paris.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLV.
+
+1844-1857.
+
+Episode in Dr. Ryerson's European Travels.--Pope Pius IX.
+
+
+One of the many episodes in my European travels which I have been
+requested by many to narrate led to my presentation to Pope Pius IX.,
+and is as follows:--
+
+ On my arrival in England on my first educational tour, near the end
+ of 1844, I was invited to a Christmas dinner party at the house of
+ an English clergyman, where I was introduced to a young Russian
+ nobleman, by the name of Dunjowski, who had attended lectures in
+ several German universities, and came to England to learn the
+ English language, in which he soon became a proficient. During his
+ residence in England he became acquainted with a number of
+ distinguished men, noblemen and others; among whom were the late
+ Rev. Dr. Chalmers. This young Russian nobleman, having learned that
+ I was on a tour of investigation of the educational institutions of
+ Europe, proposed before the close of the evening to join me in
+ investigating the educational institutions of western and central
+ Europe, with a view to his writing an account of them on his return
+ to St. Petersburg. I accepted his proposal; and in the course of a
+ few weeks we commenced our tour through Holland and Belgium to
+ Paris, of which some account will be found in the extracts from my
+ Journal in the preceding Chapter.
+
+ At Paris my Russian friend conceived the idea of attending another
+ course of lectures on some branch of Roman law at Tubigen. We
+ parted, but he changed his mind, and instead of attending an
+ additional course of lectures in a German university, he proceeded
+ to Rome. A few weeks after my arrival there, I felt a tap on my
+ shoulder at the dinner table, and, on looking up, I recognized my
+ young Russian friend, who was already speaking Italian, with as
+ much fluency as he had spoken English, French, and German, when we
+ parted at Paris six weeks before.
+
+ We renewed our travels together, after having completed our tour of
+ Rome, with its antiquities and institutions; we proceeded to Naples
+ by stage, where we spent several days in examining its College of
+ Nobles and other educational institutions, including its
+ antiquities of Herculaneum and Pompeii, Vesuvius, etc. In the
+ College of Nobles we met an American Priest, who was President of
+ the Roman Catholic College at Georgetown, near Washington, and
+ invited him to take a seat in our carriage the next day on an
+ excursion to Herculaneum and Pompeii. In the course of the day a
+ religious discussion took place between the American Priest and the
+ Russian, who was very fond of controversy. I took no part in it,
+ but I thought the Priest had rather the best of it. The result was,
+ my Russian friend was persuaded to go into a house of retirement
+ near Rome, and devote some weeks to solitary prayer, fasting, and
+ meditation. I never afterwards saw him or heard from him for eleven
+ years, though I remonstrated with him, and wrote him from Florence,
+ entreating him to reconsider what he was doing; but he said that
+ what I spoke and wrote rather confirmed him in his course, than
+ diverted him from it.
+
+ When making my third educational tour on the Continent of Europe, I
+ was, with my daughter, at Munich, in Bavaria, about the beginning
+ of 1857, and while at dinner at our hotel, I felt two hands placed
+ upon my shoulders; on looking up, I recognized, notwithstanding his
+ present dress, my old friend, Dunjowski, who embraced and kissed me
+ as a brother. After dinner we retired to the parlour, and talked
+ over the past. I asked him what he had been doing these eleven
+ years, how he had become transformed from a Russian nobleman,
+ scholar, and lawyer, into a Roman Catholic priest, in full
+ canonicals. He told me that after we separated at Naples, eleven
+ years before, he went into a house of retirement at Rome, and by
+ prayer, fasting, and meditation, devoted himself to God and His
+ Church, without reserve of rank, fortune, or country; that he had
+ ultimately decided to be a Catholic; that he had studied theology
+ four years in France; that he had been appointed a Missionary to
+ the North, and had been some years a Missionary to the Lapps, and
+ had preached before the Kings of Denmark and Sweden; that he was
+ then Missionary Apostolic to all the Catholic Missions in Europe
+ and America, north of latitude 60; and that he might yet visit
+ Canada. This extraordinary man had mastered the languages of the
+ various countries in which he had travelled and laboured, and gave
+ my daughter specimens of his writing in twenty-seven different
+ languages. I never knew a man of more disinterestedness, more
+ devotion, and singleness of purpose, than Mr. Dunjowski. He was up
+ and out at prayers to his church before five o'clock, in the
+ terribly cold mornings the last of December and the beginning of
+ January, in one of the coldest capitals of Europe.
+
+ On the other hand he asked me what I had been doing during the last
+ eleven years. I replied that I had devised and brought into
+ operation a system of public instruction, which had been approved
+ by the Government and Legislature, and by the people at large, whom
+ I had consulted, in the several counties of Upper Canada. He wished
+ to know what I had done in respect to his co-religionists. I shewed
+ him the provisions of our School Act, and the Regulations founded
+ upon it in respect to Roman Catholics in Upper Canada. My Russian
+ friend thought that nothing could be more just and fair than these
+ clauses of the law and regulations, and requested permission to
+ shew them to the Pope's Nuncio (an Italian Archbishop), at the
+ Court of Bavaria. The Pope's Nuncio was so pleased with them, that
+ he requested the loan of them until he got them translated into
+ German, and published in the Bavarian newspapers, to shew how
+ fairly the Roman Catholics were treated under the Protestant
+ Government of Upper Canada. The Pope's Nuncio afterwards desired me
+ to call upon him; and during the interview, after some
+ complimentary remarks, requested me to be the bearer of a medal
+ from the King of Bavaria to Cardinal Antonelli, at Rome. I readily
+ accepted the honour and the office, and found the Pope's arms and
+ seal a ready passport when I got in a tight place among the
+ avaricious Italian Custom House officers.
+
+Dr. Ryerson thus describes his interview with Pope Pius IX.:
+
+ On my arrival at Rome I duly delivered my letters of introduction,
+ and the King of Bavaria's medal to Cardinal Antonelli who received
+ me with the utmost courtesy, offered me every facility to get
+ pictures copied by my own selection at Rome, and proposed, if
+ acceptable to me, to present me to His Holiness the Pope. I readily
+ accepted the attentions and honours offered me; but told the
+ Cardinal that I had a young daughter, and young lady companion of
+ hers, whom I should wish to accompany me; His Excellency said, "By
+ all means."
+
+ On the day appointed we went to the Vatican. Several foreign
+ dignitaries were waiting in an ante-room for an audience with the
+ Pope, but the Methodist preacher received precedence of them all.
+ "Are you a clergyman?" asked the Chancellor, who conducted me to
+ the Pope's presence; "I am a Wesleyan minister," I replied. "Ah!
+ John Wesley. I've heard of him," said the Chancellor, as he
+ shrugged his shoulders in surprise that a heretic should be so
+ honoured above orthodox sons of the Church. We were then in due
+ form introduced to the Pope, who received us most courteously, and
+ stood up and shook hands with me and with whom I conversed (in
+ French) for nearly a quarter of an hour; during the conversation
+ His Holiness thanked me for the fairness and kindness with which he
+ understood I had treated his Catholic children in Canada. Before
+ the close of the interview, His Holiness turned to the young ladies
+ (each of whom had a little sheet of note paper in their hands) and
+ said, "My children, what is that you have in your hands?" The girls
+ curtsied respectfully, and told His Holiness that they brought
+ these sheets of paper in hopes His Holiness would have the
+ condescension and kindness to give them his autograph. He smiled,
+ and wrote in Latin the benediction: "Grace, mercy, and peace from
+ God our Father, and Jesus Christ our Lord," and then kindly gave
+ them also the pen with which it was written.
+
+ Thus ended our interview with Pope Pins IX., of whose unaffected
+ sincerity, candor, kindness, and good sense, we formed the most
+ favourable opinion, notwithstanding the system of which he is the
+ head.
+
+Dr. Ryerson also mentions another interview which he had:--
+
+ In addition to my letters of introduction to Cardinal Antonelli, my
+ Russian friend, Dunjowski, gave me a letter of introduction to
+ Father Thyner, the keeper of the Archives at Rome, and an intimate
+ personal friend of the Pope; in which letter he referred to the
+ school systems of Upper Canada, in reference to Roman Catholics.
+ Father Thyner wished to see the Canadian school law and
+ regulations, and shewed and explained them to the Pope, who
+ afterwards spoke of their fairness and kindness, in my interview
+ with His Holiness.
+
+ Father Thyner was once Librarian to the King of Prussia, and being
+ a Roman Catholic, he went to Rome, where his varied learning and
+ high character soon obtained him a high position at the Vatican.
+ He, as well as the Pope, in his early life was an enemy of the
+ Jesuits, and was regarded by them as such throughout his whole
+ life.
+
+ I had a severe illness of some weeks at Rome, during which Father
+ Thyner visited me almost daily, but never said one word to me on
+ the grounds of difference between Roman Catholics and Protestants.
+
+ During my last visit to England in 1876-7, I spent part of a day at
+ the residence of the Rev. Wm. Arthur, A.M., who showed me the works
+ in his library from which he had derived the principal materials of
+ his masterly work on _The Pope and The People_. Among other works
+ he shewed me some volumes written by Father Thyner, containing an
+ account of the proceedings of the Council of Trent. "Why," I said,
+ "I know Father Thyner personally," and related my acquaintance with
+ him. Mr. Arthur said in reply, "This work is the chief source of my
+ knowledge of the proceedings of the Councils of Trent;" and added,
+ "Father Thyner having determined to publish an account (which had
+ never before been published) of this Council, was forbidden to do
+ so, and banished, or driven from Rome, when he went to Hungary, and
+ published his great work on the Councils."
+
+ I have observed in the papers, that Father Thyner died in Hungary a
+ year or two since. He was a man of profound learning, of fervent
+ devotion, of great moderation in his views, of uncompromising
+ integrity. I visited him in his convent, near Rome, and drank the
+ juice of the grape grown in his own garden, and pressed by his own
+ hand.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVI.
+
+1844-1876.
+
+Ontario School System.--Retirement of Dr. Ryerson.
+
+
+Although I hope to be able to prepare a record of the private and
+personal history of the founding of our System of Public Education, and
+of the vicissitudes through which it passed, as requested by Dr. Ryerson
+(page 350), yet in this chapter I give a brief outline of the principles
+of that System.
+
+After his educational investigations in Europe, in 1844-1846, Dr.
+Ryerson prepared an elaborate Report on a "System of Public Instruction
+for Upper Canada," which was published in 1846. In that report he
+says:--
+
+ By Education, I mean not the mere acquisition of certain arts, or
+ of certain branches of knowledge, but that instruction and
+ discipline which qualify and dispose the subjects of it for their
+ appropriate duties and appointments in life, as Christians, as
+ persons in business, and also as members of the civil community in
+ which they live.
+
+ A basis of an educational structure adapted to this end should be
+ as broad as the population of the country; and its loftiest
+ elevation should equal the highest demands of the learned
+ professions; adapting its gradation of schools to the wants of the
+ several classes of the community, and to their respective
+ employments or professions, the one rising above the other--the one
+ conducting to the other; yet each complete in itself for the degree
+ of education it imparts; a character of uniformity, as to
+ fundamental principles, pervading the whole: the whole based upon
+ the principles of Christianity, and uniting the combined influence
+ and support of the government and the people.
+
+ The branches of knowledge which it is essential that all should
+ understand, should be provided for all, and taught to all; should
+ be brought within the reach of the most needy, and forced upon the
+ attention of the most careless. The knowledge required for the
+ scientific pursuit of mechanics, agriculture, and commerce, must
+ needs be provided to an extent corresponding with the demand, and
+ the exigencies of the country; while, to a more limited extent, are
+ needed facilities for acquiring the higher education of the learned
+ professions.
+
+With a view to give a summary sketch of Dr. Ryerson's exposition of the
+system of Public Instruction which he desired to establish, I give the
+following additional extracts from his first Report. After combating the
+objection which then existed in some quarters to the establishment of a
+thorough system of primary and industrial education, commensurate with
+the population and wants of the country, he remarked:--
+
+The first feature then of our Provincial System of Public Instruction,
+should be universality. The elementary education of the whole people
+must, therefore, be an essential element in the legislative and
+administrative policy of an enlightened and beneficent government. Nor
+is it less important to the efficiency of such a system that it should
+be practical than that it should be universal. The mere acquisition, or
+even the general diffusion of knowledge, without the requisite qualities
+to apply that knowledge in the best manner, does not merit the name of
+education. Much knowledge may be imparted and acquired without any
+addition whatever to the capacity for the business of life.... History
+presents us with even University Systems of Education (so called)
+entirely destitute of all practical character; and there are elementary
+systems which tend as much to prejudice and pervert, not to say corrupt,
+the popular mind as to improve and elevate it.
+
+The state of society, then, no less than the wants of our country,
+requires that every youth of the land should be trained to industry and
+its practice, whether that training be extensive or limited.
+
+Now education, thus practical, includes religion and morality; secondly,
+the development to a certain extent of all our faculties; thirdly, an
+acquaintance with several branches of elementary knowledge.
+
+By religion and morality, I do not mean sectarianism in any form, but
+the general truth and morals taught in the Holy Scriptures. Sectarianism
+is not morality. To be zealous for a sect and to be conscientious in
+morals are widely different. To inculcate the peculiarities of a sect
+and to teach the fundamental principles of religion and morality are
+equally different.
+
+I can aver, from personal experience and practice, as well as from a
+very extended inquiry on this subject, that a much more comprehensive
+course of biblical and religious instruction can be given than there is
+likely to be opportunity for in elementary schools, without any
+restraint on the one side, or any tincture of sectarianism on the
+other--a course embracing the entire history of the Bible, its
+institutions, cardinal doctrines and morals, together with the evidences
+of its authenticity.
+
+With the proper cultivation of the moral feelings, and the formation of
+local habits, is intimately connected the corresponding development of
+all the other faculties, both intellectual and physical. The great
+object of an efficient system of instruction should be, not the
+communication of so much knowledge, but the development of the
+faculties. Much knowledge may be acquired without any increase of mental
+power; nay, with even an absolute diminution of it. (See Chapter li.)
+
+In founding the System of Public Instruction, Dr. Ryerson wisely laid
+down certain great principles which he believed to be essential to the
+success of his labours. These general principles may be thus summarized:
+1. That the machinery of education should be in the hands of the people
+themselves, and should be managed through their own agency; they should,
+therefore, be consulted in regard to all school legislation. 2. That the
+aid of the Government should only be given where it can be used most
+effectually to stimulate and assist local effort in this great work. 3.
+That the property of the country is responsible for, and should
+contribute towards the education of the entire youth of the country, and
+that as a complement to this, "compulsory education" should necessarily
+be enforced. 4. That a thorough and systematic inspection of the schools
+is essential to their vitality and efficiency. These, with other
+important principles, Dr. Ryerson kept steadily in view during the whole
+thirty-two years of his administration of the school system of Ontario.
+Their judicious application has contributed largely, under the Divine
+blessing, which he ever sought, to the wonderful success of his labours.
+
+Notwithstanding the zeal and ability with which Dr. Ryerson had
+collected and arranged his facts, analyzed the various systems of
+education in Europe (largely in Germany) and America, and fortified
+himself with the opinions of the most eminent educationists in those
+countries, yet his projected system for this province was fiercely
+assailed, and was vehemently denounced as embodying in it the very
+essence of "Prussian despotism." Still, with indomitable courage he
+persevered in his plans, and at length succeeded in 1846 in inducing the
+legislature to pass a School Act which he had drafted. In 1849 the
+Provincial administration personally favourable to Dr. Ryerson's views
+went out of office, and one unfavourable to him came in. The Hon.
+Malcolm Cameron, a hostile member of the cabinet--although he afterwards
+became a personal friend of Dr. Ryerson--having concocted a singularly
+crude and cumbrous school bill, aimed to oust Dr. Ryerson from office,
+it was (as was afterwards explained) taken on trust, and, without
+examination or discussion, passed into a law. Dr. Ryerson at once called
+the attention of the Government (at the head of which was the late
+lamented Lord Elgin) to the impracticable and un-Christian character of
+the bill, as under its operation the Bible would be excluded from the
+schools. Rather than administer such an Act, Dr. Ryerson tendered the
+resignation of his office to the Government. The late Honourable Robert
+Baldwin, C.B., Attorney-General (the Nestor of Canadian politicians, and
+a truly Christian man), was so convinced of the justness of Dr.
+Ryerson's views and remonstrance, that he took the unusual course of
+advising His Excellency to suspend the operation of the new Act until
+Dr. Ryerson could prepare a draft of a bill on the basis of the repealed
+law, embodying in it, additional to the old bill, the result of his own
+experience of the working of the system up to that time. The result was
+that a law passed in 1850, adapted to the municipal system of the
+Province, so popular in its character and comprehensive in its
+provisions and details, that it is still (in a consolidated form) the
+principal statute under which the Public Schools of Ontario are
+maintained.
+
+The leading features of that measure may be briefly summed up under the
+four following heads:--
+
+1. The machinery of the system was mainly adapted to the circumstances
+of Upper Canada, from the school laws of the Middle (United) States.
+
+2. The method of supporting the schools by a uniform rate upon property
+was adopted from the New England States.
+
+3. The Normal and Model schools (established in 1847), were projected
+after those in operation in Germany.
+
+4. The school text-books were originally adapted from the series then in
+use in Ireland, and acceptable to both Protestants and Roman Catholics.
+
+In 1850, Dr. Ryerson, while in England, made preliminary arrangements
+for establishing the Library, and Map and Apparatus Depository in
+connection with his department; and in 1855 he established
+Meteorological Stations in connection with the County Grammar Schools.
+In this he was aided by Colonel (now General) Lefroy, R.E., for many
+years Director of the Provincial Magnetical Observatory, at Toronto.
+Sets of suitable instruments (which were duly tested at the Kew
+Observatory) were obtained, and in 1855, the law on the subject having
+been amended, twelve stations were selected and put into efficient
+working order. In 1857 Dr. Ryerson made his third educational tour in
+Europe, where he procured at Antwerp, Brussels, Florence, Rome, Paris,
+and London an admirable collection of copies of paintings by the old
+masters; statues, busts, etc., besides various articles for an
+Educational Museum in connection with the Department. In 1858-60, Dr.
+Ryerson took a leading part in the discussion in the newspapers, and
+before a committee of the legislature, in favour of grants to the
+various outlying universities in Ontario, chiefly in terms of Hon.
+Robert Baldwin's University Bill of 1843. He maintained that "they did
+the State good service," and that their claims should be substantially
+recognized as colleges of a central university. He deprecated the
+multiplication of universities in the province, which he held would be
+the result of a rejection of his scheme. In consideration of his able
+services in this contest, the University of Victoria College conferred
+upon him the degree of LL.D. in 1861.
+
+In 1867 he made his fourth educational tour in England and the United
+States. On his return, in 1868, he submitted to the Government a highly
+valuable "special report on the systems and state of popular education
+in the several countries of Europe and the United States of America,
+with practical suggestions for the improvement of Public Instruction in
+Upper Canada." He also made a separate and extensive "Report on
+Institutions for the Deaf and Dumb and Blind in Various Countries."
+
+In a letter to a friend, Dr. Ryerson thus explained the principles upon
+which he conducted the educational affairs of the Province for upwards
+of thirty-one years. He said:--
+
+During these years I organized the school system and administered the
+Education Department upon the broad and impartial principles which I had
+advocated. During the long period of my administration of the
+Department, I knew neither religious sect nor political party--I knew no
+other party than that of the country at large--I never exercised any
+patronage for personal or party purposes--I never made or recommended
+one of the numerous appointments of teachers in the Normal or Model
+Schools, or Clerks in the Education office, except upon the ground of
+testimonials as to personal character and qualifications, and on a
+probationary trial of six months.
+
+In this way only competent and trained persons were appointed to the
+Normal and Model Schools, and to the Education Office, when a vacancy
+occurred by resignation or death. Each employé below the one who had
+resigned or died was advanced a step if deserving; and the most
+meritorious lad was selected from the Model school, or on other
+testimonials, and placed at the bottom of the list, and trained and
+advanced according to his merits in the work of the Education
+Department. Each one, thus felt, that he owed his position not to party,
+or personal patronage or favour, but to his own merits, and respected
+himself and performed his duties accordingly.
+
+I believe this is the true method of managing all the Public
+Departments, and every branch of the public service. I believe it would
+contribute immensely to both the efficiency and economy of the public
+service. Needless and inefficient appointments would not then be made;
+and it would greatly elevate the standard of action and attainments, and
+emulate the ambition of the young men and youth of the country, when
+they know that their selection and advancement in their country's
+service depended upon their individual merits, irrespective of sect or
+party, and not as the reward of zeal as political party hacks in
+elections and otherwise, on their own part, or on that of their fathers
+or relatives.
+
+The power of government in a country is immense, for good or ill. It is
+designed by the Supreme Being to be "a minister of God for good," to a
+whole people (without partiality, as well as without hypocrisy), like
+the rays of the sun; and the administration of infinite wisdom and
+justice, and truth and purity. But when government becomes the mere
+agency of party, and its highest gifts the prizes of party zeal and
+intrigue, it loses its moral prestige and power; and from the corrupt
+fountain would flow polluted streams into every Department of the public
+service, which would corrupt the whole mass of society, were it not for
+the counteracting and refining influences which are exerted upon society
+by the ministrations and labours of the different religious
+denominations.
+
+I know it has been contended that party patronage, or, in other words,
+feeding partizans at the public expense, is an essential element in the
+existence of a government. This is the doctrine of corruption. The
+Education Department--the highest public department in Upper
+Canada--existed for more than thirty years without such an element, and
+with increased efficiency and increased strength in the public
+estimation, during the whole of that period. Justice and virtue, and
+patriotism and intelligence, are stronger elements of power and
+usefulness than those of buying and rewarding partizans; and if the
+rivalship and competition of public men should consist in who should
+best devise and promote measures for the advancement of the country, and
+who should exercise the executive power most impartially and
+intelligently, for developing and promoting the interests of all
+classes, then the moral standard of government and of public men would
+be greatly exalted, and the highest civilization of the whole country be
+advanced. But I will not pursue this topic any further. The truths I
+state are self-evident.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+For many years after Confederation Dr. Ryerson felt that the new
+political condition of the Province--which localized as well as
+circumscribed its civil administration of affairs--required a change in
+the management of the Education Department. He, therefore, in 1869 and
+1872, urged upon the Government the desirability of relieving him from
+the anomalous position in which he found himself placed under the new
+system.
+
+The reasons which he urged for his retirement are given in a pamphlet
+devoted to a "Defence" of the System of Education, which he published in
+1872, and are as follows:--
+
+When political men have made attacks upon the school law, or the school
+system and myself, I have answered them. Then the cry has been raised by
+my assailants, and their abettors, that I was "interfering with
+politics." They would assail me without stint, in hopes of crushing me,
+and then gag me against all defence or reply.
+
+So deeply did I feel the disadvantage and growing evil of this state of
+things to the Department and school system itself, that in 1868 I
+proposed to retire from the department.... My resignation was not
+accepted; ... when, two months later, I proposed that, at the
+commencement of each session of the legislature, a committee of seven or
+nine (including the Provincial Secretary for the time being) should be
+elected by ballot, or by mutual agreement of the leading men of both
+parties, on the Education Department; which committee should examine
+into the operations of the Department for the year then ending, consider
+the school estimates, and any bill or recommendations which might be
+submitted for the advancement of the school system, and report to the
+House accordingly. By many thoughtful men, this system has been
+considered more safe, more likely to secure a competent and working head
+of the department, and less liable to make the school system a tool of
+party politics, than for the head of it to have a seat in Parliament,
+and thus leave the educational interests of the country dependent upon
+the votes of a majority of electors in one riding. This recommendation,
+submitted on the 30th January, 1869, was not adopted; and I was left
+isolated--responsible in the estimation of legislators and everybody
+else for the Department--the target of every attack, whether in the
+newspapers or in the Legislative Assembly, yet without any access to it,
+or to its members, except through the press, and no other support than
+the character of my work and the general confidence of the public.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In 1876, however, Dr. Ryerson was permitted to retire on full salary
+from the responsible post which for nearly thirty-two years he had so
+worthily and honourably filled.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVII.
+
+1845-1846.
+
+Illness and Final Retirement of Lord Metcalfe.
+
+
+In a letter to Dr. Ryerson from Mr. Higginson, dated 27th May, 1845, he
+thus refers to Lord Metcalfe's increasing illness:--
+
+I wish that I could answer your inquiries about Lord Metcalfe's health
+in a satisfactory manner. The torturing malady with which he is
+afflicted is no better; and although there is no decided change for the
+worse, yet there is in my mind too much reason to apprehend that the
+disease, though slow in its progress, keeps constantly advancing and
+threatens farther ravages. The pain is incessant and unabated. The
+resignation with which he suffers, and his unyielding determination to
+remain at his post as long as his presence can serve Canada, inspires a
+feeling of veneration which I will not attempt to describe. He seems to
+be quite prepared to realize, if necessary, that noble sentiment--
+
+ "Dulce et decorum est pro Patria mori."
+
+Mr. Higginson again wrote to Dr. Ryerson, from Montreal, on the 28th of
+October, as follows:--
+
+As bad news travels fast, you will probably have heard before this
+reaches you of the aggravation of the painful malady from which Lord
+Metcalfe has so long suffered. No other man, in his present lamentable
+condition, would think of administering the Government. He seems quite
+ready to die in harness, if necessary, but is determined not to leave
+here as long as he can, at any sacrifice of personal considerations,
+continue to discharge the duties. I hope and believe that Her Majesty's
+Government will not hesitate to relieve him as soon as a successor can
+be found--it would be inhuman to delay any longer. How much of Canada's
+weal or woe depends upon the selection? It is far easier to mar than to
+mend the triumph my inestimable friend has achieved--to weaken than to
+strengthen its effects.
+
+Mr. Higginson wrote to Dr. Ryerson on the 18th December:--
+
+I, two days ago, had the pleasure to receive your kind and feeling
+letter of the 11th. It will afford me great satisfaction to communicate
+to my suffering friend the grateful sentiments to which you give
+expression.
+
+Lord Metcalfe's retirement was, as you justly observe, strictly a
+providential dispensation. He remained at his post until it pleased the
+Almighty to render him physically incapable of discharging all its
+duties; and he was quite prepared to die at it, in the service of his
+country. The terms in which the Queen's permission to return home was
+acceded are, beyond measure, gratifying and complimentary. I shall have
+much pleasure in reading the despatch to you the first time we meet. Of
+the fearful malady, I can only say that its onward progress seems to be
+beyond human control, and that I entertain no hope of its being
+arrested. But the surgical skill of Europe may, and I earnestly pray to
+God will, alleviate the intensity of the blessed man's sufferings.
+
+After Lord Metcalfe had returned to England, the Hon. D. Daly, Secretary
+of the Province, wrote to Dr. Ryerson, who had returned to Canada, on
+the 20th December, as follows:--
+
+Your disappointment was naturally great at missing the only opportunity
+that, in all human probability, can be afforded you in this world of
+seeing our lamented and excellent Governor. In his late and most severe
+suffering, the greatness of that most inestimable man's character was,
+if possible, more resplendent than under the trials to which you saw him
+subjected. May he enjoy a peaceful termination to his useful existence!
+We can know nothing certain of his successor until the news of which he
+is the bearer has reached England, his relinquishment of the Government
+having been left entirely to his own free will. He had the comfort of
+knowing how fully his services were appreciated by his Sovereign; and
+his removal was effected in the most gratifying way by Her Majesty's
+command.
+
+On the 9th May Dr. Ryerson wrote a farewell letter to Lord Metcalfe,
+from which I make the following extract:--
+
+Having passed Your Lordship on the ocean, and being disappointed of the
+privilege of ever seeing you again in this world, I wrote by the first
+packet after my arrival to Mr. C. Trevelyan, requesting him to have the
+goodness to convey to Your Lordship the expression of those sentiments
+of gratitude and affectionate respect which I can never fail to cherish
+while memory remains....
+
+In Your Lordship's retirement and suffering, ... I think it wrong to
+intrude further than to state my deep sympathy in your sufferings, and
+that my supplications are offered up daily to the God of all
+consolation, that He would grant you patience, resignation, and a "sure
+and certain hope of a glorious resurrection to everlasting life;" and to
+assure Your Lordship that my life shall be sacredly devoted to the work
+in behalf of the youthful and future generations of Canada, for which
+Your Lordship's kindness has done so much, to enable me to qualify
+myself. With, these the strongest feelings of my heart, I have, etc.
+
+The final letter received from Mr. Higginson was dated Montreal, June
+10th, 1840:--
+
+I beg you to accept my cordial thanks for your very kind communication
+of the 30th ult. I am not insensible to the high honour that has been
+conferred upon me by our Sovereign--far beyond my humble merits; but I
+have great satisfaction in feeling that I won it fighting shoulder to
+shoulder with you and the other advocates of those great British
+Constitutional principles of Government, for which we contended, and
+which were so fiercely assailed by the British Democratic party, who, I
+earnestly trust may never again be able to make head in Canada. That I,
+in the slightest degree contributed to the victory will be to me a
+source of pride. To the eminent Pilot who directed us no one knows
+better than yourself how much is due. Would that he had been spared to
+perfect the good work. My latest account of his health encourages the
+hope that I may yet be permitted to see him again.
+
+We closed the session yesterday, which was got through with success, and
+I hope with some advantage to the public interests.
+
+I regret very much that I have not had the pleasure of seeing you since
+your return from Europe. Farewell!
+
+ J. M. H.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The appointment which Mr. Higginson received from the Queen was that of
+Governor of Antigua. In his reply to an address from the Wesleyan
+missionaries of that island, on his arrival, he thus referred to his
+experience of that body in Canada:--
+
+ I have had frequent opportunities of witnessing in various quarters
+ of the globe the untiring exertions of your brethren in the sacred
+ cause of religion and humanity, and whether in the sultry heat of
+ Asia, ... or struggling against the rigours of a Canadian winter, I
+ have always found the Wesleyan missionaries animated by the same
+ benevolent and philanthropic spirit, and undaunted by obstacles,
+ however appalling, manifesting the same discreet zeal to spread far
+ and wide the healing influence of the holy Gospel of Christ.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLVIII.
+
+1843-1844.
+
+Clergy Reserve Question Re-opened.--Disappointments.
+
+
+Extraordinary efforts were put forth (as shown in Chapter xxxiii., page
+263) by the leaders of the Church of England party in Upper Canada to
+prevent the Royal assent being given to Lord Sydenham's Clergy Reserve
+compromise Bill of 1841. Equally strenuous efforts were successfully
+made to ensure the fulfilment of Bishop Strachan's prediction that the
+rejected Bill of Lord Sydenham would form the basis of an Imperial Act,
+which would secure to the national Churches of England and Scotland, for
+all time, the lion's share of the proceeds of George the Third's
+ill-fated gift to Canada of the clergy reserves. Lord John Russell, the
+pretentious and vacillating Secretary of State for the Colonies at the
+time, proved himself to be, in this matter, a pliant instrument in the
+hands of Henry of Exeter. This prelate endorsed, _con amore_, all the
+extreme views of the Bishop of Toronto; and with the aid of Lord Seaton
+(Sir John Colborne) and the Bench and Bishops in the House of Lords,
+compelled the Government to perpetuate an act of legislative usurpation
+and injustice, which even the tyros in constitutional law, as applied to
+the Colonies, were wont at the time to instance in the press as examples
+of history repeating itself--quoting, as an illustration, the
+ill-advised Imperial legislation in the case of the Stamp Act, etc.
+
+By a singular fatality, which often attends arbitrary and unjust
+proceedings, the success of the scheme, which had been so carefully
+prepared, and carried through the British Parliament in the interests of
+the Church of England, was destined to become a source of weakness to
+that Church, and a foreboding of financial disaster. On the 29th
+December, 1843, the Attorney and the Solicitor-General of Canada (as
+stated by the Bishop of Toronto in his pastoral letter of the 10th of
+December, 1844) reported that having attentively examined the provisions
+of the acts for this subject, it was their opinion that the proper
+construction of the law threw upon the revenues of Canada the burthen of
+making up any deficiency in the clergy reserve fund, in paying the
+usual and accustomed allowances and stipends to the Ministers, ... and,
+while that deficiency lasted, the Imperial Treasury could not be called
+upon to make any payments to the two Churches. (See page 4 of Pastoral.)
+
+The Bishop then charges the Provincial Government with being the cause
+of this financial difficulty, and accounts for the deficiency in the
+fund by the mismanagement of that Government. He adds further on:--
+
+ But, alas! the mismanagement has increased, pending these
+ difficulties; and while my clergy are left in a state of
+ destitution, large sums continue to be wasted in remunerating
+ services which are really worse than useless, and this to such an
+ extent as to render hopeless the expectation that the clergy
+ reserve fund will ever answer the wise and holy purpose for which
+ it was established.
+
+In this dilemma the Bishop states what he had done to extricate the
+Church out of its difficulty. In doing so, he uses language which
+partakes more of the character of a wail than of a simple statement of
+facts. He also draws a most gloomy picture of the prospective religious
+state of Upper Canada, should the dearly prized, and as dearly bought,
+Imperial Clergy Reserve Act prove, after all, to be an apple of Sodom.
+
+It is curious to notice how the Bishop, in his despairing outburst,
+studiously ignores the active and successful labours of the several
+voluntary churches--whose claims to a share in the reserves he had so
+strongly and selfishly opposed--churches which were even then actively
+engaged in "spreading scriptural holiness throughout the land," without
+the aid of a penny from the State. In his Pastoral, the Bishop says:--
+
+ I applied to the venerable [Propagation Society] in England to
+ advance, in the meantime, the salaries (only Ł100 per annum each)
+ to my five suffering clergy,--assuring the Society that I had the
+ fullest conviction it would be repaid as soon as it was decided
+ which Government was liable.... The Society paid the stipends for
+ the year ending 30th June, 1843, but have declined since that time
+ to continue the advance.... In consequence, my five clergymen have
+ been left without their stipends since June, 1843 [to December,
+ 1844], ... and this large and increasing Diocese [then the whole of
+ Upper Canada], already so destitute of the means of public worship
+ (if the statute be allowed to operate as it has done for the last
+ four years), will, in a spiritual sense, become, through half its
+ extent, a wilderness. Not only are five clergymen in a state of
+ want, but two parishes are left vacant, and the process is
+ unhappily going on.... I have brought this disheartening and
+ deplorable state of things under the notice of the Provincial
+ Government.... I have pressed [the matter] upon His Excellency the
+ Governor-General.... But all that was in my power to do has been
+ without avail (page 6).
+
+I also quote the foregoing passages from this noted Pastoral, as they
+throw a vivid side-light upon the course of the Bishop in so vehemently
+pursuing the shadow of a state endowment for the Church of England in
+Upper Canada. The subsequent utterances of the Pastoral show how
+persistently the otherwise clear-headed and practical chief ruler of
+that Church shut his eyes to the remarkable success and vitality of the
+non-endowed Churches in the Province, and how much he deplored the
+necessity of adopting their successful voluntary system in his own
+church.[128] He says:--
+
+ I represented to His Excellency, in May last, that, "on a review of
+ this unfortunate subject ... the distress of my five clergymen, and
+ the desolation with which it menaces the Church, it involves
+ consequences so calamitous and imminent as to justify the
+ representative of the sovereign in assuming more than ordinary
+ responsibility in arresting their progress...."
+
+ On the 31st October, I again brought this painful subject at great
+ length before the Provincial Government, and stated that, having
+ failed to receive relief, I could only see one way left of
+ mitigating the evil, and that is by an appeal to my people on the
+ present critical situation of the Church, and in behalf of my
+ destitute clergymen. It is indeed a step which I take with extreme
+ reluctance, and which, were it possible, I would most willingly
+ avoid.... (page 6.)
+
+In a remarkable document, which the Bishop published in 1849, on "_The
+Secular State of the Church in the Diocese of Toronto_," he furnishes a
+painful and striking commentary on the effect of his own teaching: that
+it was the duty of the State to support the Church, and thus relieve the
+people of the chief obligation of supporting the Gospel amongst them.
+Speaking of "contributions to the Church within the Province," he says:
+
+ Till lately we have done little or nothing towards the support of
+ public worship. We have depended so long upon the Government and
+ the [Propagation] Society, that many of us forget that it is our
+ bounden duty. Instead of coming forward manfully to devote a
+ portion of our temporal substance to the service of God, we turn
+ away with indifference, or we sit down to count the cost, and
+ measure the salvation of our souls by pounds, shillings, and
+ pence.... While we are bountifully assisted, and seldom required to
+ do more than half; yet we are seen to fail on every side (page
+ 19).[129]
+
+On pages 34-40 of this pamphlet, Bishop Strachan is very severe on the
+clergy to whom Bishop Fuller refers, whom he accuses of putting forth
+efforts "to disturb the peace of the diocese--efforts which were rapidly
+being organized into something of a regular system of agitation, so
+common ... among the traders in politics" (page 34).
+
+An agitation having been commenced by the Bishop and clergy in Western
+Canada, in 1843, for "better terms" and an amendment to the Imperial
+Clergy Reserve Act of 1840, the question was re-opened. The effect of
+this re-opening of the question was deprecated by Dr. Ryerson and
+others. Early in January, 1844, Mr. Surveyor-General Parke sent to Dr.
+Ryerson the copy of a letter written by Rev. Prof. Campbell, of Queen's
+College, Kingston, in which Mr. Campbell sets up the claim of the Kirk
+of Scotland, having a branch in Canada, as such, to a portion of the
+Canadian clergy reserves. Mr. Parke says:--
+
+ The writer of the letter arrives at two other conclusions, which, I
+ think, are based on error, and calculated to interfere materially
+ with the rights of the other bodies of Protestant Christians:
+ namely, that the Kirk in Canada participate in the clergy reserves,
+ solely by the right it has as a branch of the Kirk in Scotland; and
+ that other bodies of Christians participate in them merely as an
+ act of favour. To the first of these conclusions I entirely object,
+ on the ground that the Act confers the reserves, purely and solely,
+ on Canada, and for the benefit of interests and persons, absolutely
+ within Canada. To the second conclusion or statement of the
+ Professor, that is, that other bodies participate as a matter of
+ favour, I object on every ground on which it is possible for equity
+ to place the subject. What! shall the unexampled toils, and
+ incessant labours of the early and later Methodists, and other
+ pioneers of the christianizing of Canada, have doled out to them,
+ as a matter of simple grace, and a body in Scotland, who never knew
+ nor participated in the labour of sowing the seeds of the Gospel
+ through the length and breadth of the land, claim as a matter of
+ absolute right, for one of its branches, a participation in lands,
+ purely Canadian in fact and law? This I can never assent to; it was
+ the question on which, as a Methodist, I first became a Canadian
+ politician, and it is the question on which I yet feel the keenest.
+ I desire to call your attention to the matter, and solicit a
+ correction from you of errors which, I think, are insidiously
+ calculated to mislead the public mind, and make uphill work in
+ combating other questions which may arise in unfortunate Canada,
+ bye-and-bye. Some of the Kirk folks would monopolize for
+ themselves, as far as they dare, and the Church of England too; but
+ the general community, who have borne the burden and heat of the
+ day--fought and won the battle--should not in any way have their
+ interests and feelings trifled with by the unreasonable claims of a
+ few, who at comparatively a late day entered the field.
+
+As the agitation increased, Dr. Ryerson, who was in England in 1845,
+addressed a letter to Lord Stanley, Colonial Secretary, in January, on
+the injustice to the non-episcopal churches of the Act of 1840. He
+said:--
+
+ There is a subject which, in connection with transpiring
+ circumstances in Canada, deeply involves the future condition of
+ the government of Canada, and which can be considered by your
+ Lordship alone: I refer to the withholding, to the present time,
+ from the Wesleyan Methodist body in Upper Canada all benefit of the
+ Act passed for the settlement of the clergy reserve question--a
+ question which certain parties in Canada propose to re-open, with a
+ view of depriving the Church of England of what is considered a
+ disproportionate share of the proceeds of the clergy reserves. The
+ advantage afforded by such a subject of agitation would be eagerly
+ seized upon by the leaders of the opposition in Parliament. The
+ Wesleyan Methodist body in Upper Canada (now numbering 131 regular
+ ministers, and 24,000 communicants), has for many years possessed
+ and does still possess the casting vote between the contending
+ political parties in that country; and should they join in the
+ agitation contemplated, nothing but military power will prevent the
+ wresting out of the hands of the Church of England their--the
+ chief--pecuniary advantages which it derives from public sources.
+ Hitherto the leading members of the Wesleyan Methodist body have
+ declined any public agitation on the subject--though solicited by
+ influential parties--contenting themselves with private
+ communication to the Government until they should find them
+ hopelessly unsuccessful. Should not their case be considered? I
+ have reason to believe that they will at their next annual meeting,
+ to be held in June, commence an appeal to the public and to the
+ Local Legislature on the injustice done them; as they have
+ ascertained that all the leading lawyers in Upper Canada of both
+ parties, as well as three successive Governors considered them
+ wronged in the manner in which they alone, of the four great
+ leading denominations of the country, have been excluded from the
+ benefits of an act, to the basis of which Lord Sydenham never could
+ have obtained the consent of the Canadian Legislature without their
+ most decided support.
+
+ I should deeply lament the re-agitation of the clergy reserve
+ question in Canada. Such a step, on the part of the great Wesleyan
+ body there, would doubtless be attended by the strengthening of the
+ opposition in the Legislature, and to probable withdrawal of the
+ support of several members from the present Government. In an
+ interview with the official Committee of the Wesleyan body, shortly
+ before I left Canada, I promised them to bring the subject before
+ your Lordship during my stay in England. They, therefore, deferred
+ appealing to the Local Legislature to interpose in their behalf,
+ until they should learn the result of such an appeal to your
+ Lordship....
+
+ I cannot suppose that it has been the wish of your Lordship, any
+ more than the intention of the Crown officers, to perpetuate the
+ exclusion of the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Canada from their
+ confessedly-just claim of which they have already been deprived for
+ a period of four years. The amount of the claim is less than
+ one-half of what has been secured to the Roman Catholic Church in
+ Upper Canada--less than one-third of the amount paid the Church of
+ Scotland, and less than one-tenth of what has been guaranteed to
+ the Church of England. The Wesleyan body, whose members in Upper
+ Canada have increased eight thousand during the last four years,
+ will be satisfied on the payment of the sum admitted in their
+ behalf. And I submit that the sanctioning of it by your Lordship
+ will, in my humble opinion, be far better, even as a matter of
+ policy--apart from higher considerations--than affording just
+ ground for an agitation, the consequences of which cannot be easily
+ foreseen.
+
+No relief was, however, afforded by a change in the administration of
+the Act of 1840. The Act itself remained unrepealed until 1853.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[128] In process of time, the necessities of his Church compelled the
+Bishop to adopt a new financial scheme, which he laid before his clergy
+in 1841, one main feature of which was to incorporate the voluntary
+principle with a system of moderate grants--such as has been the rule
+adopted for some years by the Mission Board of the Diocese of Toronto.
+
+[129] In sending a copy of this pamphlet some years ago to the Editor of
+this volume, Archdeacon Fuller (now Bishop of Niagara), said:--This able
+and interesting document ... was drawn out from the late Bishop by the
+growing dissatisfaction amongst the clergy and laity, in consequence of
+Bishop Strachan managing the whole of the clergy reserve fund, without
+consulting anybody, and managing to get several thousand pounds of
+arrears paid to himself, as Bishop, and his protegé, the present Bishop
+[Bethune], made Archdeacon of York, with a salary of Ł365 a year as
+Archdeacon, while he could not find means to pay the missionaries more
+than Ł100 a year.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIX.
+
+1846-1848.
+
+Re-Union of the British and Canadian Conferences.
+
+
+During and before the period of the Metcalfe Controversy events were
+transpiring in Methodist circles in which Dr. Ryerson took an active
+part, and in which he was deeply interested.[130]
+
+Important correspondence on the relations to each other of the British
+and Canadian Conferences took place in 1842. But as the issue of the
+contest between these Conferences was so prolonged, and involved so many
+important questions--religious and public--I think it desirable to give
+a brief preliminary outline of the origin of the difficulties between
+the two bodies. This is the more necessary, as Dr. Ryerson's own
+personal history and conduct became, from a variety of circumstances,
+most prominently mixed up with these controversies. His letters to the
+Government on the subject, and to the Missionary Secretaries, now first
+published, are also valuable Methodist historical documents--although
+they partake largely of a personal character--as he was the foremost
+figure in all of these connexional contests. They are highly
+characteristic of the courage and self-sacrifice of the writer.
+
+Methodism, after its introduction into Upper Canada in 1790, was
+organized into a Church by preachers from the United States. In 1811,
+when Upper Canada was on the eve of being the theatre of war with the
+United States, several American preachers who had been appointed to
+Canada declined to come, while those here (Messrs. Roads and Densmore)
+applied to the Canadian Government in 1812 for leave to return to their
+own country.[131] Nevertheless, after the war, and on the representation
+of persons prompted by high churchmen, the London Wesleyan Missionary
+Society sent out missionaries to four of the larger towns in Upper
+Canada. This schismatical policy was pursued by the British Conference
+until 1820, when the American General Conference sent Rev. John
+(afterwards) Bishop Emory, as a deputation to that Conference to
+remonstrate. The result was that the following resolutions were passed
+by the British Conference in that year (1820):--
+
+ 1. That as the American Methodists and ourselves are but one body,
+ it would be inconsistent with our unity, and dangerous to that
+ affection which ought to characterize us in every place, to have
+ different societies and congregations in the same towns and
+ villages, or to allow of any intrusion on either side into each
+ other's labours.
+
+ 2. That this principle shall be the rule by which the disputes now
+ existing in the Canadas, between our missionaries, shall be
+ terminated.
+
+In transmitting these and several other resolutions on the subject to
+the British Missionaries in Canada, the Secretaries (Rev. Joseph Taylor
+and Rev. Richard Watson) said:--
+
+ We know that political reasons exist in many minds for supplying
+ even Upper Canada, as far as possible, with British Missionaries;
+ and, however natural this feeling may be to Englishmen, and even
+ praiseworthy when not carried too far, it will be obvious to you
+ that this is a ground on which, as a Missionary Society, and
+ especially as a Society under the direction of a Committee which
+ recognizes as one with itself the American Methodists, we cannot
+ act.
+
+The British Conference loyally observed this compact from 1820 until
+1833. At that time (Dr. Ryerson says) the advocates of a dominant church
+establishment, though in a small minority in the House of Assembly, were
+all powerful in the Executive and Legislative Councils, and employed
+very naturally all the resources at their command to perpetuate their
+supremacy. For this purpose they appealed to the Wesleyan Missionary
+Committee in England, and solicited them upon the ground of their
+loyalty to the Church of England and to the Throne to send out
+Missionaries to Upper Canada, offering $4,000 per annum out of the Crown
+revenues to assist in so loyal a work. The English Wesleyan Missionary
+Committee sent out a representative agent, who contended that the
+engagement into which the English Conference had entered with the
+American General Conference in 1820, through Dr. Emory, to leave Upper
+Canada to the Canadian preachers, was no longer binding since the
+Conference in Canada has become separate from that in the United States,
+and the English Committee was therefore free to send missionaries into
+any part of Upper Canada. The Canadian Conference was thus confronted by
+a double danger--the danger of division in their congregations, and the
+danger of increased power against their claims to equal rights and
+privileges; and a two-fold duty devolved upon them--to prevent division
+if possible, and, at the same time, to secure the attainment of their
+own constitutional rights.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In the meantime other disturbing influences occurred. In 1824, an
+agitation was commenced, with a view to take the appointment of the
+Presiding Eldership out of the hands of the Bishops, and make the office
+elective by the annual Conferences. The Presiding Elders of Upper Canada
+(Rev. Henry Ryan and Rev. William Case) opposed this change, and, in
+consequence, failed in their election by the Genesee Annual Conference
+as delegates to the General Conference. Mr. Ryan was chagrined at this
+result, and on his return to Upper Canada commenced to agitate for an
+entire separation from the American Church. A memorial to that effect
+was sent to the General Conference. The request was not granted, but the
+Canadian work was set off to itself as the "Annual Conference of the
+Methodist Episcopal Church in Canada." This was not what Mr. Ryan
+wanted, and it displeased him. The theme of his complaint was "the
+domination of republican Methodism and the tyranny of Yankee Bishops."
+He therefore, set himself again to agitate for entire independence.
+Finally, after having been the means of stirring up personal strife all
+through the Connexion, the Conference of 1827 directed that he should be
+reproved and admonished by Bishop Hedding in presence of the Conference.
+This was done. Next day Mr. Ryan withdrew from the Conference. (See
+chapter vii.)
+
+The high-church party encouraged Mr. Ryan in his disaffection; and when
+he withdrew, and set up a separate church organization, Dr. Strachan
+actually sent Mr. Ryan $200 to assist him in his schismatical efforts!
+(Epochs, page 305.) Hon. John Willson, Speaker of the House of Assembly,
+and formerly a Methodist, joined the high-church party, and did all he
+could to aid and encourage Mr. Ryan. Thus, in addition to the Ł50 sent
+to Mr. Ryan by Ven. Archdeacon Strachan, to aid him in his schismatical
+crusade against the Conference, a Government grant of Ł666 ($2,664) was
+made to the new organization at the instance of Mr. Willson in 1833, and
+Ł338 ($1,352) in 1834. (Epochs, page 359.)
+
+The cry of disloyalty having been again raised, the Government and
+clerical party (for they were one under the control of the Archdeacon of
+York), lost no time, therefore, in maturing a plan to induce the British
+Conference again to undertake the occupancy of Upper Canada as
+missionary ground, and forthwith to send missionaries into the province
+for that purpose. A correspondence was opened between the head of the
+Canadian Executive Government, Sir John Colborne, and the Wesleyan
+Missionary Committee, on the subject of the new missionary enterprise
+into Upper Canada. (Epochs, page 305.) The result was, that in May,
+1832, without notice, an intimation was received that the Rev. Robert
+Alder, and twelve missionaries were to be sent out to Canada. With a
+view to avert the calamity of again having hostile Methodist camps in
+every city and town in Upper Canada, Rev. John Ryerson suggested to Dr.
+Ryerson that the Canada Conference should endeavour to form a union with
+the British Conference, and thus secure harmonious action instead of
+discord and disunion. This was done, and provisional arrangements were
+made with Dr. Alder at the Hallowell Conference of 1832, subject to the
+ratification of the British Conference. This ratification was made, and
+took effect in 1833, and the union continued for four or five years
+only.
+
+About the year 1840, a considerable controversy arose in regard to the
+payment of an annual grant of Ł900 by the Government, in aid of the
+general work of the Church. It may be well, therefore, to state the
+circumstances under which this grant was made, and then point out the
+personal causes which intensified the feeling of estrangement between
+the English and Canadian Conferences.
+
+In a letter on this subject to the Provincial Secretary, dated 28th
+December, 1842, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ Rev. Robert Alder was in Upper Canada in the spring and summer of
+ 1833, negotiating on the subject of the grant and the union, which
+ Sir John Colborne was anxious to promote. The Canadian Conference,
+ aided by Dr. Alder's counsels, agreed to propose certain articles
+ of union with the English Conference. Those articles contemplated a
+ financial, as well as ecclesiastical union; and Dr. Alder expressed
+ his conviction that the English Conference would grant Ł1,000 per
+ annum out of its Contingent Fund, to aid our Conference, besides
+ the aid granted out of the Mission Fund, in aid of Missions in
+ Upper Canada. A copy of these proposed articles of union was
+ forthwith laid before Sir John Colborne by Dr. Alder, and published
+ in the _Guardian_, of the 29th August, 1832, five days after which
+ Sir John Colborne wrote to Lord Ripon, recommending a grant to the
+ Wesleyan Committee of Ł900 per annum [on terms of the comprehensive
+ scheme mentioned on page 155]. But the Government delayed making
+ any payment until October, 1833, after the ratification of the
+ union by both bodies. In the meantime, however, the English
+ Conference declined granting any aid out of their Contingent Fund,
+ and had a clause inserted in the Articles of Union against any
+ claims upon the funds of the English Conference on the part of the
+ Canadian Preachers. Of this clause in the Articles of Union the
+ Government seems never to have been made aware until Lord Sydenham
+ came to Upper Canada in 1839.
+
+In a long and valuable historical letter to Mr. Murdoch, Chief Secretary
+to Sir Charles Bagot, dated May, 1842, Dr. Ryerson further said:--
+
+ The first payment of the grant was made in October, 1833, a few
+ days after the final ratification of the Articles of Union by the
+ Canadian Conference; so that every payment of the grant was made
+ and applied according to the "usage" prescribed by the Articles of
+ Union....
+
+Dr. Ryerson then discussed various matters relating to their "usage,"
+and the articles of Union, and proceeded: Some weeks after Lord
+Sydenham's arrival in Toronto, His Lordship sent for me--as I was
+afterwards informed, at the recommendation of Sir Allan MacNab,
+Receiver-General Dunn, and others--but the interview, and one or two
+subsequent ones, related entirely to the objects of his Lordship's
+mission, in accomplishing which, he desired all the aid I could give
+him. The last week of the year 1839, and the first week of 1840, Lord
+Sydenham spent in seeing various parties and concerting a measure on the
+clergy reserve question. He sent for the Rev. Messrs. Stinson and Richey
+(agents of the London Wesleyan Committee) as well as for me. As all the
+present difficulties grew out of these interviews of the London Wesleyan
+Committee's agents and myself, with Lord Sydenham, I think it important
+to state the substance of them, and the evidence on which I make my
+statement.
+
+First as regards myself. The proposed measure being intended to secure a
+continued payment of grants already made out of the Casual and
+Territorial Revenue, and the Clergy Reserve Fund, to the parties
+receiving them, I submitted to Lord Sydenham that, as the three
+principal denominations (Church of England, Church of Scotland, and
+Roman Catholics) received large aid out of one or both of these funds,
+it was clear that unless some assistance was granted to the Wesleyan
+Methodist Church before the passing of the Clergy Reserve Bill, and
+transferred with other charges by the provisions of the Bill, we would
+be effectually excluded from obtaining any aid for a series of years. I
+submitted to Lord Sydenham an application, which I had been directed to
+make, in behalf of the Upper Canada Academy--now Victoria College. His
+Lordship acceded to the justice of my views, but replied that aid was
+given to us also in the form of an annual grant. I replied, and sought
+to impress upon his Lordship, that the grant referred to by him had not
+been made to the Canadian Conference, and did not operate to its
+advantage, but to the sole advantage of the Wesleyan Missionary Society
+in England; and, at his request, I prepared a statement of the case in
+writing. It will be seen by the date of my letter that these
+communications took place January 2nd, 1840. It is perfectly clear,
+therefore, that up to that time there could have transpired between Lord
+Sydenham and myself, nothing relative to the transfer of the grant.
+
+On the same day, Rev. Messrs. Stinson and Richey (agents of the Wesleyan
+Committee) had an interview with Lord Sydenham. They told him that the
+union between the English and Canadian Conferences was not likely to
+continue; and prayed (in their memorial, written the day after) "that
+the sum intended for the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Canada, should be
+given to the Wesleyan Methodists, who are now, and who may be hereafter,
+connected with the British Wesleyan Conference." I believe Lord
+Sydenham's laconic reply was, that he had to do with religious bodies in
+Canada, not in England.
+
+It will be seen that the communication of Messrs. Stinson and Richey, as
+well as mine, served to impress Lord Sydenham that there was not an
+identity of interests between the English and Canadian Conferences, as
+he had supposed, and, as His Lordship said, Her Majesty's Government
+also supposed.
+
+A day or two after Messrs. Stinson and Richey's interview with Lord
+Sydenham, I waited upon him, when I was given to understand that a
+memorial had been presented to him in behalf of the British Conference,
+on the ground of an anticipated dissolution of the Union. My feelings of
+surprise and indignation, and my remonstrances against such a monstrous
+proposition, may be easily conceived. It is known that Lord Sydenham,
+from the very first, viewed such a proposition with disapprobation; it
+was on this occasion also that His Lordship apprised me of the
+conclusions he had come to on the subject of any proposition for a grant
+to the Canadian Conference, previously to passing the Clergy Reserve
+Bill; that he was satisfied that the Canadian Conference had a just
+claim to assistance; that it did not derive any practical benefit from
+the grant to the London Committee, but that it ought to do so, as such
+were the original intentions of the Government in making it. Lord
+Sydenham stated his recollection of the intention of the Government in
+1832 to be--and perhaps the recollections of Lord Stanley may be to the
+same effect--that it was supposed by the Government, from communications
+from Upper Canada, that the Wesleyans here were not quite as
+(conservatively) loyal as was desirable; that it being understood they
+were willing to unite with the English Conference, the Government
+thought it advisable to enable the English Conference to assist them,
+as it would exert a salutary influence upon their feelings and
+usefulness. Thus was the grant made; but from the peculiar nature of the
+articles of Union, the leading objects of the grant had never been
+accomplished, as the Canadian Conference had to support all its own
+members and institutions--except a few missions--as much since, as
+before the Union. He had, therefore, determined to write to Lord John
+Russell, and recommend a different distribution of the grant; believing
+that to accomplish the original and benevolent objects in Canada, it
+ought to be placed under the entire control of the Canadian Conference.
+In these views I did, of course, gratefully concur, although I never
+fully understood until then the intentions of the Imperial Government in
+making the grant. I also thought the course proposed would defeat the
+intimated project of breaking up the Union, and furnish real aid to the
+Church of which I was appointed advocate and representative. Leaving the
+matter in the hands of Lord Sydenham, I had no intention of saying
+anything more upon the subject, until, nearly a fortnight afterwards,
+when His Lordship requested me--as I was so familiar with the
+subject--to furnish him with a written statement of the financial
+relations of the English and Canadian Conferences, in regard to the
+grant, etc., as it would aid him in preparing his despatch to Lord John
+Russell. I did so. The letter, written at the request of Lord Sydenham,
+was intended as a memorandum for his Lordship. But he thought it best to
+transmit a copy of it with his own despatch to Lord John Russell, by
+whom it was enclosed to the Wesleyan Committee; and hence the present
+controversy. That letter is dated 17th January, 1840.
+
+I cannot but feel that I labour under great disadvantages in the present
+discussion, from the numerous representations and statements which the
+Wesleyan Committee have made to the noble Secretary of State to my
+disadvantage. My standing, as a public man, is my all, and therefore,
+however small relatively, is as important to me as a kingdom to a
+monarch.
+
+As the Wesleyan Committee have made me so prominent a subject in this
+affair, I have offered to submit to His Excellency, Sir Charles Bagot,
+or to the Executive Council--or to His Excellency and the Executive
+Council--or to the Lord Bishop of Toronto; or to the Moderator of the
+Synod of the Church of Scotland in Canada--or to the Lord Bishop of
+Toronto and the Moderator of the Scotch Synod--and to bind myself in any
+penalty to abide by the decision of such tribunal. When the Wesleyan
+Committee are accusers, judge, and jury in their own case, it is not
+likely they will be very impartial; but if there is a shadow of truth
+or justice in their accusations and statements, I have given them full
+opportunity to secure the confirmation of them, by the highest
+tribunals, in the country of my life and labours.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The Wesleyan Committee declined to refer the matter in dispute to an
+independent tribunal, and Dr. Alder wrote to members of the Canadian
+Conference impugning Dr. Ryerson in the strongest terms, insisting upon
+his withdrawal of certain things which he had written, and making
+various threats. Dr. Ryerson decided then to address a final letter to
+Rev. Messrs. Bunting, Beecham and Hoole, Missionary Secretaries. This he
+did on the 19th October, 1842. This letter, and the preceding letter,
+are doubly valuable from the fact that they embody a number of
+interesting details of the interviews and correspondence between Lord
+Sydenham and Dr. Ryerson, and also between Sir Charles Bagot and Dr.
+Ryerson, which have not hitherto been published. There is a tone of
+manly dignity and independence in this letter which commends itself, and
+which were characteristic of Dr. Ryerson in his best moods as a
+controversialist. From the letter, which extends to thirty-four foolscap
+pages I make the following extracts. He said:--
+
+I wish the most extended success to the general labours of the Wesleyan
+Missionary Society, however much they have sought to retard those of the
+Canadian Conference; nor have I ever objected to their labours among the
+"destitute white settlements" and heathen tribes of Canada; I only
+object to their works of schism, and division.... Did you ever think of
+sending missionaries, or of employing your money and men, in our regular
+circuits, before the breaking up of the Union?--Kingston, or Belleville,
+or Toronto, or Hamilton, or Brantford, or London, etc.?--places where
+there is no more need of missionary men or missionary money than there
+is in City Road, or Great Queen street circuits in London--places in
+which it is notorious that the soul, body, and strength of your
+societies consists, not in converts from the world, but in secessions
+from the Canadian Conference. When, therefore, four-fifths of your
+missionaries (so called) in Western Canada are employed on regular
+circuits of the Canadian Conference, is it surprising that I should
+complain, remonstrate, and condemn?
+
+The burden of Dr. Alder's letter is that I have been the first,
+gratuitous, and wanton aggressor upon the character and motives of those
+"to whom the British Conference has entrusted the transaction of its
+most important business;" and, as such, the author and fomenter of the
+difficulties between the British and Canadian Conferences. And it has
+been more than once intimated on your part that if I, the Jonah, were
+thrown overboard, the commotion of the Methodistic element of Western
+Canada would soon cease, and mutual confidence and joy would be restored
+to the whole ship's company.... Need I add, that in the columns of your
+_Watchman_ newspaper, and in the pages of pamphlets, and in your
+_Wesleyan_ in Canada, not only my public conduct, but my character, my
+motives, my principles, have been impugned without delicacy or
+restraint? Need I add, that the Canada Conference and myself have been
+the defendants, and you the assailants, throughout? That in Dr. Alder's
+letter to Lord John Russell the proceedings of the Canada Conference are
+represented as revolutionary?
+
+I am also impeached in almost every form of phraseology--the Christian
+integrity and loyalty of my brethren and myself have been impugned by
+your agents throughout this country--our fields of labour have been
+invaded, and our flocks divided, while our principles and feelings have
+been resented as dangerous to the safety and interests of the State. Yet
+Dr. Alder complains of the occasional exposure of these things in the
+_Guardian_, and is rampant at the application of the word divisionists,
+to those of your missionaries who are dividing our regular societies,
+and establishing rival congregations on our regular circuits!... But, in
+reply, there may be opposed to the unanimous resolutions of your
+Conference, adopted in Liverpool, in 1820, and the whole tenor and
+spirit of the New Testament, especially the writings of St. Paul, who
+denounces partialities for Peter, or Paul, or Apollos, as pretext for
+schisms in the Church of God.
+
+Then as to my desire to protract litigation. Does my having done all in
+my power to have the affair referred to a third party--to any impartial
+tribunal you might prefer--evince the truth of such a charge? Or does
+your refusing to agree to any such reference look most like desiring to
+protract hostilities? Great Britain and other civilized nations have
+more than once submitted their differences to the decision of a third
+party; ancient churches did the same; I have advocated the same; you
+refuse; your refusal does not certainly argue a consciousness that you
+are right, or a desire for peace, whatever else it may argue.
+
+Furthermore, as to my own feelings and conduct, I will let the following
+memorandum, which I presented at the late session of the Canada
+Conference, speak in reply to your various allegations:--
+
+ I hereby resign my seat in the Conference of the Wesleyan Methodist
+ Church in Canada.
+
+ I do not resign my membership in the Conference, but I resign all
+ privilege and right to take part in its deliberations, or even to
+ be present at its sittings. I hold myself as much as ever
+ responsible and subject to the Conference, and am as ready as ever
+ to do all in my power to defend the Conference and Institutions of
+ the Church when necessary; but I voluntarily relinquish
+ participating in any way whatever in its Executive or Legislative
+ Councils. The following are the considerations which have induced
+ me to take this step:--
+
+ 1. My presence and participation in the proceedings of the
+ Conference have been represented as forming an insuperable obstacle
+ to any adjustment of differences between the Wesleyan Conference in
+ England, and this Conference.
+
+ 2. I prefer the unity of Methodism, and an honourable adjustment of
+ differences between two branches of the great Methodist family, to
+ the exercise of any influence I may possess, or may be supposed to
+ possess in the Councils of this Conference; or to the profit and
+ pleasure I may derive from attending the annual deliberations of my
+ reverend and beloved brethren.
+
+ 3. I can now take this step without incurring any imputation upon
+ my character, and without injuring the interests of the Conference,
+ or of the Church at large.
+
+ I respectfully request that this memorandum may be inserted in the
+ journals of the Conference, as an official record and recognition
+ of this my voluntary act.
+
+ (Signed) Egerton Ryerson.
+
+ Hallowell, June 14, 1842.
+
+You will see from the above memorandum, that I proposed to relinquish
+all except my connection with a church which I had joined in obedience
+to conscience, and my connection with a field of labour to which I
+believed myself called by the voice and providence of God. My request
+was laid upon the table of the Conference for a day, and then pressed by
+me with as much propriety as I could employ on such a subject, but, with
+one exception (Andrew Prindle), was unanimously rejected, it being
+insisted that I should not be allowed to change my relations to the
+Conference, in any respect, on account of your differences with me. To
+relinquish my connection with the Church, and my labours as a Methodist
+minister, involve considerations which ought not to yield to the impulse
+of passion, or bow to the suggestions of expediency. By God's grace,
+therefore, I hope to be able to "stand in my place to the end of the
+day," say or do what you may....
+
+Dr. Alder and his Canadian friends have advised you from the beginning
+that my standing and influence in Canada was merely political; that I
+was aware of this, and was, therefore, determined to employ myself in
+political affairs in order to gratify my ambition. My assertions to the
+contrary were, of course, rejected and scorned by you. Well, nearly
+three years have elapsed since, by common consent, I have had nothing
+whatever to do with the civil affairs of Canada, as all the public men
+in it know. My own conduct, therefore, has thus far refuted one part of
+the statements of your informers. As to the other part, has my standing
+as a public man declined? or, have all parties, during that period,
+awarded me a testimony of regard more gratifying than that which I had
+ever before received from any party?
+
+You were also told that my principles were revolutionary, and were so
+viewed by the wealth and intelligence of this country, which would
+support you and repudiate me and those connected with me. What do you
+now see, but the Government at home and in Canada adopting the very
+system of administration, both in religious, educational, and civil
+affairs, which I maintained many years ago to be most suitable to the
+social condition of this Province; and the wealth and intelligence of
+our population (save a little knot of Puseyite ultras) rejoicing in its
+establishment; and the country in happy tranquility, and blooming with
+prosperity, under its operations? What do you see but Her Majesty
+possessing a strength far more formidable than that of swords or
+bayonets, in the hearts of her Canadian subjects? What do you see, but
+three branches of the Legislature unanimously incorporating as a
+College, with the privileges of a University, an institution under the
+direction of the Canada Conference (which you had repudiated), and in
+compliance with an application which I had the honour to have advocated,
+and according to the provisions of a Bill, _verbatim et literatim_,
+which I drew up? What do you see, but that same Legislature, with equal
+unanimity, granting Ł500 to the same institution, and lately, by the
+recommendation of His Excellency, Sir Charles Bagot, renewing that grant
+as an annual aid to the institution, now presided over by the individual
+against whom all your attacks have been directed? Can I but feel a
+grateful, as well as a dutiful attachment to a Government so perfectly
+consonant with my own feelings? Can I but feel an honest pride,
+retrospecting the past, and looking abroad upon the present, to see in
+the constitution and spirit of Her Majesty's Canadian Government my own
+views and wishes carried out to the very letter? Can I but rejoice, to
+see several members of the Government on our College Board and
+Senate--and to be aided by their counsel, abilities, and influence?
+
+I advert to these facts with heart-felt thankfulness, as a practical
+vindication of my life and character against your imputations, and as an
+indication strong, if not providential, that I have, in the main at
+least, endeavoured to do my duty to my God, my Sovereign, and my
+country.... Unconnected as I am with any party, and on friendly terms
+with leading men of all parties, countenanced by the Government, aided
+by the Legislature, and sustained by the public, I can, by the divine
+blessing, employ my humble abilities, even under the weight of Dr.
+Alder's frowns, to rearing up a large body of well instructed youth,
+and a considerable number of ministers, who, I hope, will be a blessing
+to this their country, and to the church, and who will, doubtless, do
+justice to me when both Dr. Alder and myself shall be receiving our
+reward according to our respective works, "whether they be good or
+bad."...
+
+My differences with you are wholly of a public and official character;
+personally I esteem and honour you as much as I ever did, and wish you
+God speed in your general works of faith and divine labours of love....
+
+The only persons in England with whom I have the slightest personal
+difference are Dr. Alder and Mr. Lord, for their uncalled for and unjust
+personal attacks upon me. I cherish no ill-feeling towards them. But I
+ask not your indulgence; I fear you not; I know and admire you as
+distinguished servants of the Most High, but as greatly mistaken as to
+what truly appertains to one hundred and twenty-one itinerant ministers,
+and a large and growing branch of the Wesleyan body in Western Canada--a
+body now beginning, like yourselves, to raise up a regularly educated as
+well as a zealous ministry....
+
+This epistle shall be my witness to the Government, to the church, and
+to posterity, that the dreadful disgrace and varied evils of
+perpetuating the present unseemly violation of Methodistic and Christian
+unity in Upper Canada, and the creation and continuance of unnatural and
+unchristian schisms and divisions in a Christian church, lie not at my
+door; and that for the sake of peace, I have offered to do all that
+could be demanded of me by reason of Christianity....
+
+As the Government is interested in this controversy, I shall deem it my
+duty to enclose a copy of the present letter to His Excellency the
+Governor-General, with a request that His Excellency will have the
+goodness to forward it to Her Majesty's Secretary of State for the
+Colonial Department, that Her Majesty's Government, both at home and in
+this country, may fully understand the present posture of this affair,
+at least as far as you and myself are concerned, and with whom lies the
+responsibility of this continued controversy.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+For the reasons given above to the Secretaries of the Wesleyan
+Conference in England, Dr. Ryerson transmitted a copy of his letter to
+them to Sir Charles Bagot, on the 10th December, 1842, accompanied with
+an explanatory letter, from which I extract the following narrative
+connected with this matter:--Two weeks before the late Lord Sydenham's
+arrival in Toronto (in November, 1839), at a meeting of the agents of
+the London Committee, and the Executive Committee of the Canadian
+Conference, every matter of misunderstanding and jealousy, as far as I
+know, was satisfactorily settled. It was explicitly agreed on all sides,
+and recorded, that I should press the settlement of the clergy reserve
+question. On other things it was my wish and aim to remain neutral. This
+I did, until some weeks after Lord Sydenham's arrival. Parties were very
+equally divided on the question of the union of the Canadas, and the
+terms on which it should be effected. I was then Editor of the
+_Guardian_; I was desired by the agents of the London Wesleyan Committee
+and their friends (and some of my own friends), to oppose the union of
+the Canadas; Lord Sydenham sent for me, and earnestly solicited me to
+advocate it, and assured me that it should involve no change in the
+principles of our Constitution, but even secure greater privileges to
+the people of Canada, and that it was the only hope of Canada. He
+promised, in case he could get the Union measure through the Canadian
+Legislature, to apply himself to the settlement of the clergy reserve
+question, in accordance with such principles as I had expressed, and
+which he understood to be general in Upper Canada. After much
+consideration, I consented to give a decided support to the Government
+in that great measure. The agents of the London Committee were greatly
+offended, and were sure, as were many others, that Lord Sydenham would
+not be supported by the Imperial Parliament, and threatened a breaking
+up of the union between the English and Canadian Conferences; and in
+about three weeks afterwards, they intimated to Lord Sydenham that the
+union between the two bodies would not be continued, and sought to get
+the Methodist portion of the proceeds of the clergy reserves secured to
+those who should be connected with the British Wesleyan Conference. Lord
+Sydenham, learning the circumstances in which I was placed, opposed by
+the agents of the London Committee and all the opponents of the union of
+the Canadas, and by the "radical reform" portion of the press, for
+assenting to the application of the clergy reserves to religious
+purposes at all, and by many of the members of my own Church, because I
+assented to a Bill which recognized the Churches of England and Scotland
+by name, and not the Methodist Church,--assured me of all protection and
+support that his Government could give. I asked for nothing but a due
+consideration and protection of the interests of the Church which I
+represented. Of this I received repeated assurances; and when, a few
+months afterwards, Lord Sydenham received from Lord John Russell, a copy
+of Dr. Alder's first letter to his Lordship, Lord Sydenham not only
+renewed the private expression of his views and purposes, but introduced
+them voluntarily in an answer to a congratulatory address of the
+Canadian Conference. In reference to these very matters, out of which
+the present question has arisen, Lord Sydenham thus expressed himself,
+and pledged the faith of his Government. He said:--
+
+ Whilst I administer the affairs of the Canadas, it is my duty to
+ look to the feelings of the people of that country; and you will
+ find me ever ready and willing, whenever any question connected
+ with the Executive Government may arise, to support the reasonable
+ views, and maintain the just rights of your society, as expressed
+ through your recognized authorities within these Provinces.
+
+When it was ascertained that the English Conference would not abide by
+the articles of union, and that several months' delay had taken place
+without carrying out the views which Lord Sydenham had expressed--that
+an Act on the clergy reserve question had been passed by the Imperial
+Parliament, different in several important respects from that which Lord
+Sydenham had got through the Canadian Legislature, it was our intention
+to have the claims and interests of our Church in respect both to the
+grant and clergy reserves, brought under the consideration of the
+Canadian Legislature. But previously to taking this step, I was directed
+to proceed to Kingston (June, 1841), to ascertain what measures the
+Government were disposed to adopt; when I learned from Lord Sydenham
+that he had been empowered to settle the question of the grant, and that
+in that and all other respects he would consult the interests of our
+Church to the utmost of his power. It was not his wish to communicate
+his decision officially until near the close of the session of the
+Legislature, which, unhappily, proved to be the end of his life. What
+has since transpired is within the personal knowledge of Your
+Excellency.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+After all this correspondence, the question of reunion with the British
+Conference was often and earnestly discussed privately between leading
+members of the Canadian and British Conferences, as well as in the
+American Methodist journals.[132]
+
+In October, 1843, Rev. Joseph Stinson, then in Sheffield, England, wrote
+to Dr. Ryerson on the subject, and said:--
+
+ There is a strong desire on the part of many of our most
+ influential ministers that the work in Canada should be
+ consolidated and made one. It is certainly most desirable that
+ there should be one vigorous, united, and prosperous Methodist
+ Church; in which the pure doctrines of Methodism, and of the
+ Gospel, shall be preserved, and a refuge for those who really want
+ to be saved shall be presented--to all those, I mean, who prefer
+ our religious system to any other. Now, my dear sir, allow me to
+ say, that I think that the only two men in the world who can effect
+ this most desirable object, are yourself and Dr. Alder. If any plan
+ could be adopted by which you and he could be reconciled to each
+ other, the work would be done; and it will not be done effectually,
+ I fear, until this is the case. I still entertain the hope of
+ spending many happy and useful years in Canada; and I thank you
+ sincerely for your kind offer with reference to Cobourg. I cannot
+ forget the happy, and, I may say, holy hours we have spent together
+ before God in prayer; and I hope and trust we shall yet be found
+ side by side in the Church militant and in the Church triumphant.
+
+Rev. Joseph Stinson wrote again in December, and was very urgent in
+regard to the reunion of the Conferences. He says:
+
+ Let us still labour and pray for the great object of union. Every
+ day, and every aspect which the Church and the world presents,
+ deepens the conviction of my mind of its necessity, and I hope we
+ shall live to see a united and prosperous Church in Canada, against
+ which the gates of hell cannot prevail. We are now very busy with
+ our Educational movements. We intend to raise Ł200,000 in seven
+ years, and we shall, by the Divine blessing, succeed. Our people
+ were never more united, and truly Methodistical in their feelings
+ and purposes. God has a great work for us to do in the world, and
+ if we are but faithful, we shall be a greater blessing to our
+ Empire than we have ever been.
+
+In November, 1844, after his arrival in London, Dr. Ryerson addressed a
+letter to his two friends, Rev. Joseph Stinson and Rev. G. Marsden, on
+the Union question. From Mr. Stinson he received a reply, from which the
+following is an extract:--
+
+ I heartily congratulate you on your promotion. I pray that you may
+ be happy and useful in the interesting and responsible station
+ assigned you by the providence of God and the Government of your
+ country. I hope your visit to this country may be one of those
+ Providential events which will lead to the accomplishment of an
+ object which lies as near to my heart now as it ever did--the unity
+ of our Methodist interests in Canada. The aspects of the times at
+ home and abroad surely are plainly indicating that our very
+ existence as a Church depends, in no small decree, upon our unity.
+ In the meantime, if I can, by any little influence I have, be able
+ to effect a reconciliation between you and our friends at the
+ Mission House, nothing on earth will afford me so much pleasure.
+
+Rev. G. Marsden, in his reply to Dr. Ryerson, said:--
+
+ Often have I reflected with deep interest on the whole of that very
+ important affair--the union of the two bodies; and though it was
+ afterward dissolved, I firmly believe that the union at that time
+ was of God. It gave a favourable opportunity for our Conference
+ reviewing and improving the code of Discipline, and I hope that it
+ is now rendered permanent. In that respect I believe you in Canada
+ are on good ground; and I could almost wish that it may be
+ unalterable. There may be attempts made, under the pretence of
+ improvements, to alter in future our Book of Discipline, but I
+ trust that those preachers who were at the Conference when the
+ Discipline was settled and solemnly agreed upon, will not hastily
+ adopt any material alterations.
+
+ The union was also providential as it occurred before the rebellion
+ commenced. So far it appeared to be in the order of Providence; and
+ though in a few years the union was dissolved, yet you have gone
+ on well in Canada, and the Lord has prospered you.
+
+ The position which you now occupy is one of great importance, as it
+ respects the future good of Canada. If the youth of that country be
+ trained up in sound Christian principles, the country, as it
+ respects the inhabitants, may become one of the finest in the
+ world. The old countries are formed, yours is in some measure yet
+ to be formed; and as is the education, such in all probability will
+ be the inhabitants in future.
+
+Dr. Ryerson after his arrival in England, also addressed a letter to Dr.
+Bunting, dated December 11th, 1844, as follows:--
+
+I desire your acceptance of the accompanying publication [relating to
+the Metcalfe controversy]. The Prefatory Notice and Address will explain
+to you the circumstances under which it was written.
+
+I take the liberty of presenting you with this publication, not merely
+from feelings of profound respect for yourself personally, but also for
+the following reason:--That you may have the best possible proof of the
+sentiments which I have ever inculcated upon the public mind in Canada,
+and which are current among the ministers and members of the Wesleyan
+Methodist Church in that country. In appendix No's. 3 and 4, pages
+171-178, I have made extracts from what I wrote between the years 1838
+and 1841, the period, in August, 1840, during which both my sentiments
+and conduct were impugned in your presence. You will probably recollect
+that I then stated that my principles were strictly British, and such
+alone as could perpetuate British authority in Canada. The fact that the
+present Governor-General of Canada, and Her Majesty's present
+Government--apart from a candid inquiry into the nature of them--have
+staked their character and authority in Canada upon those principles, is
+ample proof of their constitutional orthodoxy and essential importance;
+and the manner in which Sir Charles Metcalfe has been, and is, supported
+in Upper Canada, is sufficient evidence of their influence over the
+public mind there, without your expending some three thousand pounds a
+year of missionary money within the bounds of the regular
+self-supporting and missionary-contributing circuits of the Canada
+Conference in order to teach us loyalty. (See pages 282, 283.) Since I
+was last in England, I have not written a word on civil affairs, except
+a short obituary notice of the late Sir Charles Bagot (which was not
+inserted in the _Christian Guardian_, any more than what I have recently
+written) until the publication which I herewith transmit. By referring
+to pages 134, 153, 164, you will find that I have not, even as an
+individual, written for party, or in the spirit of party, but with a
+view of giving and securing the application of a Christian
+interpretation of the fundamental principles of the British
+Constitution, and of all good government.
