diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 24559-8.txt | 6451 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 24559-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 114129 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 24559-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 159043 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 24559-h/24559-h.htm | 6642 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 24559-h/images/illus_055.jpg | bin | 0 -> 11284 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 24559-h/images/illus_071.jpg | bin | 0 -> 4939 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 24559-h/images/illus_093.jpg | bin | 0 -> 7699 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 24559-h/images/img001.jpg | bin | 0 -> 12760 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 24559.txt | 6451 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 24559.zip | bin | 0 -> 114113 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
13 files changed, 19560 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/24559-8.txt b/24559-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e0154b --- /dev/null +++ b/24559-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6451 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of +the Proceedings at the Fifth Annual Meeting, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Fifth Annual Meeting + Evansville, Indiana, August 20 and 21, 1914 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: February 9, 2008 [EBook #24559] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + +NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + +REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING + +EVANSVILLE, INDIANA AUGUST 20 AND 21, 1914 + +CONCORD, N. H. THE RUMFORD PRESS 1915 + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + PAGE + + Officers and Committees of the Association 4 + + Members of the Association 5 + + Constitution and Rules of the Association 10 + + Proceedings of the Meeting held at Evansville, Indiana, August 20 + and 21, 1914 11 + + Report of the Secretary-Treasurer 17 + + Proposed Score Card for Judging Nuts 20 + + Status and Possibilities of Nut Culture in the North, + T. P. Littlepage, Washington, D. C. 23 + + Discussion on Cultivation and Fertilizers for Nut Trees 31 + + Personal Experiences with Hybridization of Nut Trees, + Dr. Robert T. Morris, New York 37 + + The Use of Dynamite in Tree Planting, C. D. Evans, Delaware 43 + + Demonstration of Grafting and Budding Nut Trees, R. L. McCoy, + Indiana, and Paul White, Indiana 47 + + Discussion on Seedling Trees 52 + + Seedling Nut Trees. The Nomenclature of Northern Pecans, + Dr. J. Russell Smith, Pennsylvania 54 + + Practical Suggestions on the Production of Nut Orchards, + Dr. C. A. Van Duzee, Georgia 61 + + The Function of the Class Journal, Ralph T. Olcott, + _Editor American Nut Journal_ 65 + + Discussion on Top Working Large Nut Trees 68 + + Report of the Committee on Nomenclature 73 + + Report of the Committee on Exhibits 74 + + Report of the Committee on Resolutions 74 + + Session at Enterprise 75 + + A Plea for the Planting of Nut Trees, Colonel C. K. Sober, + Pennsylvania 85 + + Discussion on the Hazel or Filbert 88 + + Appendix: + + The History of the Persian Walnut in Pennsylvania, J. G. Rush, + Pennsylvania 93 + + A Comparison of Northern and Southern Conditions in the + Propagation of Nut Trees, J. F. Jones, Pennsylvania 96 + + Top Working Large Walnut Trees, W. C. Reed, Indiana 101 + + Interest in Nut Growing in the Intermountain States, + Dr. L. D. Batchelor, Utah 104 + + Report from G. H. Corsan, Canada 105 + + Distribution of Persian ("English") Walnut Seedlings in + Michigan 107 + + Examples of Some Recent Correspondence 109 + + Preliminary Report on the Persian Walnut, by the Secretary 114 + + Correspondents and Others Interested in Nut Culture 118 + + Some Recent Literature on Nuts and Nut Growing 124 + + Present at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Northern Nut + Growers Association 126 + + Annual Meeting in 1915 127 + +OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION + + _President_ J. RUSSELL SMITH University of Pennsylvania + _Vice-President_ W. C. REED Indiana + _Secretary and Treasurer_ W. C. DEMING Georgetown, Connecticut + + +COMMITTEES + + _Executive_ + T. P. LITTLEPAGE + R. T. MORRIS + AND THE OFFICERS + + _Nomenclature_ + W. C. REED + R. T. MORRIS + E. R. LAKE + C. A. REED + R. L MCCOY + + _Membership_ + W. C. DEMING + LEON D. BATCHELOR + C. H. PLUMP + + _Hybrids_ + R. T. MORRIS + J. R. SMITH + C. P. CLOSE + + _Promising Seedlings_ + T. P. LITTLEPAGE + C. A. REED + J. RUSSELL SMITH + + _Press and Publication_ + RALPH T. OLCOTT + T. P. LITTLEPAGE + W. C. DEMING + + +STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS + + Arizona C. R. Biederman Garces + California Claude D. Tribble Elk Grove + Canada G. H. Corsan University of Toronto + Connecticut Newman Hungerford Torrington, R. 2, Box 76 + District of Columbia T. P. Littlepage Union Trust Building, Washington + Florida H. Harold Hume Glen Saint Mary + Georgia J. B. Wight Cairo + Illinois E. A. Riehl Alton + Indiana R. L. McCoy Lake + Ireland Dr. Augustine Henry 5 Sanford Terrace, + Ranelagh, Dublin + Kentucky A. L. Moseley Calhoun + Maryland C. P. Close Department of Agriculture, Washington + Massachusetts James H. Bowditch 903 Tremont Building, Boston + Michigan H. L. Haskell 209 North Rowe St., Ludington + Minnesota C. A. Van Duzee Minneapolis + Missouri Alfred E. Johnson McBaine, R.1 + New Jersey C. S. Ridgway Lumberton + New York Dr. Ira Ulman 213 West 147th St., New York City + North Carolina W. N. Hutt, State Horticulturist Raleigh + Ohio Harry R. Weber 601 Gerke Building, Cincinnati + Pennsylvania J. G. Rush West Willow + Tennessee Egbert D. Van Syckel Trenton + Utah Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, + State Agricultural College Logan + Virginia John S. Parish Eastham + West Virginia B. F. Hartzell Shepherdstown + + + + +MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + + ARIZONA + C. R. Biederman, Garces + + CALIFORNIA + Tribble, Claude D., Elk Grove + Tucker, T. C., Manager California Almond Growers' Exchange, + Sacramento + + CANADA + Corsan, G. H., University of Toronto + Crow, J. W., Professor of Pomology, Ontario Agricultural College, + Guelph + Dufresne, Dr. A. A., 217 St. Christopher St., Montreal + Fisk, Dr. George, 101 Union Ave., Montreal + Henderson, Stuart, Victoria, British Columbia, Box 77 + Saunders, W. E., 352 Clarence St., London, Ont. + + CONNECTICUT + Barnes, John R., Yalesville + Deming, Dr. W. C., Georgetown + Deming, Mrs. W. C., Georgetown + Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. 2, Box 76 + Ives, Ernest M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden + Miller, Mrs. Charles, 32 Hillside Ave., Waterbury + Morris, Dr. Robert T., Cos Cob, R. 28, Box 95 + Plump, Charles H., West Redding + Pomeroy, E. C., Northville + + DELAWARE + Evans, C. D., care of DuPont Powder Company, Wilmington + Lord, George Frank, care of DuPont Powder Company, Wilmington + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington + Lake, Prof. E. R., Pomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington + +Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building, Washington + Kinsell, Miss Ida J., 1608 17th St., Washington + Orr, Herbert R., Evans Building, Washington + Reed, C. A., In Charge of Nut Culture Investigations, Department of + Agriculture, Washington + *Van Deman, Prof. H. E., Washington + + FLORIDA + Hume, H. Harold, Glen Saint Mary + Prange, Mrs. N. M. G., Jacksonville + Simpson, Ray C., Monticello + + GEORGIA + Wight, J. B., Cairo + + ILLINOIS + Aldrich, H. A., Neoga + Heely, Dr. O. J., St. Libory + Poll, Carl J., 1009 Maple St., Danville + Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion + Riehl, E. A., Alton + Spencer, Henry D., Room 1, Opera House Block, Decatur + Webster, H. G., 450 Belmont Ave., Chicago + + INDIANA + Baldwin, C. H., State Entomologist, 130 State House, Indianapolis + Burton, Joe A., Mitchell + Hutchings, Miss Lida G., 118 Third St., Madison + Knapp, Dr. A, J., Evansville + Lockwood, E. E., Poseyville + McCoy, R. L., Lake + Niblack, Mason J., Vincennes + Reed, M. T., Vincennes + Reed, W. C., Vincennes + Schmidt, Hugh C., Evansville + Simpson, H. D., Vincennes + Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport + + IRELAND + Henry, Dr. Augustine, 5 Sanford Terrace, Ranelagh, Dublin + + KENTUCKY + Matthews, Prof. C. W., Horticulturist, State Agricultural + Station, Lexington + Moseley, A. L., Bank of Calhoun, Calhoun + + MARYLAND + Holmes, F. S., Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park + + MASSACHUSETTS + +Bowditch, James II., 903 Tremont Building, Boston + Hoffmann, Bernhard, Overbrook Orchard, Stockbridge + Knight, Charles F., Rowley + Mason, Harry R., Falmouth + Rich, William P., Secretary State Horticultural Society, + 300 Massachusetts Ave., Boston + Smith, Fred A., 39 Pine St., Danvers + Vaughan, Horace A., Peacehaven, Assonet + White, Warren, Holliston + + MICHIGAN + Haskell, H. L., 209 N. Rowe St., Ludington + + MINNESOTA + Powers, L. L., 1200 Lexington Ave., N. St. Paul + Van Duzee, Col. C. A., St. Paul + + MISSOURI + Johnson, Alfred E., McBaine, R. 1 + + NEW JERSEY + Dietrick, Dr. Thomas S., 12 West Washington Ave., Washington + Foster, Samuel F., Secretary North Jersey Society for the Promotion + of Agriculture, 100 Broadway, New York City + Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72 + Mergler, C. W., Hackensack Road and Mt. Vernon St., Ridgefield Park + Putnam, J. H., Vineland + Ridgeway, C. S., "Floralia," Lumberton + Roberts, Horace, Moorestown + Steele, T. E., Pomona Nurseries, Palmyra + Walter, Dr. Harry, Hotel Chalfonte, Atlantic City + + NEW YORK + Abbott, Frederick B., 419 Ninth St., Brooklyn + Ackerly, Orville B., 243 W. 34th St., New York City + Baker, Dr. Hugh P., Dean of State College of Forestry, Syracuse + Baker, Prof. J. Fred, Director of Forest Investigation, State College + of Forestry, Syracuse + Brown, Ronald K., 320 Broadway, New York City + Bruce, W. Robert, Brick Church Institute, Rochester + Church, Alfred W., Portchester + Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester + Fullerton, H. B., Director Long Island Railroad Experiment Station, + Medford, L. I. + Hickox, Ralph, 3832 White Plains Ave., New York City + Hans, Amedee, Superintendent Hodenpyl Estate, Locust Valley, L. I. + Haywood, Albert, Flushing + Hicks, Henry, Westbury, L. I. + Holden, E. B., Hilton + +Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City + Keeler, Charles E., Chichester and Briggs Aves., Richmond Hill + Miller, Mrs. Seaman, care of Mr. Miller, 2 Rector St., New York City + Murphy, P. J., 115 Broadway, New York City, care of Ford, Bacon & + Davis + Olcott, Ralph T., Ellwanger & Barry Building, Rochester + Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport + Reynolds, H. L., 2579 Main St., Buffalo + Rice, Mrs. Lillian McKee, Adelano, Pawling + Stephen, Prof. John W., Assistant Professor of Silviculture, State + College of Forestry, Syracuse + Storrs, A. P., 117 Front St., Owego + Teele, A. W., 30 Broad St., New York City + Teter, Walter C., 10 Wall St., New York City + Tuckerman, Bayard, 118 E. 37th St., New York City + Turner, K. M., 220 W. 42nd St., New York City + Ulman, Dr. Ira, 213 W. 147th St., New York City + Wile, Th. E., 1012 Park Ave., Rochester + Williams, Dr. Charles Mallory, 48 E. 49th St., New York City + +Wissmann, Mrs. F. deR., Westchester, New York City + + NORTH CAROLINA + Glover, J. Wheeler, Morehead City + Hutt, Prof. W. N., State Horticulturist, Raleigh + Van Lindley, J., J. Van Lindley Nursery Company, Pomona + + OHIO + Dayton, J. H., Storrs & Harrison Company, Painesville + Denny, Mark E., Middletown + Ford, Horatio, South Euclid + Johnston, I. B., Cincinnati, Station K + Miller, H. A., Gypsum + Rector, Dr. J. M., Columbus + Weber, Harry R., 601 Gerke Building, 123 E. 6th St., Cincinnati + Witte, O. F., Amherst + Yunck, E. G., 710 Central Ave., Sandusky + + PENNSYLVANIA + Ballou, C. F., Halifax + Doan, J. L., School of Horticulture, Ambler + Druckemiller, W. C., Sunbury + Fagan, Prof. F. N., Department of Horticulture, State College + Foley, John, Forester, Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 513-A, + Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia + Hall, L. C., Avonia + Hildebrand, F. B., Duquesne + Hoopes, Wilmer W., Hoopes Brothers and Thomas Company, Westchester + Hutchinson, Mahlon, Ashwood Farm, Devon, Chester County + +Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527 + Keely, Royal R., 1702 Mt. Vernon St., Philadelphia + Knipe, Irwin P., Norristown + Lovett, Mrs. Joseph L., Emilie, Bucks County + Martz, Walter C., Lebanon, care of Lebanon National Bank + Meehan, S. Mendelson, Thomas Meehan & Sons, Germantown + Moss, James, Johnsville, Bucks County + Preslar, C. F., 524 Grand View Ave., Pittsburgh + Rush, J. G., West Willow + Schmidt, John C., 900 So. George St., York + Smitten, H. W., Rochester Mills, R. 2 + +Sober, Col. C. K., Lewisburg + Thomas, Joseph W., Jos. W. Thomas & Sons, King of Prussia P. O. + Twaddell, E. W., Evergreen Nurseries, Westtown + Webster, Mrs. Edmund, 1324 So. Broad St., Philadelphia + Wister, John C., Wister St. and Clarkson Ave., Germantown + Wright, R. P., 235 W. 6th St., Erie + + TENNESSEE + Van Syckel, Egbert D., D.D.S., Trenton + + UTAH + Batchelor, Leon D., Horticulturist, Utah Agricultural College, Logan + Pendleton, M. A., 3 Mozart Apartments, Salt Lake City + + VIRGINIA + Crockett, E. B., Lynchburg + Parish, John S., Eastham, Albermarle County + Roper, W. N., Arrowfield Nurseries, Petersburg + Shackford, Theodore B., care of Adams Brothers-Paynes Company, + Lynchburg + Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Roundhill + Von Ammon, S., Fontella + + WEST VIRGINIA + Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown + + + Life member + * Honorary member + + + + +CONSTITUTION AND RULES OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + + +_Name_. The society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS +ASSOCIATION. + +_Object_. The promotion of interest in nut-producing plants, their +products and their culture. + +_Membership_. Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who +desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence +or nationality, subject to the approval of the committee on membership. + +_Officers_. There shall be a president, a vice-president, and a +secretary-treasurer; an executive committee of five persons, of which +the president, vice-president and secretary shall be members; and a +state vice-president from each state represented in the membership of +the association. + +_Election of Officers_. A committee of five members shall be elected at +the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the +subsequent year. + +_Meetings_. The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected +by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made +at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time +for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may +seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee. + +_Fees_. The fees shall be of two kinds, annual and life. The former +shall be two dollars, the latter twenty dollars. + +_Discipline_. The committee on membership may make recommendations to +the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member. + +_Committees_. The association shall appoint standing committees of three +members each to consider and report on the following topics at each +annual meeting: first, on promising seedlings; second, on nomenclature; +third, on hybrids; fourth, on membership; fifth, on press and +publication. + + + + +Northern Nut Growers Association + +FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING + +AUGUST 20 AND 21, 1914 + +EVANSVILLE, INDIANA + + +The fifth annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association was +held in the Evansville Business Association Hall at Evansville, Indiana, +beginning August 20, 1914, at 10 A. M., President Littlepage presiding. + +THE PRESIDENT: The fifth annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers +Association will now come to order, and I have the pleasure of +introducing to you Dr. Worsham who represents the Mayor of Evansville. + +DR. WORSHAM: Ladies and Gentlemen of the Northern Nut Growers +Association: + +Some men are born to greatness and others have it thrust upon them. I +stand in the position this morning of a man that has had his greatness +thrust upon him. The secretary of the Evansville Business Association, +who frequently takes liberties with me, told me a few minutes ago that, +in the absence of our Mayor, I was to welcome you. + +We extend to you a most cordial welcome to our thriving city. We are +always glad to have associations of this kind meet with us, because they +bring to us new ideas and new thoughts. + +As I looked upon those nuts this morning my mind returned to the time +when I was a boy, when my father, although a splendid business man who +took advantage of most of the opportunities that presented themselves to +him, neglected one of the best he had in selling one hundred and +twenty-five acres of land across the Ohio River here, upon which there +grow a number of native pecans. The only time we ever had any pecans +from that place was when we got a German over there, direct from +Germany. He couldn't speak a word of the English language but my father +said to him, "Keep the boys out and get some pecans." He went down there +with a dog and a gun and we got more nuts that year than ever before or +since. + +This city has the distinction, as I have learned since I came into the +hall, of being the center of the nut growing district of the northwest. +Another honor that our splendid city has. As you know we are here in the +largest hardwood lumber market in the world; we have the cheapest and +best coal of any place in the world; we have the greatest river +facilities of any city along the Ohio River; we have six main arteries +of railroad into our city, so it is easy to manufacture, easy to ship +and easy to dispose of the products of our business in this grand, +beautiful and well situated city. + +Now gentlemen, remember that Dr. Worsham's telephone is 213, that I am +representing the Mayor and Business Men's Association, and that we are +perfectly delighted to have you with us. I hope you will have a good +time. I thank you. + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Robert T. Morris will respond first to Dr. Worsham +and afterwards Mr. Potter. + +DR. MORRIS: Mr. Chairman, Representatives of the Business Men's +Association, Ladies and Gentlemen: In Chicago, I met an Englishman who +told me he was going to "Hevansville." I did not know just where he +meant but after hearing Dr. Worsham's speech, I understand. + +This is no doubt one of the coming cities of the world. You have here +the field that was fought for by the early settlers and the Indians, and +the field that is to be the scene of many wars in days to come. + +In the days to come, perhaps a thousand years from now, there may be +four or five people to the acre living under conditions of intensive +cultivation. This is just the sort of land that will support a +population to the best advantage, and you have here conditions suitable +for the crop that is to be the crop of the future. People do not fully +utilize nature's resources until there is need for doing so. We have +depended upon the cereals and the soft fruits and things of that sort, +just as the early Indian depended upon the deer and the beaver. The time +came when his beaver and his deer disappeared. We, like the Indian, take +up first the development of simplest things in plant life. Later, under +intensive cultivation, we shall be enabled to support a very much larger +population on fewer acres. + +We find that nuts contain starch and proteids in such proportion that +they will fairly well take the place of meats and of other starches. + +Now, this is not an opinion which is individual alone, but is the +conclusion of authorities after examination of data. Chemical +examination of nuts has been made by our Department of Agriculture at +Washington and by chemists elsewhere. The nut crop, then, is to be +perhaps the staple food crop for the people of the United States one +thousand years from now, when we are depending upon methods of intensive +cultivation for the annual plants. + +It is true, of course, that three thousand years before Christ, the +Emperor Yu developed in China a system of agriculture that is better +than any European or American system today both as to production and +transportation--perhaps including distribution. At the present time +China is supporting a larger population to the acre than any other +country. + +All this comes to mind in response to the address of welcome by Dr. +Worsham. Here at this point of our United States, there is already a +center of the new movement for the development of the great future food +supply of the world, a nut nursery center. Here we find also another +feature of great consequence from the economic and politic side. We find +honest nurserymen. That is a very important matter. As nations advance +in culture the moral side develops, and as the ethical side develops +there will be better representatives in the trades and in all callings. +The nursery business is near to nature and for that reason simple people +have assumed that nurserymen were nearly as white as snow. Those of us +who have had some experience with them, know what it means to find +honest ones. We deeply appreciate the fact that in this part of the +country honest nurserymen are making a name for themselves and for +America. + +I know Evansville not only in this way that I have been speaking of but +also in a professional way because of its doctors. There are two or +three or four of the Evansville doctors--you do not know that as members +of this Association, but I know it as a member of our great +profession--who have placed Evansville upon the map. This city is best +known throughout the United States in the medical profession because of +some three or four Evansville doctors of the present and past. + +Therefore it is with a double pleasure that I respond to the address of +welcome given by Dr. Worsham. + +THE PRESIDENT: We will now hear from Hon. W. O. Potter of Marion, +Illinois. + +MR. POTTER: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: This meeting to me is +something out of the ordinary. I can remember that when I was a boy I +knew every good hickory nut tree in the community where I was raised, +but after I left my native heath and went into the practice of law and +got into politics, I forgot all about the hickory trees until just a few +years ago when, by accident, I picked up a nut journal. I don't know how +it came into my possession but I got it and I read some article on the +Indiana pecan, and I read an article on the development of nut trees in +the south, and I got interested and commenced studying the subject. I +wrote to the Department of Agriculture and got some articles on nut +culture from Mr. Reed and others and became still more interested. + +However, nut culture doesn't mix well with politics or law, and, +therefore, it is more or less of a side issue with me. I have gone into +nut culture only on a small scale. On my lot in the city of Marion where +I live I have set out some pecan trees, and after a hard battle in court +all day it is quite a pleasure to get home in the evening and to pull +off my coat and to get on some old clothes and go out among my trees. +There is nothing better to get one's mind off the daily combat of life. + +I was very much impressed with Dr. Worsham's address of welcome and also +Dr. Morris's response. I believe that this country is beginning a new +era; we are going to experience a metamorphosis. I think we will shed +this old shell, take on a new dress and start afresh. + +I presume it is here as in Illinois where I was raised. Our farmers came +from the south principally, and about all they knew of farming in those +early days was to raise corn and some tobacco, but mostly, through our +section, corn, and in a few years they corned the land to death. You can +go through our country and see old hillsides red with clay and farmers +barely eking out an existence. Those people will never be much better +off than they are now, but as they pass off and the newer generation +comes on, departments of agriculture and horticulture will be organized +in the universities, where it has not already been done, and the farmers +will be a class of people right up to date. Modern civilization tends to +drive the sons back to the farm and that is overdone sometimes. People +think they want to go to farming when they don't. We ought not to take +up this idea "back to the farm" too largely at once but gradually grow +into it. I know what it is to be on the farm and work hard day after +day; there is no chance for us under the old conditions; but in higher +forms of agriculture or horticulture the American people will find the +greatest benefits and pleasures. It gets monotonous for a man who has a +profession to stick to that all the time, day in and day out without +change, week in and week out, year in and year out, and he gets to +driving in a rut. If he will take up a side line it will do him much +good. I have gone into nut growing for recreation, not profit, and I +think it is an occupation most conducive to a strong mind and a healthy +body. + +This country is getting to a point where we are going to have more +producers. We have too many consumers in this country. We talk about the +tariff and whether it raises or lowers the price of articles. That is +neither here nor there. The thing that will control the prices of foods +is the amount of food produced. As Dr. Morris said awhile ago we don't +need so much meat as we used to think we needed nor so many other kinds +of foods. All the food elements that keep man alive and his body in a +healthy condition are contained in nuts, fruits and things of that +character, and this to a great extent will eliminate the need for meats. +Meat is getting scarce and high. Beef steaks and pork chops are a great +deal higher than they formerly were and some of us who are not making as +much money in our professions as we need will have to find something +else to take the place of them. It seems to me that the solution of the +problem is in the production of nuts. The peanut is being manufactured +in a great many ways and we are using them on our tables daily, and it +will only be a few years when the pecan will be fixed up in as many +different ways. + +The hickory nut I think is another great nut of this country and great +attention ought to be paid to it. Its culture is still in its infancy. I +believe that in a few years the hickory nut and pecan will help solve +the food problem. + +I would not know how to graft any kind of a tree. What trees I need I +buy from some good responsible nurseryman and let him do the work of +grafting. + +I am glad to be a member of this association, although this is the first +meeting I have ever attended. I get a lot of enthusiasm from the other +members and I have had lots of information from being a member of this +association. + +I want to thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for listening to my remarks +which I had no thought of making. What I have said has been at random. + +DR. MORRIS: When I was speaking a minute ago I left out one idea that is +clever, and I want to get it in although it belongs to Professor Smith. +When we get to the point of intensive cultivation we are to have the +two-story farm. We will have the tree which will be the second story and +will furnish our meat, and underneath we will have our small crops. In +that way we will have a two-story farm. + +THE PRESIDENT: That is a very good idea, Dr. Morris, and I am glad you +got it in. We are very glad to have the remarks by Dr. Morris and Mr. +Potter. Mr. Potter has been in the legislature and we are pleased to +know that there is one member of a legislature in the United States who +does not know how to graft. + +MR. POTTER: I am sorry you said that. I wish you had left that out. I +was there when Lorimer was elected. + +THE PRESIDENT: There is nothing that would cure a legislature of +grafting quicker than horticulture. + +The chair desires to make an announcement of the program. This morning, +there will be the usual talks and papers. We will adjourn at 12 o'clock +and meet again at 1 o'clock for the afternoon session until 5 o'clock, +at which time the members of the Association and visitors are invited by +some of the citizens to take an automobile ride to see the city and the +different industries, which I am sure we will all be glad to do. This +evening at 8 o'clock there will by a lecture by Mr. C. A. Reed of the +Department of Agriculture and he will us show one of the best +collections of lantern slides in existence. Everybody is invited, +whether members of the Association or not, including the ladies and +children. + +Tomorrow morning at 7:15 we will take the Rockport traction car here, +getting off at Sandale, at which place we will be met by wagons and we +will go to Enterprise where you will see a great number of seedling +pecan trees of all ages. They are bearing, the limbs hanging down close +to the ground, and there will be an excellent opportunity to see the +nuts on the trees at close range. + +A gasoline boat will meet us at Enterprise between 12 and 1 and we