+
+I am thankful that I have been permitted to live and give to the British
+Government in England, and to the public in Canada, a more tangible and
+abiding proof of my principles and feelings than the representations
+which were made of them in your presence in 1840.
+
+It may not be improper for me to add, that the appointment with which
+the Government has honoured me, in placing under my direction, the
+public educational instruction of the youth of Upper Canada, was not
+accepted by me, until after my ministerial brethren, officially, as well
+as unofficially, expressed their approbation of my doing so.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+After the Conference of 1845, Dr. Ryerson (then in Europe) received a
+letter from Rev. John Ryerson, in which he said:--
+
+ The Conference received a note from the sub-Secretary of the
+ British Conference, enclosing certain resolutions which had been
+ passed two years ago, appointing a committee to settle matters with
+ the Canada Conference respecting the differences between the two
+ Connexions. Our Conference appointed a similar committee, and the
+ Secretary was directed to communicate to the British Conference,
+ and request it to make some proposals for settlement, as they had
+ rejected all the proposals which we had made. In fact, parties here
+ have taken advantage of the overtures which we have made to injure
+ the Canada Conference, while there is no move on the part of the
+ British Conference to indicate that they even desire a settlement.
+ For my own part, I would have gone so far as to have made the
+ proposal which you suggested; but I could not influence a majority
+ of the Conference to do so. The belief here is gaining ground that
+ the British Conference has no intention to settle the differences;
+ that they are only tampering with us, and, at the same time, they
+ are striving to get the Ł700. I believe that no settlement can be
+ effected until that grant matter is adjusted, and that no grant
+ will be paid until that settlement is made. I cannot forget the
+ reprehensible conduct of the Missionary party, in sending a
+ missionary to Bytown, at the very time that they were pretending to
+ negotiate a settlement with us! Still I am anxious to do almost
+ anything to effect an adjustment of our misunderstandings; but I
+ fear that the British Conference, influenced by the Missionary
+ party here, will accede to no feasible plan of settlement--at all
+ events, not while these men are kept here, and are allowed to have
+ the influence in England which they seem to possess.
+
+ You are aware, of course, that a party in Toronto have for these
+ six months been publishing a paper, the object of which is by
+ agitation among our people, to drive the Conference to censure you
+ and your political writings. The Radical party in the Conference
+ tried to get that body to pass some such resolutions as Rev. C. R.
+ Allison introduced at Brockville, but they totally failed. The
+ Conference in reply to two memorials--the one from Brantford, and
+ the other from Cobourg--defended the resolutions passed at
+ Brockville on political matters, and the pastoral address of the
+ same year, and remarked that it saw no reason to say more than it
+ had said. This was sadly mortifying to the parties opposed to you.
+ However, every effort of that party in this and other questions
+ totally failed. They were left in most miserable minorities in
+ everything they undertook of a party and revolutionary character.
+ The party has assailed all of our funds, especially our Missionary
+ Society and Victoria College. Indeed, there was nothing connected
+ with our institutions which they have not tried to injure, taking
+ good care to connect your name with everything, so as to let the
+ Church know that you would be a sacrifice entirely satisfactory to
+ them.
+
+ Political matters in the country are in a state of great quiet. I
+ think the present Government has got on strong ground--being
+ assailed by the two extreme sharks--the _Pilot_ and the
+ _Patriot_.... The impartiality and high-minded justice of the
+ Governor-General are becoming more and more apparent. Indeed, I do
+ not think the Radicals will be able to recover their power in any
+ degree while Lord Metcalfe remains, certainly not if he continues,
+ in defiance of party strife, to administer the Government as it has
+ been administered since the present Council has been organized.
+
+ The University Question is a most perplexing one, and the Ministry
+ will find the utmost difficulty to so devise a plan of settlement
+ so as to satisfy a majority of the people and carry the House with
+ them.
+
+After this correspondence on the Union question had taken place little
+was done and less resulted from it. When Dr. Ryerson returned to Canada,
+he wrote to Rev. Peter Jones, then in England, to see Rev. Dr. James
+Dixon, and urge him to come to Canada. In February, 1846, Rev. Mr. Jones
+replied:--
+
+ On receiving your letter I lost no time in calling upon Dr. Dixon,
+ who appeared pleased with the invitation from our Executive
+ Committee. He said that if he could see that his visit to Canada
+ would bring about a reconciliation between the two Conferences, he
+ would be most happy to go. I am very glad that the Committee have
+ invited him to come and inspect the state of affairs. I believe
+ that the invitation will do much good, whether Dr. Dixon goes or
+ not, as it will be seen that our Conference is anxious for a
+ settlement, and courts investigation.
+
+ I do assure you that we are getting very homesick; and I am
+ heartily tired of the work of begging. I shall be glad when we are
+ again quietly settled in our own wigwams.
+
+In reply to this invitation, Rev. Dr. Dixon wrote a letter to Rev. Dr.
+Ryerson, in March, in which he foreshadowed the important Methodistic
+legislation which resulted in the establishment of the General
+Conference which met at Toronto in 1874, with Dr. Ryerson as its first
+President. Dr. Dixon said:--
+
+ My own idea is that a measure much more comprehensive than that of
+ a mere settlement of these disputes is needed. The time must come
+ when the North American provinces will be united ecclesiastically,
+ by having a General Conference of their own, in connexion with the
+ Provincial or District Conferences, after the manner of the United
+ States. Things must come to this at no remote period; and this
+ being the case, it seems reasonable to consider such a scheme in
+ connection with the measure now under review. To do the thing well
+ will require, of course, very much and mature deliberation. In case
+ such a measure should be thought of, some form of fellowship, some
+ bond of union--must be recognized betwixt the British Conference
+ and such a body as I contemplate. Here is a ticklish point--it is
+ at this point that all splits and quarrels begin. But clearly the
+ line of justice, religion, and a Christian experience may be
+ discovered, if honestly sought. I am deeply convinced myself that
+ the organization of such a body as I refer to must, in the nature
+ of things develop the energies of Methodism in the Provinces
+ infinitely more vigorously than can be secured by the action of a
+ distant government.
+
+ I venture to throw this out as my general feeling and impression.
+ Of course, it has been thought of by others as well as myself; and
+ I found the other day from Rev. Peter Jones that the subject is
+ engaging the attention of different parties on your side of the
+ water. Could you not open a discussion on this question in your
+ periodicals? But it should be free from party bias, from angry
+ passions, from national views and partialities; indeed, the
+ discussion of such a subject requires the highest reason,
+ philosophy and statesmanship. If a calm head and pure patriot could
+ be found amongst you to argue such a point, it would be clearing
+ the ground. Of the soundness of the principle that the Methodist
+ body ought to be one in all the adjacent colonies; and I am
+ convinced that it would be wise and expedient to establish as soon
+ as men's minds are prepared for it, such an establishment as a
+ general colonial Conference. And in the present state of things, I
+ conceive it would be useful to receive a certain amount of British
+ influence in such a Conference. You cannot do very well without us;
+ and on this side there would be great alarm at the idea of an
+ entire separation. But all these are questions of detail.
+
+ Let me say now, that I have a strong desire to visit your
+ Provinces--I should like above all things to obey your call; but I
+ see it possible not only to do no good, but to do harm, by
+ exasperating parties on my taking up an independent position. Let
+ me say, I think the object we desire is being promoted by your
+ communication; and I hope that either myself, or some other one
+ better fitted, will, ere long, appear amongst you as a messenger of
+ peace. I long to see it.
+
+ It would afford Mrs. Dixon and I the highest gratification to see
+ you in this country again--to have the very great delight to see
+ you by our fireside, and experience over again some of the happy
+ moments we dearly enjoyed in your friendly society. Thank God there
+ is a Christianity infinitely above ecclesiastical divisions, and
+ sub-divisions; and there is a depth of feeling and affection in the
+ human heart which cannot be destroyed by the miserable squabbles of
+ nations and churches.
+
+At the Conference held at Kingston, after the receipt of this letter
+from Rev. Dr. Dixon, it was considered expedient to send a deputation
+from Canada to the English Conference. Rev. John Ryerson and Rev. Anson
+Green were selected for this important mission and soon left for
+England. In a letter to Dr. Ryerson from his brother John, dated
+Bristol, August 1st, he says that:--
+
+ The difficulties in the way of any proper adjustments of our
+ differences seem to be almost insurmountable. Prejudices so strong
+ and so extensive, have been excited against us that we, as the
+ representatives of the Canada Conference, are looked upon with
+ shyness, if not fear and contempt. Our situation is anything but
+ pleasant; it is even distressing and painful.... Rev. Joseph
+ Stinson is most cordial and affectionate, and is doing his utmost
+ to further the object of our mission and promote peace in Canada;
+ this is also the case of Rev. William Lord.
+
+Subsequently Rev. John Ryerson wrote to say that:--
+
+ Dr. Alder presented the address of our Conference, and also the
+ certificate of our appointment to the British Conference. It was
+ moved by Dr. Bunting, and seconded by Dr. Alder, that the address
+ be received, and that we be affectionately and cordially requested
+ to take a seat in the Conference. The resolution was opposed, and
+ it called up a warm debate. The opposers contended that their
+ connection with the Canada Conference and its matters had only been
+ a source of trouble and injury to themselves, and that, as the
+ Union was now dissolved, they should keep aloof from all
+ intercourse with us. The resolution was warmly supported by
+ Doctors Bunting, Alder, Beaumont, Dixon, Mr. Lord, and Mr. Stinson.
+ It at length passed triumphantly, and all things are coming out
+ right, and will end well.
+
+Rev. John Ryerson again wrote to Dr. Ryerson from Bristol:
+
+ Although we took our seats in the Conference last week, yet we were
+ not formally introduced until yesterday. It is clear that Dr. Alder
+ and others were resolved that we should not take our seats on the
+ platform, but Mr. Lord and Mr. Atherton (the President) and others
+ were resolved that we should. The President accordingly stated that
+ the brethren from Canada, Representatives of the Canada Conference,
+ would be introduced to the Conference, and would take their seats
+ on the platform, which we did. What Dr. Alder may hereafter do, I
+ know not; up to this time his conduct has been cold and repulsive;
+ he, however, continually declares that he is in favour of an
+ adjustment of matters in Canada.
+
+ In looking at matters here, I cannot express the painful anxiety of
+ my mind; sometimes I can neither eat nor sleep, and it quite
+ destroys all the satisfaction which I might otherwise enjoy from a
+ visit to England. Had I known that things would be as I find them,
+ I should never have come to England. I left Canada distressed in
+ mind about our mission; the distress has only continued to increase
+ every day since. Were I to follow the strong impulse of my mind, I
+ should leave at once and return to America.
+
+All this was changed, however; and on the 15th September Rev. John
+Ryerson thus writes to Dr. Ryerson as to the final issue of negotiations
+with the British Conference:--
+
+ After four days' conference in committee on Canada affairs, the
+ whole business was brought to a happy and most amicable conclusion.
+ When I wrote my last letter I was under most painful apprehensions
+ respecting the results of our mission. Little change took place in
+ the bearing of the leading men towards us, until we met in
+ committee on the 9th inst. Then a most full, frank, and undisguised
+ explanation of all missionary and domestic matters was entered
+ into. After this full unburthening of ourselves, the one to the
+ other, a totally different feeling seemed to come over Drs.
+ Bunting, Alder, and the whole committee--which consisted of about
+ thirty leading members of the British Conference. In consequence of
+ the strong feeling which exists chiefly in Lower Canada, the
+ British North American plan mentioned by Dr. Dixon in his letter to
+ you, was thought not practicable at present. The plan of settlement
+ to which we have agreed, is a union with the British Conference, on
+ a basis similar to that by which the British and Irish Conferences
+ are united. The British Conference appoints our President and the
+ Superintendent of Missions, as in the former union; all of our
+ missions become missions of the Wesleyan Missionary Society; our
+ Missionary Society is auxiliary to their Society. The Ł700 grant is
+ to be placed under the Missionary Committee, to be appropriated for
+ missionary purposes in Canada. On the other hand, all the regular
+ British Missionary circuits in Canada, are to be placed under the
+ Canada Conference, the same as any other circuits; and there are to
+ be no missionary districts; but the missionaries are to be members
+ of the different districts in the bounds of which their missions
+ are situated. The missionaries are to be stationed by our
+ Stationing Committee, the same as other ministers. The British
+ Conference is to appropriate Ł600 sterling annually to our
+ contingent fund; and the Missionary Committee is to place Ł400 at
+ the disposal of our Conference for contingent purposes.
+
+ More kindness, more nobleness of sentiment and feeling, I never
+ witnessed than was manifested towards us after we had succeeded in
+ removing suspicion, and allaying fears, etc. In the course of the
+ conversations, your name came up frequently, but always in terms of
+ great respect; only they all seemed to think that you got astray in
+ the matter of the disruption of the union. I assured them, however,
+ that no man in Canada was more desirous of a settlement of
+ differences than you were, and in order to the attainment of it,
+ you were desirous that all the past should be forgotten, and that
+ henceforth in these matters all should become new. I assured Dr.
+ Alder that no man in Canada would receive him more cordially than
+ you would. This assurance seemed to be very gratifying to him and
+ all the other ministers present.
+
+On the 24th November, 1846, after the return of the Conference
+delegation from England, Dr. Ryerson addressed the following letter to
+Drs. Bunting and Alder:--At the suggestion of my brother, Rev. John
+Ryerson, and in accordance with my own feelings, I take the liberty of
+addressing you a few lines on adjustment of differences between the
+English and Canadian Conferences, and the concentration of the work of
+Methodism in Upper Canada. In the arrangement which has been mutually
+agreed upon between your Committees and the Canadian Representatives, I
+entirely concur. Into the consideration of a measure so purely Christian
+and Wesleyan, I have never allowed, and could not for a moment allow,
+any sense of personal injury to enter. I have had the pleasure of
+expressing to the Conferential Committee of the Canadian Connexion my
+appreciation of the honourable and generous arrangement to which you
+have agreed, and to propose a resolution expressive of the concurrence
+of that Committee in that arrangement, to which it assented cordially
+and unanimously. I have also had the pleasure of moving that Rev. M.
+Richey be invited to occupy the relation to Victoria College which I
+have for some years sustained, and to which the College Council has also
+unanimously agreed. Nor shall I hesitate to use every exertion in my
+power to complete and render beneficial an arrangement so honourable to
+the British Conference, and so eminently calculated to promote the best
+interests of Methodism in Western Canada.
+
+Your treatment of my dear and most beloved brother, John, I regard and
+acknowledge as a favour done to myself. I did not do myself the honour
+of calling upon you personally when I was in England, nor should I feel
+myself at liberty to do so even now, were I again to visit London. It is
+not that you have objected to many things that I have said and done, and
+have expressed your objections in the strongest language. In this you
+have acted as I have done, and for which I ought not either to respect
+or love you the less. But, in your resolutions of April, 1840, you were
+pleased to charge me "with an utter want of integrity;" and in a
+subsequent series of resolutions, you were pleased to represent me as
+unworthy of the intercourse of private life. These two particulars of
+your proceedings attracted the painful notice of the late Sir Charles
+Bagot before I ever saw him, and, I have reason to believe, made no
+slight impression on the mind of his successor, the late venerated Lord
+Metcalfe; and they have sunk deeply into my own heart. But I have not so
+much as alluded to them in my official intercourse with my Canadian
+brethren, nor will I do so; and as a member of the Canadian Conference,
+I shall (if spared) receive and treat Dr. Alder with as much respect and
+cordiality as I ever did, and shall do my best to render his
+contemplated visit to Canada agreeable to himself, and successful in its
+objects. I have, more than once, through the press, disclaimed any
+imputation upon his integrity, motives, or character; but with his
+recorded declaration of my "utter want of integrity," and my unfitness
+for social intercourse in private life, I feel that my own conduct
+towards him should be confined to official acts and official occasions;
+in which I shall treat him with as much cordiality as I would any other
+member of the English Conference. Had it not been for the two
+particulars in your former proceedings to which I have referred, I
+should have as readily sought the opportunity of paying you my personal
+respects, during my recent visit to England, as I did in 1836.
+
+I have thought this explanation, at the present moment, due both to you
+and to myself. I assure you at the same time of my personal regard, and
+of my desire and purpose to promote, in every possible way, the great
+objects which you have proposed, viz., the amicable reunion between the
+English and Canadian Connexions. [The _amende_ was subsequently made.]
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In order to place the English and Canadian reunion question fully and
+fairly before the English Wesleyan public, Dr. Ryerson was requested to
+prepare an article on the subject for the London _Watchman_. This he
+did. Rev. M. Richey writes from Montreal, on the 28th June, 1847, and
+thus acknowledges the service which Dr. Ryerson had rendered in this
+matter:--
+
+ Your promptitude in preparing an article for the _Watchman_, and
+ the ability, as well as noble spirit of Wesleyan catholicity by
+ which it is characterized, have afforded to Dr. Alder the highest
+ satisfaction. The article perfectly corresponds to the ideal he had
+ conceived of a production adapted to place the whole matter before
+ the transatlantic public so as best to accomplish the important
+ object. The article will doubtless appear in the earliest
+ impression of the _Watchman_, to the joy of thousands of hearts. He
+ has also to acknowledge the receipt of the address of the Canada to
+ the British Conference. Permit me to assure you that Dr. Alder and
+ myself most affectionately reciprocate your expressions of kindness
+ and regard, and we have every confidence that no elements will be
+ ever hereafter permitted to disturb either our ecclesiastical
+ relations or our personal friendship.
+
+On his return from Canada, Dr. Alder wrote to Dr. Ryerson, under date
+of the 17th September, expressing his grateful feelings at the result of
+his visit. He said:--
+
+ I assure you of the recollection which I cherish of the candid and
+ manly part which you took, both in public and in private, in
+ connexion with the various important matters of business which were
+ brought before us during the sittings of the last Conference in
+ Toronto, as well as previous to the meeting of that assembly. I
+ have not failed in my communications since my return, to do you
+ that justice to which you are so well entitled; and I trust, as I
+ doubt not you do, that the good understanding which has thus been
+ restored, will be as permanent as it is gratifying. Much will
+ depend upon you, as well as upon myself, in securing the harmonious
+ working of the union which has been accomplished; and I shall
+ always be happy to receive from you free and full communications,
+ which will be regarded by me as confidential.
+
+Dr. Alder in a subsequent letter, to Dr. Ryerson, said:--
+
+ In the _Watchman_ I have prefaced an account of our Missionary
+ Anniversary by a few observations, in which I have taken occasion
+ to bear testimony to the spirit and conduct of your brother
+ William, as well as of your own, with a view, not merely to perform
+ an act of justice to you, but to prepare the way for the
+ appointment of one, or you both, coming, either now, or at some
+ future period, in a representative character, to our
+ Conference,--an arrangement which, I am persuaded, will be
+ productive of much good in various ways.
+
+ In carrying out practically so great a measure as that of the
+ union, difficulties of no ordinary kind will be felt. I have
+ pressed upon, and fully explained our financial matter to, Earl
+ Grey, who has, I believe, written to Lord Elgin on the subject. I
+ think I have made Earl Grey understand the peculiarity of our case.
+ You must press the matter on your side.
+
+ In the union matter you must have the greatest practical freedom of
+ operation. I have explained my views to Dr. Dixon, your new
+ President, who sailed last Saturday in the best of spirits.
+
+In a fraternal letter, written in July, 1847, to the Rev. Dr. Olin,
+President of the Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., Dr. Ryerson
+gave some particulars as to the union with the British Conference. He
+said:--
+
+ You have, doubtless, ere this, heard that a complete adjustment of
+ past differences between the Wesleyan Conferences in England and
+ Canada, has been effected, and that provision has been made for a
+ perfect _oneness_ of their interests and labours in Upper Canada.
+ This important object has been accomplished with a cordiality, and
+ unanimity, and devotion, that I have never seen surpassed, and
+ without the loss--so far as has yet been ascertained--of a single
+ minister or member of either body, and to the universal
+ satisfaction and even joy of both parties. We look upon it with
+ gratitude and wonder, as the Lord's doing, and as marvellous beyond
+ expression in our eyes.
+
+In a reply to this letter written to Dr. Ryerson, in September, 1847,
+Dr. Olin discusses the question of the Union, and also the relations of
+the Church, North and South, on the Slavery question:--
+
+ I do most cordially rejoice at the happy termination of your
+ negotiations with the Wesleyan body in England. I must confess,
+ however, that I have been somewhat disappointed at the results of
+ your attempts to get on as an independent Conference. In theorizing
+ upon the subject, I have concluded that union would be far more
+ likely to embarrass than to facilitate your movements. I have since
+ learned that there were disturbing influences not discernible by
+ observers at a distance, growing out of the occupancy of the field
+ by conflicting agencies; the heterogenous character of your
+ population and the power of home associations, etc. I rejoice that
+ you have overcome these various obstacles, and are likely to have
+ harmony for the future. All parties will probably be warned and
+ instructed by the temporary interruption in your connexional
+ relations. All must be now deeply impressed with the importance of
+ forbearance and concessions after an experience so memorable of the
+ necessity of union.
+
+ I deeply regret that you should have received anything but kindness
+ from our side of the line. I think I can assure you that, as a
+ Church, our sympathies are, and have been, strongly with you; but
+ the natural and spontaneous feelings of the Body are not well
+ expressed; and they are in imminent danger of being perverted on
+ certain questions, which, unfortunately, become party questions
+ amongst us. The Methodist Episcopal Church is passing through a
+ crisis. It has fallen upon her to decide momentous questions under
+ peculiar temptations to error. The ministers are pure and high,
+ above all liability to be influenced by corrupt motives; but we are
+ calamitously enough thrown into a position where we must judge
+ between ourselves and our brethren, with powerful interests and
+ more potent prejudices to mislead us. Beyond all reasonable doubt,
+ we are coming to an issue for which, it is my opinion, the Church
+ of Christ, the world and history, will not cease to reproach us.
+ And yet we are coming to that issue with a good conscience,
+ honestly, so far as party spirit and blind prejudice, and the most
+ unfortunate leading, has left us the power of being honest. I wish
+ my convictions of the right were not quite so unchangeably settled.
+ It would afford me unspeakable relief to be able to suspect that
+ the predestined course of the Church could be other than a flagrant
+ violation of justice. I would gladly surrender my opinion, if I
+ could avail myself of even the benefit of a doubt in favour of
+ retraction. How we shall hereafter be looked upon by the world, is
+ a consideration of less interest than another which perpetually
+ thrusts itself upon my fears--what will God pronounce upon our
+ policy? My only hope is in the indulgence wont to be extended to
+ errors, and even to high offences which are the result of haste,
+ excitement, or prejudice. All of these mitigations may be claimed
+ in anticipation in behalf of the measures which will certainly
+ prevail at our next General Conference. Of the vast majority, which
+ will deny to the South what I esteem their unquestionable rights, I
+ am sure I shall never suspect a man of doing an intentional wrong.
+ I hope your public sentiment and your press will enable to temper
+ their disapprobation with this needful infusion of charity.
+
+After his return to England Rev. Dr. Dixon, in a letter to Dr. Ryerson,
+thus referred to the impression which his visit to Canada made upon him.
+He said:--
+
+ My impressions are strong respecting the importance of Methodism in
+ Canada. It is at present a glorious religious element in the
+ country, and will become much more powerful. The colony is destined
+ to become, either in its present, or some new connection, a great
+ empire. It is consequently of great importance to adapt your
+ religious system to existing things, preserving points of doctrine.
+
+ I must say, that I never think of my intercourse with you; my
+ journeys with your brother; my connection with the Conference; and
+ the kindness of the brethren, but with feelings of intense
+ interest. In imagination, I try to live everything over and over
+ again. Many faces and persons are imprinted on my mind; and almost
+ every scene through which I passed lives in vivid reality. I am
+ often journeying down your glorious lakes and rivers, gazing on
+ your woods and forests, and stretching myself in the expanse, as if
+ there were room to live and breathe. Then, the affection and
+ kindness of everybody! The people and the scenery agree. All is
+ magnificent in America. I hope you may be able, by the divine
+ blessing, to preserve the purity of religion amongst you. I have
+ strong feelings on one point--viz.: the necessity of giving to all
+ our movements an evangelic and aggressive character. We Methodists
+ are so fond of organizations of every sort, and hence of
+ legislating and placing everything under rule and order, that we
+ leave no room for extension and for development. I am convinced
+ that a religious system which does not act on the evangelic
+ principle; and, moreover, have good people free to work and
+ exercise the divine affection, must break down.
+
+ I consider myself much more in the character of an observer now,
+ than an actor in anything. I have finished my mission, as regards
+ public work. It ended in Canada; and the above are my last, and, I
+ believe will remain, my unalterable convictions. Our danger is
+ over-legislation; cramping the energies of living piety by decrees
+ and rules; laying too much weight on the springs of individual
+ movement; destroying the man in society, the committee, etc.
+
+ I am glad to hear that you preach constantly. This is all that I
+ care about--to endeavour to do some little good in the way of
+ saving souls. Noble work this! So let me intreat you never to let
+ your other avocations interfere with this glorious calling. It is
+ painful to see some men merge the ministerial character in some
+ pitiful clerkship--some book-keeping affair. And worst of all,
+ these parties take it into their head, generally amongst us, to
+ consider themselves and their office as much higher than that of
+ the messengers of Christ!
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Two deaths of notable representative men in Canadian Methodism occurred
+during 1846:--Rev. Thomas Whitehead and Rev. James Evans. Rev. Thomas
+Whitehead was the venerated representative of the early pioneers of
+Methodism in Upper Canada, and Rev. James Evans was a remarkable type of
+the self-sacrificing and devoted missionaries of that Church in the
+great North-west. A brief sketch of each of these ministers will
+illustrate points in the history of Methodism in Upper Canada, without
+which the account of Dr. Ryerson's career and labours would be
+incomplete,--especially as he had to do with both of these ministers
+during his lifetime. Rev. Mr. Whitehead was one of these so-called
+"Yankee Methodists," whom Dr. Ryerson so often and so strenuously
+defended against the charge of disloyalty; and Rev. James Evans was one
+of the five brethren with whom he remonstrated so earnestly and yet so
+kindly in 1833. (See page 131.)
+
+Rev. Thomas Whitehead was in many respects a strongly-marked
+representative man. He was elected President at the memorable Special
+Conference held, in the dark days of the Church, in 1840. (Page 274.) A
+characteristic letter from him to Dr. Ryerson will be found on page
+276. Mr. Whitehead was born in Duchess County, New York, in December
+1762, when it was still a British Province. He was, therefore, not a
+"Yankee Methodist," but a United Empire Loyalist. He commenced his
+ministry in 1783, and went on a mission to Nova Scotia and New
+Brunswick, where he remained from 1786 until 1804. In September, 1806,
+he was sent by Bishop Asbury to Upper Canada, where he resided for forty
+years. He preached his last sermon on Christmas Day, 1845. He was in the
+ministry 62 years, and died at Burford in January, 1846, aged 83 years.
+
+Rev. James Evans was one of the most noted missionaries of the
+North-west; and was specially so from the fact that, by his wonderful
+inventions of the syllabic character in the Cree language, he has
+conferred untold blessings upon the Indian tribes and missions of all
+the Churches in that vast North-West territory, in which he only was
+permitted to labour for six years.
+
+Mr. Evans was born in England in 1800. He was converted in Upper Canada,
+and in 1830 entered the Christian ministry, and was a member of the
+Canada Conference from that year. In 1840 he volunteered his services as
+a missionary to the North-west. At his station of Norway House, he
+devoted himself to his great work. Rev. E. R. Young, in the _Canadian
+Methodist Magazine_ for November, 1882, thus speaks of Mr. Evans'
+eminent service to the mission cause by his famous invention. He says:--
+
+ The invention of what are known as the syllabic characters was
+ undoubtedly Mr. Evans' greatest work, and to his unaided genius
+ belongs the honour of devising and then perfecting this alphabet
+ which has been such a blessing to thousands of Cree Indians. The
+ principle on which the characters are formed is the phonetic. There
+ are no silent letters. Each character represents a syllable, hence
+ no spelling is required. As soon as the alphabet is mastered, the
+ student can commence at the first chapter in Genesis and read on,
+ slowly of course, at first, but in a few days with surprising
+ facility.
+
+ When the invention became more extensively known, and other
+ Churches desired to avail themselves of its benefits, the British
+ and Foreign Bible Society nobly came to the help of our own, and
+ the kindred Churches having missions in the North West, and with
+ their usual princely style of doing things, for years have been
+ printing, and gratuitously furnishing to the different Cree Indian
+ missions, all the copies of the Sacred Word they require.
+
+Rev. Mr. Young relates an interesting anecdote connected with this
+alphabet, which occurred when he was a missionary in the North-West.
+During Lord Dufferin's visit there he conversed with Mr. Young in regard
+to the Indians in these distant regions, and expressed his solicitude
+for the welfare and happiness of these wandering races, and made general
+enquires in reference to missionary work among them. Mr. Young adds:--
+
+ In mentioning the helps I had in my work, I showed him my Cree
+ Indian Testament, in Evans' Syllabic Characters, and explained the
+ invention to him. At once his curiosity was excited, and jumping up
+ he hurried off for pen and paper, and had me write out the whole
+ alphabet for him, and then with that glee and vivacity for which
+ His Lordship was so noted, he constituted me his teacher, and
+ commenced at once to master them. Their simplicity, and yet
+ wonderful adaptation for their designed work became clearly
+ recognized by him, for in a short time he read a portion of the
+ Lord's Prayer. Lord Dufferin became quite excited, and, getting up
+ from his chair, and holding the Testament in his hand, exclaimed,
+ "Why, Mr. Young, what a blessing to humanity the man was who
+ invented that alphabet!" Then continuing, he added, "I profess to
+ be a kind of literary man myself, and try to keep up my reading of
+ what is going on, but I never heard of this before. The fact is,"
+ he added, "the nation has given many a man a title, and a pension,
+ and then a resting-place, and a monument in Westminster Abbey, who
+ never did half so much for their fellow-creatures." Then turning to
+ me again, he asked, "Who did you say was the author, or inventor of
+ the characters?" "The Rev. James Evans," I replied. "Well, why is
+ it, I never heard of him before, I wonder?" he answered. My reply
+ was, "Well, my lord, perhaps the reason why you never heard before
+ of him was, because he was a humble, modest Methodist preacher."
+ With a laugh he replied, "That may have been it," and then the
+ conversation changed. (Pages 437, 438.)
+
+The following are examples of the
+
+CREE SYLLABIC CHARACTERS.
+
+ [Cree characters] a, e, oo, ah.
+ [Cree characters] pa, pe, poo, pah.
+ [Cree characters] ta, te, tooh, tah.
+ [Cree characters] cha, che, choo, chah.
+ [Cree characters] na, ne, noo, nah.
+ [Cree characters] ka, ke, koo, kah.
+ [Cree characters] ma, mee, moo, mah.
+ [Cree characters] sa, see, soo, sah.
+ [Cree characters] ya, yee, yoo, yah.
+
+The following is the mode of forming words:--
+
+ [Cree characters] Mah-ne-tooh--Great Spirit.
+ [Cree characters] Oo-mee-mee--Dove.
+ [Cree characters] Nah-pah-ne--Flour-making.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[130] In a letter to him from the Rev. A. Green, dated November, 1842,
+the desirability of a union with the Episcopal Methodists was pressed
+upon his attention. Mr. Green said:--The Episcopal Methodists are
+gaining ground in many circuits. It would be of much service to us,
+could we take them on board the old ship again. I learn from Brother
+Richardson that they are anxious for this, and that Mr. Reynolds would
+give up his claims, and many of their preachers would retire, could they
+effect it. But in some parts of the Province the re-union would be
+opposed; and some members have said, that they would even join the
+English missionaries if we were to be united with them (the Episcopals).
+You are a wise man, tell us what we should do. If we do not take steps
+soon, it will be entirely too late. I understand that they talk of
+having a Bishop elected soon,--and should Mr. Richardson or Mr. Smith be
+appointed, it would add greatly to the influence of the party; and yet I
+cannot now see what steps we could safely take, until we settle the
+English Union question, for they would take advantage, I fear, of such a
+reconciliation, to prejudice the old country members against us.
+
+I wish also to obtain your views upon the propriety of petitioning the
+Governor-General, at once, for a share of the public money granted for
+the purchase of Sabbath-school books. The sum of Ł150 goes into the
+hands of Dr. Strachan annually, for that purpose; and where is it? We
+are never benefited a farthing by it! Could we obtain one-half, or even
+one-third of the sum for our schools, it would be of great service to
+them.[b]
+
+[b] I have no copy of the reply sent to this letter. The letter itself,
+however, shows what subjects were being discussed in Methodist circles
+in 1842.
+
+[131] Epochs of Canadian Methodism, pages 292-294.
+
+[132] Dr. Thomas Bond, Editor of the New York _Christian Advocate_,
+having suggested in December, 1842, the basis of settlement of the
+differences between the English and Canadian Conferences, Rev. W. M.
+Harvard wrote from Quebec to Dr. Bond, dissenting from his proposition.
+Dr. Bond, in a letter to Dr. Ryerson, commenting on Mr. Harvard's
+objections, thus refers to the Canadian Connexion:
+
+The Canada Conference was sound in the faith, and well affected to
+primitive Wesleyan discipline, and when it came of age, the Methodist
+Episcopal Connexion allowed them, and aided them, to go to housekeeping
+by themselves. We knew of no objection on either subject, when we, with
+the kindest of feelings, have now hinted at the possibility of an
+amicable arrangement between our British and Canadian brethren.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER L.
+
+1846-1854.
+
+Miscellaneous Events and Incidents of 1846-1854.
+
+
+After his return from England, Dr. Ryerson was engaged in the
+preparation of his Report on a "System of Public Instruction for Upper
+Canada," from which I have given extracts on page 368. In that report he
+gave the broad outlines of his proposed scheme of education, and fully
+explained the principles of the system which he proposed to found. He
+also prepared a draft of a Bill designed to give effect to some of the
+most pressing of his recommendations.
+
+In a letter to a friend, dated 18th April, 1846, he said:--My report on
+a system of public elementary instruction occupies nearly 400 pages of
+foolscap. It will explain to all parties what I think, desire, and
+intend. But I would not hesitate to resign my situation to-morrow, and
+take my place and portion as a Methodist preacher, if I thought I could
+be as useful in that position to the country at large. My travels have
+added to my limited stock of knowledge, but they have not altered my
+principles, or changed my feelings.
+
+To another friend he wrote about the same time:--As the science of civil
+government is the most uncertain of the uncertain sciences, if I should
+fail in my exertions--if counteracting influences should intervene which
+I cannot now foresee, and give success to the opposition against me, or
+paralyze my influence--I would not remain in office a day, or would I
+retain it any longer than I could render it a means of strength to our
+system of government as well as of good to the country. I would rather
+break stones on the street than be a dead weight to any government, or
+in any community.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+It may be of interest at the present time to learn what was Dr.
+Ryerson's opinion of Mr. Gladstone in 1845. Writing in the _Guardian_ of
+March 18th, 1846, in reply to strictures on that statesman, Dr. Ryerson
+said:--During my late tour in Europe, I was one evening present at the
+proceedings of the British House of Commons, and heard Mr. Gladstone,
+the Secretary of State for the Colonies, avow a change in his opinions
+in regard to ecclesiastical and educational matters. Sir Robert Peel's
+Government had determined to establish several colleges in Ireland, not
+connected with the Established Church. Mr Gladstone, in his book on
+"Church and State," had maintained that the National Church was the only
+medium through which the Legislature ought to instruct the nation in
+every department of knowledge.... There was, therefore, a complete
+antagonism between Sir Robert Peel's policy and Mr. Gladstone's book. On
+the night I was present, Mr. Gladstone ... frankly stated that he had
+written a book advocating an opposite policy to that which Her Majesty's
+Government had deemed it their duty to pursue, in establishing secondary
+colleges in Ireland; that further reflection and experience had
+convinced him that his views were not correct; that he fully concurred
+in the policy of the Government in respect to those colleges, and
+should, as an individual member of Parliament, give it his support; but
+that should he do so as a Minister of the Crown, after having publicly
+avowed very different sentiments, he would not be in a position to place
+his motives of action above suspicion. To exonerate himself, therefore,
+from the imputation, or suspicion, of being actuated by a love of office
+or power, to support, as a Minister of State, what he condemned as an
+author, he resigned his office; and to do justice to his present
+convictions of what he conceived the interests of Ireland demanded, he
+avowed his change of opinion, and his determination to support the Irish
+policy of Sir Robert Peel, with whom he declared he cordially concurred
+in every measure which had been discussed in the Cabinet.
+
+Sir Robert Peel followed in a beautiful and touching speech--appealing
+to the sacrifice which the Cabinet had made in the loss of so able a
+member as Mr. Gladstone, as a proof of the sincerity of the Government,
+and the strength of its convictions in its Irish educational policy.
+
+The conduct of those two distinguished statesmen (Dr. Ryerson adds)
+towards each other on that occasion, presented one of the finest
+examples of strong personal friendship between two public men that I
+ever witnessed.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+No man excelled Dr. Ryerson in his respect and love for his parents.
+This was apparent from many incidents, and from the tone of his mother's
+and father's letters to him, as given in this volume. He generally wrote
+to them at the beginning of each year. His letter dated Toronto, 1st
+January, 1847, is, however, the only one which I have. It is as
+follows:--
+
+ My Dear and Most Venerated Parents,--
+
+ As heretofore, the first work of my pen is employed in presenting
+ to you my filial respects, and offering you my dutiful and
+ affectionate congratulations at the commencement of another
+ year,--lifting up, as I most earnestly do, my heart to Almighty
+ God, that, having brought you at so advanced an age to the
+ beginning of this year. He will make it the happiest, as well as
+ the holiest of your lives! I cannot but regard the lengthening out
+ of your earthly pilgrimage so much beyond the ordinary period of
+ human life--so much beyond what I expect to reach--as a special
+ means and call of God to become fully ripe for heaven. You stand a
+ long time on the margin of eternity--may that margin prove the
+ verge of eternal glory! As the body grows feeble, may the soul grow
+ strong! As the bodily sight becomes dim, may the heavenly vision
+ become brighter, and the heavenly aspirations and assurances
+ stronger! How great the privilege, and how soul-cheering the
+ thought, especially at the approach of death, to know that "your
+ life is hid with Christ in God." It is in safe keeping, and the
+ disclosure of it bye-and-bye will be glorious beyond conception;
+ for "when Christ, who is our life, shall appear, shall we then
+ appear like Him in glory." The sufferings of the present life,
+ however severe and protracted, are not worthy to be compared with
+ the glory which that life shall reveal. O, my dear parents, may
+ that glory be yours in all the fulness of its splendour, and in all
+ the perfection of its beatitudes!
+
+ I thankfully acknowledge the receipt of the two pairs of socks--the
+ last of the many like tokens of my Mother's affection, and the work
+ of her own hands. I scarcely ever put them on without a gush of
+ feeling which is not easily suppressed. They every day remind me of
+ the hand which sustained my infancy and guided my childhood, and
+ the heart which has crowned my life with its tenderest solicitudes,
+ and most fervent and, I believe, effectual prayers. Praised be God
+ above all earthly things, for such a Mother! May I not prove an
+ unfaithful son!
+
+ We are all well. I was at brother George's to-day. I hope to see
+ you in the course of the winter. Each of the family unite with me
+ in expressions of dutiful respect and affection to you. Please
+ remember me to all those who reside with you, and to all relatives,
+ and old acquaintances and neighbours.
+
+ With daily prayers at the family altar for your health, comfort and
+ happiness, and anxiously desirous of hearing from you, I am, my
+ most honoured Parents, your affectionate son,
+
+ Toronto, 2nd January, 1847.
+
+ Egerton Ryerson.
+
+Between Dr. Ryerson and Rev. Peter Jones a life-long friendship existed.
+In a note to Dr. Ryerson, dated Credit, Nov. 1st, 1847, Mr. Jones says:
+I had the pleasure of receiving a set of your School Reports, for which
+I thank you from the bottom of my heart, and I trust I shall receive
+much valuable information which may prove beneficial in our Indian
+School schemes.[133] My brother, I thank you for all the kindness you
+have ever shown to me and my dear family, and I hope and pray that the
+friendship which was formed between us many years ago will last for
+ever. Pray for us. Rev. Peter Jones had been an inmate of Dr. Ryerson's
+house during his last illness in 1856. As the crisis approached he
+desired to return to his own home in Brantford. After he reached there,
+Ven. Archdeacon Nelles visited him, and in a note to Dr. Ryerson, dated
+25th June, said:--Mr. Jones has been gradually sinking ever since his
+return from Toronto. He enjoys great peace of mind, and I believe truly
+trusts on that Saviour whom he has so often pointed out to others as the
+only refuge and hope of poor sinners. May my last end be like his.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+After the change of administration, consequent on the result of the
+recent elections, it was confidently stated that Dr. Ryerson would be
+removed from office. Having written to his brother John on the subject,
+his brother replied, on the 9th of February, 1847, as follows: It is
+quite certain that combined and powerful efforts are being made against
+you by certain parties, no doubt with a determination to destroy you as
+a public man, if they can. The feeling of the "radical" party is most
+inveterate. They are determined, by hook or by crook, to turn you out of
+the office of Chief Superintendent of Education. All the stir among the
+District Councils, and about the school law, etc., are but the schemes
+and measures set on foot by the party in power for the purpose of
+compassing the great object in view of ousting the "Superintendent of
+Education."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In a letter which I received from Dr. Ryerson, while at the Belleville
+Conference, dated June 13th, 1848, he said:--Every distinction has been
+shown me in the appointments and arrangements of the Conference; and I
+believe the great body of the preachers will sustain me in all future
+contingencies.
+
+The Conference thus far has been the most delightful I ever attended. I
+took the evening service of yesterday, and preached with considerable
+freedom to an immense congregation; text, John xvii. 17--first part of
+verse.
+
+There has been an advancement in every department of the interests of
+our Church during the year. This is very encouraging, and a ground of
+special thankfulness.
+
+Judge then of Dr. Ryerson's surprise and of mine on seeing the following
+paragraph in the _Globe_ newspaper, about the same time:
+
+ It is said that Egerton Ryerson is trying to get the Methodist
+ Conference to deprive him of his clerical standing, because of his
+ holding a permanent Government situation.
+
+In the course of his reply, Dr. Ryerson said:--When the situation in
+connection with elementary education was offered to me, in February,
+1844, before replying to the offer, I laid the letter containing it
+before the large Executive Committee of the Wesleyan Conference, and was
+authorized by that disinterested body to accept of the appointment.
+When, in the latter part of the May following, I placed the appointment
+again at the disposal of the Government, as absolutely as if no offer
+had ever been made or accepted, and determined in June not to accept it
+under any circumstances, should the offer again be made, a written
+address was got up to me, numerously signed by the Wesleyan ministers of
+the Conference which assembled that month, requesting me not to refuse
+it, should the offer be again made; and it is to the influence of that
+judgment, in which I confided more than in my own feelings, that the
+_Globe_ and some other papers are indebted for the opportunity and
+privilege of abusing me in my present position these last four years.
+Sir, the Wesleyan Conference is as incapable of entertaining such a
+proposition as you have attributed to me, as I am indisposed to make it;
+and, though I am not insensible to the honour and importance of my
+educational office, I hold it as in all respects consistent with my
+relations and obligations to the Church, through whose instrumentality I
+have received infinitely greater blessings than it is in the power of
+any civil government to bestow.
+
+At the proper time I shall be prepared to show, that I was personally as
+disinterested (whether right or wrong) in what I wrote in 1844, as in
+what I wrote in 1838 and 1839 in connection with the names of Marshall
+S. Bidwell and J. S. Howard, Esquires. I have ever maintained since 1827
+what appeared to me right and important principles, regardless of man in
+high or low places, and favour or oppose what party it might. I have
+never borrowed my doctrines from the conclaves or councils of party, nor
+bowed my neck to its yoke; nor have I made my office subservient to its
+interests in any shape or form, but to the interest of the country at
+large, so far as in my power, irrespective of sect or party. I should
+contemn myself if I could perform one act or say one word to court party
+favour, or avert party vengeance, if such exists. I shall do as I have
+done, endeavour faithfully to perform the duties and fulfil the trusts
+imposed upon me, and leave the future, as well as the past, to the
+judgement of my native country, for the equal rights of all classes of
+whose inhabitants I contended in "perilous times," and for years before
+the political existence of the chief public men of any party in Canada,
+with the exception of the Hon. William Morris.
+
+The question, incidentally raised by the _Globe_ newspaper, after the
+Conference of 1848, as to Dr. Ryerson's retaining a ministerial
+_status_, while holding and administering a civil office was brought up
+at the next Conference, held at Hamilton, in June, 1849. In a letter to
+me from the Conference, dated 11th of the month, he said:--I brought my
+position before the Conference in consequence of a remark from one of
+the preachers, saying, while Mr. Playter's case was under consideration,
+"that there was a general opposition among the members of the
+Conference, occupying the position that Mr. Playter did, or a civil
+situation." Several of the senior members of the Conference spoke in a
+very complimentary way respecting me; and a strong satisfaction was
+expressed from all parts of the Conference with my position--the manner
+in which I had filled it, and consulted the interests of the
+Church--expressing their earnest desire that I would continue in it.
+
+In a letter to Dr. Ryerson from his brother, Rev. E. M. Ryerson, from
+Brantford, on July 2nd, 1848, it would appear, from the foregoing, that
+some hostile movement was being generally formed against him. His
+brother said:--I found upon my return from Conference to Brantford that
+the general topic of conversation was your dismissal from your present
+office. When I told them it was not the case, some rejoiced, while
+silent grief and disappointment were visible on the countenances of
+others.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Dr. Ryerson having been called to Montreal on educational matters, in
+April, 1849, wrote a letter to me from that city, dated 27th of the
+month, in which he gave a graphic account of the state of the city
+during the crisis at that time:--You may well imagine my surprise and
+regret, on reaching Lachine yesterday, to learn that the Parliament
+House had been burnt, together with a noble library of 25,000 volumes,
+containing records of valuable books which can never be replaced. On
+arriving in Montreal, I found nothing but confusion and excitement,
+which, instead of subsiding, are increasing, and it is apprehended that
+to-morrow will be a more serious day than any that has preceded it.
+Yesterday, the court of the Government House was filled with soldiers,
+while the street in front of it was crowded with a multitude, who
+saluted every appearance of any members of the Executive Council, or any
+of their Parliamentary supporters with hisses and groans. This continued
+from one o'clock until eight or nine o'clock in the evening. Mr.
+Lafontaine came out in care of Colonel Antrobus and soldiers, to get
+into a cab, and he was pelted with eggs and stones. Not one of the
+Ministers can walk the streets. Last night Mr. Lafontaine's house was
+sacked, and his library destroyed; and Mr. Hincks' house was also
+sacked, but he had removed nearly all of his furniture, as well as his
+family. The scene of to-day was similar to that of yesterday. This
+afternoon a meeting of several thousands of persons was held in the
+Champs de Mars. I heard some of the speeches. They were moderate in
+tone, but the feelings of disgust and contempt for Lord Elgin exceed all
+conception. There have been two vast assemblages this evening--the one
+French, the other British--in different parts of the city. Companies of
+soldiers have been stationed in the streets between them, preventing
+persons going from one party to the other. I have heard their shoutings
+since I commenced this letter.
+
+The next day Dr. Ryerson wrote to me again to say:--Nothing has occurred
+in the city since last night, worth noticing. Soldiers meet you at every
+turn almost. Two companies of soldiers were stationed to-day in the
+building in which the Legislative Assembly met. There was a long debate
+on the causes of the recent disturbances, and strong protestations from
+all sides of the House against "annexation."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+An opportunity to appoint Hon. M. S. Bidwell to the Bench in Upper
+Canada having occurred, Dr. Ryerson, on the 3rd September, 1849,
+addressed the following letter to Hon. Robert Baldwin, urging the
+appointment:--There is one subject I take the liberty of mentioning,
+although it is contrary to my practice to interfere in any matter of the
+kind; but the peculiarity of it may excuse me on the present occasion. I
+allude to the appointment of Mr. Bidwell as one of the new judges in
+Upper Canada. The recent history of Europe affords many illustrations of
+circumstances being seized upon by despots to compel the departure of
+valuable and dreaded men from their own country. You know that it was
+under such circumstances that Mr. Bidwell was compelled to leave Canada.
+You know that it was the order of the Imperial Government to elevate Mr.
+Bidwell to the Bench, that prompted Sir Francis Head to adopt the
+course towards him that he did. You know, likewise, how long, and
+faithfully, and ably, Mr. Bidwell laboured to promote the principles of
+civil and religious liberty which are now established in Upper Canada;
+and that at a time when great responsibility and obloquy attached to
+such advocacy. Mr. Bidwell was the author, as well as the able advocate
+of the laws by which the religious denominations in Upper Canada hold
+Church property, and by which their ministers solemnize matrimony. I
+believe he has never altogether abandoned the hope of returning to
+Canada; but I believe he has felt that he was entitled to the offer of
+that position, which the Home Government contemplated conferring upon
+him in 1837. I felt it too delicate a question to propose to Mr. Bidwell
+when I saw him the other day; but my friend Mr. Francis Hall, of the New
+York _Commercial Advertiser_ (who sees and converses with him every
+week), expressed his full conviction that Mr. Bidwell would accept a
+Judgeship in Upper Canada--that Mr. Bidwell had constantly taken the
+Canadian Law Reports, and procured the Canadian and English Statutes,
+and kept up his reading of them as carefully as if he had lived in
+Canada. I believe the appointment of Mr. Bidwell would be an honour to
+the Canadian Bench, and an act of moral and political gratitude most
+honourable to any party, and of great value to Upper Canada. You are
+aware of the reasons for which I feel a deep interest in this subject,
+and which will, I trust, excuse in your mind the liberty I
+take--believing, as I do, that it will be as grateful to your feelings
+as it will be noble in your character, to remember a man to whom our
+common country is so much indebted.
+
+To this letter Mr. Baldwin replied, on the 20th September
+
+ With respect to the principal object of your letter, you need not,
+ I assure you, have made any excuse for introducing it, even
+ independently of the part taken by you formerly with reference to
+ the case of my friend Mr. Bidwell, and which alone would give you a
+ just claim to address me. I can never feel any suggestion, no
+ matter from what quarter, having his good for its object, to be an
+ intrusion on me, and be assured that nothing could have afforded me
+ greater pleasure than to have had it in my power to have advised
+ his appointment to the Bench. Nor have I ever ceased to do all that
+ I could with propriety to get him to put himself in the position
+ which might lead to such a result. You are aware of the steps I
+ took in 1843 to have his pledge to Sir Francis Head cancelled. I
+ sent you, I think, the correspondence respecting it. (See page
+ 308.) On that being done, I wrote him a letter of which I preserved
+ a copy, from which I send you one. By this you will see how
+ earnestly I pressed him to return then. Had he come in, as I
+ suggested, it was my intention to have offered him the Crown
+ business on whichever of the Circuits he might have chosen. I have
+ subsequently, as often as I felt I dared to do so, urged his
+ return. But it has been felt impossible, until he had placed
+ himself in the position of a practitioner, as formerly, at our own,
+ and not at a foreign, Bar, to advise his appointment to the Bench
+ of the Province. For myself, although friendship might have led me
+ to have overlooked, or overstepped, this difficulty, my judgment,
+ when appealed to, forced me to admit, with my colleagues, that the
+ objection was insuperable.
+
+ I am not acquainted with the income he realizes from his profession
+ in New York, but I doubt not it is much beyond what could be
+ obtained in Toronto. Still, if he really does wish to return to
+ Canada, the time is most propitious as far as professional
+ prospects are concerned. Mr. Sullivan, Mr. Blake, and Mr. Esten
+ being taken from the Bar leaves a space to be filled that, I should
+ say, offers the best possible opening.
+
+ Had Mr. Bidwell been in his proper professional position here when
+ the Government was called upon to appoint to the places now filled,
+ or on the eve of being filled, by those gentlemen, there is not one
+ of those high judicial positions to which it would not have been at
+ once a pride and a pleasure both to myself and my colleagues to
+ have advised his appointment. Vice-Chancellor Jameson's health,
+ too, will probably ere long lead to his retirement. When that time
+ arrives, will our friend's continued absence be still a barrier to
+ the gratification of our wishes?
+
+ If the affairs of the Province shall be then conducted by the same
+ Councils as now sway them, I may say, with almost the same
+ confidence of that future as I do of the past, that it will be the
+ only obstacle to such gratification. I should add, too, that last
+ winter one of my colleagues who, as well as myself, has always
+ taken a particular interest in Mr. Bidwell's return to the
+ Province, wrote to him, informing him of the Judiciary measures
+ intended to be introduced by the Administration, and giving him to
+ understand as distinctly as could properly be done, that, if he had
+ returned to this country when those measures were to go into
+ operation, it would afford us and our colleagues the greatest
+ pleasure to have it in our power to advise his being placed in a
+ situation alike agreeable to his tastes, deserving of his talents,
+ and satisfactory to the public at large. And though, when he wrote
+ first, he expressed some doubt of the Bills becoming law during the
+ last session, yet shortly after, when it was felt expedient to
+ carry them through, he again wrote to inform Mr. Bidwell that this
+ would be done if the sanction of Parliament was obtained to the
+ measures. Whether, in my letters to Mr. Bidwell, on the subject of
+ his return, I have appeared to him not to speak with sufficient
+ warmth, I know not. It has, at all events, not been from
+ indifference to the object. I certainly have felt that, in the
+ uncertainty that must for the future attach to political power,
+ there was a great responsibility in urging one in good business
+ elsewhere to leave that and throw his fortunes again in with us
+ here. I am naturally cautious, and my caution may have led me to
+ speak less warmly than I felt, particularly when I found my first
+ appeals unsuccessful. But he ought, and I hope, does, appreciate my
+ motives. It is true his ear may be poisoned by having had unjust
+ suspicions poured into it. I know I have never afforded any just
+ grounds for such suspicions, and I feel confident that his generous
+ nature would have been far above conceiving any such, had they not
+ been suggested by others. I am, however, perhaps doing wrong. It
+ may be that none such have ever been thought of by anyone. I trust
+ it is so. If otherwise, it is but just to myself to say that they
+ are the foulest, basest and most malignant that mortal ever
+ breathed.
+
+Rev. Dr. Bangs attended the Conference at Brockville in 1850, as a
+delegate from the American General Conference. On his return to New York
+he wrote a letter to Dr. Ryerson on the 3rd July:--
+
+ I think my trip to Canada was one of the most pleasant tours I ever
+ made, and shall reflect upon it with peculiar delight. I have
+ commenced, as you will perceive by the _Christian Advocate_, to
+ give the public an account of my visit to your Conference.
+
+ The pleasure we enjoyed in our visit to Canada, and especially your
+ hospitality at Toronto, makes us feel truly thankful to God for
+ such hallowed friendships, and reminds us more forcibly than ever
+ of that eternal union which the spirits shall enjoy in a future
+ world.
+
+Dr. Ryerson made a second educational trip to Europe in October, 1850.
+Writing to me from London on the 8th November, he said:--The day before
+yesterday, I left Lord Elgin's note of introduction, with my card, at
+the Colonial Office; the same evening I received a note, appointing
+yesterday for an interview. Mr. (afterwards Sir B.) Hawes, the
+Under-Secretary was present. It was most agreeable and gratifying. Lord
+Grey seemed much delighted with what had been done, educationally, in
+Upper Canada; and of which he was until then, entirely ignorant. Mr.
+Hawes asked if I had published any report of my tour in Europe, or the
+results of it; and as I happened to have a copy of each of the documents
+I brought with me, I presented Lord Grey with copies of them. He seemed
+surprised that he had not seen them before, and said he must write to
+Lord Elgin to send him a copy of each of them for the office. The
+conversation extended to the United States--our system of Government as
+contrasted with theirs, etc. Lord Grey and Mr. Hawes appeared
+entertained and pleased. His Lordship offered to aid me in any way, in
+his power, that I might devise; and asked me to dine with him.
+
+Last evening, I received from Lord Grey letters of introduction to the
+Marquis of Lansdowne (President of the Privy Council Committee of
+Education) to the Rt. Hon. T. B. Macaulay, and Mr. Lingard, successor of
+Sir J. P. Kay Shuttleworth, and an unsealed letter of introduction from
+Mr. Hawes, to Sir Henry Ellis, Librarian of the British Museum, in which
+he said: This will be presented to you by Dr. Ryerson, of Canada, who
+has rendered great services to the cause of education, not only by his
+writings, but by his great exertions.
+
+Both Lord Grey and Mr. Hawes seemed to know something about me; and the
+above copy of note shows the spirit in which they are desirous of aiding
+me. I shall now commence my work here in good earnest.
+
+Lord Grey introduced the subject of the Toronto University, and of the
+Bishop of Toronto's Mission to this country, and when he found that I
+had a copy of the amended University Bill, and the proceedings of the
+Wesleyan Conference on the subject, he requested them for perusal. In my
+next interview with His Lordship I shall introduce the subject of the
+clergy reserves.
+
+I have been very cordially received at the Wesleyan Mission House. I was
+affected to see Dr. Bunting's great bodily weakness, and surprised to
+see his intellect clear, quick, and powerful as ever. When he walks, he
+can only step about six inches at a time. I expect to hear him on Sunday
+morning, in the same Chapel (Spitalfields Chapel--a once French church,
+in which the eloquent Saurin has preached, and made a collection for the
+refugee Huguenots to the amount of Ł3,000) in which I preached last
+Sunday, and aided in administering the Lord's Supper.
+
+On the 10th January, 1851, Dr. Ryerson addressed the following note to
+Sir Benjamin Hawes, from Paris: I saw Cardinal Wiseman on the strength
+of your kind note of introduction. He appeared to be pleased with the
+compliment which my call involved--invited me to hospitalities which I
+think it would not be prudent for me to accept, and promised to have a
+list of popular (but not denominational) reading books prepared, and the
+books selected for my inspection on my return to London.
+
+I most fervently hope that you will be prepared to bring before
+Parliament, early in the approaching session, a Bill to settle the
+Canadian clergy reserve question--the only remaining obstacle to the
+social harmony of Canada, and to its affectionate and permanent union
+with the Mother Country.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In 1852, the new buildings of the Education Department and Normal
+School, as shown in the accompanying engravings were completed. For Dr.
+Ryerson's Office see page 422.
+
+Being in England in 1853, Dr. Ryerson wrote to me there:--
+
+ I was glad to learn that Lord Elgin was to go in the same steamship
+ with you from Boston. I have no doubt it will have proved
+ interesting to him as well as to you, and perhaps useful to you. I
+ miss you very much from the office, but I do not like to employ any
+ more aid without sanction of the Government, though I could get no
+ one to take your place. I would wish you to write me what Lord
+ Elgin may have thought or said as to our doings and plans of
+ proceeding. If the Library plan succeeds, it will achieve noble
+ results.[134] I feel that our success and happiness in the
+ Department are inseparably united.
+
+In 1854 Dr. Ryerson was appointed a member of Commission to enquire into
+matters connected with King's College, Fredericton, N.B. His
+fellow-commissioners were Hon. J. H. Gray, Dr. Dawson, Hon. J. S.
+Saunders, and Hon. James Brown. Mr. Grey the Chairman, in transmitting
+the Report of the Commission to the Provincial Secretary of New
+Brunswick, said:--
+
+ I beg to express, with the full conscience of my
+ fellow-commissioners, our acknowledgment of the very valuable
+ assistance offered us by Dr. Ryerson. His great experience, and
+ unquestioned proficiency in all subjects connected with Education,
+ justly entitles his opinions to great weight.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[133] Being a member of the Conference Committee appointed to confer
+with the Government on the establishment of Manual Labour Schools for
+the Indians, Rev. Peter Jones, in writing to Dr. Ryerson from the
+Credit, on the subject, in September, 1844, said:--You will be glad to
+see that our Indian brethren have subscribed liberally, which shews
+their ardent desire to have Manual Labour Schools established amongst
+them. We forwarded a copy to the Governor-General, and His Excellency
+was pleased to approve of the liberality of the Indian tribes. From the
+manner in which His Excellency has always spoken of Indian Manual Labour
+Schools, I am sure that he will take great pleasure in aiding their
+establishment. As you have access to the ears of our Great Father at
+Montreal, may I beg the favour of your explaining to him the object of
+my visit to England, and the necessity of His Excellency's sanctioning
+the payment of my expenses. As I intend to visit England for the purpose
+of augmenting the funds of the Manual Labour Schools, I think at least
+my expenses should be paid out of the Indian subscriptions of $400.
+
+[134] Lord Elgin always referred to Dr. Ryerson's library scheme in his
+educational addresses, as the "Crown and Glory of the Institutions of
+the Province."
+
+[Illustration: The Ontario Education Department, and Normal and Model
+Schools, Erected 1851.]
+
+[Illustration: Education Department, showing Dr. Ryerson's Office for 25
+Years, in the S. W. Angle of the Main Building in Front.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LI.
+
+1849.
+
+The Bible in the Ontario Public Schools.
+
+
+Early in 1849 an important crisis occurred in the history of our Public
+School system, the evil effects of which were only prevented by the
+prompt and emphatic protest on the part of Dr. Ryerson, and the equally
+prompt measures taken by Hon. Robert Baldwin in the matter. The event to
+which I refer was the hurried passage of a revolutionary School Bill at
+the end of a Session of Parliament by parties hostile to Dr. Ryerson--a
+Bill the effect of which would have been the exclusion of the Bible and
+religious teaching and influence from our Public Schools. In regard to
+that calamitous event, Dr. Ryerson stated that within three hours of
+learning that such a Bill was law he informed Mr. Baldwin that the
+office of Chief Superintendent of Education was at his disposal.
+
+I was absent from Toronto at this time. Dr. Ryerson therefore wrote me a
+letter on the subject, dated December, 1849, in which he said:--I am
+happy to say the scandalous School Bill of last session is upset. The
+members of the Government (including the Governor-General) have examined
+my letter to Mr. Baldwin, of July last, and have come entirely into my
+views. Mr. Malcolm Cameron is also out of office, and is striving to
+create opposition against his former colleagues. Some of the extreme
+radical papers (_Examiner_, _Mirror_, _Canada Christian Advocate_,
+_Provincialist_, &c.,) all state that I had tendered my resignation, and
+had been persuaded by one or two members of the Government to withdraw
+it, and they speak piteously of the Government having succumbed to me.
+The _Canada Christian Advocate_ says I have watched my opportunity to
+get "Mr. Baldwin and the Government under my thumb." I have been
+permitted to publish the correspondence of July last, and it has placed
+me in this new and proud position. I thank God for His goodness in thus
+opening before me a wider field of usefulness than ever, and for sealing
+at so early a period, with His approbation, adherence to great
+principles of Christian truth and social advancement, irrespective of
+men or parties. I shall commence the New Year with new courage and
+hope, and I am anxious to see you that we may together devise and
+prosecute the best means to promote our great work.
+
+The circumstances under which this abortive School Bill, as it proved,
+of 1849, was passed, is thus described by Dr. Ryerson in a letter
+written ten years afterwards (in 1859):--
+
+From 1846 to 1849 a host of scribblers and would-be school legislators
+appeared, led on by the _Globe_ newspaper. It was represented that I had
+plotted a Prussian school despotism for free Canada, and that I was
+forcing upon the country a system in which the last spark of Canadian
+liberty would be extinguished, and Canadian youth would be educated as
+slaves. Hon. Malcolm Cameron, with less knowledge and less experience
+than he has now, was astounded at these "awful disclosures," and was
+dazzled by the theories proposed to rid the country of the enslaving
+elements of my Prussian school system. Mr. Cameron was at length
+appointed to office; and he thought I ought to be walked out of the
+office. Messrs. Baldwin and Hincks (as I have understood), thought I
+should be judged officially for my official acts, and that, thus judged,
+I had done nothing worthy of evil treatment. The party hostile to me
+then thought that, as I could not be turned out of office by direct
+dismissal, I might be shuffled out by legislation; and a School Bill was
+prepared for that purpose. That Bill contained many good, but more bad
+provisions, and worse omissions, but of which only a man who had studied
+the question, or rather science, of school legislation could fully
+judge. Mr. Cameron was selected to submit it to his colleagues, and get
+it through Parliament. He executed his task with his characteristic
+adroitness and energy. Mr. Hincks never read the Bill, and had left for
+England before it passed. Mr. Baldwin, amid the smoking ruins of a
+Parliament House and national library, looked over it, and thought from
+the representations given him of its popular objects, and a glance at
+the synopsis of its provisions, that it might be an improvement on the
+then existing law, while the passing of it would gratify many of his
+friends. On examining the Bill, I wrote down my objections to it, and
+laid them before the Government, and proceeded to Montreal to press them
+in person. I left Montreal in April, 1849, with the expectation that the
+Bill would be dropped, or essentially mended. Neither was done; the Bill
+was passed in the ordinary manner of passing bills during the last few
+hours of the Session; and within three hours of learning that the Bill
+was law, I informed Mr. Baldwin that my office was at his disposal, for
+I never would administer that law.
+
+As to the effect of Mr. Cameron's Bill on Dr. Ryerson's future, he
+said:--The new Bill on its coming into operation, leaves me but one
+course to pursue. The character and tendency of the Bill clearly is to
+compel me to relinquish office, or virtually abandon principles and
+provisions [in regard to the Bible in the Schools] which I have
+advocated as of great and vital importance, and become a party to my own
+personal humiliation and degradation--thus justly exposing myself to the
+suspicion and imputation of mean and mercenary conduct. I can readily
+retire from office, and do much more if necessary, for the maintenance
+of what I believe to be vital to the moral and educational interests of
+my native country; but I can never knowingly be a party to my own
+humiliation and debasement. I regret that an unprecedented mode of
+legislation has been resorted to to gratify the feelings of personal
+envy and hostility. I regard it as a virtual vindication of myself
+against oft-repeated allegations, that it was felt I could not be
+reached by the usual straightforward administration of Government.
+Lately, in the English House of Lords, the Marquis of Lansdowne stated,
+that Mr. Lafontaine had returned to Canada, and boldly challenged
+inquiry into any of the allegations against him in reference to past
+years. I have repeatedly done the same. No such inquiry has been granted
+or instituted. Yet I am not only pursued by the base calumnies of
+certain persons and papers, professing to support and enjoy the
+confidence of the Government, but legislation is resorted to, and new
+provisions introduced at the last hour of the Session, to deal out upon
+me the long meditated blows of unscrupulous envy and animosity. But I
+deeply regret that the blows, which will fall comparatively light upon
+me, will fall with much greater weight, and more serious consequences,
+upon the youth of the land, and its future moral and educational
+interests.... Acting, as I hope I do, upon Christian and public grounds,
+I should not feel myself justified in withdrawing from a work in
+consequence of personal discourtesy and ill-treatment, or a reduction of
+means of support and usefulness. But when I see the fruits of four
+years' anxious labours, in a single blast scattered to the winds, and
+have no satisfactory ground of hope that such will not be the fate of
+another four years' labour; when I see the foundations of great
+principles, which, after extensive enquiry and long deliberation, I have
+endeavoured to lay, torn up and thrown aside as worthless rubbish; when
+I see myself deprived of the protection and advantage of the application
+of the principle of responsible government as applied to every other
+head of a Department, and made the subordinate agent of a Board which I
+have originated, and the members of which I have had the honour to
+recommend for appointment; when I see myself officially severed from a
+Normal School Institution which I have devised, and every feature and
+detail of which are universally commended, even to the individual
+capacities of the masters whom I have sought out and recommended; when I
+see myself placed in a position, to an entirely novel system of
+education at large, in which I can either burrow in inactivity or labour
+with little hope of success; when I find myself placed in such
+circumstances, I cannot hesitate as to the course of duty, as well as
+the obligations of honour and self-respect.... I think it is my right,
+and only frank and respectful, on the earliest occasion to state, in
+respect to my own humble labours, whether I can serve on terms and
+principles and conditions so different from those under which I have, up
+to the present time, acted; though I cannot, without deep regret and
+emotion, contemplate the loss of so much time and labour, and find
+myself impelled to abandon a work on which I had set my heart, and to
+qualify myself for which I have devoted four of the most matured years
+of my life.
+
+Having now fulfilled my promise--to communicate to you, in writing, my
+views on this important and extensive subject--I leave the whole
+question in your hands.
+
+The result of this letter was, the suspension and abandonment of the Act
+of 1849, and the preparation and passing of the Act of 1850.
+
+Now Mr. Cameron might naturally feel deeply at the repeal of his own Act
+without a trial; but after he had time for further examination and
+reflection, and a more thorough knowledge of the nature and working of
+the system I was endeavouring to establish, I believe no man in Canada
+more sincerely rejoiced than Mr. Cameron at the repeal of the Act of
+1849, and no man has more cordially supported the present system, or
+more frankly and earnestly commended the course I have pursued.[135]
+
+The letter to Mr. Baldwin was written on the 14th July, 1849. Speaking
+of it, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+In the former part of that letter I stated the circumstances under which
+the Act of 1849 had passed, and the fact that my remonstrance against it
+had not been even read. I then stated what I considered insuperable
+objections to it. I will quote part of my eighth and tenth
+objections:--the former relating to the exclusion of ministers as
+school visitors--the latter relating to the exclusion from the schools
+of the Bible and books containing religious instruction. They are as
+follows:--
+
+ Another feature of the new Bill is that which precludes Ministers
+ of Religion, Magistrates, and Councillors, from acting as school
+ visitors, a provision of the present Act to which I have heard no
+ objection from any quarter, and from which signal benefits to the
+ schools have already resulted. Not only is this provision retained
+ in the School Act for Lower Canada, but Clergymen--and Clergymen
+ alone--are there authorized to select all the school books relating
+ to "religion and morals" for the children of their respective
+ persuasions. But in Upper Canada, where the great majority of the
+ people and Clergy are Protestant, the provision of the present Act
+ authorizing Clergymen to act as School Visitors (and that without
+ any power to interfere in school regulations or books) is repealed.
+ Under the new Bill, the Ministers of religion cannot, therefore,
+ visit the schools as a matter of right, or in their character as
+ Ministers, but as private individuals, and by the permission of the
+ teacher at his pleasure. The repeal of the provision under which
+ Clergymen of the several religious persuasions have acted as
+ visitors, is, of course, a virtual condemnation of their acting in
+ that capacity. When thus denuded by law of his official character
+ in respect to the schools, of course no Clergyman would so far
+ sanction his own legislative degradation as to go into a school by
+ suffrance in an unministerial character.... The character and
+ tendency of such a change in connection with the Protestant
+ religion of Upper Canada, in contrast with a directly opposite
+ provision in connection with the Roman Catholic Religion of Lower
+ Canada, must be obvious to every reflecting person.
+
+ To the school-visiting feature of the present system I attach great
+ importance as a means of ultimately concentrating in behalf of the
+ schools the influence and sympathies of all religious persuasions,
+ and the leading men of the country. The success of it, thus far,
+ has exceeded my most sanguine expectations; the visits of Clergy
+ alone during the last year being an average of more than five
+ visits for each Clergyman in Upper Canada. From such a beginning
+ what may not be anticipated in future years, when information shall
+ become more general, and an interest in the schools more generally
+ excited. And who can estimate the benefits, religiously, socially,
+ educationally, and even politically, of Ministers of various
+ religious persuasions meeting together at quarterly school
+ examinations, and other occasions, on common and patriotic ground,
+ and becoming interested and united in the great work of advancing
+ the education of the young.
+
+ The last feature of the new Bill on which I will remark, is that
+ which proscribes from the Schools all books containing
+ "controverted theological dogmas or doctrines." [Under a legal
+ provision containing these words, the Bible has been ruled out of
+ schools in the State of New York.] I doubt whether this provision
+ of the Act harmonizes with the Christian feelings of members of the
+ Government; but it is needless to enquire what were the intentions
+ which dictated this extraordinary provision, since construction of
+ an Act of Parliament depends upon the language of the Act itself,
+ and not upon the intentions of its framers. The effect of such a
+ provision is to exclude every kind of book containing religious
+ truth, even every version of the Holy Scriptures themselves; for
+ the Protestant version of them contains "theological doctrine"
+ controverted by the Roman Catholic; and the Douay version of them
+ contains "theological dogmas" controverted by the Protestant. The
+ "theological doctrine" of miracles in Paley's Evidences of
+ Christianity is "controverted" by the disciples of Hume. Several of
+ the "theological doctrines" in Paley's Moral Philosophy are also
+ "controverted;" and indeed there is not a single doctrine of
+ Christianity which is not controverted by some party or other. The
+ whole series of Irish National Readers must be proscribed as
+ containing "controverted theological doctrines;" since, as the
+ Commissioners state, these books are pervaded by the principles and
+ spirit of Christianity, though free from any tincture of
+ sectarianism.
+
+ I think there is too little Christianity in our schools, instead of
+ too much; and that the united efforts of all Christian men should
+ be to introduce more, instead of excluding what little there is.
+
+ I have not assumed it to be the duty, or even constitutional right
+ of the Government, to compel any thing in respect either to
+ religious books or religious instruction, but to recommend the
+ local Trustees to do so, and to provide powers and facilities to
+ enable them to do so within the wise restriction imposed by law. I
+ have respected the rights and scruples of the Roman Catholic as
+ well as those of the Protestant.
+
+ By some I have been accused of having too friendly a feeling
+ towards the Roman Catholics; but while I would do nothing to
+ infringe the rights and feelings of Roman Catholics, I cannot be a
+ party to depriving Protestants of the Text-book of their faith--the
+ choicest patrimony bequeathed by their forefathers, and the noblest
+ birthright of their children. It affords me pleasure to record the
+ fact--and the circumstance shows the care and fairness with which I
+ have acted on this subject--that before adopting the Section in the
+ printed Forms and Regulations on the "Constitution and Government
+ of the Schools in respect to Religious Instruction," I submitted
+ it, among others, to the late lamented Roman Catholic Bishop Power,
+ who, after examining it, said, [he could not approve of it upon
+ principle, but] he would not object to it, as Roman Catholics were
+ fully protected in their rights and views, and as he did not wish
+ to interfere with Protestants in the fullest exercise of their
+ rights and views.
+
+ It will be seen that New England or Irish National School advocates
+ of a system of mixed schools did not maintain that the Scriptures
+ and all religious instruction should be excluded from the schools,
+ but that the peculiarities of sectarianism were no essential part
+ of religious instruction in the schools, and that the essential
+ elements and truths and morals of Christianity could be provided
+ for and taught without a single bitter element of sectarianism. The
+ advocates of public schools meet the advocates of sectarian
+ schools, not by denying the connection between Christianity and
+ education, but by denying the connection between sectarianism--by
+ comprehending Christianity in the system, and only rejecting
+ sectarianism from it. The same, I think, is our safety and our
+ duty....
+
+Dr. Ryerson concludes this part of his letter with these emphatic words:
+Be assured that no system of popular education will flourish in a
+country which does violence to the religious sentiments and feelings of
+the Churches of that country. Be assured, that every such system will
+droop and wither which does not take root in the Christian and patriotic
+sympathies of the people--which does not command the respect and
+confidence of the several religious persuasions, both ministers and
+laity--for these in fact make up the aggregate of the Christianity of
+the country. The cold calculations of unchristianized selfishness will
+never sustain a school system. And if you will not embrace Christianity
+in your school system, you will soon find that Christian persuasions
+will soon commence establishing schools of their own; and I think they
+ought to do so, and I should feel that I was performing an imperative
+duty in urging them to do so. But if you wish to secure the co-operation
+of the ministers and members of all religious persuasions, leave out of
+your system the points wherein they differ, and boldly and avowedly
+provide facilities for the inculcation of what they hold in common and
+what they value most, and that is what the best interests of a country
+require.
+
+Speaking in a subsequent letter of another feature of this question of
+the Bible in schools, Dr. Ryerson says: The principal opposition which,
+in 1846 and for several years afterwards, I encountered was that I did
+not make the use of the Bible compulsory in the schools, but simply
+recognized the right of Protestants to use it in the school (not as an
+ordinary reading book, as it was not given to teach us how to read, but
+to teach us the way to Heaven), as a book of religious instruction,
+without the right or the power of compelling any others to use it. The
+recognition of the right has been maintained inviolate to the present
+time; facilities for the exercise of it have been provided, and
+recommendations for that purpose have been given, but no compulsory
+authority assumed, or right of compulsion acknowledged; and the
+religious exercises in each school have been left to the decision of the
+authorities of such school, and the religious instruction of each child
+has always been under the absolute authority of the parents or guardian
+of each child.... Now many a parent may not exercise the right of using
+the Bible as a text-book of religious instruction for his child in
+school, but would even such parent (much less every Protestant parent)
+be willing to be deprived of that right?
+
+To the objection that the Bible is "often read in a formal and
+perfunctory manner without any real benefit being derived from it by the
+pupils," Dr. Ryerson replied: Is not the Bible often read in the family,
+and even in the Church, "in a formal and perfunctory manner," without
+any benefit to either reader or hearers: but should we, therefore, take
+away even "the abstract right of reading the Bible" in the family and in
+the Church?
+
+To the objection urged against the reading of the Bible in the schools
+because "a majority of the teachers are utterly unfit to give religious
+instruction," Dr. Ryerson replied: The reading of the Bible and giving
+religious instruction from it are two very different things. The
+question is not the competency of teachers to give religious
+instruction, but the right of a Protestant to the reading of the Bible
+by his child in the school as a text-book of religious instruction. That
+right I hold to be sacred and divine.
+
+To a rejoinder that "the cry for the Bible in the schools is a sham,"
+Dr. Ryerson thus replies: Apart from religious instruction, apart from
+even the reading of the Bible in the schools, the right of having it
+there--its very presence there--is not "a sham," but a sign, a symbol of
+potent significance. The sign of the Cross ... is not a "sham," but a
+symbol precious to the hearts of hundreds of thousands of our brethren;
+the coat of arms which stands at the head of all royal patents, nor the
+sparkling crown which encircles the brow of royalty, is not "a sham,"
+but a symbol which speaks more than words to every British heart; the
+standard that waves at the head of the regiment, nor the flag that
+floats at the ship's masthead is not "a sham," but a symbol that nerves
+the soldier and the sailor to duty and to victory. So the Bible is not
+"a sham," but a symbol of right and liberty dear to the heart of every
+Protestant freeman, to every lover of civil and religious liberty--a
+standard of truth and morals, the foundation of Protestant faith, and
+the rule of Protestant morals; and "the cry" for the Bible in the
+schools is not a "sham," but a felt necessity of the religious
+instructor, whether he be the teacher or a visiting superintendent or
+clergyman,--is the birthright of the Protestant child, and the
+inalienable right of the Protestant parent....
+
+No man attaches more importance than I do to secular education and
+knowledge, and few men have laboured more to provide for the teaching
+and diffusion of every branch of it; yet, so far am I from ignoring the
+Bible, even in an intellectual point of view, that I hesitate not to
+say, in the language of the eloquent Melville, that--
+
+ Whilst every stripling is boasting that a great enlargement of mind
+ is coming on the nation, through the pouring into all its dwellings
+ a tide of general information, it is right to uphold the forgotten
+ position, that in caring for man as an immortal being, God cared
+ for him as an intellectual, and that if the Bible were but read by
+ our artizans and our peasantry, we should be surrounded by a far
+ more enlightened and intelligent population, than will appear to
+ this land, when the school-master, with his countless magazines,
+ shall have gone through it, in its length and its breadth.
+
+With a view to supply an omission, and to provide a Manual on Christian
+Morals for the schools, Dr. Ryerson, in 1871, prepared a little work,
+entitled _First Lessons in Christian Morals_. This work was recommended
+by the Council of Public Instruction for use in schools. It was objected
+to by the _Globe_ newspaper on several grounds. To each of these
+objections Dr. Ryerson replied. The first and second objections referred
+to alleged errors and defects in style. In a letter on the subject,
+written in April, 1872, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+Your third objection is against any book of religious instruction being
+recommended for use in the public schools. To this objection I reply,
+firstly, that the want of such a book has been not only felt, but
+expressed, from different quarters. Secondly, the Irish National Board
+have not only books on this subject, in their authorized list of school
+text books, but the Council of Public Instruction has long authorized
+three of them; each of which contains more reading than any one book of
+mine. Thirdly, in the Toronto University College, not only is Paley's
+"Evidences of Christianity" an authorized text book, but also Dr.
+Wayland's "Moral Science," of the most essential parts of which my books
+are an epitome.
+
+A fourth objection is that I have given a summary of the "Evidences of
+Christianity," in respect especially to the inspiration of the
+Scriptures, miracles, and mysteries. In reply, I observe, first, that if
+young men, before they finish their collegiate education, should be
+fortified on this ground, it is equally necessary that those youths who
+finish their education in the public schools should not be left unarmed
+on this point. Secondly, pupils in the public schools of the fourth and
+fifth years are quite as capable of understanding the few pages in which
+I have condensed and simplified the answers to the common infidel
+objections, as are young men at college to master the large text books
+prescribed on the subject. Thirdly, the Irish National Board has
+provided a book on the subject to which I have devoted two lessons. On
+the list of text books authorized by the Irish National Board is one
+entitled, "Lessons on the Truth of Christianity, being an appendix to
+the Fourth Book of Lessons, for the use of Schools." This book enters
+far more largely into the subject of miracles than I have done, besides
+the additional two lessons of answers to infidel objections.
+
+A fifth objection is that I have pointed out the defects of the
+teachings of Natural Religion, and shown the superiority of the
+teachings of Revelation over those of Natural Religion. In this I have
+followed the example of Rev. Dr. Wayland, President of Brown University,
+R. I.
+
+A sixth objection is, that I have not confined myself to those "laws
+which regulate our natural obligations;" that I have taught the
+"positive institutions" of Christianity, such as repentance, faith,
+reading the Scriptures, personal devotion, family worship, attendance at
+public worship. In this I have also followed Dr. Wayland. In the
+conclusion of this letter Dr. Ryerson offers this "apology" for writing
+his little book on "Christian Morals:" Besides desiring a small amount
+of religious teaching, one hour (Monday morning) in the week, for the
+senior pupils of the Public Schools, which the trustees and parents
+might approve, I did desire a united testimony on the part of
+Protestantism, as there is a united testimony on the part of Roman
+Catholicism, as to religious teaching in the schools. One County
+Inspector writes, that the Roman Catholic priest, in a separate school
+which the Inspector visited, said, "Your schools are atheistic. You
+don't acknowledge God." The same charge has been often repeated by the
+same authority against the public schools. While I have provided and
+contended for full provision by which the Roman Catholics could teach
+their own children in their own books of religious instruction, I did
+desire that there might be a somewhat corresponding unity of testimony
+and teaching in religious principles and duties of common agreement
+among Protestants, being first most strongly impressed with its
+feasibility by the remarks of the late excellent Rev. A. Gale, who, when
+principal of Knox's Academy, on closing a public examination of the
+pupils, said that he was persuaded, from his own experience, that all
+needful religious teaching could be given to pupils at schools without
+infringing upon any denominational peculiarity. I had long meditated,
+and at length sought to realize this grand idea in our public schools.
+One discordant note has interrupted the harmony. The responsibility of
+the failure, if it is to be a failure, is not with me. I hope the
+Protestant Christians of Canada will yet realize it, and that my country
+will yet enjoy the untold advantages of it, though I may die without the
+sight.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[135] Mr. Cameron's avowals on the subject are frank and manly. On the
+occasion of his nomination for the County of Lambton, in October, 1857,
+he thus referred to the School System, and to its founder:--
+
+On the whole, the system had worked well, the common schools of Canada
+were admirable, and had attracted the commendation of the first
+statesmen in the United States, and even in Great Britain they proposed
+to imitate Canada. He was opposed to Dr. Ryerson's appointment
+politically, but he would say, as he had said abroad, that Canada and
+her children's children owed to him a debt of gratitude, as he had
+raised a noble structure, and opened up the way for the elevation of the
+people.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LII.
+
+1850-1853.
+
+The Clergy Reserve Question Transferred to Canada.
+
+
+The re-opening of the clergy reserve question by Bishop Strachan, with a
+view to obtain relief in the temporary distress mentioned in Chapter
+xlviii., proved to be a fatal step, so far as his hopes for securing
+"better terms" were concerned. In the next year after he had issued his
+pastoral appeal for help, the clergy reserve fund yielded an increase,
+"and an expectation of a gradual increase annually was officially
+expressed." ("Secular State of the Church," page 11.)
+
+The Bishop's complaint against the Provincial Government (Chapter
+xlviii., page 379) was that its management of the clergy reserve lands
+was wasteful and extravagant. An effort was therefore made, in 1846, to
+vest these lands in the religious bodies then entitled to a share in the
+income derived from their sale. Mr. Gladstone communicated with the
+Governor-General on the subject, with this view, in February, 1846. The
+proposal, was, however, viewed with alarm, as well as was the fact that
+such efforts being made in England showed that, as in 1840, so in 1846,
+the rights of the Canadian people to this patrimony could be at any time
+alienated or extinguished by the Imperial Government, without the
+official knowledge or consent of the Canadian Parliament.
+
+These two facts, when they became known and appreciated by the people of
+Upper Canada, led to the taking of decisive steps to prevent them from
+becoming realities. The representatives in the Canadian House of
+Assembly of the Bishop of Toronto sought to get an address to the Crown
+passed, with a view to vesting a portion of the lands in the Church
+Society of Toronto. Hon. Robert Baldwin warned the friends of the Bishop
+of the impolicy and imprudence of such a proposition, and pointed out
+that if the clergy reserve question was thus re-opened, the former
+fierce agitation on the subject would be resumed, which might "end in
+the total discomfiture of the Church." His warning was unheeded, and
+although the motion for vesting the lands as proposed was rejected, by a
+vote of 37 to 14, yet the Bishop in his charge, delivered the next year
+(in June, 1847), said:--
+
+ After all, our great desire continues to be to acquire the
+ management of what is left to the Church of the reserves; and why
+ this reasonable desire is not complied with remains a matter of
+ deep regret (page 19).
+
+The question thus brought before the Legislature, led to its being
+brought before the people, until it became a subject of discussion in
+political meetings and election contests. Finally, in 1850, the
+Government of the day secured the passage in the House of Assembly of an
+address to the Crown, praying for the repeal of the Imperial Clergy
+Reserve Act of 1840. In that address it is stated that--
+
+ During a long period of years, and in nine successive sessions of
+ the Provincial Parliament, the representatives of the people of
+ Upper Canada, with an unanimity seldom exhibited in a deliberative
+ body, declared their opposition to religious endowments.... The
+ address further pointed out that the wishes of the people were
+ thwarted by the Legislative Council, a body containing a majority
+ avowedly favourable to the ascendancy of the Church of England.
+ That the Imperial Government, from time to time, invited the
+ Provincial Parliament to legislate on the subject of these
+ reserves, disclaiming on the part of the Crown any desire for the
+ superiority of one or more particular Churches; that Your Majesty's
+ Government, in declining to advise the Royal assent being given to
+ a Bill, passed by a majority of one, for investing the power of
+ disposing of the reserves in the Imperial Parliament, admitted that
+ from its inaccurate information as to the wants and general
+ opinions of society (in which the Imperial Parliament was
+ unavoidably deficient), the question would be more satisfactorily
+ settled by the Provincial Legislature; that subsequently to the
+ withholding of the Royal assent from the last-mentioned Bill, the
+ Imperial Parliament passed an Act disposing of the proceeds of the
+ clergy reserves in a manner entirely contrary to the formerly
+ repeatedly expressed wishes of the Upper Canadian people, as
+ declared through their representatives, and acknowledged as such in
+ a message sent to the Provincial Parliament by command of Your
+ Majesty's Royal predecessor.
+
+ That we are humbly of opinion that the legal or constitutional
+ impediments which stood in the way of provincial legislation on
+ this subject should have been removed by an Act of the Imperial
+ Parliament; but that the appropriation of revenues derived from the
+ investment of the proceeds of the public lands of Canada, by the
+ Imperial Parliament, will never cease to be a source of discontent
+ to Your Majesty's loyal subjects in this Province; and that when
+ all the circumstances connected with this question are taken into
+ consideration, no religious denomination can be held to have such
+ vested interest in the revenue derived from the proceeds of the
+ said clergy reserves, as should prevent further legislation with
+ reference to the disposal of them; but we are nevertheless of
+ opinion that the claims of existing incumbents should be treated in
+ the most liberal manner; and that the most liberal and equitable
+ mode of settling this long-agitated question, would be for the
+ Imperial Parliament to pass an Act providing that the stipends and
+ allowances heretofore assigned and given to the clergy of the
+ Church of England and Scotland, or to any other religious bodies or
+ denominations of Christians in Canada, and to which the faith of
+ the Crown is pledged, shall be secured during the natural lives or
+ incumbencies of the parties now receiving the same ... subject to
+ which provision the Provincial Parliament should be authorized to
+ appropriate as, in its wisdom, it may think proper, all revenues
+ derived from the present investments, or from those to be made
+ hereafter whether from the proceeds of future sales, or from
+ instalments on those already made.
+
+As the agitation proceeded, Bishop Strachan and Dr. Ryerson again became
+involved in it. The Bishop took the lead, and addressed a letter to Lord
+John Russell on the subject. Dr. Ryerson at once joined issue with the
+Bishop, and prepared the following able rejoinder in reply to the
+Bishop's letter. He said:--
+
+The statements of the Lord Bishop of Toronto, in his letter to Lord John
+Russell, dated Canada, February 20th, 1851, and in his Charge delivered
+to the clergy of the Diocese of Toronto, in May, 1851, relate to the
+same subjects, and appear to be designed for perusal in England, rather
+than in Canada. These statements, as a whole, are the most extraordinary
+that I ever read from the pen of an ecclesiastic, much less from the pen
+of a Bishop of the Church of England, and an old resident and prominent
+actor in the affairs of the country of which he speaks. These statements
+are not only incorrect, but they are, for the most part, the reverse of
+the real facts to which they refer; and where they are most groundless,
+they are the most positive. To discuss them _seriatim_ would occupy a
+volume. I will, as briefly as possibly, notice the most important of
+them under the following heads:--
+
+1. The circumstances and objects of the original Clergy Land
+Reservation.
+
+2. The position of the Church of England in Canada, and the professed
+wishes of the Lord Bishop.
+
+3. The conduct of the Imperial and Canadian Governments towards the
+Church of England.
+
+4. The effect of the union of the two Canadas on the proceedings and
+votes of the Legislative Assembly in regard to the Church of England.
+
+5. Public grants to the Church of Rome, and the endowment of that Church
+in Lower Canada.
+
+6. The Toronto University and Public Schools.
+
+I am to notice in the first place the statements of the Lord Bishop
+respecting the circumstances and objects of the Clergy Land Reservation.
+He speaks of it as having been suggested by the circumstances of the
+American revolution, and as having been intended as the special reward
+of those who adhered to the Crown of England during that seven years'
+contest.
+
+The Bishop says:--
+
+ At the close of the war, in 1783, which gave independence to the
+ United States, till then colonies of the British Crown, great
+ numbers of the inhabitants, anxious to preserve their allegiance,
+ and, in as far as they were able, the unity of the empire, sought
+ refuge in the western part of Canada, beyond the settlements made
+ before the conquest under the King of France. These loyalists, who
+ had for seven years perilled their lives and fortunes in defence of
+ the throne, the law, and the religion of England, had irresistible
+ claims when driven from their homes into a strange land (yet a vast
+ forest), to the immediate protection of government, and to enjoy
+ the same benefits which they had abandoned from their laudable
+ attachment to the parent State.
+
+The Bishop subsequently states [See Chapter xxviii., page 219] that the
+object of the Constitutional Act of 1791 was
+
+ More especially to confer upon the loyalists such a constitution as
+ should be as near a transcript as practicable of that of England,
+ that they might have no reason to regret, in as far as religion,
+ law, and liberty were concerned, the great sacrifices which they
+ had made.
+
+Allusions of this kind pervade a considerable part of the Bishop's
+letter, and furnish the first example, within my knowledge, of any
+writer attempting to invest the dispute between the American colonies
+and the mother country with a religious character; when every person the
+least acquainted with the history of those colonies, and of that
+contest, knows that the question of religion was never alluded to on the
+part of the colonists--that General Washington and other principal
+leaders in the revolution were professed Episcopalians--that the Church
+of England did not exist as an established church in any of those
+colonies, unless adopted as such by the local legislature, as in the
+case of Virginia--and that in the northern and eastern parts of those
+colonies, whence the first emigration to Upper Canada took place after
+the peace of 1783, the Church of England never did exist as an
+established church. Therefore, for the "religion of England" in that
+sense, those "loyalists" never could have "perilled their lives and
+fortunes;" nor could they have been influenced by any predilections for
+an establishment which they had never seen. The Bishop says truly that:
+
+ The noble stand which the Province made against the United States
+ in the war of 1812, in which the attachment of its inhabitants to
+ the British empire was a second time signally displayed, brought
+ the country into deserved notice.
+
+But nothing can be more fallacious than the claims he would found upon
+this fact, any more than those of the American revolution of 1776, to
+the clergy reserve land. For the Lord Bishop himself, when Archdeacon of
+York, in a printed discourse on the death of the first Bishop of Quebec,
+represents the benefits of the establishment as "little felt or known"
+in Upper Canada, and states that down to the close of the American War
+of 1812--namely, in 1815--there were but five clergymen of the Church of
+England in that vast province. And a few years afterwards, December
+22nd, 1826, the Upper Canada House of Assembly, consisting of the
+representatives of the Loyalists and their sons, who had twice "signally
+displayed their attachment to the British empire," adopted, by the
+extraordinary majority of 30 to 3, the following remarkable and
+significant resolution:--
+
+ _Resolved_, that the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Province
+ bears a very small proportion to the number of other Christians,
+ notwithstanding the pecuniary aid long and exclusively received
+ from the benevolent society in England by the members of that
+ Church, and their pretensions to a monopoly of the clergy reserves.
+
+The original Loyalist settlers of Upper Canada, and their immediate
+descendants, must be held to have understood their own feelings and
+sentiments better than the Lord Bishop: and the almost unanimous
+expression of such sentiments, through their representatives twenty-five
+years since, together with other circumstances to which I have referred,
+show how greatly mistaken is his Lordship, and how perfectly baseless
+are his assumptions and frequent allusions and appeals in reference to
+the hopes, wishes and sentiments of the original settlers of Upper
+Canada as a ground of claim to the clergy reserves in behalf of the
+Church of England.
+
+I have next to say a few words on the Bishop's statement as to the
+position of the Church of England in Canada, and the professions which
+he makes in respect to her position. He says, "Our position has, for
+some time, been that of a prostrate branch of the National Church;" and
+that position he, in another place, calls "a condition of inferiority to
+other religious denominations;" and he says, "she has been placed below
+Protestant dissenters, and privileges, wrested from her, have been
+conferred upon them." As to the position in which the Bishop would wish
+the Church of England in Canada to be placed, he says, "We merely claim
+equality, and freedom from oppression."
+
+These expressions are deeply to be regretted, when it is perfectly
+notorious that the pre-eminence and peculiar civil advantages claimed by
+the Bishop for the Church of England, have been the ground of all the
+disputes which have agitated the Legislature and people of Upper Canada
+for more than twenty-five years; when every person of the least
+intelligence in Canada knows that the Church of England, besides other
+large educational and pecuniary patronage of government, enjoyed until
+1840 an exclusive monopoly of the clergy lands which the Legislative
+Assembly of Upper Canada long contended, and which the judges of England
+have decided, extended by law to Protestants generally--that the Church
+of England enjoys at this moment the greater part of the annual proceeds
+of the sales of those lands, besides rectory endowments of portions of
+them--that every political and religious party in Canada awards every
+thing to the Church of England that they ask for themselves--"equality
+and freedom from oppression." During the present session of the
+Legislature, Bills have passed the Assembly giving the Church of England
+in Lower Canada all the facilities of holding property and managing her
+affairs which have been desired by the Bishop of the Diocese, as had
+been granted a few years since in Upper Canada; and when it was objected
+that privileges were given by such Bills to the Church of England not
+possessed by any other religious persuasion, it was replied that others
+might obtain them by asking for them, and the Bills in question were
+passed with only two dissentient votes.
+
+I repeat the expression of my regret that the Bishop should draw
+entirely upon his imagination for such statements, and that his feelings
+should prompt him to represent objections to his own particular views
+and pretensions as oppression and persecution of the Church of England.
+
+The next class of the Bishop's statements which I shall notice, relate
+to the conduct of the Imperial and Canadian Governments towards the
+Church of England. Throughout his voluminous documents the Bishop
+represents the conduct of government, both Imperial and Colonial, as
+hostile to the Church of England; and employs, in some instances, terms
+personally offensive. The great question at issue is thus stated by the
+Bishop himself in his recent charge to his clergy:--
+
+ In 1819, the law officers of the Crown gave it as their opinion
+ that the words Protestant clergy embraced also the ministers of the
+ Church of Scotland, not as entitling them to endowment in land, but
+ as enabling them to participate in the proceeds of the reserves,
+ whether sold or leased. In 1828, a select committee of the House of
+ Commons extended the construction of the words Protestant clergy to
+ the teachers of all Protestant denominations; and this
+ interpretation, though considered very extraordinary at the time,
+ was confirmed by the twelve judges in 1840.
+
+In his letter to Lord John Russell, the Bishop alludes to two of these
+decisions in terms peculiarly objectionable, while he omits all
+reference to the latter. He says:--
+
+ The Established Church of Scotland claimed a share of those lands,
+ or the proceeds, as a National Church within the Empire; and in
+ 1819, the Crown lawyers made the discovery that it might be
+ gratified, under the 37th clause of the 31st of George III., chap.
+ 31. Next, the select committee of the House of Commons, in 1828, on
+ the Civil Government of Canada, influenced by the spurious
+ liberality of the times, extended this opinion of the Crown lawyers
+ to any Protestant clergy.
+
+The Bishop thus impugns the impartiality and integrity of the opinions
+expressed by the law officers of the Crown in England, and by the select
+committee of the House of Commons, sarcastically calling the one a
+"discovery," and ascribing the other to "spurious liberality;" while he
+declares that the Act 3 and 4 Victoria, chapter 78 (which only carried
+partially into effect the decision of the twelve judges, and was, as he
+states, agreed to by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the other Bishops
+in London), "deprived the Church of England in Canada of seven-twelfths
+of her property."
+
+In other documents the Bishop has designated this Act "an act of
+spoliation," and "robbery" of the Church of England.
+
+When the Bishop employs language of this kind in respect to Acts of
+Parliament and the official opinions in regard to their provisions, he
+cannot reasonably complain if other parties should respect them as
+little as himself, much less regard them as a "final settlement" of a
+question to which they have not been parties, and against which they
+have always protested. Under any circumstances, it is singular language
+to be employed by a person towards a government by whose fostering
+patronage he has become enriched. The fact is, that the successive
+Governors of Upper Canada have been members of the Church of England;
+that the principal cause of their unpopularity, and the most serious
+difficulties which both the Imperial and local governments have had to
+encounter in the colony, have arisen from their efforts to secure as
+much for the Church of England, in the face of the popular indignation
+and opposition, so much inflamed and strengthened by the irritating
+publications and extreme proceedings of the Bishop himself. It is
+understood that the report of the committee of the House of Commons on
+the civil government of Canada, in 1828, was written by Lord Stanley.
+However that may be, the sentiments of that report on the clergy reserve
+question were strongly expressed by his Lordship in his speech on the
+subject, 2nd May, 1828; and he and the other distinguished men who
+investigated the subject at that time, know whether they were
+"influenced by a spurious liberality" in the conclusion at which they
+arrived, or whether they were guided by a sense of justice, and yielded
+to the weight of testimony. At all events, the grave decision of the
+twelve judges of England to the same effect ought to have suggested to
+the Bishop other terms than those of "spurious liberality,"
+"spoliation," and "robbery," and to have protected not only the "powers
+that be," but the great majority of the Canadian people, from the shafts
+of his harsh imputations.
+
+Here I think it proper to correct the Bishop's repeated references to
+the origin and circumstances of the differences of opinion in Upper
+Canada, as to the import of the words "Protestant clergy," and the
+"right of dissenting denominations" to participate in the benefit of the
+clergy reserves. He represents those differences as having originated
+with the clergy of the Kirk of Scotland, and that the idea that any
+other than the clergy of the Church of England had a right to
+participate in the benefit of the reserves was never entertained in
+Upper Canada until the friends of the Kirk of Scotland commenced the
+agitation of the question.
+
+So far from this representation being correct, it appears that
+the first submission of the question to the law officers of the
+Crown in England took place at the request of Sir P. Maitland,
+in reference, not to the clergy of the Kirk of Scotland, but to
+"all denominations" of Protestants--a question on which Sir P.
+Maitland, then Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, states in a
+despatch to Earl Bathurst, dated 17th May, 1819, that there was not
+only a "difference of opinion" on the subject, but "a lively feeling
+throughout the Province." It appears that certain "Presbyterian
+inhabitants of the town of Niagara and its vicinity" (not at that
+time in connexion with the Church of Scotland), petitioned Sir P.
+Maitland for "an annual allowance of Ł100 to assist in the support
+of a preacher," to be paid "out of funds arising from the clergy
+reserves, or any other fund at His Excellency's disposal." In
+transmitting a copy of this petition to Earl Bathurst, Sir P.
+Maitland ("York, Upper Canada, 17th May, 1819,") remarks as
+follows:--
+
+ The actual product of the clergy reserves is about Ł700 per annum.
+ This petition involves a question on which I perceive there is a
+ difference of opinion, viz., whether the Act intends to extend the
+ benefit of the reserves, for the maintenance of a Protestant
+ clergy, to all denominations, or only to those of the Church of
+ England. The law officers incline to the latter opinion. I beg
+ leave to observe to your Lordship, with much respect, that your
+ reply to this petition will decide a question of much interest, and
+ on which there is a lively feeling throughout the Province. [See
+ page 221.]
+
+Earl Bathurst's reply to this despatch is dated "Downing Street, 6th
+May, 1820," and commences as follows:--
+
+ Having requested the opinion of His Majesty's law officers as to
+ the right of dissenting Protestant ministers, resident in Canada,
+ to partake of the lands directed by the Act of the 31st George
+ III., c. 31, to be reserved as a provision for the support of a
+ Protestant clergy, I have now to state that they are of opinion
+ that though the provisions made by the 31st George III., c. 31, ss.
+ 36 and 42, for the support and maintenance of a Protestant clergy,
+ are not confined solely to the Church of England, but may be
+ extended also to the clergy of the Church of Scotland, yet that
+ they do not extend to dissenting ministers, since the terms
+ Protestant clergy can apply only to the Protestant clergy
+ recognized and established by law.
+
+It is thus clear that the question of the right of different Protestant
+denominations to participate in the benefit of the clergy reserves did
+not originate in any claims or agitation commenced by the clergy of the
+Church of Scotland; that as early as the beginning of 1819, (only four
+years after the close of the last American War, during which, as the
+Bishop truly says, "the attachment of the inhabitants to the British
+empire was a second time signally displayed,") there was "a lively
+feeling throughout the Province" on the subject. The first Loyalist
+settlers, and their immediate descendants, were opposed to the Bishop's
+narrow construction of the Act 31st George III., chapter 31; their
+representatives in the Legislative Assembly maintained invariably the
+liberal construction of the Act; the select committee of the House of
+Commons in 1828, on the Civil Government of Canada, after taking
+evidence as to the intentions of the original framers of the law,
+expressed the same opinion, and that opinion was ultimately confirmed by
+the decision of the twelve judges in 1840. The Bishop is, therefore, as
+much at fault in his facts on this point, as he is in the language he
+employs in reference to Imperial legal opinions, and an Imperial Act of
+Parliament.
+
+It now becomes my duty to examine another large class of statements,
+which I have read with great surprise and pain; and which are, if
+possible, less excusable than those which I have already noticed. I
+refer to the Bishop's statements in regard to the influence of the union
+of the two Canadas on the votes and proceedings of the Legislative
+Assembly of the united Province, on the question of the clergy reserves.
+
+The Bishop, in his letter to Lord John Russell (referring to the Address
+of the Legislative Assembly, at the session of 1850, to the Queen),
+states as follows:--
+
+ Before the union of Upper and Lower Canada, such an unjust
+ proceeding could not have taken place, for, while separate, the
+ Church of England prevailed in Upper Canada, and had frequently a
+ commanding weight in the Legislature, and at all times an influence
+ sufficient to protect her from injustice. But since their union
+ under one Legislature, each sending an equal number of members,
+ matters are sadly altered.
+
+ It is found, as was anticipated, that the members returned by
+ dissenters uniformly join the French Roman Catholics, and thus
+ throw the members of the Church of England into a hopeless minority
+ on all questions in which the National Church is interested.
+
+ The Church of England has not only been prostrated by the union
+ under that of Rome, and the whole of her property made dependent on
+ Roman Catholic votes, but she has been placed below Protestant
+ dissenters, and privileges wrested from her which have been
+ conferred upon them.
+
+In his recent charge to the clergy of his Diocese, the Bishop remarks
+again:--
+
+ So long as this diocese remained a distinct colony, no measure
+ detrimental to the Church ever took effect. Even under the
+ management and prevailing influence of that able and unscrupulous
+ politician, the late Lord Sydenham, a Bill disposing of the clergy
+ reserves, was carried by one vote only--a result which sufficiently
+ proved that it was not the general wish of the people of the colony
+ to legislate upon the subject.
+
+I shall first notice that part of the Bishop's statement which relates
+to Upper Canada, before the union with Lower Canada. The Bishop asserts
+it not to have been "the general wish of the people of the colony to
+legislate upon the subject" of the clergy reserves; that the Church of
+England prevailed, and had sufficient influence to maintain what he
+regards as her just rights. The Bishop has resided in Upper Canada
+nearly half a century, and such a statement from him, in direct
+contradiction to the whole political history of the Province during more
+than half that period, is difficult of solution, though perfectly easy
+of refutation. I have already transcribed one of a series of
+resolutions, adopted by the Legislative Assembly as early as December,
+1826, by a majority of 30 to 3, objecting entirely to the exclusive
+pretensions made in behalf of the Church of England. But I find that
+nearly a year before this, namely, the 27th of the January preceding,
+the House of Assembly of Upper Canada adopted an Address to the King on
+the subject, in which it is stated, respectfully, but strongly,--
+
+ That the lands set apart in this Province for the maintenance and
+ support of a Protestant clergy ought not to be enjoyed by any one
+ denomination of Protestants to the exclusion of their Christian
+ brethren of other denominations, equally conscientious in their
+ respective modes of worshipping God, and equally entitled, as
+ dutiful and loyal subjects, to the protection of Your Majesty's
+ benign and liberal Government; we, therefore, humbly hope it will,
+ in Your Majesty's wisdom, be deemed expedient and just, that not
+ only the present reserves, but that any funds arising from the
+ sales thereof, should be devoted to the advancement of the
+ Christian religion generally, and the happiness of all Your
+ Majesty's subjects of whatever denomination; or if such application
+ or distribution should be deemed inexpedient, that the profits
+ arising from such appropriation should be applied to the purposes
+ of education and the general improvement of this Province.
+
+The following year (January, 1827), the House of Assembly passed a Bill
+(the minority being only three), providing for the sale and application
+of the whole of the proceeds of the reserves for purposes of education,
+and erection of places of public worship for all denominations of
+Christians. And, on examining the journals, I find that from that time
+down to the union of the Canadas in 1841, not a year passed over without
+the passing of resolutions, or address, or bill, by the House of
+Assembly of Upper Canada, for the general application of the proceeds of
+the reserves, in some form or other, but always, without exception,
+against what the Bishop claims as the rights of the Church of England in
+respect to those lands.
+
+It is difficult to conceive a more complete refutation than these facts
+furnish of the Bishop's statement, that the Church of England prevailed
+in Upper Canada, and had a commanding weight in the Legislature; nor
+could a stronger proof be required of "the general wish of the people of
+the colony to legislate upon the subject," than such a course of
+procedure on the part of their representatives for so many years during
+successive Parliaments, and amidst all the variations of party and party
+politics on all other questions.
+
+It is also incorrect to say that the Bill of Lord Sydenham in 1840 "was
+carried by a majority of one vote only." A Bill did pass the Assembly of
+Upper Canada the year before, by "a majority of one vote only;" but that
+was a Bill to re-invest the reserves in the Imperial Parliament for
+"general religious purposes,"--a Bill passed a few hours before the
+close of the session, during which no less than forty-eight divisions,
+with the record of yeas and nays, took place in the Assembly on the
+question of the clergy reserves; and after the Assembly had passed, by
+considerable majorities, both resolutions and a Bill to give the Church
+of England one-fourth of the proceeds of the clergy reserves, and the
+other three-fourths to other religious denominations and to educational
+purposes--a Bill which, with some verbal amendments, also passed the
+Legislative Council, and against which the Bishop, joined by one other
+member, recorded an elaborate protest. But just at the heel of the
+session, and after several members of the Assembly voting in the
+majority had gone to their homes, a measure (which had been previously
+negatived again and again) was passed by a "majority of one vote only"
+(22 to 21), to re-invest the reserves--a measure which the law officers
+in England pronounced "unconstitutional," as the manner of getting it
+through the Canadian Legislature was unprecedented. [See page 249.]
+
+But the measure of Lord Sydenham was carried in the Assembly by a
+majority of 4, and in the Legislative Council (of which the Bishop was a
+member and voted against the bill) by a majority of 8. A considerable
+majority of the members of the Church of England of both Houses of the
+Legislature voted for the bill, and were afterwards charged by the
+Bishop with "defection," and "treachery" for doing so. [See page 262.]
+On this point Lord Sydenham, in a despatch to Lord John Russell, dated
+Toronto, 5th February, 1840, stated as follows:--
+
+ It is notorious to every one here, that of twenty-two members being
+ communicants of the Church of England who voted upon this Bill,
+ only eight recorded their opinion in favour of the views expressed
+ by the right reverend Prelate; whilst in the Legislative Council
+ the majority was still greater; and amongst those who gave it their
+ warmest support are to be found many gentlemen of the highest
+ character for independence and for attachment to the Church, and
+ whose views in general politics differ from those of Her Majesty's
+ Government.
+
+After this epitome of references to the proceedings of the people of
+Upper Canada, through their representatives, from 1825 to 1840, on what
+the Bishop terms the "rights" and "patrimony" of the Church of England,
+it is needless to make more than one or two remarks on his statements
+as to the influence of the union of the Canadas on the proceedings and
+votes of the Legislative Assembly upon the subject. My first remark is,
+that the question of the clergy reserves has not been introduced into
+the present Legislative Assembly by any member, or at the solicitation
+of any member, from Lower Canada. I remark, secondly, that though there
+is not a Roman Catholic among the forty-two members elected for Upper
+Canada; yet when a resolution was introduced into the Assembly, both at
+the last and during the present session, expressing a desire to maintain
+the present settlement of the clergy reserves, as provided in the Act, 3
+& 4 Vic., chap. 78, only sixteen in the first instance, and thirteen in
+the second, voted for it--only about one-third of the members for Upper
+Canada. Should, therefore, the union of the Canadas be dissolved
+to-morrow, the Bishop would be in as hopeless a minority as he was
+before the union. The following remarks of a recent speech of Mr.
+Lafontaine (the leader of the Roman Catholic French members of the
+Assembly) will show how entirely groundless are the Bishop's imputations
+upon that portion of the Assembly.
+
+ He thought the clergy reserves should be fairly divided among the
+ Protestant denominations, and that they should be altogether taken
+ out of the hands of the Government, as the only way to take them
+ out of the reach of agitation. He thought the rectories were vested
+ rights, and should not be disturbed, unless by due process of law,
+ if, as was pretended, they were improperly obtained. If there were
+ any claims in the Act of 1791 which seemed to connect the Church of
+ England to the State, though he did not think they did, they might
+ be repealed, and the Bishop of Toronto seemed to be of opinion that
+ that might be done. Let the appointment of the incumbents to the
+ rectories, too, be taken from the Government, if it were thought
+ proper, and given to the Church for other uses. He merely suggested
+ that without wishing to impose it. He would conclude with one
+ reflection: Let his Protestant fellow-countrymen remember they
+ would never find opposition to their just rights from Roman
+ Catholics and French Canadians. The latter had repeatedly passed
+ Acts in Lower Canada to give equal rights to those who were called
+ dissenters, and Jews, which were rejected by members of the Church
+ of England in the Council, and it was worthy of remark that, at a
+ moment when in England a pretended aggression had given occasion
+ for persecution, the Church of England here had to rely upon
+ Catholics to protect it against the aggression of other Protestant
+ sects.
+
+I shall now make a few observations on the Bishop's statements
+respecting government grants to the Church of Rome, and the endowments
+of that Church in Lower Canada. The Bishop, framing his statements with
+a view to the Protestant feeling of England, inveighs in general terms
+against the Government on account of its alleged patronage of the Church
+of Rome; makes exaggerated statements on one side, and omits all
+references to facts on the other side which would enable the Protestants
+of England, to whom he appeals, to understand the part which he has
+himself taken in favour of grants to the Church of Rome, the manner in
+which those grants are paid at the present time, and the alliance which
+he has long endeavoured, and would still wish to form with that Church
+in respect to endowments. The Bishop says:--
+
+ In Upper Canada, the Roman Catholic clergy do not, at present,
+ exceed seventy in number, and the provision for their support is
+ very slender. It depends chiefly on their customary dues, and the
+ contributions of their respective flocks; unless, indeed, they
+ receive assistance from the French portion of the Province, where
+ the resources of the Romish Church are abundant.
+
+Now, while the Bishop presents an overdrawn and startling picture of the
+emoluments of the Church of Rome in Lower Canada, he omits all
+statements of public grants and payments to the clergy of that church in
+Upper Canada. The Bishop must know, that in addition to their "customary
+dues, and the voluntary contributions of their flocks," the clergy of
+the Church of Rome receive Ł1,666 per annum, and that that sum is paid
+out of the clergy reserve fund under the provisions of the very Act, 3 &
+4 Vic., chap. 78, for the perpetuation of which he contends. The first
+instructions to support the Roman Catholic clergy in Upper Canada out of
+public funds, were given by Earl Bathurst, in a despatch to Sir P.
+Maitland, dated 6th October, 1826, and which commenced in the following
+words:--
+
+ You will receive instructions from the Treasury for the payment,
+ from funds to be derived from the Canada Company, of the sum of
+ Ł750 per annum, for the salaries of the Presbyterian ministers, and
+ a similar sum for the support of the Roman Catholic priests.
+
+But what is remarkable is, that this very policy of granting aid to the
+Roman Catholic priests in Upper Canada, for which Government has been so
+much blamed by the Bishop's friends in England, was urged by, if it did
+not originate with, the Bishop himself. For, in a speech delivered by
+the Bishop in the Legislative Council of Upper Canada, 6th March, 1828,
+and afterwards published by himself, I find his own statement of his
+proceedings in this matter, as follows:--
+
+ It has always been my wish to see a reasonable support given to the
+ clergy of the Church of Scotland, because they belong to a Church
+ which is established in one section of the empire; and to the Roman
+ Catholic Church because it may be considered as a concurrent church
+ with the establishment in the sister Province; and to this end I
+ have, at all times, advised the leading men of both those churches
+ to make respectful representations to His Majesty's Government for
+ assistance, leaving it to Ministers to discover the source from
+ which such aid might be taken.--His Excellency, the
+ Lieutenant-Governor of this Province (Sir P. Maitland), having
+ represented in the strongest manner to His Majesty's Government the
+ propriety of making some provision for the clergy in communion with
+ the kirk, and also of the Roman Catholic clergy resident in Upper
+ Canada, a reference was made to me on that subject, while in
+ London, in June, 1826. On this occasion I enforced, as well as I
+ could, the recommendations made by His Excellency, in respect to
+ both churches.
+
+Thus four months before Earl Bathurst sent out instructions to give
+salaries to Roman Catholic priests in Upper Canada, the Bishop states
+that he urged it upon the favourable consideration of His Lordship. The
+Bishop then significantly adds:--
+
+ I did flatter myself that they would have been satisfied, as indeed
+ they ought to have been, and that henceforth the clergy of the two
+ denominations, the Roman Catholic and Presbyterian, while
+ discharging their own religious duties, would cordially co-operate
+ with those of the establishment in promoting the general peace and
+ welfare of society. It is gratifying to me to state that, as far as
+ I know, the Roman Catholic clergy, during this contest, have
+ observed a strict neutrality.
+
+However ingenious it may be, I cannot regard it as ingenuous that the
+Bishop should promote the endowment of the Roman Catholic clergy in this
+country in order to secure their political alliance and support against
+other Protestant denominations, and then appeal to Protestants in
+England against the Government and Legislature in Canada, because of the
+countenance given to the Church of Rome. It is hardly fair for the
+Bishop to act one part in Canada and another in England; and it is
+fallacious and wrong to represent the votes of Roman Catholics as
+exerting any influence whatever on the state of the question in Upper
+Canada--as of the twenty-five Roman Catholics who voted on the question
+last year, twelve voted on one side and thirteen on the other; and they
+are known to hold the opinion declared by their leader, Mr. Lafontaine,
+that the proceeds of the clergy reserves belong to the Protestants of
+the country in contradistinction to Roman Catholics.
+
+The Bishop's statements in regard to the endowments of the Roman
+Catholic Church in Lower Canada are most extravagant. They cannot
+affect, in the least, the merits of the question which has so long
+agitated Upper Canada; and they appear to be introduced merely for
+effect in England, where the social state and position of parties in
+Canada are little known or understood. It is needless to examine the
+Bishop's statements on this subject in detail; but I will make two or
+three remarks, to show the fallacy of both his assertions and his
+reasoning. He gives no data whatever for his perfectly gratuitous and
+improbable assumption of four hundred parish priests in Lower Canada at
+a salary of Ł250 each, exclusive of those employed in colleges,
+monasteries, and religious houses, making, he says,
+
+ The revenue of the Roman Catholic Church in Lower Canada, Ł100,000
+ per annum, a sum which represents a money capital of at least
+ Ł2,000,000!
+
+This imaginary estimate of the Bishop is simply absurd, and supposes in
+Lower Canada ten-fold the wealth that really exists.
+
+The Bishop also gives a return of the seignorial lands of several
+religious orders of the Roman Catholic Church in Lower Canada, then
+invests those lands with a fictitious value, and sets them down as
+representing "a capital of Ł700,000!" whereas the rights to these lands
+are simply seignorial, and the annual revenue arising from them does not
+amount to threepence per acre. The Jesuits' estates, 891,845 acres--by
+far the largest item in the Bishop's paper--are in the hands of the
+Government, and not of the Roman Catholic Church at all.
+
+The fallacy of the Bishop's reasoning on this point will appear from the
+facts, that the British Crown has never made a grant or endowment to the
+Roman Catholic Church in Lower Canada, or to any religious order of that
+Church; that whatever lands or endowments that Church or its religious
+communities may possess, were obtained either from the Crown of France,
+and therefore secured by treaty, or by the legacies of individuals, or
+by purchase. The island of Montreal was obtained by purchase; the rights
+are merely seignorial, or feudal, and yield to the seigneurs Ł8,000 per
+annum.
+
+There is, therefore, no analogy whatever between endowments thus
+obtained and held, and lands appropriated by the Crown for certain
+general objects, which have been vested in the hands of no religious
+community, and over which Parliament has expressly reserved the power of
+discretionary legislation.
+
+I shall now offer a few remarks on the Bishop's statements respecting
+the Toronto University and system of public schools in Upper Canada. As
+these are questions which have been set at rest by local legislation, by
+and with the sanction of the Imperial Government, I need only refer to
+the Bishop's statements so far as to remove the erroneous impressions
+and unjust prejudices which they are calculated to produce.
+
+In reference to the Bishop's statements, that "graduates in holy orders
+are declared ineligible as members of the Senate," I remark that such
+graduates are and have been members of the Senate from the commencement.
+And when the Bishop pronounces the University "essentially unchristian,"
+he must have known that not only a Parliamentary law, but a University
+statute, exists for the religious instruction and worship of all the
+students of the University; whereas, when the Bishop had the management
+of it, no provision whatever existed for the religious instruction and
+worship of any of the students except members of the Church of England.
+The statement, therefore, of the Bishop, that--
+
+ There is at present no Seminary in Upper Canada in which the
+ children of conscientious churchmen can receive a Christian and
+ liberal education,
+
+is contradicted by the fact that the children of many churchmen, as
+"conscientious" as the Bishop himself, are receiving such an education
+at a "Seminary in Upper Canada."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The lands out of which the University has been endowed were early set
+apart by the Crown, not on the application or recommendation of any
+authority or dignitary of the Church of England, but on the application
+of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada; and the cause of all the
+agitation on the subject is, that the Bishop, unknown to the Canadian
+people, and by representations which they, through their
+representatives, declared to be incorrect and unfounded, obtained a
+University Charter in England, and the application of those lands as an
+endowment, which the Legislative Assembly never would recognize. And now
+that that Assembly has at length got these lands restored to the objects
+for which they were originally appropriated, but from which they had for
+a time been alienated, the Bishop seeks, by the most unfounded
+imputations and representations, to do all in his power to damage a
+Seminary which he ought to be the first to countenance and support.
+
+In his recent charge to his clergy, the Bishop has sought to damage the
+public elementary schools; and here his statements are equally at fault
+with those noticed in regard to the University. The Bishop says,
+"Christianity is not so much as acknowledged by our School law." This
+statement is contradicted by the 14th section of the School Act, and the
+general regulations which are made under its authority, headed,
+"Constitution and government of schools in respect to religious
+instruction," and which commence with the following words:--
+
+ As Christianity is the basis of our whole system of elementary
+ education, that principle should pervade it throughout.
+
+The Bishop says again:--
+
+ To take away the power of parents to judge and direct the education
+ of their children, which is their natural privilege from God, as
+ our schools virtually do, will never be allowed in Great Britain.
+
+The Bishop makes this statement in the face of the express provision of
+the 14th section of the School Act, which declares that "pupils shall be
+allowed to receive such religious instruction as their parents or
+guardians shall desire."
+
+The Bishop furthermore states that "the Bible appears not among our
+school books," and says also that the "system is not based on a
+recognition of the Scriptures." It would be strange if the Bishop were
+ignorant that in a lengthened correspondence, printed by order of the
+Legislative Assembly, the Chief Superintendent of Schools objected to
+any law or system which would exclude the Bible from the schools,--that
+the Government sanctioned his views,--that his annual reports show that
+the Bible is used in the great majority of the schools in Upper Canada.
+By the returns of last year, the Bible was used in 2,067 of the 3,059
+schools reported--being an increase of 231 schools over those of the
+preceding year in which the Bible was used.
+
+The Bishop likewise says:--
+
+ A belief of Christianity is not included among the qualifications
+ of school-masters; and I am credibly informed that there have been
+ instances of candidates for schools disavowing all religious
+ belief.
+
+There is no law to prevent the vilest person from being "candidates" for
+any office, even that of holy orders; but "candidates for schools," and
+"school-masters," with legal certificates of qualification, are two very
+different things. According to the school law, no person can be a
+legally qualified teacher, or receive any portion of the school fund,
+without appearing before a County Board of Examiners (who consist, in
+all cases, more or less of clergymen), produce to them "satisfactory
+evidence of good moral character," and be examined and approved by them.
+Even the name of the church to which the "school-master" belongs is
+specified, and the annual reports of the Chief Superintendent of Schools
+include this item of information. A teacher may also, at any time, be
+dismissed for intemperance or any immoral conduct. It is notorious that
+the standard of qualification for teachers, both moral and intellectual,
+and the provisions and regulations for religious instruction in the
+schools, are much higher, and more complete and efficient, than under a
+former school law which the Bishop himself introduced into the
+Legislature, when he was Chairman of the Provincial Board of Education.
+
+Again, the Bishop states that
+
+ All that is wanting is, to give power to the different boards or
+ authorities to grant separate schools to all localities desiring
+ them.
+
+This is precisely what the school law provides; for the 24th section of
+the Act expressly authorizes and empowers the Board of School Trustees
+in each city or town, "to determine the number, sites, kind and
+description of schools which shall be established in such city or town."
+The Boards of School Trustees may therefore establish as many "separate
+schools" in all the cities and towns in Upper Canada, as they shall
+think proper. But they are not willing to establish such separate
+schools as the Bishop desires; and when an amendment to the school law
+was proposed at the last session, to compel the local "boards or
+authorities" to do so, it was almost unanimously rejected. The Bishop
+says, indeed, referring to this circumstance, that "when the Church of
+England requested separate schools for the religious instruction of her
+own children, her prayer was rejected by the votes of Romanists." The
+fact is, that that proposition received the votes of but five members of
+the Legislative Assembly, in which there are upwards of fifty
+Protestants.
+
+It is lamentable to see the Bishop making such statements to damage and
+pull down the educational institutions of the country, merely because
+they are not under his denominational control, and subservient to his
+denominational purposes,--a system of schools which he has, from the
+commencement, endeavoured to establish in Upper Canada, and for which he
+has agitated the country these many years. That I do the Bishop no
+injustice in this statement, I may remark, that in his letter to the
+Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, in 1827, applying for the
+so-much-agitated Charter of the Provincial University, he states his
+object to be, that the clergy of the Church of England in Upper Canada
+may "acquire by degrees the direction of education which the clergy of
+England have always possessed." Now that the Legislative Assembly, since
+the establishment of free constitutional government, have defeated the
+peculiar objects of the Bishop, he labours by groundless imputations and
+statements to bring the whole system of public instruction into
+contempt. It is to be hoped that such efforts will be as unsuccessful in
+England as they have been in Canada, where his appeals for agitation
+have not been responded to by one out of ten of the congregations of the
+Church of England, and are not sustained by the greater part of the
+members of the Church of England in both branches of the Legislature.
+Not a petition has been presented by members of the Church of England
+against the present system of public schools, except one, adopted by a
+meeting presided over by the Bishop, and signed by himself; and the
+Legislative Council within the last few days, by a majority of more than
+two to one, concurred with the Legislative Assembly and Administration
+in regard to the clergy reserves and University. The Bishop's extreme
+policy and proceedings have been and are a great calamity to the Church
+of England in Canada--a calamity which can only be mitigated and removed
+by the discountenance of such proceedings, and by the adoption of a more
+Christian and judicious policy on the part of members of the Church,
+both in England and in Canada.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In reviewing the history of this question from 1840 until its final
+settlement by the Canadian Parliament, in 1854, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ Messrs. William and Egerton Ryerson had been appointed
+ representatives of the Canadian to the British Conference in 1840.
+ On their arrival in England, they found Lord John Russell's Bill
+ for the disposal of the Canadian Clergy Reserves to the Churches of
+ England and Scotland before Parliament; and, as representing the
+ largest religious denomination in Upper Canada, they requested an
+ interview with Lord John Russell on the subject of His Lordship's
+ Bill before Parliament. In the interview granted, they pointed out
+ to His Lordship the injustice, impolicy, and danger of the Bill,
+ should it become law, and respectfully and earnestly prayed His
+ Lordship to withdraw the Bill; but he was inflexible, when the
+ Messrs. Ryerson prayed to His Lordship to assent to their being
+ heard at the Bar of the House of Commons against the Bill; at which
+ His Lordship became very angry--thinking it presumptuous that two
+ Canadians, however numerous and respectable their constituency,
+ should propose to be heard at the Bar of the British House of
+ Commons against a measure of Her Majesty's Government. But the
+ Messrs. Ryerson knew their country and their position, and
+ afterwards wrote a respectful but earnest letter to His Lordship
+ against his measure, and faithfully warned him of the consequences
+ of it if persevered in; they went so far as to intimate that the
+ measure would prove an opening wedge of separation between Great
+ Britain and the people of Upper Canada; and lest they should be
+ considered as endeavouring to fulfil their own predictions, they
+ did not publish their letter to Lord John Russell, or write a line
+ on the subject for more than ten years--knowing that a wound so
+ deep would, without any action or word on their part, fester and
+ spread so wide in the people of Upper Canada as ultimately to
+ compel the repeal of the Act or sever their connection with Great
+ Britain. The result was as they, Messrs. Ryerson, had apprehended;
+ for in 1853 the Act was repealed by the British Parliament.[136]
+
+Early in 1852, the Government of which Earl Grey was Secretary of State
+for the Colonies, was superseded by that of the Earl of Derby, with Sir
+John Packington as Secretary of State for the Colonies, who, in a
+despatch to Lord Elgin, dated April 22nd, 1852, says:--
+
+ By a despatch from my predecessor, Earl Grey, of the 11th July
+ last, you were informed that Her Majesty's then servants found
+ themselves compelled to postpone to another Session the
+ introduction of a Bill into Parliament giving the Canadian
+ Legislature authority to alter the existing arrangements with
+ regard to the clergy reserves.
+
+ With reference to that intimation, I have to inform you that it is
+ not the intention of Her Majesty's present advisers to propose such
+ a measure to Parliament this Session. "The result would probably be
+ the diversion to other purposes" of the clergy reserves than "the
+ support of divine worship and religious instruction in the colony."
+
+Sir John Pakington was soon undeceived as to the continued Canadian
+sentiment on the subject, for Sir Francis Hincks, then Inspector-General
+and Premier of Canada, who happened to be in London on official business
+on behalf of the Canadian Government, enclosed to Sir John Pakington an
+extract from a report, dated 7th April, 1852, approved by His
+Excellency, in which the Executive Council said:--
+
+ The assurances of Her Majesty's late Government that such action
+ would be taken, had prepared the people of Canada to expect that no
+ further delay would take place in meeting their just wishes upon a
+ question of such paramount importance to them; the Council,
+ therefore, recommend that their colleague, the Inspector-General,
+ be requested by the Provincial Secretary to seek an interview with
+ Her Majesty's Ministers, and represent to them the importance of
+ carrying out the pledges of their predecessors on the subject of
+ the clergy reserves, and thus empower the Colonial Legislature to
+ deal with the question in accordance with the well-understood
+ wishes of the people of Canada.
+
+The Derby ministry resigned office in December, 1852, and the Duke of
+Newcastle succeeded Sir John Pakington as Secretary of State for the
+Colonies. On the 15th January, 1853, the Duke addressed a despatch to
+the Earl of Elgin announcing the decision of the new ministry to propose
+the repeal of the Imperial Act of 1840, which was successfully
+accomplished.
+
+After the passing of the Imperial Act transferring the final settlement
+of the clergy reserve question to Canada, a coalition Government was
+formed by the aid of Sir Allan McNab, called the Hincks-Morin Ministry.
+After protracted negotiation (with the beneficiaries under the Imperial
+Act) and discussion in the Legislature, a Bill was passed providing for
+the interests of these claimants, but "secularizing" the remaining
+proceeds of the reserves to municipal purposes. This was the last of the
+Acts assented to by Lord Elgin previous to his departure from Canada.
+Sir Edmund Head, his successor, speaking on this subject, said:--
+
+ An Act assented to by my predecessor has finally settled the long
+ pending dispute with regard to the clergy reserves, and it has done
+ so in such a manner as to vindicate liberal principles, whilst it
+ treats the rights of individuals with just and considerate regard.
+
+Thus was a struggle of more than twenty-five years ended, equality
+before the law of all religious denominations established, and
+constitutional rights of the people of Upper Canada secured, to their
+great joy. But the Bishop of Toronto, whose policy and measures had
+caused so much agitation in Upper Canada, regarded this settlement of
+the clergy reserve question as an irreparable calamity to the Church of
+England in Canada. On the 16th of March, 1853, the Bishop addressed a
+letter to the Duke of Newcastle, of which the following are extracts:--
+
+ Power and violence are to determine the question; vested rights and
+ the claims of justice are impediments to be swept away. Hence the
+ spoliation sought to be perpetrated by the Legislature of Canada
+ has no parallel in colonial history. Even in the middle of the
+ American Revolution, the old colonists, during the heart-burnings
+ and ravages of civil war, respected the ecclesiastical endowments
+ made by the Crown against which they were contending....
+
+The grants made by the Crown were all held by the same tenure--whether
+to individuals or corporations--not reservations for certain purposes,
+with power expressly given to Colonial Assemblies to "vary or repeal"
+them. The Bishop proceeded:--
+
+ I feel bitterly, my Lord Duke, on this subject. Till I heard of
+ your Grace's despatch, I had fondly trusted in Mr. Gladstone and
+ his friends, of whom you are one, notwithstanding the present
+ doubtful Administration; and I still argued in my heart, though not
+ without misgivings, that the Church was safe, I have cherished her
+ with my best energies for more than half a century in this distant
+ corner of God's dominions; and after many trials and difficulties I
+ was beholding her with joy, enlarging her tent, lengthening her
+ cords, and strengthening her stakes, but now this joy is turned
+ into grief and sadness, for darkness and tribulation are
+ approaching to arrest her onward progress. Permit me, in
+ conclusion, my Lord Duke, to entreat your forgiveness if, in the
+ anguish of my spirit, I have been too bold, for it is far from my
+ wish or intention to give personal offence. And of this rest
+ assured, that I would most willingly avert, with the sacrifice of
+ my life, the calamities which the passing of your Bill will bring
+ upon the Church in Canada.
+
+There is a touching pathos in the close of this letter; but the Bishop
+himself lived to see his apprehended calamities turned into blessings;
+for the most prosperous and brightest days of the Church of England in
+Upper Canada have been from 1853 to the present time.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[136] Earl Grey had intended to propose its repeal in 1850-51, and had
+requested the writer of these papers (who was then on an educational
+tour in Europe) to remain in England in order to furnish His Lordship
+with data and details to enable him to answer objections which might be
+made to his Bill in the House of Lords, and wrote to Lord Elgin, then
+Governor-General of Canada, requesting the protracting of Mr. Ryerson's
+leave of absence for two or three months. But the Bill had to be
+deferred until another Session, and Mr. Ryerson returned immediately to
+Canada. (See page 455.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LIII.
+
+1851.
+
+Personal Episode in the Clergy Reserve Controversy.
+
+
+Dr. Ryerson made another educational tour in Europe in 1850-51. While in
+London, early in 1851, Earl Grey sought Dr. Ryerson's counsel on the
+clergy reserve question, which had been lately re-opened in Canada. The
+proceedings and result of the interviews which he had with Earl Grey,
+are detailed in several letters which he wrote to me from London during
+a period of four months. I give such extracts from these letters as will
+explain the nature of Dr. Ryerson's conferences with Earl Grey on the
+subject. His first letter was written on the 7th February, in which he
+said:--
+
+ You will rejoice to learn that Her Majesty's Government have
+ adopted the prayer of the Canadian Legislature on the question of
+ the clergy reserves, and have determined to bring forward a measure
+ on the subject. Whether Lord Grey will desire me to remain longer
+ on account of the question I have not had time to learn. Mr.
+ [afterwards Sir Benjamin] Hawes says that he will procure me
+ admission to the speaker's gallery to tear Lord John Russell bring
+ forward his measure on the Papal Question.
+
+In a letter written by Dr. Ryerson the following week, dated 14th
+February, he enclosed to me a confidential letter on the clergy reserve
+question, in which he explained the likelihood of his being detained in
+England by Lord Grey in connection with it. He said:--
+
+ I send this to you, so that you may know all the circumstances
+ which are likely to protract my stay for some months in this
+ country; and for the same reason, and that you may co-operate with
+ me, I entrust you with the perusal of my confidential
+ letter--another proof of my unreserved confidence in your prudence
+ and fidelity. I think it would not be well for you to mention
+ anything as to my probable delay in England, and especially as to
+ the reasons of it, until it becomes known to the public.
+
+ My position is, indeed, a gratifying one, after so long labour and
+ so much abuse in connection with the great clergy reserve question,
+ that I should be desired to aid in its final settlement according
+ to the voice of the people of Canada, and should now be called upon
+ to aid Lord John Russell himself to undo his own measure of 1840,
+ against which I then protested. I am sure you will be prepared to
+ perform any additional labour to enable me to fulfil such a
+ mission. I trust that I will be enabled to confer a benefit upon
+ Canada. It is a gratifying position in which such a concurrence of
+ circumstances will place me, and my personal character and history
+ in regard to a question which has engaged so large a portion of my
+ past life--the ground of all the opposition I formerly met with
+ from the London Wesleyan Committee and Conference. Verily there is
+ a God that ruleth over all things, that makes the wrath of man to
+ praise Him, that rules in ways we know not of. We should indeed
+ fear Him, bow down in the dust before Him, but at the same time
+ most calmly and implicitly trust Him. Please write me as to the
+ effects produced by Lord Grey's despatch, the manner in which it is
+ received, etc.
+
+In a letter, dated 13th March, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ I have received a letter from a member of the Government in Canada,
+ expressing a wish that I would remain in England until after the
+ great Exhibition, as the Canadian Parliament would not meet until
+ May. This, in anticipation of what Lord Grey has desired, has quite
+ settled my mind on the subject of remaining until May or June.
+
+ I shall remain in Paris until I am wanted in London on the clergy
+ reserve question--I suppose until the middle of next month.
+ Listening some hours each day in Paris to some of the most learned
+ men in Europe, giving the results of all their researches and
+ reflections on various branches of literature and science, will be
+ of great advantage to me in my future lectures, writings and
+ labours, and this I shall continue until the voice of war on the
+ clergy reserves shall echo across the Atlantic. I suppose my
+ presence in England at this time will be a great annoyance to the
+ exclusive Church party, and it will perhaps make them more cautious
+ than they might otherwise be in their statements.
+
+ As the ministry in England continue firm, I hope no effort will be
+ wanting in Canada to sustain Lord Grey, should an opposition be
+ raised against his proposed bill, the bringing in of which may be
+ delayed some time by the late long ministerial crisis in England.
+
+In a letter, dated 11th April, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+ In regard to the clergy reserves, I have been inclined to think the
+ Bishop of Toronto and his friends would not attempt to renew the
+ agitation of the clergy reserve question in Canada, but would
+ prepare the strongest statement of their case for the Parliament
+ here, in the mouths of some of their ablest friends in both the
+ Commons and Lords, and thus take the Government here by surprise,
+ and try and defeat the Bill in the Lords, after having, reduced the
+ majority in favour of it in the Commons as much as possible.
+
+On the 18th April, 1851, Dr. Ryerson wrote again:--
+
+ The Scotch Presbytery of Kingston, U. C., have sent a petition to
+ the House of Commons against Lord Grey's Bill, or against complying
+ with the prayer of the address of the Canadian Assembly, and sent
+ to me with the request that I would prepare an answer to it. I
+ think of preparing my answer in the form of a communication or two
+ to the _Times_ newspaper, and thus bring the whole subject before
+ the Members of Parliament and the public. Should I succeed in this,
+ Lord Grey may not think my longer stay to be necessary. I am
+ anxious to get away as soon as possible; the season is advancing,
+ and I have so much to do before the close of it in the autumn.
+
+ Business and embarrassments have so accumulated in the House of
+ Commons that it is pretty nearly decided to bring the clergy
+ reserve Bill into the Lords by Lord Grey himself, and he expects to
+ do so about the middle of May. Should it be brought into the Lords,
+ of course there would not be so long delay there before deciding
+ the question one way or the other. But the chances are so strong
+ against its success if brought into the Lords first, that Lord Grey
+ is unwilling to adopt that course until it is seen that that is
+ the only alternative. If it should be lost in the Lords now, he, of
+ course, thinks it would soon be carried by a pressure from Canada,
+ such as the rejection of the Bill by the Lords would probably call
+ forth.
+
+On the 25th April, Dr. Ryerson wrote:--
+
+ The late crisis has made no change in the intentions of the
+ Government in regard to the clergy reserve question. I send you a
+ copy of the _Times_ of the 23rd instant, the day before yesterday,
+ in which you will see the first of my papers on "The Clergy
+ Reserves of Canada." The second and third will occupy a column and
+ a half or two columns, each. I finished and handed in the remaining
+ papers this morning. Lord Grey spoke to me twice on the subject of
+ writing something for the press, and Mr. Hawes, the last time I saw
+ him, seemed to think the Bill would be lost in the House of Lords,
+ but the Government would send out a despatch to Canada saying that
+ the question was not abandoned, but would be brought forward again
+ the next Session. I have thought this was a very poor consolation
+ for the loss of the Bill, and that it was best to see what could be
+ done. I have written strongly, and with an express view to the
+ House of Lords--confining myself wholly to the question of the
+ right of the people of Canada to judge and decide in the matter.
+ What may be the effect of these papers, I cannot, of course, tell;
+ but if Lord Grey should be of opinion that the publication of them
+ will supersede the necessity of my longer stay for that purpose, I
+ will leave as soon as possible--by the third week in May.
+
+I wrote fully to Dr. Ryerson on this subject, pointing out the relation
+of parties in Canada on this subject, and deprecating his taking any
+further active part in the discussion which had become so heated in this
+country. On the 2nd May, Dr. Ryerson replied:--
+
+ What you have communicated on the clergy reserve question has
+ changed my mode of proceeding in some respects; and the second and
+ third articles I prepared for the _Times_ will not appear as first
+ intended; but I will explain by and by. I was at the great
+ Exhibition yesterday. It was the grandest of all grand affairs I
+ ever witnessed. I had a place near the centre, within a few feet of
+ the "Iron Duke," until he left to join the procession.
+
+On the 9th May, Dr. Ryerson wrote his final letter:--
+
+ On reflection, and from what I found to be the relations of parties
+ in Canada, and the turn the clergy reserve question was likely to
+ take, I came to the same conclusion you have expressed in your last
+ letter--not to come into collision with any party on the question,
+ beyond what is expressed in the short article in the _Times_
+ newspaper--namely, that Canada should judge for itself on the
+ question. I have determined to furnish Lord Grey with a memorandum
+ of facts and principles on the question. I have seen Lord Grey and
+ stated my wish not to remain longer, and not to be further mixed up
+ with the question--that I was now on good terms with all
+ parties--had thus great facilities for usefulness--that party
+ agitation in Canada was becoming violent--two extreme parties,
+ uniting against the Ministerial measure. I told him that I would
+ furnish him with a memorandum, with all the chief points of the
+ question on which he was likely to be opposed. He seemed to be
+ disappointed, but said if I thought my Department would suffer by
+ my longer absence, he would not insist upon my staying. I told him
+ that all parties would approve of my staying for the Great
+ Exhibition, and that I thought a memorandum, such as I would
+ prepare on the question of the clergy reserves, would be as
+ serviceable as my presence, etc.
+
+
+Memorandum on the Clergy Reserve Question.
+
+The following is the memorandum which Dr. Ryerson prepared for Lord Grey
+on the clergy reserve question, and to which he refers in his letter to
+me of the 9th May, 1851:--
+
+Fully concurring in the remark of the Bishop of London, in a late reply
+to the deputation of the inhabitants of St. George's, Hanover Square,
+that "there is no kind of intestine division so injurious in its
+character and tendency as that which is grounded on religious
+questions;" and firmly believing, as I do, that the long continuance of
+Canada as a portion of the British Empire depends upon the proceedings
+of the British Parliament on the question of the clergy reserves, I
+desire, as a native and resident of Upper Canada, as a Protestant and
+lover of British institutions, to submit the following brief
+observations on that question, in order to correct erroneous impressions
+in England, and to induce such a course of parliamentary proceedings as
+will conduce to the honour of Great Britain, and to the peace and
+welfare of Canada:--
+
+1. My first remark is, that this is a question agitated for more than
+twenty-five years, almost exclusively among Protestants in Canada, and
+the agitation of which, at the present time, has not, in any way
+whatever, been promoted by Roman Catholic influence. An attempt has been
+made in some quarters to create a contrary impression in England; but
+that I am correct in my statement will, I think, appear from the
+following facts:--First, though the question of the clergy reserves
+nominally relates to Lower as well as Upper Canada (since the union of
+the two Canadas under one Legislature), it is historically and
+practically an Upper Canadian question. The agitation of it originated
+in Upper Canada; it never was agitated in Lower Canada before the union
+of the two provinces; it is discussed chiefly by the Upper Canada press,
+and pressed most earnestly by the Upper Canada members of the
+Legislature. So strongly is it viewed as an Upper Canadian question,
+that a considerable portion of the press of Upper Canada has objected to
+Lower Canadian members of the Legislature interfering in its discussion
+or influencing its decision by their votes. Secondly, all the Upper
+Canadian members, both of the Executive Council and of the Legislative
+Assembly, are Protestants. Of the forty-two members of the Legislative
+Assembly elected in Upper Canada, not one of them is a Roman Catholic;
+of the five Upper Canadian members of the Executive Council, all are
+Protestants, and all were in favour of the late Address of the Assembly
+to the Queen, praying for the repeal of the Imperial Act, 4 & 5 Vic.,
+chap. 78. and for restoring to the people of Canada the constitutional
+right of judging for themselves as to the disposal of the clergy reserve
+lands in that country. It ought, therefore, to be remembered in England,
+that this question relates chiefly to Upper Canada, which is, for the
+most part, a Protestant country, and which has not a single Roman
+Catholic in the Legislative Assembly.
+
+2. I remark, in the next place, that it is not a question of Church and
+State union, or whether the State shall contribute to the support of
+religion in one or more forms. It is whether the Canadian people shall
+judge for themselves as to the mode of supporting their religious
+worship, as well as to the religious creed they shall adopt. This right
+was clearly secured to them by their constitutional Act of 1791, 31st
+George III., chap. 31, but was taken from them by the Imperial Act of
+1840, 3 & 4 Vic., chap. 78. In what manner the people of Canada, through
+their representatives, may exercise the constitutional right, the
+restoration of which they claim, for the support of religion, I am not
+prepared to say. But whether they shall exercise wisely or not that, or
+any other right constitutionally vested in them, is a matter
+appertaining to themselves, and not to parties in England. I am not to
+be the less anxious for the restoration to my country of its
+constitutional rights because it may not exercise them wisely, or
+exercise them in a manner opposed to my personal views and wishes. The
+constitutional rights of legislation in Great Britain may not have
+always been exercised most judiciously, but who would adduce that as an
+argument for the annihilation of those rights, or against the existence
+of constitutional freedom in England? Is Canada to be made an exception
+to this rule?
+
+3. I remark, thirdly, that neither is this a question which affects the
+vested rights of any parties except those of the people of Canada
+generally. When one-seventh of the wild lands of Canada was reserved for
+the support of a Protestant clergy, by the Act of 1791, 31st George
+III., chap. 31, the Canadian Legislature, created by the same Act, was
+invested with authority, under certain forms, to "vary or repeal" the
+several clauses relating to that clergy land reservation. That vested
+right the people of Upper Canada possessed from 1791 to 1840. All other
+vested rights are subordinate to those of a whole people, and are not to
+be exalted above them. The Canadian Legislative Assembly has proposed to
+secure all parties who have acquired rights or interests in the revenue
+arising from the sales of the clergy reserve lands during the lives of
+the incumbents or recipients; but, beyond that guarantee, it claims the
+right of "varying or repealing," as it shall judge expedient, the landed
+reservation in question, and the application of the revenues arising
+from it.
+
+4. The real question for consideration in England being thus separated
+from other questions with which it has sometimes been erroneously and
+injuriously confounded, I proceed to remark that the Imperial Act 3 and
+4 Vic., chap. 78, is at variance with what the Imperial Governments
+without exception and without reservation, for twenty-five years, have
+admitted and avowed to be the constitutional rights of the people of
+Canada. It has at all times been admitted in the first place, that the
+Act 31st Geo. III., ch. 31, which created a legislature in Canada, and
+authorized the clergy land reservation, invested the Canadian
+Legislature with authority to legislate as to its disposal, and the
+application of revenues arising from it; and secondly, that whatever
+legislation might take place on the subject should be in harmony with
+the wishes of the Canadian people. The Imperial Act 3 and 4 Vic., ch.
+78, deprives the Canadian people of that right of legislation which they
+had possessed for forty years, and does violence to their wishes and
+opinions in the disposal which it makes of the revenues of the lands in
+question. Now the rights of the people of Canada on this subject were
+explicitly stated by the late Sir George Murray in 1828, by the Earl of
+Ripon in 1832, by His late Most Gracious Majesty in a message to the
+Legislature of Upper Canada in 1833, and by Lord Glenelg in 1835 and
+1836. I give a summary of the whole in the words of Lord Glenelg, in a
+despatch to the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, dated December 5,
+1835, in reply to an attempt on the part of the latter to induce
+Imperial legislation on the subject. Lord Glenelg says, in behalf of the
+Imperial Government, that:--
+
+ Parliamentary legislation on any subject of exclusively internal
+ concern, in a British colony possessing a representative assembly,
+ is as a general rule unconstitutional. It is a right of which the
+ exercise is reserved for extreme cases, in which necessity at once
+ creates and justifies the exception.
+
+After showing that no necessity existed for setting aside the
+constitutional rights of the Canadian people, Lord Glenelg expresses
+himself in the following language of enlightened political philosophy:--
+
+ It is not difficult to perceive the reasons which induced
+ Parliament, in 1791, to connect with a reservation of land for
+ ecclesiastical purposes, the special delegation to the Council and
+ Assembly of the right to vary that provision by any Bill which,
+ being reserved for the signification of His Majesty's pleasure,
+ should be communicated to both Houses of Parliament for six weeks
+ before that decision was pronounced. Remembering, it should seem,
+ how fertile a source of controversy ecclesiastical endowments had
+ supplied throughout a large part of the Christian world, and how
+ impossible it was to foretell with precision what might be the
+ prevailing opinions and feelings of the Canadians on this subject
+ at a future period, Parliament at once secured the means of making
+ a systematic provision for a Protestant clergy, and took full
+ precaution against the eventual inaptitude of that system to the
+ more advanced stages of a society then in its infant state, and of
+ which no human foresight could divine the more mature and settled
+ judgment.
+
+ In the controversy, therefore, respecting ecclesiastical
+ endowments, which at present divides the Canadian Legislature, I
+ find no unexpected element of agitation, the discovery of which
+ demands a departure from the fixed principles of the constitution,
+ but merely the fulfilment of the anticipations of the Parliament of
+ 1791, in the exhibition of that conflict of opinion for which the
+ statute of that year may be said to have made a deliberate
+ preparation. In referring the subject to the future Canadian
+ Legislature, the authors of the Constitutional Act must be supposed
+ to have contemplated the crisis at which we have now arrived--the
+ era of warm and protracted debate, which, in a free government, may
+ be said to be a necessary precursor to the settlement of any great
+ principle of national policy. We must not have recourse to an
+ extreme remedy, merely to avoid the embarrassment which is the
+ present, though temporary, result of our own legislation.
+
+ I think, therefore, that to withdraw from the Canadian to the
+ Imperial Legislature the question respecting the clergy reserves,
+ would be an infringement of that cardinal principle of colonial
+ government which forbids parliamentary interference, except in
+ submission to an evident and well-established necessity.
+
+In January, 1840, the two branches of the Legislature of Upper Canada
+passed a Bill (the Legislative Assembly by a majority of 28 to 20, and
+the Legislative Council by a majority of 13 to 4) relative to the clergy
+reserve--provided for the interests of their existing incumbents, and
+dividing the proceeds of the sales of said lands among various religious
+persuasions according to a census taken once in five years, and leaving
+each religious persuasion free to expend the sum or sums to which it
+should be entitled according to its pleasure, whether for the support of
+its clergy, the erection of places of worship, or for purposes of
+education. Though the great majority of the people of Upper Canada
+desired the application of the proceeds of these lands for educational
+purposes only; yet a majority of both branches of the Legislature agreed
+to a compromise which could be defended as just to all parties, whatever
+preferences might be entertained on the subject in the abstract. But
+instead of the Royal assent being advised to be given to that Canadian
+Bill on a local Canadian question, a new Bill was introduced into the
+Imperial Parliament, giving about three-fourths of the proceeds of the
+clergy reserves (including past and future sales) to the clergy of the
+churches of England and Scotland, giving nothing to any other church,
+but leaving the remaining one-fourth (or half of future sales) at the
+discretionary disposal of the Executive for religious purposes. This
+part of the Imperial Act has proved inoperative to this day; and should
+any religious persuasion receive any portion of this comparative
+pittance of the clergy land funds, it would do so not as a matter of
+right (as do the Churches of England and Scotland in receiving their
+lion's share), but at and during the pleasure of any party in power--a
+position in which no religious community should be placed to the
+Executive, and in which the Executive ought not to be placed to any
+religious community. Such an Act can be justified upon no principle of
+justice or sound policy, and is at variance with the almost unanimous
+and often recorded wishes of the people of Upper Canada. The _Christian
+Examiner_--a monthly organ of the Church of Scotland in Upper
+Canada--expressed not only the general sentiments of the members of that
+Church, but also of people at large, in the following words, contained
+in an elaborate editorial which appeared in that publication a few
+months before the passing of the Imperial Act of 1841:--
+
+ Year after year, at least during the last decade, the general
+ sentiment in this colony has been uttered in no unequivocal form,
+ that no church invested with exclusive privileges derived from the
+ State, is adapted to the condition of society among us. It cannot
+ be doubted that this is the conviction of nine-tenths of the
+ Colonists. Except among a few ambitious magnates of the Church of
+ England, we never hear a contrary sentiment breathed. Equal rights
+ upon equal conditions is the general cry. And although several
+ Assemblymen of the present House have chosen to misinterpret the
+ public voice, and to advocate a different principle, we doubt not
+ that on their next appearance before their constituents, they will
+ be taught that this is not the age, nor this the country, in which
+ the grand principle of equal rights can be departed from with
+ impunity.
+
+Now, although the Imperial Act of 1840 may have induced "a few magnates"
+of the Church of Scotland to unite with other "magnates," whom they once
+considered "ambitious," in denying the "grand principle of equal rights"
+to their more numerous Methodist brethren, and other religious
+persuasions, yet the "convictions of nine-tenths" of the Canadian people
+remain unchanged; nor will they, because of the changed circumstances of
+a few clergymen of the Church of Scotland, suffer "the grand principle
+of equal rights to be departed from with impunity."
+
+5. I observe, likewise, that the continuance of the Imperial Act of 1840
+is desired by a mere fraction of the Canadian population, while its
+repeal is demanded by that country at large. The assertions of any
+interested parties on a matter of this kind are of little weight against
+the proceedings and statements of the representatives of the people. The
+Address of the Legislative Assembly to Her Majesty must be regarded as
+the authoritative and true expression of the opinions and wishes of the
+Canadian people. It is true, there was diversity of opinion as to the
+manner in which the incumbents on the clergy reserve fund should be
+dealt with, and also as to certain other declarations contained in the
+Address of the Assembly; but no member of the Canadian Legislature
+ventured to justify the provisions of the Imperial Act, and very few
+ventured to vote in favour of its continuance, even upon the ground of
+expediency, in behalf of the "magnates" of two favourable Churches. When
+the resolutions of the Address to Her Majesty were moved in the
+Legislative Assembly of Canada on this subject, an amendment was moved
+by the supporters of the present exclusive privileges of the Churches of
+England and Scotland in Canada an amendment which contained the
+following words:--
+
+ That in the opinion of this House it is inexpedient to disturb or
+ unsettle, by resolution or enactment, the appropriations or
+ endowments now existing in Upper and Lower Canada for religious
+ purposes; that the well-being of society and the growing wants of
+ the various Christian bodies in Canada demand that the several
+ provisions of the Imperial Act 3 and 4 Vic., cap. 78, should be
+ carried out to their fullest extent.
+
+In favour of the amendment, that is, in favour of the continuance and
+operations of the Imperial Act of 1840, voted sixteen; against it voted
+fifty-two. Who would think of perpetuating a law in England at variance
+with the sentiments of three-fourths of the members of the House of
+Commons, and even of a large proportion of the constituency of Great
+Britain? Could the present constitution of government in England be
+maintained, could revolution be long prevented, if laws were retained on
+the statute book condemned by three-fourths of the Commons, and more
+than three-fourth of all classes of people in the land, and those
+statutes involving religious questions? And is that to be perpetuated in
+Canada which would not be retained in England for a month?
+
+6. Into the origin and progress of the controversy connected with the
+clergy reserves, it is needless for me to enter. They are sufficiently
+stated in the Address of the Legislative Assembly of Canada to the
+Queen, a copy of which is herewith annexed, together with the majorities
+by which each of the thirty-one clauses of the Address was separately
+voted. It will be seen that the first twenty-three clauses of the
+Address were carried by a majority of 52 to 18; the 24th clause by 51 to
+20; the 26th clause by 48 to 19; the 27th and 28th clauses by 47 to 20;
+the 29th clause by 36 to 34; the 30th clause by 40 to 28; the 31st
+clause, containing the prayer of the Address, by 45 to 23. The only
+clause of the Address, therefore, in favour of which the majority of the
+Assembly was not large and decided, was the 29th; and in a vote to that
+clause, I have shown that the smallness of the majority was occasioned
+by objections to different parts of the clause upon quite opposite
+grounds, of three classes of members--the sixteen supporters of the
+present pre-eminence of the Churches of England and Scotland, a section
+of the Roman Catholic members, and what in England would be called the
+extreme dissenters. In the vote referred to, I have explained the ground
+of the opposition to this clause by each of these three classes of
+members. It will be seen that the 29th clause is rather speculative than
+practical, and does not affect the character and completeness of the
+Address, every other clause of which was carried by a large majority. It
+is, however, curious to remark, that while the supporters of the present
+exclusive privileges of the Churches of England and Scotland are
+indebted to the assistance of Roman Catholic members for the only vote
+in which the minority was large; yet in England some of these same
+parties represent the Address as having been carried chiefly by Roman
+Catholic votes, with a view of destroying all Protestant institutions in
+Canada.