will +return to Evansville tomorrow evening, via the river, stopping at proper +points, and be in session again at 8 o'clock, finishing up the business +of the Association with a lecture by Col. C. K. Sober of Pennsylvania, +the great chestnut producer. He has a great many lantern slides and will +tell you many things of interest. He is one man who is working earnestly +and tirelessly to combat the chestnut blight. + +The next thing on the program this morning will be the report of the +secretary of the Association, Dr. W. C. Deming. + +THE SECRETARY: I have the honor to report as follows: + + + + +REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER + + Deficit, date of last report $105.05 + + Expenses: + Washington meeting 10.46 + Reporting convention 45.00 + Printing report 217.58 + Miscellaneous printing 23.25 + Postage and stationery 42.84 + Membership A. P. S. 2.00 + Stenographer and multigraphing 7.20 + Express, carting, freight 3.36 + Exchange on checks .90 + Telephone .25 + -------- $457.89 + + Receipts: + Dues $273.00 + Postage 5.07 + Advertisements 69.05 + Contributions 104.00 + Sale of report 4.00 + Bills receivable 10.00 + -------- $465.12 + Balance on hand $7.23 + +It was necessary to take out a membership in the American Pomological +Society in order to be eligible to receive the bronze Wilder medal +awarded for meritorious exhibit of nuts at the Washington convention. + +In response to an appeal sent out by the secretary for assistance in +defraying the expenses of publishing the report, thirteen members +contributed. There was one contribution of fifty dollars, one of +twenty-five dollars, several of five dollars and others of lesser sums. + +Two advertisements are still not paid for. + +It is evident that the income of the association from regular sources is +not at present sufficient to pay the expense of printing the annual +report, in addition to the necessary expenses of maintenance. It may be +possible to reduce the expense of printing the report by omitting cuts +and by printing a smaller number of reports, though the saving from the +latter expedient would be small. + +It seems to be the opinion of some of our members, and it is certainly a +good business principle, that we should not undertake the issuing of an +annual report until the funds for paying for it are in hand. I would +renew my suggestion of last year that a proper committee be authorized +to take measures for collecting the funds necessary for this purpose. +During the past year a few of the members voluntarily constituted +themselves a committee and succeeded in collecting a considerable sum +from advertisements which appeared in the report. + +It would certainly be a pity to interrupt the regular appearance of the +report of our annual meeting. + +Seventy-five new members were added during the year, or rather during +the nine months elapsed since the meeting at Washington. Since the +organisation of the Association 212 persons have become members. We +have now 132 paid-up members. I feel certain that some of those who have +not paid up do not desire to sever their connection with the +Association. There have been but three resignations, one of whom gave as +his reason "persistent knocking by members of the Association of pecan +promotions in the South." No death among our members have come to the +secretary's knowledge. + +Many new members came in at the Washington meeting. A number of others +joined as a result of the publicity given the Association by several +articles from the pen of one of the members which appeared in various +publications. A still larger number appeared to be attracted by the +offer which the secretary took upon himself to make, of the two first +reports as a premium for new members on the payment simply of the +postage for forwarding them. This action of the secretary was generally +approved by the members of the executive committee, though there was +some criticism from one or two members of the Association. But it seemed +to the secretary better to make this attraction for new members, and to +get out the reports where they might do some good, rather than to have +so many of them sagging the beams in his attic. The secretary would +suggest that in the future he be authorized to offer a complete set of +the reports to all new life members, and to other new members the +opportunity to buy the back reports at a reduced sum, say 50 cents, or +even 25 cents each. This would give a little income toward the expenses +of the Association. The copies of our reports are assets and should be +realized on. + +The field meeting held at the farm of Dr. Robert T. Morris at Stamford, +Connecticut, on August 4 was well attended and was instructive and +enjoyable. A full account of the meeting will appear in the _American +Nut Journal_. + +The recent establishment of this journal, partly through the efforts of +members of the Association, is a cause for congratulation. We have once +more a high class and attractive monthly periodical in which to exchange +experiences and by which the public may be reached. Every member of the +Association should feel a personal interest in making this journal a +success and should seek the opportunity to send to the editor any items +of interest to nut growers. Anything relating to this subject is of +interest to the enthusiast. The more personal such a journal is made the +better. It should not be monopolized by the so-called experts. Everyone +interested in nut growing ought to feel it a duty, and consider it a +privilege, to communicate scraps of information, little suggestions and, +above all, questions and requests for information and advice. Even a +little controversy would add spice. Too much harmony becomes insipid. +This journal is as much for scrappers as for the men of peace. And, let +me quickly add, the women too, suffragists, suffragettes, and antis and +those who don't care. Twelve women are members of the Association and +women are going to take a large share in nut growing and find in it a +profitable and interesting occupation. + +Arrangements are being made with the publishers of the _American Nut +Journal_ whereby membership in our Association may include subscription +to the _Journal_ at a very small increase in the cost of membership. If +we can offer membership and the _Journal_ for $2.50 in advance and the +back reports for 50 cents apiece, or the three reports for $1, and send +notice of this to our list of about a thousand correspondents, we ought +to increase considerably our membership and do good to the world. + +Our rule that membership shall begin with the calendar year always gives +rise to some misunderstanding. Those who come in at the time of the +annual meeting, or between it and the end of the year, do not like to +pay another fee along in January. If there is no objection the secretary +will hereafter inform each applicant for membership that membership +expires with the calendar year, that membership may be taken out for the +present or the coming year, and that membership entitles necessarily +only to the publications issued during the year for which membership is +taken out. In other words the proceedings of this meeting will be +published in 1915 and members for 1914 will not be entitled to it unless +paid up for 1915. + +The investigation of the Persian walnut trees in the East is still going +on but the results have not been collated. + +I suggest the appointment of a committee to revise our constitution and +rules. These have so far served our purpose fairly well but, in the +opinion of the secretary, they now need modification and amplification. + +I would recall to the attention of the members our present rule that all +papers read before it are the property of the Association. + +In conclusion the secretary would like to ask each member to help +increase the prosperity and the usefulness of the Association by getting +new members, by getting advertisements for the annual report, and by +paying his annual dues promptly. It is a waste of any nut grower's time +to have to dun a lot of careless people. + + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair will now entertain a motion to approve the +secretary's report. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: The Northern Nut Growers Association has been very +fortunate in many things and especially in its selection of a secretary. +The services he has so faithfully rendered are very much appreciated by +the Association, and I move the report be accepted. + +[Seconded and carried. Also moved, seconded and carried that the +secretary be authorized to sell back numbers of the reports at a reduced +price.] + +DR. VAN DUZEE: I would like to say that a most important thing has been +overlooked, and that is that the chair should appoint a committee to +lift the load of financing the work of the Association from the +secretary's shoulders. + +THE PRESIDENT: It is very flattering to suggest that the chair is +competent to appoint that committee. Do you make it in the form of a +motion, Dr. Van Duzee? + +DR. VAN DUZEE: Yes sir, I make that as a motion. + +[Seconded and carried.] + +Professor Close read the following report on score cards prepared by +Prof. E. R. Lake of the committee. + + + + +PROPOSED SCORE CARDS FOR JUDGING NUTS + + +_Score-Card (Plates, Trays or Cartons)--Black Walnuts, Butternuts and +Hickorynuts_ + + General Values: + Size 10 + Form 5 + Color 5 + + Shell Values: + Thinness 15 + Cracking 20 + + Kernal Values: + Plumpness 5 + Color 10 + Flavor 10 + Quality 20 + --- + 100 + + +Note: For insect or fungous injuries deduct 5-10 points. + + +_Score-Cards--Chestnuts_ + + General Values: + Size 20 + Form 5 + Color 10 + Freedom from fuzz 10 + Size of basal scar 10 + + Kernal Values: + Flavor 10 + Quality of kernal 25 + Thinness and quality of inner skin 10 + ----- + 100 + +Note: For insect or fungous injuries deduct 5-20 points. + + +_Score-Card--Filberts_ + + General Values: + Size 15 + Form 5 + Color 5 + + Shell Values: + Thinness 15 + + Kernal Values: + Plumpness 10 + Freedom from fibre 10 + Color 5 + Flavor 15 + Quality 20 + ---- + 100 + +Note: For insect or fungous injuries deduct 5-10 points. + + +_Commercial Pecans_ + + General Values: + Size 20 + Form 5 + Color 5 + + Shell Values: + Thinness of shell 10 + Cracking quality 20 + + Kernal Values: + Plumpness of kernal 20 + Color of kernel 5 + Quality 15 + ---- + 100 + + +_Score-Card (Plates)--Persian Walnuts_ + + General Value: + Size 10 + Form 10 + Color 10 + + Shell Values: + Thinness of shell 10 + Smoothness of shell 5 + Sealing 10 + + Kernal Values: + Plumpness 5 + Color 10 + Flavor (sweetness, nuttyness) 10 + Quality (crispness, richness) 20 + ---- + 100 + +Note: For insect or fungous injuries deduct 5-15 points. + + * * * * * + +DR. MORRIS: I would say that this is a very excellent system as a basis +for judging. We must at all times have in mind the idea of working to +keep the quality very high. The reason for that is because the tendency +has been in the other direction. Appearance has been rated very high, +especially on the Pacific Coast, which is one of the centers in nut +raising today. I observed, while on a trip from southern California to +Washington and Oregon, that people all spoke about the beauty of the +nuts, and said little of quality. They will show you great, handsome, +bleached nuts, and some of the very poorest in quality are the ones +about which they talk the most, and they recognize this fact among +themselves. I haven't been looked upon with favor when telling them +frankly that a certain walnut ought not to be put on the market at all +on account of its quality. They resented that attitude on my part, but +later when I was standing nearby I overheard rival walnut growers +talking to each other. One said to another, "That is a handsome walnut, +but you will have to hire an awful good talker to get it on the market." +They resented my criticism and my judgment but among themselves said, +"You have got to have an awful good talker to get that nut on the +market." + +It is this matter of quality that must stand first among nuts as among +men. Many know that there is no better pecan than the San Saba. That is +standard for quality, yet it is not regarded as being so desirable as +some of the others because of its small size. We must always keep in +mind the quality rather than size and appearance. Of course, we like +things that look well but that side will be taken care of incidentally +in the course of the development of the subject. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: Dr. Morris, I should like to ask you a few questions. +Is it not the same as it is in the apple and peach market? You know in +that appearance counts for a great deal. Are you sufficiently acquainted +with the subject to say we will be safe in growing a nut that is second +class in appearance but first class in quality? + +DR. MORRIS: I am glad Professor Smith brought up that point. There is +just one way to approach the matter. Take a fine, handsome, large +English walnut, that has been bleached, and has lost quality in the +process. Growers have gone to a great deal of trouble to get it on the +market. Put alongside of it a small, thin-shelled, high quality walnut +that has not been bleached, and tell the dealer who is to sell those two +nuts that the great big handsome nut is to sell for 15 cents a pound, +and the ugly little one is to bring 30 cents a pound. That will attract +the attention of people to the good nuts. You can force people into +having good sense, through the exercise of a bit of dexterity in applied +psychology. + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Morris's remarks are very well taken, because nuts +are to be eaten and not to be looked at. Is there any further discussion +on this subject? If not, we will pass to the next. + +THE SECRETARY: The next thing on the program is the appointment of +committees. The advisability of amending the constitution and rules has +been already referred to. They have served our purpose pretty well up to +now but we have outgrown them. In order to expedite matters and get to +the real business of this Association, as this constitution is going to +be amended anyway, I would like to move that the rules about the +appointment of committees be suspended and that the chair be authorized +to appoint the necessary committees. This includes the committees which +the rules direct shall be elected, but that takes a long time and I +move that the chair appoint these different committees. + +THE PRESIDENT: Do I hear a second to that motion? + +A MEMBER: I second the motion. + +THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the rules requiring +that these committees be elected be suspended, and the chair be +authorized to appoint the different committees. The chair holds that it +will take three fourths of the members present to suspend the rules. Is +there any discussion about this? + +MEMBERS: We are ready for the question. + +THE PRESIDENT: All in favor of the motion made by Dr. Deming, make it +known by saying aye. + +[Vote taken.] + +THE PRESIDENT: Those opposed, by the same sign. + +[None.] + +THE PRESIDENT: The motion is carried that the chair appoint the +different committees, and they will be announced at the proper time. + +The next thing on the program is a paper by the President. I will ask +Dr. Morris to take the chair while I read what I have to say. + + + + +STATUS AND POSSIBILITIES OF NUT CULTURE IN THE NORTH + +T. P. LITTLEPAGE, WASHINGTON, D. C. + + +The purpose of the Northern Nut Growers Association is to stimulate the +production of nuts in the North. We distinguish the North from the South +in this regard not because we feel any less interest in the nut industry +in the South. The man who once becomes a nut enthusiast is no respecter +of Mason's and Dixon's Line or any other line that separates him from an +interesting nut tree or from a section in which nuts may be successfully +grown. His local interest, however, will naturally be around his own +dooryard and neighborhood. So we speak of northern nut culture and +northern nut trees because we live in the North and because this is the +section of the United States that needs at the present time the most +intelligent direction. The South has been forging ahead for a number of +years in this field. In fact, pecan culture promises to become second +only to the cotton industry in many sections of that country and +interest in its possibilities has attracted to it many conscientious, +able and prominent horticulturists who are today engaged in pecan +growing in the South and who are doing much to put the pecan industry on +an honest and intelligent basis. These men have become specialists in +the pecan industry and they know more about it than we do in the North. +Consequently they do not need our assistance, even if we were able to +give it, and, therefore, without any fear of our being criticised for +using the adjective "northern" we can limit our investigations and +discussions to nut culture in the northern part of the United States +with a full knowledge that our southern brethren can take care of +themselves, and, in addition, can render us much valuable assistance +which assistance we most cheerfully invite. + +At this point, however, in connection with the use of the terms +"northern" and "southern," it may be relevant to make a few observations +as to the possibilities in either section. While it is true that the +South has a long start of the North in pecan culture, yet the North +affords an opportunity for the cultivation of nuts which is not possible +in the South. The South is today the home of the delicious varieties of +pecan which are a delight to the consumer and a source of fascination +and profit to the intelligent producer, but it must be remembered that +the northern pecan belt has many excellent varieties that are "good +enough." In addition to this, the North is the home of the black walnut, +the fine shagbark hickory, the butternut, the chestnut, the hazel-nut, +and the chinkapin, and is also adapted to the hardy varieties of the +English and Japanese walnuts. All of the nuts just named certainly offer +an ample field for our interest and enthusiasm, and, in addition to the +keen delight which comes from the successful growing of these trees, +there is a possibility of profit which I do not think is excelled in any +horticultural undertaking today. + +First then, what word of advice or instruction can the Northern Nut +Growers Association bring to the prospective nut grower which will be of +help? For, after all, the success or failure of this association depends +largely upon its ability to help the grower or prospective grower. +Before we undertake to give suggestions about the development and +culture of nut orchards or to make prophecies as to possibilities, let +us stop and take stock for a moment of the present status of the nut +industry in the North and consider what we have to build upon and what +materials we have with which to work. Mistakes have been made in the +past by the prospective nut growers because they did not stop to +consider the possibilities of the nuts that were native in their own +locality, but looked abroad for something else. This is characteristic +of many people. "Distant fields look green," and, of all the imported +nut trees, none except the English walnut have been of any success here +whatever, while, in one instance at least, their importation has +resulted in introducing into this country the fatal chestnut blight, +which probably came in on uninspected stock from Japan. We have better +native chestnuts in this country than any foreign chestnut and the +blunder of trying to get something different is costing the country +millions of dollars through the scourge of the chestnut blight, which +threatens to wipe out the industry. It reminds me of the epitaph on the +tombstone which read: "I was well and wanted to be better, took medicine +and here I am." Therefore, let us consider what nuts we have worth +while. + + +_The Pecan_ + +First, we have the northern pecan which is native in certain portions of +a belt approximately 150 miles wide, with Evansville, Indiana, on the +38th parallel, as the center. I do not mean to say that the pecan will +succeed in all portions of the northern half of this belt or that it may +not succeed in many sections farther north. The question of climate, as +modified by proximity to oceans and large bodies of water or as made +more rigid by absence of these protections, may decrease or increase the +latitude at which the pecan can be successfully grown. The orange, for +instance, is one of the tenderest fruits and yet, on the western coast, +orange groves are flourishing at the same latitude as Philadelphia, +which is nearly on the 40th parallel, although it is unnecessary to say +that an orange grove would not survive within four or five hundred miles +of the 40th parallel any place else except on the favored western coast. +The southern varieties of pecans will not flourish in the north and we +do not know whether the northern varieties will flourish in the South. + +The pecan is a hickory and the northern trees are very hardy and +thrifty. Many varieties have been discovered the last few years which +are thought to be worthy of propagating. Among them are the "Indiana" +and "Busseron," from near Oaktown, Knox County, Indiana; the "Niblack," +from Vincennes, Knox County, Indiana; the "Warrick," "Green River," +"Major," "Kentucky," and "Posey," all from the Evansville section; the +"Norton" from Clarksville, Missouri, and several other varieties. + + +_English Walnut_ + +The next most important nut, and probably competing very closely with +the pecan for popular favor, is the English walnut, which is perhaps +the only nut that has been successfully imported for growing. Since the +earliest Colonial days, seedling nuts have been brought from France, +Germany and other parts of Europe and have been planted up and down the +Atlantic Coast. Most of the trees from these plantings have not been +able to permanently withstand climatic conditions, but, scattered here +and there throughout the North and East, are individual trees of +apparent hardiness which bear nuts in size and quality comparing +favorably with the English walnuts we see on the market. Among the +various hardy varieties of the English walnut are the "Rush" and "Nebo," +from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, introduced by Mr. J. G. Rush, the +pioneer propagator in the Eastern States. Another is the "Hall" from the +shores of Lake Erie, the "Pomeroy" from Lockport, N. Y., a short +distance from Niagara Falls; the "Rumford" from Wilmington, Del.; the +"Ridgway" from Lumberton, N. J.; the "Holden" from Hilton, N. Y.; the +"Boston" from Massachusetts; the "Potomac," "Barnes" and "Weaver" from +Washington, D. C.; and a number of other varieties. The location of the +parent trees just named will give some idea of the probable hardiness of +these varieties. + + +_Shagbark Hickory_ + +The thin-shelled shagbark hickory is a nut that is coming more and more +into favor and is well worthy of propagation. The first shagbark +recognized as a distinct variety was the "Hales," located and named by +Henry Hales of Ridgwood, N. J., about 1874. This is a very large, +attractive, thin-shelled nut, but has been somewhat superseded by other +and superior shagbarks. Dr. Robert T. Morris of New York has been making +a systematic search for several years for trees bearing shagbarks of +high quality and merit, and has been very successful in bringing a +number of such nuts to public attention, including the "Taylor" and +"Cook." The "Swaim" from South Bend, Ind., is an excellent shagbark; the +"Weiker," from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania; the "Kirtland," from New +England; the "Rice," from Illinois; and another very superior and fine +shagbark from northern Kentucky which was brought to public attention by +R. L. McCoy of Lake, Ind. + + +_Black Walnuts_ + +Throughout the whole north are tens of thousands of seedling black +walnuts, many of which are of excellent quality, but, so far as is +known, there are but two recognized varieties, the "Thomas," introduced +during the eighties and propagated to a limited extent, and another from +Lamont, Mich. + + +_Butternut_ + +The butternut is also quite common in much of the same territory as is +the black walnut and even in regions farther north, but, so far as I +have knowledge, not a single variety has been named. + + +_Japanese Walnuts_ + +Seedlings of two species of Japanese walnuts are quite common along the +Atlantic Coast and as far inland as the Mississippi River. They are also +grown on the Pacific Coast to some extent, but apparently no varieties +have been recognized. + +Another nut which is confused with the Japanese walnut is botanically +known as Juglans Mandshurica. In character of growth the tree quite +resembles the Japanese species, but the nut resembles more our American +butternut and sometimes they are confused. A short time ago a gentleman +in New Jersey who had planted some nuts of the Japanese varieties later +cut down the mature trees because he thought they were American +butternuts. + + +_Hazel-nuts_ + +It is never safe to use the term "hazel" without explaining that it +correctly applies also to the species brought from Europe and more +commonly called filberts. According to the late Mr. Fuller, the Germans +discriminated between hazels and filberts entirely by the shape of the +husk. A nut having a husk which extended and came together beyond the +end of the nut was called filbert, meaning beard. Those having shorter +and more open husks, so that the nut protruded, were called hazels after +the German word "hassel,"--hood, in English. It will readily be seen +that once the nuts were separated from the husks, it would be impossible +by their classification to determine whether they were hazels or +filberts. The Americans generally accept the use of the term hazel to +apply to both the American and European species. + +In the early history of our country extensive and persistent efforts +were made to introduce the European hazels, and no wonder, for of all +nut trees this species seems to yield most readily to garden culture. +They are readily capable of adapting themselves to most any kind of soil +and even to rocky ledges which would be impossible to cultivate. They +attain their greatest perfection in good soil and, under proper +cultivation, the trees come into bearing early and the nuts mature early +in the fall, well in advance of other species. The hazel, however, like +the chestnut has met with a fatal disease. It is a blight which seems to +exist everywhere except on the native species, which are so far immune +as to show little or none of its effects. The American hazels, however, +act as host plants to the blight, which thus quickly spreads, with fatal +results, to the European species. Of all the plantings which have been +made during the past one hundred and fifty years, it is safe to say that +there are less than half a dozen hazel orchards in the eastern states +which have not succumbed. It seems quite probable that a golden +opportunity is awaiting someone who is willing to go through the forests +of our eastern states, especially those in lower New England, in search +of individual hazels from which to propagate new varieties. Among the +heavy bearing shrubs, which exist in the section referred to, it is +certain that many hazels could be found well worth propagating. + + * * * * * + +Turning now from this brief history of northern nut trees, let us +consider the future of the industry as viewed in the light of sound +theory and actual observation. It is unnecessary to present any argument +why nut trees should be planted. Nuts afford the highest grade food +known to science. They are wholesome, healthful, strengthening,--in +fact, without a single objectionable feature so far as I know as an +article of food and, when one considers that food is the basis of human +existence, no further argument is necessary to warrant interest in one +of the best foods known. + +Then how shall we advise the prospective grower of a nut orchard? First, +let him determine what kinds of nuts thrive in his vicinity. The +prospective grower in the latitude of Evansville can indulge himself to +his heart's content, for he can grow successfully the pecan, English +walnut, black walnut, butternut, hazel and, up to date, the chestnut. +But, success in growing any of these trees depends upon proper +information, proper varieties, proper soil and proper care. Suppose a +man, in the Evansville latitude, for instance, desires a pecan orchard. +What should he do? His quickest way, if he has wild seedling pecan trees +growing on his farm, would be to have the wild trees top-worked to +well-known varieties. If he has no seedling trees, then his next best +plan is to purchase budded trees of good varieties from some honest +nurseryman, set them not less than sixty feet apart and cultivate and +care for them. Will they grow around fence corners and creek banks? Yes, +if you have plenty of time to wait. They will not, however, be in a +hurry, and it may be your grandchildren who will gather the nuts. But, a +cultivated orchard of budded pecan trees of the right varieties ought to +come into commercial bearing as soon as does an apple orchard. Mr. W. C. +Reed of Vincennes reports Busserons that were budded fourteen months +ago setting as high as sixteen nuts this year. That is, the second +summer after they were budded. If the trees are of the right varieties, +well cultivated, in good soil, and