+
+7. No enlightened and candid person can look at the religious history
+and social state of Canada and desire the perpetuation of the Imperial
+Act 3 and 4 Vic., ch. 78. It is now quite sixty years since Upper Canada
+was formed into a province with a representative government. Its
+population was then 7,000 souls; it is now about 700,000. During the
+first and most eventful half of that sixty years, the ministrations of
+the Churches of England and Scotland can scarcely be said to have had an
+existence there. The present Bishop of Toronto, in a discourse published
+on the occasion of the death of the first Canadian Bishop of the Church
+of England, states that down to the close of the war between Great
+Britain and the United States in 1815, there were but four resident
+clergymen or missionaries of the Church of England in all Upper
+Canada--a statement which is confirmed by the annual reports of the
+Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; and the same
+reports will show how few were the clergy of the Church of England in
+that province down to a recent period. We learn from the same authority,
+that till 1818 there was but one clergyman of the Church of Scotland in
+Upper Canada, and that in 1827 there were but two. It is, therefore,
+clear that during the first half of its sixty years' existence as a
+province, Upper Canada must have been indebted almost entirely to other
+than clergy of the Churches of England and Scotland for religious
+instruction; yet during that thirty years, it is admitted that the
+people of Upper Canada were a religious, an intelligent, and loyal
+people. To whom the people of that province were mainly indebted for
+their religious instruction, and for the formation and development of
+their religious character, appears in a report of a Select Committee of
+the Upper Canada House of Assembly, appointed in 1828, on the religious
+condition of the country, and before which fifty witnesses, chiefly
+members of the Church of England, were examined. I quote the following
+words from the report of that Committee, (which was adopted by the
+Assembly by a majority of 22 to 8), a report which was partly prepared
+in reference to a letter addressed by the present Bishop of Toronto to
+His Majesty's Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1827:--
+
+ The insinuations (says the report) in the letter against the
+ Methodist clergymen, the committee have noticed with peculiar
+ regret. To the disinterested and indefatigable exertions of these
+ pious men this province owes much. At an early period of its
+ history, when it was thinly settled, and destitute of all other
+ means of religious instruction, these ministers of the Gospel,
+ animated by Christian zeal and benevolence, at the sacrifice of
+ health, and interest, and comfort, carried among the people the
+ blessings, and consolations, and sanctions of our holy religion.
+ Their influence and instruction have been conducive in a degree
+ which cannot be easily estimated, to the reformation of the vicious
+ and to the diffusion of correct morals, the foundation of all sound
+ loyalty and social order.
+
+This religious body has now 180 regular ministers in Upper Canada, about
+1,100 churches and preaching places, and embraces in its congregations
+one-seventh of the population.[137] Yet this oldest religious community
+in Upper Canada, together with the Free Presbyterian Church of Canada,
+the United Presbyterian Church, the Baptists and Congregationalists, are
+treated as nobody by the Imperial Act, while the more modern Churches of
+England and Scotland are exclusively endowed, and that by setting aside
+legislative rights which the Constitution of 1791 had conferred upon the
+people of Upper Canada! In Great Britain the Established Churches are
+associated with the early and brightest periods of British history, and
+are blended with all the influences which distinguish and exalt British
+character; but the feelings and predilections arising from such
+reminiscences and associations are not the proper rule of judgment as to
+the feelings, predilections and institutions of Canadian society. As
+Englishmen best know their own feelings and wants, and claim and
+exercise the sole right of judging and legislating for themselves; so do
+the people of Canada best know their own wishes and interests, and ought
+to judge and legislate for themselves in all local matters which do not
+infringe any imperial prerogative. No Englishman can refuse this who
+wishes to do to others as he would have others do to him.
+
+8. But it should also be observed, that down to the passing of the
+Imperial Act of 1840, the influence of the Church of Scotland itself was
+adverse to any such act of partiality and injustice, and in favour of
+applying the proceeds of the clergy reserves even to educational as well
+as religious purposes. The discussion of this question was first
+introduced into the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada in 1823, by the
+Hon. William Morris--a gentleman of great respectability, and who has
+always been regarded and acknowledged as the guardian of the interests,
+and representative of the sentiments, of the Church of Scotland.
+December 22nd, 1826, Mr. Morris moved a series of resolutions on this
+subject, of which the following are the 9th and 10th:--
+
+ 9. _Resolved_,--That it is the opinion of a great proportion of the
+ people of this Province that the clergy lands, in place of being
+ enjoyed by the clergy of an inconsiderable part of the population,
+ ought to be disposed of, and the proceeds of their sale applied to
+ increase the provincial allowance for the support of district and
+ common schools, and the endowment of a provincial seminary for
+ learning, and in aid of erecting places of public worship for all
+ denominations of Christians. [Carried by a majority of 31 to 2.]
+
+ 10. _Resolved_, That it is expedient to pass a Bill, authorizing
+ the sale of the clergy lands within this Province, for the purposes
+ set forth in the foregoing resolution; and to address His Majesty,
+ humbly soliciting that he will be graciously pleased to give the
+ royal assent to said Bill. [Carried by a majority of 30 to 3.]
+
+On the 28th of the same month, Mr. Morris reported a draft of Bill for
+the sale of the clergy reserves, pursuant to the foregoing resolutions.
+The Bill passed the Assembly by a majority of 20 to 3; was sent to the
+Legislative Council, and was rejected. Similar attempts to legislate
+having in like manner and from the same cause proved abortive, another
+address to the King on this subject was adopted by the Assembly in
+March, 1831, and supported, if not introduced, by Mr. Morris. That
+address, which was adopted by a majority of 30 to 7, contains the
+following words:--
+
+ That a large majority of the inhabitants of this Province are
+ sincerely attached to your Majesty's person and government, but are
+ averse to any exclusive or dominant Church. That this House feels
+ confident that, to promote the prosperity of this portion of your
+ Majesty's dominions, and to satisfy the earnest desire of the
+ people of this Province, your Majesty will be graciously pleased to
+ give the most favourable consideration to the wishes of your
+ faithful subjects. That, to terminate the jealousy and dissension
+ which have hitherto existed on the subject of the said clergy
+ reserves--to remove a barrier to the settlement of the country, and
+ to provide a fund available for the promotion of education, and in
+ aid of erecting places of worship for various denominations of
+ Christians: it is extremely desirable that the said land reserved
+ should be sold, and the proceeds arising from the sale of the same
+ placed at the disposal of the Provincial Legislature, to be applied
+ exclusively for those purposes.
+
+This address was replied to the January following, 1832, by a formal
+message from the King, from which I extract the following sentences:--
+
+ The representations which have at different times been made to His
+ Majesty and his Royal predecessors of the prejudice sustained by
+ his faithful subjects in Upper Canada, from the appropriation of
+ the clergy reserves, have engaged His Majesty's most attentive
+ consideration.... It has, therefore, been with peculiar
+ satisfaction that, in his inquiries into this subject, His Majesty
+ has found that the changes sought for by so large a portion of the
+ inhabitants of Upper Canada, may be carried into effect without
+ sacrificing the just claims of the established Churches of England
+ and Scotland.... His Majesty, therefore, invites the House of
+ Assembly of Upper Canada to consider how the powers given the
+ Provincial Legislature by the Constitutional Act to vary or repeal
+ this part of its provisions, can be called into exercise most
+ advantageously, for the spiritual and temporal interests of His
+ Majesty's faithful subjects in the Province.
+
+It will be seen that the Address to the Crown and reply, above quoted,
+contemplated the application of no part of the proceeds of the clergy
+lands for the support of the clergy of any religious persuasion, but the
+application of the whole to the promotion of education, and in aid of
+erecting places of worship. I do not make these references to advocate
+this view of the question, but to show that the Crown has long since
+assented to the alienation of the whole of the proceeds of the reserves
+from the support of the clergy of any Church, should the Canadian
+Legislature think proper to do so, and that the Church of Scotland in
+Upper Canada agreed with the other religious persuasions, and the great
+majority of the Canadian people, in the advocacy of such an alienation
+of said reserves. The same parties cannot now object on constitutional
+and moral grounds to what they heretofore advocated on those same
+grounds.
+
+9. It has, however, been alleged that the people of Canada have
+acquiesced in the provisions of the Imperial Act, and are satisfied with
+it. At the time of passing the Imperial Act, in 1840, and down to within
+the last two years, the discussion of questions relating to the
+organization and system of government itself occupied the attention of
+the public mind in Canada; but no sooner was the public mind set at rest
+on those paramount and fundamental questions, than the Canadian people
+demanded the restoration of their rights on the question of the clergy
+reserves. What they have felt for two years, and often and strongly
+spoken, through the local press and at the hustings, they now speak in
+the ears of the Sovereign of the Imperial Parliament. That there must be
+deep and general dissatisfaction in Canada on this subject, will appear
+from the following circumstances: (1) The Imperial Act infringes the
+rights, and contravenes the wishes of the Canadian people; (2) It
+inflicts an injustice and wrong upon the great majority of the religious
+persuasions in that country, where the "convictions of nine-tenths" or
+rather ninety-nine one-hundredths, of the inhabitants are in favour of
+"equal rights upon equal conditions," among all classes and persuasions;
+(3) The Legislative Assembly, by a majority of 51 to 20, declare that
+the Imperial Act, "so far from settling this long agitated question, has
+left it to be the subject of renewed and increased public discontent;"
+(4) The comparative silence of the Wesleyan body--the oldest, the most
+numerous, and the most unjustly treated, of all the excluded
+denominations--is expressive and ominous. Its representatives, having
+proceeded to England in 1840, remonstrated against this Bill, then
+before Parliament; they sought the assent of Her Majesty's Secretary of
+State for the Colonies to be heard at the Bar of the House of Commons
+against it, and having been refused, they presented to him, July 27th,
+1840, a most earnest remonstrance against the Bill. On the Bill becoming
+law, they silently submitted, and on grounds which were explained, a few
+months since, by the official organ of the Wesleyan Methodist Church in
+Canada, in the following words:--
+
+ On Lord John Russell's Bill becoming a law, the question was
+ changed from a denominational to a Provincial one--from an
+ ecclesiastical to a constitutional one. It was no longer a question
+ between one denomination and another, but a question between Upper
+ Canada and the Imperial Parliament. As Canadians, and acting in
+ behalf of a large section of the Canadian community, the
+ representatives of the Wesleyan Methodist Church expressed their
+ convictions, their feelings, and their apprehensions to Her
+ Majesty's Government while the question was pending before
+ Parliament; but when the execrable Bill became an Imperial Law, it
+ was as much out of place for them as clergymen, or of any religious
+ persuasion to strive to fulfil their own predictions, or set on
+ foot a Colonial civil contest, as it would have been pusillanimous
+ in them not to have remonstrated before the consummation of such an
+ act of wrong against the people of Upper Canada. The question is
+ now being taken up in the right place, and, we trust, in the right
+ spirit.
+
+10. Under such circumstances it is impossible that the question can long
+remain in its present state, and it is for the Imperial Parliament to
+say what shall be done. It is admitted upon all hands that the members
+of the Churches of England and Scotland in Canada are more wealthy in
+proportion to their numbers, and, therefore, less needful of extraneous
+aid than the members of any other religious persuasion; and in
+proportion to their numbers and wealth will be their comparative
+influence and advantages in the proceedings of their own Legislature. It
+is a grave question, whether the Imperial Parliament will place itself
+in an attitude of hostility to the Legislative Assembly and people of
+Canada for the sake of conferring questionable pecuniary distinctions
+upon the clergy of the two most wealthy denominations in that country?
+Should any members of Parliament be disposed to pursue this course, and
+hazard this experiment, I beg them to pause and consider the following
+questions:--
+
+(1) Can the real interests of the Churches of England and Scotland
+themselves be advanced by occupying a position of antagonism to the
+acknowledged equal rights of the great majority of the people of Canada?
+And is it desirable that these Churches should be the instruments and
+emblems of wrong to a country, rather than natural and powerful agencies
+of its unity, advancement, and happiness? Interested parties in Canada
+may not be able to see this, but British and Christian statesmen ought
+not to overlook it.
+
+(2) Ought the members of the Churches of England and Scotland, who take
+a part in public affairs in Canada, and who may be candidates for
+popular power, to be placed in circumstances in which they must either
+war against the position and authorities of their own Church, or war
+against all other religious persuasions, or retire from public life
+altogether?
+
+(3) What will be the natural, or apparently inevitable, result of thus
+singling out two classes of Canadian people, and distinguishing them
+from all others by pecuniary endowments, and sustaining them in that
+position, not by the free Legislature of their own country--not by the
+original principles of their constitution of government to which Canada
+may have pledged itself--but by a recent Imperial Act, to the preparing
+or provisions of which the Canadians were no parties, and against which
+they protest? Is it likely that the will or predilections of a
+transatlantic House of Lords, so largely composed of and influenced by
+one class of ecclesiastical dignitaries, can long determine the mutual
+relations of religious persuasions in a country constituted as Canada
+is, and bordering on the northern free Anglo-States of America? What the
+Canadians ask they ask on grounds originally guaranteed to them by their
+constitution; and if they are compelled to make a choice between British
+connection and British constitutional rights, it is natural that they
+should prefer the latter to the former? It is also to be noted that the
+Imperial Act in question has to be administered through the local
+Canadian administration. Such is the machinery of the Act. The revenue
+that it appropriates is Canadian, and it is worked through Canadian
+agency--through Canadian heads of departments, responsible to the
+representatives of the people of Canada. Should the Canadian people,
+then, find that their respectful and earnest appeal to the Imperial
+Parliament, through the Sovereign, is in vain, they will naturally look
+to their own resources and elect representatives at the ensuing general
+elections who will pledge themselves to oppose the administration of the
+Imperial Act--representatives who will support no Inspector or
+Receiver-General that will be responsible for the payment of even any
+warrant for moneys under such Act. The consequence must soon be, not
+only injury to existing incumbents whom the Canadian Assembly now
+propose to secure, but collision between the Government and the
+Legislative Assembly, and ultimately between the latter and the Imperial
+authorities; and finally, either the establishment of military
+government in Canada (an impossibility), or the severance of that great
+country from Great Britain. On the other hand, if the reasonable demand
+and constitutional rights of the people of Canada be regarded in this
+question, I believe Canada will remain freely and cordially connected
+with the Mother Country for many years, if not generations, to come. I
+will conclude these observations in the expressive words of Lord
+Stanley, to the spirit of which I hope every British statesman will
+respond. On the 2nd of May, 1828, in a speech on this subject, Lord
+Stanley expressed himself in the following terms:--
+
+ That if any exclusive privileges be given to the Church of England,
+ not only will the measure be repugnant to every principle of sound
+ legislation, but contrary to the spirit and intention of the Act of
+ 1791, under which the reserves were made for the Protestant clergy.
+ I will not enter further into it at present, except to express my
+ hope that the House will guard Canada against the evils which
+ religious dissensions have already produced in this country and in
+ Ireland, where we have examples to teach us what to shun. We have
+ seen the evil consequences of this system at home. God forbid we
+ should not profit by experience; and more especially in legislating
+ for a people bordering on a country where religious intolerance and
+ religious exclusions are unknown--a country to which Parliament
+ looked in passing the Act of 1791, as all the great men who argued
+ the question then expressly declared. It is important that His
+ Majesty's Canadian subjects should not have occasion to look across
+ the narrow boundary that separates them from the United States, to
+ see anything there to envy.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[137] Since the foregoing was written, it has been ascertained that the
+Wesleyan Methodists number 142,000, or more than one-fifth of the entire
+population (1850).
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LIV.
+
+1854-1855.
+
+Resignation on the Class-Meeting Question.--Discussion.
+
+
+The last important connexional discussion in which Dr. Ryerson was
+engaged was on the Class-Meeting Question. For years he had objected,
+chiefly privately, amongst his brethren, clerical and lay, to making
+attendance at class-meeting a condition of membership in the Wesleyan
+Methodist Church of Canada. For various reasons, few members of the
+Conference desired to have the subject publicly discussed in Conference.
+They felt that a serious practical difficulty surrounded the question
+itself--difficulties which could not be surmounted by public discussion.
+Many of them also knew that in calmly discussing, without personal
+feeling, the abstract principle involved in the rule, it would be found
+that their judgment and loyal feeling to the Church would go one way,
+while their uniform practice in the administration of the rule would
+often be at variance with both, owing to peculiar circumstances. On the
+other hand, Dr. Ryerson thought, that not only should preaching and
+practice in this matter agree, but that theory and practice should also
+agree. And hence he felt that as his preaching and practice agreed in
+opposition to the rule, he was not loyal to the Church in ministering at
+her altars, while he was heartily and conscientiously opposed to the
+fundamental rule of membership prescribed by that Church. Hence, on the
+2nd of January, 1854, he addressed the following letter to the Rev. Dr.
+Wood, President of the Wesleyan Methodist Conference (I omit extraneous
+matter):--
+
+I hereby resign into your hands, my membership in the Conference, and my
+office as a minister of the Wesleyan Methodist Church--herewith
+enclosing my parchments of ordination, thus taking my place among the
+laity of the Church.
+
+I have resolved to take this step after long and serious deliberation,
+but without consulting any human being. I take this step, not because I
+do not believe that the Wesleyan ministry is as fully authorized as the
+ministry of any other branch of the universal Church, to exercise all
+the functions of Christian priesthood; not because I do not as
+unfeignedly as ever subscribe to all the doctrines of the Wesleyan
+Church; not because I do not profoundly honour the integrity and
+devotedness of the Wesleyan ministry; not because I do not think that
+Christian discipline is as strictly, if not more strictly, maintained in
+the Wesleyan Church than in any other Christian Church in the world.
+
+But I resign (not my connection with, but) my ministerial office in the
+Wesleyan Church, because I believe a condition of membership is exacted
+in it which has no warrant in Scripture, nor in the practice of the
+primitive Church, nor in the writings of Mr. Wesley; and in consequence
+of which condition, great numbers of exemplary heads of families and
+young people are excluded from all recognition and rights of membership
+in the Church. I refer to attendance upon class-meeting--without
+attendance at which no person is acknowledged as a member of the
+Wesleyan Methodist Church, however sincerely and cordially he may
+believe her doctrines, prefer her ministry, and support her
+institutions, and however exemplary he may be in his life.
+
+I believe the class-meetings, as well as love-feasts, have been and are
+a means of immense good in the Wesleyan Church, and that both should be
+employed and recommended as prudential and useful, means of religious
+edification to all who may be willing to avail themselves of them. But
+attendance at love-feast is known to be voluntary and not to be a
+condition of membership in the Church; so I think that attendance at
+class-meeting should also be voluntary, and ought not to be exalted into
+an indispensable condition of membership in the Church; I am persuaded
+that every person who believes the doctrines, and observes the precepts
+and ordinances enjoined by our Lord and His Apostles, is eligible to
+membership in the Church of Christ, and cannot, on Scriptural or
+Wesleyan grounds, be excluded from its rights and privileges upon the
+mere ground of his or her being unable to reconcile it to their views to
+take a part in the conversations of class-meetings.
+
+The views thus stated, I have entertained many years. After having
+revolved the subject in my mind for some time, I expressed my views on
+it in 1840 and 1841.... But since my more direct connection with the
+youth of the country at large, and having met with numbers of exemplary
+persons who prefer the Methodist Church to any other, but are excluded
+from it by the required condition of attending class-meeting, besides
+thousands of young people of Wesleyan parents and congregations, I have
+become more deeply than ever impressed with the importance of the
+question, to which I referred in remarks made at the last and preceding
+Conferences. I had intended until within a short time to defer any
+decision on the step I now take until the next annual Conference, and
+until after bringing the question in the form of distinct propositions
+before the Conference; but, after the best consideration in my power, I
+have thought it advisable to resign my office in the Church at the
+present time--fearing the revival and results of unpleasantnesses from
+my bringing the question formally before the Conference, ... and from a
+deep conviction that I should no longer delay taking the most effectual
+means in my power to draw the attention of the ministry and members of
+the Wesleyan Church to this anomaly in her Disciplinary regulations, and
+secure, if possible, to tens of thousands of persons the rights and
+privileges of membership in that branch of the Church of Christ which
+they prefer--rights and privileges to which I am persuaded they are
+justly entitled upon both Scriptural and Wesleyan grounds.
+
+I do not think it is honest or right for a man to hold the office of a
+minister in a Church, all whose essential regulations, as well as
+doctrines, he cannot justify and recommend. I say essential regulations;
+for there may be many regulations and practices in a Church of which a
+minister may not approve, and the existence of which he may deplore, but
+which would not prevent him from maintaining, as usual, his relations
+and course of labour. An enlightened Christian mind can and will,
+without any compromise of principle, allow a wide latitude in modes of
+proceeding, and in matters of opinion, taste, and prudence. But a
+regulation which determines who shall and who shall not be recognized as
+members of the Church of Christ, involves a vital question, the
+importance of which cannot be overrated, and which must be determined by
+Divine Revelation, and not by mere conventional rules.
+
+Now, while as an individual I may value and wish to attend, as far as
+possible, all prudential as well as instituted means of grace in our
+Church, I cannot as a teacher, by word or office, declare that all
+persons who will not attend class-meetings, in addition to observing all
+the ordinances of Christ, should be rejected and excluded from the
+Christian Church. I cannot say so--I cannot think so--I cannot believe
+it Scriptural or right, in respect to great numbers of estimable
+persons, and of the sons and daughters of our people, who believe
+Wesleyan doctrines, who respect and love the Wesleyan ministry, support
+Wesleyan institutions, are exemplary in their lives, and who wish to be
+members of the Wesleyan Church, but who, from education, or mental
+constitution, or other circumstances, cannot face much less enjoy, the
+developments and peculiarities of the class-meeting. I have met and
+sympathized with many who have sought to reconcile their views and
+feelings to the personal speakings and communications of class-meetings,
+but who could not succeed; and not being allowed otherwise to enjoy the
+privileges of membership in the Wesleyan Church, were driven to seek
+admission into some other Christian communion.
+
+Our Lord and His Apostles have prescribed no form of religious communion
+but the Lord's Supper. The New Testament meetings of Christian
+fellowship, in which the early Christians edified one another, are
+appropriately adduced as the exemplars of Wesleyan love-feasts--that
+voluntary and useful means of religious edification. But it is
+remarkable that a person may neither attend love-feast nor the Lord's
+Supper, and yet retain his membership in the Wesleyan Church, while he
+is excluded from it if he does not attend class-meeting, though he may
+attend both the Lord's Supper and love-feast, as well as the preaching
+of the word and meetings for prayer. Nay, I find in the latter part of
+the section of our Discipline on "Class Meetings," that the minister in
+charge of a circuit is required to exclude all "those members of the
+Church who wilfully and repeatedly neglect to meet their class," but to
+state at the time of their exclusion, "that they are laid aside for a
+breach of our rules of Discipline, and not for immoral conduct." I know
+of no Scriptural authority to exclude any person from the Church of
+Christ on earth, except for that which would exclude him from the
+kingdom of glory, namely, "immoral conduct." But here is an express
+requirement for the exclusion of persons from the Wesleyan Church for
+that which it is admitted is not "immoral conduct," namely, neglect of
+class-meeting. This is certainly going beyond Scriptural authority and
+example.
+
+I have said that I do not regard as Wesleyan, or having the sanction of
+Mr. Wesley, the making attendance at class-meeting an essential
+condition of membership in the Church of Christ. Mr. Wesley declared
+that the sole object of his labours was, not to form a new sect, but to
+revive religion in the Church and in the nation; that each class was a
+voluntary society in the Church, but was no more a separate Church
+organization than a Bible Society, or Temperance Society, or Young Men's
+Christian Association, is a separate Church organization. Nor did Mr.
+Wesley regard the admission of persons into, or exclusion from, any one
+of his societies as affecting, in the slightest degree, such person's
+Church membership. Nay, Mr. Wesley insisted that all who joined his
+societies, in addition to attending class-meeting, and the ministrations
+of his preachers, should regularly attend the services and sacraments of
+the Church of England. In his sermon "On Attending Church Service," Mr.
+Wesley says, "it was one of our original rules, that every member of our
+society should attend the church and sacrament, unless he had been bred
+among Christians of another denomination." In his Tract, entitled
+"Principles of a Methodist Further Explained," (written in reply to the
+Rev. Mr. Church,) Mr. Wesley says:--
+
+ The United Society was originally so called, because it consisted
+ of several smaller societies united together. When any member of
+ these, or of the United Society, are proved to live in known sin,
+ we then mark and avoid them: we separate ourselves from every one
+ that walks disorderly. Sometimes if the case be judged infectious
+ (though rarely) this is decided openly; but this you style
+ "excommunication," and say, "does not every one see a separate
+ ecclesiastical communion?"
+
+Mr. Wesley replies:--
+
+ No. This society does not separate from the rest of the Church of
+ England. They continue steadfast with them both in the apostolical
+ doctrine, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers.
+
+And in further reply to the charge, that in excluding disorderly persons
+from his society, he was usurping a power committed to the higher order
+of the clergy, Mr. Wesley says:--
+
+ No; not in the power of excluding members from a private society,
+ unless on the supposition of some such rule as ours is, viz.: "That
+ if a man separate from the church, he is no longer a member of our
+ society."
+
+These passages (from scores of similar ones in Mr. Wesley's works), are
+sufficient to shew what Mr. Wesley understood and intended by admission
+into, or exclusion from, any one of his societies--that it did not in
+the least affect the relations of any person to the Church of which he
+was a member. Now, the rule which Mr. Wesley imposed as a condition of
+membership in a private society in a Church, we impose as a condition of
+membership in the Church itself.
+
+It is also worthy of remark, that attendance at class-meeting is not
+required of members in the general rules of the society--those very
+rules which our ministers are required to give to persons proposing to
+join the Wesleyan Church.
+
+In those rules no mention is made of class-meeting, nor is it there
+required that each member shall meet the leader, much less meet him in a
+class-meeting, in the presence of many others; but that the leader shall
+see each person in his class, and meet the minister and stewards once a
+week. Yet, by constant and universal practice, we have transferred the
+obligation from the leader to the member, and made it the duty of the
+latter (on pain of excommunication), to meet the former in
+class-meeting; an obligation which is nowhere enjoined in the general
+rules. In those rules it is said:
+
+ There is only one condition previously required of those who desire
+ admission into these societies--a desire to flee from the wrath to
+ come, and to be saved from their sins.
+
+The rules then truly state, that wherever this desire is really fixed in
+the soul, it will be known by its fruits. These fruits are briefly but
+fully set forth under three heads. (1) By doing no harm. (2) By doing
+good. (3) "By attending all the ordinances of God: such as, the public
+worship of God; the ministry of the word, either read or expounded; the
+Supper of the Lord; family and private prayer; searching the Scriptures,
+and fasting or abstinence. These are the general rules of our societies,
+all of which we are taught of God to observe, even in His written word,
+which is the only rule, and the sufficient rule, both of faith and
+practice." Now, neither class-meeting nor love-feast is mentioned among
+the "ordinances of God" enumerated in the general rules of the society;
+nor is it mentioned in Mr. Wesley's Large Minutes of Conference among
+the instituted means of grace. So far as the general rules themselves
+are concerned, there is nothing which makes attendance at class-meeting
+a condition of membership, even in Mr. Wesley's societies as he
+originally instituted them; nor did the idea of holding class-meetings
+at all occur to Mr. Wesley until after the general rules were drawn up
+and published.[138] But what was not required by the general rules soon
+became a condition of membership in another way--this was by the system
+of giving tickets. Mr. Wesley says in his Plain Account of People called
+Methodists:
+
+ As the society increased, I found it required still greater care to
+ separate the precious from the vile. In order to this, I
+ determined, at least once in three months, to talk with every
+ member myself, and to inquire at their own mouth, as well as of
+ their leaders and neighbours, whether they grew in grace and in the
+ knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ. To each of those whose
+ seriousness and good conversation I had no reason to doubt, I gave
+ a testimony under my own hand, by writing their name on a ticket
+ prepared for that purpose. Those who bore these tickets, wherever
+ they came, were acknowledged by their brethren, and were received
+ with all cheerfulness. These tickets also supplied us with a quiet
+ and inoffensive method of removing any disorderly member. He has no
+ ticket at the quarterly visitation (for so often the tickets are
+ changed); and hereby it is immediately known that he is no longer
+ of the community.
+
+It was at length required by a minute of the Conference, (as our own
+discipline enjoins,) that a preacher should not give a ticket of
+membership to any person who did not meet in class. In our own
+Discipline, in the section on class-meetings, will also be found the
+following question and answer:--
+
+ _Question._--What shall be done with those members of our church
+ who wilfully and repeatedly neglect their class?
+
+ _Answer._--1. Let the chairman, or one of the preachers, visit them
+ whenever it is practicable, and explain to them the consequence if
+ they continue to neglect, viz., exclusion.
+
+ 2. If they do not attend, let him who has charge of the circuit
+ exclude them (in the church), showing that they are laid aside for
+ a breach of our rules of discipline, and not for immoral conduct.
+
+By this added ministerial authority and duty, a condition of membership
+in the society is imposed which is not contained in the General Rules,
+and which subjects a member to exclusion, for that which is acknowledged
+to be "not immoral conduct."
+
+This appears a strange regulation in even a private religious society
+within a Church; but no objection could be reasonably made to any such
+regulation in such a society, if its members desired it, and as it would
+not affect their Church membership. But the case is essentially
+different, when such society in a Church becomes a Church, and exercises
+the authority of admitting into, and excluding from the Church itself,
+and not merely a society in the Church.
+
+In England, and especially in the United States and Canada, the Wesleyan
+Societies have become a Church. I have repeatedly shewn in past years,
+that they have become organized into a Church upon both Wesleyan and
+scriptural grounds. I believe the Wesleyan Church in Canada is second to
+no other in the scriptural authority of its ministry and organization.
+Believing this, I believe that exclusion from the Wesleyan Church
+(either by expulsion or refusal of admission) is exclusion from a branch
+of the Church of God--is an act the most solemn and eventful in the
+history and relations of any human being--an act which should never take
+place except upon the clear and express authority of the word of God.
+
+Far be it from me to say one word other than in favour of every kind of
+religious exercise and communion which tends to promote the
+spiritual-mindedness, brotherly love, and fervent zeal of professing
+Christians. That class-meetings (notwithstanding occasional
+improprieties and abuses attending them), have been a valuable means in
+promoting the spirituality and usefulness of the Wesleyan Church, no one
+acquainted with her history can for a moment doubt; and I believe that
+myriads on earth and in heaven have, and will ever have, reason for
+devout thankfulness and praise for the benefits derived from
+class-meetings, as well as from love-feasts and meetings for prayer. But
+attendance upon the two latter is voluntary on the part of the members
+of the Wesleyan Church; and what authority is there for suspending their
+very membership in the Church of God on their attendance upon the
+former? The celebration of the Lord's Supper, and not class-meeting, was
+the binding characteristic institution upon the members of the primitive
+Church. So I am persuaded it should be now; and that Christian faith and
+practice alone (and not the addition of attendance upon class-meeting,)
+should be the test of worthiness for its communion and privileges.
+While, therefore, as an individual I seek to secure and enjoy all the
+benefits of the faithful ministrations and scriptural ordinances of the
+Wesleyan Church, I cannot occupy a position which in itself, and by its
+duties requires me to enforce or justify the imposition of a condition
+of membership in the Church of Christ, which I believe is not required
+by the Holy Scriptures, and the exclusion of thousands of persons from
+Church membership and privileges, to which I believe they have as valid
+a right as I have, and that upon the sole ground of their non-attendance
+at a meeting, the neglect of which our own Discipline admits, does not
+involve "immoral conduct," and which Mr. Wesley himself, in his Plain
+Account of the People called Methodists, has declared "to be merely
+prudential, not essential, not of divine institution."
+
+It is passing strange, that while the Wesleyan Church is the avowed
+"friend of all and enemy of none"--is the most Catholic of any
+Protestant body towards other religious communions--she should close the
+door of admission into her own fold even to attendance upon
+class-meeting. I regard it as the misfortune rather than the dishonour
+of the Wesleyan Church, that she repels thousands that seek her
+communion rather than relax this term of admission. If her success has
+been so great under disadvantages unparalleled, I cannot but believe,
+that, with the same divine blessing, and upon a basis of membership less
+narrow and more scriptural, the Wesleyan Church, would, beyond all
+precedent, increase her usefulness, and enlarge her borders.
+
+I will not permit myself to dwell upon associations and recollections
+which cannot be expressed in words, any more than they can be
+obliterated from the memory, or effaced from the heart. Though I retire
+from councils in the deliberations of which I have been permitted to
+take a part during more than twenty-five years, and relinquish all
+claims upon funds to which I have contributed for a like period, I
+should still deem it my duty and privilege to pray for the success of
+the former, and continue my humble contributions to the latter; while I
+protest in the most emphatic way in my power against shutting the doors
+of the church upon thousands to whom I believe they should be opened,
+and against making that essential and divine, which, as Mr. Wesley says,
+"is merely prudential, not essential, not of divine institution." I hope
+the day is not remote when the Wesleyan Church will be as scriptural in
+her every term of membership as she is in her doctrines of grace and
+labours of love.
+
+To this letter of resignation, Rev. Dr. Wood, President of the
+Conference, replied on the 4th of January:--
+
+ To accept the enclosed documents would be assuming a responsibility
+ at variance with my judgment and affections. If the proposal you
+ make of withdrawing from the Methodist ministry be ever received,
+ it must be with the concurrence of the collective Conference; or,
+ should the question require immediate attention, that of its
+ executive committee. I shall be glad to see the enactment of any
+ regulation which will promote the usefulness of our Church to the
+ benefit of a large and intelligent class of adherents now receiving
+ no recognition beyond their contributions to our institutions; and
+ also the adoption of practical measures by which the youth baptized
+ by Wesleyan ministers may be more personally cared for, and
+ affiliated to our ordinances. Your distinguished ability and
+ matured experience eminently qualify you as a safe legislator and
+ counsellor on such grave questions, which by some cannot be
+ separated from ancient usages greatly blessed to the growing
+ spirituality of true believers, without injury to the vital
+ character of the Church. After so long and useful a career, your
+ separation from our Conference and work would be a connexional
+ calamity. You stand among the few in Canada to whom the present
+ independent and legal position of the Wesleyan Church stands deeply
+ indebted. Future generations of ministers and people will partake,
+ imperceptibly to themselves, of the advantages a few of the more
+ gifted and noble-minded brethren struggled and contended for
+ against so many obstacles. You are as capable of remedying anything
+ wrong, or supplying anything wanting within the Church, as you were
+ many years ago, to overcome impediments to her usefulness without.
+
+Nothing further was done in the matter until at the Belleville
+Conference of 1854 Dr. Ryerson moved the following resolution:--
+
+ 1. That no human authority has a right to impose any condition of
+ membership in the visible Church of Christ, which is not enjoined
+ by, or may be concluded from the Holy Scriptures.
+
+ 2. That the General Rules of the United Societies of the Wesleyan
+ Methodist Church being formed upon the Holy Scriptures, and
+ requiring nothing of any member which is not necessary for
+ admission into the kingdom of grace and glory, ought to be
+ maintained inviolate as the religious and moral standard of
+ profession, conduct and character, in regard to all who are
+ admitted or continued members of our church.
+
+ 3. That the power, therefore, of expelling persons from the visible
+ Church of Christ, for other than a cause sufficient to exclude a
+ person from the kingdom of grace and glory, which the fourth
+ question, and answers to it, contained in the second section of the
+ second chapter of our Discipline, confer and enjoin upon our
+ ministers, is unauthorized by the Holy Scriptures, is inconsistent
+ with the Scriptural rights of the members of Christ's Church, and
+ ought not to be assumed or exercised by any minister of our Church.
+
+ 4. That the anomalous question and answers referred to in the
+ foregoing resolution, be, and are hereby expunged from our
+ Discipline and are required to be omitted in printing the next
+ edition of it. (See page 477.)
+
+These resolutions having been negatived by a considerable majority on
+the 12th June, Dr. Ryerson wrote to the President:
+
+The decision of the Conference this afternoon on the scriptural rights
+of the members of our Church, and the power of our ministers in respect
+to them, makes it at length my painful duty to request you to lay before
+the Conference the letter which I addressed to you the 2nd of last
+January, and that you will consider that letter as now addressed to the
+Conference through you.
+
+I hereby again enclose you my parchments of ordination. I propose to do
+all in my power to promote those important measures in regard to the
+college and means for the regular training of received candidates for
+the ministry which have been recommended by the Conference. I cannot
+attempt to add anything more to what is contained in my letter of the
+2nd January, expressive of what I feel on the present occasion, except
+to say that, although I gave no intimation during the discussion of the
+result of the decision on this subject upon my own official relations to
+the Conference, I retire from it with feelings of undiminished respect
+and affection for my Reverend Brethren, and my earnest prayer for their
+welfare and usefulness.
+
+In reply to this letter Dr. Wood said:--
+
+ The purpose you aim to accomplish can be effectually secured by a
+ different resolution to that introduced yesterday; if you will stay
+ and hear what the brethren may say about the appointment of a large
+ committee to take up this subject before I lay your resignation
+ before them, I shall feel much gratified. I again say, I look upon
+ your proposed withdrawal with deep sorrow, and must say, I cannot
+ bring myself to believe that on such grounds you can be justified
+ in taking so serious a step.
+
+Dr. Ryerson did attend the Conference as suggested, after which he wrote
+to Dr. Wood:--
+
+I listened with delight and hope to the observations and recommendations
+which you made. I anticipated happy results from the appointment of the
+very large committee which you nominated, and which might be considered
+as representing the sentiments and feelings of the Conference. But from
+the lengthened meeting of that committee, in the evening, it was clear
+that no disposition existed to modify the power of ministers to expel
+persons from the Church for non-attendance at a meeting which, in the
+12th section, chap. 1st, page 47, of our own Discipline, taken from the
+writings of Mr. Wesley, is declared to be "prudential," even among
+Methodists--that thus the highest and most awful penalty that the Church
+can inflict--a penalty analagous to capital punishment in the
+administration of civil law--is to be executed upon members of the
+Church for the omission of what our own Discipline does not exalt to
+the rank of a "prudential" means of grace among Christians,--only among
+Methodists.
+
+It was also clear that views of baptism prevailed (I cannot say how
+widely) at variance with the 17th Article of Faith in our
+Discipline,[139] and altogether opposite to those set forth by Mr.
+Wesley in his sermons and in his Treatise on Baptism.
+
+But that for which I was not prepared (which I supposed to have been
+settled, and which I therefore assumed), was the obviously prevalent
+opinion against the Church membership of children baptized by our
+ministry. It will be recollected that I had not proposed any other
+condition or mode of admitting persons into our Church from without,
+than that which already exists amongst us; but I urged in behalf of both
+parents and children, the practical recognition of the rights and claims
+of children who were admitted and acknowledged as members of the Church
+by baptism, as implied in our Form of Baptism, and according to our
+Catechism, and according to what the Conference unanimously declared at
+Hamilton, in 1853, our Church holds to be among the privileges of
+baptized persons,--namely, that "they are made members of the visible
+Church of Christ." Persons cannot, of course, be members of the
+"visible" Church of Christ without becoming members of some visible
+branch or section of it; and it is not pretended that children baptized
+by our ministry are members of any other visible portion of the Church
+of Christ than the Wesleyan. To deny, therefore, that the baptized
+children of our people are members of our Church, and that they should
+be acknowledged as such, and as such be impressed with their obligations
+and privileges, and as such be prepared for, and brought into, the
+spiritual communion and fellowship of the Church, on coming to the years
+of accountability, is, it appears to me, to make the Sacrament of
+Baptism a nullity, and to disfranchise thousands of children of divinely
+chartered rights and privileges. Mr. Wesley, in his Treatise on Baptism,
+in stating the third benefit of baptism, remarks:--
+
+ By baptism we are admitted into the Church, and consequently made
+ members of Christ, its Head. The Jews were admitted into the Church
+ by circumcision, so are the Christians by baptism.
+
+Mr. Wesley, speaking of the proper subjects of baptism, says:
+
+ If infants are capable of making a covenant, and were and still are
+ under the evangelical covenant, then they have a right to baptism,
+ which is the entering seal thereof. But infants are capable of
+ making a covenant, and were and still are under the evangelical
+ covenant.
+
+ The custom of nations and common reason of mankind prove that
+ infants may enter into a covenant, and may be obliged by compacts
+ made by others in their name, and receive advantage by them. But we
+ have stronger proof than this, even God's own word: "Ye stand this
+ day all of you before the Lord,--your captains, with all the men of
+ Israel; your little ones, your wives, and the stranger,--that thou
+ shouldst enter into covenant with the Lord thy God."--Deut. xxix.
+ 10-12. Now, God would never have made a covenant with little
+ children, if they had not been capable of it. It is not said
+ children only, but little children, the Hebrew word properly
+ signifying infants. And these may be still, as they were of old,
+ obliged to perform, in aftertime, what they are not capable of
+ performing at the time of their entering into that obligation.
+
+ The infants of believers, the true children of faithful Abraham,
+ always were under the Gospel covenant. They were included in it,
+ they had a right to it, and to the seal of it; as an infant heir
+ has a right to his estate, though he cannot yet have actual
+ possession.--Vol. x., English Edition, pp. 193, 194. Vol. vi.,
+ American Edition, pp. 16, 17.
+
+Again, Mr. Wesley's third argument on this subject is so clear, so
+touching, and so conclusive, that I will quote it without abridgement,
+as follows:--
+
+ If infants ought to come to Christ, if they are capable of
+ admission into the Church of God, and consequently of solemn
+ sacramental dedication to Him, then they are proper subjects of
+ baptism. But infants are capable of coming to Christ, of admission
+ into the Church, and solemn dedication to God.
+
+ That infants ought to come to Christ, appears from his own words:
+ "They brought little children to Christ, and the disciples rebuked
+ them. And Jesus said, Suffer little children to come unto me, and
+ forbid them not; for of such is the kingdom of heaven."--Matt. xix.
+ 13, 14. St. Luke expresses it still more strongly: "They brought
+ unto him even infants, that he might touch them."--xviii. 15. These
+ children were so little, that they were brought to him; yet he
+ says, "Suffer them to come unto me:" so little, that he "took them
+ up in His arms;" yet he rebukes those who would have hindered their
+ coming to Him. And his command respected the future as well as the
+ present. Therefore His disciples or ministers are still to suffer
+ infants to come, that is, to be brought, unto Christ. But they
+ cannot now come to Him, unless by being brought into the Church;
+ which cannot be but by baptism. Yea, and "of such," says our Lord,
+ "is the kingdom of heaven;" not of such only as were like these
+ infants. For if they themselves were not fit to be subjects of that
+ kingdom, how could others be so, because they were like them?
+ Infants, therefore, are capable of being admitted into the Church,
+ and have a right thereto. Even under the Old Testament they were
+ admitted into it by circumcision. And can we suppose they are in a
+ worse condition under the Gospel, than they were under the law? and
+ that our Lord would take away any privilege which they then
+ enjoyed? Would He not rather make additions to them? This, then, is
+ a third ground. Infants ought to come to Christ, and no man ought
+ to forbid them. They are capable of admission into the Church of
+ God. Therefore they are proper subjects of baptism.--Vol. x.,
+ English Edition, pp. 195, 196. Vol. vi., American Edition, pp. 17,
+ 18.
+
+Upon these Wesleyan and Scriptural grounds, I believe that the promise
+and privileges of membership in the Church belong to the baptized
+children of our people as well as to their parents; that the parents
+have a right to claim this relationship and its privileges for their
+children until such children are excluded from the Church by the lawful
+acts of its executive authorities. Otherwise, the youth baptized by our
+ministry are in the most pitiful and degrading religious position of the
+youth of any Church that recognizes the doctrine of infant baptism; and
+it appears to me that we ought rather not to baptize infants at all, or
+recommend their parents to take them to other churches for baptism, than
+thus to treat the feelings of such parents, and to regard their children
+as having no more membership and privileges in our Church than the rest
+of the youth of the land, or even the world at large.
+
+It is happily true, that many of the children of our people, as well as
+those of other people, are converted and brought into the Church under
+the faithful ministrations of the Word; but how many ten thousand more
+of them would never wander from the Church, would more easily and more
+certainly be led to experience all the power of inward religion and the
+blessings of Christian fellowship, were they acknowledged in their true
+position and rights, and taught the significancy, and obligation, and
+privilege of all that the outward ordinances and their visible relations
+involve were intended to confer. It ought to make a Christian heart
+bleed to think that our largest increase of members, according to
+returns over which we are disposed to congratulate ourselves, falls
+vastly short of the natural increase of population in our own community,
+apart from the increase of the population of the country at large, and,
+therefore, that perhaps five or more persons are sent out into the
+world, as worldlings, from the families of our Church, while one is
+retained or brought into it from the world by all our ministrations and
+agencies. The prophets did not deny to a Jew his membership in the
+Jewish Church, in order to make him a Jew inwardly. Mr. Wesley did not
+un-church the tens of thousands of baptized members of the Church of
+England to whom he successfully preached salvation by faith: he made
+their state, and duties, and privileges, as baptized members of the
+Church of Christ, the grounds of his appeals; and this vantage ground
+was one great means of his wonderful success.
+
+But I will not enlarge. I will only add, that as in former years, I,
+with others, maintained what we believed to be the rights of Canada and
+of our Canadian Church against pretensions which have long since been
+withdrawn, and the erroneous information and impressions connected with
+which have long since been removed; so, I now feel it my duty to do what
+I can to secure and maintain the Scriptural and Wesleyan rights of
+members of our Church against the exercise of ministerial authority
+which has no warrant in Scripture nor in the writings of Mr. Wesley; and
+I feel myself specially called upon by my position in respect to the
+youth of the country, as well as by my strong convictions, to claim and
+insist upon the Scriptural and Wesleyan rights of church membership in
+behalf of the many thousands of children baptized by our
+ministry--believing upon both Scriptural and Wesleyan grounds, it is due
+to such children and to their parents.
+
+I have no object in view, beyond what is avowed in this correspondence.
+If I have had any personal ambition, it has been more than satisfied
+both in the Church and in the country at large. I have nothing more to
+seek or desire, than to employ the short and uncertain time that remains
+to me in striving to become more and more meet for the intercourse of
+the saints in light, to mature and promote for my native country the
+great educational system in which I am engaged, and to secure to all
+members of our Church, and to all parents and children baptized into it,
+what I am persuaded are their sacred rights and privileges. I am
+satisfied that Scriptural and Wesleyan truth will, as heretofore,
+prevail, and that the Conference and the Church will yet rejoice in it,
+however it may, for the moment, be clouded by error and
+misrepresentation, or impeded by personal feelings, groundless fears, or
+mistaken prejudice.
+
+On the 13th June Dr. Ryerson made a request to the Conference that the
+documents connected with his resignation be published in the _Guardian_.
+He said:--
+
+ I wish the church to know the reasons which have influenced me on
+ this occasion--especially as I believe them to be both Wesleyan and
+ Scriptural. As I have for thirty years contributed to all the funds
+ of the preachers and Church, without receiving or expecting to
+ receive a farthing from them, and from the period and kinds of
+ labours I have performed in the Church, and from my wish to live in
+ connexion with it, I think my letters of resignation might at least
+ not be withheld from the members of our Church. If any expense
+ attend the publication of the correspondence between us, I will
+ defray every farthing of it.
+
+ I do not think any other member of the Conference is called upon to
+ do as I have done--my circumstances being peculiar. But I do not
+ wish to be wronged and blackened by misrepresentations; I only
+ desire that my brethren and old friends through the land may be
+ permitted and enabled to read my own reasons and views on this the
+ last occasion of my official intercourse with them.[140]
+
+This request was denied, so that Dr. Ryerson published the documents in
+a pamphlet himself. In doing so he said:--
+
+A more vitally important and deeply affecting subject can scarcely be
+laid before the Wesleyan community; but in order to present it to the
+pious judgment of that body at large, I have had no other alternative
+than to assume the position I now sustain--otherwise being compelled to
+observe, as in past years, a strict silence beyond the walls of the
+Conference room. But from what I have witnessed and heard in that room,
+I appeal to the calm consideration of the intelligent and devout members
+of the Wesleyan Church, either in their closets with their Bible before
+them, or at their firesides with their children around them. Whether I
+have or have not overrated the importance of the question, I leave
+everyone to decide after reading the following correspondence. It will
+be seen that the question is not one of a personal nature--is not one
+which ought to excite any unkind feeling between persons who may take
+different views of it. The question is as to whether, on the Wesleyan
+Conference assuming the position and functions of a distinct and
+independent Church, a condition of membership has not been imposed which
+is a departure from the principles of Mr. Wesley and the doctrine and
+practice of the Apostolic and Primitive Church--a condition which
+ignores the church relation, rights and privileges of the baptized
+children of the Wesleyan body, and excludes thousands from its
+membership upon unscriptural and un-Wesleyan grounds. It will be seen by
+an extract on page 20, that Mr. Wesley's disciplinary object in giving
+quarterly tickets was, "to separate the precious from the vile," "to
+remove any disorderly member;" but in vain have I sought for an instance
+of Mr. Wesley ever excluding, even from his private societies in a
+Church, an upright and orderly member for mere non-attendance at
+class-meeting. That, however, he might have consistently done in a
+society in a Church, if he had thought it expedient to do so, as it
+would not have affected the membership of any parties in the Church to
+which they belonged. The three paragraphs of our Discipline, containing
+three sentences against which I protest, had no place in the Minutes of
+Conference finally revised and printed by Mr. Wesley in the year of his
+death; nor do they exist in the Minutes of the British Conference to
+this day. From what is therefore modern and unauthorized by Scripture,
+by the practice of the Primitive Church, or by Mr. Wesley, I go back to
+first principles, and say, as did Mr. Wesley to Dr. Coke and Mr. Asbury,
+when he sent them to organize the Societies in America into a Church,
+let us "simply follow the Scriptures and the Primitive Church."
+
+It is often said that "nobody objects to attending class-meeting except
+those who have no religion." Persons who thus judge of others show more
+of the Pharisaical, than of the Christian, spirit, and evince but little
+of the "wisdom that cometh from above" in thus "measuring others by
+themselves." The following correspondence shows that I am second to none
+in my appreciation of the value and usefulness of class meetings; but I
+have had too much experience not to know that the best talkers in a
+class-meeting are not always the best livers in the world; and I attach
+less importance to what a person may say of himself in a class-meeting,
+than to uprightness in his dealings, integrity in his word, meekness in
+his temper, charity in his spirit, liberality in his contributions,
+blamelessness in his life. Doings, rather than sayings, are the rule of
+Divine judgment....
+
+It may not be improper for me to observe, that there are ministers who
+loudly advocate attendance at class-meeting as a Church-law, and yet do
+not observe that law themselves perhaps once a year, much less
+habitually, as they insist in respect to private members; and the most
+strenuous of such advocates pay no heed to the equally positive
+prohibitions and requirements of the discipline in several other
+respects, especially in regard to band-meetings, which were designed, as
+the Discipline expressly states, "to obey that command of God, 'confess
+your faults one to another, and pray for one another, that ye may be
+healed.'" I am far from intimating, or believing, that there are many
+advocates of class-meeting tests of this description. But history shows,
+from our Lord to the present time, that the most vehement advocates for
+the "mint, annise and cummin" of particular tests and forms, are not
+proportionably zealous for the "weightier matters of the law." It is
+easier for men to impose and enforce law upon others than to observe it
+themselves. But when a man's words and actions contradict each other,
+the argument of his actions is the more forcible, as well as the more
+honest and sincere.
+
+It has likewise been alleged, that if attendance at class-meeting be not
+made a church-law, and the capital punishment of expulsion be not
+attached to its violation, class-meetings will fall into disuse. I
+answer, this is beside the question. The question is, whether there is
+such a law in the Bible? Has our Lord or His Apostles given authority to
+any conclave or conference to make such a law? Our Lord and the Apostles
+knew better than their followers what was essential to membership in the
+Christian Church, as well as what was essential to its existence and
+prosperity. I may also observe, that if the existence of class-meetings
+cannot be maintained except by the terror of the scorpion-whip, or
+rather executioner's sword, of expulsion from the church, it says little
+for them as a privilege, or place of delightful and joyous resort. My
+own conviction is, that if class-meetings, like love-feasts, were
+maintained and recommended as a privilege and useful means of religious
+edification, and not as a law, the observance of which is necessary to
+membership in the visible Church of Christ, but made voluntary, like
+joining the Missionary Society, class-meetings would be more efficient
+and useful than they are now, and attendance at them would be more
+cordial and profitable, if not as, or even more, general. But what might
+be or not be in any supposed case, is foreign to a question as to what
+is enjoined in the law and testimony of the Holy Scriptures as essential
+to discipleship with Christ.
+
+It is well known that meeting in class, by a large portion of the
+members of the Wesleyan Church, is very irregular--that their absence
+from class-meeting is the general rule of their practice, and their
+attendance the exception. Yet such persons are not excluded, as it would
+involve the expulsion of the greater part of the members of the body,
+including several of its ministers. It is, therefore, so much the more
+objectionable, and so much the more wrong, to have a rule which ignores
+at one sweep the membership of all the baptized children of the body,
+which sends and keeps away the conscientious and straightforward, who
+would not think of joining a religious community without intending
+habitually to observe all its rules, and yet, after all, habitually
+disregarded by a large portion of both preachers and people, and is
+made, as far as my observation goes, an instrument of gratifying
+individual hostility, rather than a means of promoting the religious and
+moral ends of Christian discipline.
+
+It is, however, the bearing of this question upon the relationship and
+destinies of the youth of the Wesleyan body that has most deeply
+impressed and affected my own mind, as may be inferred from the
+correspondence on the subject. It requires less scriptural zeal, and an
+inferior order of qualifications, and it is much more exciting and easy,
+to minister or attend at special meetings, and in the ordinary public
+services of the Church, than to pursue "in season and out of season" the
+less conspicuous and more detailed labour of teaching and training up
+children and youth in the knowledge and experience of the doctrines of
+Christ, and thus secure them to the Church, and to the Saviour, and
+secure to them the "godliness which has the promise of the life that now
+is, and of that which is to come."[141]
+
+And what is the result of the general adoption (with a few fine
+exceptions), of the former in preference to the latter--instead of the
+union of both? It is the humiliating and most painful fact that the
+great majority of Methodist youth are lost to the Church, if not lost to
+Christ and to heaven--that in a large proportion of instances, Methodism
+is not perpetuated to the second generation of the same family--that in
+the great majority of instances it is only so perpetuated very
+partially, and in very few instances to all the children of Methodist
+parents; while there is each year the conversion of only a few hundreds,
+or thousands, mostly from without. The return of prodigals, and the
+accession of strangers and aliens to the body, are indeed causes of
+thankfulness and rejoicing; but prevention is better than cure--piety
+from childhood is better than reformation in manhood. The judgment of
+the Apostle upon him "who neglects to provide for his own house," even
+in temporal matters, is well known; and must there not be a radical
+defect and wrong in any religious organization which loses the great
+majority of its own youth, and depends largely on infusions from without
+for the recruit of its numbers? Such an organization may do much good,
+and widely extend in many places for the time being, especially in a new
+and unsettled state of society; but the vital element of permanent
+strength and lasting prosperity is wanting, where, by its repulsion or
+neglect, the great majority of its baptized youth are alienated from,
+and lost to its communion. It is not in the promise of God, or in the
+genius of Scriptural Christianity, that "children trained up in the way
+they should go," will, in many instances, much less generally, depart
+from it in after years....
+
+Impressed with the magnitude of the wrongs and evils above referred to,
+dreading personal collision in the Conference, anticipating but little
+success from it, and feeling uncertain as to how few were likely to be
+the days of my earthly career, and believing that a special duty was
+imposed upon me in this respect by Providential circumstances, I
+addressed to the President, the 2nd of January, ... as the most likely
+means, without collision with any person or body, to draw practical
+attention to the subject, on the part of both the ministry and the laity
+of the Church.... I have the satisfaction of knowing that, if the first
+efforts of my pen, after joining the Conference in 1825, were to
+advocate the right of the members of the Church to hold a bit of ground
+in which to bury their dead, and the right of its ministers to perform
+the marriage service for the members of their congregations, my last
+efforts in connection with the Conference have been directed to obtain
+the rights of Christian citizenship to the baptized children and
+exemplary adherents of the Church. While I maintain that each child in
+the land has a right to such an education as will fit him for his duties
+as a citizen of the state, and that the obligations of the state
+correspond to the rights of the child, so I maintain, upon still
+stronger and higher grounds, that each child baptized by the Church is
+thereby enfranchised with the rights and privileges of citizenship in
+it, until he forfeits them by personal misconduct and exclusion, and
+that the obligations of the Church correspond to the rights of the
+child. I also maintain that each member of Christ's visible Church, has
+a scriptural right to his membership in it as long as he keeps the
+"commandments and ordinances of God," whether he attends or does not
+attend a meeting which Mr. Wesley (who instituted it), declared to be
+"merely prudential, not essential, not of divine institution," and for
+not attending which he never excluded, or presumed to authorize
+excluding, a person from Church membership. It is a principle of St.
+Paul, in the 14th chapter of Romans, of all true Protestantism, as well
+as of the writings of Mr. Wesley, "in necessary things unity, in
+non-essentials liberty, in all things charity."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In a letter, written from Quebec to a dear friend in Toronto, Dr.
+Ryerson thus refers to his religious experience at that time of personal
+trial on the class-meeting question. He said:--In compliance with the
+entreaties of the Hon. James Ferrier and the Rev. Wm. Pollard, I
+preached here last Sunday evening, and perhaps seldom with so much
+effect--certainly, never in Lower Canada. The congregation was very
+large; many members of the Legislature were present; and some were much
+affected. I had felt condemned for not preaching in New Brunswick when
+solicited; and I have felt that I have done right in obeying the powers
+that be in this respect in Quebec. I am solicited to remain and preach
+here again next Sunday, as many public persons have expressed
+disappointment at not having heard me last Sunday evening. A leading
+member of the church from Montreal was so comforted and edified, that
+after having spent the evening in my room until after ten o'clock, he
+went to write out all of the discourse he could remember. The friends
+here seem delighted to think I will still preach, and say that I would
+sin against God and man if I refused. My discourse on Sunday was the
+result of my reflections and prayer here without books or notes; and I
+feel much better since I consented to do what all seemed to think I
+ought to do. They are quite satisfied with the course I have adopted,
+and think it will result in great good, if I will not refuse to preach.
+The words of St. Paul (1st Cor. ch. 9, verse 16), in a chapter to which
+I opened the other day, have affected me much; and I know not that I can
+otherwise do so much good during the very few years at most that now
+remain to me, as to preach when desired by those who have authority in
+the matter, in any church or place. I feel deeply humbled under a sense
+of my own unfaithfulness, and am amazed at the great goodness,
+long-suffering and compassion of God towards me.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[138] Mr. Wesley's own account of the origin of the office of
+class-leader and class-meetings, illustrates the accuracy of what I have
+stated. The office was first created at Bristol, 15th February, 1742,
+for financial purposes alone. A few weeks afterwards, it was instituted
+for religious purposes also; and for the twofold object of religion and
+finance, it was embodied in the General Rules, which were drawn up and
+signed by Mr. Wesley, 1st May, 1743; but in which there is no mention
+made of class-meeting, or of the duty of any member to meet in class. In
+his "Plain Account of the People called Methodists," Mr. Wesley thus
+states the origin of the office of class-leader and the institution of
+class-meetings.
+
+At length (says he,) while we were thinking of quite another thing, we
+struck upon a method for which we have had cause to bless God ever
+since. I was talking with several of the Society in Bristol (Feb. 15,
+1742,) concerning the means of paying the debts there, when one stood
+up, and said, 'Let every member of the Society give a penny a week till
+all are paid.' Another said, 'But many of them are poor, and cannot
+afford to do it.' 'Then,' said the other, 'put eleven of the poorest
+with me, and if they can give anything, well: I will see them weekly;
+and if they can give nothing, I will give for them as well as for
+myself. And each of you will call upon eleven of your neighbours weekly,
+receive what they give, and make up what is wanting.' It was done. In a
+little while some of these informed me, they found such and such an one
+did not live as he ought. It struck me immediately, This is the very
+thing we have wanted so long. I called together the Leaders of the
+classes (so we used to term them and their companies,) and desired that
+each would make particular inquiry into the behaviour of those whom he
+saw weekly. They did so. Many disorderly walkers were detected. Some
+turned from the evil of their ways. Some were put away from us. Many saw
+it with fear, and rejoiced in God with reverence. As soon as possible,
+the same method was used in London, and in all other places. The
+following is Mr. Wesley's account of the first appointment of
+class-leaders in London, extracted from his Journal, Thursday, March 25,
+1742: I appointed several earnest and sensible men to meet me, to whom I
+showed the great difficulty I had long found of knowing the people who
+desired to be under my care. After much discourse, they all agreed there
+could be no better way to come to a sure, thorough knowledge of each
+person, than to divide them into classes, like those at Bristol, under
+the inspection of those in whom I could confide. This was the origin of
+our classes at London, for which I can never sufficiently praise God;
+the unspeakable usefulness of the institution having ever since been
+more and more manifest. In his "Plain Account of the People called
+Methodists," Mr. Wesley says, "At first they (the Leaders) visited each
+person at his own house; but this was soon found not so expedient, and
+that on many accounts." Mr. Wesley assigns several reasons for this
+change, and proceeds to answer several objections to class-meetings. The
+following passage shows the exact ground on which Mr. Wesley based the
+institution of class-meetings:
+
+Some objected, 'There were no such meetings when I came into the society
+first; and why should there be now? I do not understand these things,
+and this changing one thing after another continually.' It was easily
+answered: It is a pity but they had been from the first. But we knew not
+then either the need or the benefit of them. Why we use them, you will
+easily understand, if you will read over the Rules of the Society. That
+with regard to these little prudential helps, we are continually
+changing one thing after another, is not a weakness or fault as you
+imagine, but is a peculiar privilege which we enjoy. By this means we
+declare them all to be merely prudential, not essential, not of divine
+institution.
+
+Now, while it is proper for each person, as far as may be consistent
+with his circumstances and views of duty, to use every prudential means
+of doing and getting good, yet the observance of nothing but what is
+Divinely instituted should be imposed as a condition of membership in
+the Church of God. To make attendance at class-meeting that condition,
+is to require what the Lord hath not commanded, and to change
+essentially the character and objects of a means of good which Mr.
+Wesley (with whom it originated) declared to be "merely prudential, not
+essential, not of divine institution."
+
+That Mr. Wesley conceived the basis of a church should be much more
+comprehensive than the rules he drew up and recommended in regard to the
+"little prudential helps" which were suggested to him from time to time,
+is obvious from the eighth of his twelve reasons against organising a
+new church--reasons published many years after the preparation and
+adoption of all his society rules. His words are as follows: "Because to
+form the plan of a new church would require infinite time and care, with
+much more wisdom and greater depth and extensiveness of thought than any
+of us are masters of."
+
+[139] The following is the Article of Faith referred to:--
+
+_XVII. Of Baptism._ Baptism is not only a sign of profession, and mark
+of difference, whereby Christians are distinguished from others that are
+not baptized, but it is also a sign of regeneration or the new birth.
+The baptism of young children is to be retained in the church.
+
+[140] I have understood, nevertheless, that a resolution was adopted
+expressing the sense of the Conference as to my past labours in the
+Church; but the publication of it has been suppressed in the official
+organ, as also in the printed minutes, of the Conference.
+
+The correspondence in the subsequent pages shows with what feelings and
+sentiments I retired from the councils of the Conference; and I could
+not have supposed that any members of that body were capable of
+excluding from the public records of its proceedings what the Conference
+had deemed a bare act of justice to an individual who had laboured
+nearly thirty years in connection with it, and often performed most
+difficult services and labours in its behalf. Such a proceeding will
+reflect more dishonour upon its authors than upon me, in the judgment of
+every honourable and Christian mind in Upper Canada, of whatever
+persuasion or party. I am happy to believe that this poor imitation of
+the system of the "Index Expurgatorius" cannot blot from the memories of
+an older generation in the Church recollections of labours and struggles
+of which the expurgators know nothing but the fruits--among which are
+the civil and religious privileges they enjoy.
+
+I have also been credibly informed that, while the real grounds of my
+resignation and the judgment of the Conference upon my conduct and
+labours during many years' connection with it, are withheld from the
+Wesleyan public, insinuations are circulated, that my resignation has
+been dictated by ulterior political objects--an idea which I have never
+for one moment entertained, and which is foreign, as far as I know, to
+the thoughts of every public man in Canada.
+
+[141] Of the utter insufficiency of public ministrations alone, even for
+grown up Christians, much more for children, Mr. Wesley thus speaks in
+his large and authorized Minutes of Conference:--"For what avails public
+preaching alone, though we could preach like angels? We must, yea, every
+travelling preacher must, instruct them from house to house. Till this
+is done, and that in good earnest, the Methodists will be little better
+than other people. Our religion is not deep, universal, uniform; but
+superficial, partial, uneven. It will be so, till we spend half as much
+time in this visiting, as we now do in talking uselessly." "For, after
+all our preaching, many of our people are almost as ignorant as if they
+had never heard the gospel. I speak as plain as I can, yet I frequently
+meet with those who have been my hearers many years, who know not
+whether Christ be God or man. And how few are there who know the nature
+of repentance, faith and holiness. Most of them have a sort of
+confidence that God will save them, while the world has their hearts. I
+have found by experience, that one of these has learned more from one
+hour's close discourse than from ten years' public preaching." "Let
+every preacher having a catalogue of those in each society, go to each
+house. Deal gently with them, that the report of it may move others to
+desire your coming. Give the children the instructions for children, and
+encourage them to get them by heart. Indeed, you will find it no easy
+matter to teach the ignorant the principles of religion. So true is the
+remark of Archbishop Usher--'Great scholars may think this work beneath
+them. But they should consider, the laying the foundation skilfully, as
+it is of the greatest importance, so it is the masterpiece of the wisest
+builder. And let the wisest of us all try, whenever we please, we shall
+find that to lay this ground-work rightly, to make the ignorant
+understand the grounds of religion, will put us to all our skill.'"
+"Unless we take care of the rising generation, the present revival will
+be _res unius aetatis_ (a thing of one generation); it will last only
+the age of a man."
+
+There are several ministers who earnestly labour in the spirit of these
+extracts from Mr. Wesley's Minutes of Conference--printed the year of
+his death. But their labours are the promptings of individual zeal and
+intelligence, and not dictated or backed by the authoritative example of
+the ministry and Church at large, or the recognition of the Church
+relations of the interesting subjects of their instructions. The effect
+of the general disuse or neglect of systematic individual instruction of
+children, not speaking of such, instruction of adult members, and
+reliance upon public ministrations and meetings alone, must be
+instability of religious profession, want of clear and acute views of
+the grounds, doctrines, nature, institutions and duties of religion,
+indifference to all religion, or wandering from denomination to
+denomination according to circumstances or caprice; but in all cases the
+loss to the Wesleyan Church of the greater part of the harvest which she
+should and might gather into the garner of Christ.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LV.
+
+1855.
+
+Dr. Ryerson Resumes his Position in the Conference.
+
+
+Although the great majority of the Conference of 1854, after much
+conflict of feeling--in which regret and sympathy were mingled--rejected
+the resolutions proposed by Dr. Ryerson on the class-meeting question,
+yet sorrow at the loss from their councils of so distinguished a man as
+Dr. Ryerson prevailed amongst them. This feeling deepened as the year
+advanced, and much personal effort was made to induce him to consent to
+some honourable means by which his return to the ministerial ranks could
+be secured. At length, as the Conference-year neared its close, he
+yielded to the wishes of his friends, and, on the 26th May, 1855,
+addressed the following letter to Rev. Dr. Wood, President of the
+Conference:--
+
+From the conversations which have taken place between you, my brother,
+and some others of our ministers and myself, in reference to my present
+and future relations to the Conference and to the Church, I think it but
+respectful and an act of duty to state my views in writing, that there
+may be no misapprehension on the subject, and that you may adopt such a
+course as you shall think advisable.
+
+When I wrote my letters of resignation of office in the Church, the one
+dated 2nd January, 1854, and the other the 12th day of June following, I
+had but faint expectations of being in the land of the living at this
+time. In what I wrote and did, I acted under the apprehension of having
+no longer time for delay in attesting, in the most decisive and
+practical way in my power, what I believe to be the divine rights of
+members of the visible Church of Christ whether they are baptized
+children or professing Christians. Since then I have reason to be
+thankful that the alarming symptoms in respect to my health have in a
+great measure subsided, and that I have the prospect of being able to
+continue my labours with undiminished strength and vigor, at least for
+some time to come.
+
+In my first letter to you I stated and explained at length my belief
+that making attendance at class-meeting an essential condition of
+membership in the Church of God, is not only requiring what is not
+enjoined in the word of God, but excluding, on other than scriptural
+grounds, exemplary persons from the Church of Christ, and unchurching
+the baptized children of our people who, as well as their parents, are
+scripturally entitled to membership in the Church. Having given the
+subject much further consideration during the last twelve months, and
+having examined all the works on it within my reach, I am, if possible,
+more fully confirmed in the views I expressed last year, as both
+Wesleyan and scriptural, than when I penned them. And it is not unworthy
+of remark, that the only two newspapers in Canada which have combatted
+my views have been _The Church_ and _The Catholic Citizen_; and both of
+these papers have done so upon the ground that my views were not
+compatible with the due authority of the Church to decree dogmas, rites
+and ceremonies. I acknowledge myself a heretic according to their creed
+of ecclesiastical authority; and I confess that the position I have been
+unexpectedly compelled to assume during the last two or three years as
+to the right of every man to the Bible, and the rights of individuals
+and municipalities against compulsion in regard to taxation for the
+support of sectarian schools, has more deeply impressed upon my mind
+than ever that the Bible is the only safeguard of civil liberty, and
+that "the Bible only ought to be the religion of Protestants;" and
+especially in a matter so important as that which determines who are
+members and what are the conditions of membership in the Church of
+Christ.
+
+I must, therefore, in all frankness and honesty, still declare my
+conviction that there is no scriptural authority for the power which is
+given to a minister, by the answers to the 4th question in the 2nd
+section of the 2nd chapter of our Discipline, to exclude a person from
+the Church of God for what is expressly stated not to be "immoral
+conduct," namely, not attending a meeting which is not ranked among the
+ordinances of the Church in the General Rules of our Societies, which
+the 12th section of the 1st chapter of our Discipline does not enumerate
+among the "prudential means of grace," even among Methodists, and which
+Mr. Wesley stated to be "not spiritual, not of divine institution." I
+would never exercise such authority myself; I never have exercised it;
+but I will not assume to judge those who think and act otherwise.
+
+I beg, however, that it may not be forgotten, that while I thus speak
+and quote the authorities of the Church in respect to class-meeting as a
+test or condition of Church membership; yet as a prudential means of
+grace and a mode and means of Christian fellowship, I regard
+class-meetings (as stated in my former letters above referred to), as
+well as love-feasts and prayer-meetings, as of the greatest value and
+importance. But when I think of class-meeting being converted into a
+condition of membership in the Church of Christ, and thus made the
+occasion of excluding from its pale the whole early generation of our
+people and many other sincere Christians, I cannot view it as I would
+wish, and as I could otherwise do, with the same feelings that I view
+love-feasts and prayer-meetings.
+
+In regard to the other aspect of the question, as it applies to the
+baptized children of our people, and in which the nature and office of
+Baptism are involved, I feel it to be of such vital importance that I
+must beg to make some observations which I hope may not be considered
+out of place, or prove altogether useless.
+
+The circumstances which have caused me to feel so strongly on this point
+were stated in my letter to you on the 2nd January, 1854, and afterwards
+more fully justified in my letter of the 12th of June following; and it
+is with no small degree of surprise that I have found my views
+misapprehended and pronounced unsound. It has been alleged that they
+involve baptismal regeneration. Nothing can be further from the fact.
+What I maintain is simply what is stated in the 17th Article of Faith
+professed by our Church, and by the catechism used in the Methodist
+Church on both sides of the Atlantic, and what is set forth at large in
+the writings of Mr. Wesley and Mr. Watson. Baptism, like the Lord's
+Supper, is an outward sign; but, of course, neither can be that of which
+it is the sign.
+
+ Baptism (as the 17th Article of our Faith expresses it), is not
+ only a sign of profession, and mark of difference whereby
+ Christians are distinguished from others that are unbaptized, but
+ it is also a sign of regeneration, or the new birth.
+
+What I maintain is, that baptism is the outward and visible sign, while
+regeneration, or the new birth, is the inward spiritual grace; that by
+baptism we are born into the visible Church of Christ on earth, while by
+the Holy Ghost we are born into the spiritual or invisible Church of
+Christ in heaven, the same as in the Lord's Supper; there is the visible
+act of the Church and of the body of communicants, and the invisible act
+of the Saviour by the Holy Ghost and of the soul of the communicant. The
+two are distinct; the one may not accompany the other; but they may, and
+often do, accompany each other. The parent should bring his child in
+faith to the Lord's baptism, the same as the communicant should come in
+faith to the Lord's Supper. The communion of the Lord's Supper is the
+act of a professed member of Christ's visible Church; the receiving of
+the Lord's baptism, is receiving the seal of membership in Christ's
+visible Church, that "mark of difference whereby Christians are
+distinguished from others that are not baptized." Hence in the Wesleyan
+catechism, the question is asked,--
+
+ What are the privileges of baptized persons? The answer is,--They
+ are made members of the visible church of Christ; their gracious
+ relation to Him as the Second Adam, and as the Mediator of the New
+ Covenant, is solemnly ratified by divine appointment; and they are
+ thereby recognized as having a claim to all the spiritual blessings
+ of which they are the proper subjects.
+
+I maintain, therefore, that the language of our Articles of Faith and
+Catechism, as well as of our Baptismal Service and the writings of Mr.
+Wesley, explicitly declares baptism an act of the Church by which it
+receives the children baptized into its bosom--that all baptized
+children are truly members of Christ's visible Church, although they be
+not communicants in it until they personally profess the Faith of their
+Baptism, and evince their desire to flee from the wrath to come by the
+negative and positive proofs so briefly and fully enumerated in the
+General Rules of our societies.
+
+The Church membership of baptized children is known to be the doctrine
+of all parties in the Church of England, as well as of Mr. Wesley. It is
+equally the doctrine of all sections of the Presbyterian Church, in
+which the baptized children are regarded as members of the Church, but
+not communicants until they make a personal profession of conversion,
+and receive a token or ticket of admission to the Lord's Supper. On this
+point it is sufficient to cite the following passages from the fifteenth
+chapter of the fourth book of Calvin's Institutes.
+
+ Baptism is a sign of initiation, by which we are admitted into the
+ society of the Church, in order that being incorporated into
+ Christ, we may be numbered among the children of God.... For as
+ circumcision was a pledge to the Jews, by which they were assured
+ of their adoption as the people and family of God, and on their
+ parts professed their entire subjection to Him, and, therefore, was
+ their first entrance into the Church; so now we are initiated into
+ the Church of God by baptism, are numbered among His people, and
+ profess to devote ourselves to his service.... How delightful is it
+ to pious minds, not only to have verbal assurances, but even
+ occular proof, of their standing so high in the favour of their
+ heavenly Father, that their posterity also are the objects of his
+ care! This is evidently the reason why Satan makes such great
+ exertions in opposition to infant baptism: that the removal of this
+ testimony of the grace of God may cause the promise which it
+ exhibits before our eyes gradually to disappear, and at length to
+ be forgotten. The consequence of this would be an impious
+ ingratitude to the mercy of God, and negligence of the instruction
+ of our children in the principles of piety. For it is no small
+ stimulus to our education of them in the serious fear of God, and
+ the observance of His law, to reflect, that they are considered and
+ acknowledged by Him as His children as soon as they are born.
+ Wherefore, unless we are obstinately determined to reject the
+ goodness of God, let us present to Him our children, to whom He
+ assigns a place in His family, that is, among the members of His
+ church.
+
+Richard Watson, the great expounder of Wesleyan Christian doctrine,
+treats this subject elaborately in the third chapter of the fourth part
+of his Theological Institutes. I will only quote the following
+sentences:--
+
+ Infant children are declared by Christ to be members of His Church.
+ That they were members of God's Church, in the family of Abraham,
+ and among the Jews, cannot be denied.... The membership of the Jews
+ comprehended both children and adults; and the grafting-in of the
+ Gentiles, so as to partake of the same "root and fatness," will,
+ therefore, include a right to put their children also into the
+ covenant, so that they, as well as adults, may become members of
+ Christ's Church, have God to be their God, and be acknowledged by
+ Him, in the special sense of the terms of the covenant, to be His
+ people.... "Whosoever (says Christ) shall receive this child in my
+ name, receiveth me;" but such an identity of Christ with His
+ disciples stands wholly upon their relation to Him as members of
+ His "mystic body, the Church." It is in this respect only that they
+ are "one with Him;" and there can be no identity of Christ with
+ "little children" but by virtue of the same relation, that is, as
+ they are members of His mystical body, the Church; of which
+ membership baptism is now, as circumcision was then, the initiatory
+ rite.... The benefits of this Sacrament require to be briefly
+ exhibited. Baptism introduces the adult believer into the covenant
+ of grace and the Church of Christ; and is the seal, the pledge, to
+ him, on the part of God, of the fulfilment of all its provisions,
+ in time and in eternity; whilst on his part, he takes upon himself
+ the obligation of steadfast faith and obedience. To the infant
+ child, baptism is a visible reception into the same covenant and
+ church, a pledge of acceptance through Christ--the bestowment of a
+ title to all the grace of the covenant as circumstances may
+ require, and as the mind of the child may be capable of receiving
+ it; and as it may be sought in future life by prayer, when the
+ period of reason and moral choice shall arrive. It conveys also the
+ present blessing of Christ, of which we are assured by His taking
+ children in His arms, and blessing them; which blessing cannot be
+ merely nominal, but must be substantial and efficacious. It
+ secures, too, the gift of the Holy Spirit in those secret spiritual
+ influences, by which the actual regeneration of those children who
+ die in infancy is effected; and which are a seed of life in those
+ who are spared to prepare them for instruction in the word of God,
+ as they are taught by parental care, to incline their will and
+ affections to good, and to begin and maintain in them the war
+ against inward and outward evil, so that they may be divinely
+ assisted, as reason strengthens, to make their calling and election
+ sure. In a word, it is, both as to infants and adults, the sign,
+ and pledge of that inward grace, which, though modified in its
+ operations by the difference of their circumstances, has respect
+ to, and flows from, a covenant relation to each of the Three
+ Persons in whose one name they are baptized,--acceptance by the
+ Father--union with Christ as the head of His mystical body, the
+ Church--and communion with the Holy Ghost. To these advantages must
+ be added the respect which God bears to the believing act of the
+ parents, and to their solemn prayers on the occasion, in both of
+ which the child is interested; as well as in that solemn engagement
+ of the parents which the rite necessarily implies, to bring up
+ their child in the nurture and admonition of the Lord.
+
+To these impressive words of Richard Watson, I add the following equally
+impressive extract from the pastoral address of the Wesleyan Conference
+in England to the Societies under its charge in 1837:--
+
+ By baptism you place your children within the pale of the visible
+ Church, and give them a right to all its privileges, the pastoral
+ care of its ministers, and as far as their age and capacity will
+ allow, the enjoyment of its ordinances and means of grace. These
+ children are not offshoots of the Church, enjoying only a distant
+ relation to it, but they are of it, as a fact; they are grafted
+ into the body of Christ's disciples; they are partakers of an
+ initiatory and provisional state of acceptance with God, and can
+ forfeit their right to the fellowship of the saints only by a
+ course of sin. Besides, when this sacred ordinance is regarded by
+ parents in the spirit of prayer and faith, it cannot be
+ unaccompanied by the divine blessing. Grace is connected with every
+ institution of the Christian Church; and when children are
+ constituted a part of the flock of Christ by being placed within
+ the fold, they have a peculiar claim on the care of that good
+ Shepherd who "gathereth the lambs with his arms and carries them in
+ his bosom;" and they will receive instruction, spiritual
+ influences, tender care, and the exercise of mercy, agreeing with
+ the relation in which they stand to God. On these grounds we
+ affectionately exhort you to place your beloved offspring within
+ the "courts of the house of our God," and amongst the number of His
+ family, by strictly attending to this divinely appointed ordinance
+ of our Saviour.[142]
+
+Dr. Ryerson's views were, therefore, the same in 1834 as they were in
+1854--that by Baptism children stand in the relation of members of the
+Church, and should be enrolled in its registers, and entitled to its
+privileges, until they, by their own voluntary irregularity or neglect,
+forfeit them. The coincidence mentioned, and the consistency of the
+views expressed by Dr. Ryerson twenty years before, are very remarkable.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Now what are these solemn and affecting words of John Calvin, of Richard
+Watson, and of the British Conference, but a mockery and a snare, if the
+baptized children are not to be acknowledged and treated as members of
+the visible church of Christ? Ought not then children baptised by the
+Wesleyan ministry to be recognized and cared for as members of the
+Wesleyan Church? It is absurd, and leaves them in a state of religious
+orphanage, to say that they are members of the visible Church of Christ,
+but not members of any particular branch of it. As well might it be
+said, that the children born in Canada, are members of the Canadian
+family, but not members of any particular family in Canada. To be the
+former without being the latter, would indeed allow them a country, but
+would leave them without a home, without a parent, without a protector,
+without an inheritance--homeless, houseless, destitute orphans. Is this
+the relation in which the baptized children of our people are to be
+viewed to the Church of their parents? In doing so, are not the most
+powerful considerations, motives and influences brought to bear upon
+both parents and children? In not doing so, is not the greatest wrong
+inflicted upon both, the ordinance of baptism virtually ignored, and its
+blessings lost? But in denying that any one is or can be a member of the
+Church except one who meets in class, are not the baptized children of
+our people refused a place within its pale? deprived of their baptismal
+birthright, before they are old enough to forfeit it by transgression?
+shut out from the family of God's people, and as practically unchurched
+as if they had never received a Christian name, in the name of the
+Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost? I cannot reflect upon the
+subject or contemplate its consequences, without the deepest pain and
+solicitude. I will pursue it no further, but will leave it with you and
+those on whom the responsibility of deciding upon it devolves.
+
+It will be remembered that I have never said anything as to the mode of
+receiving adult persons from without into the Church; nor as to the
+class of members who alone should be eligible to hold office in the
+Church; nor have I entertained the idea that any other than the
+scriptural summary of Christian morality contained in the General Rules
+of our Societies should be applied to all members of the Church, whether
+in full communion or not. Nor have I other than supposed that all
+persons recognized as a part of the Church, would, as far as
+circumstances can permit, be registered as classes, and called upon
+regularly by a leader or steward for their contributions in support of
+the ministry and other institutions of the Church, the same as persons
+meeting weekly in a class. What I have said applies wholly and
+exclusively to the Church relation and rights of the baptized children
+of our people, and to the rights of persons otherwise admitted into the
+Church, who, I believe, ought not to be excluded from it except for what
+would exclude them from the kingdom of grace and glory.
+
+Anything appertaining to myself personally is unworthy of mention in
+such a connexion. I banish from my mind and heart the recollection and
+feeling of anything I consider to have been uncalled for and unjust
+towards myself on the part of others. Though I have resigned the
+ecclesiastical or outward authority to exercise the functions of the
+Christian ministry, I have never regarded myself as a secular man; I
+have felt, and do feel, and especially with improved health, the inward,
+and, I trust, divine conviction of duty to preach, as occasion may
+offer and strength permit, the unsearchable riches of Christ to dying
+men. And if after the past publication and foregoing statement of my
+convictions on the point of Church Discipline and its administration, as
+affecting baptized children and other scripturally blameless members of
+the Church, and my purpose to maintain them on such occasions, and in
+such manner as are sanctioned by the Discipline, the Conference thinks
+it proper and desirable that I should resume my former relations to it
+and to the Church, I am willing to cancel my resignation, and to labour,
+as heretofore, to preach the doctrines and promote the agencies of the
+Church which I have sought by every earthly means in my power, though
+with conscious unfaithfulness before God, to advance during the last
+thirty years, and which are, I believe, according to the Scriptures, and
+calculated to promote the present and everlasting well-being of man.
+
+The reading of this letter at the London Conference of 1855 led to a
+great deal of discussion and various explanations, which unfortunately
+afterwards resulted in much misunderstanding and recrimination. The
+Conference, however, with a unanimity and heartiness which reflected
+great credit for its calm judgment and Christian love of unity, passed
+the following resolution by a nearly two-thirds majority:--
+
+ That while this Conference declares its unaltered determination to
+ maintain inviolate the position held respecting the views contained
+ in Dr. Ryerson's communications of last year, and upon which his
+ resignation was tendered and accepted; yet upon the application
+ which the latter part of Dr. Ryerson's present communication
+ contains, this Conference restores him to his former standing and
+ relations to the Conference and the Church.
+
+After the resolution was passed, Dr. Ryerson went to the Conference at
+London, and in a letter which he wrote to me, dated January 9th, he
+said:--
+
+My entrance into the Conference was cordially greeted. I was very
+affectionately welcomed and introduced by the President, Rev. Dr. Wood,
+after which I briefly addressed the Conference, and I have since taken
+the same part in the proceedings as heretofore.
+
+After a long discussion yesterday, a very important change was made in
+the Discipline. By this change a minister may be stationed in the same
+circuit during five years, if requested by the quarterly meeting. A
+prominent member made a long and violent speech against it. I replied at
+length, and stated the general grounds on which I thought the change
+recommended by the Stationing Committee should be adopted. After the
+adoption of the resolution, I congratulated the Conference on this
+indication of progress in a direction to what was regarded as heretical
+when I first introduced the proposition five years ago. Some preacher
+said I was a little too soon. I said perhaps I had the misfortune of
+having been born a few years too soon. Another said that he supposed I
+expected that other changes would also follow. I replied, time would
+show. I was informed that all (even Messrs. Jeffers and Spencer)
+expressed a desire for my return to the Conference. The lengthened
+discussion was based upon certain parts of my letter to Mr. Wood, which
+it was held were not courteous, but a bearding of the Conference. On the
+other hand, it was contended that my sentiments even on the
+class-meeting condition of membership were the practice of those very
+preachers who objected to them. Examples were given, much to the
+surprise of certain parties, who professed to be the greatest sticklers
+on the subject. It was professed by all, without exception, that but for
+certain phrases in my letter (to the sentiments of which, it was
+maintained, the Conference would be committed by the resolution
+proposed) the vote in regard to me would have been unanimous.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Amongst other congratulatory letters received by Dr. Ryerson, none were
+more gratifying to him than the following characteristic letter from
+Rev. John Black, in township of Rawdon, written on the 16th of June:--
+
+ My good Mr. Lever, of Sidney, in a letter from the Conference,
+ informs me that "Dr. Ryerson is once more among his brethren, and,
+ as usual, taking an active part in the affairs of Conference."
+ Although three of my children were confined to bed by sickness, yet
+ on hearing such news I was almost ready for a shout.
+
+ Permit me to say that your departure from us at Belleville, twelve
+ months ago, lay heavy on my heart; and now to hear the above
+ intelligence is good to my soul. For many years I have been much
+ attached to Mr. Egerton Ryerson. We were "taken on trial" at the
+ same time, and together were ordained to the great work of the
+ ministry. And although you, Mr. R., have been near the head, and I,
+ Mr. B., near the foot, yet we are in the same ranks, fighting the
+ battles of the Lord, and exercising our talents in behalf of truth
+ and righteousness. I know that your time is precious, yet I believe
+ you will spare a minute or two in reading a few lines from your
+ affectionate, and now almost worn-out, friend and well-wisher. Long
+ may you live for the purpose of using your talents for the benefit
+ of Church and State! This fervent wish stands at a distance from
+ mere compliment and from flattery, and is the free emotion of a
+ Methodist heart.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[142] As early as 1834, Dr. Ryerson was deeply impressed with the
+correctness of these views. Having, in the Guardian of the 9th of April,
+1834, called the attention of his ministerial brethren to the pressing
+duty of giving effect to the section of the Discipline on the
+"Instruction of Children," he proceeded to point out in the Guardian of
+the 23rd of that month, the privileges which baptism confers upon
+Methodist children, fortifying his views by the following quotation from
+Rev. R. Watson's Institutes:--Baptism introduces the adult believer into
+the covenant of Grace, and the Church of Christ.... To the infant child
+it is a visible reception into the same covenant and Church.... In a
+word, it is both to infants and adults a sign and pledge of that inward
+grace, which has respect to and flows from a covenant relation to each
+of the three persons, in whose one name they are baptized--acceptance
+with Christ as the Head of His mystical body, the Church, and of
+communion of the Holy Ghost.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LVI.
+
+1855-1858.
+
+Personal Episode in the Class-Meeting Discussion.
+
+
+I have already referred to the character of the discussion which
+resulted in Dr. Ryerson's restoration to the Conference. In the heat of
+that discussion some things may have been said by Dr. Ryerson's friends
+which were not warranted by the terms of his letter of the 26th of May;
+or what was said may have been construed (designedly or otherwise) into
+an admission of assurance on Dr. Ryerson's part that he would cease to
+agitate the question, or that he would hold his opinions in abeyance.
+
+The discussion on the Class-meeting question was the chief event in the
+proceedings of the Wesleyan Conference of 1855. Yet not the slightest
+reference to the subject, or to Dr. Ryerson's return to the Conference
+was made in the report of the proceedings which were published in the
+_Guardian_ of the 13th and 20th of June in that year. It was not until
+some time after the adjournment of the Conference, and the departure of
+Dr. Ryerson for Europe, that the subject was mentioned in that paper,
+and what did appear was apparently an afterthought.[143]
+
+After Dr. Ryerson had gone, an editorial appeared in the _Guardian_ of
+the 27th of June from which the following is an extract:--
+
+ We did not notice in our summary account of the proceedings of the
+ Conference the return of Dr. Ryerson to his former position with
+ that body, but as erroneous statements have appeared in the paper
+ respecting it we think proper to give the facts of the case.
+
+ A short time previous to the sitting of the Conference Dr. Ryerson
+ addressed a letter to the President, in which he stated that his
+ views remained unaltered respecting the points of difference
+ between himself and the Conference; he expressed a desire to resume
+ his ministerial duties in the Church. The communication was
+ accompanied with a verbal assurance that his own peculiar views on
+ the questions at issue would be held in abeyance in deference to
+ the determination of the Conference to maintain inviolate those
+ parts of the Wesleyan Discipline to which his communication
+ referred. This was the position in which the application of Dr.
+ Ryerson was presented to the Conference, and, after a somewhat
+ animated discussion on the subject, the resolution [for his
+ re-admission] was adopted by nearly a two-thirds majority.
+
+Immediately on the publication of this article, I sent it to Dr. Ryerson
+at Boston, where he was about to take the steamer for England. He at
+once replied to the Editor, and sent the letter to me for insertion in
+the _Guardian_. In his private note to me, dated 3rd July, he said:--
+
+ I think the _Guardian's_ statement is the most shameful attack that
+ was ever made upon me--one that I did not expect even from him--one
+ that I would not have believed had I not seen it. What may be the
+ end of this affair, I cannot yet see. But I am satisfied in my own
+ conscience as to the course I have pursued, and as to my present
+ duty. As to rescinding the clause of the Discipline relating to the
+ exclusion of persons for not attending class-meetings, no
+ determination was expressed to enforce it. On the contrary, it was
+ declared to be a dead letter in many places. What I maintained was,
+ that the practice and the rule should be in harmony. You will see
+ what I have said to the Editor of the _Guardian_ in a private note.
+
+ Remember me affectionately to all; and may Almighty God prosper you
+ in your educational work during my absence.
+
+The following is a copy of the private letter to Rev. J. Spencer, which
+accompanied Dr. Ryerson's reply to the editorial:
+
+I was not a little surprised and pained at your unfair and unjust
+statement respecting me, and especially after what passed on my leaving
+the Conference, and your careful silence on the subject until I had left
+home, and would not therefore be likely to have it in my power to
+furnish an antidote until your injurious statement had accomplished its
+object as far as possible. But I am thankful that, through the prompt
+kindness of Mr. Hodgins, and by that means alone, I have been furnished
+with a copy of the _Guardian_ in time to write a hasty reply before
+embarking for the other side of the Atlantic. I have requested Mr.
+Hodgins to take a copy of my communication to you, as I have not time to
+transcribe it. You can as easily command my letter to the President of
+the Conference as you did the resolution of the Conference. I ask for no
+indulgence or favour; I ask for nothing but truth and justice.
+
+I will thank you to inform Mr. Hodgins as early as possible as to
+whether you intend to perpetuate the wrong you have done me, by refusing
+to insert my letter to the President of the Conference, and the note I
+have this evening addressed to you in reference to your statement. I
+wish Mr. Hodgins to inform me of the result by the next mail to England,
+and also to act otherwise by me as I would by him in like
+circumstances.[144]
+
+Having got Dr. Ryerson's reply to the _Guardian's_ attack of 27th June,
+inserted in the Toronto city papers, I wrote to him to that effect. His
+reply is dated, London (Eng.,) 3rd August:--I thank you sincerely for
+the pains you have taken in regard to my letter to the _Guardian_. I am
+thankful that, by your zeal and good management, the Methodist body, as
+well as the public at large, will have an opportunity of learning my own
+views from my own pen; but considering the intended course of the
+_Guardian_, and what he alleges to be the feelings of many others, I
+have great doubts whether I can be of any use to the Wesleyan body, or
+of much use to the interests of religion in connection with the
+Conference, and that I shall rather embarrass, and be a burden to my
+friends in the Conference, than be a help to them. My only wish and aim
+as a minister is, to preach the evangelical doctrines I have always
+proclaimed, and which are preached with power by many clergymen of the
+Church of England and Presbyterian Churches, and often more forcibly,
+than by many Methodist ministers.
+
+I confess, from what you state, I see no prospect of effecting the
+changes in the relation and privileges of baptized children, and the
+test of membership in the Methodist Church, which I believe to be
+required by the Scriptures, and by consistency. I apprehend that
+anything proposed by me on these subjects will be made the occasion of
+violent attacks and agitation, and that personal hostility to me will be
+made a sort of test of orthodoxy among a large party in the Conference
+and in the Church--thus exposing my friends to much unpleasantness and
+disadvantage on my account, and reducing, if not extinguishing, all
+opportunities on my part to preach, as I should be (as in times past)
+wholly dependent upon the invitations of others.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+From this incident a private and confidential correspondence on the
+subject was maintained for months between Dr. Ryerson in Europe and
+myself, in Canada.
+
+It was clear to my mind at the time that the Editor took an unfair
+advantage of Dr. Ryerson's absence from the country to injure (as he
+supposed) his brother in the ministry. In this he was mistaken; and, in
+his chagrin, he attacked me personally in the _Guardian_ for my zeal on
+behalf of Dr. Ryerson. Events proved that my interposition was opportune
+and just; and that, had I not done so, the Methodist people would have
+been improperly and cruelly misled, and irreparable injustice would have
+been done to the character and motives of a noble and generous man, who,
+in this instance, ought not to have been held responsible for the
+utterances of warm hearts, but of possibly indiscreet tongues.
+
+I speak advisedly when I say that I understood perfectly well the two
+men with whom I had to deal. Rev. James Spencer was well known to me,
+when I was a student at Victoria College forty years ago. He was a good
+man, no doubt; but no student at that College ever thought of comparing
+him with the Principal of the College. How he ever got to be Editor of
+the _Guardian_ was always a mystery to me. I never had the slightest
+difference with him--quite the reverse; but no comparison could be
+instituted between James Spencer and Egerton Ryerson.
+
+In this matter I had no personal feeling. Both men were Methodists,
+while I am an Episcopalian, and both have gone to their final account.
+Moreover, the question was not one of doctrine, or of denominational
+preference. It was one of simple justice and fair play between man and
+man. Hence, I took the earliest opportunity of apprising Dr. Ryerson of
+the unjust and anomalous position in which he had been placed by the
+Editor of the _Guardian_.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The following private letters were successively received by me from Dr.
+Ryerson while he was in Europe:--
+
+_Paris, 23rd August._--I enclose my answer to Rev. James Spencer. I wish
+you would have it inserted in the _Globe_ and _Colonist_. As you are
+acquainted with all the circumstances in Canada, being on the spot, if
+you think it best to abridge, omit, or modify the words of any part of
+my communication, I would wish you to do so. Whatever course I may think
+it my duty to pursue in future, I wish in this communication to preserve
+that tone of remark which can give no offence to any minister or member
+of the Wesleyan Church. I will not be the offending party, and the
+responsibility of a wider breach between the Conference and myself will
+not be with me. What course duty may require me to pursue, I still leave
+to the direction of Infinite Wisdom, and to future consideration....
+
+The Queen is in Paris this week, during which all business in my way
+seems to be suspended. She is received with great enthusiasm. We have
+seen her and the Emperor two or three times.
+
+_Paris, 30th August._--Rev. Dr. Wood's denial of my having given him any
+pledge, or any thing that would be so construed, is full and decided,
+and if my brother John says anything at all, it will be, I have no
+doubt, less than I have stated in my letter. But still the main question
+of my position in the Conference is unaffected by these disclaimers. It
+appears from Mr. Spencer's statement (in which he seems to be sustained
+by others) that the terms of my letter were not acted upon or complied
+with by the Conference, but that the Conference acted upon a verbal
+assurance that I never made, or authorized. The simplest and most
+natural way for me to act, is, to withdraw my letter on these grounds,
+and to decline availing myself of, or recognizing an act of, the
+Conference based upon what I never proposed or authorized. Thus the
+responsibility of this irregular and absurd proceeding will rest with
+others, and I will stand, in the maintenance of all that I have stated
+and done, with the advantage of having acted a most conciliatory part.
+But what I shall do must not be decided upon hastily, as I act for life,
+and finally. If it ultimately appears to me, as it does at present, that
+there is no consistent or justifiable ground on which I can remain a
+member of the Conference, it will then be for me to consider whether I
+can occupy the position of a layman, or enter the ministry of some other
+section of the Christian Church. I would like to have your own
+impressions and views on this point, in reference to my future standing
+and usefulness in Canada.
+
+_Paris, 20th September._--In my reply to Mr. Spencer I did not allude to
+the cases of Montreal and Quebec. Perhaps the disclaimer which has been
+adopted by quarterly meetings in those places may require from me a
+remark or two. What I said was founded upon what was told me on reliable
+authority that no preacher had enforced, or dare enforce, the rule. I
+understand the same at Quebec. I have been assured, and I have no doubt
+the enquiry will establish the fact, that there are men, trustees of the
+Churches, in either or both Montreal or Quebec, who do not meet in
+class, and whose names are not, and I think whose names never have been,
+on any class book. But I think the natural and necessary effect of the
+whole is, to terminate my connection with the Methodist Church. I still
+remain undecided; but I see no other course on the ground of
+consistency, propriety, or duty, as well as of religious enjoyment. But
+this is only to yourself. The remaining question will be whether I
+should remain a private member of a Church, or enter another Church. On
+this point I am quite undecided. May I be divinely directed!
+
+In a further letter directed to me from Paris in September, 1855, Dr.
+Ryerson discussed the whole question at issue. After pointing out the
+unfair conduct of the Editor of the _Guardian_ in attacking and
+misrepresenting a member of the Conference, and then saying that his
+columns were closed against any further discussion of the subject, Dr.
+Ryerson said:--The Editor of the _Guardian_ and others represent me as
+hostile to class-meetings. This may do injury, in the estimation of some
+persons, to a means of religious edification which I regard as one of
+the most efficient human agencies for promoting spiritual-mindedness
+among religious people. The responsibility of such a proceeding is with
+themselves. The Editor of the _Guardian_ represents this as a matter of
+dispute between the Conference and myself. This is wholly incorrect. The
+resolution of the Conference is avowedly based upon my letter, and upon
+that alone. That record cannot be falsified. The variation between the
+wording of the resolution of the Conference and the latter part of my
+letter referred to in it, is not of the slightest consequence. The acts
+of the Conference, as well as of the Legislature, are to be judged of,
+not by what may have been said by individual members in the course of
+discussion, but by its attested records and official papers.
+
+Now with the same truth and propriety that my assailants charge me with
+having written against class-meetings, might I charge them with being
+opposed to prayer-meetings and love-feasts, and even the Lord's Supper,
+because they do not make the observance of all or of any one of these
+institutions (though the latter is expressly instituted by our Lord
+himself), a condition of membership in the Church of God. Because I have
+avowed my long-settled conviction that class-meetings ought not to be
+exalted above all the other ordinances and institutions of
+religion--giving as an authority the words of John Wesley himself--am I
+to be charged with having written against class-meeting? So far from
+having written against these meetings, I have expressed myself in the
+strongest terms in their favour; and I repeat that, after the public
+preaching of the Word, and the Lord's Supper, I believe class-meetings
+have been the most efficient means of promoting personal and vital piety
+among the members of the Wesleyan Societies.
+
+Yet I am not insensible to the fact that Mr. Wesley found the prototype
+of this kind of religious exercises, not in any institution or practice
+of the Primitive Church for fifteen hundred years, but in a society of
+Monks called _La Trappe_, whose ardent piety Mr. Wesley greatly admired,
+the lives of some of whose members (such as the Marquis de Renty, etc.,)
+he wrote, and whose manual of piety (Imitation of Jesus Christ) he
+translated and abridged, for the use of his own Societies, and several
+of whose questions in conducting what may be called their weekly band or
+class-meetings, Mr. Wesley adopted, translated and modified, for
+conducting his own meetings of a similar character. These weekly
+exercises in the Societé de la Trappe were eminently instrumental in
+reforming, and kindling the name of devotional piety among its members;
+and Mr. Wesley found them equally useful among the members of his own
+Societies, and so they have continued till the present time. But will
+any Wesleyan minister in England or Canada--will any man of intelligence
+and honesty--venture to assert that Mr. Wesley ever intended that
+attendance at such weekly exercises should be an essential condition and
+fundamental test of membership in the visible Church of God? Will any
+one assert, or can he believe, that Mr. Wesley ever could have
+anticipated, or supposed, that such an application would, or could, be
+made of an institution which he expressly stated to be "merely
+prudential, not essential, not of divine origin?" But I am again met
+with the charge, on another ground, of having departed from Mr. Wesley.
+It is said, in substance: "Mr. Wesley has committed class-meeting to us
+as a trust; it is not for us to inquire into the origin of the
+institution; it is our duty to maintain inviolably the trust committed
+to us--which trust Dr. Ryerson has violated." In reply, I remark that
+the statement of the question itself is fallacious, and the charge
+groundless. In the first place, the question assumes, what is contrary
+to fact, that Mr. Wesley instituted and committed the trust of
+class-meetings as a condition of membership in the visible Church of
+God, whereas he instituted and transmitted it as a means of grace among
+the members of a private society in a church. In the next place, the
+trust of class-meetings was only one part of a system which Mr. Wesley
+committed as a trust to his followers. The one part of that trust was as
+sacred as another, and the connection of one part with another is
+essential to the fulfilment of the obligation. Now one part of Mr.
+Wesley's trust, and that on which he insists ten times more voluminously
+and vehemently than he ever spoke of class-meetings, was that his
+followers should attend the services of the Church of England, should
+receive the ordinances of Baptism and the Lord's Supper in it, should
+abide in the Church of England, and that whenever they separated from
+the Church of England they separated from him. These are so many trusts
+that Mr. Wesley committed to his followers in England, and on which he
+insisted as tests of membership in his Society; and in connection with
+these trusts, he committed the trust of class-meetings--"as the
+observance and practice of members of a private society in the Church of
+England." Have Dr. Bunting and others, who charge me with being
+anti-Wesleyan, fulfilled these trusts committed to them by Mr. Wesley?
+Have they not wholly separated from the Church of England--ordaining
+their own ministers, administering the ordinances, claiming and
+exercising all the attributes of a Church, as much as the authorities of
+the Church of England herself. And while Mr. Wesley disclaimed
+exercising the office of excommunicating Church members, and denied that
+admission into or exclusion from his Societies was admission into or
+exclusion from the visible Church of Christ, my accusers exercise this
+authority in the highest degree--confessedly and avowedly admitting into
+and excluding persons from the visible Church, and making the attendance
+at class-meeting a test of Church-membership--which Mr. Wesley never
+believed, much less authorized. I leave it, therefore, to the judgment
+of every man of common sense to say whether there is the shadow of a
+reason for the pretensions and charges of my assailants. I am not
+surprised that Dr. Bunting and others should feel sensitive on the
+class-meeting test of church-membership, as it so enormously increases
+clerical power--the ruling idea of Dr. Bunting's legislation throughout
+his whole life. It virtually places the membership of each member in the
+hands of the minister. The quarterly class ticket, signed by the
+minister, is the only proof and title of membership for each member. If
+the minister withholds this (and he may be prompted to do so on many
+grounds, personal and others, irrespective of any suspicion, much less
+charge, against the moral or religious character of the member) the
+member is deprived of his membership, and this I believe has occurred in
+more than twenty thousand instances, in England, during the last six
+years, during which period the connection has experienced the lamentable
+and unprecedented loss of nearly a hundred thousand members, the fruits
+of the labours of an age.
+
+_London, 5th October._--I know that my brother John was not pleased with
+my letter to Mr. Wood, read in the Conference. He told me so on the way
+to the Conference; he wished me to write a short letter, couched in
+general terms, and that the affair might be passed over in the
+Conference as quietly as possible--believing that to be the best way to
+accomplish the object I had in view. In this I could not agree with him,
+and stated that unless received in the terms of my letter, I did not
+wish to be received at all; nor did I wish the letter read if any
+opposition were apprehended. What has transpired shows, I think very
+clearly, that had I not been as explicit as I have, I should have been
+more grossly misrepresented, and with some degree of plausibility. I am
+exceedingly glad that I wrote as I did. It has removed all uncertainty
+on the subject. There can now be no mistake or misunderstanding. I do
+not think my friends have been frank with me in not telling me all that
+has transpired in the Conference. But it is not worth while to refer to
+these things now. The question is settled. I shall write to Dr. Beecham
+on the subject of the remarks reported to have been made in reference to
+me by Dr. Bunting and Mr. Methley, in the English Conference, and
+respecting my settled and avowed convictions and position--affording him
+an opportunity of stating how far he and others think such views are
+consistent with the relations I sustain to the Wesleyan Body. I shall
+also advert to the propriety of such men as Mr. Methley, or any member
+of the English Conference, assuming to exercise a censorship over the
+character of any members of the Canada Conference. After receiving Dr.
+Beecham's answer, I shall finally decide as to my future course. I look
+upon my connection with the Wesleyan body as virtually terminated. I
+have not been in one of their chapels, or seen one of their ministers,
+since I left America. On seeing, at Boston, what Mr. Spencer had
+written, and what was likely to occur, I thought I would keep myself
+entirely aloof until the final issue of the whole affair.
+
+_London, 10th October._--I wrote you on the 5th inst., under the
+influence of strong and indignant feelings. But I have since calmly, and
+with much prayer and many tears, for days considered the whole matter of
+Church relations. I have resolved to stand my ground in my present
+position, and fight out the battle with my assailants.
+
+In a letter to me, written a few days afterwards, Dr. Ryerson thus
+states the conclusion which he had come to in regard to his remaining in
+the Methodist Church. He said:--Last Sunday I heard a very powerful
+sermon from Dr. Cumming on, "No man liveth to himself, and no man dieth
+to himself;" and I resolved, by meditation and prayer, to come to a
+conclusion on the subject of my Church relations, and future course. I
+walked, and wept, and prayed over the subject from seven till twelve
+o'clock last night, and the conclusion at which I have now arrived is to
+stand in my present position and relation, and maintain my views, and
+let my opponents do their worst, and thrust me out if they will or can.
+If I lived to myself, that is, if I consulted my taste, feelings,
+personal comforts, and enjoyments, I could not remain in the Methodist
+Church a week; I have more views and sympathies with the evangelical
+clergy and members of any Protestant church than I have with such men as
+Mr. Spencer. But still I have, in the Providence of God, been called to
+labour in connection with the Methodist Church, and have been prospered
+in it; and I think, all things considered, I can do more good to stand
+my ground. If I do nothing else than secure to Methodist children and
+youth the recognition of their rights and privileges, and the
+appropriate religious instruction and care, that point alone will
+involve more good in the end than all I could do in any other section of
+the Christian Church. If Methodist pulpits should be closed against me,
+others will be opened to me in abundance.
+
+_Paris, 18th October._--I feel very happy in my own mind since I have
+finally decided upon my future course, and which, I have no doubt you
+will think with me, is, under all the circumstances, the best that I
+could take. After the course which has been pursued towards me, I shall
+be free from all restraints on the matters respecting which they hoped
+to impose silence. I shall make the James Methleys, and the James
+Spencers, of both the English and Canadian Conferences, feel very
+uncomfortable, while I think I shall secure the respect and sympathies
+of various religious persuasions and parties in Canada, and the ultimate
+accomplishment of the great and divine end I have had in view. Mr.
+Spencer's remarks that you enclosed are very weak and flat--more so than
+I expected. He speaks of a difference between the Conference and me. The
+difference is between him and his abettors (as individuals) and me, not
+between the Conference and me. The Conference has avowedly based its
+proceedings upon my letter--which is all I care for since my letter is
+published. If the terms of the resolution of the Conference are not in
+harmony with the terms of my letter, that is of no consequence to me
+now--it is for the judgment or taste of those who wrote it. I am glad to
+hear that my remarks on Mr. Spencer are favourably received by all my
+friends. Mr. Malcolm Cameron has said that if I never wrote another word
+on the subject I had mooted, or were I even to leave the Body, the
+subject would not sleep--it would be taken up by others--it could not
+sleep--and their attacking me, and I defending myself, was, in effect,
+discussing the question in the most telling manner.
+
+_Paris, 8th November._--I am glad to learn that at that period when I
+was undecided, you entertained the views as to my relations and future
+course which I have at length decided to maintain and pursue. I will
+stand my ground and battle the affair with my adversaries, on both sides
+of the Atlantic, to the last. In order to exclude me from the Conference
+they must now bring charges against me; and, in attempting this, they
+will raise a difficulty such as they have never yet encountered, and
+will invest the whole question with an interest and importance that they
+little dream of. Indeed, they have done so already.
+
+_Paris, 14th November._--I am happy to learn that you also entirely
+concur in the course I have decided to pursue. I care not a fig for all
+that the parties to whom you refer may do or try to do. I have not a
+shadow of doubt as to the result. It is most strange that rashness
+should be attributed to you in the matter. It was the course best
+calculated to defeat the objects they wish to counteract. I do not think
+my letters would have appeared at all in the _Guardian_ had you not
+pressed the matter as you did; and had I not taken the course I did at
+Belleville, the questions could not have been brought before the body as
+they can and must. I have written a reply to the _Guardian_--it contains
+sixteen pages of letter paper. But after your suggestion, I will keep it
+another week, and may, perhaps, substitute for it a note making my
+acknowledgements to the daily press of Toronto, and stating my position
+and intended course of proceedings. I think something of this kind may
+be best to counteract the misrepresentations which they are no doubt
+industriously circulating. Possibly I may not say anything at all, as
+you suggest.
+
+_Paris, 29th November._--I cannot but smile at the pamphlet on the
+Class-meeting question, after it had been declared as the determination
+of the Conference that the subject of my letters was not to be agitated.
+I could not be more effectually aided in what I would wish to see
+accomplished than by such a publication, as it will afford me an
+opportunity to re-consider the subject, and to say what I please on the
+general subject, and expose every petty sophism and absurdity of my
+opponents, and to show what are really the rights of the members of the
+Church in more senses than one. The strength of the opposite side of the
+question is silence and Conference authority; the strength of my side is
+discussion. For one on the opposite side to write and publish a pamphlet
+is to give up Conference authority, and to come upon the ground of
+reason and Scripture. It is also an abandonment of the pretence that the
+question is not a debatable or open one. There being several writers on
+one side and only one on the other, gives the latter an advantage. He
+can point out the variations and weak points of the former, illustrating
+the criteria of error and truth. The whole will afford me an opportunity
+to deal with general principles, and curiosity and enquiry will be
+attached to what I can say in reply to such efforts to prove me
+heretical. I look upon all such occurrences as the ways of Providence to
+open the way of truth and righteousness.
+
+Dr. Ryerson returned to Canada in time to attend the Conference at
+Brockville. While there he wrote to me, on the 6th of June, 1856:--Mr.
+Spencer has given me notice that, as I have denied and repudiated the
+terms upon which I had been re-admitted into the Conference, when my
+name comes up in the examination of character, it will be moved
+that the resolution re-admitting me into the Conference be rescinded.
+I am glad of this. It will afford me an opportunity of exposing the
+conduct of my assailants, and of entering into the whole question.
+To-day the subject of class-meetings came up, by a philippic on the
+subject by one of the ministers, in connection with the return of
+members, and the manner of administering the Discipline. I at once
+accepted the challenge--reiterated my sentiments, and stated when the
+time came I should be prepared to show that they were founded on the
+Scriptures, the primitive Church, the Fathers of the Protestant
+Reformation, and such men as Baxter and Howe, down to the present
+time. What I said seemed to be favourably received by a considerable
+portion of the Conference. I think the Spencer clique (and it is only
+a clique) will be disappointed greatly when the affair comes up. I feel
+that I stand upon the Rock of Truth. I would that my soul were more
+fully baptized with the Spirit of the Truth, the principles of which
+I maintain.
+
+On the 9th of June, he also wrote as follows:--This afternoon, on my
+name being called, Rev. J. Borland moved, seconded by Rev. W. Jeffers,
+the following resolution:--
+
+ _Resolved_, That as Dr. Ryerson has denied the authority of the
+ verbal assurances given in his behalf at the Conference in London,
+ and repudiated the basis upon which the resolution restoring him to
+ his former standing in the Conference was founded; therefore, all
+ that part of the said resolution which relates to his re-admission
+ be, and is hereby, rescinded.
+
+When the President came to the question as to the examination of
+character, he observed that that question was always considered with
+closed doors, and intimated to strangers to withdraw. I arose at once,
+and said that as far as I was concerned, notice had been given to me of
+a resolution to exclude me from the Conference, and that upon the ground
+of what had appeared in the public papers--that I had been
+misrepresented and maligned in the official organ of the Conference--in
+professed reports of what had taken place in the Conference, and I
+demanded, as a matter of right and equity, that the proceedings of the
+Conference should be public as far as I was concerned. A discussion then
+took place in regard to reporting. I at length moved an amendment that
+the proceedings of the Conference should be public as far as I was
+concerned. This was adopted by a large majority, though voted against by
+the whole clique hostile to me. Several of them made speeches against
+me. My brother John, Rev. E. Wood, Rev. R. Jones, Dr. Green, as well as
+others, stated what was said as to my pledge, just what I had supposed
+and intended; and my brother John made a most powerful speech, and
+scathed Mr. Spencer and others. His references to me were warmly cheered
+by an evident majority of the Conference. The cheers to the remarks
+maligning me seemed to be made by about fifteen or twenty--many less
+than I had supposed. I have no doubt they will be defeated by a very
+large majority. When the hour of adjournment arrived, the President
+asked me if I wished to make any remarks; I stated to the Conference I
+was willing to give my assailants the advantage of leaving their strong
+statements and attacks unrefuted and unnoticed until Monday morning. A
+large number of persons were present, and a strong popular feeling
+seemed to be excited in my favour. My opponents have themselves in the
+very position in which I have desired to get them, and I shall now have
+the best possible opportunity of exposing them.
+
+At the request of the friends here, I have consented to preach
+to-morrow evening, notwithstanding the opposition of the preachers
+hostile to me. I feel as if God the Lord would help me on this occasion,
+notwithstanding my unfaithfulness and unworthiness; He has never failed
+me in such an extremity.
+
+On the following Monday Dr. Ryerson's case was brought up for
+discussion. Rev. J. Borland made a strong appeal on behalf of his
+resolution. The _Canadian Independent_, of July 16th, in speaking of the
+debate said:--
+
+Mr. Borland had not spoken long in support of this before he was
+interrupted by Rev. Dr. Wood, the President, who made this most
+important declaration, that--
+
+ He gave no verbal assurance for, or in behalf of Dr. Ryerson; that
+ he received no such assurance from him; that the document he
+ received from Dr. Ryerson was laid on the table, and read before
+ the Conference, unaccompanied by any verbal statements or
+ assurances of any kind from him.
+
+This he afterwards repeated, when Rev. J. Spencer, the Editor of the
+_Guardian_, re-asserted the giving of such assurances. The co-delegate,
+Rev. J. Ryerson, also said that--
+
+ He never thought of pledging Dr. Ryerson to silence on any of these
+ questions, and he was sure the Conference would not ask him to do
+ so, as the Conference never gagged any man.
+
+The _Independent_ then proceeds:--
+
+ Dr. Ryerson has been most unfairly treated. He has not denied
+ having made application for re-admission, but only an application
+ with pledges of silence. The resolutions of Conference, in 1854,
+ accepting his resignation and warmly acknowledging his past
+ services, and, in 1855, consenting to his re-admission, were never
+ communicated to him, and were suppressed by the _Guardian_. This
+ was most unmanly and unjust.[145] The matter now before the
+ Conference was introduced at the Toronto District Meeting in his
+ absence, and without notice being given him.[146]
+
+ He uttered some memorable things in his eloquent defence.
+
+ I believe the true foundation or test of membership in the Church
+ of Christ is not the acute angle of a Class-meeting attendance, but
+ the broad bases of repentance, faith, and holiness. I can have no
+ sympathy with that narrow and exclusive spirit, the breadth of
+ whose catholicity is that of a goat's track, and the dimensions of
+ whose charity are those of a needle's point, whether inculcated by
+ the Editor of _The Church_ on the one hand, or by the Editor of the
+ _Guardian_ on the other. He would give no pledges, had no
+ concessions or promises to make; would be accountable to the rules
+ of the Church as others, and would stand in that Conference on the
+ same footing as other members, or not at all. While he subscribed
+ to all that had been said as to the utility of Class-meetings, and
+ reiterated the grounds on which he had recommended and maintained
+ them; yet, on the ground of Scripture obligation he demurred, and
+ averred, in the language of Mr. Wesley, with whom they originated
+ and who best knew their true position in the Church, that they are
+ merely prudential, not essential, not of Divine institution.
+
+The Editor of the _Independent_, in conclusion, said:--
+
+ We congratulate Dr. Ryerson on his successful defence.... We should
+ esteem it a dire calamity, could any dishonour be attached to his
+ name. He is one of the most devoted, conscientious, able and
+ successful officers in the public service. In the school system of
+ Upper Canada, he has built for himself an enduring monument, as a
+ benefactor of the Province. He is a brave yet courteous champion
+ for some of our most precious rights. May those who watch for his
+ halting be confounded and put to shame!
+
+After a reference to some personal matters, Dr. Ryerson, in the course
+of his remarks, showed that he was prepared to sacrifice much for the
+maintenance of the truth. He said: Shortly after the occurrence to which
+I have just referred, an act was got through the Legislature at the end
+of the Session of 1849, which excluded clergymen from visiting the
+public schools in their official character, and which would have
+excluded the Bible from the schools. What was my conduct on the
+occasion? Why, I forthwith placed my office at the disposal of the Head
+of the Government sooner than administer such a law. The result was the
+Government authorized the suspension of the Act, and caused its repeal
+at the next Session of Parliament.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The debate lasted over two days, and was finally closed by the adoption
+of an amendment by the Rev. A. Hurlburt, recognizing the application of
+the previous year as admitted by Dr. Ryerson, and as understood by the
+Conference. The amendment was passed by an immense majority, only 23 out
+of 150 members present voting against it.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[143] Dr. Ryerson left Toronto for Quebec immediately after Conference,
+to confer with the Government there on matters connected with his
+Department. While there he wrote to me a private letter as follows:--
+
+At Mr. Attorney-General Macdonald's suggestion I have been appointed
+Honorary Commissioner at the Paris exhibition. Mr. Macdonald also
+endorsed my recommendation for your appointment as Deputy Superintendent
+with an increased salary. His Excellency appointed you yesterday
+according to my recommendation, and you will be gazetted on Saturday....
+Sir Edmund Head has given me very flattering letters of introduction to
+Lord Clarendon and Lord John Russell.... I leave here for Boston on my
+way to England.... I have no doubt but that you will do all things in
+the best manner, and for the best. I fervently pray Almighty God greatly
+to prosper you, as well as guide and bless you in your official duties.
+
+[144] The antagonism between Mr. Spencer (now Editor of the _Guardian_)
+and Dr. Ryerson was of long standing. Thirteen years before the date of
+this attack upon Dr. Ryerson, Mr. Spencer was proposed, in 1842, as a
+candidate for a Mastership in Victoria College. Dr. Ryerson advised him
+to attend the Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn., so as to fit
+himself for the post. He did so. But the Board of Victoria College
+refused to appoint him. He was very indignant, and so expressed himself
+to Dr. Ryerson. He afterwards wrote to him a letter (in 1842) as
+follows:--You were no doubt surprised at the remarks I made to you, and
+perhaps you thought they were unnecessarily harsh and severe, and made
+under the momentary impulse of excited feelings. If so, you are
+mistaken. I spoke deliberately, though strongly. You know the
+circumstances under which, at your request, I went to the College, and
+that the situation, though congenial to my feelings, was not sought for
+by me. Of the decision of the members of the Board, to give the
+Principal permission to employ me part of the year, I express my decided
+disapprobation. Now, Sir, I consider such a resolution a downright
+insult. Had I come before that Board as a stranger, or under the
+character of a mercenary hireling, and one concerning whose
+qualifications you were entirely ignorant, then there would have been
+some appearance of propriety in making such a proposition, as a
+safeguard, and against imposition. But I am a member of that Conference
+under whose direction the affairs of that institution are placed; its
+interests are closely connected with those of the Church of which I am
+now, and expect to remain, a member. I believed I could render greater
+service to the Church in labouring to promote the prosperity of that
+institution. I trust I have yet too much of public spirit, and too
+ardent a desire for the prosperity of our College, to wish to remain
+there if my labours were not conducive to its efficiency. But what is
+the spirit of that resolution? "Why, we wish to get rid of you, and the
+easiest way to do it is, to employ you for a specified time, and then we
+can dismiss you with propriety. But the absurdity of that resolution is
+its most prominent feature. I intend, at the first opportunity, to
+express my mind more fully to you personally upon this subject." In one
+of his letters in this controversy, Dr. Ryerson thus refers to this
+Victoria College episode. He says: In regard to Mr. Spencer, I am aware
+of his feelings toward me during these many years; ever since he failed
+to procure an appointment to the Chair of Chemistry and Natural
+Philosophy in Victoria College, for which he had devoted a year of
+special preparation. I believe he has attributed his disappointment to
+me, and that I had not acted toward him in a brotherly way, in not
+securing his appointment, as he supposed I could have done from my
+connection with the College. The fact was, I recommended his
+appointment, at least for a trial, but my recommendation was not
+concurred in by any other member of the Board, as Dr. Green and others
+know.
+
+[145] Dr. Ryerson, in his speech at the Brockville Conference, referring
+to this omission, said:--The Conference passed a resolution
+complimentary and affectionate towards myself, and expressive of its
+high sense of my long services in defending the rights and advocating
+the interests of the Connexion. The copy of that resolution has never
+been communicated to me to this day; Mr. Spencer suppressed the
+publication of it in the _Guardian_, and thus defeated the noble and
+generous intentions of the great majority of the Conference in regard to
+myself.
+
+[146] To this proceeding, Dr. Ryerson also referred in his speech as
+follows:--How did my opponents bring up their charge against me? Did
+they inform the defendant of the approaching ordeal, and secure his
+presence in an ecclesiastical court prior to his attempted execution?
+No, Sir; the defendant obeys the call of duty, at personal sacrifice, to
+attend to a meeting of the senate and annual public exercises of the
+students of Victoria College; and, while absent, these professed
+advocates of Methodistic rule, arraign him without notice, and seek to
+get a resolution passed against him. Is that Methodism? Is that old
+Methodism? If these, my assailants, believe, as they say, that the
+interests of the Church will be greatly promoted by my expulsion, then
+let them do it on Methodistic principles. Now, although I was well aware
+that they were opposed to me personally, yet I thought, though I was
+absent from the district meeting, they would treat me, at least,
+honourably. If I had done wrong, let them accuse me--give me a specific
+charge and due notice of trial, and let me prepare for my defence. This
+would be the manly course--this would be Methodism; and if I had
+committed no offence, if no charge could be brought against me, why seek
+to exclude me from this body without a charge and without a crime? Is
+not this course opposed to all proceedings of civil and ecclesiastical
+tribunals, and to every principle of civil and religious liberty--to
+true Protestant freedom and to genuine Methodism, whether new or old?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LVII.
+
+1854-1856.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's Third Educational Tour in Europe.
+
+
+While in Europe in 1854 and 1856, Dr. Ryerson, under the authority of
+the Government, commenced the collection of objects of art for the
+Educational Museum in the Education Department. While there he met Hon.
+Malcolm Cameron, who after Dr. Ryerson returned to Canada, wrote to him
+from London on the subject of his mission. In a letter, dated 3rd of
+January, 1857, Mr. Cameron said:--
+
+ I have myself witnessed the result of the labour and reading which
+ you must have gone through with in order to obtain the information
+ and cultivation of judgment necessary to get the things our young
+ Canada can afford; things, too, of such a character and description
+ as shall be useful, not only in elevating the taste of our youth,
+ but of increasing their historical and mythological lore, as well
+ as inform them of the facts of their accuracy in size and form. I
+ was much flattered to find that my humble efforts to begin, in some
+ degree, a Canadian gallery--by securing a few of Paul Kane's
+ pictures in 1851--had been followed up by you in your
+ universally-acknowledged enlightened efforts for education, which
+ (in my bitterest moments of alienation from you, for what I
+ esteemed a sacrifice of Canadian freedom, and right to
+ self-government), I have ever cheerfully admitted.
+
+ Your determination to obtain a few works of art and statuary, a few
+ paintings, prints of celebrities, and scientific instruments, has
+ cost you much labour, anxiety and thought, which I never would have
+ conceived of had I not met you, and gone with you, and seen your
+ notes and correspondence.
+
+ You have passed through many trials, and in most of them I was with
+ you. The period that presses on my mind (as Lord Elgin said of
+ Montreal), I do not want to remember. God grant that we may see, in
+ all matters for the rest of our few days, eye to eye, as we do now
+ on all the subjects in which you are now engaged, publicly and
+ privately. I think God is with you, and directing you aright in
+ that Conference matter which is nearest to your heart, and I am
+ confident that you will have a signal triumph.
+
+Dr. Ryerson has written the following account of a distinguished
+physician whom he met at Rome:--
+
+ One of the most remarkable men with whom I became acquainted in
+ Italy, in my tour there in 1856-7, was Dr. Pantelioni, a scholar,
+ physician, patriot, and statesman; to whose character and
+ banishment from Rome the London _Times'_ newspaper devoted about
+ three columns.
+
+ Prefatory to the circumstances of my acquaintance with this
+ remarkable man, I may observe, that when in England in 1850-1, I
+ had a good deal of correspondence with Earl Grey, who was then
+ Secretary of State for the Colonies, and through whom I was able to
+ procure maps, globes, and essential text-books for Canadian
+ schools, at a discount of forty-three per cent. from the published
+ selling prices. Earl Grey was much pleased in being the instrument
+ of so much good to the cause of public education in Canada; wrote
+ to the English booksellers and got their consent to the
+ arrangement, shewed me much kindness, and invited me to dine at his
+ residence, in company with some distinguished English statesmen,
+ among whom was Sir Charles Wood (afterwards a peer), and the late
+ Marquis of Lansdowne, the Nestor of English statesmen, and beside
+ whom I was seated at dinner. The Countess of Grey shewed me many
+ kind attentions, and the Marquis of Lansdowne invited me to call
+ the next day at Lansdowne House, and explain to him the Canadian
+ system of education, as he was the Chairman of the Privy Council
+ Committee on Education, and wished to know what had been done, and
+ what might be done for the education of the labouring classes. I
+ called at Lansdowne House, as desired, and explained as briefly and
+ clearly as possible the Canadian school system, its popular
+ comprehensiveness and fairness to all parties, its Christian, yet
+ non-sectarian, character. At the conclusion of my remarks, the
+ noble Marquis observed, "I cannot conceive a greater blessing to
+ England than the introduction into it of the Canadian school
+ system; but, from our historical traditions and present state of
+ society, all we can do is to aid by Parliamentary grants the cause
+ of popular education through the agency of voluntary associations
+ and religious denominations."
+
+ Five years afterwards, in another educational tour in Europe,
+ myself and daughter spent some months at the Paris Exhibition in
+ 1855. The Earl and Countess of Grey, seeing our names on the
+ Canadian Book of the Exhibition, called and left their cards at our
+ hotel. We returned the call the following day, when the Earl and
+ Countess told us they had an aunt at Rome devoted to the fine arts,
+ who would have great pleasure in assisting us to select copies of
+ great masters for our Canadian Educational Museum; that they would
+ write to her, and, if we left our cards with her on our arrival,
+ she would gladly receive us. We did so, and, in less than an hour
+ after, we received a most friendly letter from Lady Grey, saying
+ that she had been expecting and waiting for us for some time, and
+ writing us to come to her residence that evening, as she had
+ invited a few friends.[147] In the course of the evening, I was
+ introduced to Dr. Pantelioni with this remark, "Dr. Ryerson, if you
+ should become ill, you cannot fall into better hands than those of
+ Dr. Pantelioni." I replied that "I was glad to make his personal
+ acquaintance, but hoped I should not need his professional
+ services." But the very next day I was struck down in the Vatican
+ while examining the celebrated painting of Raphael's
+ Transfiguration and Dominichino's Last Communion of St. Jerome,
+ with a cruel attack of lumbago and sciatica, rendering it necessary
+ for four men to convey me down the long stairway to my carriage,
+ and from thence to my room in the hotel, where I was confined for
+ some three weeks, requiring three men for some days to turn me in
+ bed. Language cannot describe the agony I experienced during that
+ period. Dr. Pantelioni was sent for, and attended me daily for
+ three weeks, and never charged me more than a dollar a visit. After
+ two or three visits, finding that I was otherwise well, and had
+ knowledge of government and civil affairs in Europe and America,
+ he entered into conversation with me on these subjects. I found him
+ to be one of the most generally read and enlightened men that I had
+ met with on the Continent.
+
+ He frequently remained from one to three hours conversing with me;
+ and in the course of these frequent and lengthened visits, Dr.
+ Pantelioni related the following facts:
+
+ 1st. That he was one of the liberal party in Rome that opposed the
+ despotism of the Papal government, and contributed to its
+ overthrow, when Garibaldi for a time became supreme at Rome.
+
+ 2nd. That he, with many other liberals, became convinced that the
+ government which Garibaldi would inaugurate, would be little better
+ than a mob, and would be neither stable nor safe.
+
+ (Garibaldi was a bold and skilful party leader, but no statesman. I
+ witnessed his presence in the Italian Legislature, then held in
+ Florence; he could declaim against government, and find fault, with
+ individual acts; but he seemed to have no system of government in
+ his own mind, and commanded little respect or attention after his
+ first speech.)
+
+ 3rd. Dr. Pantelioni stated, that under these circumstances, he,
+ with several liberal friends, agreed to go confidentially to the
+ Pope, who was then an exile at Gaeta, and offer their offices and
+ influence to restore him to power at Rome, provided he would
+ establish a constitutional government, and govern as a
+ constitutional ruler. The pope agreed to their propositions, but
+ when they reduced them to writing for his signature, and those of
+ the gentlemen waiting upon him, he declined to sign his name; in
+ consequence of which Dr. Pantelioni and his friends felt they had
+ no sufficient ground upon their own individual word, without a
+ scrap of writing from the pen of the pope, to influence their
+ friends, and risk their lives; they, therefore, retired from the
+ presence of his holiness, disappointed but not dishonored.
+
+ 4th On my recovery Dr. Pantelioni invited me to visit him at his
+ residence. I did so and found him possessed of the best private
+ library I had seen in Italy, or even on the continent. It filled
+ three, large rooms; one of which contained books (well arranged) of
+ general history and literature, comprising the latest standard
+ works in English (published both in England and America), French,
+ German, Italian and Spanish. The second room was equally filled
+ with shelves and books, beautifully arranged, on medical and
+ scientific subjects of the latest date, and highest authority, in
+ English, French, Italian, German, and Spanish, &c. The third room
+ contained a fine and extensive collection of the latest standard
+ works which had been published in England and the United States,
+ France, Spain, Germany, and Italy, on Civil Government. I was not
+ before aware that the Italian language was so rich in political
+ literature. I selected the titles, and ordered several books in
+ that language for myself.
+
+ 5th. In the course of these conversations, Dr. Pantelioni related
+ the efforts of himself and friends to establish a constitutional
+ government, despairing, as they did, of any competence of the
+ Garibaldi party to establish such a government. A deputation (of
+ whom Dr. Pantelioni was one) went from Rome to Florence to consult
+ the Right Honourable Richard Shiel, then the British Ambassador, or
+ representative of the British Government, at Florence, as the
+ British Government had no diplomatic relations with Rome. Mr. Shiel
+ asked them what they wanted? They replied, nothing more than the
+ protection of the British Government for twelve months, during
+ which time they could establish a just and safe government, if
+ protected from the interference of other governments. Mr. Shiel
+ agreed to support their views, and Dr. Pantelioni and one or two
+ others of the deputation took letters from Mr. Shiel on the subject
+ to the late Viscount Palmerston and Lord John Russell, who
+ encouraged their undertaking, entirely agreeing with the
+ recommendations of Mr. Shiel, who, although a Roman Catholic, was
+ a constitutional liberal. But it unfortunately happened that on the
+ very day on which Dr. Pantelioni and his friends, after their
+ mission to England, had intended to carry their plans into
+ operation, the French army landed at Civita Vecchia, and having
+ subdued the Garibaldi party at Rome, restored the Pope to the
+ Vatican, with all his former pretensions and power.
+
+ 6th. Some time afterwards, when the King of Italy overran the Papal
+ territories, Dr. Pantelioni was nominated to the Italian
+ Legislature for one of the new electoral divisions, but declined at
+ once the acceptance of the nomination, and sent his resignation by
+ the first post, well knowing the effect it might have upon his
+ personal safety and interests at Rome, which was still under the
+ rule of the Pope. But the partiality shown to Dr. Pantelioni by his
+ newly enfranchised fellow-countrymen enraged the Court of Rome,
+ which banished him from his city and country on a notice of only
+ twenty-four hours! The London _Times_ newspaper devoted some two
+ articles to Dr. Pantelioni's history and banishment, eulogizing him
+ in the strongest terms.
+
+ 7th. Dr. Pantelioni then took up his abode at Nice, in the south of
+ France, and there pursued his profession.
+
+ Some years afterward, when making my last educational tour on the
+ Continent in 1867, I stopped a day with my son at Nice, and learned
+ that there was an Italian physician residing there, an exile from
+ Rome. I knew it must be my old physician and friend, and
+ immediately called upon him. We were, of course, both delighted to
+ see each other again; and he invited myself and son to spend the
+ evening at his house, which we did. He had, since I saw him at
+ Rome, married an English lady, who seemed in every respect worthy
+ of him.
+
+ When in the course of the evening I expressed my sympathy with him
+ in his exile, privation of his beautiful residence and fine
+ library, he replied with energy, bringing his hand down strongly on
+ the table, "I have such faith in the principles on which I have
+ acted, and in the providence of God, that I shall just as surely go
+ back to Rome, as that I am sure I am now talking to you." Some one
+ or two years afterwards I learned from the newspapers, that Dr.
+ Pantelioni had been recalled to Rome by the King of Italy, and
+ appointed to the head of all the Roman Hospitals.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In a letter from Dr. Ryerson dated London, 30th October, 1857, he said:
+"On the 28th inst. we witnessed the consecration of Dr. Cronyn as Bishop
+of Huron, and were afterwards invited to lunch with the Archbishop of
+Canterbury. Several bishops were present. Afterwards we went with Dr.
+Cronyn to Woolwich, and dined with him at his son-in-law's (Col.
+Burrows)."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[147] These evening parties are conversazioni on a small scale. There
+were no suppers, but cups of tea and biscuits, chiefly for ladies; the
+gentlemen did not take off their gloves or sit down, but kept their hats
+in their hands or under their arms. We were introduced to, and conversed
+with various parties. Lady Grey seemed to be ubiquitous, and to know
+everybody, and to make all feel at home. She is the widow of General
+Grey, and is said to have been in early days a belle and bright star in
+the highest London society.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LVIII.
+
+1859-1862.
+
+Denominational Colleges and the University Controversy.
+
+
+One of the most memorable controversies in which Dr. Ryerson was engaged
+was that on behalf of the Denominational Colleges of Upper Canada.
+
+Unfortunately, at various stages of the discussion, the controversy
+partook largely of a personal character. This prevented that clear,
+calm, and dispassionate consideration of the whole of this important
+question to which it was entitled, and hence, in one sense, no good
+result accrued. Such a question as this was worthy of a better fate. For
+at that stage of our history it was a momentous one--worthy of a
+thoughtful, earnest and practical solution--a solution of which it was
+then capable, had it been taken up by wise, far-seeing and patriotic
+statesmen. But the opportunity was unfortunately lost; and in the
+anxiety in some cases to secure a personal triumph, a grand movement to
+give practical effect to somewhat like the comprehensive university
+scheme of the Hon. Robert Baldwin, of 1843, failed. Mr. Baldwin's
+proposal of that year was defeated by the defenders of King's College,
+as a like scheme of twenty years later was defeated by the champions of
+the Toronto University. The final result of the painful struggle of
+1859-1863 was in effect as follows:--
+
+1. Things were chiefly left in _statu quo ante bellum_.
+
+2. An impetus was given to the denominational college principle; and
+that principle was emphasized.
+
+3. Colleges with university powers were multiplied in the province.
+
+4. Life and energy were infused into the denominational colleges.
+
+5. Apathy and indifference prevailed (and, to some extent, still
+prevails) among the adherents of the Provincial University.
+
+I have already stated that the issues raised in the memorable university
+contest of 1859-1863 were important. So they were, as after events have
+proved. The question, however, was unfortunately decided twenty years
+ago, not by an independent, impartial and disinterested tribunal, but
+by the parties in possession, whose judgment in the case would naturally
+be in their own favour. Besides, members of the Government at the time
+felt no real interest in the question, and were glad, under the shelter
+of official statements and opinions, to escape collision with such
+powerful bodies as the Wesleyan Methodists and the Church of Scotland.
+
+This discussion originated in the presentation to the Legislature of a
+memorial from the Wesleyan Methodist Conference, prepared by Dr.
+Ryerson, dated November, 1859, to the following effect:--
+
+ That the Legislature in passing the Provincial University Act of
+ 1853, clearly proposed and avowed a threefold object. First, the
+ creation of a University for examining candidates, and conferring
+ degrees in the Faculties of Arts, Law, and Medicine. Secondly, the
+ establishment of an elevated curriculum of University education,
+ conformable to that of the London University in England. Thirdly,
+ the association with the Provincial University of the several
+ colleges already established, and which might be established, in
+ Upper Canada, with the Provincial University, the same as various
+ colleges of different denominations in Great Britain and Ireland
+ are affiliated to the London University--placed as they are upon
+ equal footing in regard to and aid from the state, and on equal
+ footing in regard to the composition of the Senate, and the
+ appointment of examiners.
+
+ In the promotion of these objects the Conference and members of the
+ Wesleyan Methodist Church cordially concurred; and at the first
+ meeting after the passing of the University Act, the Senatorial
+ Board of Victoria College adopted the programme of collegiate
+ studies established by the Senate of the London University, and
+ referred to in the Canadian Statute. But it soon appeared that the
+ Senate of the Toronto University, instead of giving effect to the
+ liberal intentions of the Legislature, determined to identify the
+ University with one college, in contradistinction and to the
+ exclusion of all others, to establish a monopoly of senatorial
+ power and public revenue for one college alone; so much so, that a
+ majority of the legal quorum of the Senate now consists of the
+ professors of one college, one of whom is invariably one of the two
+ examiners of their own students, candidates for degrees, honors,
+ and scholarships. The curriculum of the University studies, instead
+ of being elevated and conformed to that of the London University,
+ has been revised and changed three times since 1853, and reduced by
+ options and otherwise below what it was formerly, and below what it
+ is in the British Universities, and below what it is in the best
+ colleges in the United States. The effect of this narrow and
+ anti-liberal course is, to build up one College at the expense of
+ all others, and to reduce the standard of a University degree in
+ both Arts and Medicine below what it was before the passing of the
+ University Act in 1853.
+
+ Instead of confining the expenditure of funds to what the law
+ prescribed--namely, the "current expenses," and such "permanent
+ improvements or additions to the buildings" as might be necessary
+ for the purposes of the University and University College--new
+ buildings have been erected at an expenditure of some hundreds of
+ thousands of dollars, and the current expenses of the College have
+ been increased far beyond what they were in former times of
+ complaint and investigation on this subject.
+
+ Your memorialists therefore submit, that in no respect have the
+ liberal and enlightened intentions of the Legislature in passing
+ the University Act been fulfilled--a splendid but unjust monopoly
+ for the city and college of Toronto having been created, instead
+ of a liberal and elevated system, equally fair to all the colleges
+ of the country.
+
+ A Provincial University should be what its name imports, and what
+ was clearly intended by the Legislature--a body equally unconnected
+ with, and equally impartial to every college in the country; and
+ every college should be placed on equal footing in regard to public
+ aid according to its works, irrespective of place, sect, or party.
+ It is as unjust to propose, as it is unreasonable to expect, the
+ affiliation of several colleges in one University except on equal
+ terms. There have been ample funds to enable the Senate to submit
+ to the Government a comprehensive and patriotic recommendation to
+ give effect to the liberal intentions of the Legislature in the
+ accomplishment of these objects; but the Senate has preferred to
+ become the sole patron of one college to the exclusion of all
+ others, and to absorb and expend the large and increasing funds of
+ the University, instead of allowing any surplus to accumulate for
+ the general promotion of academical education, as contemplated and
+ specifically directed by the statute. Not only has the annual
+ income of the University endowment been reduced some thousands of
+ pounds per annum by vast expenditures for the erection of buildings
+ not contemplated by the Act, but a portion of those expenditures is
+ for the erection of lecture-rooms, &c., for the Faculties of which
+ the Act expressly forbids the establishment!
+
+ But whilst your memorialists complain that the very intentions of
+ this Act have thus been disregarded and defeated, we avow our
+ desire to be the same now as it was more than ten years ago, in
+ favour of the establishment of a Provincial University, unconnected
+ with any one college or religious persuasion, but sustaining a
+ relation of equal fairness and impartiality to the several
+ religious persuasions and colleges, with power to prescribe the
+ curriculum, to examine candidates, and confer degrees, in the
+ Faculties of Arts, Law, and Medicine.
+
+ We also desire that the University College at Toronto should be
+ efficiently maintained; and for that purpose we should not object
+ that the minimum of its income from the University Endowment should
+ be even twice that of any other college; but it is incompatible
+ with the very idea of a national University, intended to embrace
+ the several colleges of the nation, to lavish all the endowment and
+ patronage of the state upon one college, to the exclusion of all
+ others. At the present time, and for years past, the noble
+ University Endowment is virtually expended by parties directly or
+ indirectly connected with but one college; and the scholarships and
+ prizes, the honors and degrees conferred, are virtually the rewards
+ and praises bestowed by professors upon their own students, and not
+ the doings and decisions of a body wholly unconnected with the
+ college. Degrees and distinctions thus conferred, however much they
+ cost the country, cannot possess any higher literary value, as they
+ are of no more legal value, than those conferred by the _Senatus
+ Academicus_ of the other chartered colleges.
+
+ It is therefore submitted that if it is desired to have one
+ Provincial University, the corresponding arrangement should be made
+ to place each of the colleges on equal footing according to their
+ works in regard to everything emanating from the state. And if it
+ is refused to place these colleges on equal footing as colleges of
+ one University, it is but just and reasonable that they should be
+ placed upon equal footing in regard to aid from the state,
+ according to their works as separate University colleges.
+
+ It is well known that it is the natural tendency, as all experience
+ shows, that any college independent of all inspection, control, or
+ competition in wealth--all its officers securely paid by the state,
+ independent of exertion or success--will in a short time, as a
+ general rule, degenerate into inactivity, indifference, and
+ extravagance. In collegiate institutions, as well as in the higher
+ and elementary schools, and in other public and private affairs of
+ life, competition is an important element of efficiency and
+ success. The best system of collegiate, as of elementary education,
+ is that in which voluntary effort is developed by means of public
+ aid. It is clearly both the interest and duty of the state to
+ prompt and encourage individual effort in regard to collegiate, as
+ in regard to elementary, education and not to discourage it by the
+ creation of a monopoly invidious and unjust on the one side, and on
+ the other deadening to all individual effort and enterprise, and
+ oppressive to the state.
+
+ We submit, therefore, that justice and the best interests of
+ liberal education require the several colleges of the country to be
+ placed upon equal footing according to their works. We ask nothing
+ for Victoria College which we do not ask for every collegiate
+ institution in Upper Canada upon the same terms.
+
+ We desire also that it may be distinctly understood that we ask no
+ aid towards the support of any theological school or theological
+ chair in Victoria College. There is no such chair in Victoria
+ College; and whenever one shall be established, provision will be
+ made for its support independent of any grant from the state.[148]
+ We claim support for Victoria College according to its works as a
+ literary institution--as teaching those branches which are embraced
+ in the curriculum of a liberal education, irrespective of
+ denominational theology.
+
+ We also disclaim any sympathy with the motives and objects which
+ have been attributed by the advocates of Toronto College monopoly,
+ in relation to our National School system. The fact that a member
+ of our own body has been permitted by the annual approbation of the
+ Conference to devote himself to the establishment and extension of
+ our school system, is ample proof of our approval of that system:
+ in addition to which we have from time to time expressed our
+ cordial support of it by formal resolutions, and by the testimony
+ and example of our more than four hundred ministers throughout the
+ Province. No religious community in Upper Canada has, therefore,
+ given so direct and effective support to the National School system
+ as the Wesleyan community, but we have ever maintained, and we
+ submit, that the same interests of general education for all
+ classes which require the maintenance of the elementary school
+ system require a reform in our University system in order to place
+ it on a foundation equally comprehensive and impartial, and not to
+ be the patron and mouthpiece of one college alone; and the same
+ consideration of fitness, economy and patriotism which justify the
+ state in co-operating with each school municipality to support a
+ day school, require it to co-operate with each religious
+ persuasion, according to its own educational works, to support a
+ college. The experience of all Protestant countries shows that it
+ is, and has been, as much the province of a religious persuasion to
+ establish a college as it is for a school municipality to establish
+ a day school; and the same experience shows that, while pastoral
+ and parental care can be exercised for the religious instruction of
+ children residing at home and attending a day school, that care
+ cannot be exercised over youth residing away from home and pursuing
+ their higher education except in a college where the pastoral and
+ parental care can be daily combined. We hold that the highest
+ interests of the country, as of an individual, are its religious
+ and moral interests; and we believe there can be no heavier blow
+ dealt out against those religious and moral interests, than for the
+ youth of a country destined to receive the best literary education,
+ to be placed, during the most eventful years of that educational
+ course, without the pale of daily parental and pastoral instruction
+ and oversight. The results of such a system must, sooner or later,
+ sap the religious and moral foundations of society. For such is
+ the tendency of our nature, that with all the appliances of
+ religious instruction and ceaseless care by the parent and pastor;
+ they are not always successful in counteracting evil propensities
+ and temptations; and therefore, from a system which involves the
+ withdrawal or absence of all such influence for years at a period
+ when youthful passions are strongest, and youthful temptations most
+ powerful, we cannot but entertain painful apprehensions. Many a
+ parent would deem it his duty to leave his son without the
+ advantages of a liberal education, rather than thus expose him to
+ the danger of moral shipwreck in its acquirement.
+
+ This danger does not so much apply to that very considerable class
+ of persons whose home is in Toronto; or to those young men whose
+ character and principles are formed, and who, for the most part,
+ are pursuing their studies by means acquired by their own industry
+ and economy; or to the students of theological institutions
+ established in Toronto, and to which the University College answers
+ the convenient purpose of a free Grammar School, in certain secular
+ branches. But such cases form the exceptions, and not the general
+ rule. And if one college at Toronto is liberally endowed for
+ certain classes who have themselves contributed or done nothing to
+ promote liberal education, we submit that in all fairness, apart
+ from moral patriotic considerations, the state ought to aid with
+ corresponding liberality those other classes who for years have
+ contributed largely to erect and sustain collegiate institutions,
+ and who while they endeavour to confer upon youth, as widely as
+ possible, the advantages of a sound liberal education, seek to
+ incorporate with it those moral influences, associations, and
+ habits which give to education its highest value, which form the
+ true basis and cement of civil institutions and national
+ civilization, as well as of individual character and happiness.
+
+The various statements and propositions in this memorial were fully and
+ably discussed on both sides at the time before a Committee of the
+Legislature. The discussion itself and voluminous papers and documents
+on either side were published in pamphlet form and in the newspapers, so
+that no further reference to them is necessary. The only other point
+raised in the discussion which is not mentioned in the memorial, is one
+on which Dr. Ryerson has expressed himself clearly. That is the
+relations of denominational colleges to the national system of public
+schools. On that point he says:--
+
+The denominational collegiate system which I advocate is in harmony with
+the fundamental principles of our Common School system.... The
+fundamental principle of the school system is two-fold. First, the right
+of the parent and pastor to provide religious instruction for their
+children; and to have facilities for that purpose. While the law
+protects each pupil from compulsory attendance at any religious reading
+or exercise against the wish of his parent; it also provides that within
+that limitation "pupils shall be allowed to receive such religious
+instruction as their parents and guardians shall desire, according to
+the general regulations which shall be provided according to law." The
+general regulations provide that the parent may make discretionary
+arrangements with the teacher on the subject; and that the clergyman of
+any Church shall have the right to any school house being within his
+charge for one hour in the week between four and five, for the religious
+instruction of the pupils of his own Church. Be it observed, then, the
+supreme right of the parent, and the corresponding right of the pastor
+in regard to the religious instruction of youth, even in connexion with
+day schools, where children are with their parents more than half of
+each week day, and the whole of each Sunday, is a fundamental principle
+of the Common School system. The less or greater extent to which the
+right may be exercised in various places, does not affect the principles
+or right itself, which is fundamental in the system. The second
+fundamental principle in the school system is the co-operation and aid
+of the State with each locality or section of the community as a
+condition of, and in proportion to local effort. This is a vital
+principle of the school system, and pervades it throughout, and is a
+chief element of its success. No public aid is given until a school
+house is provided, and a legally qualified teacher is employed, when
+public aid is given in proportion to the work done in the school; that
+is, in proportion to the number of children taught, and the length of
+time the school is kept open; and public aid is given for the purpose of
+school maps and apparatus, the prize books and libraries, in proportion
+to the amount provided from local sources. To the application of that
+principle between the State and the inhabitants of localities there is
+no exception whatever, except in the single case of distributing a sum
+not exceeding Ł500 per annum in aid of poor school sections in new
+townships, and then their local effort must precede the application for
+a special grant.
+
+Such are the two fundamental principles of the school system, on which I
+have more than once dwelt at large in official reports.
+
+Now apply these principles to the collegiate system of the country.
+First, the united right and duty of the parent and pastor. Should that
+be suspended when the son is away from home, or should it be provided
+for? Let parental affection and conscience, and not blind or heartless
+partisanship, reply. If, then, the combined care and duty of the parent
+and pastor are to be provided for as far as possible when the son is
+pursuing the higher part of his education, for which he must leave home,
+can that be done best in a denominational or non-denominational College?
+But one answer can be given to this question. The religious and moral
+principles, feelings, and habits of youth are paramount. Scepticism and
+partisanship may sneer at them as "sectarian," but religion and
+conscience will hold them as supreme. If the parent has the right to
+secure the religious instruction and oversight of his son at home, in
+connection with his school education, has he not a right to do so when
+his son is abroad? and is not the State in duty bound to afford him the
+best facilities for that purpose? And how can that be done so
+effectually--nay, how can it be effectually done at all--except in a
+college which, while it gives the secular education required by the
+State, responds to the parent's heart and faith to secure the higher
+interests which are beyond all human computation, and without the
+cultivation of which society itself cannot exist? It is a mystery of
+mysteries, that men of conscience, men of religious principle and
+feeling, can be so far blinded by sectarian jealousy and partizanship,
+as to desire for one moment to withhold from youth at the most feeble,
+most tempted, most eventful period of their educational training, the
+most potent guards, helps, and influences to resist and escape the
+snares and seductions of vice, and to acquire and become established in
+those principles, feelings, and habits which will make them true
+Christians, at the same time that they are educated men. Even in the
+interests of civilization itself, what is religious and moral stands far
+before what is merely scholastic and refined. The Hon. Edward Everett
+has truly said in a late address, "It is not political nor military
+power, but moral sentiments, principally under the guidance and
+influence of religious zeal, that has in all ages civilized the world."
+What creates civilization can alone preserve and advance it. The great
+question, after all, in the present discussion, is not which system will
+teach the most classics, mathematics, etc. (although I shall consider
+the question in this light presently), but which system will best
+protect, develop, and establish those higher principles of action, which
+are vastly more important to a country itself--apart from other and
+immortal considerations--than any amount of intellectual attainments in
+certain branches of secular knowledge. Colleges under religious control
+may fall short of their duty and their power of religious and moral
+influence; but they must be, as a general rule, vastly better and safer
+than a College of no religious control or character at all. At all
+events, one class of citizens have much more valid claims to public aid
+for a College that will combine the advantages of both secular and
+religious education, than have another class of citizens to public aid
+for a College which confers no benefit beyond secular teaching alone. It
+is not the sect, it is society at large that most profits by the high
+religious principles and character of its educated men. An efficient
+religious College must confer a much greater benefit upon the State than
+a non-religious College can, and must be more the benefactor of the
+State than the State can be to it by bestowing any ordinary amount of
+endowment. It is, therefore, in harmony with the first fundamental
+principle of the Common School system, as well as with the highest
+interests of society at large, that the best facilities be provided for
+all that is affectionate in the parent and faithful in the pastor,
+during the away-from-home education of youth; and that is a College
+under religious control, whether that control be of the Church of the
+parent or not.
+
+I have already given on page 344, Dr. Ryerson's opinions in regard to
+the provisions of Hon. Robert Baldwin's University Bill of 1843. From
+the extract there inserted it will be seen that the practical objection
+which he raised in 1859, to the administration of the University Act of
+1853, was in general harmony with the views and opinions on University
+matters which he had expressed fifteen or sixteen years before. A fuller
+expression of these opinions was given in a letter which Dr. Ryerson
+wrote to the _British Colonist_ on the 14th of February, 1846. From that
+letter I make the following extracts:--
+
+ The Board of Victoria College took no part in the University
+ question until after the introduction of a Bill into the
+ Legislature which affected the chartered rights and relations of
+ Victoria College. On that occasion a special meeting of the Board
+ was called, to decide whether it would, under any circumstances,
+ acquiesce in that Bill, and upon what terms. The Board expressed a
+ strong opinion in favour of the general terms of the Bill, but
+ expressed an unfavourable opinion respecting some of its details,
+ especially the project of the "Extra mural Board," and the
+ non-recognition of Christianity. The Board also objected to the
+ smallness of the amount proposed to be given to Victoria College.
+ It stated that Victoria College, having been erected by public
+ subscription, for the purpose of "teaching the various branches of
+ science and literature upon Christian principles," could not cease
+ to be a literary institution, as some supposed the Bill
+ contemplated; it stated the peculiar hardships of the aspect of the
+ Bill to the Methodist institution, under all the circumstances
+ (which it explained), and submitted them to the honourable and
+ generous consideration of the Government.... Mr. Baldwin's Bill
+ proposed to grant the sum of Ł500 per annum each for several years
+ to no less than four seminaries [besides the University].... It was
+ objected to on the part of both Presbyterians and Methodists, that
+ its application to them was not liberal enough; it was objected to
+ on the part of King's College Council that it gave even a farthing
+ to any of them.
+
+ Afterwards King's College Council objected to the Bill, and
+ employed counsel to oppose it, on the ground that the Legislature
+ had no right to interfere with their charter, or to divert any
+ portion of King's College funds in aid of other institutions. To
+ this plea of the King's College Council an individual member of the
+ Victoria College Board offered an argumentative reply, contending
+ that the endowment of King's College was the property of the
+ Province, and upon legal, constitutional, and equitable grounds,
+ came within the limits of Provincial legislation. This principle, I
+ believe, is now generally admitted.
+
+ From this summary of well known facts it is evident--1. That Mr.
+ Baldwin's Bill did contemplate giving aid to other institutions
+ than the Toronto University. 2. That the friends of Queen's,
+ Regiopolis, Victoria and King's Colleges did expect to derive
+ assistance from the University funds. 3. That the objections to Mr.
+ Baldwin's Bill on the part of the Presbyterians and Methodists
+ were, not that any portion of the University funds should be
+ applied in aid of their institutions, but that the portion proposed
+ was entirely too small. 4. That those who supported Mr. Baldwin's
+ Bill cannot consistently object to aid being given from the
+ University funds to institutions in connection with the Church of
+ England, Roman Catholics and Methodists. The amount and duration of
+ such aid is a mere prudential consideration; the principle is the
+ same, whether the amount of aid be five hundred or five thousand
+ pounds, whether the duration be five years or five hundred
+ years....