if you care enough for them to throw +some fertilizer around them, they will please you by their growth and +soon become very profitable. + +Now suppose one wants an orchard of English walnuts. Almost identically +the same instructions hold true. If you have wild black walnut seedlings +on your farm, by all means have them top-worked to fine varieties of +English walnut, for the black walnut is the best root for the English +walnut. If you have no seedling trees, go to some reputable nurseryman +and buy known varieties of hardy English walnuts budded on hardy black +walnut stocks. Set them not less than fifty feet apart and cultivate and +care for them. Mr. Rush reports one of his budded Rush trees four years +old bearing fifty-seven walnuts this year. I saw a Rush in Washington +City the other day, two years old, carrying about a dozen walnuts; also +a Hall, of the same age, carrying about the same number. Both trees were +thrifty and not much over waist high, and every terminal twig had from +one to two nuts on it. + +If you have wild hickory trees growing on your farm, have them +top-worked by the slip-bark or budding method to fine varieties of +shagbarks. In the absence of wild hickories, I believe the future will +prove that the next best method of starting an orchard of budded +shagbark hickories is to buy them budded on hardy northern pecan stocks. +The hickory is not the best stock for the pecan because it is of slower +growth, and for the same reason the pecan ought to be the better stock +for the hickory. But the hickory does not grow as rapidly as does the +English walnut or the pecan and requires more patience. + +The hazels are going to afford a great field for the nut grower, as they +are native to a wide territory embracing the Middle West, the North and +the East, and ought to be profitable. A few years ago I found a very +fine large hazel growing on my farm in Warrick County, Indiana. I dug up +some of the roots of this bush and planted them in my garden at +Boonville, and in three years they were bearing fine clusters of hazels +larger than those borne by the parent bush. I think farmers would find +it profitable to set out hedges of native hazel bushes around their +fields and fences and on hillsides. + +Butternuts, black walnuts and beechnuts also offer a fertile field for +experiment. Any varieties of butternut or black walnut can be +propagated by budding or top-grafting them on seedling stocks. + +I should like to suggest that every farmer in the nut growing belt set +aside at least ten acres of land for a nut orchard. It will give him a +new interest in life and afford him more pleasure and relief from the +ordinary monotony of farm work, I believe, than any other line of work +he can pursue. If Ponce de Leon had planted a nut orchard in this +country instead of wasting his time searching for the fountain of +perpetual youth he could have spent his old days in interesting, +profitable and fascinating work instead of in despair and +disappointment. + +But some of the practical questions asked are, "What is the cost of a +nut orchard?" and, "How soon will it bear?" and "What will it be worth +when it does bear?" No man can answer these questions with any degree of +certainty, for everything that man attempts has its drawbacks and +disadvantages. First-class budded nut trees cost from one to two dollars +apiece. The balance of the cost depends largely upon the intelligence +and efficiency of the labor applied in setting and cultivating. When +will they bear? That depends altogether upon who owns them. If properly +cared for they will begin setting some nuts in a few years and will +increase the crop as the years go by. A pecan tree ought to bear +successfully for fifty years--possibly longer, and ought to be bearing +nicely in eight years if properly cared for. But, success depends upon +the care and intelligence with which the original selection of trees and +soil is made, and upon proper cultivation. I have set an orchard of +northern varieties of pecans budded from the parent trees in the +Evansville section on my farm in Maryland this spring. The land cost me +sixty dollars per acre. When they are ten years old they ought to be +worth at least five hundred dollars per acre. I do not know how much +more this grove of nut trees will be worth in ten years, but I would not +option them at the present time for that price. I have about the same +confidence in the English walnut. + +I have always been conservative on these matters and always expect to be +because in conservatism lies safety. These figures I have given you are +merely my personal opinion. I have seen pecan groves ten and fifteen +years old for which I would not have given any more than the land was +worth on which they were growing. If any one has a notion that he can +make money in nut culture, without intelligent exertion, he had better +go into some other line of business in which there are men having a fair +degree of success with unintelligent effort. I know of no nut grove in +the whole United States that is succeeding without intelligent +application, and on the other hand I do not know of a single grove which +with intelligent application is not succeeding. I am a +"conservative-optimist." I have been talking nut culture for a number of +years and expect to see every hope and estimate which I have expressed +fulfilled, and after all has been said and considered my final advice is +to _Plant Nut Trees_. + + * * * * * + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair invites a very active discussion of this paper. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: It would be unkind to criticize so very instructive an +address but there is one thing laid down in that paper I wish to speak +about. I believe we were told we must cultivate our nut trees. I believe +the fact is that in the greater portion of the United States, we can +grow trees, even nut trees, without cultivation. If anybody doesn't +believe that, go to Washington by the Chesapeake Railroad and you will +see thousands of walnut trees along the way. I believe the human race +can grow trees on a hillside without cultivation, and I want to suggest +to persons putting out nut trees to put out a few in places where they +don't have to be plowed, and see if they don't get good results. +Cultivation is not a fundamental element of agriculture or plant life, +but is the quick way to get results. + +In many places in Ohio the state experimental work in horticulture, +especially that carried on by F. H. Ballou, has done some wonderful +things in waking up apple orchards that had not grown a quarter of an +inch in years. Merely giving them food has caused them to wake up and +bear. I have seen them, and know. The books say that while apples may +grow without cultivation, peach trees _must_ be cultivated in order to +bear. I have peach trees that are three years old in a rocky piece of +ground. I can't plow it but I have fed some of the peach trees and a few +I did not, that is not much, and the ones that were fed as they should +be are much the biggest and are bearing well. My point is this, keep the +grass well scraped away to prevent trunk injury, and feed even a peach +tree and it will do well. I think the same is true of the nut tree. + +Whether a tree that is set out, liberally fed, and the grass kept away +will do as well without cultivation, is a subject worthy of your +consideration and experiment. + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair especially desires to call attention to Dr. +Smith's remarks because he has made a very careful study of this +question and his suggestions are worthy of very great consideration. I +have talked these things over with him a great deal and I commend his +remarks especially to the Association for discussion. + +DR. MORRIS: In connection with the matter of cultivation I would also +like to have Mr. Reed discuss that. I want to say, however, that, in +using fertilizers, you will often very easily overdo the matter. +Sometimes in my experience professionally, I give a patient medicine +enough to last a week, with directions that a teaspoonful be taken twice +a day, and the patient may believe if she takes the entire bottle at one +dose she will be well in an hour, and consequently suffer from an +overdose. That same idea is sometimes carried out in the fertilization +of trees by horticulturists. You don't intend to do it but sometimes you +can kill with kindness and be too good in feeding your trees if you +don't understand how much fertilization the tree needs. That is the +idea, you have got to give your trees the ratio that they need. If you +give them too much pie or pudding, your trees will have indigestion and +will not thrive and may die. I have lost a great many good trees, and a +great many nut trees, and have checked the growth of a great many by not +realizing this. I wish Mr. Reed would speak to us about it. + +MR. POTTER: I want to state some experience I have had and when Mr. Reed +talks, I wish he would give me some information. I set out some pecan +trees on my lawn in the front yard, and of course there is not much +cultivation there except around the trees. It is like most other lawns +in southern Illinois, mostly clay and what other soil we put on top. Now +the clay is very hard and in setting the trees I had my man dig a hole +three feet deep and two feet across and in setting the trees I packed +good dirt around them. The question is how should I feed those trees? I +have put barn manure around them and they are now growing and doing very +nicely, I want to know if I have pursued the right course. + +MR. MCCOY: I believe this question of growing trees in fence corners and +on hillsides is not so large a question. The main thing is to give them +plenty of water. There is very little land in the Mississippi valley +that won't grow pecan trees or most any other kind, if you will give +them sufficient mulch and plenty of water, because they take their food +in the form of soup. Unless they have water, they won't grow. I believe +the best cultivation you can give a tree of any kind is a good mulch of +straw and manure. You that have had experience in this part of the +country know that is the best way to cultivate trees. + +I grew a peach orchard once in one year, but I have quit that, I have +learned better. It is simply a question of water and plant food. If you +will mulch any kind of a tree, nut tree or any kind, with ten or fifteen +inches of straw and stable manure, you will have a steady growth from +early spring until late in the fall, and it will make a strong tree. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: While we are waiting for Mr. Reed I want to take up Mr. +McCoy's soup suggestion. Water doesn't make good soup without something +in it. Experiments show that you can mulch ground in some places and not +wake up the tree, but fertilizer will wake it up the first year. + +MR. POTTER: What kind of fertilizer did you use? + +PROFESSOR SMITH: One must experiment to see what his land is short on. +Sometimes you can fertilize your trees without any result. Sometimes +potash will not do any good and sometimes it will. You will have to see +what your ground needs. For young apple trees I found in my particular +situation that nitrate of soda is all I want. I have what is called a +Porter's clay soil on the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. I use that +and then my trees get busy and grow. They make rapid growth even the +first season with a handful of nitrate and for my three year old trees +half a pound is enough. That is what my soil seems to need and we must +use what the soil is short on. That is my interpretation of my situation +and it works. + +THE PRESIDENT: Who can tell us whether nitrate of soda is good for nut +trees? Can you, Mr. Simpson? + +MR. SIMPSON: In the South, we do not think so. + +THE PRESIDENT: The reason I asked, is that I have been studying that. I +wrote Mr. Potter a letter suggesting that he use some on his young nut +trees to see what it would do, and later I found out that all through +the South it was not regarded as desirable. It seems they claim it +starts pecan trees into an active growth but when they stop they make a +very sudden stop and don't start growing any more. I want to get this in +the record right here. You understand that is the general belief +throughout the South, do you not? + +MR. SIMPSON: Yes sir, it is not considered good. + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Smith has made a very careful study of fruit trees +and knows its effect on them from experiments, but it is well perhaps to +consider fruit and nut trees separately. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: I should suggest to anybody who is thinking of working +with trees, to get some seedling pecans and plant them and then +fertilize some of them and others not, in the same kind of soil. In +that way he can get his own fertilizer conclusions at a small expense +and then he will know what his own soil needs. + +MR. MCCOY: We fertilized seedling pecans in a clay soil and we decided +the trees we did not fertilize got along better than the ones we did. Of +course that ground is better where the trees are than on the average +farm. We used nitrate of soda and potash but we decided the ones we +didn't fertilize did the best. + +MR. POTTER: I put two pounds of nitrate of soda around each tree and the +English walnuts I used it on budded out very shortly after using it, but +along about June they died. The pecan trees we used it around grew +fairly well, but some of them, one in particular, appeared to remain +dormant, almost, until about two months ago when it commenced growing +and is now growing very rapidly. So you see I don't know where I am at. + +THE PRESIDENT: In writing you I did not understand the size of the tree. +On some trees I have been using a tablespoonful, about that, and I was +afraid I got too much. + +MR. POTTER: Evidently I got too much. + +THE PRESIDENT: Evidently we got mixed up on the quantity. I know I never +used more than two tablespoonfuls at any time and I should imagine two +pounds would be a big overdose. I remember talking to Dr. Smith about +that time about some old apple trees around which you can use five or +six pounds of nitrate of soda and I suppose that is the way we got mixed +up. I must have had that in mind as I did not intend to advise that +amount for young nut trees. + +MR. POMEROY: How long a season should the tree keep growing? From early +spring to late in the fall? My experience is they will stop about the +first of August, and let the wood ripen up and harden for the cold +weather. Some might keep the trees growing longer, but you will hurt the +trees I think. + +THE PRESIDENT: We have not heard from Mr. Reed yet. + +MR. C. A. REED: I am glad the discussion has proceeded as it has since +it has given me time to reconnoitre. I hardly know what to say on this +subject that Professor Smith has brought up. I guess he knows what he is +talking about so far as his experiments have taught him. The department +does not like to discourage a good thing nor to encourage a thing that +is too risky. There is one thing quite sure and that is that so long as +nut trees are selling for from one dollar to two dollars apiece, very +few people are going to buy them and plant many of them on these +hillsides and experiment with them. People cannot afford to do that. We +have found, taking the country over, that nut trees thrive best when +they are given treatment; that is they must be given cultivation and +fertilization; be given some degree of attention the same as an apple or +peach orchard. Colonel Sober, however, will show you quite a different +thing. He will show you chestnut trees that are not cultivated at all, +so there is a staggering blow to my argument, and yet Colonel Sober gets +something like three and a half bushels to the tree. You don't fertilize +those trees, do you, Colonel Sober? + +COLONEL SOBER: No sir, not at all. Haven't yet. + +MR. REED: So there is an argument that silences me and still it is true +that we can't safely plant hickories and pecans without some degree of +cultivation. I don't think Professor Smith has planted any on these +hills. + +Still we all agree with Professor Smith in a way. Something ought to be +done to the surface to prevent the land from washing, and there is no +better way of doing that than by planting trees. Then the roots will +prevent washing and they can take care of themselves better than a +surface crop. Especially is this true on the hillsides, so there is a +good deal in Professor Smith's argument. And yet there is the danger +that those trees will be infected with disease and insects. On plants +and trees that are attended to and cultivated we find those pests will +be kept in check. So there are two sides to that argument. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: The point I raised was this, that it is possible in +some places to attain by fertilization the advantage that comes by +cultivation in other places. Great things have been done without +fertilization. There are chestnut orchards in Corsica of grafted trees, +ranging from the size of my wrist to eighteen to twenty feet in +circumference. They have not been fertilized in centuries, and they +yield enough to support the entire population. + +THE PRESIDENT: We would like to hear from Col. Van Duzee, and I want to +say that, as President of the National Nut Growers Association, he is +well acquainted with these things. I commend him to you and promise that +whatever he may have to say to you is worthy of your very careful +consideration. I have the honor to belong to the association of which he +is the president, and know it is seldom we have an opportunity to hear +men like him. + +COL. VAN DUZEE: Gentlemen, I am going to side step this argument for I +do not think it worth while taking up the time. We are here for other +purposes. Personal experiences are not the general rule because each +one's experience differs from that of others. We might all tell our +personal experiences and after we were all through we would not have +accomplished anything. I want to take you back to the point from which +we started this, in order to know what we are talking about. To +illustrate what I want to say to you, we can take the root pasture of a +tree and analyze it in every possible way so as to bring to bear upon it +the best judgment we have from all sources. The tree grown upon a +hillside has a root pasture which is entirely different in many ways +from the root pasture in the river bottoms. If we have a tree growing on +a hillside in a soil that easily transmits moisture and it gives that +tree constantly a stream of pure water going through its root system, +and there happens to be enough fertility in that vicinity, that moisture +is impregnated with plant food, and the tree will get all it wants. You +can't speak in the same breath of the tree growing in the river bottoms +whose entire root pasture is entirely different. The root pasture may +become contaminated by various things which may cause, so to speak, +ptomaine poison. Therefore I say that every locality, every soil, every +climatic condition, every variety of tree must be taken as individual. +What would be good for an apple orchard in Virginia might be fatal to an +apple orchard immediately south of Lake Brie in Ohio. The use of +commercial fertilizer that would be good in one locality would be bad in +another. Therefore I disapprove of this kind of a discussion, because we +are not speaking to a definite point. I want to bring your minds to this +point, that every individual tree and its locality, and the man that is +responsible for its welfare, must be analyzed before you can speak +intelligently about what must be done. + +I am going to tell you the same story I told the societies at Pharoa, +Alabama. They wanted me to talk on this subject and I said, "You remind +me of a backwoods character I have come in contact with in the woods of +Florida who is ill and doesn't know what is the matter with him. He +knows he needs medicine and he goes down to the general store and buys a +bottle of patent medicine recommended by the groceryman and he takes it +and maybe it helps him and maybe it don't, but if he don't get better he +goes and gets advice from some other man like the grocer." I said, "That +is the way you are demonstrating fertilizer." The first thing I would +advise would be this: to analyze the individual pasture of the +individual tree and take everything that enters into the history of that +tree and everything that bears upon it. All the accumulated wisdom of +others won't help us very much. We have to use common horse sense. We +can't talk about these things generally. In poor soil and under bad +conditions the pecan tree will do nothing. There are trees I know +twenty-six or twenty-seven years old that are not as large as my wrist, +that have never borne a nut and never will. I can also show you trees in +that immediate vicinity, planted at the same time from the same nuts +with favorable conditions, that are seventy or eighty feet high and +bearing good crops of nuts. Those nuts came out of the same bag the same +day, and were planted by the same man in the same locality, and that +proves, as I have said before, that you cannot discuss things of this +kind in general terms and it is a waste of the time of the association +to do so. I would be glad to answer definite questions as to definite +points. + +THE PRESIDENT. The next will be a talk by Dr. R. T. Morris of New York. + +DR. MORRIS: Mr. Chairman, and Members of the Association: My subject +relates to personal experiences with hybridization work. This is work +which is to be done more and more by various members of our association, +and we are thus to create new species of trees. Nature's whole endeavor +is to preserve the mean type among races of organisms. There are mutants +among all trees, among the hickories and walnuts, as well as among the +peaches and pears. In fact all species undergo mutation. We select the +most desirable mutants and we try to fix a given type by grafting and +propagating. Seedlings will go back toward the mean type. The mean type +hickory, walnut or chestnut is the type that nature wishes to preserve, +but these are not best for man's purposes. What is best in nature's plan +is not always best in man's plan. We have got to dynamite nature. We +have got to put a charge of dynamite under nature's seat and blow her +up, in order to get what we want for our own purposes. How do we do it? +How do we break up the mean type of a variety or species? By crossing +the flowers and bringing together the parents we wish to unite in the +hope of growing new forms, among which will be some that are +particularly desirable for our purposes. + +Now in doing this work, I have had to get by experience a number of +points which will be of value to members of this association. First, in +regard to collecting pollen. Sometimes species, which we wish to cross, +flower at widely different times. They bloom perhaps two or three or +four or even six weeks apart, and it is a question how long we can keep +the pollen viable. What can we do about it? There are two good ways. +First, get your branches of male flowers before they are open, put them +in cold storage, or in an ice house, or in a dark room, and keep them +anywhere from one to six weeks dormant. When you want to use them, and +your trees of the pistillate flowers are ready, take the branches of +staminate flowers out of the ice house and put them in jars of water in +a warm room in the sunshine. They will blossom and make good pollen +shortly. Another way is through correspondents living at a distance. +These correspondents will send you pollen from a species which blossoms +later further north or earlier further south, at the time which you wish +for your pistillate flowers. For instance, in crossing chinkapins with +oaks, the chinkapins will blossom about the 12th of June in Connecticut +but most of the oaks are through blossoming by the 12th of May. There we +have a month's difference. How can I use oak pollen upon my chinkapin +trees? I do this by sending away up to the northern limits of the growth +of the oak tree, up in Canada. The red oak tree blossoms there in June, +the same species that blossoms with me early in May. Pecan pollen that I +wish to use upon shagbarks and walnuts I get from Texas. Now how are we +to keep pollen when we have collected it, if we are not ready to use it +immediately? I have had pollen sent to me from a distance in tightly +corked bottles. It was probably ruined at the end of three or four days, +because it could not breathe. Every grain of pollen has to breathe just +as surely as a red squirrel in the top of a tree has to breathe. The +pollen grain is a living organism, and if it is sent in a closely corked +bottle it smothers and dies. You must have it sent in paper or wooden +boxes in order to have it in good condition when it arrives, and it must +be kept in a cool place, not too dry and not too damp. If it is kept in +a place that is too damp, various fungi appear, and begin to attack it +at once. If it is too dry, it loses its water content, and its +protoplasm does not make combination with that of the other flower. So +we must keep our pollen in a cool place, not too dry, not too warm and +not too moist, and where it can breathe. We may put it in cold storage +but not at a temperature below freezing. We may put it into the cold +storage which florists use, and keep it for a long while. Some pollen +will keep, viable for three weeks, under these conditions, possibly +longer. It is important to keep your pollen boxes open at the top. They +must be kept where the wind doesn't blow your pollen from one box to +another. I had not been impressed by that point until this year. I had +eight different kinds of pollen about the farm house, in different +rooms, in order to be sure to keep them far apart. One day on my arrival +from town ready for pollenating a number of trees, I found that a very +neat housekeeper had found it undesirable to keep such boxes scattered +about in so many places. She had put them all neatly together in a +closet on one shelf, and there was none of the pollen that I could use, +because the wind had mixed the kinds all up. I had eight kinds of pollen +across which one kind of wind had blown. + +There is one practical point in cross pollenizing flowers that I have +recently learned. Pollen of one variety may not combine with the ovule +of another variety or species but may stimulate the ovule to go on and +develop all alone, without taking to itself the added pollen. That is a +very important point, and possibly a new point. I was deceived, and +reported that I had crosses of certain trees, and that such hybrids were +growing. I knew that the flowers of parent trees had been properly +protected from their own pollen. Now when these young trees are two +years of age, I find they are true to one parent type; so true that they +are evidently not hybrids. They have developed from the pistillate +parent only. In ordinary parthenogenesis the fruit grows without any +pollen influence at all. This forced parthenogenesis which I have +described seems to be a phenomenon with which botanists are unfamiliar. +Until I learn that it has been described and named by others I shall +call it Allergic Parthenogenesis (Allos, ergon). The pistillate flowers +accept absolutely no pollen, but go on and develop because of its +impulse given. In cross pollenizing flowers, I find one point of great +practical consequence. When covering the female flowers with paper bags +to protect them from their own pollen you give protection to a great +number of insects. The insects remain inside these bags and destroy the +leaves and flowers. They are protected there from their enemies, +predatory insects and the birds. When the bags are taken off, perhaps a +week later, for the purpose of adding pollen to pistillate flowers, +insects may have destroyed the leaves and even the flowers. +Consequently, I find it best to sprinkle the leaves with Persian insect +powder and to put some of it in the bags that are to cover the flowers. +Insects can't live in an atmosphere of this insect powder. They sneeze +themselves to death. I have taken the bags from leaves and flowers which +were so badly injured by insects you could distinguish them at a +considerable distance. Those are all the points that I jotted down for +this address today, but no doubt many other points will be brought out +in the subsequent discussion. + +MR. MCCOY: I would like to inquire how far it is possible under a +microscopic examination to determine the species of the pollen. + +DR. MORRIS: It is possible to determine the species but not the variety +so far as I know. It may be possible to determine a variety but I don't +know the extent to which that is possible, from microscopic examination +of the pollen. If we wish to know whether pollen is still good or not we +may in twenty-four or forty-eight hours cause it to "sprout," and in +that way know whether it is viable and good. We may save ourselves a +good deal of trouble by making this examination and determining whether +or not a given lot of pollen is viable before putting it on the flowers. +We can cause it to sprout in a sugar solution. + +THE SECRETARY: What is the strength of the sugar solution? + +DR. MORRIS: That is technical work and must be done by a plant +physiologist. He will do it for us at the State Agricultural College and +telegraph his report. + +MR. DORR: Is this work you have outlined of sufficient definiteness to +get results? That is the important thing. We farmers sometimes discover +a plan accidentally that will outclass anything we can get in an +agricultural college. + +DR. MORRIS: That is very important. We are to produce nuts that are +better, and also in greater quantities. The question if hybridizing work +is valuable has been already answered in the case of roses and soft +fruits. Our best types are largely the ones which have been secured by +hybridization and the same will be true of nuts. The subject has not +been so largely taken up as yet with nuts. Very few of us are doing with +nuts what has been done with other fruits. + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair wishes to say that the members of this +association have a very great and rare opportunity to secure information +on this subject. Dr. Morris has made a very careful study of it. + +DR. MORRIS: The more study I make, the less I seem to know. Consequently +I shall be very modest in my replies. + +MR. DORR: I have been working with different things and find so many +things I can't get at the truth. In the last year I have made +experiments in breeding cattle to get colors, and I was agreeably +surprised with my own success. I want to know if you can get similar +results. I can observe the results so readily that I know exactly how I +get them. + +DR. MORRIS: As a general statement the same thing you get from working +with animals we may expect to get in working with plants. The protoplasm +of plants is now known to act like that of animals, but not quite so +quickly or freely in response to cultural methods. We can breed to size +and breed to quality and character of fruit, and we find we may do with +plants just about what we do with animals, only not quite so quickly, +because animal protoplasm responds more readily. + +MR. W. C. REED: I would like to ask if in a cross between the Persian +walnut and the shagbark hickory there is a cross pollenization, or is it +an increased vitality given by the pollen? Is there really a cross +there? + +DR. MORRIS: I made one cross between the Persian walnut and the shagbark +hickory that was evidently a good hybrid. It showed character of both +parents, but I lost that entire lot. I wasn't careful enough in +protecting them. I have another lot of crosses between these two flowers +in which the type often is so definitely shagbark hickory that I doubt +if there is any walnut there at all. Under certain conditions we may get +hybrids, yet miss it at another time, even when working with the same +parents. Somebody has probably made a better study of this point and +recorded better ideas. I think we may safely say that we may expect an +actual cross between some walnuts and hickories. + +MR. MCCOY: Would it be possible to cross the English walnut and the +black walnut and produce a nut of superior quality? + +DR. MORRIS: Yes, it is possible to cross them, but you do not often get +a nut of superior quality. The tendency seems to be to have a nut of +thick shell and of not high quality, but if you make a thousand of those +crosses, out of the thousand you may get a few of just what you want. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: I want to ask if you are always careful to apply the +pollen when it is well ripened? + +DR. MORRIS: Yes, I have always been careful to apply it at just the time +when it was well ripened, and that is of great importance in its bearing +upon Mr. Reed's question. If I have pollen which is quite ripe I may +perhaps catch it upon an ovule, but if it is not ripe I won't got the +cross. I may add it a little too early or too late when the pistillate +flower is unprepared and I won't get a cross. If I get my pollen just at +the right time upon the pistillate flowers I may have a good cross, +between varieties which do not cross readily. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: In my experience in breeding apples, formerly I always +waited until the pollen was ripe, and that meant I had to cover the +blossoms with bags and depend on the weather for conditions favorable to +pollenation. But four or five years ago I began pollenating much earlier +and I have had good results. + +DR. MORRIS: That is a very important point. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: By doing that I know it is pollenated. I have been +failing so many years I felt it was a loss of all the first part of the +work. + +DR. MORRIS: It is a great convenience to be able to pollenate at the +same moment when you emasculate. + +A MEMBER: I would like to have you kindly explain to what extent cross +pollenation can be made practical to the ordinary grower. + +DR. MORRIS: Let's say that in case of the butternut we wish to +experiment with removal of the thick shell, and also to obtain less of +that strong oily flavor; we wish to get rid of those two things. In +order to do that I would first think of the Japanese walnut, _juglans +cordiformis_, which has a much thinner shell and is less oily and more +bland. Crosses between this Japanese walnut and the butternut we may +fairly expect will sometimes give us a large, thin shelled butternut of +good character. The next question is, who is going to do it? The men +about my place are pretty busy, and this is rather delicate work. It is +going to be a most inspiring field for the young folks and the ladies, +because it is nice, pretty, ladylike work, and beside that its returns +may be large. If your little daughter, ten years of age, knows that she +may get $2,000 for a single cross that she has made, it is stimulating, +because it is not every child ten years of age who can put $2,000 in the +bank, as personal earnings of increment. + +MR. MOSELY: I would like to ask just what results you expect from the +cross pollenization of these nuts, and just how far they will differ +from the parent type? + +DR. MORRIS: You are bound to have continuance of one parent type, but in +crossing with pollen from hybrids you may carry desirable +characteristics through a series of generations and breed for what is +wanted, possibly to the sixth generation or even further with some +species. + +MR. MOSELY: Then the type is not fixed until pollenization? + +DR. MORRIS: By selecting the one showing the dominant characteristics +you wish to preserve, you could breed through several generations and +have an ideal type eventually. + +MR. DOAN: I would like to ask how far the buds are developed in cold +storage before the pollen can be used? + +DR. MORRIS: For instance, take the hazel when its catkins are just +beginning to elongate. It may be put in the ice house and kept there, +for two or three weeks dormant. When we wish to develop those flowers we +put the branches in a jar of water in a warm room and in about three +days the plants are shedding pollen. I got some hazel catkins this +spring that were elongating. It was the latter part of February when we +had one or two warm days and I believed my pistillate hazels were about +ready for pollen. I got those branches from Rochester. We had unexpected +cold weather and storms and my pistillate hazels did not bloom until +more than two weeks later. I kept these undeveloped catkins that I had +received in a cold dark place. When I wanted to use them I put them in a +jar of water and in less than three days they were shedding pollen +freely, at a time when my pistillate flowers were ready for pollen. + +MR. MOSELY: I would like to know the object in crossing the oak on the +chinkapin. + +DR. MORRIS: My idea is to get a chinkapin tree twice as large as an oak, +perhaps. I shall hope to have a chinkapin tree as sturdy as the red oak, +with nuts larger than acorns and of as good quality as the chinkapin +nut. Of course that extravagant possibility only appeals to one with a +speculative nature. + +THE PRESIDENT: Pursuant to the authority conferred on the President this +morning, the following committees are announced: + +On Nomination--Robert T. Morris, Chairman: C. P. Close, J. L. Doan, R. +T. Olcott, C. A. Reed. + +Exhibits--Prof. C. P. Close, Chairman; J. P. Wilkinson, E. A. Riehl, +Colonel Sober, W. C Reed. + +Resolutions--W. O. Potter, Chairman; H. R. Weber, J. Russell Smith. + +The chair also wishes to place an additional member on the membership +committee, in the place of Mr. Corsan, who has not been able to attend +the last two meetings, and will appoint Leon D. Batchellor of Utah. + +Committee on Revision of Constitution and Rules--Prof. C. P. Close, Dr. +W. C. Deming. + +I will also add to the committee on nomenclature C. A. Reed and R. L. +McCoy. + +THE PRESIDENT: We have a few minutes before time for adjournment and Mr. +Evans, a dynamite man, will speak to us. + +MR. EVANS: Mr. Chairman: The question arises as to what kind of dynamite +to use in the different soils. Most pecan land contains clay and can +best be worked by dynamite. Don't buy ordinary dynamite, because it is +too high an explosive. For several reasons it is not the kind of an +explosive you wish. In some places dynamite can hardly be put on the +market as many people are afraid of it and so the word dynamite has been +eliminated, and we now have what we call Red Cross Farm Powder. It will +work in any part of the country, it is not a high explosive and the +price is lower as the hardware dealers have it direct from the Dupont +companies. By using this Red Cross Farm Powder, less labor is required +and it doesn't cost very much. For labor and all it will cost you about +five cents per hole, and that includes the dynamite caps, fuse and +labor. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: How much do you use? + +MR. EVANS: That depends on the soil and also on the depth to which you +want to shoot the hole. Nurserymen have different opinions on that +subject, but in the southern field where I have been working they +usually go from two and a half to three feet deep. They use one-half +stick 20 per cent dynamite, or one quarter of a pound as it weighs two +sticks to the pound. That should make a hole two and a half or three +feet deep. Fuse is cheap and you should use plenty of it. A man has to +be governed always by the kind of soil he is dealing with. + +MR. POMEROY: In shooting an old apple orchard how deep would you go? + +MR. EVANS: Where I have been working from three and a half to four feet, +but as I said before it will depend largely on the soil. + +MR. POMEROY: How far from the body of the tree? + +MR. EVANS: I have never made a study of that. + +MR. POTTER: In limestone soil, for instance, built up with clay, how +near the trees would you use the dynamite if you want to loosen up the +soil? + +MR. EVANS: What kind of trees? + +MR. POTTER: Pecan. + +MR. EVANS: About six feet. I think that is close enough. + +MR. POTTER: Would you make more than one hole around the tree? + +MR. EVANS: Use your own judgment about that. + +MR. POTTER: How far out will it loosen or break up the ground? + +MR. EVANS: Probably six feet. You can distinguish on the top of the +ground where it takes place. + +MR. POTTER: How deep will it be? + +MR. EVANS: About a foot deeper than the charge is placed. + +THE SECRETARY: With me the most important thing in using dynamite is the +question of headache. I used the 20 per cent at first and it had no +effect. I had heard of its causing headaches and knew some people +couldn't use it but I thought I was immune. Then I began to use 70 or 80 +per cent and I got knocked out for twenty-four hours. The more I used it +the more susceptible I became. When I went back to handling the lower +percentages I got the same results, was completely knocked out and had +to go to bed. Sometimes the effect would come on a long time after I +used the dynamite, perhaps hours afterwards, and the headache would +increase, until I was intensely nauseated and had to give up entirely. +Is there anything to prevent that? Is it caused by the fumes after the +explosion? + +MR. EVANS: Some say it is from handling the dynamite, others say it is +the fumes after the explosion. Red Cross has ammonia in it and that +ought to help some. Dynamite contains nitro glycerine and if you handle +it bare handed it gets in the pores of the skin and causes rapid heart +action. In dynamiting holes for tree planting you will get the fumes and +you will get a headache. If a man could work with gloves on he could +avoid this to a very great extent. You can't do it easily but if you can +do it without taking off the gloves I don't think it would bother you +much. I neglected to state that dynamite by itself is not dangerous +because it will withstand shock or fire or anything like that. The +danger is in the cap. It contains the most powerful explosive known. If +you handle them carefully, there is absolutely no danger. This year we +are slipping little copper disks into the caps with a pin hole for the +fire to strike through. + +MR. HARGIS: I have difficulty in making the shots. Should you put your +cap at the bottom or the top of the stick? + +MR. EVANS: I should advise the top. A misfire is always expensive. If +you think it is necessary put in a cap in the bottom and one in the top. + +MR. POMEROY: If you have a misfire and the men don't like to monkey +around it, and neither do you, just step off a few inches and stick in +another one and let her go. Will that fix the stick that didn't go off? + +MR. EVANS: That is the safest way. + +MR. HARGIS: In tamping say you have a hole in a rock four feet. I have +had men tell me to pour the hole full of water. Is that right? + +MR. EVANS: That is the best method known. + +In tree planting you will always have to use your own judgment. Go down +four or five or six feet to learn the character of the soil, tamp the +cartridge well and as fuse is not expensive, always use plenty of it. + +THE PRESIDENT: Any further discussion of this, or any further questions +on the use of dynamite? + +MR. DOAN: Mr. President, I would like to mention a method I found +helpful. That is to make two holes in the cartridge, one diagonally +down from one side, thrusting the fuse bearing the cap through that, and +then making a hole diagonally in the other side and thrusting the cap in +it. + +MR. EVANS: We do not advocate using that method because dynamite will +become ignited from the fuse and will burn. To be frank with you that is +the method we use, but the company does not approve of it and we should +not use it. You are liable to have a misfire. In warm weather there is +no danger but in cold weather don't use it. The best method is to bore +right in at an angle of forty-five degrees. + +MR. POTTER: Do you advise us to use dynamite? + +MR. EVANS: Yes, we have men making a business of it. + +MR. POTTER: To be frank with you I don't like to use it. + +MR. EVANS: Dynamite is not dangerous. It is the caps, though they look +safe. It is that white stuff in the dynamite cap. There is where the +danger is. + +THE PRESIDENT: We will stand adjourned until 1 o'clock. + + * * * * * + +Re-convened at 1 P. M. + +THE PRESIDENT: I will ask W. C. Reed to state something of his program +for Saturday so the members may know about it. + +W. C. REED: Our plans for Saturday morning are that we are leaving +Evansville at 7:30, arriving in Vincennes at 9:30; several automobiles +will be in waiting there to take all the party out to the nurseries and +get back to the station for the 2 o'clock train going north to Oaktown, +where there will be automobiles in waiting to take us out to see the +original Busseron and Indiana trees, coming back to Oaktown in time for +the 6:40 train south, arriving in Vincennes at 7:07, or the train north +out of Oaktown to Terre Haute, to connect for Pittsburgh over the +Pennsylvania Lines or Big Four if anyone wants to go that way. We would +like to have everyone go with us Saturday, if possible, and would also +like to know sometime this afternoon before we adjourn how many are +going, so I can notify them tonight how many automobiles there will be +needed at each point. + +THE PRESIDENT: That is rather an important visit for the members to make +for two or three reasons. Those of you who haven't had the opportunity +of seeing the pecan propagated in Mr. McCoy's nursery will get a chance +to see Mr. Reed's nursery; and you will get to see the parent trees of +two good northern Varieties. We know very much depends on the location +of the original parent tree, notwithstanding it is sometimes said it is +the location of the nursery that determines the hardiness. We know that +has nothing to do with it. You cannot, by putting a tree in a nursery +for six months, change its nature. If you take this trip Saturday, you +will have a chance to see the Busseron and the Indiana. + +MR. REED: We will also visit the Niblack tree if we have time. + +THE PRESIDENT: I would suggest that all go who can. I want also to urge +all of you to make the trip tomorrow and see the big seedling pecan +trees bearing nuts hanging almost to the ground. You cannot always see +that because usually they are so tall. I also want to call your +attention to the exhibits in the other room. Mr. Wilkinson has a very +fine collection in there. Col. Sober has some very fine exhibits of +chestnuts, both of burrs and nuts, and Mr. W. C. Reed has a very fine +collection and possibly there are many others I should mention. You +ought to examine all of them, because the only way of drawing correct +conclusions about these things comes from careful study, and it cannot +be done hastily. The next on the program this afternoon will be Mr. +McCoy's talk. + +MR. MCCOY: I have no set speech to make I thought maybe there were some +things I might say to be a help to some of you; some things that would +have been lots of help to me a year or two ago from some one, because +nut trees are more difficult than any other nursery stock to propagate, +and for another reason it is more difficult in the North than in the +South. Mr. Paul White and Mr. Ford Wilkinson have both worked in the +North and in the South, and after coming back home these boys say that +anybody can propagate pecans in the South, but with us it is different. +We have kept at it, though, and our president has been our good friend +and has always helped us out. There have been three of us incessantly at +the work. Mr. Littlepage would come down home and get us together and +ginger us up, and we would go back and go to work and try again. It has +been one continuous line of failures, but every year we have learned +some things, or at least learned how not to do it. This spring we were +fortunate in having an expert from the South who came to my nursery and +stayed there until midsummer, and we saw our own work compared with his. +We all had great respect for him and he is able, too. I don't think he +had much respect for us when he got here but he had a whole lot when he +went away for he made a miserable failure like the rest of us. Mr. +Jones, you know, is an authority on grafting. He is the man that +introduced it to the nut world, at least in the East. I think it had +been tried in California before. We have tried his methods and +everything else that government experts or any other expert told us +about, and we have read all the magazines that were published from the +South to the North. Everything seemed to be a failure and finally I got +disgusted and said "We will do it to suit ourselves." After we had tried +all the hard ways in Christendom I think we have at last found an easy +way to do it. Like everything else it is easy when you know how. I +believe it is a fact--and I am saying nothing but what I believe--I +don't believe you will ever successfully graft pecan trees in the North, +unless you equalize your sap flow by pruning your roots. I tried it and +failed. It is possible you may be able to side graft under most +favorable conditions. You may make a side graft take if you leave the +top on to take care of the extra sap flow. You take off the top of a +pecan tree, or any other nut tree in this country, and you ruin your +root system because your sap comes with such vengeance--and it comes! +One day there is no show of sap and the next day it comes with +vengeance. Differences in the soil, of course, makes some difference. At +Mr. Littlepage's place, Paul had the sap a week before I did and Mr. +Wilkinson had it four days before. A great many of our top works are +going to the bad because we ruined the root system when we cut the tree. +And I want to say it again, I don't believe we can make a success of it +in the North. You may do it in Oregon where you have a distributed sap +flow. The Oregon fellows say you can't bud, because they don't know how. +They say the only way you can produce trees is to graft. That may be +true out there but you can't graft in Indiana, I know, especially on my +place. Of course the soil of each particular farm has something to do +with it. To illustrate my point, the first year I was in the state of +Wisconsin, on the 20th of June, I was out in the country and saw a man +setting tobacco. I knew him and I said, "Won't that tobacco get frost +bit?" and he said, "I reckon not. It might but it never did." I thought +it would, but I went that way in two weeks again and I changed my mind. +I had been used to seeing tobacco growing in the Ohio valley where it +does its growing in the latter part of the season. In the South the sap +flow is much better distributed than it is in the North. + +Now, then, I have brought a board along with these young trees stuck in +it, because I thought some of the members would like to see a +demonstration. The tools I have here are not adequate, hardly, for the +job. For a tree that size we take a saw to it. + +(Here Mr. McCoy makes a demonstration of cleft grafting.) + +MR. POTTER: Would you have a scion as long as that in actual work? + +MR. MCCOY: Many of them are, but it would be better smaller, probably. +That is a matter I don't think there is much to, whether the scion has +one bud or ten. I think three is perhaps about right. + +MR. POTTER: They come together right there? + +MR. MCCOY: Exactly on the front side. Now you understand this grafting +is done when the sap is flowing, or about the time the sap flow begins. +Usually at our latitude here you will commence grafting anywhere from +the 6th of April to about that time in May. Of course when you are +cutting trees at that time you have got an immense flow of sap. Mr. +Jones tried this method without drainage, that is the way they do out in +Louisiana, but he only got ten per cent to stick, so we had to work out +a drainage for ourselves. Take a piece of heavy wrapping paper, rather +good quality such as you can get at any paper store, and put it right +over your graft, and a little bit below the cut on your stock. Then +simply take a piece of raffia and wrap. Then make the ordinary tie that +anyone knows how to make with the cotton or twine, or sometimes with the +raffia, and you have the drainage of this paper. The tie, of course, is +simply to re-enforce the strain on the graft and hold it. Then you apply +the grafting wax. The one we use is three of resin, one of beeswax, and +lampblack and a little bit of linseed oil. Cover up the graft entirely, +except don't cover over the lower end of this paper because there is the +drainage where the sap flows out. Then you put an ordinary paper sack +right over it, and leave it on for about three weeks. + +A MEMBER: You don't tie the paper below the raffia? + +MR. MCCOY: That does not make any difference. + +A MEMBER: At what time do you cut a hole in the bag to give it air, or +do you do that? + +MR. MCCOY: Not for two or three weeks. + +(Mr. McCoy now gives a demonstration in budding.) + +We will suppose this is a seedling and I want to bud it. I place my +budder on like that. Now I have got my shield up. Now I lay my budder on +the stock something like that. + +MR. SMITH: Why not wrap over the bud? + +Mr. MCCOY: Because it will injure it. It is essential to cover all the +cut surface you can. Make it waterproof at the top, and have it open at +the bottom. + +MR. POTTER: How long does that stay on the bud? + +MR. MCCOY: I don't know as that makes any difference unless you want to +force the bud. + +MR. MCELDERRY: When do you take that off? + +MR. MCCOY: I don't know as that makes any difference. I have thousands +of them that have been on five or six weeks. I take it off when action +begins. It varies, it may be two weeks and it may be six and it might be +six months. If you have maximum budding conditions generally the tree +itself will tell the story. We frequently take it off and have to +rewrap. + +MR. W. C. REED: Would ten days be too quick? + +MR. MCCOY: In most cases, yes. + +MR. REED: Fruit trees is two weeks, but pecan trees are not quite as +quick? + +MR. MCCOY: Pecan trees will come through the rye about as quick as a +peach tree. + +MR. REED: I am talking about cherry trees. + +MR. MCCOY: I think about twenty or twenty-five days is about right. You +know as well as I do that cases are not all alike, and you have to know +when to unwrap. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: How can you tell this if the bud is covered up? + +MR. MCCOY: You can tell easy enough if the bud is alive, just like +anything else. + +MR. MOSELY: You say you can't graft pecan trees here? + +MR. MCCOY: I don't think so. + +MR. WEBBER: What do you graft? + +MR. POTTER: And what will you do about the nut trees? + +MR. MCCOY: I will bud. + +MR. WEBBER: What value is the grafting to us? + +MR. MCCOY: You may be able to graft. + +MR. W. C. REED: We _can_ graft. + +MR. MCCOY: Maybe you can, but I can't. + +I don't think root grafting is a success, although we have some fine +trees that are root grafted. I don't know what it is but there is +something wrong; some of them are all right, to be sure but I don't find +it a general success. Of the two methods, grafting and budding, I will +bud. + +MR. HARGIS: Mr. McCoy, I have a number of seedling pecan trees in good +healthy condition and I want to transform them into good bearing trees. +What shall I do? + +MR. MCCOY: Mr. Littlepage will cover that. + +THE PRESIDENT: I don't know about that, whether I can or not, but that +will come later. There is one thing that ought to be covered, or +demonstrated here, and that is the method of working the hickory and the +pecan by the slip bark method. I think the slip bark method in the +hickory and pecan is a method that everybody ought to know, and also +this ought to be used with the walnut tree. Some of the walnuts ought to +be top worked to English walnuts in the North. And it's the same way +with the hickory through this section. There are thousands and tens of +thousands that ought to be top worked to fine shagbarks, and I am going +to call on Mr. White who is the most successful man in this topwork +method I have ever seen. I top worked twenty-six this spring, and got +twenty-three to grow; he did twenty-two and made twenty-one grow, so +that record beats mine. I will say also to those of you who are +interested, get a copy of Mr. Olcott's _Nut Journal_ and you will see a +lot of good cuts showing the results of top working. To those of you who +do not know Mr. White I will say that he is associated with me in some +tree work and I think he is perhaps one of the most successful top +workers I have ever seen. Paul, you will now give us your demonstration. + +(Paul White now gives demonstration of top working.) + +MR. RIEHL: I would like to say a few things right here, I don't want to +be thought altogether idle. I live in Illinois, your neighboring state. +I have learned lots of good things here and I want to give a little. I +have been experimenting in the nut business for some time; I have +studied propagation and there is one point I think will be new to you. I +had difficulty in propagating hickories and pecans until I got the +thought of hermetically sealing the scion. I first used gum shellac, but +later I found that by covering the scion with grafting wax completely it +serves the same purpose as the paper. It takes the place of all that +wrapping, except right at the wound, and does away with the sacks. I +have tried them and I much prefer covering with grafting wax. Your buds +will come right through the wax, and you don't have to bother about +taking off the sacks, and there is no danger of leaving the sacks on too +long. + +THE PRESIDENT: That is a very good suggestion, Mr. Riehl. There might be +some discussion of that. It occurs to me that with that method it is +very essential you have the right kind of grafting wax, otherwise it +might injure your bark. Are there any suggestions or questions before we +finish the grafting demonstration? + +MR. RIEHL: I wish to emphasize the fact that the wax must not be too +hot. + +THE PRESIDENT: What is your formula, Mr. Riehl? + +MR. RIEHL: Four of resin, two of beeswax and one of linseed oil. + +THE PRESIDENT: Are there any further questions? + +MR. DORR: Suppose I wanted to get a certain variety of tree by grafting. +For instance if I couldn't buy the white Heath Cling peach then my only +resource would be to bud on another tree. But suppose I struck a nursery +where I could get good seedlings of this tree. Wouldn't a natural tree +be preferable to the budded one? + +THE PRESIDENT: There are no true seedlings, so far as I know. + +MR. DORR: Do you mean there are none at all true to seed? + +THE PRESIDENT: No, nut trees do not come true to variety. In other +words, Mr. Dorr, I might put it this way. In the big Green River orchard +over here there are some of the very best pecan trees, but those of us +who have been observing them for years have found it is only through +propagation we can get a Green River and a Major. It would be a failure +to get the nuts and plant them and hope to get the varieties that exist +there, just as it would to plant some nut that grows a hundred miles +away, because the pollen up and down the river would mix in these +varieties. It is the same way with the walnut, when you undertake to +plant an English walnut and get it true to the seed, you are going to +have a failure. If you plant a Rush walnut you may get a nut that +resembles it but there is no probability of its being a true Rush +walnut. That is why we have these discussions of budding and grafting. +We should be glad if seedlings would come true but they do not. I will +show you tomorrow, at Enterprise, the great variety of seedling pecans, +and I want you to look them over well. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: May I answer his question? I think he asked, which is +better the tree from the nursery, the natural tree, or a grafted tree? + +THE PRESIDENT: If he did, I didn't understand. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: That was the question, and I will say he can't find a +Heath Cling, unless it is top worked. + +MR. DORR: Some farmers who have tried a great many experiments hold to +this theory: If you select the seed properly you can produce fruit as +good as the nurseries produce it. The things the schools teach don't +coincide with what those practical farmers observe. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: When you try to find farmers more practical than these +men here, you have got some to find. + +THE PRESIDENT: The farmer who says he can do that is mistaken. + +MR. DORR: He says the same thing about you. When I buy a grafted tree a +storm comes along and breaks it where it was grafted. If I can get a +perfect seedling I will have a stronger tree. + +MR. MCELDERRY: The very thing he is inquiring about has cost Posey +County thousands of dollars. Men tell them they have trees that are +better than the nurserymen sell and they bite and find they are +mistaken. But they get them and pay from ten to fifteen cents more than +they would to the dealer. There is no man on earth that can keep the +Heath Cling true in that way, or any other variety on earth. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: I want to say a word. Two or three people have made the +statement here that it is absolutely impossible to propagate any peach +or other fruit true from seed. We have been doing it for years. I +believe the orchard peach will come true to the seed. With apples there +are groups that will come true to the group but not the variety. + +THE PRESIDENT: I am glad to hear that statement. I have understood that +the Indian peach will come true to that group but it will not be the big +Indian peach you have planted. It is a fact that some of those groups +have a tendency to come true to the group. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: Yes, they come true to the group and so will apples. + +MR. DORR: May I ask another question? What has become of some of those +beautiful, delicious seedlings in southern Indiana they had when I was a +boy? + +THE PRESIDENT: The same thing that became of Washington and +Lincoln--they died. + +MR. MCELDERRY: It is a boy's taste, not the peach, that makes it seem +better than the ones we have now. + +MR. W. C. REED: I feel that Mr. McCoy discouraged us too much about +grafting. I think either method he used will succeed very well. The main +point is the time of the year it is done. Up to a year ago we began +grafting a few days after the first of April, and continued up to the +first of May, and our success varied from ninety per cent to nothing. We +decided there was too much sap and went to budding. The last grafting we +did gave us the only real good stand we got, that which we did from the +first to the tenth of May. We had as good results then as we did in +budding. + +THE PRESIDENT: That is good, Mr. Reed. I think those facts ought to be +brought out and made a matter of a record. + +MR. REED: I think it is more the time in grafting than anything else. + +MR. MCCOY: Mr. Reed has a clay soil and that does not furnish the rapid +flow of sap that a warm sandy soil does. + +MR. REED: You would have to begin grafting earlier. + +MR. MCCOY: Yes sir. + +MR. WHITE: Do you leave that cover of paper on when you coves it with +wax? + +MR. REED: On part of them we did and on part of them we did not. In +grafting walnut trees this season we left some of it on. + +MR. WOODS: Just a question as to the strength of that slip grafting. +Will it blow off easily? + +MR. WHITE: The first year it will blow off a little bit easily. The +first year you will have to tie it. + +THE PRESIDENT: Are there any further suggestions? If not the next thing +on the program will be a talk by Dr. J. Russell Smith of the University +of Pennsylvania. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: Mr. Chairman, and Ladies and Gentlemen: We have to +educate the public--my good friend down by the window, I hope he will +not take my remarks personally--is a case in point. He has come in with +an argument, which the gentlemen next him says has cost his county lots +of money. I am a grower of apples, an experimenter in nuts and I raise +peaches to eat. I am planting seedling peaches and I know that when I go +on that hillside of mine I can get little red seedling peaches and plant +them and get the same kind, which have, I think, as much sugar and +flavor as any big peach two inches or two and a half in diameter. I +raise them true to the type too, but I would not think of putting out a +commercial orchard of seedling peaches. My neighbor tried it, to his +financial sorrow. + +But it is surprising how this seedling error sticks. People are going to +be buying seedling trees twenty-five years hence and thinking they are +getting the best to be had. Here is an article that bears me out. Here +is an editor who has published a very glaring thing. This is No. 139, +Vol. 113 of a paper devoted primarily to ginseng. This question was +asked: "What do you know about the Pomeroy English walnut trees and +fruit?" and the editor answers: "The Pomeroy walnut trees are all right +and you will find at least nineteen out of twenty hardy. That is what I +find here and we often get it down to 20 below zero. The nuts are of +good quality. Beware of the Pomeroy trees offered by the Rochester +nurserymen. These are grafted trees. Pomeroy raises his trees on their +own roots, all of them are true seedlings, and that is why once in a +great while one turns out tender." + +[Illustration: J. RUSSELL SMITH + +President of the Northern Nut Growers Association] + +MR. DORR: I believe I am as old as you are and have gone the same gait +exactly. I lost my job and went to farming. I was once a college +professor, too, but there are things I find now I didn't find then. +Two nurserymen come to me and sell me two Grimes Golden apples. I plant +them side by side and they do not turn out alike. Why not if they are +grafted trees? I am not knocking, you misunderstand me, I am a truth +seeker. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: I believe that. We always find something we didn't buy. +My head man says they jump in. I have some very fine specimens that came +by accident, and of course we have a certain amount of bud variation. We +find variety even by propagation. The trees will vary the same as people +will but they will vary a great deal more if we get the seedlings. The +successful growth of nuts, as of any other fruit, demands the use of top +worked trees from the best known parentage. That is the way we do with +apples, peaches, pears, and cherries. Nuts will have to come in the same +class from the best known parentage. The big thing today is to find out +the best known parentage and then spread knowledge so that no editor +will be capable of fooling people as in the article I read a few minutes +ago. + +That is point number one. My point number two is a different one. It is +the question of the names of the varieties of northern nut trees, +particularly the names of the pecan trees. Twenty years from now there +will be a million people in the North who will gravely tell us the pecan +grows down South, not in Indiana, and that you can't grow them up here. +I haven't a doubt there will be a million people that will believe that +twenty years hence. How can we get that idea out of their heads? I think +we have an agency in the mere names of the trees which will cause people +to buy more, yes a hundred thousand or two hundred thousand more trees, +than they do at the present time. If we pick out one name, Indiana, what +does it mean? It will make a man ask questions, and if he has any +curiosity at all he will want to know if it grows in Indiana and if it +will grow in any state with practically the same latitude as Indiana. +But if he hears the name Schley, what does it mean? Nothing, because +practically everybody has quit thinking about Admiral Schley. I recall +eight varieties of northern pecans three of which have good names and +three perfectly worthless ones. Indiana, Kentucky and Green River are +the good ones. Green River is the least valuable because it is not well +enough known. Indiana and Kentucky are great names because they are the +names of great states. Then we have Busseron, Warrick, Posey and +Buttrick. The Busseron nut which grows up at Vincennes ought to be +renamed Vincennes. There will be thousands more sold in Vincennes when +it is known from the name that it did not originate in Pennsylvania but +that it is a product of Vincennes. My point is this, it gets a name that +shows it to be a northern product. I am not going to fight for that +particular name but it is growing at Vincennes and that is a perfectly +good reason for it to be named after that well known city. Now we come +to the Posey. It grows on the banks of the Wabash and ought to be named +the Wabash. Nobody knows anything about Posey County and what the reason +is for the name, but the banks of the Wabash where it grows have been +made famous in song. We can hook a sign on that pecan that will sell +twenty or thirty thousand more Poseys than are sold now. Next we have +the Buttrick which is found growing in Illinois. That is the reason why +those Buttrick pecans will sell under the name of Illinois. It is named +for a man but it doesn't mean anything in the world but women's dress +patterns and is not a good name for a pecan. + +MR. MCCOY: A change in a name like Buttrick to Illinois is a good one. +Any name like this that tells by itself the fact that the nut is from +the North is worth a lot to the people who want to sell pecan trees, and +to the people who want to eat pecans, and can buy them reasonably. +Therefore, Mr. Chairman, I move that a special committee be appointed to +consider changing the names of these pecans and giving them names +showing that they are northern nuts. + +MR. POTTER: I second that motion. + +THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that a committee be +appointed to consider the matter of changing the names of some of the +pecans. + +A MEMBER: Isn't there a Vincennes in Europe? + +THE PRESIDENT: There might possibly be more suggestions, and we should +be glad to hear from anyone along this line. + +MR. REED: I agree with Professor Smith in part of his remarks. We have a +walnut called the Ontario from Greene County, Michigan. If we should +call it Michigan that would indicate where it came from. But it is +widely known now as the Ontario, and would it be best to change its +name, even though it comes from Michigan? + +MR. MCCOY: Wouldn't it have been better to have called it Michigan to +start with? + +MR. REED: I think so. + +MR. MCCOY: We have pursued these things for many years and we have made +some misnomers in naming them. I think it's a good idea to change them. + +MR. POTTER: I am very much pleased with the idea Professor Smith has +advanced for renaming these trees. They don't mean anything now as he +says, and I think it would be a great forward stride for this +association to rename these trees. + +MR. SIMPSON: I think Professor Smith's idea is a move in the right +direction. We were the first people that propagated any of these +northern varieties, and my idea is to call that variety Indiana, for the +very reason he mentions here, that it distinguishes it as a northern +variety. I think his suggestion ought to be followed out as far as it is +possible. At least with several varieties. + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair takes the opportunity of saying that the +suggestion meets his most hearty approval. I have taken up pages of +letters in writing to people about nuts, and explaining to them that the +nursery from which they bought had nothing to do with the hardiness of +the tree, that it was the location of the parent tree that determined +this. I was struck by an advertisement last year which said, "buy them +from the nursery furthest north." That hasn't a thing in the world to do +with it. You may take some of this very wood we have here and propagate +it on the McKenzie River, or the Yukon, and say you are selling trees +propagated in Alaska, but the hardiness all depends on where the parent +tree is. These parent trees have been placed there by nature, and when +we distribute them we will distribute what nature has put into the +parent tree. These trees are there because they have withstood all the +climatic conditions, and nothing would be of more value, it appears to +me, than to adopt the suggestion for renaming them. In the first place +many of these trees are named for men not entitled to have them named +for them. Many of those who own these trees do not know their value and +object to anyone that knows anything about a nut tree going in and +getting bud wood, and are contrary and mean about it. It is very rare +that the importance of these seedling pecans is known to their owners, +and they are not entitled to any consideration themselves. They are +generally discovered by some outsider who had to beg to go in and get a +stick of bud wood. Is there any further discussion? + +MR. C. A. REED: You are right about that. But I would like to go on +record in opposition to this movement. When pecans are recorded in the +standard works the names stay. The rule is generally accepted that where +the names have once been recorded no other name can be permitted. It is +easy enough for us to vote to change a name but not so easy to change it +in actual practice. How many of us will know these pecans that Prof. +Smith has mentioned by any other names than those that have already +been accepted. Suppose we do rename them, we shall have to explain that +they are the old pecans under the new names. + +MR. MCCOY: We remember well when we changed the name of the Green River. +We decided that among ourselves here. The Posey pecan used to be the +Grayville and you know when we changed it. I call it the Grayville yet +because I got used to that. You changed it to Posey thinking it was from +Posey County but it really is from Gibson County. I have no doubt many +of these men here call it the Grayville, and then lots of men that hear +me call it the Grayville ask me what I mean as they don't recognize it +under the old name. I am in favor of changing these names. I named some +of them and you know it, but I didn't always name them right and you +have changed them here. Can't we do it again if it will sell them? + +THE SECRETARY: What is the motion exactly? + +THE PRESIDENT: As I understood it was to appoint a special committee to +take up the matter, and consider changing these names. + +THE SECRETARY: Why should we do that when we have already a committee on +nomenclature? What is the use of a special committee? + +MR. POTTER: The special committee will report quicker. + +THE PRESIDENT: If it belongs to the committee on nomenclature to +consider the matter it will be best to do it now, immediately. If the +names are to be changed they ought not go another year, and if not to be +changed it ought to be known. The chair will be glad to entertain a +motion that the committee report tomorrow on it. + +MR. POTTER: I make a motion that the matter be referred to the committee +on nomenclature and that they be ordered to report tomorrow. + +THE PRESIDENT: Do I hear a second? + +A MEMBER: I second the motion. + +C. A. REED: I am the chairman of that committee and I could not report +tomorrow so I will ask that if it is to be taken up by committee that a +special committee be appointed. + +THE PRESIDENT: It is Mr. W. C. Reed who is the chairman of that +committee, to which committee was added C. A. Reed and R. L. McCoy. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: I would like to ask Mr. Reed if he is absolutely sure +about the rule he has just quoted of the American Pomological Society, +that a name cannot be changed. I don't remember that rule. + +MR. REED: Mr. Taylor was the framer of that rule and in actual practice +he has adhered to the first name used, and did at the time he was +secretary of that society. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: Have you not in mind the rule that a name like Posey +being given this variety no other variety can be given that same name. I +think that is the rule you are thinking of. + +MR. REED: No, but that is true too. You know we had the Sovereign pecan, +and after that name had been established Mr. Taylor wrote up that +variety for the yearbook, and the name had been changed then to the +Texas Prolific, but he still retained the name of Sovereign for the +reason that it had been called that before. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: It seems to me that an organization could change a +name. I think the idea is a good one. Take the name Indiana. I think +that name ought to be given to the very best seedling variety that is a +native of that state. I don't know whether the Indiana is the best one +or not, but it is now too late to change that. If it is not the best the +name will have to stick to the variety to which it has been given, even +if later on better varieties are found. + +MR. MCCOY: I know there are some extremely fine pecans on the Illinois +River because I have some samples of them, a good bit better than the +ones we have, and I suggest that we reserve the name Illinois, which +would be suggestive of both the river and the state, for one of them. I +know the nuts are there and I think they are very fine. The Illinois +River has more pecans on it than the Wabash. + +DR. DEMING: I second the motion. + +THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the matter of +changing the names of these nuts as suggested by Dr. Smith, be referred +to the committee on nomenclature, and that they be instructed to report +tomorrow. + +(Motion carried.) + +THE PRESIDENT: We have with us this afternoon, the state entomologist, +Mr. Baldwin, who knows many things of interest to nut growers, and we +shall be glad to hear from him. + +MR. BALDWIN: Mr. Chairman, and Members of the Nut Growers Association: I +am wholly unprepared to make a talk before this association and must say +I am not sufficiently familiar with nut culture to be able to tell you +anything of interest along that line of work. Your discussion relative +to the pollenization of plants was intensely interesting and clear. +There is no use in trying to dodge the fact that every plant has a +father and mother, and that father and mother also have fathers and +mothers, the same as we have. The reason I am not just the same as you +is because I have a different father and mother, and the reason I am +not just the same as my brother is because the characteristics of the +parent may show in one individual and not another. If your pecan trees +should stand out in an isolated situation and pollenate themselves the +individual nuts would not all be the same. We have peaches that come +nearly true to name, and the same is true of the Snow apple that has +been grown in the St. Lawrence valley for generations. The pollenization +of budded and grafted fruit trees or nut trees is brought about, in my +opinion, wholly by the surroundings or environment of that tree. The +well known experiments of the Geneva Experiment Station have very +satisfactorily proved that the variety does not change except in so far +as the environment changes it. Of course there are some things in nature +we do not understand as where very decided deviations, or wholly +distinct varieties arise; but the general rule holds, that whenever you +propagate trees, and get your buds from some variety having merits, +those merits will be transferred to the trees that are budded or +grafted, and will remain in them while the surrounding conditions remain +the same, and changes in the fruit will be effected only by changes in +the locations in which the trees grow. + +I suppose that as I am the entomologist of this state you expected to +hear some discussion of things of interest to you in this particular +field, but I came wholly unprepared for that. In this state so far as +the nut growers industry is concerned we have not done anything at all. +There is a large field for work but I must confess I am wholly +unprepared to give you a talk on this subject. Where I was raised, back +in Pennsylvania, we have several well known bugs that the nut growers +have to contend with, and they are especially abundant with the +chestnut. That of course would not be of so much interest to the people +of this state until the chestnut growing industry has developed more +than at present. I am very glad to be with you and the discussions I +have heard have been very interesting. + +THE PRESIDENT: We are very glad to have heard from the state +entomologist and we want his assistance. We are trying to steer away +from bugs and we want his suggestions and help at any time. + +We have a number of interesting people on the program yet this +afternoon, but the chair is going to take the liberty of asking the +president of the National Nut Growers Association, Dr. C. A. Van Duzee +to talk to us on any subject that he cares to discuss. I know him well +enough to know that anything he says will be good enough to hear: I know +him personally, the most of you know him by reputation. He has some +pictures here, and I shall take the liberty of passing them around for +you to look at, and I am going to say that these are pictures it +certainly does my heart good to see. They are pictures of his orchard +down South. Just pass them around please. + +COL. VAN DUZEE: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I told your +President the first thing when I got in this morning that I didn't care +to have any place on the program; that I would be glad to talk at any +time on any subject he wished me to, and do anything I could to help +along. That puts me in bad to start with. As I have listened to the +discussions of your meeting the thought has come to me that you are +following along very much the same pathway that the southern nut growers +traversed five or six or seven years ago. We are a little further along +in the growing of nut orchards in the South, but you are certainly going +to get along and be abreast of us in time. Perhaps I may be able to do +more good if I confine myself to a few practical suggestions as to how I +think nut orchards can best be produced. Those pictures represent an +orchard which I have in southwestern Georgia and have grown under +adverse conditions. The pictures show the culmination of years of +earnest effort. They represent what I consider to be a very reasonable +success from a practical standpoint. I am a farmer and the first thing I +require of my farm is that it shall pay. I have no theories; I have no +ideals but those which must stand that test. I am in farming to make it +a success; it is my business and everything I do must stand that test. +If it doesn't pay it is not successful. That orchard represents the +culmination of years of study of the problem of how to grow a pecan +orchard on my ranch. That bunch of hogs represents about one hundred and +fifty we selected about three weeks ago to put in our early peanut patch +down there to finish them up as pork, but it does not show my breeders +or young stock. I could talk hogs to you until the cows come home. I set +my mark a year ago last spring, after being twice wiped out by the +cholera, I set my mark at fifty thousand pounds of meat from my orchard, +and I want to say I have animals now in the orchard and in the peanut +field together to make that and a little margin to the good. I expect +our orchard will produce this year more than fifty thousand pounds of +hams, bacon and lard. The reason I am talking about this is that I want +to emphasize the fact that the growing of nut trees is a business +proposition. I want to say, in passing, that I believe no better thing +could happen to the people who live in America than that every man who +owns land might plant a few nut trees. It is a notorious fact that the +nut trees which do the best, and which make the most money for the man +who plants them, are the ones planted in the garden and immediately +about the home where the conditions are favorable for the best +development. It is also true that all the successful pecan promotions +that have been put over on the American people have been built upon the +records of those individual trees, which were grown under the most +favorable conditions. That is the source of all that magnificent +literature, and all these people that have been inveigled into these +promotions in the South are going to be disappointed. That orchard in +the photographs is eight years of age, or will be this year, as it was +planted seven years ago last February. It has never paid a dollar of +profit. You won't find any literature on nut orcharding in the South +that will convey any such impression as that. I do expect it to pay this +fall a small margin of profit. I won't attempt to explain all that but +will say that an orchard must be eight or ten years of age before you +may expect or hope for a reasonable profit. After that it ought to pay +well. It is well worth going after because it is one of the most +legitimate, safe, satisfactory business opportunities we have ever +found. I don't know anything that pleases me more as a business man than +the growing of a large orchard of nut trees, and I assure you, +gentlemen, you must bring to that orchard the same degree of skill, +energy and patience that must be brought into any large business +proposition to make it a success. My own idea is that the nut orchard is +a legitimate part of the general farming operation. If you travel from +one end to the other of this country you will see that it is covered +with apple orchards. Small apple orchards were a part of the original +farming operations. The fact that they have been neglected does not +alter the situation at all. If the owners of those orchards had given +them proper growing conditions, they would have been successful. In the +same way I say the successful nut orchard is going to be a legitimate +part of the general farming operation. + +I want to talk to you a few minutes from a business standpoint. Suppose +you want to plant an acre of nut trees, and you buy an acre of land, and +you buy your trees and have them planted. Who is going to take care of +them? You hire a man who knows about the care of trees. You couldn't +afford to hire one who didn't, and you would expect him to put in part +of his time some other way. If he didn't your investment would amount up +to so much you couldn't make anything on the deal. I emphasize this fact +because I believe you should make your nut orchard propositions large +enough so that you could afford to hire the best men to handle them for +you. If you can't do this there is another way which has been practiced +a great deal in the South and which I hope to see practiced in this +section. I have worked out a solution of the problem, which I believe is +very promising, and it is this: Get enough men, for instance in the city +of Evansville, who want nut orchards, to go out a few miles and buy a +bunch of farms, and put those farms under the management of a man big +enough to make them a success, then plant your orchard, and use the land +for general farming operations as well. I could go on indefinitely along +this line because it is inexhaustible. I think it is the keynote to +success in growing nuts. You can't be successful without giving +attention also to the things I talked about this morning. You have to +analyze the root pasture and the soil. You have to observe from the time +the trees are bought and delivered, and it requires the most careful +attention. You can't hope to accomplish a thing like that until you do +give it your most careful attention. If you have money of your own, or +make your living in some other way while the trees are growing, and feel +that you must delegate it to somebody else, associate with yourself +other men and make the undertaking big enough so you can hire the very +best talent the country affords. In this section of the country land I +presume is worth a hundred to two hundred dollars an acre, and you have +got to make it pay interest. I want to talk about the figures. The +farmer or nut grower, who does not keep a set of books and can't tell +you at the end of the year whether he has made enough money to pay off +his bills and legitimate expenses, and allowing himself a compensation +for the time energy and experience put in the business, is not +successful, and I don't care to consider him, because he is not a farmer +as