+
+ That there should be a Provincial University, furnishing the
+ highest academical and professional education, at least in respect
+ to law and medicine; that there should be a Provincial system of
+ common school education, commensurate with the wants of the entire
+ population; that both the University and the system should be
+ established and conducted upon Christian principles, yet free from
+ sectarian bias or ascendancy; that there should be an intermediate
+ class of seminaries in connection with the different religious
+ persuasions, who have ability and enterprise to establish them,
+ providing on the one hand a theological education for their clergy,
+ and on the other hand a thorough English and scientific education,
+ and elementary classical instruction for those of the youth of
+ their congregations who might seek for more than a common school
+ education, or who might wish to prepare for the University, and
+ who, not having the experience and discretion of University
+ students, required a parental and religious oversight, in their
+ absence from their parents; that it would be economy and patriotic
+ on the part of the Government to grant liberal aid to such
+ seminaries, as well as to provide for the endowment of a University
+ or a common school system;--these are views which I explained and
+ argued at length when the University question was under discussion,
+ from 1828 to 1834; these are the views on which the Methodists
+ asked in establishing the Upper Canada Academy, now Victoria
+ College; these are views, by pressing which, a royal charter and
+ government aid were obtained for that institution; these are the
+ views which received strong confirmation in the recommendation of a
+ despatch from Lord Goderich to Sir John Colborne in 1832, and which
+ greatly encouraged the friends of the Upper Canada Academy in their
+ commencing exertions. That institution was not originally intended
+ to be a University College; nor was it sought to be made so until
+ after the establishment of a Presbyterian University College at
+ Kingston; when, prompted by example and emulation, and
+ encouragement of aid, it was thought that the operations of a
+ University might be grafted upon those of the academy, without
+ interfering with the more extended objects of the latter....
+
+ More than a thousand youth have received more or less instruction
+ at the Cobourg Institution; very few of them, apart from other
+ considerations, have gone from it without forming a high standard
+ of education, and a deeper conviction of its importance than they
+ had before entertained; it has prevented hundreds of youth from
+ going out of the country to be educated, upon whom, and upon
+ hundreds of others, it has conferred the benefits of a good
+ practical education. Its buildings present the most remarkable
+ monument of religious effort and patriotic energy which was ever
+ witnessed in any country of the age and population of Upper
+ Canada....
+
+ The Wesleyan Methodists have not, like the Churches of England,
+ Scotland and Rome, derived any assistance from the clergy reserve
+ fund, or other public aid to their clergy or churches. It is much
+ easier to figure upon a platform than to establish educational
+ institutions, or to preach the Gospel throughout new countries.
+ Those who have been in Canada twelve months can do the former, and
+ sneer at the latter. The flippant allusions of certain speakers at
+ the late Toronto meeting to the Methodists and to Victoria College
+ ... were as unfounded as they were unbecoming.
+
+The discussions on the University question at Quebec in 1860 were, as I
+have intimated, bitter and largely personal. Dr. Ryerson, being in the
+fore front of the University reformers, was singled out for special
+attack by some of the ablest defenders of the University. I shall not
+enter into detail, but will give the opening and concluding parts of Dr.
+Ryerson's great speech, which he made before the Committee of the
+Legislature on the 25th and 26th of April, 1860:--
+
+I am quite aware of the disadvantage under which I appear before you
+to-day. I am not insensible of the prejudices which may have been
+excited in the minds of many individuals by the occurrences of the last
+few days; ... I am not at all insensible of the fact that the attempt
+has been made to turn the issue, not on the great question which demands
+attention, but upon my merits or demerits, my standing as a man, and the
+course which I have pursued. This subject, of very little importance to
+the Committee, ... possesses a great deal of importance to myself. No
+man can stand in the presence of the Representatives of the people; no
+man can stand, as I feel myself standing this morning, not merely in the
+presence of a Committee, but, as it were, in the presence of my native
+country, the land of my birth, affections, labours, hopes, without
+experiencing the deepest emotion. But how much more is that the case
+when attempts have been made, of the most unprecedented kind, to deprive
+me of all that is dear to me as a man, as a parent, as a public officer,
+as a minister of the Christian Church. More especially do I thus feel
+because reading and arranging the papers on this subject, to which my
+attention has been called, occupied me until five o'clock this
+morning....
+
+Sir, the position of the question which demands our consideration this
+day, is one altogether peculiar, and, I will venture to say,
+unparalleled in this or any other country. The individuals connected
+with myself--the party unconnected with what may be called the National
+University of the country, stand as the conservators of a high standard
+of education, and appear before you as the advocates of a thorough
+course of training that will discipline, in the most effectual manner,
+the powers of the mind, and prepare the youth of our country for those
+pursuits and those engagements which demand their attention as men,
+Christians, and patriots, while the very persons to whom has been
+allotted this great interest, this important trust, stand before you as
+the advocates of a reduction, of a puerile system which has never
+invigorated the mind, or raised up great men in any country; which can
+never lay deep and broad the foundations of intellectual grandeur and
+power anywhere, but which is characterized by that superficiality which
+marks the proceedings of the educational institutions in the new and
+Western States of the neighbouring Republic. Sir, I feel proud of the
+position I occupy; that if I have gone to an extreme, I have gone to the
+proper extreme; that even if I may have pressed my views to an extent
+beyond the present standing, the present capabilities of the Province,
+my views have been upward, my course has been onward, my attempt has
+been to invigorate Canada with an intellect and a power, a science and a
+literature that will stand unabashed in the presence of any other
+country, while the very men who should have raised our educational
+standard to the highest point, who should have been the leaders in
+adopting a high and thorough course, have confessed during the
+discussion of this question, that the former standard was too high, and
+that they have been levelling it down, incorporating with it
+speculations which have never elevated the institutions of any country,
+and adopting a course of proceedings which never advanced any nation to
+the position to which I hope in God my native country will attain.
+
+The resolutions on which these proceedings have taken place, were
+adopted by the Wesleyan Conference in June, 1860. Now, whatever other
+changes may have taken place, I still adhere to the people of my youth,
+who were the early instruments of all the religious instruction I
+received until I attained manhood. Whether they are a polished and
+learned or a despised people, I still am not ashamed of them, nor of the
+humblest of their advocates or professors. I stand before you without a
+blush, in the immediate connection, and identified with that people. The
+resolutions that were adopted by the Conference, in pursuance of which
+the Conference appointed a large Executive Committee, consisting of
+nearly one hundred of the most experienced members of their body, to
+prepare the memorial which has been presented to Parliament, are
+these:--
+
+ _Resolved._ 1st. That it is the conviction of a large proportion,
+ if not a large majority of the inhabitants of Canada, that their
+ sons, in pursuing the higher branches of education (which cannot be
+ acquired in day schools, and rarely without the youth going to a
+ distance from the paternal roof and oversight), should be placed in
+ institutions in which their religious instruction and moral
+ oversight, as well as their literary training, are carefully
+ watched over and duly provided for; a conviction practically
+ evident by the fact that not only the members of the Wesleyan
+ Methodist Church, and other Methodists, but the members of the
+ Churches of England, Scotland and Rome have contributed largely,
+ and exerted themselves to establish colleges and higher seminaries
+ of learning for the superior education of their children.
+
+ 2nd. That no provision for instruction in secular learning alone,
+ can compensate for the absence of provision, or care, for the
+ religious and moral instruction of youth in the most exposed,
+ critical, and eventful periods of their lives.
+
+ 3rd. That it is of the highest importance to the best interests of
+ Canada that the Legislative provision for superior education, shall
+ be in harmony with the conscientious convictions and circumstances
+ of the religious persuasions, which virtually constitute the
+ Christianity of the country.
+
+ 4th. That the exclusive application of the Legislative provision
+ for superior education, to the endowment of a college for the
+ education of the sons of that class of parents alone who wish to
+ educate their sons in a non-denominational institution,
+ irrespective of their religious principles and moral character, to
+ the exclusion of those classes of parents who wish to educate their
+ sons in colleges or seminaries where a paternal care is bestowed
+ upon their moral and religious interests, at the same time that
+ they are carefully and thoroughly taught in secular learning; is
+ grossly illiberal, partial, unjust and unpatriotic, and merits the
+ severest reprobation of every liberal and right-minded man of every
+ religious persuasion and party in the country.
+
+ 5. That the ministers and members of the Wesleyan Methodist Church,
+ aided by the liberal co-operation of many other friends of
+ Christian education, have largely and long contributed to establish
+ and maintain Victoria College, in which provision is made for the
+ religious instruction and oversight of students, independent of any
+ Legislative aid--in which there are fifty-nine students in the
+ Faculty of Arts, besides more than two hundred pupils and students
+ in preparatory and special classes--in which no religious test is
+ permitted by the charter in the admission of any student, or pupil,
+ and in which many hundreds of youths of different religious
+ persuasions, have been educated and prepared for professional and
+ other pursuits, many of whom have already honourably distinguished
+ themselves in the clerical, legal and medical professions, as also
+ in mercantile and other branches of business.
+
+ 6th. That Victoria College is justly entitled to share in the
+ Legislative provision for superior education, according to the
+ number of students in the collegiate and academical courses of
+ instruction.
+
+ 7th. That we affectionately entreat the members of our Church, to
+ use their influence to elect, as far as possible, public men who
+ are favourable to the views expressed in the foregoing resolutions,
+ and do equal justice to those who wish to give a superior religious
+ education to the youth of the country, as well as those who desire
+ for their sons a non-religious education alone.
+
+Dr. Ryerson concluded his speech on the 26th April. Towards its close he
+said:--[One of the speakers] thought to amuse the Committee, by a
+reference to an expression of mine, used in a letter written by me
+several years since, that I had meditated my system of public
+instruction for this country--(for I contemplated the whole system from
+the primary school to the University)--on some of the highest mountains
+in Europe, and said, using a very elegant expression, it must therefore
+be rather "windy." ... No one can have read the history of Greece or
+Scotland, or the Northern and Western parts of England, without knowing
+that, from elevated and secluded places, some of the finest inspirations
+of genius have emanated which have ever been conceived by the mind of
+man. There are mountains in Europe where the recluse may stand and see
+beneath him curling clouds, and roaring tempests spending their
+strength, while he is in a calm untroubled atmosphere, on the summit of
+a mountain of which it may be said,
+
+ "Though round his breast the rolling clouds are spread,
+ Eternal sunshine settles on his head."
+
+And I ask whether it was unphilosophical for an individual who had
+examined the educational systems of various countries, and who was
+crossing the Alps, to retire to a mountain solitude, and there, in the
+abode of that "eternal sunshine," and in the presence of Him who is the
+fountain of light, to contemplate a system which was to diffuse
+intellectual and moral light throughout his native country, to survey
+the condition of that country as a whole, apart from its
+political-religious dissensions, and ask what system could be devised to
+enable it to take its position among the civilized nations of the
+world?...
+
+After giving expression to his views on what he conceived to be a proper
+and suitable University system for the Province, he concluded with these
+words:--It is perfectly well known to the Committee that its time, for
+the last four or five days, has been occupied, not in the investigation
+of these principles, but by attempts to destroy what is dearer to me
+than life, in order to crush the cause with which I am identified; and a
+scene has been enacted here, somewhat resembling that which took place
+in a certain committee room, at Toronto, in regard to a certain
+Inspector-General. Every single forgetfulness or omission of mine has
+been magnified and tortured in every possible way, to destroy my
+reputation for integrity, and my standing in the country. A newspaper in
+Toronto, whose editor-in-chief is a man of very great notoriety, has
+said, since the commencement of this inquiry, that, in my early days, I
+made mercenary approaches to another church, but was indignantly
+repelled, and hence my present position. I showed the other day that I
+might have occupied the place of Vice-Chancellor of the University which
+Mr. Langton now holds, had I desired (and the proposal was made to me
+after my return from Europe in 1856), and I have similar records to
+prove that in 1825, after the commencement of my Wesleyan ministry, I
+had the authoritative offer of admission to the ministry of the Church
+of England (see pages 41 and 206). My objection, and my sole objections
+was, that my early religious principles and feelings were wholly owing
+to the instrumentality of the Methodist people, and I had been
+providentially called to labour among them; not that I did not love the
+Church of England. Those were "saddlebag days," and I used to carry in
+my saddlebags two books, to which I am more indebted than to any other
+two books in the English language, except the Holy Scriptures, namely,
+the Prayer Book and the Homilies of the Church of England. At this very
+day, Sir, though I have often opposed the exclusive assumptions of some
+members of the Church of England, I only love it less than the Church
+with which I am immediately associated.
+
+I have been charged with being the leader of the present movement. I am
+entitled to no such honour. If I have written a line it has been as the
+amanuensis of my ecclesiastical superiors; if I have done anything, it
+has been in compliance with the wishes of those whom I love and honour;
+and my attachment to the Wesleyan body, and the associations and doings
+of my early years, have been appealed to, as a ground of claim for my
+humble aid in connection with this movement. Sir, the Wesleyan people,
+plain and humble as they were, did me good in my youth, and I will not
+abandon them in my old age.
+
+I have only further to add, that whatever may be my shortcomings, and
+even sins, I can say with truth that I love my country; that by habit of
+thought, by association, by every possible sympathy I could awaken in my
+breast, I have sought to increase my affection for my native land. I
+have endeavoured to invest it with a sort of personality, to place it
+before me as an individual, beautiful in its proportions, as well as
+vigorous in all the elements of its constitution, and losing sight of
+all distinction of classes, sects, and parties, to ask myself, in the
+presence of that Being, before whom I shall shortly stand, what I could
+do most for my country's welfare, how I could contribute most to found a
+system of education that would give to Canada, when I should be no more,
+a career of splendour which will make its people proud of it. I may
+adopt the words of a poet--though they may not be very poetical:--
+
+ 'Sweet place of my kindred, blest land of my birth,
+ The fairest, the purest, the dearest on earth;
+ Where'er I may roam, where'er I may be,
+ My spirit instinctively turns unto thee.'
+
+Whatever may have been the course of proceeding adopted towards me in
+this inquiry, I bear enmity to no man; and whatever may be the result of
+this investigation, and the decision of the committee, I hope that
+during the few years I have to live, I shall act consistently with the
+past, and still endeavour to build up a country that will be
+distinguished in its religious, social, moral, educational, and even
+political institutions and character; to assist in erecting a structure
+of intellectual progress and power, on which future ages may look back
+with respect and gratitude, and thus to help, in some humble degree, to
+place our beloved Canada among the foremost nations of the earth.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The following private letters, written to me at the time from Quebec and
+Kingston, by Dr. Ryerson, throw additional light upon the nature of the
+contest in which he was engaged. They also reveal what the character of
+his personal feelings and the exercise of his mind during that eventful
+time were.
+
+On the 20th April, Dr. Ryerson said:--I have had a very painful and
+laborious week; but I hope to-morrow to be able by divine help, to
+answer two of my principal opponents effectually. One of these gentlemen
+made a very plausible speech yesterday in defence of the University, and
+in reply chiefly to me, but full of fallacies and misquotations.
+
+_April 27th._--I finished my defence yesterday in the presence of a
+densely crowded room--consisting of a large number of Legislative
+Councillors and members of the House of Assembly--several of whom, I was
+told, were quite moved when I closed, and cheered me heartily when I sat
+down. I was congratulated on all sides by them in the afternoon, upon
+the manner in which I had triumphantly defended myself. I can only say,
+to God be all the praise. I felt myself as weak as water. I was so
+depressed and affected the night before, and the morning of commencing
+my defence, that I could not speak without emotion and tears; but I
+prayed and relied upon Him who had never failed me in the hour of trial,
+and my personal friends were also engaged in prayer in my behalf.
+
+As soon as I commenced, I felt as if an army of such assailants were as
+so many pigmies, and, my friends say, I handled them as such. The
+remarks of members of both Houses are various, and some of them
+amusing--all agreeing in the completeness of the defence. All agree also
+as to the extravagance and defects of the system, and the unquestionable
+claims of denominational colleges.
+
+I cannot review the great goodness of God to me during this mortifying
+week without an overflowing heart and tears of gratitude. More conscious
+and manifold help from above I never experienced. I hope I may never be
+called to pass through such another conflict. I spoke two hours and
+forty minutes on the day before yesterday, and one hour and
+three-quarters yesterday.
+
+_May 8th._--I shall be able to send you to-morrow a copy in slips of my
+reply to my two principal opponents. I know not what will be the result,
+but I trust in God, who has done better for us than all our fears or our
+hopes thus far. I hear that the general conviction of members is with
+me. One of the Senators told me that he had heard but one opinion on the
+subject. There are some who are satisfied that I have gained in the
+contest, but who are not in favour of dividing the endowment. All seem
+to feel that the present system is bad, and that something must be done,
+and that denominational colleges must be sustained. I think the House
+will refuse to do anything until the evidence, etc., on the subject is
+laid before the country. I thank you for your very kind sympathy in my
+conflicts.
+
+_Kingston, June 7th._--The Conference met yesterday, and seems to be in
+a very good spirit. A Committee was appointed, named by myself, and
+moved by Rev. Dr. Wood--to arrange for proceedings on the University
+question. The Committee met last night, and agreed to have a public
+meeting; and myself and one or two more to draw up resolutions to be
+submitted to it. I am desired to address the meeting in the evening,
+when it is expected there will be a great gathering. I find the
+preachers to be very cordial and grateful.
+
+_Kingston June 8th._--The official lay members of the Church in the city
+of Kingston presented a congratulatory address to the Conference this
+forenoon, in which they referred with great feeling and force to the
+University question, also to the representatives of the Conference at
+Quebec, and especially to myself--requesting that the _Guardian_ might
+be more and more the medium of furnishing the connexion with facts and
+information on the subject, and that my Defence should be inserted in it
+for the information of our people.
+
+Rev. G. R. Sanderson, seconded by Rev. W. Jeffers, moved a vote of
+thanks to the official members of Kingston for their address. Rev. J.
+Spencer, Editor of the _Guardian_, regarded the address as an attack
+upon himself, and said the lay members had been instigated to make the
+attack upon him. Dr. Wood showed that the address simply made a request.
+Mr. Spencer was considered to have made a great mistake for himself.
+
+The feeling of Conference in regard to myself is very cordial and very
+enthusiastic on the University question. The article in _The Canadian
+Church_ is much admired. A copy of it has been sent to the Montreal
+_Gazette_, also to the Kingston _Daily News_. It is an able and most
+scholarly article.
+
+ _Kingston, June 13th._--Yesterday afternoon, the Conference
+ considered and unanimously and cordially adopted a series of
+ resolutions on the University question--thanking those who were at
+ Quebec, especially myself--endorsing the memorial pamphlet. My name
+ was received with cheers, whenever mentioned in the resolutions. In
+ the evening, a public meeting was held, and it was a perfect
+ ovation to myself. Some of those present thought that that was the
+ object of the meeting. Rev. W. Jeffers, the new editor, made an
+ excellent speech. Rev. Lachlan Taylor read extracts in a most
+ amusing and effective manner from the Hamilton _Spectator_,
+ _Colonist_, _Echo_, and _Church Press_. The Hon. Mr. Ferrier spoke
+ most happily on the effect of the discussion, and also of the
+ effect of my speech on the members of both branches of the
+ Legislature. I was cheered throughout, and sat down with four long
+ rounds of cheers. There was much laughter, and occasional deep
+ feeling during my criticisms on the variations, and some of the
+ topics of the speeches of my opponents at Quebec, especially the
+ after-dinner speeches at the Toronto University gathering.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[148] Since established and supported, as is the one in Montreal, by
+contributions from the Methodist people.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LIX.
+
+1861-1866.
+
+Personal Incidents.--Dr. Ryerson's Visits to Norfolk Co.
+
+
+During the years of 1861-1866, Dr. Ryerson was chiefly engaged in his
+official duties, and part of the time with the University question.
+There is, therefore, little to record during these years except personal
+matters. The following letters from two of his brothers indicate how
+strong was their attachment to him:--
+
+ _Brantford, 4th October, 1861._--Rev. John Ryerson writes: I have
+ derived more benefit from reading Milner's History this time than I
+ ever did before; especially the experience, writings, &c., of St.
+ Augustine, Cyprian, Bernard, Luther and Zwingle. St. Augustine's
+ conversion and "confessions" have been much blessed to me. I have
+ been led to examine with more care and prayerful attention than
+ ever before, the power, influence, and fruits of vital godliness,
+ as experienced and manifested in the hearts and lives of both the
+ Greek and Latin Fathers; and also the principal instruments of the
+ Reformation in the sixteenth century. O! the power, wisdom, and
+ goodness of God; displayed in all these scenes, matters and lives!
+
+ _Kingston, May 8th, 1862._--The Rev. Geo. Ryerson writes: We
+ arrived here safely this morning. I write this by the first mail
+ because I feel anxious concerning you. I fear that if you undertake
+ a journey to Quebec in your present state of weakness and disease,
+ that it will be fatal to you. You are providentially unable to bear
+ the bodily and mental exertion. God does not send a sick man to
+ labour in any good work, and he requires us to use ourselves
+ tenderly, when he weakens us.
+
+ _Brantford, May 9th._--Rev. John Ryerson writes: I had no idea that
+ you had been so seriously ill. It is, however, gratifying now to
+ learn that you are convalescent, and the loss of a little of your
+ "fleshly substance" may prove no great calamity. Were I to lose
+ "forty pounds," as you have, there would be very little of me left!
+
+ _Brantford, December 22nd._--Rev. John Ryerson writes: During my
+ long missionary tour I preached about ten times, always with
+ liberty and freedom. Since I returned home I have resumed all of my
+ domestic and private devotional exercises, and after my missionary
+ labours realize the return of quiet peace and spiritual communion.
+ Recently, after much prayer, I received a great blessing to my
+ soul, the peace of God coming down upon my heart and going all over
+ me, and I still have peace. God is my portion, my righteousness,
+ and my salvation all the day long.
+
+In September, 1864, Dr. Ryerson wrote the following account of visits
+which he made to his native county of Norfolk:--
+
+ In compliance with many requests, I have thought it would not be
+ improper, and might be acceptable to my Norfolk friends, for me to
+ give an account of my visits during the last two years to my native
+ place, and to the Island within Long Point, which my father
+ obtained from the Crown, and which now belongs to me--marked on old
+ maps as Pottahawk Point, but designated on later maps, and more
+ generally known, as "Ryerson's Island."
+
+ I may remark, by way of preface, that for more than thirty-five
+ years of my public life my constitution and brain seemed to be
+ equal to any amount of labour which I might impose on them; but of
+ late years, the latter has been the seat of alarming attacks and
+ severe pain, under any protracted or intense labour; and the former
+ has been impaired by labour and disease. Change of scene and
+ out-door exercise have proved the most effectual remedy for both.
+ My first adoption of this course (apart from foreign travel) was
+ two years since, when a month's daily sea-bathing, boating and
+ walking, at Cape Elizabeth, near Portland, State of Maine,
+ contributed greatly to the improvement of my health and strength.
+ After again resuming my usual work for several weeks, I found that
+ my relief, if not safety, required a further suspension of ordinary
+ mental labour, and diversion of my thought by new objects. I
+ determined to visit the place of my birth and the scenes of my
+ youth. At Port Ryerse I made myself a little skiff after the model
+ of one I had seen at the sea-side, and in which I rowed myself to
+ and from Ryerson's Island, a distance of some thirteen miles from
+ Port Ryerse, and about four miles from the nearest mainland--the
+ end of Turkey Point.
+
+ Last autumn I lodged two weeks on the farm on which I was born,
+ with the family of Mr. Joseph Duncan, where the meals were taken
+ daily in a room the wood-work of which I, as an amateur carpenter,
+ had finished more than forty years ago, while recovering from a
+ long and serious illness.
+
+ When invited to meet and address the common schools of the county
+ of Norfolk, at a county school picnic held in a grove near Simcoe,
+ the 24th of last June, I determined to proceed thither, not by
+ railroad and stage, as usual, but in a skiff fifteen feet and a
+ half long, in which I had been accustomed for some months to row in
+ Toronto Harbour, between six and eight o'clock in the morning.
+
+ Providing, as far as possible, against the double danger of
+ swamping and capsizing, by a canvas deck, proper ballast, and
+ fittings of the sail, I crossed Lake Ontario alone from Toronto to
+ Port Dalhousie in nine hours; had my skiff conveyed thence to Port
+ Colborne on a Canadian vessel, through the Welland Canal, and
+ proceeded along the north shore of Lake Erie, rowing in one day,
+ half-way against head wind, from the mouth of Grand River to Port
+ Dover, a distance of forty miles, taking refreshments and rest at
+ farm houses, and bathing three times during the day. The following
+ day scarcely conscious of fatigue, I delivered two addresses; the
+ one to a vast assemblage of school pupils and their friends, in a
+ grove; the other a lecture to teachers and trustees in the evening.
+
+ After visiting my island and witnessing the productive and
+ excellent garden of the family that occupies it, I returned to
+ Toronto in my skiff, by the way of Niagara river, sailing in one
+ day between sun-rise and sun-set (stopping for three hours at Port
+ Colborne) from Grand River to Chippewa, within two miles of the
+ Falls. I had my skiff conveyed on a waggon over the portage from
+ Chippewa to Queenstown (ten miles), and started from Niagara to
+ Toronto about noon of the first Friday in July. When a little more
+ than half way across the lake, I encountered a heavy north-east
+ storm of rain and wind, and a fog so thick as to completely obscure
+ the Toronto light-house, which was within a mile of me. When it
+ became so dark that I could not see my compass, I laid my course,
+ with the sail reefed, by the wind and waves, reaching (a mile west
+ of my due course) the east side of the Humber Bay, between ten and
+ eleven in the evening, and making my way, by a hard pull, to the
+ Toronto Yacht Club House a little before midnight.
+
+ About four weeks since my son and myself made the voyage in the
+ same skiff from Toronto to Long Point, but proceeding by railroad
+ from Port Dalhousie to Port Colborne, intending to spend a week or
+ two on the farm, and two or three days on the Island.
+
+I conclude this epitomised sketch with three remarks. I am satisfied of
+the truth of what I have long believed, that a small boat is as safe, if
+not safer, than a large one, if properly constructed, fitted out,
+trimmed, and managed. I believe that many a large open boat, if not
+capsized by the wind, would have been swamped by the waves over which my
+little craft rode in safety.
+
+I have never experienced the benefit of out-door exertion and the
+comfort of retirement to the same degree as during these excursions,
+besides daily riding on horseback and preparing all the wood consumed at
+my cottage. Between two and three years ago I found it painful labour to
+walk one mile, I have since walked twelve miles in a day, besides
+attending to other duties--an improvement of my general system, which is
+already acting sensibly and encouragingly on the seat of thought and
+nervous influence. In my lonely voyage from Toronto to Port Ryerse, the
+scene was often enchanting, and the solitude sweet beyond expression. I
+have witnessed the setting sun amidst the Swiss and Tyrolese Alps, from
+lofty elevations, on the plains of Lombardy, from the highest eminence
+of the Appenines, between Bologna and Florence, and from the crater
+summit of Vesuvius, but I never was more delighted and impressed (owing,
+perhaps, in part to the susceptible state of my feelings) with the
+beauty, effulgence, and even sublimity of atmospheric phenomena, and the
+softened magnificence of surrounding objects, than in witnessing the
+setting sun the 23rd of June, from the unruffled bosom of Lake Erie, a
+few miles east of Port Dover, and about a mile from the thickly wooded
+shore, with its deepening and variously reflected shadows. And when the
+silent darkness enveloped all this beauty, and grandeur, and
+magnificence in undistinguishable gloom, my mind experienced that
+wonderful sense of freedom and relief which come from all that suggests
+the idea of boundlessness--the deep sky, the dark night, the endless
+circle, the illimitable waters. The world with its tumult of cares
+seemed to have retired, and God and His works appeared all in all,
+suggesting the enquiry which faith and experience promptly answered in
+the affirmative--
+
+ With glorious clouds encompassed round
+ Whom angels dimly see;
+ Will the unsearchable be found;
+ Will God appear to me?
+
+My last remark is the vivifying influence and unspeakable pleasure of
+visiting scenes endeared to me by many tender, and comparatively few
+painful recollections. Amid the fields, woods, out-door exercises, and
+associations of the first twenty years of my life, I have seemed to
+forget the sorrows, labours and burdens of more than two score years,
+and to be transported back to what was youthful, simple, healthy,
+active, and happy. I can heartily sympathise with the feelings of Sir
+Walter Scott when, in reply to Washington Irving, who had expressed
+disapprobation in the scenery of the Tweed, immortalized by the genius
+of the Border Minstrel, he said,--
+
+ It may be partiality, but to my eyes these gray hills and all this
+ wild border country have beauties peculiar to themselves. I like
+ the very nakedness of the land. It has something bold, and stern,
+ and solitary about it. When I have been for some time in the rich
+ scenery of Edinburgh, which is ornamented garden land, I begin to
+ wish myself back again among my honest gray hills, and if I did not
+ see the heather at least once a year I think I should die.
+
+Dr. Ryerson was very bold and skilful in the management of a sail boat,
+as may be inferred from the foregoing incidents. On one occasion, a few
+years ago, while sailing on the Toronto bay in his skiff, he was
+overtaken by a gale, during which the steeple of Zion Church was blown
+down, but, through God's goodness, he reached _terra firma_ in safety.
+
+He frequently sailed his little craft, as he has mentioned, from Port
+Ryerse and Port Rowan to his Long Point cottage--a distance of thirteen
+and nine miles respectively--and that, too, in all sorts of weather, and
+sometimes when much larger boats would not venture outside of the
+harbour.
+
+For many years Dr. Ryerson was considered one of the best shots at Long
+Point. When over seventy years of age, he killed from seventy to eighty
+duck in one day in his punt and with his own gun. In the spring of 1880,
+when in his seventy-eighth year, he was overtaken by darkness, and, not
+being able to reach his cottage, was compelled to remain all night in
+the marsh. Rolling himself up in his blankets, in his boat, he quietly
+went to sleep. In the early morning he was rewarded by capturing nine
+wild geese.
+
+He crossed Lake Ontario, between Toronto and Port Dalhousie, four times
+alone in his skiff (only sixteen feet long), and three times accompanied
+by his son. Fear was unknown to him, and he never lost his presence of
+mind, even in the most perilous circumstances.
+
+Another favourite recreation of his was riding. He was often seen before
+six o'clock in the morning enjoying a canter in the suburbs of Toronto.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Writing to me from Ridgeway in August, 1866, he said:--
+
+To-day I left Toronto in my little skiff for Port Dalhousie. The lake
+was as smooth as glass the greater part of the day, and the latter part
+of the day there was not a breath of wind, so that I had to row. I got
+into Port Dalhousie in the evening. I was at the Queen's Own camp at
+Thorold yesterday. I visited a large number of tents, and examined the
+whole mode of living, and especially of cooking. It was amusing, among
+other cases of the same kind, to see several young gentlemen of Toronto
+cooking, and others assisting. I saw them cutting their meat, etc. They
+have the reputation of being the best cooks in the battalion. I go to
+Port Colborne in the rail cars, and will proceed in my skiff to Port
+Ryerse, or rather to Port Dover first. I hope to get there to-morrow. I
+went over the battle-ground here last evening.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+As many people were curious to know how Dr. Ryerson spent his time at
+his Long Point cottage, the following letter, written to his cousin,
+Major Ryerse, in April, 1873, will supply the information. It relates to
+one day's experience, and was about the average of these experiences
+there:--On leaving the island cottage, I paddled and pushed my boat
+about six miles in the marsh, Monday forenoon. I rowed all the way to
+Port Ryerse against a head wind, one part of the way so strong that I
+shipped a good deal of water, and got wet. I was from two to eight
+o'clock rowing from my cottage to Port Ryerse. I was too wet and
+fatigued to walk to your house, but went to bed at nine, got up at five,
+and started for Simcoe at six. I walked eight miles out of ten on the
+ice, from Port Rowan over--going the other two miles by water, in a
+skiff which we took with us on a hand-sled. During the first eight days
+I did not go out in the marsh at all, but devoted myself wholly to my
+papers and books. The second week I went out three times, about three
+hours each, got a little game, but not enough to leave any on the way,
+except to a few friends. I am now beginning to enjoy rest more than
+exertion; and am not certain when I shall come again, or whether I shall
+come at all again.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+While on his educational tour in 1866, Dr. Ryerson wrote to me from
+Napanee, and said:--There was a very large meeting in Picton on Saturday
+and another here to-day, and both went with me in everything, with
+showers of compliments and almost enthusiastic feeling.
+
+A large number of the oldest settlers and Methodists were invited to
+meet me last night at Mr. Dorland's, in Adolphustown. The service in the
+evening was to them a feast of fat things, and some of them spoke of it
+as the happiest occasion of their lives. I felt very happy with them.
+They said it reminded them of "old times."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LX.
+
+1867.
+
+Last Educational Visit to Europe.--Rev. Dr. Punshon.
+
+
+In 1867 Dr. Ryerson made his last educational tour to Europe. On his
+return he prepared two elaborate reports--one on Systems of Education in
+Europe, and the other on the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. He also
+went to Paris as an Honorary Commissioner to the International
+Exhibition held in that city in 1867. While absent he constantly wrote
+to me. From his letters I make the following selections:--
+
+_Paris, January 22nd, 1867._--The pretended concessions of the Emperor
+of France to the French nation was not much thought of in Paris, as it
+is regarded here of little value. His announcement of his concessions,
+as being final, will do him more harm, than the concessions themselves
+will do good.
+
+The Attorney-General told me to-day that I had won the the heart of Mr.
+Adderly, M.P., Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, who is an able
+man. The Attorney-General gave me a note of introduction to him (in the
+absence of Lord Carnarvon) in order to introduce me to Lord Stanley,
+which Mr. Adderly did. He asked me many questions about our school
+system, and told the Attorney-General I had given him an immense deal of
+information in a short time.
+
+_Nice, February 25._--We left Paris Wednesday evening, and reached
+Marseilles Thursday noon--passing Lyons, Vienne, Avignon, etc., in the
+valley of the Rhone, by daylight. The scenery was very beautiful,
+vine-yards on the hillsides, cultivated fields, trees and shrubs green,
+almonds in blossom. In the afternoon we "did" Marseilles, visiting the
+Exchange, the Palais de Justice, the ancient and modern port with its
+thousands of ships,--28,000 entering it per year--ascended the lofty
+mount, with garden walls on its sides, to the Notre Dame church which
+surmounts it--a small church of the sailors hung with innumerable
+characteristic mementoes of their escapes from shipwreck, through the
+intercession of their Mother-protector! The view of the city and
+surrounding country, all dotted with villas, is magnificent. Next
+morning we started for Nice. Toulon, the Mediterranean naval station of
+France, is about thirty-six miles this side of Marseilles--about
+one-third of the way to Nice. It is strongly fortified; its port, which
+is admirable, contains many French ships of war. The population is about
+50,000. Between Toulon and Nice lies the town of Cannes--a rival to Nice
+as a resort for invalids. The scenery from Marseilles to Nice is
+beautiful, and sometimes grand--the sea on one side, and the gardens,
+fields, olive and orange orchards, hillsides and mountain slopes, dotted
+with hamlets and villas, on the other. In the back-ground of Nice are
+seen the maritime Alps. Oranges are here seen on the trees; and the
+trees, shrubs and flowers are green, and some of them in blossom. The
+breezes gentle, the sun bright and warm, the sky clear, and the
+atmosphere soft and balmy, one seems to inhale healthful vigour with
+every breath, and to behold cheerful beauty on every side.
+
+I have here met my old friend, Dr. Pantelioni, who attended me when I
+was ill in Rome, who was employed by Count Cavour to negotiate with
+Prince Napoleon and the Emperor the treaty of the 15th September, by
+which the French troops have evacuated Rome; but he is now an exile from
+Rome, but hopes soon to return thither. He has the first medical
+practice here, as he had at Rome.
+
+_Florence, March 19th._--Since I wrote to you from Rome, we went to
+Naples, in ten hours, by railway; spent three days there, and returned,
+the fourth, here--in 23 hours from Naples--arriving here Sunday morning,
+in time to dress, get breakfast, and go to church, where we heard the
+liturgy read evangelically, and a good evangelical sermon. The Church at
+Rome is High Church; that at Florence is evangelical. But I heard an
+excellent service from the Dean of Ely (Mr. Goodwin), at Rome. I can
+give you no particulars of our tour. I do not enjoy it. I have wished a
+good many times that you were in my place, and that I had a week's quiet
+on my Island. Rome was dirty, as well as almost wholly given to
+superstition, though there is a strong and widespread hostility among
+the masses to the temporal power of the Pope. Naples was dirty, but
+evinced much business activity. Florence is clean, industrious, and all
+the people cleanly and well-dressed, except some beggars--an old legacy.
+But the general hostility to the priesthood is remarkable, though not
+surprising. The Government had gained in the recent elections, but has a
+difficult part to play, between the Church and Anti-Church parties, and
+keeping up a large army, and imposing heavy taxes, of which all
+complain.
+
+_Venice, March 28th._--At Florence, the British Minister introduced me
+to Count Usedon, the Prussian Minister at Florence, formerly at Paris,
+a most delightful and variously learned man, who invited me to go to his
+villa, but I had not time, and who told me all about the working of the
+Prussian System of Public Instruction, in each neighbourhood--saying
+that the law had not been changed at all since I was in Prussia; that
+the Government did nothing but inspect, and see that each locality had a
+school of a certain kind, and that each person educated his children;
+but that each locality taxed itself for the support of its school. He
+told me I could find nothing suitable to my purpose in Prussia, in
+respect to the militia organization in connection with the school
+system, as there was no connection between the one and the other, and
+that the military system was expensive, and much interfered with the
+ordinary employments; but that Switzerland was the place for me to learn
+and study the blending of the school system with military training, in
+consequence of which every Swiss had a good education, understood the
+use of arms and military drill, and was yet practical, industrious, and
+sober, while the whole system was very inexpensive. He gave me a letter
+of introduction to a friend of his in Switzerland, who could give me
+every information I might desire, and all needful documents.
+
+_Lake Como, April 1st._--This is the first place of rest and retirement
+that we have had since we came to Europe. We are inhaling fresh country
+air every day. We are in the centre of a natural magnificence, beauty,
+and grandeur such as I have never witnessed--before us the little, deep,
+Y-shaped lake, abounding in fish, dotted with skiffs, skirted with
+flower gardens, walks, shrubs, and villas, and overhung on either side
+by snow-capped mountains--roses and plants and green flowers at the
+bottom of the mountains--craggy rocks and deep snow at the top, and all
+apparently within a mile's distance. Here where we stop is the villa of
+the Duke of Meiningen, and the palace-residence of the late Queen
+Caroline of England (now an hotel), and the villa of the King of the
+Belgians--a favourite place of retirement of the late King. What I have
+witnessed here, in the quiet Sabbath of yesterday, has given me more
+impressive views of the varied beauty and magnificence of the works of
+God than I ever had before, though I had travelled much, and finished my
+sixty-fourth year the Sabbath before.
+
+_London, 30th April._--I was present two hours at the anniversary of the
+Church Missionary Society--heard the report (a very good one) read, and
+heard Lord Chichester (President), the Lord Bishop of Norwich, Dean of
+Carlisle, and the Lord Bishop of Cork. The speaking was
+evangelical--Methodistically experimental, but nothing like so able and
+effective as that at the Wesleyan Missionary meeting yesterday.
+
+I attended a meeting this afternoon at City Road Chapel, to hear an
+address from Lord Shaftesbury on Ragged Schools, and to witness the
+laying of the corner-stone of a chapel school-house in an alley about
+six minutes' walk from City Road Wesleyan Chapel--one of the most
+wretched neighbourhoods in London. I never knew before what the ragged
+poor of London, in the lanes and alleys, were. I never witnessed such a
+sight of squalid wretchedness--the neighbourhood literally swarming with
+children--every window of the houses around full of heads--all
+indicating that lowest degradation, but many of the children had good
+features and bright eyes sparkling through the encrustation of dirt. We
+have no such class in Canada, and I hope we never may.
+
+Lord Shaftesbury's remarks were of the highest type of Scriptural and
+experimental truth--eminently practical and suggestive. His address to
+the poor creatures, at the laying of the corner-stone of the edifice,
+was full of kindness and affection--adopting even the very style of
+address common among the class whom he addressed. As a specimen, his
+Lordship said:--"I just heard a boy say behind me, 'which is him?' Now,
+I am him; you want to see him; and I want to see you, and to talk to
+you, and to do you good. We have all come here to do you good, because
+we love you, and the poorer you are, and the more you suffer, the more
+we wish to help you, and to do you good." He reminded me of the Saviour
+going about doing good, and of the words of Job (chap. 29), "When the
+ear heard me, then it blessed me, and when the eye saw me it gave
+witness to me, because I delivered the poor that cried, and the
+fatherless, and him that had none to help him," etc. (verses 11, 13, 15,
+and 16). It was to me an impressive, affecting, and, I trust, a useful
+lesson.
+
+_London, 1st May._--We attended to-day the annual meeting of the British
+and Foreign Bible Society. The Report was admirably read, and was most
+gratifying and encouraging. The speeches were excellent, and some parts
+of them produced a wonderful effect. The Lord Bishop of Carlisle spoke
+nobly and scripturally; the Dean of Carlisle spoke fervently and
+affectingly; the Rev. Dr. Miller spoke very ably and effectively; but
+Mr. Calvert (of Fiji mission), spoke irresistibly to the heart; and Dr.
+Phillips spoke with surpassing beauty, and charming power. The latter
+two are both Welshmen, and Methodists--the former a Wesleyan, and the
+latter a Whitfield Welsh Methodist. The Rev. Mr. Nolan spoke with great
+excellence; Lord Shaftesbury speaks as a matter of business, naturally,
+simply, but with dignity, and great force.
+
+But the speeches of clergymen to-day, as well as yesterday, painfully
+impressed me with the divided, and deplorable state of the Church of
+England. Indeed, I thought to-day that it was hardly in good taste, or
+even politic, for clergymen to give such prominence to the internal
+heresies and divisions of the Church, at a non-denominational meeting,
+and before their brethren of other denominations, and before the world.
+But they feel that the evil and danger is so great that they should
+speak out, and do so on all occasions. There have been disputes and
+divisions among the Methodists, on personal and political
+quasi-ecclesiastical grounds, but never of the grave character of those
+which agitate the Church of England. It is the opinion of many of the
+clergymen and laymen of the Church, that a formal and great separation
+will ere long take place between the opposing parties. But, still, I
+think that the heart of the Church is sound--that neither the ritualists
+nor the neologists touch the masses of the labouring and middle
+classes--only some speculative minds, and imaginary spirits, seeking for
+excitement in religion, as they do in reading novels, and at the
+theatre. But, after all, I believe, as I hope, the Church will come out
+of this fiery trial, better, stronger, and more qualified to do good,
+and with a deeper baptism of the Divine Spirit for its promotion. So far
+as I have had opportunity to mingle with the ministers and members, and
+to witness services and meetings, I think I never saw the Wesleyan body
+in so good a state; so perfectly at peace and united, and so devoted to
+their one great work; and with a fervour and depth of spirituality not
+excelled even in Mr. Wesley's day. The personal example and influence of
+the most eloquent and leading men in the Connexion is highly spiritual
+and practical.
+
+_London, 5th May._--During my present visit to England I have been so
+deeply impressed with the vast benefit to my native land by a visit to
+it of Rev. William Morley Punshon that I have written to him on the
+subject, and have got others to speak to him about it. I was rejoiced,
+therefore, to get from him a note to-day, dated Bristol, 4th May, as
+follows:--The more I think about your proposition the more I am
+impressed that it is in the order of Providence that I should accept it.
+I have always hoped that I might some day see your great continent and
+have the opportunity of acquainting myself with the capabilities of your
+country, and with the work which has been done in it; and on many
+accounts the present seems to be the most favourable time. If,
+therefore, you should honour me with an invitation, and the British
+Conference shall see good to appoint me, I shall place no hindrance in
+the way, but shall endeavour to regard it as the wish of the Lord.
+
+_London, 6th May._--I have gratefully replied to Mr. Punshon, and shall
+now return to Canada, satisfied that I have, with God's help,
+accomplished a great work for her, and that we shall reap a rich reward
+from the services of this honoured minister of Christ.
+
+_London, 15th May._--In a kind parting note from Rev. Dr. Elijah Hoole
+to Dr. Ryerson, dated Mission House, May 15th, the former says: I have
+written to Dr. Wood to-day, and have informed him how grateful it has
+been to us to renew our personal intercourse with you. When you have
+once taken your departure we may hardly hope to meet again, but I shall
+always thankfully retain the impression of the ability and purity, and
+Christian love, and missionary zeal, which have always distinguished
+your personal intercourse with us.
+
+_London, 19th June._--This day I had the pleasure of writing to Rev.
+William Morley Punshon, inviting him to my house when he comes to
+Toronto. I said to him,--You have probably learned, ere this reaches
+you, that the Canadian Conference, (now consisting of altogether 612
+ministers and preachers), has most cordially and warmly solicited your
+appointment as its next President, with the request that you will visit
+and travel through Canada the current year. I assume that you will
+accept this appointment, and I understood from Rev. Gervase Smith that
+you would probably come to Canada, in September or October next. As
+Toronto is the centre of Methodism in Canada, as well as the largest
+city, and capital of Canada West, I assume, for reasons I have stated in
+a letter this day addressed to your friend, Mr. Gervase Smith, that you
+will make Toronto your home. I shall be most happy to entertain you and
+yours, on your arrival there. I shall be happy to do all in my power to
+consult your wishes, and promote your comfort, as well as usefulness, in
+Canada. I pray that the Lord will direct your steps, and prosper your
+way, to us in this country.
+
+_London, July 17th._--In a note from Rev. Gervase Smith to Rev. Dr.
+Ryerson, dated July 17th, he says:--We all seemed to feel from your
+first call at our house, that we were adding another valuable friendship
+to our list, and we followed you over the water with many kind feelings
+and remembrances. I am very glad to hear so cheering an account of your
+Conference. As far as I can see, the way is opening out for Mr.
+Punshon's visit to Canada, as clearly as you or his friends in this
+country could wish. His removal from us, even for a space, will be a
+great loss to us; and on grounds of friendship, especially so to myself;
+but I hope it is all right. It is our earnest prayer that he, and the
+Conference in his case, may be guided rightly. I should very much like
+to accompany him. I do not give up the hope of seeing you and the
+Canadian world, during his residence among you. I have formed a secret
+resolution to steal away for a few weeks within the next year or two.
+But perhaps it is wrong to anticipate. "Ye know not what shall be on the
+morrow."
+
+_Toronto, 24th July._--I was thankful this day to receive from Rev. Wm.
+Morley Punshon a letter dated Bristol, 10th July, acknowledging mine to
+him of the 19th June. He says:--It brought me the only intimation which
+I have yet received of the request of the Canadian Conference that I
+should be appointed to preside over its next session. I feel humbled and
+thankful for this mark of the confidence of my brethren over the water,
+and, if Providence opens my way, shall regard myself as favoured with no
+mean opportunity of getting and doing good. No step in this whole matter
+has been of my own motion. I am simply passive in the hands of God and
+of His Church. You have very truly interpreted my wishes and feelings in
+what you have said to some of my brethren. All our affairs are in higher
+hands than our own; and if by God's overruling providence, I shall be
+assured of welcome in Canada, and enabled to work for Christ upon that
+continent, which I have so often longed to see, I shall regard the
+disruption of all older ties, and the sacrifice of present position in
+this country, as a small price to pay--the more, if I can aid in the
+establishment of a grand Methodist confederacy which shall be one of the
+great spiritual powers of the New World.
+
+Dr. Ryerson adds, With a grateful heart at God's goodness in this
+matter, I replied to the letter on the 1st of August, 1867.
+
+While I was in England in 1867, Dr. Ryerson wrote to me (_Toronto,
+August 1st_,) to say that:--The Rev. W. M. Punshon, M.A., is coming out
+to Canada, in October, with his family. He has addressed me several
+inquiries, which I answer by this mail; but I wrote him to say who you
+were, what your address was in London, and that you could give him every
+needful information and suggestion as to his best mode of proceedings. I
+told him I would write you, and request you to write him a line--also
+telling him your address, and where you could see him, if he came to
+London, and offering him every information in your power, that he might
+desire. All things go on as usual in the Office.
+
+Rev. Gervase Smith, in a letter to Dr. Ryerson, dated at the Bristol
+Conference, 4th August said:--We have had many important conversations
+and decisions. Some of which will be interesting to you, and the
+Canadian friends. Mr. Punshon's appointment to Canada was made by the
+Conference. I need not say that we are all sorely grieved at even the
+temporary loss of his presence and service. But the call from Canada
+was loud, and Providence seemed to indicate the way thither. I need not
+say that you will take care of him, and let us have him back again as
+soon as practicable. I am sure that his sojourn among you will be made a
+great blessing to multitudes, and I doubt not that the future of
+Methodism in Canada will be influenced by it. He is also heartily
+appointed as our Representative to the General Conference in America. I
+judge that the Conference now being held here will be regarded in the
+future as a very important one.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LXI.
+
+1867.
+
+Dr. Ryerson's Address on the New Dominion of Canada.
+
+
+While I was in England, in 1867, Dr. Ryerson wrote to me late in July,
+to say:--Some of our leading public men were anxious that I should do
+something to assist in placing government upon the right foundation in
+our new civil state. But before communicating with them I determined to
+write boldly, an Address to the people of Upper Canada. These friends
+were delighted when they learned my determination, after I had written
+about half my address. It was printed last evening. It will, of course,
+draw upon me a great deal of abuse. But I have counted the cost, and
+thought I ought to issue it under the circumstances. I think a reaction
+is already beginning. I have thought it my duty to make one more special
+effort to save the country from future wretchedness, if not ruin, caused
+by the bitter party spirit of the press, whatever it might cost me.... I
+am wonderfully well; but take some exercise every day, and do not work
+very long at a time.
+
+The Address was issued in pamphlet form in July, 1867, and under the
+title of "The New Canadian Dominion: Dangers and Duties of the People in
+regard to their Government." From it I make the following extracts:
+
+While I heartily unite in your rejoicings over our new birth as a
+nation, I beg to address you some words on our national duties and
+interests. I do so because my opinions and advices have been requested
+by many persons deeply interested in the public welfare; because I am
+approaching the close of a public life of more than forty years, during
+which I have carefully observed the hindrances and aids of our social
+progress, and have taken part, since 1825, in the discussion of all
+those constitutional questions which involved the rights and relations
+of religious denominations and citizens, and which have resulted in our
+present system of free government and of equal rights among all
+religious persuasions; because my heart's desire and prayer to God is,
+that the new Dominion of Canada may become prosperous and happy, by
+beginning well, by avoiding those errors which have in time past been
+injurious to ourselves, and which have impeded the progress and marred
+the peace of other peoples, and by adopting those maxims of both feeling
+and conduct which the best and most experienced public men of Europe and
+America have enjoined as essential to the strength and happiness, the
+advancement and grandeur of a nation....
+
+We are passing from an old into a new state of political existence. The
+alleged evils of former civil relations have induced the creation of new
+ones; and the denounced evils of a former system of government have led
+to the establishment of a new system.... We have been raised from a
+state of colonial subordination to one of affectionate alliance with the
+mother country. Then the first act of wisdom and duty is, to note and
+avoid the evils which marred our peace and prosperity in our former
+state, and cultivate those feelings and develop those principles of
+legislation and government which have contributed most to the promotion
+of our own happiness and interests as well as those of other nations.
+
+If you will call up to your recollection the events of our country's
+history for the last twenty years, I am sure you will agree with me that
+personal hostilities and party strife have been the most fatal obstacles
+to our happiness and progress as a people--an immense loss of time and
+waste of public money in party debates and struggles--a most fruitful
+source of partiality and corruption in legislation and government....
+During the last two years that there has been a cessation of party
+hostilities and a union of able men of heretofore differing parties for
+the welfare of the country, there has been an economy, intelligence and
+impartiality in legislation, and in the whole administration of
+government, not equalled for many years past, a corresponding
+improvement in the social feelings and general progress of the country,
+as well as an elevation of our reputation and character abroad, in both
+Europe and America....
+
+In no respect is the education of a people more important than in
+respect to the principles of their government, their rights and duties
+as citizens. This does not come within the range of elementary school
+teaching; but I have sought to introduce, as much as possible,
+expositions on the principles, spirit and philosophy of government, in
+my annual reports, and other school addresses and documents, during the
+last twenty years, and so to frame the whole school system as to make
+its local administration an instrument of practical education to the
+people, in the election of representatives, and the corporate management
+of their affairs--embracing most of the elementary principles and
+practice of civil government, and doing so to a greater extent than is
+done in the school system of any country in Europe, or of any State in
+America. And the strength and success of the school system in any
+municipality have been in proportion to the absence of party spirit, and
+the union of all parties for its promotion.... What is true in school
+polity is true in civil polity; and what is true in the educational
+branch of the public service, is true in every branch of the public
+service.
+
+I am aware that many good and intelligent men, of different views and
+associations, regard partyism as a necessity, a normal element, in the
+operations of free civil government.... I think they are in error, at
+least in the Canadian sense of the term party; and that this error has
+been at the bottom of most of our civil discords and executive abuses. I
+think that partyism is a clog in the machinery of civil government, as
+in that of school or municipal government; in which there is free
+discussion of measures, and of the conduct of Trustees and Councillors;
+and there have been elections and changes of men as well as of
+measures.... When party assumptions and intolerance have gone so far as
+to interfere with the proper functions of government, with the
+constitutional rights of citizens, or of the Crown, I have, at different
+times, in former years, being trammelled by or dependent upon no party,
+endeavoured to check these party excesses, and oppressions, sometimes to
+the offence of one party, and sometimes to the offence of another, just
+as one or the other might be the transgressor. I was, of course, much
+assailed by the parties rebuked; but no consideration of that kind
+should prevent the public instructor--whether educator or preacher--from
+... teaching what he believes to be true and essential to the
+advancement of society, please or offend whom it may, or however it may
+affect him personally.
+
+I have rejoiced to observe, that many who have heretofore been men of
+party and of party government have resolved to inaugurate the new system
+of government, not upon the acute angle of party, but, upon the broad
+base of equal and impartial justice to all parties, the only moral and
+patriotic principle of government, according to my convictions, and the
+only principle of government to make good and great men, and make a
+progressive and happy country....
+
+Thankful to find that the new system of civil government was to be
+established upon the same principles as those on which our school system
+has been founded and developed to the satisfaction of the country, and
+to the admiration of all foreign visitors; and believing that the
+present was the juncture of time for commencing a new and brighter era
+in the history of Canada--I have felt that it had a claim to the
+result, in epitome at least, of my fifty years reading and meditation,
+and more than forty years occasional discussion, respecting these first
+principles of government, for the freedom, unity, happiness, advancement
+and prosperity of a people....
+
+I believe there is a judgment, a conscience, a heart in the bosom of a
+people, as well as in that of an individual, not wholly corrupted--at
+least, so I have in time past found it in the people of Upper
+Canada--and to that judgment, and conscience, and heart, I appeal. If
+what I have written is true, and if what I have suggested is wise, just,
+and patriotic, I am not concerned as to what any deceptive or dishonest
+art can do to the contrary; for, as Robert Hall beautifully said, on a
+similar occasion, "Wisdom and truth, the offspring of the sky, are
+immortal; but cunning and deception, the meteors of the earth, after
+glittering for a moment, must pass away."
+
+After devoting several pages to illustrate the evils of partyism in
+government, Dr. Ryerson proceeds:--This partyism in government is
+contrary to the avowed principles and objects of reformers in the true
+heroic age of Canadian reform. "Equal rights and privileges among all
+classes, without regard to sect or party," was the motto of the
+reformers of those days, and was repeated and placed upon their banners
+in almost every variety of style and form. And what was understood and
+meant by that expressive motto, in the whole administration of
+government, will be seen from the following facts:--The reformers and
+reform press of Upper Canada, hailed and rejoiced in the principles of
+the government of Lord Durham, Lord Sydenham and Sir Charles Bagot. The
+Earl of Durham, in his reply to the address of the citizens of Toronto,
+July, 1838, said:
+
+ On my part, I promise you an impartial administration of
+ government. Determined not to recognize the existence of parties,
+ provincial or imperial, classes or races, I shall hope to receive
+ from all Her Majesty's subjects those public services, the
+ efficiency of which must ever mainly depend upon their
+ comprehensiveness. Extend the veil of oblivion over the past,
+ direct to the future your best energies, and the consequences
+ cannot be doubted.
+
+The favourite phrase and avowed doctrine of Lord Sydenham was "equal and
+impartial justice to all classes of Her Majesty's subjects." After the
+union of the Canadas, Lord Sydenham appointed Mr. Draper
+Attorney-General, and the late Mr. R. Baldwin, Solicitor-General--the
+first "coalition" in Upper Canada. He also intimated at the time that he
+attached equal importance to the return of Mr. Draper and Mr. Baldwin;
+and that opposition to the one as well as to the other, under whatever
+pretence it may be got up, is equally opposition to the
+Governor-General's administration. Parties and party spirit have nearly
+ruined the country; the object of the Governor-General is to abolish
+parties and party feelings by uniting what is good in both parties....
+
+Lord Sydenham's two years administration of the Canadian government
+proved the greatest boon to Upper Canada, and the principles and policy
+of it were highly approved by Reformers and the Reform press
+generally....
+
+Judge Story, in his Commentaries on the Constitution of the United
+States, says:--
+
+ The best talents and the best virtues are driven from office by
+ intrigue and corruption, or by the violence of the press or of
+ party.
+
+In harmony with the statement of the great Judge Story, the famous
+French writer, M. de Tocqueville, in his Democracy in America,
+observes:--
+
+ It is a well authenticated fact that, at the present day, the most
+ talented men in the United States are very rarely placed at the
+ head of affairs, and it must be acknowledged that such has been the
+ result in proportion as democracy has outstripped its former
+ limits. The race of American statesmen has evidently dwindled most
+ remarkably in the course of the last fifty years.
+
+These remarks of M. de Tocqueville apply to some extent to Canada where
+there has been a manifest decline in the standing and ability of our
+public men. There are exceptions, but what instances have we now of the
+representatives or equals of the Robinsons, the Macaulays, the Bidwells,
+the Jones', the Lafontaines, the Hagermans, the Baldwins, the Drapers,
+the Willsons, and many other political men of forty and twenty years
+ago?[149] To what is this decline in public men, in an otherwise
+advancing country, to be ascribed but to the unscrupulous partizanship
+of the press and politics, which blacken character instead of discussing
+principles, which fight for office instead of for the public good, and
+that by a barbarous system of moral assassination, instead of public men
+respecting and protecting each other's standing, and rivalling each
+other's deeds of greatness and usefulness. In England, the character of
+public men is regarded as the most precious property of the nation; and
+if the personal character of any member of Parliament, or other public
+man, is assailed by the public press or otherwise, you will see
+opponents as well as friends rallying round the assailed, and sustaining
+and shielding him by their testimony, as a matter of common or national
+concern. When Sir Robert Peel, in the last great debate of his life,
+objected to Lord Palmerston's Grecian policy, he referred to Lord
+Palmerston's character and abilities--not to depreciate and calumniate
+his great rival, but to exclaim, amid the applause of the House of
+Commons, "We are proud of the man! And England is proud of the man!" But
+in Canada, the language of a partizan press and politician is "down with
+the man; execrate and execute the man as a corruptionist and traitor!"
+
+It is with a view to the best interests of our whole country, that I
+have thus addressed my fellow countrymen, contributing the results of my
+best thoughts and experience to your beginning well, that you may do
+well and be well under our new Dominion, though I cannot expect long to
+enjoy it. My nearly half a century of public life is approaching its
+close. I am soon to account for both my words and my deeds. I have
+little to hope or fear from man. But I wish before I go hence to see my
+fellow citizens of all sects and parties unite in commencing a new
+system of government for our country and posterity,
+
+ That all things may be so ordered and settled by their endeavours,
+ upon the best and surest foundations, that peace and happiness,
+ truth and justice, religion and piety, may be established among us
+ for all generations.
+
+On the publication of this Address, Dr. Ryerson received commendatory
+letters from various gentlemen throughout the Province. I select three.
+The first is from Mr. Jasper J. Gilkison, Brantford, dated August
+10th:--
+
+ As a Canadian and British subject, permit me to thank you for the
+ admirable pamphlet which you have had published, as it is the one
+ thing wanted for the instruction and guidance of the people of the
+ Dominion, aye, and for the world. It should be circulated free
+ throughout the land. Never in the history of any country did a more
+ favourable opportunity arise to test the fallacy that good
+ government can alone emanate from that of party. We have, in fact,
+ had an illustration of no-party government during the past few
+ years productive of peace and quiet among us, and it could be
+ continued indefinitely, were it not for bad-hearted men.
+
+ Were men actuated solely for the welfare and progress of our
+ country, the Government could most successfully be carried on, much
+ in the same way as a great company; the Executive and Parliament
+ being somewhat analagous to a board of directors and shareholders.
+
+ Your pamphlet cannot fail to be productive of immense good, for it
+ will cause reflection on a subject but little thought of by many
+ with a vast amount of ignorance as to the true form of government
+ calculated to confer the greatest benefits and happiness on a
+ people, and which, I think, you have clearly pointed out. In our
+ present position, were the Government to try the experiment, and
+ take Parliament into its counsels, I fancy it would succeed, by all
+ uniting for the common good.
+
+The second was from Mr. Wm. (now Judge) Elliot, dated London, August
+20th:--
+
+ Allow me to express to you a sense of gratitude, which I feel in
+ common, I trust, with all reasonable people, on the occasion of
+ your address on the political aspect of the Dominion of Canada.
+
+ I have had some limited connection with political contests in this
+ part of the Province, and what I have seen and learned impels me to
+ offer you my humble thanks for this contribution to our political
+ treasury.
+
+ Whether we have arrived at such a condition of society as entirely
+ to discard party political conflict may, I suppose, admit of
+ serious doubt. But that at this juncture your admonitions are most
+ valuable, all who reflect on the future will, I think, acknowledge.
+ In more than one electoral contest already, I have referred, I
+ believe with good effect, to your remarks, and I beg of you to
+ allow me the pleasure of thus acknowledging the value of your
+ counsel. That you may long be spared to advance the educational
+ interests of the country, and to allay the discord and acrimony of
+ faction, is the sincere prayer of yours faithfully,
+
+ William Elliot.
+
+The third from a gentleman in Matilda:--
+
+ Permit me to thank you for the seasonable pamphlet you have issued
+ on the Dominion, and the sound advice it contains, addressed to the
+ people of this country. I have read it with pleasure, and am of
+ opinion that it should be scattered broadcast, for the
+ consideration of electors at this very important juncture.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[149] It affords me pleasure to remark, and I do so without any
+reference to the political opinions or relations of the gentlemen
+concerned, that some of our rising Canadians have entered, and others
+are seeking an entrance into Parliamentary life upon the ground of their
+own avowed principles, personal character and merit, as free men, and to
+exercise their talents as such, and not as the articled confederates, or
+protegés, or joints in the tail of partizanship. Free and independent
+men in the Legislature, as in the country, are the best counterpoise to
+faction, and the mainspring to a nation's progress and greatness.
+Faction dreads independent men; patriotism requires them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LXII.
+
+1868-1869.
+
+Correspondence with Hon. George Brown.--Dr. Punshon.
+
+
+On the 24th of March, Dr. Ryerson addressed the following letter to the
+Hon. George Brown:--
+
+I desire, on this the 65th anniversary of my birth, to assure you of my
+hearty forgiveness of the personal wrongs which, I think, you have done
+me in past years, and of my forgetfulness of them so far, at least, as
+involves the least unkindness and unfriendliness of feeling.
+
+To express free and independent opinions on the public acts of public
+men, to animadvert severely upon them when considered censurable, is
+both the right and duty of the press; nor have I ever been discourteous,
+or felt any animosity towards those who have censured my official acts,
+or denounced my opinions. Had I considered that you had done nothing
+more in regard to myself, I should have felt and acted differently from
+what I have done in regard to you--the only public man in Canada with
+whom I have not been on speaking and personally friendly terms. But
+while I wish in no way to influence your judgment and proceedings in
+relation to myself, I beg to say that I cherish no other than feelings
+of good will, with which I hope to (as I soon must) stand before the
+Judge of all the earth--imploring, as well as granting forgiveness for
+all the wrong deeds done in the body.
+
+On the same day Mr. Brown replied as follows:--
+
+I have received your letter of this day, and note its contents.
+
+I am entirely unconscious of any "personal wrong" ever done you by me,
+and had no thought of receiving "forgiveness" at your hands.
+
+What I have said or written of your public conduct or writings has been
+dictated solely by a sense of public duty, and has never, I feel
+confident, exceeded the bounds of legitimate criticism, in view of all
+attendant circumstances. What has been written of you in the columns of
+the _Globe_ newspaper, so far as I have observed, has been always
+restrained within the limits of fair criticism toward one holding a
+position of public trust.
+
+As to your personal attacks on myself--those who pursue the fearless
+course as a politician and public journalist that I have done for a
+quarter of a century, cannot expect to escape abuse and
+misrepresentation; and assuredly your assaults have never affected my
+course toward you in the slightest degree. Your series of letters
+printed in the _Leader_ newspaper some years ago, were not, I am told,
+conceived in a very Christian spirit, but I was ill at the time they
+were published, and have never read them. Your dragging my name into
+your controversy with the Messrs. Campbell--on a matter with which I had
+no personal concern whatever--was one of those devices unhappily too
+often resorted to in political squabbles to be capable of exciting more
+than momentary indignation.
+
+The following letter from Dr. Ryerson to Mr. Brown, dated Toronto, April
+13th, closed the correspondence:--Your note of the 24th ult., did not
+reach me until Saturday evening--night before last.
+
+I wrote my note of that date with the view of forgetting, rather than
+reviving, the recollection of past discussions.
+
+I never objected to the severest criticisms of my "public conduct or
+writings." My remarks had sole reference to your "personal attacks" and
+"assaults," made over your own name, and involving all that was dear to
+me as a man, and a father, and a Christian--"personal attacks" and
+"assaults" to which my letters in the _Leader_ referred to by you, and
+which you had engaged to insert in the _Globe_, but afterwards refused,
+were a reply; in the course of which I convicted you not only of many
+misstatements, but of seven distinct forgeries--you, by additions,
+professing to quote from me in seven instances the very reverse of what
+I had written, and your having done all this to sustain "personal
+attacks" and "assaults" upon me.
+
+Besides this, on at least two subsequent occasions, you charged me with
+what involved an imputation of dishonesty; and when I transmitted to you
+copies of official correspondence relating to the subject of your
+allegations, and refuting them, you refused to insert it in the _Globe_,
+and left your false accusations unretracted to this day.
+
+It was to such "personal attacks" and "assaults" on your part against
+me, and not to any legitimate criticisms upon my "public conduct or
+writings," that I referred in my letter of the 24th ult.
+
+I admit the general fairness of the _Globe_ towards me during the last
+few months; but that does not alter the character of your former
+"personal attacks" and "assaults" upon me, and to which alone what you
+call my "personal attacks" and "assaults" upon you were but defensive
+replies and rejoinders.
+
+I certainly have no reason to be dissatisfied with the results of such
+"personal attacks" and replies, notwithstanding your great advantage in
+having a powerful press at your disposal; and I am prepared for the
+future, as I have been for the past, though I wish, if possible, to live
+peaceably with all men.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Dr. Ryerson having been appointed delegate (with Dr. Punshon) to the
+American General Conference of 1868, at Chicago, he wrote to me from
+that city on the 14th of May:--
+
+ On our way here we stopped at London, where Mr. Punshon lectured
+ nobly. We reached here Tuesday evening, and were most heartily
+ welcomed by Bishop Janes, and by our hosts.
+
+ We were introduced to the Conference to-day, and were most
+ cordially received. Mr. Punshon was introduced by Bishop Janes, and
+ made a touching and noble address, which won the hearts of the
+ Conference, and vast audience, and was frequently and loudly
+ cheered.
+
+ I was introduced heartily and eulogistically by Bishop Simpson, and
+ addressed the Conference. The latter part of my address was warmly
+ cheered.
+
+ Rev. Dr. Richey, President, and Representative of the Eastern
+ Conference of British America, was introduced by Bishop Simpson,
+ and made a very excellent address to the Conference.
+
+ Mr. Punshon preached powerfully and gloriously before the
+ Conference and an immense crowd to-day; all were delighted, and
+ seemed deeply affected.
+
+On the 18th of May, Dr. Ryerson wrote again to me:--
+
+ Mr. Punshon has made a wonderful impression here by his addresses
+ and discourses, beyond any thing they have ever heard from the
+ pulpit and the platform. He is to lecture to-morrow evening in the
+ Opera House--the largest room in Chicago--and there is a great rage
+ to get tickets. He preached there yesterday afternoon to several
+ thousand persons, a great part of whom were affected to tears
+ several times. I trust that many sinners were awakened, while
+ believers were greatly comforted and encouraged.
+
+ We went out on Saturday on an excursion train to Clinton, in Iowa,
+ 145 miles west of this, crossing the Mississippi there, by
+ railroad, and crossing the prairies. The people of
+ Clinton--Presbyterians, etc., and Methodists--united, and prepared
+ an excellent dinner for three hundred and six persons, after which
+ speeches were delivered. The North-West Railroad Company prepared
+ the excursion gratuitously for the General Conference.
+
+Dr. Ryerson having addressed a request to the British Conference for the
+re-appointment of Rev. W. M. Punshon to Canada, Rev. Gervase Smith
+replied on the 17th of August:--
+
+ Your first request was complied with without much debate. Mr.
+ Punshon is transferred to you for a term. The second request raised
+ a long discussion; the result of which was that you should be left
+ to elect your own President next year. Mr. Arthur, Drs. Waddy and
+ Rigg, and others, pleaded for Mr. Punshon's appointment on the
+ ground that the preceding vote placed him under Canadian
+ jurisdiction. But there were others who were influenced by the
+ consideration that to leave you to elect your own President, would
+ doubtless lead to Mr. Punshon's election. I pray that you all may
+ be guided rightly at this important juncture.
+
+Dr. Punshon's continued residence in Canada was a source of great
+delight to Dr. Ryerson. Of the wonderfully beneficial effects upon
+Canadian Methodism of that memorable visit, it is not necessary that I
+should speak. The hallowed memories of those days are engraven on
+thousands of hearts on both sides of the lines.
+
+Rev. Dr. R. F. Burns, of the Fort Massey Presbyterian Church, Halifax,
+in a letter to the _Presbyterian Witness_, gives the following graphic
+account of the visit of Drs. Ryerson, Punshon, and Richey to the General
+Conference at Chicago. The _Wesleyan_, of Halifax, speaking of Dr.
+Burns' letter, says:--The reminiscence is of special interest to the
+editor of this paper, as he was one of the party who lunched with Dr.
+Ryerson at Dr. Burns' on the occasion mentioned. Dr. Burns says:--
+
+ A memory of the worthy man comes up which you will excuse me for
+ jotting down. In the summer of 1868, during my residence in
+ Chicago, the Quadrennial Convention of the Methodist Episcopal
+ Church was held. It was then that I first made the acquaintance of
+ Dr. Punshon, who came out as delegate from the English Conference
+ to that great gathering. Dr. Matthew Richey was there representing
+ the Methodism of Eastern, and Dr. Ryerson of Western Canada. Quite
+ a colony of Canadian Methodists came over, including my old friend
+ Rev. A. F. Bland, to whom the celebrated Robert Collyer expressed
+ himself more indebted than to any other living man.
+
+ I invited several of the Methodist brethren to luncheon--Drs.
+ Ryerson and Richey of the number--(Punshon had a prior engagement).
+ Ryerson had given his speech that forenoon, and Richey too, with
+ characteristic ability, representing the two Canadian Conferences.
+ Dr. Richey had, a little before, met with the accident, but yet
+ though he had aged and failed considerably since the days when I
+ counted him the beau-ideal of elegance in manner and style in
+ pulpit and on platform, he bore himself with much of his former
+ stately demeanour and fine felicity of diction. Ryerson was hale
+ and hearty as of yore, and with perhaps less of the old tendency to
+ tremble while speaking which surprised me so much when I first
+ witnessed it, for, under the influence of strong feeling, and a
+ sort of constitutional timidity, linked in him with indomitable
+ pluck, his limbs--indeed often his whole massive frame--so shook
+ that I have felt the platform quiver. The Rev. George Goodson told
+ me in an undertone of an unkind remark made by a distinguished
+ member of the Conference to his neighbour as Dr. Ryerson got up to
+ speak, and that he had rebuked him for it, not knowing at the time
+ who he was. This gentleman, it came out in course of conversation,
+ was closely related to Elder Henry Ryan, a well-known minister in
+ the old Canada Methodist Church, with whom Dr. Ryerson, in his
+ early days, carried on a keen warfare. The Ryan-Ryerson controversy
+ is one with which the older Canadian Methodists are familiar.
+ Without hinting at the rudeness of his relative, I alluded to Elder
+ Ryan when conversing with Dr. Ryerson, and got from him in graphic
+ detail, the history of that ancient controversy in which he was a
+ principal party. It was very keen while it lasted, but there was no
+ bitter animus in the recital--though the old war horse pricked up
+ his ears and seemed to "hear the sound of battle from afar." I then
+ discovered a reason for the sharp tone of the gentleman's remarks,
+ aforesaid, which drew forth Brother Goodson's rebuke. Though but
+ four years of age when he left Canada, he had imbibed a dislike to
+ his old relative's chief antagonist, and to the very people amongst
+ whom the Ryerson party had proved victorious. Hence his remark on
+ another occasion to a lady friend of mine, with reference to his
+ early connection with Canada, to the effect that he was "ashamed of
+ being born there," which so roused her patriotic spirit that she
+ promptly retorted: "Well, I am ashamed of you for saying so." The
+ gentleman was then one of the rising hopes of that great
+ denomination, and has since risen to a foremost rank in it. When
+ this little incident was mentioned to Dr. Ryerson, he richly
+ enjoyed it, and before leaving the house, with his native
+ gallantry, he expressed a desire to use the privileges of an old
+ man towards the fair defendress of her country's honour, saying,
+ naively, as we all stood, before parting in the hall, "I would like
+ to kiss you for your patriotism?" (See chapter vii.)
+
+While at Peake's Island, near Portland, Maine, in 1869, Dr. Ryerson met
+with a serious accident, which nearly proved fatal. In a letter to me,
+he said:--
+
+ On Monday a plank from the wharf to a vessel, on the outside of
+ which lay our boat, fell and precipitated me some feet on the deck
+ of the vessel; I falling on my head, shoulder, and side. I was
+ stunned and much injured, and have suffered much from my side; but
+ I am now getting better and am able to dress myself, and to use my
+ right arm. My head came within six inches of the band which
+ surrounds the hatchway. There was thus but six inches between me
+ and sudden death! I am truly thankful for my deliverance, and for
+ my blessings.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LXIII.
+
+1870-1875.
+
+Miscellaneous Closing Events and Correspondence.
+
+
+On the 23rd of April, 1870, Rev. Drs. Punshon, Wood and Taylor, Chairman
+and Secretaries of the Central Board of Wesleyan Missions, addressed a
+letter to Sir George Cartier, Minister of Militia, on the subject of
+sending a Methodist chaplain with the Red River expedition under General
+Lindsay and the present Lord Wolseley. In their letter they said:--
+
+ Believing that many who will volunteer to complete this enterprize
+ will be members of our own church, we are desirous of securing your
+ official sanction to the appointment of a Wesleyan Minister as
+ Chaplain to that portion of the military expedition who are
+ professedly attached to our doctrines and ordinances, upon such
+ terms as may be agreed upon, affecting personal rights and military
+ operations and duties.
+
+This letter was merely acknowledged, and no action was taken upon it. In
+the following June Conference, the subject was brought up, and much
+feeling was evoked at Sir George Cartier's apparent want of courtesy to
+the Missionary Board. Sir Alexander Campbell, on seeing a report of the
+Conference proceedings on the subject, wrote a very kind note to Dr.
+Ryerson, in which he expressed his opinion that some mistake must have
+occurred in the matter, and that he was sure no discourtesy was thought
+of on the part of Sir George Cartier. To this note Dr. Ryerson replied
+on the 18th of June:--
+
+I yesterday received your very kind letter of the 13th inst. I think you
+know too well my high respect, and even affection for you, and my
+expectations long since formed of your success and usefulness to the
+country, as a public man, to doubt my implicit confidence in any
+statement made by you, and my desire to meet your views as far as
+possible.
+
+In the matter as relating to Sir George E. Cartier, I may remark, that
+the President of the Wesleyan Conference stated to me the week before
+its annual meeting, that a communication had been addressed by himself,
+and the Missionary Secretaries, to Sir George Cartier respecting our
+sending a Wesleyan Minister with the Red River expedition, to supply
+the spiritual wants of many members of our own congregations, and
+proposing to confer with him (Sir G. C.) as to the arrangement; that he
+regarded the treatment of their letter by Sir George as discourteous,
+and that he thought the Conference should be informed of it, and that it
+should take some action on the subject. The Rev. Dr. Wood, senior
+Missionary Secretary, read to the Conference the correspondence and the
+draft of four resolutions, on the subject of which he gave notice. I was
+not in the Conference when this took place. On reading Dr. Wood's
+resolutions, I suggested some modifications of them, and prepared
+resolutions which he preferred to his own, and which I proposed for
+adoption the day after giving notice of them.
+
+As to Sir George's courtesy, I may observe that the letter addressed to
+him, proposed a conference with him on the subject: that his Deputy, in
+reply, by direction of Sir George Cartier, as he says, acknowledged the
+receipt of the letter addressed to him, but though that letter was dated
+at Toronto, and signed officially, the answer to it was addressed simply
+to the "Rev. Mr. Punshon, Montreal," and no further notice taken of it
+to this day. And it seems that Sir George did not think it worth his
+while even to mention, much less submit the letter, to you and your
+colleagues from Upper Canada.
+
+In regard to the question of chaplain, our view is, and the proposal
+contemplated by our President and Missionary Secretaries was, that the
+Government should not pay any salary to the chaplain, but simply provide
+his rations and accommodations. It is our view that the Government
+should not pay or appoint any chaplain, but leave to each denomination
+the right of doing so, if it should think proper. Each chaplain thus
+nominated and paid, to be recognized by the military authorities, and be
+subject, of course, to the military regulations. In such circumstances,
+it is probable there would have been three Protestant chaplains--Church
+of England, Presbyterian, and Methodist. I infer or assume this on the
+ground of experience. In our Normal School of one hundred and fifty
+students, each is asked his religious persuasion, and the chief minister
+of that persuasion is furnished with a list of the names of students
+adhering to or professing his Church, and the day, and hour, and place
+where he can give them religious instruction. The result is, that by
+mutual consultation and agreement of ministers, all the Presbyterians,
+including even the Congregationalists and Baptists, meet in one class,
+and receive religious instruction from one minister, the ministers
+agreeing to take the labour in successive sessions--one minister
+performing all the duty one session. The arrangement voluntarily exists
+among the different classes of Methodists--though Wesleyan ministers do
+all the work. A Church of England minister attends to the instruction
+and religious oversight of the Church of England students, and the chief
+Roman Catholic priest does the same in regard to the Roman Catholic
+students. Nothing can be more fair, practical, and satisfactory than a
+similar arrangement in regard to the Red River expedition. What may be
+the peculiar views, habits, etc. of the Church of England chaplain
+appointed and salaried by the Government, I know not; but you know as
+well as I do that a man being a clergyman of the Church of England is no
+longer a guarantee that he does not entertain and teach views and
+practices more subversive of unsophisticated Protestant principles and
+feelings than could be as successfully done by a Roman Catholic priest.
+Besides, as a general rule, men, especially young men, do not regard,
+and are not controlled, as to their own worship and pastorate, except by
+the services and pastoral oversight to which they are accustomed and
+attached; and without such influence and aid to the preservation and
+strengthening of moral principles, habits, and feelings, more young men
+are liable to be demoralized and ruined in military expeditions, such as
+that of the Red River, than are likely to be killed in battle or die of
+disease.
+
+This is the view for which the Methodist body will contend, whatever may
+be the result. The Secretaries of the Bible Society went among the
+volunteers, while at Toronto, and proffered a Bible to each one that
+would accept of it, and found on inquiry, that four-fifths of the
+volunteers, even from Lower Canada, were Protestants, and a much larger
+proportion of the volunteers of Upper Canada, and a large number of them
+not members of the Church of England but Methodists and Presbyterians.
+Of course, it answers the Roman Catholic purpose, and will doubtless be
+acceptable to many members of the Church of England, for the Government
+to appoint and pay chaplains of those persuasions; but I am persuaded
+there will be little difference of a contrary opinion on the subject
+among the ministers and members of the excluded persuasions. I wish I
+could share with you in your expressed confidence in Sir George Cartier,
+but I have no such confidence in him, and especially in the
+ecclesiastical influence under the dictation of which he acts. Wherein I
+may have been misinformed, and may not have stated matters correctly, I
+shall be prepared to correct any such errors, when I come to reply to
+the various attacks which have been made upon me, in vindication of
+myself, and the Wesleyan Conference in regard to the complaint made, and
+the position assumed in respect to Sir George E. Cartier, and the Red
+River business.
+
+On the 30th June, Mr. James Wallace, of Whitby, addressed Dr. Ryerson a
+letter on the subject, in which he said:--
+
+ A stranger to you personally, although not so to your many able,
+ pungent, and truthful letters, connected with public matters, that
+ have from time to time appeared in the public press: I trust you
+ will excuse this liberty, and accept my congratulations on your
+ last effort in that connection as published in the _Globe_.
+
+ I have some knowledge of the Red River matter, having been there
+ during the first stages of the rebellion, and had, therefore,
+ chances of becoming acquainted with its origin and progress that
+ few men had; and when I see one in your position come forward so
+ bravely and lay bare the origin of that infamous revolt, I must say
+ that I feel proud of you as a Canadian, and not only of you, but of
+ the body with which you are connected, who so nobly sustained you.
+
+On the 24th August, 1870, the corner stone of the Metropolitan Church,
+Toronto, was laid. Dr. Ryerson felt that it was a memorable day in the
+annals of Methodism in Toronto. I was honoured (he said) by being
+selected to lay the corner stone of the Metropolitan Church. Rev. Dr.
+Punshon, President of the Conference was present, and delivered an
+admirable address. He also read one which I had prepared, but which I
+was unable to deliver myself. The auspicious event of the day amply
+repaid me for the anxiety which I had so long felt in regard to the
+success of the enterprise, and for the responsibility which, with other
+devoted brethren, I had personally assumed to secure the site, and carry
+to a successful issue the erection of a building which would be an
+honour to Methodism, and a credit to the cause in Toronto.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+On the 17th March, 1871, Dr. Ryerson received a letter from the
+venerable Rev. Dr. James Dixon, dated Bradford, Eng., 2nd inst. In it he
+says:--In my eighty-third year, blind, deaf, and so paralyzed as to be
+unable to walk without assistance, I feel that the world is fast
+receding. Having sense and affection remaining, I feel desirous of
+holding a little fellowship once more with you, my dear old friend. The
+world to me looks like one of your forests with the trees cut down,
+except here and there one a little stronger than the rest. I look upon
+you as one of those, vigorous forest trees still remaining. And may you
+long remain, a blessing to your country and the Church! After referring
+to his own religious life and experiences, he concludes:--As long as I
+live my affection for you will never vary. I also remember other
+Canadian friends with great interest and affection. Farewell! my dear
+old friend. We shall meet again before long in a brighter world. If you
+can find time, I shall be most happy to receive a line from you.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Dr. Ryerson did find time to respond to the letter of his dear and
+valued friend Dr. Dixon. His venerable aspect was well remembered, when,
+as President of the Canada Conference in 1848, he did good and valued
+service for the Methodist Church in Canada.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+On the 29th of June, 1871, Mr. John Macdonald and Rev. Dr. Evans having
+asked Dr. Ryerson to enclose to Rev. W. M. Punshon a letter urging him
+to continue his noble work in Canada, he did so most heartily, as the
+letter to be enclosed expressed the real sentiments not only of the
+ministers and members of the Church generally, but those of the country
+at large. Dr. Ryerson accompanied the letter with a note from himself,
+in which he said to Mr. Punshon:--To have the power, as God has given
+you, to mould, to a large extent, the energies and labours of six
+hundred ministers, and developments of the Canadian Church, and to
+control largely the public mind in religious and benevolent
+enterprises--looking at the future of our country--appears to me to
+present a field of usefulness that Mr. Wesley himself might have coveted
+in his day. All that God has enabled you to do already in this country
+is but the foundation and beginning of what there is the prospect of
+your doing hereafter by the Divine blessing. You know this is the old
+ground on which I first proposed to you to come to this country, and
+which I am sure you have no reason to regret. This is the only ground on
+which I ought to desire your continued connection with it.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+A pleasing episode in the _Globe_ controversy respecting Dr. Ryerson's
+"First Lessons on Christian Morals," occurred in June, 1872. Bishop
+Bethune, in his address to the Synod of the Diocese of Toronto, spoke of
+the increasing spread of evil, and of the duty of the Church, under her
+Divine Master, to cope with it. He said:
+
+ Her work is, confessedly, to lead fallen man to the true source of
+ pardon, and to teach him to aim at the recovery of the moral image
+ in which he was at first created. If the passions, and prejudices,
+ and divisions of professing Christians themselves are a distressing
+ hindrance to the attainment of this noble and dutiful aspiration,
+ we have much in the condition of the world around us to warn and
+ rouse us to a vigorous and united effort to arrest the increasing
+ tide of sin and crime. The developments of a grossly evil spirit at
+ the present day fill us with horror and alarm; the profligacy and
+ wanton cruelty of which we hear so many instances, make us tremble
+ for our social peace and safety.
+
+ It is but right to enquire to what all this enormity of wickedness
+ is traceable, that we may come, if possible, to the remedy. That is
+ largely to be ascribed, as all must be persuaded, to the neglect of
+ religious instruction in early life; to the contentment of peoples
+ and governments to afford a shallow secular education, without the
+ learning of religious truth, or the moral obligations that it
+ teaches. The child taught and trained for this world's vocations
+ only, without a deep inculcation of the love and fear of God, and
+ the penalty hereafter of an irreligious and wicked life, will have
+ but one leading idea--self-aggrandizement and self-indulgence, and
+ will be checked by no restraint of conscience in the way and means
+ of securing them. Gigantic frauds will be perpetrated, if riches
+ can thus be acquired; atrocious murders will be committed, if these
+ will remove the barrier to unholy and polluting connections, or
+ cast out of sight the objects of jealousy and hatred.
+
+ I have no disposition to reprobate this defect in the system of
+ education, prevailing with the authority and support of Government
+ among ourselves. I know the difficulty, the almost impossibility,
+ of securing the temporal boon with the addition of the spiritual;
+ how hard it must prove in a divided religious community to
+ introduce among the secular lessons which are meant for usefulness
+ and advancement in this world, that lofty and holy teaching which
+ trains the soul for heaven. The irreverent and fierce assaults
+ recently made upon a praiseworthy effort of the Superintendent of
+ Education in this Province to introduce a special work for moral
+ and religious instruction amongst our common school pupils, testify
+ too plainly the difficulty of supplying that want.
+
+ I have confidence in the good intentions and righteous efforts of
+ that venerable gentleman to do what he can for the amelioration of
+ the evils which the absence of systematic religious teaching of the
+ young must induce; so that we may have a hope that, from his tried
+ zeal and unquestionable ability, a way may be devised by which such
+ essential instruction shall be imparted, and the terrible evils we
+ deplore to some extent corrected.
+
+In response to this portion of his address, Dr. Ryerson addressed the
+following note to the Bishop on the 1st of July.
+
+I feel it my bounden, at the same time most pleasurable duty, to thank
+you with all my heart for your more than kind reference to myself in
+your official charge at the opening of the recent Synod of the Diocese
+of Toronto; and especially do I feel grateful and gratified for your
+formal and hearty recognition of the Christian character of our Public
+School System, and of the efforts which have been made to render that
+character a practical reality, and not a mere dead and heartless form.
+
+It has also been peculiarly gratifying to me to learn that your
+Lordship's allusions to myself and the school system were very generally
+and cordially cheered by the members of the Synod.
+
+My own humble efforts to invest our school system with a Christian
+character and spirit have been seconded from the beginning by the
+cordial and unanimous co-operation of the Council of Public Instruction;
+and without that co-operation my own individual efforts would have
+availed but little.
+
+Since the settlement of the common relationship of all religious
+persuasions to the State, there is _a_ common patriotic ground for the
+exertions of all, without the slightest reasonable pretext for political
+jealousy or hostility on the part of any. On such ground of
+comprehensiveness, and of avowed Christian principles, I have
+endeavoured to construct our Public School System; such, and such only
+has been my aim in the teachings of my little book on Christian Morals;
+and such only was the aim and spirit of the Council of Public
+Instruction in the recommendation of it,--a recommendation to which the
+Council inflexibly adheres, and which it has cordially and decidedly
+vindicated.
+
+The Bishop replied on the 3rd of July, thus:--I have to thank you for
+your letter of the 1st instant, received last evening, and to express my
+gratification that I had the opportunity to bear my humble testimony to
+your zealous and righteous efforts to promote the sound education of the
+youth of this Province.
+
+I believe that in the endeavours to give this a moral and religious
+direction, you have done all that, in the circumstances of the country,
+it was in your power to accomplish. I was glad, too, to give utterance
+to my protest against the shameless endeavours to hold up to public
+scorn the valuable little work by which you desired to give a moral and
+religious tone to the instruction communicated in our Common Schools. If
+more can be done in this direction, I feel assured you would assume any
+allowable amount of responsibility in the endeavour to effect it.
+
+Wishing you many years of health and usefulness, I remain, dear Dr.
+Ryerson, very faithfully yours,
+
+ A. N. Toronto.
+
+This correspondence affords a striking instance of the fact that the
+very earnest discussions between the writers of these notes in past
+years, had not diminished in any way the personal respect and kindly
+feeling which happily existed between them. And it was so with the late
+venerable Bishop Strachan, with whom Dr. Ryerson more than once measured
+swords in days gone by. Among his very latest utterances on the Separate
+School Question in the Synod of 1856, he thus referred to the Head of
+the Education Department and his labours:--
+
+One new feature, which I consider of great value, and for which I
+believe we are altogether indebted to the able Superintendent, deserves
+special notice: it is the introduction of daily prayers. We find that
+454 schools open and close with prayer. This is an important step in the
+right direction, and only requires a reasonable extension to render the
+system in its interior, as it is already in its exterior, nearly
+complete. But till it receives this necessary extension, the whole
+system, in a religious and spiritual view, may be considered almost
+entirely dead.
+
+I do not say that this is the opinion of Dr. Ryerson, who no doubt
+believes his system very nearly perfect; and so far as he is concerned,
+I am one of those who appreciate very highly his exertions, his
+unwearied assiduity, and his administrative capacity. I am also most
+willing to admit that he has carried out the meagre provisions of the
+several enactments that have any leaning to religion, as far as seems
+consistent with a just interpretation of the law.--_Charge of 1856, pp.
+15, 16._
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In a note dated Toronto, 2nd October, 1872, Hon. W. B. Robinson sent to
+Dr. Ryerson an extract from the Barrie _Northern Advance_ containing an
+obituary notice of Dr. Ryerson. In enclosing it, Mr. Robinson said:--
+
+ I send you a Barrie paper that I think will amuse you. It is not
+ often we are permitted to "see ourselves as others see us" when
+ once we go "hence and are no more seen,"--but you are an exception,
+ and I congratulate you on such being the fact; and hope the Editor
+ will be satisfied that he is in "advance" of the times, and may
+ have cause to give you credit for much more good work in the
+ position you have so long held, with so much benefit to the
+ country. I observed the death of your brother William in the papers
+ a short time ago, which I suppose accounts for the mistake.
+
+The extract from the Barrie paper is as follows:--
+
+ Most of our readers are aware of the fact that the great champion
+ of education in Upper Canada has gone to his rest. Coming
+ generations, so long as time lasts, will owe a debt of gratitude to
+ Dr. Ryerson, as the only real founder of a comprehensive school
+ system in Ontario. Through evil report and through good report he
+ has steadily worked on his way; neither daunted by the abuse he has
+ received, nor unduly elated by the unmeasured tribute of praise
+ paid to his efforts in the department to which his whole life was
+ devoted. He kept the even tenor of his way, and we think most
+ people, unblinded by partisan prejudice, will acknowledge that his
+ life purpose has, more than that of most men, been accomplished. He
+ leaves behind him a structure so nearly completed that men with a
+ tithe of his enthusiasm, and infinitely less knowledge of the
+ educational requirements of the Province, can lay the capstone, and
+ declare the work complete.
+
+Hon. Marshall S. Bidwell died in New York shortly after his visit to
+Canada in 1872. Hon. Judge Neilson, his friend, wrote to Dr. Ryerson for
+particulars of Mr. Bidwell's early life, with a view to publish it in a
+memorial volume. This information Dr. Ryerson obtained from Sir W. B.
+Richards, Clarke Gamble, Esq., Q.C., and Rev. Dr. Givens, and, with his
+own, embodied it in a communication to Judge Neilson. In a letter to Dr.
+Ryerson, dated 30th April, 1873, the late Rev. Dr. Saltern Givens
+said:--
+
+ A short time since, Hon. W. B. Robinson informed me that a letter
+ of condolence was written by the late Mr. Bidwell to Lady Robinson
+ and her family, on the death of Sir John, and that he thought it
+ would answer your purpose.... I am sure that you will peruse it
+ with as much pleasure as I have done.
+
+ It ought to be a matter of devout thankfulness and congratulation
+ with us Canadians, that two of our most distinguished statesmen and
+ jurists have left behind them such unequivocal and delightful
+ testimonies of their faith in Christ, and of their experience of
+ the power of His Gospel, in extracting the sting from death and in
+ comforting the bereaved.
+
+ I am sure that Sir John's letters to Mr. Bidwell, under his similar
+ trial, if you could obtain them, would be read with a thrill of
+ delight and profit by their many friends throughout Canada.
+
+ When witnessing--as we have done, some forty years ago--those
+ fierce political contests in which our departed friends were
+ involved, how little did we think that in the evening of their days
+ they would have been united in the bonds of Christian love and
+ sympathy, as this interchange of friendship evinces.
+
+The following is Mr. Bidwell's letter to Hon. W. B. Robinson, dated 24th
+February, 1863:--
+
+ I thank you for your kind and friendly letter, and for the
+ particular account of the closing scenes of the life of your
+ honoured and lamented brother. The wound inflicted by his death can
+ never be altogether healed. The grief which it produces is natural
+ and rational, and is not inconsistent with any of the precepts, or
+ with the spirit of the Gospel. It is a duty, however, to keep it
+ within bounds, and not to allow murmurs in our heart against Divine
+ Providence. The language of our hearts should be that of the
+ Patriarch, "The Lord gave, and the Lord taketh away, blessed be the
+ name of the Lord." Gratitude for the gift should be mingled with
+ our deep sorrow for the loss of it. In my own case, a consideration
+ of the unspeakable goodness of God in having bestowed upon me such
+ an inestimable blessing has been continually present to my mind,
+ and trust such feelings will abound in the bosom of Lady Robinson,
+ her family, and yourself. He, whose removal from earthly scenes
+ your hearts deplore, was all that you could have desired, in his
+ public and private character, and in the homage of universal
+ veneration and esteem. Where will you find one like him? Was there
+ not great and peculiar goodness in God's bestowing him upon you?
+ Was he not the joy and pride of your hearts continually? Did not
+ his presence irradiate his home, and make it like an earthly
+ Paradise? Every pang which you may suffer attests the value of the
+ blessing which you have so long had. Your gratitude to God, the
+ author of every good and perfect gift, ought to be in proportion to
+ your grief. It is to be remembered, also, that he was not cut down
+ prematurely in the midst of his days, but had passed the period
+ which Moses, the man of God, in his sublime and pathetic prayer
+ (Psalm xc.) considers as the ordinary boundary of human life, and
+ retained all his powers and faculties to the last; and that during
+ this long life he had not been absent from his family, at least not
+ from Lady Robinson (if I am not mistaken) except during the
+ transient separation when he was on the circuit. It is natural that
+ your hearts should yearn for him, should long to see him again, and
+ enjoy the pleasure of his company; yet death must sooner or later
+ have separated you, and longer life might have been a scene of
+ suffering. Would it not have been inexpressibly painful to you all
+ to have seen his mental and bodily powers decay and fade away? Such
+ a spectacle would have been distressing and mortifying. Now his
+ memory is associated with no humiliating recollections; but you
+ remember him as one always admired, respected and loved. Death has
+ set his seal upon him, and although he is removed from you to
+ return no more to earthly scenes, you know that it is only a
+ removal, and that he is now in a state of exalted and perfect,
+ though ever progressive, felicity. I trust you have the most
+ consolatory evidence that this is now his present and unalterable
+ state, and that you constantly think as David thought and said, "I
+ shall go to him, but he shall not return to me." In the meantime
+ you have the consolation of knowing that while you remember him
+ with the tenderest affection and interest, he has not forgotten
+ you, but has a more distinct and perfect recollection of you than
+ you have of him. That this is literally true is the conviction of
+ my understanding, founded not only upon reason and analogy, but
+ upon the irrefragable testimony of divine revelation. There surely
+ is nothing in such a thought that is improbable. We have daily
+ experience of the revival in our minds of past events long
+ forgotten; they lived there, though dormant. Then how many well
+ authenticated and well known instances, where persons recovered
+ from drowning have stated that before they lost consciousness, all
+ the scenes and incidents of their lives flashed instantaneously, as
+ it were, upon their minds, and appeared to be present to their
+ view. They had been treasured up there, though latent. Death does
+ not extinguish the mental faculties, thought does not cease, but
+ the conscious and thinking being passes from scenes present to
+ scenes eternal. "Mortality is swallowed up of life." There would be
+ good ground for this conviction, if revelation gave us no higher
+ proof; but it is explicit. "Every one of us shall give account of
+ himself to God." This necessarily implies a perfect recollection of
+ our lives. We are to answer for all the deeds done in the body; for
+ every idle word, for every secret and sinful thought and feeling.
+ This requires a perfect recollection of every event, sentiment, and
+ emotion of our lives. The soul, therefore, must carry into the
+ unseen world a perfect recollection of its associates and friends;
+ and as there will be no decay then of mental powers, this will be
+ an abiding, ever-present recollection. Every holy feeling will also
+ continue after death--conjugal, parental, filial, fraternal
+ affections are holy; they are expressly enjoined upon us by divine
+ authority. Love, indeed, pure, fervent affection, is the
+ characteristic element of Heaven. It is impossible, therefore, that
+ the holy affections should cease at death. I have, therefore, a
+ conviction that our departed friends, whose death we mourn,
+ remember us distinctly and with tender affection. I have dwelt upon
+ this subject because it has afforded me in my great affliction much
+ consolation, and if I had time, I might expatiate more fully upon
+ it, and adduce further evidence in support of its truth.
+
+ Yes! it is a truth, and therefore it is full of consolation. While
+ we are thinking of our departed friends with grief, they, too, are
+ thinking of us, with at least equal affection, and this they will
+ continue to do until we meet. In the meantime we may comfort
+ ourselves with the thought that, to use the language of a sober and
+ judicious commentator on the sacred Scriptures, "The separation
+ will be short, the re-union rapturous, and the subsequent felicity
+ uninterrupted, unalloyed, and eternal."
+
+ I have felt peculiar sympathy for Lady Robinson. I am sure her
+ affliction must be extreme. I hope the Son of God is with her in
+ the furnace, and that she has a consciousness of His presence. He
+ can give both support and consolation, and both she must greatly
+ need. He can gently, and imperceptibly, bind up and heal her
+ wounded and bleeding heart.
+
+ I wish that I could furnish reminiscences that would be interesting
+ to you, for I should be glad to testify my respect for the memory
+ of your brother, but I cannot tell you anything with which you are
+ not familiar. I remember distinctly his appearance the first time I
+ saw him. He had just returned to Canada, after his first visit to
+ England. I was a student at law, and had gone from Bath to Toronto,
+ to attend the Court of King's Bench at Michaelmas Term. He, and
+ Lady Robinson, came from Kingston in the steamer "Frontenac." I
+ think that Mr. Hagerman was on board also. From another passenger,
+ I heard that on the voyage they were overtaken at night by a storm,
+ which stove in the dead-lights, and poured a flood of water into
+ the cabin. It was a time of alarm, probably of danger; your brother
+ was perfectly composed. He came into court on his arrival, and upon
+ that occasion I saw him. His appearance was striking. His features
+ were classically and singularly beautiful; his countenance was
+ luminous with intelligence and animation; his whole appearance that
+ of a man of genius and a polished gentleman, equally dignified and
+ graceful. Altogether his features, figure and manners filled my
+ youthful imagination with admiration, which subsequent
+ acquaintance, and opportunities to hear him at the Bar and in
+ Parliament, only strengthened, and which was not diminished by the
+ difference between us in our views and opinions on public affairs.
+ I heard him frequently at the Bar, and upon some occasions, I had
+ the honour to be junior counsel with him.
+
+ He was a consummate advocate, as well as a profound and accurate
+ lawyer. He had extraordinary powers for a speech _impromptu_, and
+ needed as little time for preparation for an address to a jury, or
+ an argument to the Court, as any one I have ever known. But he was
+ never induced by this readiness to neglect a patient and careful
+ attention to his client's case.
+
+ No one could be more faithful. He studied every case thoroughly,
+ examined all the particular circumstances, made himself master of
+ its details, and considered it carefully, in all its aspects and
+ relations. I do not think he ever delivered a speech from memory.
+ He was self-possessed in the trial, his mind was vigilant, his
+ thoughts flowed rapidly, he had rapid association of ideas, great
+ quickness of apprehension, as well as great sagacity, and a power
+ of arranging anything in his mind, luminously and instantaneously;
+ his fluency was unsurpassed.
+
+ I was present upon those occasions in Parliament which aroused him
+ to great exertions.
+
+ He was at all times a correct, elegant, interesting speaker, but
+ upon those occasions he spoke with great force and effect.
+
+ The fire of his eye, the animation of his countenance and the
+ elegance of his manner, combined with dignity, cannot be
+ appreciated by any one who did not hear him. No report of his
+ speeches, no description of his manner and appearance, can convey
+ to others a just and adequate idea. To report him _verbatim_ was
+ impossible. His ideas flowed so rapidly, and he had such fluency of
+ language, that no reporter could have kept pace with his delivery.
+ He was an admirable parliamentary leader. He never exposed himself
+ by any incautious speech or act, and never failed to detect and
+ expose one on the other side. He was sincere and earnest in his
+ opinions, uncompromising, frank and fearless in the expression of
+ them. He never attempted to make a display of himself, or indulged
+ in useless declamation; but spoke earnestly and for the purpose of
+ producing an immediate effect. I heard that when he was in England
+ in 1823 (I think that was the year), the ministry had under
+ consideration introducing him through one of their boroughs into
+ Parliament. If it had been done, I have no doubt he would have
+ become a distinguished member of the House of Commons, and I think
+ it probable that he would have attained to the highest honours of
+ the land. During two years I had the honour to be Speaker of the
+ House of Assembly, while he was Speaker of the Legislative Council;
+ our official stations rendered it necessary for us to confer
+ together concerning the business before Parliament. He was always
+ courteous, communicative and obliging. The difference between us on
+ political questions while I was in Parliament precluded intimate or
+ confidential relations, but he was always pleasant and candid, and
+ more than once did I share in that elegant hospitality which was
+ dispensed so cordially and so gracefully by him and Lady Robinson.
+
+ I have had the honor to receive friendly letters from him
+ occasionally since I have been here, and after my great affliction
+ last spring he wrote to me two very kind letters for which I shall
+ ever be grateful.
+
+ I should be sincerely glad to evince my respect for his memory. I
+ have not space left to add anything respecting his judicial
+ character and career, but this is unimportant. Every one in Canada
+ knows it.
+
+Writing to me after the Conference at London, in June, 1873, Dr. Ryerson
+said:--The proceedings of the Conference were very harmonious, and the
+discussions very able and courteous upon the whole. I received many
+thanks for my labours in connection with the scheme for Methodist
+Confederation and for union with the New Connexion Methodists. I trust I
+have been able, through Divine goodness, to render some service to the
+good cause.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In a letter to Dr. Ryerson from Rev. Dr. Punshon, dated 2nd December,
+the latter expressed some fears as to one or two points in the future of
+the General Conference arrangement. He says:--
+
+ I am looking with some solicitude to the result of the Appeal to
+ the Quarterly Meetings on the Union question. I hope it will be
+ carried, though your modifications of the scheme do not quite meet
+ my approval, as one who would like to see a statesman's view taken
+ of things. I do not see the bond of cohesion twenty years hence,
+ when those who are now personally known to, and therefore
+ interested in, each other, have passed off the stage. Then the
+ General Conference will meet as perfect strangers, having hardly a
+ common interest but that of a common name; and as there are no
+ General Superintendents, who know all the Conferences, there will
+ not be, as in the States, any link to bind them together. I trust
+ some remedy will be found for this, or the lack of such link will
+ be disastrous.
+
+ We are losing our prominent men. You will have seen that Mr. Heald
+ has passed away--also Mr. Marshall, another Stockport "pillar." I
+ am greatly concerned about my dear friend, Gervase Smith, the
+ Secretary of the Conference. He has overtaxed himself, and is very
+ ill. Absolute rest is enjoined for some time. It would be a sad day
+ for me, if dear Gervase were to pass from my side. We have just
+ heard of the loss of the "Ville du Havre," with 226 lives. Emile
+ Cook, from Paris, was on board, and injured by the collision. How
+ terrible! Now, my dear Dr. Ryerson, the good Lord be with you, and
+ make you always as happy in His love as you desire to be, and spare
+ you yet for many years, to counsel and to plan for His glory and
+ the benefit of Canada.
+
+Writing from his Long Point Cottage to me on the 12th of April, 1873,
+Dr. Ryerson said:--Some days I have felt quite young; but upon the
+whole, I doubt whether the means which have been so successful in the
+past in renewing my strength, can be of much use any longer to "stave
+off" old age. A medical gentleman here from Port Rowan said yesterday, I
+looked the perfection of health at my age; but my strength I feel
+already to be "labour and sorrow." So true are the words of inspiration
+to practical life.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The union question having been carried, and the General Conference
+established, that body met in Toronto in September, 1874. Speaking of it
+Dr. Ryerson said:--In 1874 I was elected the first President of the
+first General Conference of the Methodist Church of Canada; consisting
+of an equal number of ministers and laymen, and representing the several
+Annual Conferences of the Dominion of Canada.
+
+On his return home from the General Conference held in Toronto in 1874,
+Hon. L. A. Wilmot, a former Judge, and late Lieutenant-Governor of New
+Brunswick, wrote to Dr. Ryerson a note, in which he said:--How can we
+ever repay you and your dear family for the warm-hearted hospitality and
+the intellectual repast we so much enjoyed while with you? To me it is
+much more than a sunny memory, as you have so enriched me with treasures
+of thought, and words of wisdom. Really, I long to see you again, and I
+cannot express to you the pleasure it will afford us to welcome you all
+to our suburban home. We have room enough for you all, and sincerely do
+we pray that we may all be spared to meet again. [Mr. Wilmot has since
+then gone home to his reward.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LXIV.
+
+1875-1876.
+
+Correspondence with Rev. J. Ryerson, Dr. Punshon, etc.
+
+
+Dr. Ryerson went up to Simcoe to preach the anniversary sermons there,
+in December, 1874, and hoped to have gone to Brantford to see his
+brother John, but was prevented. He therefore wrote to him a New Year's
+letter, on the 3rd January, 1875: I have often prayed for you, thinking
+sometimes that I was even praying with you. We have spoken of you more
+than once during the recent holiday salutations and good wishes, and
+have wished you happy returns of this season of kindly greetings and
+renewed friendships.
+
+I feel to bless God that during the last several weeks I have
+experienced, in a deeper and brighter degree than I ever experienced
+before, "the love of Christ which passeth all knowledge." The pages of
+God's book seem to shine with a brighter lustre and a more luminous,
+comprehensive and penetrating power than I ever beheld in them. Without
+care, without fear, without a shadow of doubt, I can now, through God's
+wonderful grace, and by His Holy Spirit, rest my all upon Christ--lay my
+all upon His altar, and say, "For me to live is Christ, and to die is
+gain."
+
+On Sunday afternoon we had the renewal of the Covenant Service, in the
+Metropolitan, and the Communion. It was a good time. I think there were
+more than five hundred at the Communion--the largest number I ever
+witnessed in America, even at a camp-meeting. It took Rev. Dr. Potts and
+I more than an hour to distribute the elements.
+
+I am anxious to go up to my cottage for change and retirement, so as to
+be quite alone for a few weeks with my books and papers.
+
+I am at work, as hard as I can, upon my history. On New Year's Day I
+worked at it for fifteen hours--writing upwards of twenty pages of
+foolscap, besides researches, comparing authorities, etc. I am anxious
+to complete the two volumes of the New England Loyalists, before I go to
+England in May.
+
+In reply to Dr. Ryerson's letter of 3rd January, his brother John
+wrote:--
+
+ My health is still precarious.... My attention to religious duties
+ (reading the Scriptures, private and meditative self-examination,
+ etc.,) I unremittingly persevere in, but my religious enjoyment is
+ low and my faith weak.... This winter I have read the Life of Dr.
+ Bradshaw, an eminent clergyman of the Church of England, some time
+ Rector of Colchester, then of Birmingham, and then of a Rectory in
+ the suburbs of London, where he died in 1865, at the age of
+ eighty-nine. His ministry extended over more than sixty years. He
+ was one of the most devoted, and singularly pious ministers whose
+ memoirs I ever read. O! into what dwarfishness the morality, and
+ the spiritual and elevated attainments of most Christians sink in
+ the presence of such men! Dr. Bradshaw's life was written by Miss
+ Marsh, the authoress of the Life of Captain Vicars, and other
+ excellent books. I have also read the Life of Miss M. Graham, a
+ most eminently pious and devoted lady, also a member of the Church
+ of England. She died at the early age of twenty-eight. Another
+ memoir--of Mrs. Winslow, from the reading of which I ought to have
+ derived much profit, one of the holiest women of whom I ever read,
+ was a devoted member of the English Church. She was the daughter of
+ a wealthy West India planter, and born in the West Indies. Her
+ father died when she was quite young. She was married to a Captain
+ in the British army, in one of the regiments stationed in the
+ Island of Jamaica, but singular to say, not long after her
+ marriage, was wonderfully converted, and towards the close of his
+ life, was the means of saving her affectionate and devoted husband,
+ who was a nephew of the once Governor of the Colony of
+ Massachusetts. He was very wealthy, besides his West India
+ estate--owning a large estate in England. The wonderful piety of
+ this devoted saint, during the long years of her widowhood, ought
+ to humble pigmy Christians, like me, in the dust. Oh, can I ever be
+ saved, if such men and women are only saved?
+
+ I am now reading the life and labours of Rev. Dr. Shrewsbury, a
+ Wesleyan missionary to the West Indies and South Africa--then late
+ in life back to England, where he died in 1866, aged seventy-three
+ years. He was a man of ability, much industry and zeal, and of more
+ than the medium piety of Methodist preachers generally.
+
+In reply to this letter, Dr. Ryerson wrote to his brother on the 21st of
+February and said:--
+
+ You speak of the want of joy in your religious experience. I do not
+ pray for joy, I simply pray for the indwelling of Christ, for the
+ stamp of His image upon my soul, and for the harmony of every
+ desire, and thought, and feeling, with His holy will, and divine
+ glory; and there comes a "peace that passeth all understanding," a
+ rest of the soul from fear, and anxiety--a sinking into God,--and
+ now and then greater or less ecstacies of joy. I think we mistake
+ when we make what is usually termed joy, the end of prayer, or of
+ desire. I believe that even heaviness, and especially when
+ superinduced by bodily disease, is not only consistent with a high
+ state of grace, but even instrumental in its increase--especially
+ of faith; the faith which realizes things invisible, as visible,
+ and things to come, as things present.
+
+ I should like to read the biographies of which you speak,
+ especially that of Rev. Dr. Marsh, but my time is insufficient to
+ read what I have to read for my historical purposes. After all,
+ biographies are very much what the biographers choose to make of
+ their heroes. The writings of the Holy Apostles are the simple and
+ true standard of Christian experience, practice and privilege, and
+ help us also from sinking into despondency by the illustrations
+ they give of human imperfections and infirmities, and directing us
+ so plainly to the source of all strength and supply, as well as to
+ the "God of all consolation." We will talk more of these things
+ when I see you.
+
+Rev. John Ryerson, in his letter of February 24th, said:--
+
+ I never pray for joy in religion; to pray or seek for such a thing
+ would be to begin at the wrong end; but truly pious persons might
+ have joy as the fruit of a real experience, as growing out of a
+ life "hid with Christ in God," joy in believing, joy in the Holy
+ Ghost--but what I do offer my poor prayers for, is to know my sins
+ forgiven, my acceptance with God; that I have a lot among the
+ sanctified, that I have peace with God, through our Lord Jesus
+ Christ. If I had an abiding evidence of such an experience, it
+ would produce more or less joy. Surely the Bible is the best book;
+ it is "The Book;" but still he may find many blessed illustrations
+ of its truths, of its morality, its spirituality, in the experience
+ and lives, not only of saints of ancient days, but many of modern
+ times. Rev. Dr. Marsh was one of these. He was a man of great
+ learning, and extensive reading, but he loved the Bible infinitely,
+ and above all books, read it (I was going to say) almost
+ continually, and died with the New Testament in his hand. I try to
+ read God's blessed Word. I am reading the Bible through by
+ course--five or ten chapters every day in the Old Testament, and
+ two or so in the New, besides on my knees, I read all the Psalms
+ through every month. But what does this amount to? Nothing, so long
+ as I am not saved from pride, irritability, selfishness, etc.,
+ within; the workings of which, more or less, I daily feel. This
+ greatly troubles and distresses me; besides the remembrance of my
+ sins of unfaithfulness, wanderings, backslidings, is grievous to
+ me, and sometimes a burthen too heavy to be borne. The temptations,
+ trials, sorrows, of true saints sometimes shed a little light upon
+ my dulness, and give some strength to my weak and wavering faith.
+
+On the 28th of February, Dr. Ryerson replied:--
+
+ I thank you for your kind and interesting letter. I did not suppose
+ you had made joy an object or subject of prayer; but from the tone
+ of your letter, it appeared to me that the absence of joy, or
+ "heaviness of spirit," had led you to judge of your state too
+ unfavourably. I quite agree with the views you express on the
+ subject. I have not seen Rev. Dr. Marsh's life: but I can conceive
+ him quite worthy of what is written, and of the opinion you express
+ respecting him. During my attendance at the Wesleyan Conference in
+ Birmingham, in 1836, my host invited Rev. Dr. (then Mr.) Marsh,
+ Rev. John Angell James, and several other clergymen and persons of
+ note, to meet me. I was very much struck with Mr. Marsh's
+ appearance, and the more so from a circumstance mentioned to me by
+ the hostess. A short time before that, a publisher there wished to
+ get a portrait of the Apostle St. John, to have it engraved as an
+ illustration in some book or publication he was issuing; and Mr.
+ Marsh was solicited to sit for the artist, as his countenance was
+ supposed to reflect more strongly the purity and loveliness of the
+ Apostle than any ideal that could be found. In consequence of this
+ circumstance, I was told that Mr. Marsh was often called St. John
+ the Apostle, from his Apostolic character and truly lovely manner
+ and countenance. His praise was then in every mouth, as I was told,
+ among the Dissenters as well as members of the Church of England.
+ (See page 163.)
+
+After Dr. Ryerson became President of the General Conference in 1874, he
+was gratified at the many kind things said to him by his brethren and
+other friends. None were more kind and loving than those contained in a
+letter from his friend, Rev. Dr. Punshon, who speaks of his own
+elevation to the Presidency of the British Conference. Dr. Punshon, in
+his letter to Dr. Ryerson of the 19th of February, said:--
+
+ First of all, let me congratulate you most heartily upon your
+ well-merited elevation to the Presidency of the General Conference.
+ They did themselves honour, and you will do them honour in their
+ choice. My elevation here was unexpected, but very grateful,
+ although the responsibility and work which it entails make me long
+ for July, when, if God wills, I shall doff my regalia. I hope most
+ earnestly to have the pleasure of seeing the Canadian
+ representatives at the next Conference in Sheffield. I have already
+ spoken for a very sweet home for you. It will be a great
+ gratification to see you once again, and to enjoy sweet converse,
+ with you as of old. Mr. Gervase Smith and I are to be with
+ relatives just across the road. So please do not delay your coming
+ for another year, as no one knows to what place the Conference will
+ be carried. It seems almost improper to talk about it when we
+ remember the heavy loss into which, as into an inheritance, we have
+ all come by the death of dear Wiseman. You would, I am sure, be
+ very grieved to hear of it. It fell on all here like a
+ thunder-clap. But the Lord is good, and knows what is best for us
+ all. There is a sorrowfully-occasioned vacancy at the Mission
+ House, which the friends say I must fill, but I cannot tell how it
+ will go, and of course, all is premature as yet. The Lord will
+ direct us as He has always done.
+
+ By the way, I have been set seriously thinking by Mr. Wiseman's
+ removal, whether I had sufficiently secured, by the document I gave
+ to Rev. Dr. Rice, that the principal of the Testimonial Fund, given
+ to me on leaving Canada, should, at my death, pass to the Canadian
+ Conference for the benefit of the worn-out ministers and widows. I
+ found on enquiry that it was not so secured as to be beyond doubt.
+ I have been in consultation with my solicitor as to the best method
+ of effecting this. I have therefore given directions for a deed of
+ trust to be prepared, which will state that I hold this money in
+ trust for the "Superannuated Minister's Fund of the Methodist
+ Church of Canada." I advise you of this as the honoured President
+ of the General Conference. I was, on the whole, satisfied with the
+ proceedings of the General Conference. I felt a little pang at the
+ hasty change of name. It was inevitable to do it, at the same time,
+ but it showed rather a leaping desire of freedom, and a wish to get
+ as far as possible from the old mother at once, which might have,
+ perhaps, been spared. This was not, I dare say, present to all who
+ desired the change. I admit all the force of your able reasoning
+ for the present--but twenty years hence the General Conference will
+ meet as strangers, with no community of interest, and I dread the
+ result, without a visible bond of cohesion.
+
+Writing to me from Port Rowan in September, 1875, Dr. Ryerson said:--My
+friends here think that I am stronger, walk better, and appear more
+active than when I was last in this village. This is a common remark to
+me, and for which I cannot feel sufficiently thankful to my Heavenly
+Father. He is my portion; my all is His; and I feel that He is all and
+in all to me--my joy as well as my strength.
+
+Writing from his Long Point cottage to me on the 13th April, 1876, Dr.
+Ryerson said:--Next Sunday will be Easter Sunday--the 51st anniversary
+of my ministerial life, and what a life! Much to lament over; much to
+humble; with many exposures and hardships; full of various labours;
+abounding in heavenly blessings.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Dr. Ryerson was appointed as a representative of the Conferences of
+British America to the General Conference of the United States in 1876.
+Being unable to go, he addressed a letter to Bishop Simpson, from which
+I take these extracts:--
+
+I regret that I have been unable to fulfil my last public mission in
+behalf of our Canadian Church to the Conference of British Methodism to
+go to Baltimore to look upon your General Conference, and bid a last
+earthly farewell to brethren whom I esteem and love so much--with whom I
+was first brought into church membership, by whose Bishop Hedding I was
+ordained both deacon and elder, and with whom I feel myself as much one
+this day as I did half a century ago.
+
+My first representative mission was in 1828, to visit and urge upon the
+late Rev. Dr. Wilbur Fisk, of Wilbraham, Conn., the request of our
+Conference to become our first bishop; and had he consented, or Dr.
+Bangs afterwards, I believe it would have been a great blessing to
+Methodism in Canada; but an overruling Providence ordered it otherwise,
+and the extension of the work of God, through our ministry and Church,
+down to the present time, is one of the greatest marvels to ourselves
+and to others.
+
+For thirty-one years and upwards, by the annual permission of my
+Conference, I have administered the governmental system of public
+instruction in this country; but the Government and Legislature have at
+length acceded to my request to retire, and have done so without
+reducing my official allowance; and now, in the seventy-fourth year of
+my age, and fifty-second of my ministry, I am enabled, in the enjoyment
+of good health, to go in and out, as aforetime, among my brethren, with
+a brightening hope and increasing desire of soon being permitted to
+"depart and be with Christ, which is far better," and where I feel sure
+of joyously meeting thousands of fellow-ministers and labourers whom I
+have known in the flesh on both sides of the Atlantic.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In May, 1876, Dr. Ryerson went to England to consult works on the
+history of America in the British Museum Library. Writing to me from
+near Leeds, just after his arrival, he says:--I was most cordially
+received by Rev. Gervase Smith, and Dr. Punshon. The latter insisted
+upon my being his guest first, as he had the strongest claim upon me. I
+was his guest for eight days--and they were very agreeable days to me.
+When I came here I was enthusiastically received by the Methodist New
+Connexion Conference--a most cultured, gentlemanly, and respectable body
+of men--their whole body being not numerous, but select.
+
+I have thus far enjoyed my visit to this country most thoroughly--free
+from care, and surrounded by most kind friends and agreeable
+associations.
+
+Writing to me from London, on the 17th July, he says:--I experienced a
+great pleasure in my visit to Ireland, in becoming personally acquainted
+with many of the Irish preachers, and in witnessing their conferential
+proceedings. They are a faithful, hard-working body of men; they have
+hard work to do, and their success the last year has been in advance of
+that of preceding years.
+
+I have seen Mr. Longman in regard to publishing my history. He was very
+cordial and complimentary. I explained to him in brief the origin and
+scope of what I had written, and of what I intended to write, and gave
+him the table of contents of the first fifteen chapters--to the end of
+the reign of Elizabeth, and the 13th chapter on the "Protestantism of
+Queen Elizabeth," as published in the _Canadian Methodist Magazine_.
+
+I was at the Houses of Lords and Commons a part of one afternoon and
+evening. Sir Stafford Northcote, hearing that I was there, came to me
+under the Speaker's gallery, and conversed with me nearly half an hour.
+Other members also spoke to me. Earl Grey recognized me in the street,
+and stopped and conversed with me.
+
+I go to the Wesleyan Conference at Nottingham next Monday, and may
+probably remain there ten days. I attended four services yesterday--at 8
+a.m. (communion), at the parish Church of St. James, near Piccadilly,
+where I was lodging; at the Temple at 11 a.m., a grand service,
+delightful music, and an excellent sermon from Rev. C. J. Vaughan,
+Master of the Temple; at 3 p.m. at Westminster Abbey--prayers read by
+the Dean of Lichfield, and sermon by the Dean of Richmond on the words,
+"Where your treasure is, there will your heart be also,"--a plain,
+practical sermon, but the music, etc., inferior to that of the Temple.
+In the evening I went to one of the most fashionable and advanced
+Ritualistic Churches; poor singing, poorer preaching. Everything
+pretentious, and certainly not attractive to me. In all three churches,
+the hymns and tunes were old Methodist hymns and tunes, and well sung.
+
+Dr. Ryerson did go to the British Conference as President and
+Representative of the General Conference of Canada. The London
+_Methodist Recorder_, speaking of his presence there, said:--Rev. Dr.
+Punshon, the President, gave a brief and discriminating introduction to
+Dr. Ryerson. The Doctor's personal appearance is very prepossessing; he
+is grey-haired; of a fine, healthy complexion; has a gentle eye; and a
+full, emotional voice. He dresses in the style of the "fine old English
+gentleman," with a refreshing display of "linen clean and white." One
+scarcely knows which most to admire--the simplicity of the man, his
+well-furnished intellect, or his practical good sense; which most to
+wonder at, the real progress which has been made in this one lifetime,
+or the boundless possibilities of the future to which that progress
+leads. It is something to have rocked the cradle of an empire-Church.
+The audience was several times deeply moved by the Doctor's allusions to
+the memories of the past, but most of all when, in the conclusion of his
+address, he said "farewell," with a tearful expression of his own
+rejoicing "in the hope of eternal life."
+
+Rev. D. Savage, who was also Representative of the General Conference,
+in a private note, said:--It is a grand Conference, distinguished by
+remarkable manifestations of Divine power. The reports which will come
+to you through the press cannot do justice to the influence that is
+abroad. Dr. Ryerson's address was eloquent and impressive. The fact that
+Dr. Ryerson was representative to the British Conference in 1833, and
+that after the lapse of forty-three years, he has returned in the same
+capacity, is in itself a most extraordinary event. The words in which
+Dr. Punshon introduced Dr. Ryerson were eloquent and kindly.
+
+The following letters were addressed to me by Dr. Ryerson while in
+London, at the dates mentioned:--
+
+_September 19th._--My lodgings are just opposite the British Museum, the
+library of which I find of great use to me. I am absorbed in revising
+and completing my work. Whether it will be a success or not, is one of
+the uncertainties of the future.
+
+I am glad to be here, instead of being in Toronto, during the ensuing
+session of our Legislature, as I do not wish to be where any party can
+call upon me, or use my name in respect to any measure that the
+Government may think proper to bring forward on the subject of
+education.
+
+_November 14th._--The Earl of Dufferin enclosed flattering letters of
+introduction to the Earl of Carnarvon and the Dean of Westminster, both
+of whom have received me with great cordiality. The Earl of Carnarvon
+shook hands with me two or three times, and said how glad he was to see
+and shake hands with an old Canadian, whose services to his country were
+spoken of as Lord Dufferin has spoken of mine. His Lordship told me he
+would give instructions, whenever I desired, to have every possible
+facility and aid given me in the Record Office in referring to any
+documents or papers there, relating to the history or affairs of the
+British Colonies.
+
+I submitted to the Dean of Westminster the last (14th), recapitulating
+summary chapter on the "Relations of Early English Puritanism to
+Protestant Unity and Religious Liberty," for his judgment. I last
+evening received a kind note from him (returning the manuscript), in
+which he says: "I have gone through the summary of the reign of
+Elizabeth, and find it full of just views, rendered the more attractive
+by the impartiality of judgment, and by the exact knowledge of the
+subject which pervades the chapter." The Dean kindly suggests the use of
+some neutral word, such as "Roman Catholics" for "Papists," and not to
+use the words "Ritualists," "Ritualism," as all these words are terms of
+reproach, and the use of them may lay me open to the charge of
+partizanship. I shall adopt his suggestions.
+
+_December 7th._--With your letter I received day before yesterday a long
+letter from my brother John--a real news letter with some sparklings of
+wit. He mentions that during each of two preceding Sabbaths he had
+attended a quarterly meeting on neighbouring circuits, and on each day
+he had conducted a love-feast, preached at half-past ten in the morning,
+administered the Lord's Supper (one to-day to 150 alone) and preached
+again at half-past six in the evening, riding several miles in the
+afternoon between each appointment, which, I think, as he says, "is
+pretty well for an old man in his seventy-seventh year."
+
+I am wonderfully well--having no pain of back, or limb, or head. I am
+careful of my living and exercise; but during the last three years I
+have worked fifteen hours each day. I have every possible facility of
+books, retirement, and an amanuensis; and am doing what I would have to
+do under less favourable circumstances on my return to Canada. It is
+singular that your History and other books are almost the only ones
+which have been furnished to the British Museum, and are found on its
+catalogue. I have read every word of your essay on a Central University
+and think it admirable, exhibiting much research, acute observation, and
+profound thought.
+
+_December 14th._--My present purpose is to finish and publish my purely
+Canadian History of the United Empire Loyalists as soon as possible, and
+leave the other to my executors--yourself and others--to do as you
+please. I am assured that my two volumes on the Puritans in Old and New
+England will raise a storm on both sides of the Atlantic. I wish to
+have nothing more to do with controversy, and I do not wish to die in a
+storm. I am now popular with all parties. I am sure I am right and just
+on the character and relation of the Puritans and their opponents; but I
+am strongly inclined to believe what I have written in regard to them
+(for I am done with them) will perhaps take better if left as a legacy,
+than if now put forth by myself. My reputation, and the pleasure to my
+country, will chiefly depend upon my United Empire Canadian History, and
+to that my all of strength and time is now directed until I finish it.
+
+_December 26th._--I heard Dean Stanley preach in Westminster Abbey, on
+Christmas Day. His sermon was able and eloquent, but disappointed me by
+the absence of all mention of the guilt and depravity of man, and the
+"good tidings," including an atonement for the pardon of guilt, and the
+power of the Holy Spirit to regenerate and sanctify. He is a very
+amiable man, and looks at the good side of everything. He enumerated ten
+blessings brought to man by the Incarnation of Christ, as distinguished
+from all the advantages of science and philosophy; but I felt, if I had
+not received through Christ the two blessings he omitted to mention, I
+should never have received the blessings, to which I owe my all, of
+renewal, pardon, strength and comfort and hope, in the religion of our
+Lord Jesus Christ.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The award to the Ontario Educational Collection at the Centennial
+Exhibition, at Philadelphia, was made during Dr. Ryerson's absence in
+England. Being a government exhibit, no medal could be awarded for it. A
+diploma was, however, granted by the Centennial Commission, which was
+declared to be--
+
+ For a quite complete and admirably arranged Exhibition,
+ illustrating the Ontario system of Education and its excellent
+ results; also for the efficiency of an administration which has
+ gained for the Ontario Department a most honourable distinction
+ among Government Educational agencies.
+
+Such was the gratifying tribute which a number of eminent American
+educationists paid to the Ontario system of Education, and through it to
+its distinguished founder, in estimating the results of his labours as
+illustrated at the Centennial Exhibition.
+
+Having communicated this to Dr. Ryerson, in England, he replied:--I
+cannot sufficiently express my gratitude with you to our Heavenly
+Father, for His abounding care and goodness in connection with the
+Education Department, in prospering us in our past work, and in
+sustaining us during all these years against attacks and adversaries on
+all sides. It is a singular and gratifying fact, that the Centennial
+Exhibition at Philadelphia should afford us, at this juncture (the year
+of my retiring from office), the best of all possible opportunities, to
+exhibit the fruits (at least in miniature) of our past policy and
+labours. To you, with myself, equally belongs the credit, as I am sure
+the pleasure and gratitude, of these signal displays of the Divine
+goodness to us.
+
+During his stay in England Dr. Ryerson received a note from Rev. Dr.
+Jobson, dated January 25th, 1877, in which he said:--
+
+ It will afford me lasting pleasure to think that I have said or
+ done anything towards augmenting your enjoyment on what you have
+ been pleased to term your 'last visit to England.' I remember with
+ pleasure your former visits, and our associations together with
+ Princes in our Israel who have passed to "the better country--even
+ a heavenly." And, for more than a quarter of a century, I have
+ traced your course as an acknowledged leader and counsellor for
+ Methodism in Canada. The result of this has been to produce within
+ me deep reverential esteem and affection towards you, which have
+ been only slightly expressed by such attention and acts that you
+ are pleased to acknowledge. My best wishes will accompany you on
+ your return to Canada; and I am sure that I express the feeling of
+ all my ministerial friends when I say that your appearance among us
+ at our late Conference in Nottingham heightened its interests with
+ us and that your utterances in it render it joyously memorable to
+ us.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LXV.
+
+1877-1882.
+
+Closing Years of Dr. Ryerson's Life-Labours.
+
+
+After Dr. Ryerson's return from England, he devoted some time to the
+final revision of his principal work, in two volumes: _The United Empire
+Loyalists of America_, and to two additional volumes on the Puritans of
+Old and New England. These works cost him a good deal of arduous labour,
+but their preparation was in many respects a source of pleasure to him,
+and of agreeable occupation. After their completion, he lived in quiet
+retirement at his residence, No. 171 Victoria-street, Toronto. His pen
+was soon again employed in writing a series of essays on Canadian
+Methodism for the _Canadian Methodist Magazine_, which were afterwards
+re-published in book form. Immediately after his return from England,
+his brother John addressed him the following letter on the 23rd March,
+1877:--
+
+ I heartily congratulate you on your safe arrival in your native
+ land, and also that in health and strength you are spared to see
+ your seventy-fourth birthday. As age advances time seems to fly
+ more and more rapidly; and however it may be with others, certainly
+ we are to the "margin come," and how important it is that we live
+ in readiness, and in continual preparation for our departure.
+
+[Illustration: Dr. Ryerson's Private Residence and Study (in the rear
+building), 171 Victoria St., Toronto.]
+
+On the 7th May, 1877, Dr. Ryerson received a letter from his brother
+John urging him to commence a proposed series of essays on Canadian
+Methodism. He says:--
+
+ I am glad that you think of writing a review of Church matters, and
+ that there are so many leading ministers who think you ought to do
+ so. The more I think and pray about the matter, the more I am
+ satisfied that is a path of duty opened up to you, the pursuit of
+ which will be a great blessing to the Church and the country in
+ coming time. The matters referred to and somewhat explained and
+ exhibited, with other things which doubtless will occur to you,
+ might be:--1. Missionary Society; 2. Ryanism; 3. Canadian
+ Conference formed; 4. Clergy reserve land matter; 5. _Christian
+ Guardian_ commenced; 6. Church Land and Marriage Bill; 7. Victoria
+ College; 8. Book-Room; 9. Centenary celebration and fund; 10. Union
+ with the British Conference; 11. Hudson Bay mission; 12. Disruption
+ with British Conference; 13. Re-union; 14. Superannuated ministers;
+ Contingents; Chapel Relief, and Childrens' Funds; 15. Remarkable
+ camp-meetings--Beaver Dams, some one hundred and fifty professed
+ conversion; seventy or eighty joined the Church. Ancaster Circuit:
+ Peter Jones converted. Yongestreet Circuit: Mrs. Taylor converted
+ under a sermon preached by Wm. Hay. Bay Circuit: Peter Jacobs, and
+ many other Indians saved. Hamilton, back of Cobourg, held in time
+ of Conference--Bishop George presiding; when and where the Rice and
+ Mud Lake bands were all converted; a nation born in a day! 16. The
+ first protracted meeting; held at the twenty-mile camp, by Storey
+ and E. Evans, and Ryerson, P. E.--no previous arrangement, between
+ two hundred and three hundred professed religion, the wonderful
+ work spreading through most of the Niagara district.
+
+In a letter to me dated Guelph, 9th June, 1877, Dr. Ryerson said:--I
+came here yesterday forenoon, and was most respectfully and cordially
+received by the Conference. In the course of the day, Rev. J. A.
+Williams, seconded by Rev. E. B. Ryckman, moved that I be requested to
+prepare a history of the principal epochs of our Church, etc. The
+resolution, with many kind and complimentary remarks, was unanimously
+passed by a standing vote. I assented, and am now committed to the work,
+and will lose no time in commencing--dividing my time between it and my
+history, which I hope to complete in a few months. I hope before the
+next General Conference to complete what this Conference has requested,
+and what, from what I hear, will be repeated by other Conferences. As I
+am endeavouring to do some justice to the founders of our country and
+its institutions, I hope to do the same for the Fathers of our Church
+and its institutions. I spoke last night at the reception of young men,
+and my remarks were very favourably received.
+
+In a letter to me from Whitby, dated 27th June, Dr. Ryerson
+said:--To-day I had the great pleasure of laying the foundation stone of
+an important addition to the Methodist Ladies' College at Whitby. Mr.
+Holden kindly intimated that the trustees had decided to name the new
+structure "Ryerson Hall." My remarks were few, and related chiefly to
+the importance of female education. I referred to the great attention
+which was now given to the education of women, on both sides of the
+Atlantic. There were different theories, I said, as to how it should be
+done, but all were agreed that women should be educated. Even the
+English Universities were helping in the work. I did not believe, I
+said, in Colleges for both ladies and gentlemen. They should be
+separate. It was of vital necessity that the mothers of our land should
+be educated. Woman made the home, and home made the man. If the
+daughters were educated, the sons would not remain ignorant. Both
+patriotism and piety should make people encourage these institutions,
+which would be the pride of future generations.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+On the 30th July Dr. Ryerson received an affecting letter from his
+brother John, enclosing to him the manuscript of his "Reminiscences of
+Methodism," during his long and active life. In regard to them, he
+said:--
+
+ What I have written is entirely from memory. In speaking about many
+ things I had to do with, of course I had to speak a good deal about
+ myself, but I was writing for the public, not for you; and if any
+ of the facts I have referred to will be of any use to you in your
+ Essays, I shall be glad. That use, however, can be made without
+ mentioning my name, which I have dreaded to see in print anywhere.
+ By prayer, reading, reflection, and God's grace helping a poor
+ worm, I have so far overcome the natural pride of my evil nature,
+ as to be content, and sometimes happy, in my position of
+ nothingness. My circumstances give strength to these feelings of
+ contentment. My age and growing weakness show me that I am come
+ very near the margin of my poor life, and unfavourable symptoms,
+ from time to time, strongly remind me that, with me at least, "in
+ the midst of life, we are in death." I do not, however, deprecate,
+ nor pray deliverance from, sudden death. My prayer is that of
+ Charles Wesley's:--
+
+ "In age and feebleness extreme,
+ Who can a sinful worm redeem?
+ Jesus, my only help Thou art,
+ Strength of my failing, flesh and heart;
+ Oh I might I catch one smile from Thee
+ And drop into eternity."
+
+ Several years ago I read a poem, or part of one, written in old age
+ by the celebrated English poetess, Mrs. Barbauld, whose sweet words
+ I very frequently repeat. She says:--
+
+ "Life, we have been long together,
+ Through pleasant and through cloudy weather,
+ 'Tis hard to part when friends are dear,
+ Perhaps 'twill cost a sigh, or tear.
+ Then steal away, give little warning,
+ Choose thine own time;
+ Say not 'good night,' but in some happier clime,
+ Bid me 'good morning.'"
+
+These words were almost prophetic, for within three months after they
+were written, Dr. Ryerson left Toronto for Simcoe to attend at the dying
+bed of his beloved brother. Immediately after his death, Dr. Ryerson
+wrote to me and said:--Nothing could have been more satisfactory than
+the last days of my dear brother; and it was a great comfort to him and
+all the family that I was with him for ten days before his departure.
+His responses to prayer were very hearty. He seemed to dwell in a higher
+region. He was so nervously sensitive that he could not only not
+converse, but could hardly bear being talked to. On one occasion he
+said, "Egerton, don't talk to me, but kiss me." One day I asked him if I
+should unite with him in prayer; he answered (and this was the longest
+sentence during the ten days I was with him) with some warmth, "Egerton,
+why do you ask me that? You know I always want you to pray with me." One
+day I repeated, or began to repeat, the fifth verse of the thirty-first
+Psalm, "Into Thy hands I commit my spirit: Thou hast redeemed me, O
+Lord God of truth." He said "I have uttered these words many times. I
+have not a doubt upon my mind." Another day he seemed to be very happy
+while we united in prayer, and after responding "Amen and Amen!" he
+added, "Praise the Lord."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+As the General Conference of September, 1878, approached, Dr. Ryerson
+was anxiously hoping that the Conference would be favoured with the
+presence of an able counsellor and friend, Rev. Dr. Punshon. Greatly to
+his regret, he received a note from Dr. Punshon, saying:--
+
+ You will know by this time that I am not coming to Canada this
+ year, but that Mr. Coley is appointed Representative to your
+ General Conference. Among other things, Dr. Punshon said:--You will
+ see that our Conference has been a solemn one. A minister and a lay
+ representative were smitten with death on the premises, and died
+ before they could be removed. These shocks did not help my already
+ shaken nerves to regain their tone. Otherwise the Conference was a
+ memorable success. I shall have some of my heart with you in
+ Montreal. I trust you will have a blessed Conference, and will be
+ able to get some solution of the transfer question, and some
+ approach to a scheme for connexional superintendency on a broad,
+ practical basis, thus strengthening the two weak places of your
+ present system.
+
+On the 31st August, 1878, Rev. Dr. Wood addressed the following note to
+Dr. Ryerson:--
+
+ Thirty-one years ago, when appointed by the British Conference to
+ the office of General Superintendent of Missions in the Canada
+ Conference, I forwarded to your address some testimonials which my
+ brethren presented to me when giving up the chair of the New
+ Brunswick District. I now enclose to you the resignation of my
+ office as one of the General Secretaries of the Missionary Society,
+ which you can either present personally, or hand over to the
+ President. I have very pleasant recollections of the past
+ associations, especially in the early years of the Union of 1847,
+ to which you gave invaluable assistance in the working out of its
+ principles, which have resulted in the present wonderful
+ enlargement of the Methodist Church.
+
+As was his custom, Rev. Dr. Punshon sent to Dr. Ryerson a kind note at
+the New Year of 1879. Speaking of Methodist affairs in England he
+says:--
+
+ The new year has dawned gloomily enough with us in England. I never
+ knew such protracted commercial depression. In spite of all,
+ however, Church enterprises are projected, and we have started our
+ Connexional Thanksgiving Fund auspiciously, both so far as spirit
+ and money go. It is proposed to raise Ł200,000 at least, and some
+ are sanguine enough to think, if times mend, that a good deal more
+ will be raised. There never was a meeting in Methodism like the one
+ at City Road. It was an All-day meeting. The first hour was spent
+ in devotional exercises, and then the contributions flowed in
+ without pressure, ostentation, or shame. We are beginning the
+ Circuit Meetings next week. Our Brixton one is fixed for Monday
+ evening, but the cream of our subscriptions was announced at City
+ Road. Dr. Rigg makes a good President.
+
+Writing to a friend in December, 1880, Dr. Ryerson said:--
+
+You speak of being old. I feel myself to be an old man. It is more
+labour for me to write one page now, than it used to be to write five
+pages.... We shall soon follow those who have gone before. With you I am
+waiting and endeavouring to be prepared for the change, and have no fear
+of it, but often rejoice in the bright hopes beyond.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Again, writing to the same friend on the 9th of August, 1881, he said:--
+
+My latest attack has reduced my strength (of which I had little to
+spare) very much. My desire is likely soon to be accomplished--to depart
+hence.
+
+Writing to another friend on the 24th of July, 1881, Dr. Ryerson
+said:--I have to-day written a letter of affectionate sympathy to Rev.
+Dr. Punshon on the decease of his son John William. I trust that his
+last days were his best days.
+
+It has always been a source of thankfulness and gratification, that I
+was able to show him some kind attentions during his last visit to
+Canada.
+
+I have been deeply concerned to read in this morning's newspaper that
+Dr. Punshon himself was seriously ill. I trust and pray that the Church
+and nation may not yet, nor for a long time to come, be deprived of his
+eminent services.
+
+I cannot tell how deeply we all sympathize with Dr. and Mrs. Punshon in
+this great trial.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+From the last (almost illegible) letter written by Dr. Ryerson, two
+weeks before his death and dated 6th of February, 1882, I make the
+following extracts. It was addressed to Rev. Hugh Johnston, B.D., of
+Montreal, (now of Toronto).
+
+I am helpless myself--have lost my hearing so that I cannot converse
+without a tube. I have been confined to my room for five weeks by
+congestion of the lungs, from which I have only partially recovered. I
+have not been out of the house since last September, so that I can take
+no part in Church affairs. But God has been with me--my strength and
+comforter. I am beginning to revive, but have not yet been able to go
+down stairs, or move, only creep about with the help of a cane. I do not
+know whether you can read the scrawl I have written, but I cannot write
+any better.
+
+ Yours most affectionately,
+ Monday, February 6th, 1882. E. Ryerson.
+
+The concluding words of Dr. Ryerson's story of his life were:--
+
+In 1878, I was elected for the third time Representative of the Canadian
+to the British Conference. After the fulfilment of these functions, I
+have retired from all active participation in public affairs, whether of
+Church or State. I have finished, after twenty years' labour, my
+"History of the Loyalists of America and their Times." I have finished
+the "Story of my Life"--imperfect and fragmentary as it is--leaving to
+another pen anything that may be thought worthy of record of my last
+days on earth, as well as any essential omissions in my earlier career.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+At length the end of this great Canadian drew near; and the shadows at
+the closing of life's eventide deepened and lengthened. I visited him
+frequently, and always found him interested in whatever subject or topic
+I might speak to him about. His congenial subject, however, was God's
+providential goodness and overruling care throughout his whole life. In
+his personal religious experience, he always spoke humbly of himself and
+glowingly of the long-suffering tenderness of God's dealings towards
+him. At no time was the character of his religious experience more
+practical and suggestive than when laid aside from duty. Meditation on
+the past was the subject of his thoughts.
+
+To him God was a personal, living Father--a Brother born for
+adversity--a Friend that sticketh closer than a brother--a great and
+glorious Being, ever gracious, ever merciful. His trust in God was
+child-like in its simplicity, firm and unwavering. His conversation
+partook of it and was eminently realistic. He had no more doubt of God's
+daily, hourly, loving care and superintending providence over him and
+his than he had of any material fact with which he was familiar or which
+was self-evident to him. He entirely realized that God was his ever
+present friend. There seemed to be that close, intimate union--reverent
+and humble as it was on his part--of man with God, and this gave a
+living reality to religion in his life. To him the counsels, the
+warnings, the promises; the encouragements of the Bible, were the voice
+of God speaking to him personally--the very words came as living words
+from the lips of God, "as a man speaketh to his friend." This was the
+secret of his courage, whether it was in some crisis of conflict or
+controversy, or in his little frail craft when crossing the lake, or
+exposed to the storm.
+
+To such a man death had no terrors--the heart had no fear. It was
+cheering and comforting to listen to him (as I often did alone) and to
+hear him speak of his near departure, as of one preparing for a
+journey--ceasing from duty, in order to be ready to be conveyed away,
+and then resuming it when the journey was over.
+
+Thus he spoke of the time of his departure as at hand, and he was ready
+for the messenger when He should call for him. He spoke of it
+trustfully, hopefully, cheerfully, neither anxious nor fearful; and yet,
+on the other hand, neither elated nor full of joy; but he knew in whom
+He had trusted, and was persuaded, and was not afraid of evil tidings
+either of the dark valley or the river of death. He knew Him whom he
+believed, and was persuaded that He was able to keep that which he had
+committed unto Him against that day.
+
+Thus the end drew near, and with it, as the outward man began to fail,
+the feeling of unwavering trust and confidence was deepened and
+strengthened. At length hearing failed, and the senses one by one
+partially ceased to perform their functions. Then to him were fully
+realized the inspired words of Solomon: Desire failed, and the silver
+cord was loosed, the golden bowl was broken, the pitcher broken at the
+fountain, and the wheel at the cistern. Gradually the weary wheels of
+life stood still, and at seven o'clock on Sunday morning, February 19th,
+1882, in the presence of his loved ones and dear friends, gently and
+peacefully the spirit of Egerton Ryerson took its flight to be forever
+with the Lord!
+
+ Servant of God, well done!
+ Thy glorious warfare's past;
+ The battle's fought, the vict'ry won,
+ And thou art crowned at last;
+
+ Of all thy heart's desire
+ Triumphantly possessed;
+ Lodged by the sweet angelic choir
+ In thy Redeemer's breast.
+
+ In condescending love,
+ Thy ceaseless prayer He heard;
+ And bade thee suddenly remove
+ To this complete reward.
+
+ O happy, happy soul!
+ In ecstacies of praise,
+ Long as eternal ages roll,
+ Thou seest thy Saviour's face.
+
+ Redeemed from earth and pain,
+ Ah! when shall we ascend,
+ And all in Jesus' presence reign
+ With our translated friend?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER LXVI.
+
+1882.
+
+The Funeral Ceremonies, Wednesday, Feb. 22nd, 1882.
+
+
+Amid the tolling of bells, said the Toronto _Globe_, and the
+lamentations of many thousands of people, the remains of the late Rev.
+Dr. Ryerson were conveyed to their final earthly resting-place in Mount
+Pleasant Cemetery, on Wednesday, the 22nd February. During the day large
+numbers visited the sorrowing house, and gazed for the last time on the
+features of the revered dead. As was to be expected, the larger number
+were, like the venerable deceased, far into "the sere and yellow leaf,"
+and many who had known him for a long time could scarce restrain the
+unbidden tear as a flood of recollections surged up at the sight of the
+still form cold in death.
+
+No one present, probably, says the _Guardian_, ever saw so many
+ministers at a funeral. Among the ministers and laymen were many
+grey-haired veterans, who had watched with interest the whole brilliant
+career of the departed.... All the Churches were well represented, both
+by their ministers and prominent laymen. Bishop Sweatman and most of the
+ministers of the Church of England were present. Nearly all the
+Presbyterian, Baptist, and Congregational ministers of the city were
+present; and even Archbishop Lynch and Father McCann, of the Roman
+Catholic Church, showed their respect for the dead by their presence
+during the day. Devotional service at the house was conducted by Rev. R.
+Jones, of Cobourg, and Rev. J. G. Laird, of Collingwood.
+
+The plate on the coffin bore the inscription:--"Egerton Ryerson born
+21st March, 1803: died 19th February, 1882." The floral tributes
+presented by sorrowing friends were from various places in Ontario, and
+not a few came from Detroit and other American cities. The following may
+be noted:--Wreath, with "Norfolk" in the centre, from Mr. E. Harris;
+wreath, with "Rest" in the centre, from Dr. and Mrs. Hodgins; pillow,
+with "Father," from Mrs. E. Harris; crown from the scholars of Ryerson
+school; pillow, with "Grandpapa," from the grandchildren of the
+deceased: wreath from Mr. C. H. Greene; cross, also scythe, with sheaf,
+from Mr. and Mrs. George Harris, London; crown and cross from Rev. Dr.
+and Mrs. Potts; anchor from W. E. and F. E. Hodgins; sheaf from George
+S. Hodgins; lilies and other choice flowers inside the casket from Dr.
+and Mrs. Hodgins.
+
+Shortly before three o'clock the room was left to the members of the
+family, after which the coffin was borne to the hearse by the following
+pall-bearers, preceded by the Rev. Dr. Potts:--Dr. Hodgins, Rev. Dr.
+Nelles, Dr. Aikins, Rev. Dr. Rose, Rev. R. Jones, Mr. J. Paterson.
+Previous to the arrival of the hearse at the church, His Honour the
+Lieutenant-Governor, the Speaker of the House, members of the
+Legislature, which had adjourned for the occasion, and the Ministerial
+Association, were in the places assigned to them. The members of the
+City Council and Board of Education were also present in a body. The
+pupils of Ryerson and Dufferin Schools marched into the church in a
+body, wearing mourning badges on their arms. There were representatives
+of all conditions in society, and it might be said of all ages. The
+lisping schoolboy who was free from the restraint imposed by the
+presence of his master; and the aged man and woman tottering unsteadily
+on the verge of the grave--all were hushed in the presence of death.
+Everywhere within the building were the evidences of a great sorrow.
+Crape was seen wherever the eye turned--surrounding the galleries,
+fronting the platform, encircling the choir. But there was one spot
+thrown into _alto relievo_ by the sombre drapery of woe. In front of the
+pulpit, on a small table, were the exquisitely beautiful floral tributes
+of friendship and affection, whispering of the beauty and glory of that
+spring-time of the human race, when this "mortal shall have put on
+immortality."
+
+Cobourg and Victoria College were well represented; the Rev. T. W.
+Jeffery and Wm. Kerr, Q.C., and others, being present; also the
+following professors and students from Victoria College:--Rev. Dr.
+Nelles, Prof. Burwash, Prof. Reynard, Prof. Bain, Mr. McHenry
+(Collegiate Institute), and Dr. Jones. The students from the
+College--one from each class--were Messrs. Stacey, Horning, Eldridge,
+Brewster, and Crews. The Senate of Victoria University walked in a body
+immediately after the carriages containing the mourners. Upon entering
+the west aisle of the church, Rev. Dr. Potts commenced reading the
+burial service, the vast audience standing. The pall-bearers having
+deposited their charge in front of the pulpit, Rev. Mr. Cochran gave out
+the 733rd hymn,
+
+ "Come, let us join our friends above,
+ Who have obtained the prize."
+
+Rev. Dr. Rose offered prayer, after which Rev. Wm. Scott, of Montreal
+Conference, read a portion of the 1st Cor. xv., commencing at the 20th
+verse. The choir of fifty voices, led by the organist, Mr. Torrington,
+sang an anthem--
+
+ "Brother, thou art gone before us"
+
+Rev. Mr. Telfer, from England, gave out the 42nd hymn, which was
+fervently sung by the congregation. The Rev. Dr. Potts then delivered
+the following funeral address:--
+
+My place of choice on this deeply sorrowful occasion would be in the
+ranks of the mourners, for I feel like a son bereft of his father.
+Gladly would I sit at the feet of aged ministers before me, and listen
+to them speak of one they knew and loved so well. I venture to address a
+few words to you, in fulfilment of the dying request of my reverend and
+honoured father in the Gospel.
+
+Regarding the well-known wishes of the departed, my words must be few
+and simple. To-day, Methodism, in her laity and ministry mourns over the
+death of her most illustrious minister and Church leader. To-day, many
+in this house, and far beyond Toronto, lament the loss of an ardent and
+true friend. To-day, Canada mourns the decease of one of her noblest
+sons. This is not the time nor the place for mere eulogy; in the
+presence of death and of God eulogy is unbecoming. We would glorify God
+in the character and in the endowments of his servant and child.
+
+We cannot, we should not, forget the greatness of the departed. His was
+a many-sided greatness. Dr. Ryerson would have been great in any walk in
+life. In law he would have been a Chief Justice. In statesmanship he
+would have been a Prime Minister. He was a born leader of his fellows.
+He was kingly in carriage and in character. The stamp of royal manhood
+was impressed upon him physically, mentally, morally. We cannot forget
+the distinguished positions occupied so worthily and so long by our
+departed friend. He lived for his country, spending and being spent in
+the educational and moral advancement of the people.
+
+As a servant of Methodism, he was a missionary to the Indians of this
+Province, an evangelist to the scattered settlers, and a pastor in this
+city long, long ago. He was President of Victoria College, and never
+ceased to love and support that institution of learning. For it he
+solicited money in England and in this country, and to it he gave the
+intellectual energy of his early manhood, as well as ranking in the
+front place as a personal subscriber to its funds. He was the first
+Editor of the _Christian Guardian_, the connexional organ of our branch
+of Methodism.
+
+As a servant of Canada, he was for over thirty years Chief
+Superintendent of Education in this Province. His monument--more
+enduring than brass--is the Public School system of Ontario. When the
+history of this country comes to be written, the name, the imperishable
+name of Egerton Ryerson shall shine in radiant lustre as one of the
+greatest men produced in this land.
+
+But it is not of these things Dr. Ryerson would have me speak if he
+could direct my thoughts to-day. Rather would have me speak of him as a
+sinner saved by grace, as a disciple of our Lord Jesus Christ. I knew
+him well in his religious life. His experience was marked by scriptural
+simplicity, and his conversation was eminently spiritual. Of all the
+ministers of my acquaintance, none spoke with me so freely and so
+frequently on purely religious subjects as the venerable Dr. Ryerson. He
+gloried in the cross of Christ. He never wearied speaking of the
+precious blood of the Lamb. He was one of the most helpful and
+sympathetic hearers in the Metropolitan Church congregation. Rarely, in
+my almost six years' pastorate, did he leave the church without entering
+the vestry and saying a kindly, encouraging word.
+
+The doctor belonged to a class of men rapidly passing away. Most of his
+companions passed on before him. But few linger behind. Grand men they
+were in Church and State. Canada owes them a debt of gratitude that she
+can hardly ever pay. Let us revere the memory of those gone to their
+rest and reward, and let us treat with loving reverence the few pioneers
+who still linger to bless the land for which they have done so much. We
+may have a higher average in these times, but we lack the heroic men who
+stood out so conspicuously in the early history of Canada.
+
+Dr. Ryerson was a Methodist, but not a narrow sectarian. He knew the
+struggles of our Church in this country, and shared them; he witnessed,
+with gratitude to God, the extension of Methodism from feeble beginnings
+to its present influential position. He desired above all things that
+our Church should retain the primitive simplicity of the olden time, and
+yet march abreast of the age in the elements of a Christian
+civilization.
+
+At the first General Conference which met in this church, after the
+Union, and after that eminently providential event, the introduction of
+laymen into the highest Court of the Church--at that time, when the
+representatives of both ministry and membership desired a man to preside
+over the Methodist Church of Canada, to whom did they look? To the man
+whom Methodism delighted to honour--Egerton Ryerson.
+
+Dr. Ryerson was regarded by the congregation belonging to this church
+with peculiar respect and affection. While he belonged to all Canada,
+we, of the Metropolitan Church, claimed him as our own especial
+possession. He was a trustee of the Church, and one of its most liberal
+supporters; for its prosperity he ever prayed, and in its success he
+ever rejoiced. It is hard to realize that we shall no longer see that
+venerable form--that genial and intellectual countenance.
+
+The life of Dr. Ryerson was long, whether you measure it by years or by
+service--service to his God, to his fellow-men, and to his native land.
+He was a shock of corn ripe for the heavenly garner. He was an heir,
+having reached his majority, and made meet for the inheritance of the
+saints in light, has gone to take possession of it. He was a pilgrim,
+who after a lengthened pilgrimage has reached home. He was a Christian,
+who with Paul could say, "For me to live is Christ, to die is gain." In
+such an hour as this, what comfort could all the honours of man give to
+the sorrowing family as compared with the thought that the one they
+loved so dearly was a man in Christ and is now a glorified spirit before
+the throne. Henceforth we must think of him and speak of him as the late
+Dr. Ryerson, and to many of us this shall be difficult and painful. We
+have been so accustomed to see and hear him, we have so long looked up
+to him as one specially gifted to lead, that a sad feeling comes over
+us, left as we are without the guidance of our beloved leader and father
+in the Church. The memory of the just is blessed, and our memory of Dr.
+Ryerson shall be precious, until we overtake him in the better country,
+that is the heavenly. Until then let us not be slothful, but followers
+of them who through faith and patience inherit the promises. Could he
+speak to us to-day from the heights of the heavenly glory to which he
+has just been admitted, he would say to this vast concourse of friends,
+"Follow Christ; seek first the kingdom of God; serve your generation;
+build up in your Dominion a nationality based on righteousness and
+truth; be strict in your judgment upon yourselves, but be charitable in
+your judgment of others; live that your end may be peace, and your
+immortality eternal blessedness."
+
+Dr. Potts concluded by reading the following extract from a letter
+written by Dr. Ormiston, of New York, to Dr. Hodgins:--
+
+Dear Dr. Ryerson, I mourn thee as a son for a father. Thou wert very
+dear to me. I owe thee much. I loved as I esteemed thee. I have no one
+left now to fill thy place in my heart and life. Through riches of
+Divine grace I hope soon to meet thee again. My dear Brother
+Hodgins--You and I knew our noble-hearted friend better than most, and
+to know him was to love him. You have been longer and more intimately
+associated with him in social life and earnest work than I was. But I
+scarcely think that even you loved him more, and I feel as if I was
+hardly even second to you in his regards. Let our tears fall together
+to-day, and in each of our hearts let his memory live ever fresh and
+fondly cherished.
+
+Hymn 624, "Rock of Ages, cleft for me," was then sung, after which
+prayer was offered and the benediction was pronounced by the Rev. J. G.
+Laird, President of the Toronto Conference. A musical voluntary and the
+"Dead March" concluded the impressive service.
+
+The remains were then borne to Mount Pleasant Cemetery, where they were
+afterwards interred.[150] The concluding portion of the burial service
+was read by the Rev. Dr. Nelles.
+
+On the following Sunday the funeral sermon was preached by Rev. Dr.
+Nelles. The _Guardian_ said:--
+
+ The discourse of Dr. Nelles was a masterly and eloquent review of
+ the salient points in Dr. Ryerson's life and character. We have
+ rarely listened to a sermon with greater satisfaction, and never to
+ a funeral sermon so discriminating in its statements and
+ characterization. It was distinguished by a broad mental grasp of
+ the great lessons and facts of history, in the light of which all
+ personal and local events must be viewed, to be seen truly and
+ impartially. His appreciative recognition of the privileges of
+ religious equality which we possess in Canada, and of the prominent
+ part taken by Dr. Ryerson in obtaining them, was very suggestive
+ and felicitous. We rarely follow to the grave so eminent a man as
+ Dr. Ryerson; and we seldom have heard a discourse so fully equal to
+ a great occasion.
+
+
+Tributes to Dr. Ryerson's Memory.
+
+After Dr. Ryerson's death kind telegrams and letters of condolence were
+received by the family from many sympathizing friends, among which was
+one from the Marquis of Lorne, Governor-General. The following letter
+was also received by Mrs. Ryerson from the Rev. William Arthur, M.A.,
+dated London, England, April 10th, 1882:--
+
+The news of your great bereavement, a bereavement which, though yours in
+a special sense, is not yours alone, but is felt by multitudes as their
+own, came at a moment when a return of an old affection of the eyes
+made writing difficult, and I did not like to give you a mere line. From
+my heart I do condole with you on the removal from your side of one who
+was pleasant to look upon, even for strangers, and whose presence was
+not only a natural delight, but a stay, and an honour. Not many women
+are called to sustain the loss of such a husband. But on the other hand,
+not many women in the day of their great loss have the legacy left to
+them of such a memory, such a career, and such appreciation of whole
+communities of the merits of that career. Very few have such a
+combination of true religious consolation, of full hope and unclouded
+faith, with the sense of comfort derived from general sympathy and
+universal public respect. Dr. Ryerson was the servant of God, and the
+Lord blessed him. He was the servant of the Church, and the Church loved
+and revered him. He was the servant of his country, and his country
+delighted to honour him, and will hold him in permanent and honourable
+remembrance. To many friends on this side of the Atlantic, as well as on
+his own, he was a rarely honoured and prized representative of long and
+noble services to the cause of God, and to general society, services
+rendered with commanding abilities and unflinching vigour. To you and to
+the children the loss is far different to what it is to others. To you
+and to them have the hearts of others turned with unaffected sympathy.
+You have had many praying for you; many hoping that blessings will rest
+upon the name of Ryerson, and that it will long be represented in every
+Christian work, and every branch of public usefulness. With truly
+affectionate regards, and condolences to Mr. and Mrs. Charles, believe
+me, dear Mrs. Ryerson, yours with heartfelt sympathy,
+
+ Wm. Arthur.
+
+The Lord Bishop of Manchester, who was in Canada as one of the Royal
+Commissioners on Education, in concluding his report on our Canadian
+Schools, said: "Such, in all its main features, is the school system of
+Upper Canada. A system not perfect, but yet far in advance, as a system
+of national education, of anything we can show at home. It is indeed
+very remarkable to me that in a country, occupied in the greater part of
+its area by a sparse and anything but wealthy population, whose
+predominant characteristic is as far as possible removed from the spirit
+of enterprise, an educational system so complete in its theory and so
+capable of adaptation in practice should have been originally organized,
+and have maintained in what, with all allowances, must still be called
+successful operation for so long a period as twenty-five years. It shows
+what can be accomplished by the energy, determination, and devotion of a
+single earnest man. What national education in England owes to Sir J.
+K. Shuttleworth, what education in New England owes to Horace Mann, that
+debt education in Canada owes to Egerton Ryerson. He has been the object
+of bitter abuse, of not a little misrepresentation; but he has not
+swerved from his policy or from his fixed ideas. Through evil report and
+good report he has found others to support him in the resolution, that
+free education shall be placed within the reach of every Canadian parent
+for every Canadian child."
+
+In a letter addressed to Dr. Ryerson in 1875, the Bishop says:--I take
+it very kindly in you that you remember an old acquaintance, and I have
+read with interest your last report. I am glad to observe progress in
+the old lines almost everywhere. I was flattered also to find that some
+words of mine, written in 1865, are thought worthy of being quoted....
+It is pleasant to find a public servant now in the thirty-second year of
+his incumbency, still so hopeful and so vigorous. Few men have lived a
+more useful or active life than you, and your highest reward must be to
+look back upon what you have been permitted to achieve.
+
+The Very Reverend Dean Grasett, in a letter to Dr. Hodgins, dated 9th
+November, 1875, said:
+
+I thank you very much for your kindness in presenting me with a complete
+set of the _Journal of Education_ from the date of its commencement in
+1848 to the present time.
+
+You could not have given me a token of parting remembrance more
+acceptable to me on various accounts; but chiefly shall I value it as a
+memorial of the confidence and kindness I have so invariably experienced
+from the Rev. Dr. Ryerson from the day I first took my seat with him at
+a Council Board in 1846 to the time that I was released from further
+attendance there this year. Similar acknowledgments I owe to yourself,
+his coadjutor, in the great work of his life, and the editor of the
+record of his labours, contained in these volumes.
+
+I shall carry with me to the end of life the liveliest feelings of
+respect for the public character and regard for the private worth of one
+who has rendered to his country services which entitle him to her
+lasting gratitude. My venerable friend has had from time to time many
+cheering recognitions of his valuable public services from the Heads of
+our Government, who were capable of appreciating them, as well as from
+other quarters; but I think that in his case, as in others that are
+familiar to us, it must be left to future generations adequately to
+appreciate their value when they shall be reaping the full benefit of
+them.
+
+I esteem it an honour that I should have been associated with him in his
+Council for so many years (30), and a privilege if I have been of the
+least assistance in upholding his hands in performing a work, the credit
+of which is exclusively his own.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The Rev. Dr. Withrow, in his "Memorials of Dr. Ryerson," (_Canadian
+Methodist Magazine_, April, 1882,) said: No man ever passed away from
+among us in Canada whose true greatness was so universally recognized as
+that of Dr. Ryerson. He lived in the hearts of his countrymen, and
+
+ "Read his history in a nation's eyes."
+
+Even envy and detraction could not lessen his grandeur nor tarnish the
+lustre of his name.... Scarce an organ of public opinion in the country,
+no matter what party or what interest it represented, has not laid its
+wreath of praise on the tomb of this great Canadian. And far beyond his
+own country his character was revered and his loss deplored.... From the
+Roman Catholic Archbishop; from the Anglican Bishop, from many members
+of the Church of England and other religious bodies, as well as of his
+own Church; resolutions of the Board of the Bible Society, the Tract
+Society, School Boards and Conventions, and Collegiate Institutes, all
+bore witness to the fact that the sorrow for his death was not confined
+to any party or denominational lines, but was keenly felt in other
+churches as well as in that of which he was the most distinguished
+minister.... Almost every Methodist journal in the United States has
+also paid its tribute to his memory. We quote from the _North Western
+Christian Advocate_, of Chicago, but one such tribute of loving
+respect:--"We believe that Canada owes more to him than to any other
+man, living or dead. In all his official relations to the public he was
+true to his Church. Men like Wellington and Washington 'save their
+countries,' but men like Ryerson make their countries worth saving. The
+mean little soul flinches when its brethren rise in reputation and power
+in the Church. The more exalted soul rejoices when the Church grows rich
+in competent workers. The death of such a servant as Ryerson is a loss
+to the world greater than when the average president or king passes
+away. Thank God, the great Ruler lives, and He will continue the line of
+prophets in modern Israel!"
+
+Dr. Ryerson possessed in a marked degree the faculty of commanding the
+confidence and winning the friendship of distinguished men of every
+rank, of every political party and religious denomination. He possessed
+the confidence and esteem of every Governor of Canada, from Lord
+Sydenham to the Marquis of Lorne. No native Canadian ever had the
+_entree_ to such distinguished society in Great Britain and in Europe
+as he. He had personal relations with several of the leading British
+statesmen. He enjoyed the personal friendship of the Bishop of
+Manchester, the Dean of Westminster, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and
+other distinguished divines of the Anglican and Dissenting Churches. He
+was one of the very few Methodist preachers who have ever shared the
+hospitalities of Lambeth Palace, for six hundred years the seat of the
+Primates of England; and when Dean Stanley passed through Toronto, he
+and Dean Grasett called together on Dr. Ryerson. When making his
+educational tour in Europe....
+
+Speaking of his personal worth, Dr. Withrow says:--A very good criterion
+of a man's character is: How does he get on with his colleagues? Does
+the familiarity of daily intercourse, year after year, increase or
+lessen their esteem? Few men will bear this test as well as Dr. Ryerson.
+The more one saw of him the more one loved him. Those who knew him best
+loved him most. Dr. Hodgins, the Deputy Minister of Education, for
+thirty-two years the intimate associate in educational work of Dr.
+Ryerson, knowing more fully than any living man the whole scope of his
+labours, sharing his anxieties and toils, tells us that in all those
+years there never was an hour's interruption of perfect mutual trust and
+sympathy. No son could have a stronger filial love for an honoured
+father than had Dr. Hodgins for his late venerated Chief. It was his
+privilege to minister to the latest hours of his revered friend, and it
+is to him a labour of love to prepare for the press the posthumous story
+of his life.
+
+With all his catholicity of sentiment and charity of spirit, Dr. Ryerson
+was a man of strong convictions, and he always had the courage of his
+convictions as well. When it came to a question of principle he was as
+rigid as iron. Then he planted himself on the solid ground of what he
+believed to be right, and said, like Fitz James:
+
+ "Come one, come all! this rock shall fly,
+ From its firm base, as soon as I."
+
+Dr. Ryerson's controversies were for great principles, not for personal
+interests. Hence no rancour, no bitterness disturbed his relations with
+his antagonists. Even his old and sturdy foe, Bishop Strachan, after his
+controversy was over, became his personal friend....
+
+Such benefactors of his kind and of his country, as Dr. Ryerson, deserve
+to be held in lasting and grateful remembrance. His imperishable
+monument, it is true, is the school system which he devised.
+
+To future generations of Canadian youth the career of Dr. Ryerson shall
+be an inspiration and encouragement. With early educational advantages
+far inferior to those which he has brought within the reach of every boy
+and girl in the land, what a noble life he lived, what grand results he
+achieved! One grand secret of his success was his tireless industry. As
+a boy he learned to work--to work hard--the best lesson any boy can
+learn--and he worked to the end of his life. He could not spend an idle
+hour. The rule of his life was "no day without a line," without
+something attempted--something done.... Over a score of times he crossed
+the Atlantic on official duties. He often turned night into day for
+purposes of work and study; and on the night before making his famous
+three-hours' speech on University Administration before the Committee of
+the Legislature in 1860, he spent the whole night long in the study of
+the documents and papers on the subject--to most men a poor preparation
+for such a task.
+
+But again we remark his moral greatness was his noblest trait--his
+earnest piety, his child-like simplicity, his Christ-like charity, his
+fidelity to duty, his unfaltering faith. Not his intellectual greatness,
+not his lofty statesmanship, not his noble achievements are his truest
+claim upon our love and veneration--but this--
+
+ "The _Christian_ is the highest style of man."
+
+The Rev. Dr. Dewart, in the _Christian Guardian_, of February 22nd,
+1882, says:--The simple announcement that Dr. Egerton Ryerson is dead,
+will awaken sorrow and regret in many Canadian homes.... For several
+years of his early life he faithfully bore all the hardships and
+privations of the pioneer work of that day, being for a time missionary
+to the Indians of the Credit Mission--a circumstance to which he often
+referred with peculiar satisfaction. His keen and vigorous refutation of
+the misrepresentations of the Methodists and other bodies by the then
+dominant Church party, led by the late Bishop Strachan, revealed to his
+own, and other Churches, his rare gifts as a powerful controversial
+writer. From that time forward for many years, his pen was used with
+powerful effect, in defence of equal religious rights and privileges for
+all Churches.... Dr. Ryerson was longer and more prominently associated
+with the interests of Methodism in Canada than any other minister of our
+Church. His life covers and embraces all but the earliest portion of the
+history of our Church in this country.
+
+But it is his work as an educationist that has made him most widely
+known, and upon which his fame most securely rests.... The office of
+Chief Superintendent of Education for Upper Canada was not a new one;
+but the vigorous personality of Dr. Ryerson lifted it into a prominence
+and importance in public estimation that had never belonged to it
+before. For thirty-two years he continued to discharge the duties of
+this high office with a broad intelligence and rare executive ability,
+which have for all time stamped his name and influence on the
+educational system of his country. He was not a mere administrator,
+acting under the orders of the Government of the day. He was the leader
+of a great educational reform.... Changes of Government made no change
+in his department. Such was the estimate which the Ontario Government
+took of his public services that on his resignation, in 1876, his full
+salary was continued till the time of his death, and after his death the
+Legislature made a grant of $10,000 to his widow. It is not too much to
+say that among the gifted men whom Canada delights to honour, not one
+has left a more permanent impression for good on the future of our
+country than Egerton Ryerson.
+
+He was large-minded and liberal in his views on all subjects. Though
+strong in his attachment to Methodism he was no sectarian, but cherished
+the most liberal and kindly feeling toward all sincere Christians. He
+was an able controvertialist, and in the heat of conflict dealt heavy
+blows at his opponents; but when the battle was over he retained no
+petty spite toward his late antagonists. His controversial pamphlets are
+numerous, and mostly relate to current events with which he was in some
+way associated. Though a man of war, from his youth engaging in many
+conflicts, religious and political, Dr. Ryerson's last years were
+eminently tranquil. He had outlived the bitterness of former times, and
+in a sincere and honoured old age possessed in a high degree the respect
+and good feeling of men of all parties. During these later years he
+produced his most important contributions to literature, viz., his
+"Loyalists of America," and "Chapters on the History of Canadian
+Methodism." His Educational Reports are also valuable treasuries of
+facts relating to public education.
+
+During all the years of his public life he co-operated heartily with
+every enterprise of his Church, and was always ready to preach at the
+shortest notice for any of his brethren who required his help. In his
+later years there was an increasing spirituality and unction observable
+in his ministrations.
+
+Though not exempt from the faults and failings of humanity--yet his wide
+range of information--his broad and statesmanlike views--his intense
+devotion to a great work--his patriotic interest in all public
+questions--his wonderful personal energy and force of character--and his
+long and intimate connection with Canadian Methodism--warrant us in
+saying:
+
+ "He was a man, take him for all in all,
+ We shall not look upon his like again."
+
+Rev. Dr. Douglas, in a letter to the _Guardian_, says: A great man and a
+prince has fallen in our Israel! The last of the illustrious three who
+bore the name of Ryerson has gone to enrich the heavens. Henceforth that
+honoured name will be enshrined in the history of our land.
+
+Egerton Ryerson's patriotic service to the State, in resisting the
+introduction of feudal distinctions and ecclesiastical monopolies will
+ensure to him enduring recognition, as one of Canada's noblest
+benefactors. No statues of marble or of bronze need be raised to
+perpetuate his memory. The academies and schools which his organizing
+genius brought into existence, lifting up successive generations to the
+dignity which education ever confers, will make that name immortal. For
+nearly six decades he laid his great powers of intellect and heart on
+the altar of service for Canadian Methodism--winning for her ministry
+equality before the law, and for her people a status which allowed no
+coign of vantage to a favoured class--vindicating her polity and
+proclaiming her distinctive truth....
+
+Now, when the sepulchre has received him, will not a grateful Church
+arise and give a permanence to his name more lasting than marble, by the
+founding of a Ryerson Chair of Philosophy with whatever is required to
+augment the usefulness of the institution which his great manhood loved,
+and for which he toiled with a life-lasting endeavour? Would that every
+minister, who bows his head in sorrow for a fallen chieftain, might in
+every circuit gather the piety, intelligence, and financial strength of
+the Church together, and in this supreme hour of the Church's grief,
+decree that before the spring-time shall come with its emerald robe
+enamelled with flowers, adorning the resting-place of our honoured dead,
+the name of Egerton Ryerson will be inwrought with our University, as an
+abiding inspiration to the student-life that shall throng her halls
+along the coming years.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The Methodist Ministers of Toronto, in a sketch of Dr. Ryerson's life
+and character, written by Rev. W. S. Blackstock, say: To most of us,
+from our early childhood, the name of Egerton Ryerson has been a
+household word, and we learned to esteem and love him even before we
+were capable of estimating his character, or the greatness of the
+service which he was rendering to his own and coming generations; and
+the knowledge of him which we have been permitted to acquire in our
+riper years, has only tended to deepen the impressions of him which we
+received in early days.
+
+As the fearless and powerful champion of civil and religious liberty,
+and of the equal rights of all classes of his countrymen, he is
+associated in our memory with the patriotic and Christian struggles of a
+past generation, which have resulted in securing to our beloved land as
+large a measure of liberty as is enjoyed by any country under the sun.
+In respect to the incomparable system of Public Instruction, to the
+perfecting of which he devoted so many years of his active and laborious
+life, and with which his name must ever be associated, we feel that he
+has laboured and we have entered into his labours. We can hardly
+conceive how either our country or our Church could have been what they
+are to-day, but for his fidelity and the work which he accomplished.
+
+The lively interest which he took in every patriotic, Christian, and
+philanthropic movement, especially those which tended to increase the
+influence and usefulness of his own Church--the zeal with which he
+laboured for them, and the large-hearted, generous liberality with which
+he contributed of his means for their support--awaken our gratitude and
+thankfulness, and will be a perpetual inspiration in our efforts to
+promote those objects which lay so near his heart, and to further the
+interests of that cause which he served so well.
+
+But standing, as we are to day, with bowed heads and stricken hearts,
+beside the grave which has just closed upon the mortal remains of our
+venerable departed brother, though we would not forget what he had done
+for us, we prefer to think of what, by the grace of God, he was, than of
+what by God's good Providence he was permitted to accomplish. We delight
+to cherish the memory of his penitent and childlike faith in Christ--the
+sinner's only Saviour and hope--and of those graces of the Holy Spirit
+which gave so much beauty and sweetness to his character, and which were
+more and more conspicuous in his declining years.
+
+Though Dr. Ryerson was a man of positive views and devotedly attached to
+his own Church, he was distinguished for his comprehensive charity, and
+his genuine appreciation of great and good men from whom he differed
+widely in opinion. His goodness no less than his greatness will serve to
+keep his memory fresh among us, and the recollections of his virtue is
+to us a powerful incentive to a fuller consecration to the service of
+God.
+
+The General Conference at its Session of 1882, passed the following
+resolution:--
+
+Whereas it has pleased Almighty God, in His divine wisdom, to call from
+a life of faithful service in the Church of Christ on earth to his
+everlasting reward in heaven our reverend and honoured father in the
+Gospel, the Rev. Egerton Ryerson, D.D., LL.D., the first President of
+the General Conference of the Methodist Church of Canada, this General
+Conference desires to place upon record its deep feelings of gratitude
+to God for His gift to the Methodist Church and to the people of this
+land for so many years of a man so richly endowed with native gifts and
+so largely adorned with the Christian graces and its profound sense of
+the great loss the Church and country have sustained in his death. As
+the devoted Christian missionary and pastor; as the faithful defender of
+the rights and liberties of the people of this land against
+ecclesiastical assumptions and civil disabilities; as the Editor for
+many years of the _Christian Guardian_, the official organ of our Church
+and the first religious journal in Canada; as the President of the
+University of Victoria College, the oldest institution of higher
+learning of Canadian Methodism; as the trusted representative of his
+Church in the religious councils of Methodism in the old world and the
+new; as the Superintendent for over thirty years of the education of his
+native Province--a system which he almost created, and which he
+developed to a state of proficiency unsurpassed by that of any country
+in the world; as the wise counsellor in the union movement which led to
+the organization of the Methodist Church of Canada; and as the
+President-Administrator of its highest office during the first
+quadrennium of its history, Dr. Ryerson has an imperishable claim upon
+the love and gratitude especially of his own church, and also of the
+entire community. We magnify the grace of God as manifested in him; we
+revere his memory as that of a true patriot and devoted Christian; we
+rejoice in his labours for the glory of God and the welfare of man; and
+we deeply sympathize with his bereaved family, and pray that the
+consolations of God may more and more abound in their souls to the end.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[150] This interment took place in May. The ceremony was a private one,
+attended only by immediate relatives and intimate personal friends.
+Among the former were the venerable doctor's aged eldest brother, Rev.
+George Ryerson (91 years old) and Mrs. George Ryerson; the bereaved
+widow, Mrs. Ryerson, Mr. Charles E. Ryerson, his two sons, and Mrs.
+George Duggan. Among the latter were the Rev. Dr. Potts, Mrs. Potts, Dr.
+Hodgins, and Mr. H. M. Wilkinson (son of Rev. H. Wilkinson), of the
+Education Department, and two or three others. After lowering the coffin
+into the grave, the Rev. Dr. Potts read a portion of the burial service,
+committing the body to the earth in hope of a joyful resurrection at the
+last day.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES.
+
+
+Aberdeen, Earl of, 160.
+
+Adams, Rev. A. A., 130.
+
+Adderly, Mr., M.P., 540.
+
+Agnew, Sir A., 163.
+
+Aikman, John, 32, 36.
+
+Aikman, Miss Hannah, 86, 111, 112.
+
+Alder, Rev. Dr. Robert, 109, 110, 114, 119, 143, 153, 155, 158, 166,
+ 174, 206, 240, 241, 242, 243, 271, 280, 285, 320, 386, 390, 391, 392,
+ 393, 394, 395, 397, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405.
+
+Allan, Hon. William, 170.
+
+Alley, Mr., 99.
+
+Allison, Rev. C. R., 399.
+
+Althorp, Lord, 123.
+
+Anderson, Capt., 99.
+
+Antonelli, Cardinal, 366, 367.
+
+Antrobus, Colonel, 416.
+
+Arago, M., 356, 358.
+
+Archibald, Rev. G., 76.
+
+Armstrong, Jas. R., 120.
+
+Armstrong, Miss Mary, 120.
+
+Arthur, Rev. Wm., 367, 556, 598.
+
+Arthur, Sir George, 183, 188, 189, 193, 200, 224, 225, 230, 234, 239,
+ 240, 241, 245, 246, 248, 249, 250, 251, 254, 260, 261, 263, 285, 320.
+
+Atherton, Rev. Mr., 117.
+
+Attwood, Thos., M.P., 123, 129.
+
+Attwood, Rev. J. S., 154.
+
+Asbury, Bishop, 408.
+
+Ashburton, Lord, 160.
+
+Ashley, Lord, 163.
+
+Ashton, Michael, 272.
+
+Atherton, Rev. Mr., 402.
+
+Aylwin, Hon. T. C., 304.
+
+
+Bagot, Sir Charles, 290, 301, 303, 304, 306, 312, 313, 324, 331, 333,
+ 342, 345, 347, 350, 387, 389, 390, 393, 394, 398, 404, 550.
+
+Bain, Prof., 594.
+
+Bakewell, Rev. Mr., 117.
+
+Baldwin, Dr. W. W., 79, 101, 310, 311.
+
+Baldwin, Hon. Augustus, 170.
+
+Baldwin, Hon. Robert, 127, 145, 170, 194, 264, 267, 287, 288, 303, 305,
+ 308, 309, 313, 315, 317, 328, 332, 333, 336, 344, 346, 370, 371, 416,
+ 417, 424, 425, 426, 433, 518, 525, 526, 550.
+
+Bangs, Rev. Dr. Nathan, 32, 78, 88, 93, 115, 269, 277, 278, 418, 577.
+
+Baring, Thomas, M.P., 160.
+
+Barker, Dr., 127, 150.
+
+Bathurst, Lord, 221, 440, 445, 446.
+
+Beadle, Dr., 348.
+
+Beardsley, Colonel, 185.
+
+Beatty, Rev. J., 184, 228.
+
+Beaumont, Rev. Dr., 402.
+
+Beecham, Rev. Dr. John, 119, 159, 228, 390, 507.
+
+Bell, Rev. Wm., 101, 212, 221.
+
+Belton, Rev. S., 90.
+
+Benson, Henry, 89.
+
+Beresford, Rev. Mr., 354.
+
+Bethune, Donald, 102.
+
+Bethune, Bishop A. N., 77, 216, 292, 348, 380, 564, 565.
+
+Betteridge, Rev. Wm., D.D., 95.
+
+Bevitt, Rev. Thomas, 277.
+
+Bexley, Lord, 116.
+
+Bidwell, Hon. M. S., 68, 127, 138, 145, 184, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192,
+ 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 231, 258, 288, 308, 309, 310, 328, 414,
+ 416, 417, 418, 551, 567, 568.
+
+Black, Rev. John, 176, 498.
+
+Blackstock, Rev. W. S., 605.
+
+Blainville, M. de, 358.
+
+Blake, Hon. Chancellor, 418.
+
+Bland, Rev. A. F., 557.
+
+Blockman, Dr., 363.
+
+Blomfield, Dr. (Bishop of London), 160.
+
+Blusse, Mr., 354.
+
+Bond, Dr. Thomas, 396.
+
+Borland, Rev. J., 511, 512.
+
+Bostwick, Col. John, 24.
+
+Boswell, G. M., M.P.P., 182, 348.
+
+Boulton, Mr., M.P.P., 229.
+
+Bowers, Rev. John, 158.
+
+Bridel, M., 359.
+
+Brock, Rev. James, 275.
+
+Brooking, Mr., 160.
+
+Brough, Rev. C. C., 183.
+
+Brougham, Lord, 123, 322.
+
+Brouse, George, 89.
+
+Brown, Hon. George, 554, 555.
+
+Brown, Hon. James, 453.
+
+Brunskill, Mr., 161.
+
+Buchanan, Hon. Isaac, 197, 286, 331, 336, 346, 347, 350.
+
+Buller, Sir Charles, 272, 307.
+
+Bunting, Rev. Dr. Jabez, 117, 119, 143, 154, 158, 159, 160, 162, 228,
+ 240, 273, 279, 280, 390, 398, 401, 402, 403, 420, 506, 507.
+
+Burchel, Mr., 89.
+
+Burke, Edmund, 220.
+
+Burnet, Bishop, 322.
+
+Burns, Rev. Dr. R. F., 557.
+
+Burrows, Colonel, 517.
+
+Burwash, Prof., 594.
+
+Buxton, Mrs., 163.
+
+
+Calvert, Mr., 542.
+
+Cameron, Hon. Malcolm, 370, 423, 424, 426, 509, 514.
+
+Cameron, James W., 76, 77.
+
+Campbell, Rev. Prof., 381.
+
+Campbell, Sir J., 165.
+
+Campbell, John, M.P.P., 184, 192.
+
+---- Sir Alexander, 192, 559.
+
+Canterbury, Archbishop of, 602.
+
+Carlisle, Bishop of, 542.
+
+Carlisle, Dean of, 541, 542.
+
+Carnarvon, Lord, 539, 579.
+
+Carroll, Rev. Dr. John, 214, 270.
+
+Cartier, Sir George, 559, 560, 561.
+
+Cartwright, M.P.P., 213, 226, 229, 245, 246.
+
+Cartwright, Thos., 133.
+
+Case, Rev. Elder Wm., 56, 66, 68, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81, 87, 91, 92, 93,
+ 176, 228, 243, 270, 274, 275, 277, 378, 385.
+
+Cassidy, Henry, 149,191, 196.
+
+Chalmers, Rev. Dr. Thomas, 215, 365.
+
+Chapman, E. H., 160, 161.
+
+Chester, Bishop of, 116.
+
+Chichester, Lord, 541.
+
+Clarendon, Lord, 499.
+
+Cochran, Rev. Mr., 594.
+
+Colborne, Sir John, 98, 102, 118, 126, 130, 155, 158, 161, 170, 171,
+ 196, 222, 224, 232, 244, 260, 261, 263, 264, 386, 526.
+
+Coley, Rev. Mr., 589.
+
+Collard, Rev. Mr., 93.
+
+Collins, F., 129.
+
+Cook, Emile, 571.
+
+Cork, Bishop of, 541.
+
+Counter, John, 154.
+
+Cowley, Lord, 360.
+
+Crane, John, 73.
+
+Cronyn, Bishop, 517.
+
+Cubitt, Rev. Mr., 159.
+
+Cull, Mr., 287.
+
+Cumming, Rev. Dr., 508.
+
+
+Daly, Sir Dominick, 333, 340, 351, 376.
+
+Davidson, Alex., 133, 241.
+
+---- Rev. J. O., 143, 175, 274.
+
+Dawson, Dr. J. W., 453.
+
+Dawson, Wm., 161.
+
+Delille, M. Armand, 356, 358.
+
+Delille, Mons. O., 358.
+
+Densmore, Rev. Mr., 384.
+
+Despretz, M., 358.
+
+Derby, Earl of, 329, 330, 451, 452.
+
+Derbyshire, Stewart, 307.
+
+Dewart, Dr. E. H., 602.
+
+Dixon, Rev. Dr. James, 400, 402, 405, 406, 562, 564.
+
+Doolittle. Rev. Mr., 119.
+
+Dorland, Mr., 538.
+
+Douglas, Rev. Dr., 605.
+
+Douse, Rev. John, 275.
+
+Doxtadors, Mr., 78.
+
+Draper, Hon. W. H., 50, 179, 181, 225, 228, 229, 231, 237, 261, 264,
+ 267, 292, 301, 304, 305, 306, 313, 316, 325, 333, 334, 336, 337,
+ 339, 342, 344, 550, 551.
+
+Dufferin, Lord, 408, 409.
+
+Dumas, Prof. 356.
+
+Duncan, Mr. Joseph, 535.
+
+Duncan, Prof. Thomas, 215.
+
+Duncombe, Dr. Charles, 167, 168, 188, 190.
+
+Dunjowski, 353, 365, 366, 367.
+
+Dunkin, Christopher, 196, 197.
+
+Dunn, Colonel, 197.
+
+Dunn, Hon. J. H., 145, 166, 170, 180, 181, 197, 198, 325, 387.
+
+Durbin, Dr. J. P., 115.
+
+Durham, Lord, 196, 197, 225, 256, 257, 258, 259, 267, 272, 312,
+ 339, 550.
+
+
+Edwards, Mr. 117.
+
+Egger, M., 358.
+
+Elgin, Lord, 370, 405, 416, 419, 420, 451, 452, 514.
+
+Ellice, Rt. Hon. Edward, 117, 160.
+
+Elliott, Judge Wm., 552.
+
+Ellis, Sir Henry, 419.
+
+Elmsley, Hon. John, 170, 179.
+
+Embury, Rev. Philip, 256.
+
+Emory, Bishop, 384, 385.
+
+Entwistle, Rev. Joseph, 116, 273.
+
+Esten, Hon. Vice-Chancellor, 418.
+
+Evans, Rev. Dr. Ephraim, 133, 153, 181, 237, 270, 275, 564.
+
+Evans, Rev. James, 130, 131, 132, 153, 228, 407, 408, 409.
+
+Exeter, Bishop of, 263.
+
+
+Fallenberg, M. de, 364.
+
+Farmer, Thomas, 159, 166, 256.
+
+Farrar, Canon, 205.
+
+Fawcett, Rev. Thomas, 275.
+
+Ferguson, Rev. George, 340.
+
+Ferrier, Hon. James, 490, 533.
+
+Fisk, Rev. Dr. Wilbur, A.M., 88, 90, 115, 162, 577.
+
+Fitzgibbon, Colonel, 177.
+
+Fletcher, Silas, 178.
+
+Flint, Hon. Billa, 336.
+
+Fox, Charles James, 220.
+
+Fuller, Bishop (Archdeacon of Niagara), 380.
+
+
+Gage, James, 78.
+
+Gale, Rev. A., 432.
+
+Galt, John, 221.
+
+Gamble, John W., 268.
+
+Gamble, Clarke, Q. C., 567.
+
+Gasparin, Count, 356, 358, 359, 360.
+
+Geikie, Rev. Dr. Cunningham, 187.
+
+Gibson, David, 178.
+
+Gilchrist, Dr., 339.
+
+Gilkison, Jasper J., 552.
+
+Gillespie, A., Jun., 160.
+
+Givens, Col., 44, 61, 63, 75.
+
+---- Rev. Dr. Saltern, 77, 567.
+
+Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., 168, 272, 410, 411, 433, 452.
+
+Glenelg, Lord, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 162, 165, 168, 169, 170, 178,
+ 180, 182, 189, 190, 196, 197, 199, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230,
+ 235, 248, 250 252, 285, 459.
+
+Goderich, Lord, 118, 126, 155, 156, 195, 526.
+
+Goodrich, Rev. C. B., 275.
+
+Goodson, Rev. George, 557.
+
+Goodwin, Dean, (of Ely), 540.
+
+Gourley, Robt., 185.
+
+Gowan, Ogle R., 331.
+
+Graham, Dr. James, 28.
+
+Grampier, Dr., 355, 356, 360.
+
+Grasett, Very Rev. Dean, 295, 297, 600, 602.
+
+Gray, Hon. J. H., 453.
+
+Green, Rev. Dr. Anson, 90, 111, 129, 134, 175, 176, 181, 203, 210, 228,
+ 270, 277, 314, 383, 401, 501, 511.
+
+Greenfield, Mr. 79.
+
+Greig, William, 212.
+
+Grey, Earl, 123, 405, 419, 451, 454, 455, 456, 457, 515, 578.
+
+Grey, Sir George. 165, 168, 169, 189, 246.
+
+Griffin, Smith, 29.
+
+---- Rev. W. S., 29.
+
+Griffin, Rev. Wm., Jun., 130.
+
+Griffis E. C., 129, 241.
+
+Grindrod, Rev. E., 120, 143, 147, 163.
+
+Gurley, Rev. Mr., 279.
+
+Guizot, M., 356.
+
+
+Hagerman, Daniel, 189.
+
+Hagerman, Mr. Justice, 119, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 223, 310, 551, 570.
+
+Halkett, Capt, 177.
+
+Hall, Francis, 78, 92, 115, 305, 417.
+
+Hamilton, Rev. R. W., 116.
+
+Hanet, M., 358.
+
+Hanna, Rev. John, 158, 159.
+
+---- Mrs. John, 159.
+
+Harris, Dr. 79.
+
+Harris, Rev. Mr., 102.
+
+Harrison, Hon. S. B., 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 337, 338, 344, 347.
+
+Harrison, Mr. (A.D.C.), 308, 309, 310, 311.
+
+Harvard, Rev. W. M., 181, 202, 203, 204, 228, 237, 244, 396.
+
+Hawes, Sir Benjamin, 419, 420, 454, 456.
+
+Hay, Mr., 160.
+
+Head, Sir F. B., 162, 166, 170, 171,176, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 189,
+ 190, 191, 192, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 206, 224, 225, 228, 235,
+ 248, 252, 253, 257, 258, 288, 309, 316, 320, 416, 417.
+
+Head, Sir Edmund, 499.
+
+Heald, Rev. Mr., 571.
+
+Healy, Rev. E., 172, 173.
+
+Hedding, Bishop, 32, 48, 90, 172, 174, 269, 385, 577.
+
+Henings, Rev. Mr., 88.
+
+Herkimer, Wm., 66, 72.
+
+Hess, Mr. J., 78, 79.
+
+Hetherington, Rev. Mr., 128, 141.
+
+Heyland, Rev. Rowley, 40, 148.
+
+Hickson, Mr., 339.
+
+Higginson, Secretary, 317, 318, 319, 322, 325, 327, 331, 332, 333, 334,
+ 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 345, 348, 349, 350, 375, 377.
+
+Hill, Lord, 116.
+
+Hill, Rev. Rowland, 116, 159.
+
+Hincks, Sir Francis, 187, 190, 290, 313, 324, 329, 330, 333, 416,
+ 424, 451.
+
+Holden, Mr., 587.
+
+Holtby, Rev. Matthew, 307.
+
+Hoole, Rev. Dr. Elijah, 390, 544.
+
+Horne, Dr., 177.
+
+Horton, Hon. R. W., 222.
+
+Howard, James S., 198, 414.
+
+Howard, Mr., 118.
+
+Howard, Rev. I. B., 287.
+
+Howe, Hon. Joseph, 244, 258, 331.
+
+Howick, Lord, 118.
+
+Hume, Joseph, M. P., 118, 123, 126, 129, 134, 135, 136, 138, 167, 168,
+ 169, 171, 175, 228.
+
+Hurlburt, Rev. Thomas, 275, 513.
+
+Hyland, Edward, 64.
+
+
+Inglis, Sir Harry, 163.
+
+Inglis, Sir Robert, 121.
+
+Irvine, Rev. Mr., 154.
+
+Irving, Rev. Edward, 116.
+
+Izard, Miss C., 163.
+
+
+Jackson, Edward, 241.
+
+Jackson, Rev. Thos., 273.
+
+Jacobs, Peter, 63, 78.
+
+Jager, Abbe, 358.
+
+James, Rev. John Angel, 162, 163.
+
+Jameson, Vice-Chancellor, 304, 418.
+
+---- Rev. Mr., 355.
+
+Janes, Bishop, 556.
+
+Jarvis, Mr., 299.
+
+Jarvis, Sheriff, 183.
+
+Jay, Rev. Wm., 116.
+
+Jeffers, Rev. Dr. W., 498, 511, 533.
+
+Jeffery, Rev. T. W., 594.
+
+Jenkins, Rev. Wm., 154, 169.
+
+Jeune, Rev. Dr., 163.
+
+Jobson, Rev. Dr., 582.
+
+Johnston, Rev. Hugh, B.D., 590.
+
+Jones, Dr., 594.
+
+Jones, Jonas, 111.
+
+---- John, 65, 66, 70.
+
+Junes, Mr. Justice, 177, 310, 551.
+
+Jones, Rev. R., 593, 594.
+
+Jones, T. M., 299.
+
+Jones, Rev. Peter, 41, 44, 45, 56, 61, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75,
+ 79, 83, 107, 108, 112, 228, 20, 400, 401, 413.
+
+Junkin, S. S., 149, 150, 151, 170.
+
+
+Keefer, Jacob, 348.
+
+Kent, Duchess of, 164.
+
+Kent, John, 97, 292, 293, 294, 296, 297.
+
+Kenyon, Lord, 160.
+
+Kerr, Mrs. Wm. (_nee_ Brant), 56.
+
+Kerr, Wm., 78, 594.
+
+
+Lafontaine, Hon. L. H., 304, 315, 332, 336, 416, 425, 444, 446, 551.
+
+Laird, Rev. J. G., 593, 598.
+
+Lane, William, 75.
+
+Lang, Rev. Matthew, 275.
+
+Langton, John, 530.
+
+Lansdowne, Marquis of, 419, 425, 515.
+
+Law, Rev. John, 28, 32, 39.
+
+---- William, 62, 63.
+
+Lefroy, General, 371.
+
+Lessey, Rev. Theophilus, 116.
+
+Lever, Rev. Mr., 498.
+
+Lindsay, General, 569.
+
+Lindsey, Charles, 185, 186.
+
+Lindsey, Rev. Mr., 88.
+
+Lingard, R. W., 419.
+
+Lloyd, Jesse, 178.
+
+Longman, Mr., 578.
+
+Lord, Rev. Wm., 121,140, 148, 151, 152, 153, 164, 166, 210, 394,
+ 401, 402.
+
+Lorne, Marquis of, 598.
+
+Lount, Samuel, 178, 182, 183, 184, 188.
+
+Luckey, Rev. Dr., 88.
+
+Lunn, Mr. Wm., 154, 169.
+
+Lynch, Archbishop, 593.
+
+
+Macaulay, Lord, 123, 205, 419.
+
+Macaulay, Mr. Justice, 172, 173, 177, 551.
+
+Macdonald, John, 564.
+
+Macdonald, R., Q.C., 182.
+
+Macdonald, Rt. Hon. Sir John A., 194, 499.
+
+Macdonnell, Vicar-General, 106.
+
+Macdougall, Hon. Wm., 288.
+
+Mackenzie, W. L., 118, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134, 135,
+ 136, 137, 138, 144, 145, 155, 156, 157, 168, 171, 175, 178, 185,
+ 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 200, 207, 239, 257, 288.
+
+Macnab, Sir Allan, 177, 229, 387.
+
+Madden, Rev. Thomas, 29, 40, 55, 68.
+
+Maitland, Sir Peregrine, 62, 63, 221, 440, 445.
+
+Manchester, Bishop of, 599, 602.
+
+Mangles, Mr., M.P., 340.
+
+Manly, Rev. John G., 275.
+
+Mann, Horace, 600.
+
+Markland, Hon. George H., 170.
+
+Marsden, Rev. G., 115, 120, 147, 163, 273, 397.
+
+Marsh, Rev. Dr. Wm., 163.
+
+Marshall, Rev. Mr., 571.
+
+Matthews (see Lount and Matthews), 89, 182, 183, 184, 188.
+
+Maule, Fox (Lord Panmure), 272.
+
+Meredith, Mr., 163.
+
+Merritt, Hon. W. H., 314, 315, 316, 319, 336, 337, 338, 343.
+
+Metcalfe, Sir Charles, 138, 194, 198, 303, 308, 313, 313, 314, 315, 316,
+ 317, 319, 323, 324, 325, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 337, 340, 341,
+ 342, 343, 344, 345, 347, 348, 375, 376, 377, 383, 398, 400, 404.
+
+Methley, Rev. Mr., 507, 508.
+
+Mitchell, Judge James, 24.
+
+Michelet, M., 358.
+
+Miller, Rev. Dr., 542.
+
+Moffatt, Hon. George, 340.
+
+Molson, Hon. Mr., 318.
+
+Monod, M., 356, 358, 359.
+
+Montgomery, John, 177.
+
+Moore, Archbishop, 220.
+
+Moore, Hugh, 211.
+
+Morpeth, Lord, 116.
+
+Morris, Hon. James, 337, 338.
+
+Morris, Hon. Wm., 221, 222, 227, 228, 256, 336, 415, 465.
+
+Morrison, Dr. T. D., 70, 118, 182.
+
+Mosely, Rev. Mr., 163.
+
+Moss, Mr., 163.
+
+Mountain, Bishop, 221.
+
+Mulkins, Rev. Hannibal, 173.
+
+Murdoch, T. W. C., 267, 290, 312, 387.
+
+Murray, Rev. Robt., 346, 347, 349, 350.
+
+Murray, Sir George, 459.
+
+Muskrat, John, 66.
+
+McCann, Rev. Father, 593.
+
+McCrae, Miss, 77.
+
+McDonnell, A., 177.
+
+McGill, Hon. Peter, 340.
+
+McHenry, Mr., 594.
+
+McIntyre, Rev. John, 211.
+
+McLean, Mr. Justice, 177, 310.
+
+McMullen, Rev. D., 210.
+
+McMurray, Archdeacon, 77.
+
+McOwan, 160.
+
+
+Naylor, Rev. Wm., 116.
+
+Neilson, Hon. Judge, 567.
+
+Neilson, Mr., 257.
+
+Nelles, Rev. Dr., 594, 598.
+
+Newcastle, Duke of, 452, 453.
+
+Newton, Rev. Dr. Robt., 116, 119, 162, 269, 273, 279.
+
+Noel, Hon. and Rev. Baptist, 116, 159, 162.
+
+Nolan, Rev. Mr., 542.
+
+Noll, Rev. James, 212.
+
+Normanby, Lord, 250, 251, 253.
+
+Norris, Rev. James, 275.
+
+Northcote, Sir Stafford, 578.
+
+Norwich, Bishop of, 541.
+
+
+Ogden, Mr. Justice, 304.
+
+Oldham, Mr., 162.
+
+Olin, Rev. Dr., 406.
+
+Ormiston, Rev. Dr., 17, 597.
+
+Osgood, Rev. Thaddeus, 75.
+
+Ousley, Gideon, 161.
+
+O'Callaghan, Dr., 190.
+
+O'Connell, Daniel, 316, 323.
+
+O'Brien, Rev. J., 77.
+
+
+Packington, Sir John, 451, 452.
+
+Palmerston, Lord, 516, 551.
+
+Panmure, Lord (see Mr. Fox Maule).
+
+Pantelioni, Dr., 514, 515, 516, 517, 540.
+
+Papineau, Hon. D. B., 337.
+
+Papineau, Hon. L. J., 167, 168, 257, 267.
+
+Parke, Thomas, 381.
+
+Parsons, Rev. James, 159.
+
+Patin, M., 358.
+
+Patterson, Mr. James, 594.
+
+Payer, M., 358.
+
+Peck, Bishop Jesse T., 172.
+
+Peel, Sir Robert, 121, 160, 291, 306, 307, 309, 311, 323, 324, 411, 551.
+
+Perry, Peter, 156, 157, 189.
+
+Philip, Dr., 163.
+
+Phillips, Rev. Dr., 542.
+
+Pitt, Rt. Hon. William, 218, 219, 220, 334.
+
+Pius IX., Pope, 361, 362, 365, 366, 367.
+
+Playter, Rev. George, 416.
+
+Postels, M. de, 358.
+
+Potter, Prof., 350.
+
+Potts, Rev. Dr., 30, 288, 573, 594, 595, 596.
+
+Powell, Ald. J., 177.
+
+Powell, Mr., 314.
+
+Power, Bishop, 428.
+
+Prince, Colonel, 338.
+
+Prindle, Rev. Andrew, 392.
+
+Prinsen, Mr., 364.
+
+Punshon, Rev. Dr. W. M., 539, 543, 544, 545, 556, 557, 558, 560, 562,
+ 564, 571, 573, 576, 577, 579, 589, 590.
+
+
+Radcliffe, Mr., 127, 128, 130, 141.
+
+Receveur, Abbe, 358.
+
+Reece, Rev. Richard, 92, 115, 159, 162.
+
+Reese, Rev. Dr. D. M., 279.
+
+Reynard, Rev. Prof., 594.
+
+Reynolds, Bishop, 383.
+
+Rice, Rev. Dr., 576.
+
+Richards, Sir W. B., 194, 567.
+
+Richardson, Bishop, 40, 48, 53, 75, 78, 90, 93, 99, 108, 118, 154,
+ 183, 383.
+
+Richey, Rev. Dr. M., 154, 209, 244, 270, 273, 387, 388, 403, 404,
+ 556, 557.
+
+Rigg, Rev. Dr., 556, 589.
+
+Ripon, Earl of, 118, 224, 232, 235, 386, 459.
+
+Roads, Rev. Mr. 384.
+
+Roaf, Rev. John, 212.
+
+Roberts, Bishop, 269.
+
+Robinson, Hon. Peter, 170.
+
+---- Chief Justice, 173, 177, 300, 310, 551, 568, 570.
+
+Robinson, Hon. W. B., 567, 568.
+
+Robinson, Mr., 162.
+
+Roblin, John P., M.P.P., 304.
+
+Roebuck, J. A., M.P., 167, 169, 171, 175, 228.
+
+Rolfe, Sir R. M., 165.
+
+Rolph, Dr. John, 127, 170, 189, 190, 288.
+
+Rose, Rev. Dr. S., 61, 62, 594.
+
+Routh, Sir Randolph, 340.
+
+Rowsell, Henry, 296.
+
+Russell, Lord John, 123, 216, 255, 260, 261, 263, 264, 267, 272, 285,
+ 286, 378, 389, 391, 395, 435, 438, 441, 443, 451, 454, 467, 499, 516.
+
+Rultan, Sheriff, 348.
+
+Ryan, Rev. Henry, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 131, 195, 278, 385, 557.
+
+Ryckman, Rev. E. B., 587.
+
+Ryerse, Major, 538.
+
+Ryerse, Samuel, 24.
+
+Ryerson, Rev. George, 25, 36, 37, 42, 45, 52, 53, 55, 56, 64, 67, 68,
+ 69, 70, 79, 83, 94, 107, 108, 109, 113, 412, 534.
+
+---- Rev. John, 25, 52, 55, 67, 86, 87, 88, 89, 109, 111, 115, 127, 128,
+ 136, 141, 142, 147, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 161, 166, 171, 172, 177,
+ 181, 183, 184, 188, 196, 199, 200, 201, 228, 239, 240, 241, 269, 270,
+ 271, 323, 325, 328, 345, 346, 347, 348, 386, 399, 401, 402, 403, 413,
+ 503, 507, 511, 512, 534, 573, 574, 575, 580, 585, 587.
+
+---- Rev. William, 25, 29, 40, 52, 58, 69, 75, 78, 83, 81, 88, 111, 118,
+ 130, 141, 142, 147, 177, 179, 228, 263, 269, 271, 272, 276, 405, 450.
+
+Ryerson, Rev. Edwy, 69, 83, 84, 130, 133, 228, 415.
+
+Ryerson, Mrs., Sr., 23, 25, 27, 28, 37, 42, 43, 45, 54, 55, 56, 82, 84,
+ 139, 140, 178, 268, 358, 412.
+
+Ryerson, Samuel, 24.
+
+---- Colonel, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 41, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 55,
+ 56, 58, 60, 61, 84, 127, 134, 178, 310, 412.
+
+Ryerson, Lucilla Hannah, 111.
+
+Ryland, Rev. John, 162.
+
+
+Salt, Rev. Allen, 78.
+
+Sanderson, Rev. Dr. G. R., 211, 533.
+
+Sandon, Lord, 168, 272.
+
+Sandwich, Dr., 159.
+
+Saunders, Hon. J. S., 453.
+
+Saurin, Rev. J. S., 354, 357.
+
+Savage, Rev. D., 579.
+
+Sawyer, Chief Joseph, 72.
+
+Scobie, Hugh, 337, 338, 339, 341.
+
+Scott, Rev. Jonathan, 271, 287, 294, 295.
+
+Scott, Rev. Wm., 201, 275.
+
+Seaton, Lord (see Sir J. Colborne).
+
+Shaftesbury, Rt. Hon. Lord, (see Lord Ashley), 163, 542.
+
+Sherwood, Mr. Justice, 173, 264, 304.
+
+Sherwood Sheriff, 111.
+
+Shiel, Rt. Hon. Richard, 516, 517.
+
+Shuttleworth, Sir J. P. Kay, 419, 600.
+
+Simcoe, Governor, 219, 220.
+
+Simpson, Bishop, 556, 577.
+
+Skinner, Bishop, 213.
+
+Slater, Rev. Wm., 86.
+
+Slight, Rev. Benjamin, 275.
+
+Small, James E., 304.
+
+Smart, Rev. W., 221.
+
+Smith, Elias, 50.
+
+Smith, Rev. Bishop Philander, 383.
+
+Smith, Rev. Dr. Gervase, 544, 545, 571, 576, 577.
+
+Smith, William, 336.
+
+Snake, Wm., 77.
+
+Sornement, M., 358.
+
+Soule, Bishop, 269.
+
+Spark, Dr., 216.
+
+Spencer, Rev. James, 498, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 508, 509, 510,
+ 511, 512, 513, 533.
+
+Squire, Rev. Wm., 148.
+
+Stanley, Right Hon. Lord, 118, 119, 123, 135, 163, 307, 331, 332, 333,
+ 340, 381, 388, 439, 469, 539.
+
+Stanley, Very Rev. Dean, 579.
+
+Stanton, Mr., 311, 314.
+
+Stead, Rev. Mr., 272.
+
+Steer, Rev. Wm., 275.
+
+Steinheur, Rev. Henry, 78.
+
+Stephen, Sir James, 158, 168, 189, 228, 272.
+
+Stewart Rev. Mr., 102, 119.
+
+Stewart, Rt. Rev. Dr., (Bishop of Quebec), 48, 76, 103, 206, 213, 217,
+ 222, 291, 463.
+
+Stickney, Miss, (Mrs. Ryerson, Sen.), 23.
+
+Stinson, Rev. Dr. Joseph, 142, 154, 174, 183, 201, 204, 210, 227, 228,
+ 237, 238, 244, 273, 337, 388, 396, 397, 401, 402.
+
+Stoney, Rev. Edmund, 275.
+
+Strachan, Bishop, 24, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 81, 83, 84, 91, 92, 95, 97,
+ 98, 102, 103, 104, 105, 118, 125, 155, 182, 185, 195, 213, 215, 216,
+ 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 227, 229, 237, 239, 255, 256, 261, 262, 263,
+ 292, 296, 299, 300, 320, 378, 379, 380, 385, 386, 389, 419, 433, 435,
+ 436, 437, 438, 439, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450,
+ 452, 453, 455, 457, 463, 464, 566, 602, 603.
+
+Sturge, M. P., Joseph, 154, 162, 163.
+
+Sunday, Rev. John, 61, 77, 78, 275.
+
+Sunegoo, Wm., 68.
+
+Sullivan, Hon. R. B., 170, 265, 266, 289, 307, 320, 332, 338, 341, 418.
+
+Sweatman, Bishop. 595, 580, 581, 602.
+
+Sydenham, Lord, (C. Poulett Thompson), 193, 197, 216, 257, 258, 260,
+ 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287, 290, 301, 302,
+ 303, 304, 306, 312, 313, 320, 321, 325, 331, 342, 343, 345, 346, 378,
+ 382, 387, 388, 389, 390, 394, 395, 396, 441, 443, 550, 561.
+
+
+Taylor, Rev. Dr. Lachlan, 533, 559.
+
+Taylor, Rev. Joseph, 384.
+
+Telfer. Rev. Mr., 595.
+
+Thompson, C. H., 91, 195.
+
+Thompson, Chas. Poulett (see Lord Sydenham)
+
+Thorburn, A. B., 328.
+
+Thyner, Father, 367.
+
+Touse, Rev. Mr., 360.
+
+Townley, Rev. Dr., 198.
+
+Trevelyan, Sir Charles, 340, 376.
+
+Turner, Rev. R. L., 158.
+
+
+Usedon, Count, 540.
+
+
+Vaughan, Rev. C. J., 578.
+
+Venueil, Mons., 357.
+
+Viger, Hon. D. B., 318, 322, 333.
+
+
+Waddy, Rev. Dr., 556.
+
+Wallace, James, 562.
+
+Wahwahsinno, Chief, 76.
+
+Washburn, Daniel, 188.
+
+Waudby, John, 265.
+
+Watson, Rev. Richard, 106, 108, 110, 280, 384, 493, 494, 495.
+
+Waugh, Bishop, 269.
+
+Waugh, Dr., 115.
+
+Waugh, Rev. Mr., 119.
+
+Wayland, Rev. Dr., 26, 431.
+
+Wellington, Duke of, 602.
+
+Wells, Hon. Joseph, 178.
+
+Wenham, Dr., 79.
+
+West, Rev. Mr., 79.
+
+Whitehead, Rev. Thomas, 274, 276, 407, 408.
+
+Wilkinson, Rev. Henry, 130, 214, 228.
+
+Wilson, Mr., 176.
+
+Wilson, Thomas, & Co., 160.
+
+Wilmot, Lient.-Gov., L. A., 572.
+
+William IV., King, 118.
+
+Williams, Rev. J. A., 587.
+
+Willson, Hugh, 29.
+
+Willson, Hon. John, M.P.P., 46, 195, 385, 386, 551.
+
+Winchester, Bishop of, 116.
+
+Wiseman, Cardinal, 420.
+
+Wiseman, Rev. Mr., 576.
+
+Withrow, Rev. Dr., 600.
+
+Wolseley, Sir Garnet, 559.
+
+Wood, Rev. Dr. Enoch, 470, 479, 480, 491, 497, 498, 503, 507, 511, 512,
+ 533, 544, 559, 560, 589.
+
+Wood, Rev. James, 116, 119.
+
+Wood, Sir Charles, 515.
+
+Wright, Rev. David, 130, 131, 228.
+
+
+Yellowhead, Chief, 75, 76.
+
+Yeomans, Rev. D., 75.
+
+Young, Rev. E. R., 408, 409.
+
+Young, Rev. R., 272.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO SUBJECTS.
+
+
+American General Conference of 1868, attendance at, 556.
+
+
+Bagot, Government of Sir Charles, 306.
+
+Bethune, Correspondence with Bishop, 564.
+
+Bible, The, in Public Schools, 423, 564.
+
+Bidwell, Defence of, 188 _et seq._ 306, 416, 567.
+
+British Conference, Union with, 107 _et seq._ 114, 121, 141, 269.
+
+---- Separation from, 269, 272, 277, 383.
+
+
+Cartier, Sir George. Correspondence relating to, 559.
+
+Chapel Property Cases, 172.
+
+_Christian Guardian_, 93, 107, 109, 121, 131, 144, 172, 199, 201, 230,
+ 239, _et seq._, 259, 269, 271.
+
+_Christian Guardian_, Discussion with, 499.
+
+Church of England, Dr. Ryerson's attitude towards, 291.
+
+Church Property, Right of Conference to hold, 303.
+
+Civil Rights Controversy, 81.
+
+Class Meeting Question, 470, _et seq._, 491, _et seq._, 499.
+
+Clergy Reserve Question, 47, 68, 81, 83, _et seq._, 91, 95,
+ _et seq._ 119, 155, 168, 170, 216, 218, 225, _et seq._, 236 _et seq._,
+ 246, 250, _et seq._, 260 _et seq._, 278, 286, 300, 378, _et seq._,
+ 387 _et seq._, 433 _et_ _seq., 454 et seq._
+
+Confederation, Dr. Ryerson's Address on, 547.
+
+Connecticut University, 106.
+
+Controversy with W. L. Mackenzie, 124, 135, 145.
+
+Controversy with Rev. W. M. Harvard, 202.
+
+Controversies, Newspaper, 205, _et seq._
+
+Council, Legislative, 168, 170.
+
+
+Denominational Colleges Controversy, 518, _et seq._
+
+Dominion, Dr. Ryerson's Address on the New, 547.
+
+Durham, Government of Lord, 257, _et seq._, 312.
+
+
+Early Life, Sketch of, 23.
+
+Early Education, 24.
+
+Education, Appointment as Chief Superintendent of, 342.
+
+---- Retirement from Office of, 337.
+
+Educational Administration, 352, 368, _et seq._
+
+Educational Tours, 352, 365, 371, 419, 454, 514, 539, 577.
+
+Education, Dr. Ryerson's status in the Conference while holding Office
+ of Chief Superintendent of, 415.
+
+England, Visits to, 115, _et seq._, 121, 152, _et seq._, 158, 269, 272,
+ 352, 371, 419, 454, 514, 539, 577.
+
+Estimate of Dr. Ryerson's Character and Labours, by Rev. Dr.
+ Ormiston, 17.
+
+Estimates of Dr. Ryerson's Character and Work, 595, 598, 600, _et seq._
+
+
+Family Compact, 145.
+
+Funeral Ceremonies, 593.
+
+
+Grievance Report, 155.
+
+
+Hume and Roebuck Letters, 167.
+
+
+"Impressions" of England, 121, 137.
+
+Indians, Labour among, 64, _et seq._
+
+Infant Baptism, 470, _et seq._, 491, _et seq._
+
+
+"Legion's" Letters, 341.
+
+Loyalists, U. E., History of, 577, 585, 590.
+
+
+Matrimony, Right of Methodist Ministers to Celebrate, 303.
+
+Metcalfe, Defence of Sir Charles, 198, 312, _et seq._, 319, _et seq._,
+ 328, _et seq._, 349.
+
+Metcalfe, Administration of Sir Charles, 198, 312, _et seq._, 319,
+ _et seq._, 328, _et seq._, 337, _et seq._, 375.
+
+Methodist Union, 571.
+
+Metropolitan Church, 562.
+
+Minister, Work as, 80, 86, 149, 282, 287.
+
+Mission to River Credit Indians, page 58, _et seq._
+
+
+Norfolk County, Visits to, 534.
+
+
+Presidency of General Conference, 575.
+
+
+Rebellion of 1837, 175, _et seq._, 182.
+
+Rectories Question, 218, 225, _et seq._, 236, _et seq._, 245,
+ 250, _et seq._
+
+Red River Expedition, 559.
+
+Religious Experiences, 25, 30, 32, 42, 51-57, 82, 85.
+
+Religious Instruction in Schools, 423, 564.
+
+Responsible Government, 257, _et seq._
+
+Roebuck and Hume Letters, 167.
+
+Ryanite Schism, 87.
+
+
+School Act, 370.
+
+Spencer, Controversy with Rev. Mr., 499.
+
+Style, Controversial, 105.
+
+Sydenham, Administration of Lord, 260, 284, 286, 290, 301.
+
+
+Thompson, Mr. Charles Poulett, Government of, 260.
+
+
+Union, Methodist, 571.
+
+United Empire Loyalists, History of, 577, 585, 590.
+
+University Controversy, 518, _et seq._
+
+Upper Canada Academy, 113, 152, 161. _et seq._, 164, _et seq._, 179,
+ 301, 305, 307.
+
+
+Victoria College, 113, 152, 161, _et seq._, 164, _et seq._, 179,
+ 301, 305, 307.
+
+
+
+
+OPINIONS OF THE PRESS,
+
+OF
+
+STATESMEN AND OTHERS,
+
+ON
+
+REV. DR. RYERSON'S "HISTORY OF THE LOYALISTS OF AMERICA AND THEIR TIMES,
+FROM 1620 TO 1816."
+
+
+_From the Toronto_ Daily Mail, _July 7th, 1880._
+
+
+In a lengthened review of more than two columns, the _Mail_ says:
+
+ "It is with great pleasure that we introduce and commend to our
+ readers these portly volumes, which together contain nearly a
+ thousand pages. Dr. Ryerson deserves well of his country on account
+ of his long and inestimable services to the cause of popular
+ education. He is the still surviving father of our public school
+ system, and for over thirty years directed its progress with
+ characteristic zeal and activity. But apart from the author's
+ public work, these volumes--the result of twenty-five years'
+ labour--are exceedingly valuable on their own account. * * * Dr.
+ Ryerson has performed his task with great thoroughness, inspired by
+ a deep interest in his subject. The style is easy and flowing; the
+ facts stated are almost superabundantly established by reference to
+ the authorities; and wherever it becomes necessary to demonstrate
+ the misrepresentations of American writers, the author's forcible
+ way of putting the subject-matter in dispute is at once clear and
+ cogent. In short, the narrative is interesting, whilst the
+ arguments that crop up now and again are pointed and convincing. We
+ had some doubts as to the venerable author's age; but he leaves no
+ doubt upon the point in a passage relating to the war of 1812 (Vol.
+ II., p. 353). At the outbreak of the war, amongst the Norfolk
+ volunteers who went with General Brock to the taking of Detroit
+ were the elder brother and brother-in-law of the writer of these
+ pages (he being then ten years of age). Dr. Ryerson must be
+ consequently seventy-eight, or thereabouts; still, as his father
+ lived to the ripe old age of ninety-four, the author may have a
+ long lease of life before him."
+
+_From the Hamilton_ Evening Times, _June 13th, 1880._
+
+ "It has been well said, that Dr. Ryerson needs no monument to
+ perpetuate his industry, zeal, ability, and aptitude for literary
+ work, and successful management other than the system of public and
+ high schools of Ontario, which he may be said to have created
+ nearly forty years ago, and nourished until 1876, when he retired
+ from the position of Chief Superintendent of Education. But if he
+ do, that other monument will be found in his _History of the
+ Loyalists of America and their Times_. This contribution to native
+ literature is not the work of a day. It is the result of
+ twenty-five years of more or less arduous labour and diligent
+ inquiry. It is therefore all the more valuable and trustworthy.
+ When one carefully examines the tersely-written pages of the two
+ volumes comprising the History, one can, in a measure, conceive the
+ pains taken by the venerable author to do justice to his subject.
+ * * * The History is a mine of information. It stands alone as a
+ voluminous authority, and will probably do so for many years. It is
+ admirably written, thoroughly systematised, and clear and concise.
+ It is just such a work as should adorn the shelves of every
+ Canadian library."
+
+_From the Hamilton_ Spectator, _June 19th, 1880_.
+
+ "No book issued in Canada in recent years is more worthy of cordial
+ reception than the one which forms the subject of this notice. With
+ the name of U. E. Loyalists most Canadians are familiar, but with
+ the experience, the noble deeds, the unswerving loyalty to king and
+ country, of those who took part in the events of the early history
+ of America, very many are lamentably ignorant; or such knowledge as
+ they have has been derived from unfriendly or unreliable sources.
+ * * * The work Dr. Ryerson undertook was no light one. The time was
+ long past when the events treated of took place, and when the
+ actors in them could be consulted. But though the actors in the
+ stirring scenes of our early history had passed away, there were
+ authentic documents and records of them left behind, and these the
+ author has searched out and consulted. The results of his
+ researches appear as a work which must be commended for the vast
+ amount of information it contains, its accuracy of detail, and the
+ supplying of a want long felt and often deplored. * * * Altogether,
+ the book is one which should be read throughout the length and
+ breadth of Canada; and even across the sea it should, and doubtless
+ will, find a place. The Rev. Dr. Ryerson's efforts in the cause of
+ education have borne good fruit; it is certain that his great
+ literary work will also accomplish high beneficial results.
+
+ "The mechanical part of the book is in every way creditable to the
+ publishers."
+
+_From the_ Evangelical Churchman, _Toronto, June 24th, 1880_.
+
+ "This is, without exception, the most important and elaborate
+ historical work which has yet issued from the Canadian press. The
+ incidents of the memorable struggle, which resulted in the
+ separation of the colonies from the Empire, are given in nervous
+ and graphic language, and shed a flood of light on the contest
+ itself. The subsequent privations and sufferings of the "United
+ Empire Loyalists" are most vividly portrayed. Their settlement in
+ this and other Provinces are feelingly and touchingly described.
+ Reminiscences, recollections and experiences of expatriated
+ Loyalists are also given, and illustrations of the hardships
+ endured by them are related in the work by many of the living
+ descendants of these Loyalists. This portion of the history is
+ deeply interesting and instructive, but space forbids us to enter
+ into it. Our readers cannot do better than possess themselves of
+ these entertaining volumes, which we most cordially commend as a
+ most valuable addition to our colonial historical literature."
+
+_From the Toronto_ Christian Guardian, _July 14th, 1880_.
+
+ "This new book by the venerable Dr. Ryerson is the most important
+ literary work of his life. It fitly crowns a career of unusual
+ intellectual activity with a standard history of the formative
+ period of Anglo-American civilization. The range and scope of the
+ work are much wider than most persons would suppose from the
+ announcement. Most people looked for a work that would be mainly
+ made up of biographical sketches of the U. E. Loyalist pioneer in
+ the settlement of Canada. But Dr. Ryerson goes back to the
+ beginning, and traces the whole origin and growth of the English in
+ America, the relation of the Colonists to the Home Government, the
+ character and doings of the Colonial Governments, and the political
+ causes which produced dissatisfaction, and ultimately led to
+ rebellion and independence.
+
+ "The first thing that strikes us in examining this work is the
+ evidence it presents of extensive research, in the examination of
+ original documents, and consequently the extent to which it must be
+ a valuable repertory of important historic facts for future
+ historians of American civilization.
+
+ "One thing that invests this work with special interest to all
+ Canadians and Britons is that nearly all the histories of the
+ United States, as well as the popular literature of that country,
+ glorify the deeds and character of all who took a part in the
+ Revolutionary war, on the Republican side; but the Loyalists who
+ could not feel justified in fighting against their Sovereign and
+ country, are uniformly painted in the blackest colours, as if they
+ were cowardly and base wretches who had no redeeming qualities. All
+ that is hateful and mean is suggested by the word 'Tory' or
+ 'Royalist' in the annals of the United States. They have never had
+ fair play; because they were generally painted by those who
+ bitterly hated them. But while the author admits fully the folly
+ and unconstitutional despotism that goaded the colonists into
+ rebellion, and the patriotic feeling of many on the Republican
+ side, no one can read his work without feeling that great injustice
+ has been done to the Loyalists, whose wrong acts were generally
+ provoked by the relentless persecution of the other party. In the
+ light of the real facts, it does not appear criminal or
+ discreditable that they were unwilling to join in open war against
+ the land of their fathers and the Government to which they owed
+ allegiance. * * * The account of the war of 1812 will possess still
+ greater interest for Canadians. The part played by the people of
+ Canada at that time, in resolutely resisting an unjustifiable
+ invasion, made by a greatly superior power, at a time when England
+ was contending almost single-handed against the immense forces
+ Napoleon I. had combined against her; and the fact that eleven
+ different attacks were repelled without loss of territory, are
+ achievements of which Canadians have no need to be ashamed."
+
+_From the Montreal_ Gazette, _June 26th, 1880_.
+
+ In the course of an elaborate review of three columns of this work,
+ the editor of the _Montreal Gazette_, June 26th, 1880, says:
+
+ "This most important work, whose approach to completion we had the
+ pleasure some months ago of announcing to our readers, is now an
+ accomplished fact, and the people of Canada will have an
+ opportunity of gratifying their desire for a full and fair history
+ of one of the most interesting and meritorious elements of our
+ population. For the laborious, and in some respects perilous task
+ of writing such a history, few, if any, of our prominent men of
+ learning could have been so well fitted as Dr. Ryerson. Himself the
+ son of a leading Loyalist, of a family which had given Canada many
+ men of earnest thought and strenuous act, familiar from his
+ childhood with the traditions of those heroic settlers who were
+ mainly the founders of his native Province, and having himself had
+ no small share in extending the progress and perpetuating the
+ prosperity of which, at the cost of their fortunes and the risk of
+ their lives, they laid the firm basis, he was indignantly conscious
+ of the many calumnies propagated by hostile pens, from which, for
+ nearly a century, they had suffered almost undefended. Not alone,
+ indeed. Happily there were others also who longed to see the story
+ of the Loyalists written by an impartial and skilful hand. And when
+ those who represent what was best in the public life, the
+ literature, the pulpit and the press of the two united Provinces a
+ quarter of a century ago, looked around on each other and beyond
+ their own circle for a person to whom they might entrust the
+ performance of so needed a duty, they unanimously fixed upon the
+ Superintendent of Education of Upper Canada as that person. Thus
+ selected, and not unmoved, besides, by potent inward urgings, Dr.
+ Ryerson accepted the honourable but difficult charge." [Then
+ follows an analysis of the principal facts and arguments of the
+ work.]
+
+_From the_ Morning Chronicle, _Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 4th, 1880._
+
+ "This is undoubtedly one of the most notable of recent works from
+ the press of Canada. It is a work of such interest as to its
+ subject, and, we must add, of such merit as to its execution, that
+ no proper justice can be done to it in any such review as can be
+ afforded within the limited eligible space of a daily newspaper."
+
+_From the_ Morning Herald, _Halifax, N. S., July 24th and August 4th,
+1880._
+
+The _Herald_ devotes two articles in review of this work, commencing
+with the following words:
+
+ "The author of this work is so well known to the people of this
+ country, that any publication in which his name appears is a
+ sufficient guarantee of its value, its accuracy, and the
+ interesting nature of its contents. No work ever published in
+ Canada is more worthy of a cordial reception from our people than
+ the 'Loyalists of America and their Times,' and none will be read
+ with more intense interest by the descendants of those noble men
+ and women, 'who, stripped of their rights and property during the
+ war, * * * were driven from the homes of their birth and of their
+ forefathers,' because of their loyalty to their king, to seek new
+ homes in the (then) wilderness of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick."
+
+N.B.--Numerous other notices, of a similar character to the above, are
+said to have appeared in various provincial newspapers.
+
+
+Letter from Sir Stafford Northcote.
+
+
+ "79 Portland Place, July 26th, 1880.
+
+ "My Dear Sir,
+
+ "I ought long ago to have thanked you for so kindly sending me your
+ work on the 'Loyalists,' but I have been so busy since it came that
+ I have had little time for reading. I have been much interested
+ with it, and am very much obliged for it.
+
+ "Believe me, yours very faithfully,
+
+ (Signed) "Stafford H. Northcote."
+
+
+
+Letter from Lord Carnarvon.
+
+
+ "Highclere Castle, Newbury, Sept. 1st, 1880.
+
+ "My Dear Sir,
+
+ "I have received the 'History of the Loyalists of America' which
+ you have been good enough to send me. I have as yet only been able
+ to turn the pages, but before long I hope to find the leisure to
+ become acquainted with the contents of these two volumes, of which
+ I have seen enough in my rapid glance to be sure that they embrace
+ not only much that is most interesting, but in a historical point
+ of view very valuable matter.
+
+ "I remain, my dear Sir, yours faithfully,
+
+ (Signed) "Carnarvon."
+
+
+
+Letter from Alpheus Todd, Esq., Librarian of the House of Commons.
+
+
+ "Ottawa, September 16th, 1880.
+
+ "My Dear Dr. Ryerson,
+
+ "I have just returned from a visit to England, much refreshed. I
+ found your two interesting volumes on my desk, and am very grateful
+ for your kind remembrance of me. I shall prize them highly.
+
+ "We have all reason for congratulation that you have completed this
+ great book, which is a noble retrospect of the loyalty of our
+ forefathers. I earnestly hope that it may be the means of
+ quickening and strengthening the present generation in this land in
+ the endeavour to render themselves worthy of the noble inheritance
+ that the zeal and devotion of our ancestors obtained for us, and
+ that it will deepen our attachment to the British Crown and
+ Imperial connection.
+
+ "Always with much respect and regard,
+
+ "Your sincere friend,
+
+ (Signed) "Alpheus Todd."
+
+
+
+Letter from His Excellency the Marquis of Lorne.
+
+
+ "Citadel, Quebec, June 10th, 1880.
+
+ "My Dear Dr. Ryerson,
+
+ "I have to-day received your most welcome gift, and hasten to tell
+ you my gratitude for what was to me a very pleasant surprise--a
+ surprise, for I had not heard that you were engaged in the task you
+ have now completed, and had I heard it, I could not have expected
+ the kindness which has made me the recipient from the author of
+ such a full and extremely interesting history.
+
+ "It should become a household book in Canada; and I can well
+ imagine the delight it will give to those who are able through the
+ work, as you have been in its composition, to trace the actions and
+ live again in sympathy with the thoughts of heroic ancestors.
+
+ "Believe me, with very many thanks,
+
+ "Yours very truly,
+
+ (Signed) "Lorne."
+
+
+
+Letter from Lord Dufferin.
+
+
+ "St. Petersburg, September 6th, 1880.
+
+ "My Dear Dr. Ryerson,
+
+ "I have just received your two beautiful volumes. I cannot tell you
+ how grateful I am to you for your kind thought of me. There is no
+ present I value more than that of a book from its author. Indeed, I
+ have now a very interesting library composed of volumes given to me
+ at different times by the various distinguished men of the present
+ generation whom I have had the happiness to know, and your work
+ will find an honoured place upon its shelves.
+
+ "You well know how fully I understand and appreciate all that you
+ have done for education in Canada, and that there are few people in
+ the Dominion for whom I have always entertained a greater regard or
+ respect.
+
+ "Believe me, my dear Dr. Ryerson,
+
+ "Yours most sincerely,
+
+ (Signed) "Dufferin."
+
+
+
+
+Canadian Methodism:
+
+ITS
+
+EPOCHS AND CHARACTERISTICS,
+
+WRITTEN AT THE REQUEST OF THE
+
+LONDON, TORONTO, AND MONTREAL CONFERENCES.
+
+BY THE
+
+_REV. EGERTON RYERSON, D.D., LL.D._
+
+
+_This Volume is elegantly bound in Extra English Cloth, with ink and
+gold stamping, 12mo. size, containing 448 pages_,
+
+WITH STEEL PORTRAIT,
+
+PRICE ... $1.25
+
+
+This Volume is not a mere reprint of the Essays that appeared in the
+Magazine from month to month, but contains a large amount of new matter
+which has not heretofore appeared.
+
+It possesses also, to the many admirers of its beloved and honoured
+author, a melancholy interest, as being the latest production of that
+pen which, during a long and busy life, was ever wielded in defence of
+civil and religious liberty.
+
+
+Agents wanted to sell this important Work.
+
+Address--
+
+ WILLIAM BRIGGS, Publisher,
+
+ 78 & 80 King St. East, Toronto.
+
+
+
+
+The Loyalists of America
+
+AND
+
+THEIR TIMES.
+
+BY THE
+
+REV. EGERTON RYERSON, D.D., LL.D.,
+
+_Chief Superintendent of Education for Upper Canada from 1844 to 1876._
+
+
+This book is one of national importance. It is the most ample and minute
+account of the U. E. Loyalists and their Times which has hitherto been
+published. It describes very fully the early Colonial History of
+America, and traces the important distinction, often overlooked, between
+the Pilgrim Fathers and the Puritan Fathers in New England, who
+maintained separate Governments for seventy years. The religious
+persecutions of the Quakers and other dissidents from Puritan creed and
+civil constitution are reviewed, and the stern intolerance of the latter
+is shown. The fortunes of the Colonies under the Long Parliament, the
+Commonwealth, and the Restoration, are carefully traced. The prolonged
+conflict between France and England for the possession of the Continent,
+with its battles, sieges, and adventurous campaigns is given in detail.
+The growing estrangement between Great Britain and the Colonies, and the
+stormy events of the Revolutionary War, are recounted. This epoch is
+very fully discussed from a British Loyalist point of view. The author
+avows his sympathy with the colonists in their assertion of their rights
+as British subjects, and avers his belief that but for their
+revolutionary Declaration of Independence they would within a
+twelvemonth have obtained all that they desired without the shedding of
+blood, without the unnatural alliance with France, much less a war of
+seven years. But the outbreak and conduct of the war are emphatically
+condemned.
+
+No portion of this history will be read with greater interest than that
+which describes the sufferings, in maintaining their allegiance to their
+King, of the U. E. Loyalist Founders and Fathers of Canada. For the
+first time, the full and detailed account of these sufferings is now
+published. The account of the early development and organization of the
+Government of the Maritime Provinces and of Upper Canada is full and
+minute. The stirring events of the War of 1812-15 are also given with
+much copiousness of detail. The grand patriotism of our country,
+struggling against tremendous odds, is amply asserted and illustrated.
+
+To this work the venerable author has devoted several of the best years
+of his life. Of U. E. Loyalist stock himself, he writes with hearty
+sympathy with his subject. He has devoted many years to the study of
+historical and constitutional questions. He has made laborious and
+extensive research. And he furnishes in these volumes copious
+documentary evidence of the validity of his assertions and conclusions.
+
+It is beautifully printed on extra calendered paper, and forms
+
+TWO HANDSOME OCTAVO VOLUMES,
+
+containing 1,055 pages, with Steel Portrait of the Author. Strongly
+bound
+
+ IN EXTRA ENGLISH CLOTH, $5 00
+ IN HALF MOROCCO, 7 00
+
+AGENTS WANTED.
+
+Address for particulars,
+
+ _WILLIAM BRIGGS, Publisher_,
+
+ 78 & 80 KING STREET EAST, TORONTO.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of My Life, by Egerton Ryerson
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF MY LIFE ***
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