I see him. You must keep your figures and know how you stand. Before +I get to the photographs I want to go back to our convention at +Chattanooga. I don't know whether there is anybody here that was at that +meeting or not. I was third man on the program to respond to the address +of welcome by the mayor of the city, and I was new in the nut game and +new in the South. I went up there with this thought, "I will listen to +the other fellows, and take my cue from them, and make a little bluff at +doing the best I can under the circumstances." To make a long story +short, when the president called on the other two men to respond they +were not there and that left me with an audience of four or five hundred +people to talk to and nothing much to say. I apologized to them for +being unable to talk in a light way. I said, "I can't say anything +unless it is in earnest; I have got to talk about something I am +interested in." I went on to advocate this principle, and it is a +principle I wish every man or woman in America would grasp and retain +and put in execution today; that is that the calling of agriculture is +the most honorable calling a man can follow, and it is up to us to +inspire in the children of America the thought that such is the case, +and help them in every way to go out into the field of agriculture and +be successful farmers. That is what I want to say. I have no patience +with the men who farm and are not successful business men, because they +are the people that make life in the rural districts objectionable to +the children, and are responsible for the children of the best blood in +the country going into the turmoil of the city where it is largely lost. +You have to pay interest on the land you use, and you have got to pay +yourself a fair compensation for the brains and energy you use on it. I +want to call your attention to one other thing. This farm I bought nine +years ago from a man who had farmed it until it wasn't capable of +producing enough income to enable him to keep it, and I undertook to +build an orchard on that farm, and I have done it. Last October, where +these hogs are grazing in the picture, I planted a crop of oats and I +got forty bushels of oats to the acre the latter part of April. I then +turned around and broke the land up and planted it in sweet potatoes, +which are just maturing and the crop will run one hundred and fifty +bushels to the acre. Don't forget that that is two crops grown and +harvested in one year on the same land. I consider it the best treatment +for the land. I pastured the oats last winter with the hogs, so I got a +very material gain from the oats in that way, and as soon as my sweet +potatoes are harvested I will turn the hogs back in and let them glean +the field. It is a fact that we can make lots of pork on the gleanings +of a sweet potato field. And besides that these trees, each one of them, +will bring me four, to five, or six dollars' worth of nuts. That land +cost me sixteen dollars an acre, and there is a net income of several +dollars above the price of the land, and I presume there is an +individual growth on each tree that increases its value at least four or +five dollars worth of nuts. There you see I have several dollars' worth +of nuts, the sweet potatoes and the oats all grown on the same land, +besides the pasture for the hogs. Those things are possible to the man +who will go into the growing of a nut orchard in a business way. I have +other land adjoining this and I will also utilize it for these purposes +and grow such crops as I can grow in the orchard, because when the nut +crop is ready to gather, I must get the stock out. I keep my +organization employed the whole year. I have the best superintendent I +know of and I have to make his salary out of my business. I get the best +tree man I know of and he also receives his compensation from the money +I make in farming. Last year I extended my farming operations in order +to make it possible for me to keep my organization running full speed +three hundred days in the year. I am dwelling upon this line for this +purpose. Don't let any promoters ever get his hooks into you or tell you +things as we have had them told to us down there. Thousands and +thousands of acres of pecan orchards have been planted without a thought +of the things I am talking about. They have planted thousands of acres +in Georgia; they have not any organization and the man in charge is +inexperienced and they don't pay. Each year from the time I planted my +orchard, and got it to the point where I could count on an orchard crop, +it has increased in value, and today it is worth four or five dollars a +tree above what it cost me. It is a magnificent business proposition. I +am so in love with my work I could talk to you until the cows come home. +I want to impress on the people of the Northern Nut Growers Association +and their friends the one fact that in order to be successful in a +commercial way you must go into it right. There is no short cut. + +THE PRESIDENT: The next on the program will be an article by Mr. Olcott. + + + + +THE FUNCTION OF THE CLASS JOURNAL + +RALPH T. OLCOTT, _Editor "American Nut Journal"_ + + +In the multiplicity of publications one must distinguish, for his use, +those which are for entertainment or general education and those which +specialize. Class publications differ from trade or professional +publications in that they are not confined in their appeal to the +members of a trade or profession. The class publication is for that +portion of the general public which is wholly, or to a certain degree, +interested in the particular object to which it is devoted. + +What has been said with regard to class publications is probably +understood in a general way, but a brief consideration of its bearing +upon the nut industry may make the status of a nut journal clearer. Let +us suppose that an industry has no publication devoted especially to it. +It must then depend upon communications between individuals and upon +annual meetings and their printed proceedings for its interchange of +thought; for it is presumed that it will have a national or sectional +organization. A very efficient organization with the means at hand to +serve its members well can do a great deal to keep members in touch +with each other and to advance the interests of the industry. +Organization, of course, is essential; but without a periodical exponent +there is lacking the advantage to all readers of general timely +discussion, questions asked and answered, special articles, +illustrations and the news relating exclusively to the industry--all of +which makes the periodical a working tool, and its bound and indexed +files an almost indispensable adjunct to the literature and reference +storehouse of the field covered. + +Not only to the individual, but also to the class association do these +characteristics appeal with special force. For, unlike the trade +journal, it goes out among the general public as a factor in the +education of those who seek information of the special kind. In this way +it is a means for extending the operation of the industry, and +consequently of increasing the membership and influence of the +association. And right here is a point which those who have been +operating in the industry for some time should consider. If any portion +of the general public is to receive through the class journal the +information desired, there must of necessity appear in the journal from +time to time statistical or other matter with which the experienced nut +grower is familiar. To a considerable extent the novice may be referred +to existing literature on a special subject; but not all of such +literature is readily available. For instance, the _American Nut +Journal_ has been carrying in each issue a summary of the figures +showing the progress of the American nut industry. These figures have +been seen repeatedly by experienced growers, but even for them they may +prove convenient for reference; and certainly to the newcomer they +should be interesting and valuable. Original matter, of course, must be +the basis upon which the contents of a class publication are built. But +an article, or a portion of an article, which has an important bearing +on the specialty under consideration may often be reproduced in the +class publication, even though it may have appeared elsewhere; for we +are all too busy to read many publications, and the chief purpose of the +class publication is to assemble from all sources that which +particularly relates to the subject. In theory at least the class +journal should be the storehouse to which in its bound and indexed form +the subscriber may go for information on any phase of the special +subject. That is a high and not altogether attainable ideal, but the +nearer the journal approaches to that aim the more valuable will it be +to its subscribers. It should at least record the sources of all +information on its special subject, even if it cannot present it all. + +What has here been said in outline regarding the function of the class +journal will indicate to the nut grower the place the _American Nut +Journal_ should occupy in the development of nut culture. It is +unnecessary to say that co-operation between the editor and those in the +industry is essential, and for that reason all should feel free to +exchange views through this medium. Aside from the practical benefit it +may be to the individual, it is a constant source of publicity for the +organized effort represented in an association of nut growers--and it is +through publicity that an industry develops. + +To deserve the co-operation of all in the industry the management of the +class publication representing it must determine what is the highest and +largest function of the field which it serves and then strive in every +legitimate way to promote that function. + +To deserve the manifold advantages which such a publication affords it +is incumbent upon those in the industry, on their part, to make it +possible through their subscriptions and through their advertising to +maintain such a medium. It is probable that if there were no such +publication every loyal member of this association would gladly pledge +ten cents a month provided some one could be found who would expend the +time and effort to provide it. Just that opportunity has been presented, +and it is a pleasure to say that many have appreciated it. + + * * * * * + +THE PRESIDENT: There is no one thing that would get results for you +better than a good periodical. The Department of Agriculture issues +bulletins but that department cannot go into the journal business, the +business of publishing my opinion or someone else's opinion. The +Department of Agriculture must confine itself to the summaries of facts, +and that leaves a gap that must be filled in by some good periodical +properly edited. It is with great pleasure that we see the _American +Nut Journal_ which Mr. Olcott is putting out and attempting to give us +the best he can get. The chair will be glad to hear any further +suggestions on this subject. + +_W. C. Reed_: I think we are very fortunate in having a journal of this +kind, and having known Mr. Olcott for a number of years I know he is +giving the people a good journal. I think it is customary in most +instances for all trade organizations to have their journal, and I think +in this case the Northern Nut Growers Association ought to adopt _The +American Nut Journal_ as their official organ. I make that as a motion. + +MR. MCCOY: I second the motion. + +THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that we adopt _The +American Nut Journal_ as the official organ of our association. + +(Motion unanimously carried.) + +THE PRESIDENT: Mr. W. C. Reed, you have something on the program and we +will be glad to hear from you now. + +MR. REED: I had prepared a short paper on top working the black walnut +with the Persian or English walnut but I won't read the paper on account +of the limited time, for there are others here we would rather hear +from. Quite a number of you are going to Vincennes and you can ask +questions there and understand it better than I can tell you here. +However there may be some that can't go along, so any questions you want +to ask at this time I will be glad to answer. + +MR. POTTER: It will be impossible for me to go to Vincennes on Saturday +as I have to go home tomorrow night. I would like to ask Mr. Reed if the +method of grafting the pecan is the same as top working the black +walnut? + +MR. REED: Yes sir. Suppose this is a large tree twelve, eighteen or +twenty inches in diameter. We cut the limbs back to where they are four +or five inches in diameter and, supposing that we want to graft this +limb here, we will cut it up here one or two feet because it is hard to +cut limbs without their splitting. Sometimes they will split on both +sides. For that reason we cut them high and then again, later, back to +where we want to graft. We usually find it best to do the first cutting +back along the latter part of February or first of March, and when it +gets time to do our grafting we cut them off again about two inches so +that we shall have fresh wood. We saw them with a fine tooth saw. We +prefer to do our grafting from about the first to the tenth of May. We +keep scions in cold storage. I think that is quite an advantage although +I haven't tried the walnut in cold storage until this year and hadn't +thought very much about it until the last few years: but we find the +ones we were most successful with were the ones we had kept in cold +storage. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: What time were they cut? + +MR. REED: In February, I think, but I think it would be much better if +they were cut in November or early December, especially the walnut, and +I shall do that this year. With the pecans I don't think it will make +any difference. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: What temperature in storage do you use? + +[Illustration: W. C. REED + +Vice-President of the Northern Nut Growers Association] + +MR. REED: Ordinary apple storage, thirty-two to thirty-eight, or +freezing. This spring we grafted between the first and tenth of May; +some of the trees were in full leaf. The sap was flowing very readily +and they bled very freely, although the ones that had been cut back +early would not bleed like the ones you cut when you are ready to graft. +In grafting we used the wedge graft, splitting straight down and placing +three or four scions on each limb three or four inches in diameter. +However the method we like the best is the slip bark method, but we have +had fairly good results with both methods. Of the trees we grafted this +spring 60 to 75 per cent were grafted from cold storage scions. We used +some that had not been in cold storage, and we didn't get them to grow. +We wax the grafts thoroughly and cover them with paper sacks. We do not +use any tying on the large limbs as we don't find it necessary. However, +we have done more budding than grafting in top working large trees and I +think it is a little surer, but we have been fairly successful with +both. For budding we cut them back the same as if we were going to +graft. We let the sprouts grow until about the middle of July or first +or middle of August, and we have let them go as late as the first of +September. Then they are ready for budding. We follow about the same +method as has been demonstrated. In working large trees it is very +important that you keep all cuts waxed thoroughly with grafting wax. + +MR. MCCOY: Have you had this experience, that English walnuts will +produce female blooms before they do the male blooms? + +MR. REED: We haven't had them long enough to determine that clearly. We +have eight trees and four of them produced pistillate blooms and we had +to bring pollen to pollenize them. + +MR. MCCOY: It is possible to have your sprouts almost where you want +them by taking the sharp end of an old file and dressing the bark +carefully. The buds are more apt to come there than anywhere. + +MR. REED: We sometimes lose a good many shoots from storms. One tree was +budded about three weeks ago and that storm about ten days ago broke +every one of them. + +MR. POMEROY: What time did you say to bud the black walnut? + +MR. REED: About the first of August, from the middle of July to the +middle of August, as a rule. We are budding some yet. That depends on +the wood; do it when the wood is ripe enough. We are holding back on +some now to get the wood ripe enough, and as fast as they get ripe +enough we bud them. You can bud them late if you cut them back freely in +the spring, smooth with the ground. Then your buds will take much more +rapidly because you have the sap. + +MR. MCCOY: Have you had the best success when you cut your trees back in +the pruning season? In slip bark grafting there are two ways, you know. +One is to wait until you are ready to graft and then cut back. Which do +you think is the best? + +MR. REED: In top working the large trees we had the best success cutting +back early, that is in the nursery. We have never cut back any at the +time we were ready to do the work. + +MR. MCCOY: In other words you head off the sap flow? + +MR. REED: Yes sir, we hold it back. + +J. F. WILKINSON: Do you find it any advantage to cut your leaflets off +before you bud? + +MR. REED: I haven't tried that enough to know. When you were at our +place some of them had been trimmed in full leaf and had dropped the +leaf stalk, and some had been cut off three weeks and still didn't let +loose. We can tell more next spring as I kept a record of that. + +MR. POMEROY: How do you know when it is ripe enough? + +MR. REED: I don't think a man lives who knows exactly. You have to use +your own judgment. For instance, when bud wood colors up like this I +would feel sure it was ripe enough. When it is green I am more afraid of +it, although we have some good success with the green wood, but cold +storage wood is still better. + +DR. MORRIS: Professor Van Deman said the other day that in cutting bud +wood at this time of year it is good to give the bud rest for two or +three days. He cuts the scions and puts them in the ice house. That +gives them rest and the buds start better and are firmer. Has anyone had +experience with that way? + +MR. DORR: There is another question I want to ask. If we want to +experiment with the processes that have been suggested here, shouldn't +Evansville have a place where we can store scions? We should have an ice +house. Some of us who don't have shoes, haven't any ice house. I worked +in South Carolina one time and made this discovery, and it almost made +me weak. The great majority of farmers in South Carolina are men who +make fifty dollars a year; they cultivate three acres and own a mule in +partnership with two or three other men. Suppose some enthusiast like +this man plants an orchard there. What inducement has he for that kind +of work? The dream I have had here for Evansville, which is my home, is +to bring some of that kind of work into the high schools. + +MR. WHITE: In regard to the point brought out by Dr. Morris about cold +storage bud wood, I believe that it is better for being chilled. We have +found it hastens the callous. The same theory has been borne out by the +work of the Department of Agriculture in propagating the blueberry. +They found it would not callous and form roots unless they chilled it. +Isn't that right, Mr. Close? + +PROFFESSOR CLOSE: I don't remember that. + +MR. WHITE: I think all wood must be frozen or chilled, or put in cold +storage, before it will take well. I found that by putting scions in +cold storage they callous much more readily. Where the temperature is +near the freezing point walnut and pecan wood will callous more readily. +On some that I took out on the 31st of July I had written the names, and +the callous had formed until we could scarcely read the names. In a week +or ten days the callous was around them. On new wood, it would take +twice as long. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: If they had calloused in cold storage was it because +they had been too warm? + +MR. WHITE: No sir. If you will take a tree that you want to set out and +cover the roots until you can set it out, you will find the callous +forming no matter if the ground is frozen hard. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: You mean a tree planted in the fall? + +MR. WHITE: Yes sir. + +MR. POMEROY: Where one had no cold storage what would he do? + +THE PRESIDENT: If you haven't cold storage, such as Evansville affords, +and have an ice house you can use that. It is very important to pack the +scions in excelsior and sawdust and be sure there is very slight +moisture, and to paper line your boxes. Colonel Sober keeps chestnut +scions by standing them on end in cans. He fills in with a thin layer of +sawdust, punches holes for them to breathe, puts a lid on and sets them +in the ice house and says they keep splendidly. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: In an ordinary ice house? + +THE PRESIDENT: Yes sir. + +COLONEL SOBER: I have kept them that way for two years. + +MR. WHITE: Dr. Morris will tell you the next best thing if you haven't +cold storage. + +DR. MORRIS: We use a method I got from Professor Craig, the way he kept +his for many years. His plan was to set a plain wooden box very smoothly +on the ground, smooth off the ground so the box would set evenly on all +sides, then pack in a layer of perhaps half an inch of fine leaves like +black locust leaves, and on that he would put a single layer of scions, +then, more leaves and scions. + +MR. MOSELEY: If you have an ordinary ice box, would that be cold enough +to put the buds in? + +DR. MORRIS: I think that would be plenty cold enough. I know of a man +in Maryland that has been using that for a number of years. + +THE SECRETARY: Do you wax the ends? + +DR. MORRIS: Sometimes I do, and sometimes I don't. + +THE PRESIDENT: You couldn't keep your scions all the time in an ice box, +could you? + +DR. MORRIS: No, not for any length of time, but just for a few days you +could, in an ordinary refrigerator. + +THE PRESIDENT: When you cut your scions in the winter for future use, +you should keep them down pretty close to freezing. I used scions in +Maryland this spring cut last February in this locality. We put them in +cold storage and kept them there until April. Then they were taken out +and shipped to me in Washington. They arrived in perfect condition and I +took them to a big green house across the street and put them in a long +box and set them up in the big refrigerator where they kept their buds. +I had these within two inches of a thousand pounds of ice and the Green +River proceeded to grow within two weeks. You have to keep them in cold +storage. It is so cheap, however, in Evansville that there is no excuse +not to keep them in perfect condition. These cold storage people here, +Holt & Brandon, are very fine people. We have kept very large amounts of +bud wood there and their charges have been very small. + +Before we get through I want to call your attention to the rest of the +program. Immediately after adjournment there will be automobiles waiting +to take all who want to go sight seeing in Evansville. This is by the +courtesy of the Evansville Business Association. I want especially again +to call your attention to the lecture tonight by Mr. C. A. Reed, and for +fear that those here may have an idea that it will be strictly technical +I wish to say that he will avoid technicalities as far as possible. He +has one of the finest collections of lantern slides I have ever seen. He +will take you to the walnut regions of California and to nut regions all +over the United States. Any questions asked him will be cheerfully +answered but I would suggest that unless there is something extremely +important, you reserve your questions until the conclusion of his talk +and not interrupt unnecessarily because there are a great many slides to +get through with. Those of you who are here, come tonight and bring your +friends, bring the ladies and children and everybody else, because it +will be interesting and educative generally. Do not forget that we leave +in the morning at 7:15, not 16, nor 26; that car will leave at 7:15 and +if you will be there on time we can got together on the car. We will +now adjourn until 8 o'clock. + + * * * * * + +Meeting re-convened at 8:00 P. M. + +THE PRESIDENT: The first thing on the program will be an invitation to +join the association. For the purposes of our organization we need +members, and we especially need anyone who has any interest whatever in +nut culture. The membership of persons joining now will expire on the +31st day of December, 1914; the membership dues are $2 per year, which +includes a copy of the annual report. By joining now you get this report +and the three preceding ones. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: Mr. Chairman, may I say something regarding the annual +report? + +THE PRESIDENT: We will be glad to hear you, Professor Close. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: It seems to me that those who pay dues for 1914 ought +to receive the report of the meeting for 1914 no matter when it is +printed, even if it is not for three or four months after the end of the +calendar year. In that way the reports will match the calendar year; +that is they are the reports for the year that the meeting was held and +the papers and discussions took place, and this one should be known as +the report for 1914. That is the way we run them in the other societies +and it seems to me there would be no confusion at all if it were managed +in that way. + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair very heartily agrees with that suggestion and +thinks that should be the practice of the society. The chair would be +very glad to entertain a motion to make that the rule. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: I should be glad to make the motion that the +proceedings of the meeting of each calendar year be reported as of that +calendar year and distributed to the members who pay dues for that +calendar year. + +(Seconded and carried unanimously.) + +THE PRESIDENT: Are there any other candidates for admission to this +society? If so, hold up your hands and our distinguished secretary will +visit you immediately. Are there any committee reports? + +W. C. REED: The committee on nomenclature desires to report as follows: + + Voted on the Smith and Potter resolution to recommend changing the + name of the Busseron pecan to Vincennes; Posey pecan to Wabash; + Buttrick pecan to Illinois. It was the opinion of the committee + that the other names of pecans had been established by the + Department of Agriculture by printing in the year book, and that it + was not advisable to change them. + + We recommend, as advisable for members introducing new varieties, + to confer with the committee on nomenclature before listing new + names. + + Signed. W. C. REED, + W. C. DEMING, + R. L. MCCOY, + R. T. MORRIS, + C. A. REED. + + + +A MEMBER: I move the adoption of this report. + +A MEMBER: I second the motion. + +THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the report of the +committee on nomenclature be adopted. Are you ready for the question? +All in favor of the motion make it known in the usual way. It is +unanimously carried that we adopt this report. Are there any other +committee reports? + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: The committee on +exhibits has not had a very arduous duty, because we can't have at this +time of year very extensive exhibits. But what we have are very +interesting. Mr. W. C. Reed has an exhibit of English walnuts, hickory +nuts and hardy almonds. You have all noticed the exhibits he has in the +glass case. That is very instructive and is put up in such a way that it +can be carried from place to place. He also has some photographs of +trees. Mr. Wilkinson has an exhibit of fruiting limbs of shagbark +hickory and pecans, and various seedlings. To some of us some of those +things are almost new. Colonel Sober has an exhibit of grafted chestnut +trees. He also has the burrs and in glass jars he has the nuts. Then +there is quite an exhibit of the native varieties made by our president, +which is very fine. There are also some persimmons. I think, everything +considered, the society is to be congratulated upon the quality of the +exhibits even though the quantity is not so very great. + +THE PRESIDENT: If there is no objection the report of the committee on +exhibits will be adopted. The report is adopted. Are there any further +committee reports? + +MR. POTTER: The committee on resolutions reports as follows: + + _Resolved_, That we extend our thanks to the Mayor and the Citizens + of Evansville, Indiana, for the courteous entertainment they have + favored us with, and for the excellent facilities that they have + placed at our disposal. + + _Second_--That we extend to the Evansville Business Association, + and to the members thereof, our deep appreciation of their + entertainment and courteous treatment that they have extended to + our association. + + _Third_--That we extend our deep appreciation and gratitude to Hon. + T. P. Littlepage, our president, and Dr. W. C. Deming, our + secretary, for their untiring and valuable services in behalf of + this association. + + _Fourth_--That we express the thanks of the association to its + members and others who have attended this meeting, and helped to + make it a success. + + _Fifth_--That we especially extend our thanks and appreciation to + Mr. C. A. Reed of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. + C., and to Col. C. K. Sober, for their excellent lectures and + special work in behalf of this association at this meeting. + + _Sixth_--That we express our most sincere thanks and appreciation + to J. F. Wilkinson, for his courteous treatment and entertainment + of this association at his home. + + _Seventh_--Be it further _resolved_, that we especially thank each + and every individual member of this association, for their + attendance at this meeting, and for their earnest efforts and + interest in behalf of the same, in helping to make this meeting a + success in every way, and making it the most enthusiastic meeting + that has ever been held by this association, and we thank any and + all members for any special work or research that has been carried + on by said member in behalf of this association, as disclosed by + this meeting. + + _Eighth--Resolved_, That we extend to Mr. W. C. Reed our sincere + thanks for his kind invitation to the members of the association to + be his guests at his home in Vincennes, Indiana, on Saturday, + August 22d, 1914. + + Signed. W. O. POTTER, + H. R. WEBER, + J. RUSSELL SMITH. + + + +THE PRESIDENT: If there are no objections, the report of the committee +on resolutions will be adopted. It is so ordered. The next thing on the +program will be the lecture and lantern slides by Mr. C. A. Reed. + + * * * * * + +Meeting called to order at Enterprise, on Friday, August 21, at 10:30 A. +M. + +THE PRESIDENT: I want the records to show that this meeting convened in +Enterprise, Luce Township, Spencer County, Indiana, where the members of +the Northern Nut Growers Association visited and studied the native Ohio +River pecan trees, and I want to hear the opinions of the different +visitors. The state entomologist, Mr. Baldwin, will please express +himself upon the native pecan trees on the Ohio River. + +MR. BALDWIN: My remarks will be so brief it will not be necessary for me +to go forward. I don't know that it is necessary for me to mention the +fact that I have never lived in and very seldom visited, localities +where pecans grow in this state and cannot, therefore, express an +authoritative opinion as to the merits and demerits of the pecan trees +in this section. It is noticeable that the trees are more free from +insects and fungus trouble than trees in many places. Mr. Simpson, who +has had considerable experience in the South, called my attention to a +very destructive pest that does not exist here in numbers sufficient to +be destructive, as it is in Florida, but he is of the opinion that it +was introduced into that section from this section. + +MR. PRESIDENT: What is it? + +MR. BALDWIN: Mr. Simpson says--I didn't see any of the insects, and +probably you couldn't identify it without labor,--but Mr. Simpson says +there are two broods and the second brood is now at work. This certainly +is a good field for work for the entomologist. Of course the same thing +would hold true with this insect that is true of others; when a new +species is introduced into a country where it has not heretofore +existed, where the natural parasites are not found, it is more +destructive than where the natural parasites exist. That point is +illustrated very well by the moths that are so very destructive in New +England, and don't do very much damage in the countries from which they +come. From my observations on other native nut trees I was greatly +impressed with the abundance of nuts that some of the native trees bear +here. I am sorry I am not able to talk about something that would be +more interesting to those interested in pecans and other nuts. + +THE CHAIRMAN: I should be glad to have our secretary put in the record a +few of his observations. + +DR. DEMING: Mr. Littlepage has been talking to us about these pecans +since we started this organization, and has long promised to show us +these trees. We can't get any idea of such trees without seeing them. We +have had many word pictures of them but I had not been able to form any +idea of how great they are. They have a beautiful outline as we see it +silhouetted against the sky, and every evidence of being trees that bear +lots of nuts, which is the kind of trees we are all looking for. We +don't have the pecan tree in the North as a native at all. There are a +few in New England, a few scattered here and there, but none bearing. I +have heard of a pecan not far from my home, possibly twenty-five miles, +that does not bear. I have seen in the city of Hartford a pecan tree +that was nine feet and three inches in circumference and ninety feet +high, of unknown origin, but not bearing. The nut tree that grows best +through our part of the country is the shagbark hickory. It is very much +like the pecan tree here, but never grows to anything like its size, is +not nearly so beautiful a tree and I don't believe it bears as heavily. +I think the average hickory nuts there are very much inferior to the +average pecan here. We also haven't the black walnut there as a native. +That is I have never seen it native though it probably was originally so +in parts of the country. However, when planted it grows to a very large +size, and makes a magnificent tree. About ten miles from my house is the +largest in the state. We have lots of butternuts over the country but no +nut tree that compares in beauty and usefulness with the pecan here. + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Smith should be able to size up the situation and +give us some of his impressions. I want to get them in the record. + +DR. SMITH: Gentlemen, I don't see how anybody can live by these trees +here and not realize that they are a source of fortune. I can't +understand how men can look at them every year, gather and sell the nuts +and not realize that they are a source of livelihood. I just measured a +big tree in a tobacco field down the road that was thirteen feet and +eleven inches in circumference, that had a sixty foot reach, and was +about one hundred and twenty-five feet high. We measured another, that +had a sixty-six foot reach and they were all bending down with fruit. It +was marvelous and they were certainly giving us their evidence that the +thing for us to do is to go ahead and reproduce them. + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Van Duzee, tell us your impressions of these trees. + +COL. VAN DUZEE: Mr. Chairman, I simply will add this. As I came through +this wonderfully fertile section of the country, I observed people +building bungalows and cottages and setting out trees other than pecan +in their dooryards. That is the pity of it. As Dr. Smith says these +people here are living close to some of the most magnificent natural +trees I have ever seen, and yet they will go and plant around their +gardens trees that will do nothing in the world but produce shade. It +seems to me there is room for the best kind of missionary work here. I +am glad the nut growers met here and I hope the effect will be to cause +people to think. As we came down the road we estimated that on one tree +there were four or five hundred pounds of nuts. The owner of that tree +didn't study the soil that produced that magnificent crop. Our driver +said they had had two years of failure in their farming operations and +yet right here in the same place nature has handed them another +magnificent crop. I have an idea that the average annual value per acre +of crops on the farms of southern Indiana and Illinois will run in the +neighborhood of a ten dollar bill, and here is a tree, one tree, +presenting thirty dollars. I have no doubt in the world that there will +be fifty or sixty dollars' worth of nuts on this tree up here, and it +doesn't occupy a quarter of an acre of land. + +I want to speak about the insects. I don't believe you need to worry +about these unless the planting goes away beyond what I think it will in +this section. Here is the proof, right here in this river bottom in the +nuts we see on these trees and the growth of the trees. They are +thrifty, not mutilated by insects or dying. They are at home and the +conditions are absolutely favorable. I have been very much pleased and +very glad I came, and if I were not thoroughly tied up in a section I +think is more adapted to nut growing, I should come up here and +undertake to do something in this section, for I see great +possibilities. + +THE PRESIDENT: That is an opinion that is of real value. Now I will call +for volunteers. Those of you who have been sight seeing here and have +impressions and ideas you would like to express we should be glad to +hear from. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: One thought that has interested me is this. If we +should take away from this neighborhood about half a dozen men this +great industry would be forgotten. It is to these men who have done this +kind of work that we owe a great deal. They are engaged in a wonderful +work. I presume they realize how great it is. It means the developing of +an industry that will grow in the United States and could be carried to +other countries. These great trees are a wonder, no question about it, +and the fact that here is a new industry being pushed by half a dozen +men is still more wonderful. + +THE PRESIDENT: If this section of the country had been planted to +seedling pecans it would have made every man who owned forty acres of +it, comfortable. We have with us Mr. Dodd, who is one of the old +residents of this neighborhood. He can tell us some interesting things. +He was here long before I came and looks at present as if he might be +here many years yet. We certainly hope he will be. If it were not for +him we would not know that Enterprise is on the map. He reports for the +county paper and keeps the world in touch with Enterprise. I should like +to hear him tell about the old pecan trees when he first knew them, and +I want what he knows about them to go into the record. + +MR. DODD: Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen: I'm no speech maker, +never made one in my life, but I guess I know something about the pecan +business. These trees were here when I came and that was in 1852. Those +big trees that you looked at were big trees then, and must have been +fifty years old, I judge, from what I have learned from older people. So +you see they have been there a long time. I have a piece of ground here +and if I had known as much about the pecan business then as I do now I +would have had every foot of my land in pecans. I make a right smart +little money in pecans as it is. Littlepage knows that. I have shipped +pecans to him off my trees, shipped them to him many times. They are no +better than the others, but we are old friends and he wanted me to send +them to him and I did. I don't know anything about the pecan business in +a general way, as to what they will produce or how much money they will +average, but I think we have slept on our rights in this country for +seventy-five years. If that is any good to you, you are welcome to it, +and we are glad you are here today. + +MR. POMEROY: One tree out in the back here looks as if it might be +fifteen or sixteen years old and it is bearing well. It is a large tree +well filled with nuts, notwithstanding the fact that lightning has +struck it twice and destroyed at least two years' crops. It seems to me +there are thousands of dollars to be made in an investment in nut trees +here where they do so well. + +THE PRESIDENT: Now has any one else any observations to make? Mr. Weber. + +MR. WEBER: Out here you remember you showed us quite a number of +seedlings growing in a corn field like milkweeds, growing right +alongside of them, and one of us thought the milkweeds were the pecans, +as they looked much the same. It seems to be hard to keep them down. + +THE PRESIDENT: That reminds me that when this organization was formed I +had the honor of being the first man on the ground. Dr. Deming called +the meeting to order, Dr. Morris was there and so was Professor Craig, +who has since passed to the great beyond, and a number of others, and I +remember telling the bunch who were there at that time, that if I ever +had the opportunity I would take them into a country where the pecans +really grew. I have attempted to make good. If there remains any doubt +in your minds we will proceed to lose you in the great Green River pecan +woods, and if you are not pretty well stocked with provisions, you may +never get out. I told Professor Close who is making a study of the +pawpaw for the Department of Agriculture, that we also grew pawpaws in +southern Indiana and that I would show him some large trees. So he came +down with us and we went to Boonville and got in Senator Hemenway's +automobile and I introduced him to a pawpaw tree six feet and a half in +circumference at the ground, five foot in circumference three feet from +the ground. So the chair takes some pleasure in having been able to +show the things that were promised. Let us hear from Mr. Riehl. + +MR. RIEHL: I think you folks are very unfair to me. You have said +everything I wanted to say before you called on me and I really don't +know what else I can say. I had in mind what Professor Smith has been +saying to me, and what some of you people have already said, that it is +time for you people here to wake up. You don't know what you have got. +You are like people in many other sections of the country, they don't +appreciate what they have at their very doorways. If I were a young man, +I would come here and plant pecan and walnut trees, but I am too old now +to make such changes. In a few years you may remember what I have said. +The walnuts are as profitable as anything else, and much more so than +any farm crop you can grow. Nothing will produce as much value and with +as little trouble as nut trees. I am convinced of that. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: If they would follow your suggestions they would soon +have another Garden of Eden. + +THE PRESIDENT: Professor Smith has reminded us that the crops in the +Garden of Eden were purely tree crops, and they grew without effort. But +after the fall Adam and Eve had to go out and cultivate the soil and +raise corn. Probably in that garden they had pecans and walnuts. I +believe that is his theory and it may be good. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: O, beg your pardon, that is in the book of Genesis. The +text describes nothing whatever except trees, and then Adam fell and had +to dig in the ground and make his bread by the sweat of his face. + +MR. POTTER: Is the tree of knowledge the pecan tree? + +THE PRESIDENT: I don't know. Can any one else say? + +PROFESSOR SMITH: My remarks on the Garden of Eden were brought out by +what our President said, but I have published others that are not very +lengthy and you can buy them. + +THE PRESIDENT: Let's hear from Mr. Lockwood. + +MR. LOCKWOOD: Dr. Knapp wants me to expose my ignorance and tell you the +crimes I committed and intended to commit. It was about three years ago +that we purchased a little over a thousand acres in Gibson County, near +Grayville, and about three hundred and fifty acres of it were in timber. +We decided to clear up as rapidly as possible all the forest land and +cultivate it in corn. Now comes the crime which Dr. Knapp wants me to +expose and I am going to confess it. We deadened probably a hundred of +as fine pecan trees as you ever saw, from six to eighteen inches in +diameter, and Dr. Knapp heard about it and visited our farm, and it was +on his account principally that we quit cutting the pecan trees. Now if +anybody else cuts them we have them arrested. We have the second best +orchard in Gibson County. I have joined the association and came here to +get a line on you and I have got a good many good things by coming. I +would like to have you visit our farms. We have some very fine trees to +see and I will also give you something to eat, because I am the chief +cook. I want to emphasize the remark one member made that it is a great +work these men are doing. You get that impression when you come to the +meeting, and it shows great sacrifice and love for their fellow men. + +THE PRESIDENT: That is very good, Mr. Lockwood. Now Dr. Knapp will tell +us what he thinks. + +DR. KNAPP: I know very little about pecans but I was interested in Mr. +Lockwood's trees because he had a magnificent pecan orchard, possibly +five hundred trees, and they were contemplating having the trees cut +down because they thought they were in the way of the cultivation of the +land for corn. This is not the case because the pecan tree goes away +down deep for water and is not like the surface root trees. I have seen +large wheat fields in the same location with large pecan trees in them, +and men have told me that they produce just as much per acre on the land +where the pecan trees are as where there are no pecan trees. I went to +see Mr. Lockwood and took him what little literature I had on the pecan +industry and promised to send him some more, and insisted that he read +it before he destroyed his trees. He kept his promise and I am glad to +see that he has taken an interest in the pecan industry. + +THE CHAIRMAN: You are a real benefactor, Dr. Knapp, and entitled to +great praise. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: While we are distributing things gratis I want to make +a little statement in the same vein as a previous speaker. He points out +the work that a few enthusiasts are doing. Most of the things worth +while are done by the people who never get any credit in a financial +way. You will find the things that count are started and done by that +live force of men that work for the fun of working with no promise of +reward. Why should Mr. McCoy or Mr. Reed come down here and tell us how +to bud trees, and what varieties to use? It is plainly a labor of +enthusiasm and love. I want to express my particular appreciation of the +work done by Mr. Thomas P. Littlepage. We hear from Indiana through Mr. +Littlepage. On every occasion when we get in trouble and want bud wood, +along he comes and helps us out. He seems to have all kinds of equipment +for keeping it or he can always go to a pecan tree and get it. We never +hear of the trouble or expense. He spends money as if he had a barrel of +it. He has spent lots of money trying to get the people to know there +was an Indiana pecan. We also know that Mr. McCoy and Mr. Wilkinson and +others too numerous to mention have lost thousands of dollars and have +worked long and hard to get this industry started. The industry needs +enthusiasm and no end of work. It means work to get out and hunt trees +and bud wood and these men are entitled to lots of credit for their +efforts. + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair appreciates that compliment but he is hardly +entitled to so much praise. However, all the efforts we have made to +create interest in the pecan have been well spent. We have had lots of +trouble in getting bud wood and if it had not been for Ford Wilkinson we +never would have gotten anywhere. He is the best climber in the country. +He has gone at all times and under all conditions and has done more real +hard work than all the rest of us put together. He always climbs the +trees. The Major tree is about fifty feet to the first limb. We couldn't +have gotten along without him. And Mr. McCoy is entitled to great +credit. The first time I ever saw the Posey nut Mr. McCoy brought some +to my home in Boonville. That was a number of years ago. He first +stimulated Mr. Brown to put the Warrick pecan on exhibition. As I grew +up I knew where these pecan trees were and who kept a dog and what time +he got up and there were not many pecan trees then I would not attempt +to climb, but I wasn't as large as I am now. Of late years Mr. Wilkinson +has done more than I have along that line. + +MR WILKINSON: I appreciate what you say of me but it takes all kinds of +people to make a world and to grow pecan trees. I have tried to do my +part but without the others I couldn't have done anything. We expect to +continue at the work as long as there is any success in sight at all and +hope soon that some of the hard part will be over. + +THE PRESIDENT: Before we leave that subject I want to say that a few +years ago some of us who had begun to think we knew something about the +pecan and were quite sure of our ground, induced Mr. C. A. Reed of the +Department of Agriculture to come down here and make some trips through +these woods and tell us what he knew, or what he thought of these +pecans. We gave him all the facts we could, and the suggestions he made +started us on the right track as to the varieties to propagate. + +THE PRESIDENT: The boat is ready, but before we go I want the report on +nominations. I want the officers elected in Enterprise. + +DR. DEMING: I would like to say this before we proceed to the election +of officers. There has been some talk among us that it would stimulate +interest in our work and meetings, and would enable us to confer honors +on more people, and more members who deserve such honors, if the term of +the presidency were limited to one year. There has been no rule about it +but our first two presidents have each held office two years. They have +been re-elected to office as a matter of courtesy and appreciation of +their efforts. If from now on we limit the term of the presidency to one +year I think it would be better. We think it would be desirable to make +the rule that the President shall not be eligible for immediate +re-election, that is, he shall not follow himself. I mention it so that +if this rule is adopted in the revision of our constitution and by-laws +the person who is about to be elected President, and the members of the +association, will understand that there will be nothing personal about +such action. + +THE PRESIDENT: In connection with that I should like to say that the +present President has at different times heard suggestions of that kind +made, and I am glad you mentioned it. I wasn't fortunate enough last +year to be at the meeting, as I had to be in St. Louis to help try a +case before the interstate commerce commission, or I should have brought +that up then. + +Dr. Morris is absent and Professor Close is the next on the committee on +nominations. Professor Close, will you report? + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: I did not know I was the next member and Dr. Morris did +not leave any data with me. However we discussed it and decided to +recommend the election of J. Russell Smith for President, Mr. W. C. Reed +for Vice-President and Dr. Deming for Secretary and Treasurer. + +THE PRESIDENT: Any remarks on the report of the nominating committee? If +not, those in favor of adopting the report, thereby declaring the +officers named elected, make it known by rising. (Vote taken.) Contrary +by the same sign. Your officers for the next year will be Dr. J. Russell +Smith, President, W. C. Reed, Vice-President, and Dr. W. C. Deming, +Secretary and Treasurer. I congratulate the association. + +Meeting adjourned. + + * * * * * + +Meeting called to order at 8:30 p. m., at Evansville, Indiana. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: The members of this association have always got to be +on the lookout for good parent trees of any and all varieties of nuts. I +think, however, there is a shortage of information in the matter of +walnuts. I have talked to a number of persons and it is the general +opinion that we want to know, and know quickly, more about parent trees +of the Persian walnut. I therefore move that the chair appoint a +committee to give this matter particular attention during the next +twelve months and report at the next annual meeting. + +(Seconded and carried) + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair appoints the incoming President, C. P. Close +and C. A. Reed. + +The next is the question about the place of the next meeting. It occurs +to the chair that it might be desirable to leave that to the executive +committee. But that is a matter for the association to decide and the +chair will entertain motions or suggestions. + +MR. C. A. REED: I was going to move that it be left to the committee. I +know from past experiences that is the best course to pursue. + +(Seconded and carried.) + +COLONEL VAN DUZEE: I would like very much to extend a cordial invitation +to the members of this association to meet with the National Association +at Thomasville, Georgia, in October. We have a program full of merit. +Our meeting will be held in the heart of the nut planting area where all +the pecan planting has been done in the last few years. We have several +fine orchards in the immediate vicinity and matters of general interest +will be discussed. We would be glad to have anybody that can meet with +us, and if you have friends interested in nut culture we will be glad to +have them. + +THE PRESIDENT: It is unnecessary to say that the South has forged ahead +of us in pecan culture, and she not only has great pecan orchards but +she has great men who have done this work and they will be at the +meeting of the National Nut Growers. I have had the pleasure of +attending some of these meetings and I can say to the members here it +will be well worth their while to go down there. + +Is there any further business? If not we will have Colonel Sober's +paper, after which the pictures will follow. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: I am sure after hearing Colonel Sober's lecture, and +seeing his pictures, we will want to ask him some questions. I know +that Colonel Sober has worked out an unique method in the root system, +and I wish he would tell us about it. + +COLONEL SOBER: The slides I have will show that. + +THE PRESIDENT: Is there anything else? + +MR. DOAN: How does Colonel Sober take care of the blight? + +COLONEL SOBER: In answer to that I will say that in 1909 I discovered +the blight on some trees, just a speck, and I took my knife and cut it +off. That is my best method and then you are sure of it. + +THE PRESIDENT: Are there any further questions? + +MR. DOAN: Are all his trees Paragon? + +THE PRESIDENT: I think they are. The Secretary will read Colonel Sober's +paper. + + * * * * * + +The Secretary here read extracts from the preface and introduction to +Fuller's book on nut culture, prepared by Col. C. K. Sober, with +personal interpellations, as follows: + + * * * * * + +I believe that the moment is opportune for advocating an effort to +cultivate all kinds of edible and otherwise useful nut-bearing trees and +shrubs adapted to the soil and climate of the United States, thereby +inaugurating a great, permanent and far-reaching industry. We are +spending millions for imported articles of everyday use which might +easily and with large profit be produced at home, and in many instances +the most humiliating part of the transaction is that we send our money +to people who do not purchase any of our productions and almost ignore +us in commercial matters. I am not referring to products ill-adapted to +our climate, nor to those which, owing to scarcity and high price of +labor, we are unable to produce profitably, but to such nuts as the +walnut, hickory, butternut, pecan and chestnut which we can raise as +readily as peaches, apples and pears. There certainly can be no excuse +for the neglect of such nut trees on the score of cost of labor in +propagation and planting, because our streets and highways are lined and +shaded with equally expensive kinds, although they are absolutely +worthless for any other purpose than shade or shelter, yielding nothing +in the way of food for either man or beast. Can any one invent a +reasonable excuse for planting miles and miles of roadside trees of such +kinds as elm, maple, ash, willow, cottonwood and many other similar +kinds, where shellbark hickory, walnut, butternut, pecan and chestnut +would thrive just as well, cost no more, and yet yield bushels of +delicious and highly prized nuts, and this annually or in alternate +years, continuing, and increasing in productiveness for one, two or +more centuries. The nut trees which grow to a large size are just as +well adapted for planting along roadsides, in the open country, as other +kinds that yield nothing in the way of food for either man or beast. +They are also fully as beautiful in form and foliage, and in many +instances far superior to the kinds often selected for such purposes. + +The only objection I have heard of as being urged against planting fruit +and nut trees along the highway is that they tempt boys and girls as +well as persons of larger growth to become trespassers. I find this only +applies to where there is such a scarcity that the quantity taken +perceptibly lessens the total crop. But where there is an abundance +either the temptation to trespass disappears or I fail to recognize the +loss. As we cannot very well dispense with the small boy and his sister +I am in favor of providing them bountifully with all the good things +that climate and circumstance will afford. + +On my farms in Irish Valley, Northumberland County, Pa., I have planted +a Paragon chestnut tree every forty feet along the public highways and +driveways making a total of 769 trees. These trees range in age from +four to ten years old. + +A mile in this country is 5,280 feet, and if chestnut trees are set +forty feet apart, which is allowing sufficient room for them to grow +during an ordinary lifetime, we get 133 trees per mile in a single row. +Two rows may be planted, where the roads are wide enough, one on each +side, and then we get 266 trees per mile. I can estimate the crop when +the chestnut trees are twenty years old at two bushels per tree, or 532 +bushels for a double row per mile. At the moderate price of $4 per +bushel, we would realize $2,128 for the crop on a double row, with a +fair assurance that the yield would increase steadily for the next +hundred years or more, while the cost of gathering and marketing the +nuts is no greater, and in many instances much less, than that of the +ordinary grain crops. At the expiration of the first half century one +half of the trees may be removed, if they begin to crowd, and the timber +used for whatever purpose it may best be adapted. The remaining trees +would probably improve, on account of having more room for development. + +The chestnut thrives best in light, well drained soil, and those +containing a large proportion of sand or decomposed quartz, slate and +gravel; but it is rarely found, nor does it thrive very well, in heavy +clays or limestone soil where the limestone rock comes near the surface. +It is true that chestnut groves, and sometimes extensive forests, are +found on hills and ridges overlying limestone, but a careful examination +of the soil among the trees will show that it is a drift deposit +containing little or no lime. I find in Pennsylvania the chestnut tree +grows from the banks of the Susquehanna River to the tops of the +mountains. + +In planting the chestnut tree it should never be planted any deeper than +it was in the nursery rows. If planted any deeper it is certain death to +the tree, as I find that the earth placed around the trees above where +it was in the nursery rows scalds and destroys the tree. Here is where +the great mistake is made in planting out the chestnut tree, and this I +have found out by practical experience. It is far better to plant it one +inch less than it was in the nursery than to plant it an inch deeper. + +There has been a steady increase in the demand for, and a corresponding +advance in the price of all kinds of edible nuts during the past three +or four decades, and this is likely to continue for many years to come, +because consumers are increasing far more rapidly than producers. +Besides, the forests, which have long been the only source of supply of +the native kinds, are rapidly disappearing, while there has not been, as +yet, any special effort to make good the loss by replanting or +otherwise. The dealers in such articles in our larger cities assure me +that the demand for our best kinds of edible nuts is far in excess of +the supply, and yet not one housewife or cook in a thousand in this +country has ever attempted to use nuts of any kind in the preparation of +meats and other dishes for the table, as is so generally practiced in +European and Oriental countries. + +The question may be asked if the demand is sufficient to warrant the +planting of the hardy nut trees extensively along our highways or +elsewhere. In answer to such a question it may be said that we not only +consume all of the edible nuts raised in this country, but import +millions of pounds annually of the very kinds which thrive here as well +as in any other part of the world. + +Where farmers want a row of trees along the roadside, to be utilized for +line fence posts, they cannot possibly find any kinds better adapted for +this purpose than chestnut, walnut, hickory and pecan. In a few years +they may yield enough to pay the taxes on the entire farm, the crop +increasing in amount and value not only during the lifetime of the +planter, but that of many generations of his descendants. + +This appeal to the good sense of our rural population is made in all +sincerity and with the hope that it will be heeded by every man who has +a spark of patriotism in his soul, and who dares show it in his labors +by setting up a few milestones in the form of nut-bearing trees along +the roadsides--if for no other purpose than the present pleasure of +anticipating the gratification such monuments will afford the many who +are certain to pass along these highways years hence. + +It is surely not good policy to enrich other nations at the expense of +our own people, as we are now doing in sending millions of dollars +annually to foreign countries in payment for such luxuries as edible +nuts that could be readily and profitably produced at home. There need +be no fear of an overproduction of such things, no matter how many may +engage in their cultivation.[A] + +[Footnote A: Note by the secretary: At the time when Fuller wrote his +excellent book, the chestnut blight, as at present known, had not been +observed, although he makes an interesting reference to some disease of +the chestnut, of unknown nature, at one time destructive to the trees in +the Piedmont region. The Northern Nut Growers Association does not +recommend the planting of the chestnut in any region where the chestnut +blight, _Endothia parasitica_, is prevalent. With this exception the +association is heartily in sympathy with the sentiments expressed by the +writer.] + + * * * * * + +COLONEL VAN DUZEE: I have no questions to ask, but as I am going to be +obliged to leave the session before the close of the lecture, I should +like to express my appreciation of the paper which has been read and +make a remark or two. I am so heartily in sympathy, in this commercial +age, with some of the thoughts expressed there, that it is a pleasure to +listen to a paper which takes into consideration something a little +beyond, and the idea of planting trees by the roadside for the benefit +of humanity, is of too much importance to be overlooked. I could go on +at great length along this line, but as I have not time I just wanted to +express my appreciation before I have to go. + +THE PRESIDENT: Has anyone else any suggestions or any general business? + +THE SECRETARY: There has been no discussion at all of the filbert, I +think. That is a nut that is possibly going to be of great importance in +the future. I think it was Mr. Doan who asked me about the filbert and +there might be someone here who could give us some information about its +possibilities. Perhaps Mr. Reed could tell us something about it. + +[Illustration: C. A. REED + +In charge of Nut Culture Investigations, United States Department of +Agriculture] + +MR. C. A. REED: Well, I am glad the subject has been brought up but I +would rather listen than try to talk. As Mr. Littlepage made clear in +his paper yesterday, there has been considerable effort in the eastern +states towards the introduction of the filbert, but almost uniformly +such attempts have met with failure. About two weeks ago some of us +visited Dr. Morris's place and while there we were shown some large +European filberts, ten to twelve feet high, bearing heavily. These were +not suffering from the effects of the blight at all so far as we could +see, and they were right in the district where the native northern +filbert is one of the most common of the wild plants. It was quite a +revelation to me to see the native filbert or hazels bearing so heavily. +Everywhere we went we saw low bushy hazels not over two feet from the +ground loaded with immature nuts. I thought there was an opportunity for +some nut enthusiast to canvass that territory, and find the best +individual plants for propagation. The filbert, it seems to me, offers +an unusually inviting field, and unless I am greatly mistaken there is a +great field for exploration. Dr. Deming lives in that same section, and +he tells us that on his farm the hazels are even more common than at Dr. +Morris's place. Dr. Morris agrees with us that there is a fine +opportunity for searching for the best varieties. He has done it and has +found, I believe, one which he thinks is especially fine. I would be +glad to hear from any one else about these nuts. + +MR. RIEHL: Mr. President, I have made a little observation of the +European and I don't think it will count for very much. I know of trees +that were planted in one of our experiment stations. I last saw them +three or four years ago and they were twelve or fifteen feet high and +bearing very heavy crops. I saw no disease of any kind but it was in the +city of Alton and I don't suppose there is a native hazel within miles +of it. That may be why they were bearing so well and were exempt from +disease. I haven't seen those trees for the last four years and what has +happened to them I don't know. I intend to go and see what has become of +them. + +THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Doan, what is your especial interest in the hazel? + +MR. DOAN: I think it offers great possibilities. The different species +that we have tried show that. The fact that it grows freely, even though +certain branches of it have the blight, which does not at once destroy +the whole bush, and the fact that it bears freely and abundantly, I +think are points in its favor. A great many persons couldn't wait eight +or ten years for a nut tree to bear but could wait a much shorter time. +I think this is one good point in favor of the hazels. + +THE PRESIDENT: There is no doubt that the hazel offers a very excellent +opportunity for study and investigation. There are many varieties of the +native hazel that are very fine and it seems to me that therein lies a +field of work for this association. There is no information to the +productive nut grower of more value than the facts as to what these nuts +will do, how they can be produced, how quickly they bear, and what they +are worth. We have very little reliable information about the English +walnut. When we listened to Mr. Reed last night we were forced to the +conclusion that as yet we know nothing about it. There are a few +apparently promising English walnut trees throughout the North but there +are many things to be taken into consideration before you can recommend +those for propagation. It seems to me the hazel offers a field of +considerable importance. Has any one else any suggestions to offer? + +MR POTTER: This hazel proposition interests almost every member of the +association. It seems to me as if we might get at something more +definite and instructive and I move that the chair appoint a special +committee to investigate the hazel, and report at the next meeting. + +A MEMBER: I second the motion. + +THE CHAIRMAN: It has been moved and seconded that the chair appoint a +committee of three to investigate the hazel or filbert, and report at +the next meeting. Are you ready for the question? + +MR. RIEHL: I hardly think that will do any good. I believe there is a +field where good work can be done but I doubt whether the chair or any +one else is able to appoint a committee that can find out much that will +be of value between now and our next annual meeting. There are so few +superior hazels. I tried for many years to find a native hazel that is +worthy of planting. I have heard of some but have been unable to get +them. I heard of one and had it promised to me but he has forgotten it, +I guess, and I never got it. I know of another that is said to be very +good, but the man that has it won't let anybody have it unless he gets +five hundred dollars, and there is no man willing to pay that on his +say-so that it is a good thing. So we have got nothing to go on for such +committee to make a report on. A much better plan would be for this +association to offer a prize of a certain sum of money to any one who +will report a superior hazel. Let that get in the papers and be talked +of so the boys and girls will hear of it and they will contend for the +twenty-five or fifty dollars. There are no doubt such fine hazels but +the trouble is to find them. I think the best way would be to offer a +reward and let them be brought to us. In that way we can accomplish +something, but to appoint a committee when we have nothing to go on will +do no good. + +THE PRESIDENT: There is a great deal in the suggestions of Mr. Riehl. It +has been noticed by all of us in nut culture that the individual opinion +of the man who has seen only his tree or bush is perhaps not worth much. +That is why the data we have on the walnut is unsatisfactory. So much of +it comes from the man who has seen only his tree, and does not know +what a first class bearing tree is like. The same difficulty would +arise, to some extent, in your suggestion, Mr. Riehl, as to offering the +prize. That is perhaps one of the best methods to stimulate interest but +there is this difficulty in the way, that the nuts must be gathered, and +the tree be investigated before it could be properly authenticated. I +have had people tell me they have seen pecans from certain trees, that +long (measuring on finger). There never was a pecan grew in the world +that long. The question before the house is the appointment of this +committee. Is there any further discussion? If not those in favor of it +make it known by rising. (Two.) Those opposed make it known by rising. +(Seven.) The motion is lost. Is there any further business? If not we +will stand adjourned _sine die_. + + + + +APPENDIX + +THE HISTORY OF THE PERSIAN WALNUT IN PENNSYLVANIA + +J. G. RUSH, WEST WILLOW, PENNSYLVANIA + + +The history of the Persian walnut in Pennsylvania goes back several +hundred years. Seed nuts only were brought here by the early German +settlers, as steam navigation was unknown at that period. From this +mixture of seed from Europe, we have at this time a few varieties worthy +of favorable mention. In this connection I will give you my brief +history or experiences and observation for the last twenty-nine years. + +In 1886 I bought two seedling trees from a local nursery regardless of +name or variety at thirty-five cents each. These two trees received +equal treatment in culture for ten years, when the so-called Rush tree +produced two bushels of fine developed nuts. The other tree about forty +feet away has not produced two bushels from the time it was planted to +the present date. + +The productiveness of the Rush induced me to think, and to investigate +the great difference in these two trees. I finally found the Rush to be +a simultaneous bloomer whereas the other was just the reverse. + +Being a member of the State Horticultural Association I exhibited these +nuts from time to time when finally other members became interested in +nut culture. Mr. John Engle of the Marietta Nurseries advised me to +plant seed from this particular tree and raise seedling trees for sale. +I finally did on a small scale only. But I soon found in the young +seedlings a taint of black walnut blood, which discouraged me for a +further continuance. Later I had correspondence with J. F. Jones, then +of Monticello, Fla., who had specialized in the propagation of all nut +trees. In 1903 scions were sent to him, and returned as budded trees in +1905, and are now a living monument to the memory of the first +propagator of the Rush variety. + +The Pennsylvania state nursery inspector first called my attention to +the Hall variety in Erie County, Pa., after which a lively +correspondence followed and sample nuts were exchanged. In 1910 Mr. J. +F. Jones and myself were to see this tree, in order to get its life +history. It was said by Mr. Hall that the tree was planted by the early +German settlers about forty years ago. The Hall variety is very catchy +to the eye on account of its large size. Through the kindness of Mr. +Hall we were allowed to cut a few buds, which are bearing trees now at +West Willow. + +The Holden came first to my attention about four years ago in the New +York State Horticultural Association Report, after which a lively +correspondence opened and sample nuts with the Rush were exchanged which +finally led to the propagation of this prospective variety. + +The Nebo is a variety the history of which I traced back to about +seventy-five years ago. It was planted by an English iron-master by the +name of McCreary. It is said that he gave lodging to a tree agent, +whereupon he received this tree as compensation. + +The Burlington from Burlington, N. J., is of the Alpine type, and is of +great size. + +The Lancaster was first called to my attention a year ago. It is said +the tree, not the seed, was brought from Germany. This variety is worthy +of extensive cultivation, is however also of the Alpine type and very +prolific. + +In connection with the varieties just mentioned we have also the French +varieties, such as the Mayette, Franquette, Cutleaf, Alpine and +Parisienne. The French varieties are not tried out in respect to their +dependability for the Atlantic coast. They however show hardiness equal +to any other variety grown in Pennsylvania. + +As regards the late vegetating habit of some Of these varieties enabling +them to escape late spring frosts, I see no advantage whatever, as Jack +Frost is a privileged character and makes his appearance regardless of +time or place. + +With the limited efforts I have made thus far in the dissemination of +the Persian walnut, I am absolutely confident that the work has just +commenced. There will yet be varieties discovered which will compare +favorably and may surpass those we have already listed. The best +territory to work in I find is the German settlements. They always were +noted for their seed distributions in the early history of Pennsylvania. +In justice to these frugal people, the Persian walnut should be called +The Dutch nut. But the English were the great importers of these nuts +and hence the name English walnut. The Germans today as they visit their +Fatherland invariably bring a few nuts or trees with them, which keeps +up the supply. Of course not all these seedling trees are true to the +variety desired. But they say they come from the Homeland, which gives +them great contentment. + +In the dissemination of these interesting nut-bearing trees I am safe in +saying I have visited hundreds of them and mostly single trees of very +little importance. The principal complaint is that when the nuts are as +large as grapes they drop off from some unknown cause. This is all for +the want of proper cross pollenization. The public in general is now +getting educated to the importance of planting grafted or budded +varieties of known merit, which is attested by the large plantings of +the last several years. + +My limited experience with grafting large nut trees is that it is not +practicable, from the fact that the lower limbs outgrow the grafted ones +and eventually smother them and cause them to die out, leaving the tree +in a disfigured condition. The better way is to plant several trees of a +good pollenizing variety near one another to get best results in +bearing. + +In this brief history of the nut industry of Pennsylvania and adjacent +states, I have said nothing in regard to propagation and culture, +knowing that some one else will take up that subject in detail. + +Horace Greeley in his prime of life said: "Young man, go west." + +The Northern Nut Growers Association says: "Young man, plant a nut +tree." + + + + +A COMPARISON OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN CONDITIONS IN THE PROPAGATION OF +NUT TREES + +J. F. JONES, LANCASTER, PA. + + +I shall not try to cover the whole subject of propagation or describe +methods of budding and grafting, as these will be covered by others and +we are to have demonstrations of budding and grafting, which are far +ahead of any descriptions that can be given. I will try to compare +conditions in the North and South and give some of my experience with +the problems that have confronted us. + +We have been able to get very satisfactory results with the pecan, +either by budding or grafting, under northern conditions. With good +scions and good stocks we have been able to get nearly, if not quite, as +good results in Pennsylvania as we were able to get in Florida or +Louisiana. The growth of the tree is also quite satisfactory. From +dormant buds on good stocks we are able to get a growth of four to six +feet the first year in the nursery and six to seven feet is not unusual. +The growth is also quite stocky and altogether very satisfactory. Any of +the methods of propagation as practiced on the pecan in the South are +successful in the North, but budding by the patch method has given us +the best results. Grafting is quite successful so far as the live or +stand is concerned, but, on account of our shorter growing season, the +growth is not nearly so satisfactory as that of the dormant bud which, +being set the previous summer, is ready to start quickly into growth in +the spring and gets the full benefit of our shorter growing season. + +The shagbark hickory is essentially a northern tree and can only be +propagated satisfactorily in the North. In Florida and Louisiana we +could graft the shagbark on pecan stocks with fairly satisfactory +results, so far as the live or stand was concerned, but the tree did not +take kindly to the climate of the Gulf Coast and made little growth, a +number dying out altogether the second and third years after being +grafted. We have never gotten very satisfactory results from grafting +the shagbark with scions taken from old, bearing trees, but with good +scions from young thrifty trees, the shagbark may be grafted with fairly +satisfactory results in the northern states. From the nature of the +growth, it is not practical to bud the shagbark by the annular or patch +bud methods as practiced so satisfactorily on the pecan, but last +season (1913) in an experiment we got good results from ordinary shield +budding by taking scions from a tree that had matured and ripened its +growth up early and setting the buds on young, sappy growth of the +pignut hickory, _Hicoria Glabra_. The scions from which those buds were +taken were cut to test patch budding on the shagbark and when it was +found that the growth had hardened and the bark would not peel, the buds +were cut and inserted by ordinary shield budding, as practiced on the +apple, peach, etc. This experiment was made with little or no hope of +success, so that my surprise can well be imagined, when the wrapping was +removed and it was found that every bud had united with the stocks! +These buds have made better growth the present season than have the +grafts set the past spring, as might be expected. This may be a freak +and we may not be able to again duplicate the results, at least in more +extensive practice, but I am inclined to think that we will, under +similar conditions. The shagbark, without any manipulation, ripens and +hardens up its growth early in the season and it would appear that these +conditions could easily be duplicated, at least in average seasons. +Young stocks of either the pecan or pignut hickory hold their sap much +later than does the shagbark and are in good condition for budding after +the shagbark is dormant. We have practiced this method on the chestnut +for several years with very satisfactory results. The chestnut may be +budded almost as easily as the apple or pear, and with nearly as good +results, by ordinary shield budding, by taking scions for budding from +an old bearing tree which has matured and ripened its growth up early +and setting the buds on young, sappy seedling stocks growing under +cultivation in the nursery. The paragon chestnut, especially, ripens its +growth up very early when the tree is carrying a good crop of chestnuts, +and there is a month, in average seasons, when buds may be taken from it +and set on young stocks in the nursery. This condition might be brought +about on younger trees from which buds are to be taken by withholding +nitrogenous fertilizers and cultivation, or, if necessary, by root +pruning. Root pruning should not be too severe as a sudden check on the +growth in the growing season might interfere more or less with the +storing up of "starch" or "dormant plant food" in the scion. Any +condition or conditions that will serve to induce early maturing and +ripening of the wood growth on trees from which buds are to be taken +will be satisfactory, and by using nitrogenous fertilizers and liberal +cultivation on the stocks to be budded, they may be kept in good +condition of sap well into September in average seasons. Grafted at the +proper time we were able to get good results without any manipulation of +the seedling stocks. All that we ever did there was to remove the new +growth occasionally to hold the stocks in good condition for grafting +and prolong the grafting season, and it was always questionable whether +this was a necessary precaution. My idea in keeping the new growth off +the stocks till the grafts were set was not to control the sap flow, but +to prevent, if it were possible by this means, the exhaustion of the +stored up "starch" in the stock, by the new growth. In the northern +states, the sap in the walnut stocks, and perhaps to some extent in +other nut tree stocks, is inclined to come up in the spring with a rush. +Some seasons at least, even before the buds push into growth, when the +stocks are cut off for grafting a large number "bleed" or run sap very +freely and this may continue several days, flooding and injuring the +scion, and exhausting the vitality of the stock. This condition was +especially noticeable the past spring, due presumably, to the lateness +of the growing season. Making provision for the exit of the surplus sap +was usually sufficient in the lower south and, we believed, would be +farther north, but with the stronger flow of sap this is not sufficient +in the northern states, at least some seasons. An examination of grafts, +set on stocks which have bled freely after having been grafted, shows +that the stock callouses very slowly, if at all, and the scion, unless +it be of very heavy, solid wood, becomes dark colored and sour and the +wood soon dies in the cleft, although the scion above this point may +remain green for weeks. I am not able, at this time, to give any +specific remedy for the correction of this trouble for the reason that I +have not worked it out to my own satisfaction as yet, but now that we +understand the trouble better, I feel sure that we will be able to +correct it in the manipulation of the stocks before they are grafted. +Keeping the new growth off the stocks may be found to be sufficient in +most seasons, if the grafting is done rather late, but I am of the +opinion that a rather severe cutting back of the stocks a few days +before they are grafted, if the grafting is done early, will be found +the best practice. For later grafting, my opinion is that two or three +cuttings, say a week apart, will be better. Root pruning, where it can +be practiced to advantage, will be found more effective still. I have +never known newly transplanted stocks or those which had the tree digger +run under them, to bleed freely when grafted, and we have sometimes +gotten a good stand of grafts on such stocks, but such stocks may not +always have sufficient sap for the best results in grafting, if they +have been recently transplanted or root pruned. Fall planted As a +matter of experiment, I want to try budding both the pecan and walnut by +this method the present season, but I don't expect any results from +walnut buds set in this way. For the information of those who may wish +to try this method the present season, I will say that we cut the +shagbark buds a little heavier than we cut apple or pear buds. The wood +was left in the bud. The bark on the stock was split and the buds +inserted just as in any other shield budding. The buds were wrapped very +firmly, with waxed muslin, just as we wrap patch buds. + +Our success with grafting the English or Persian walnut, under northern +conditions, has been variable and not very satisfactory. With good +scions and good stocks and other favorable conditions, we have sometimes +gotten over 90 per cent to grow, but the stand is more often much below +this and the present season we did not average over 25 per cent. The +fact that we get good stands of grafts when all conditions are right, is +not only encouraging but demonstrates that the English walnut can be +grafted under eastern or northern conditions with at least a fair degree +of certainty as to results, just as soon as we learn the causes of our +failures and are thus able to apply the remedy. Perhaps the greatest +drawback to the successful grafting of the English walnut is the +difficulty of obtaining good scions. The annual growth of the walnut is +much more pithy than that of the pecan or shagbark, and for this reason, +only a comparatively small portion of the growth is available for +grafting purposes if we are able to select scions that will give the +best results. Like the pecan and shagbark, the two-year wood makes the +best scions for grafting, provided that the wood has good buds on it, +but under our conditions those buds that lie dormant are usually shed +off during the summer and few good buds remain that will start quickly +into active growth. It is true that adventitious buds will often form +where these buds have shed off, and these will push into growth if the +stock is kept free from sprouts, but usually too late in the season to +make good trees, and keeping the seedling stock free from sprouts when +it should be in leafage is more or less weakening and injurious and the +grafts, starting into growth late in the season, do not mature and ripen +their growth up properly before frost and are quite likely to be injured +by early November freezes, unless they have some protection. To graft +the English walnut with unvarying and satisfactory results, under +northern conditions, we must not only have good scions and good stocks, +but we must control the sap flow in the stocks. In Florida and Louisiana +the sap came up more gradually in the stocks in the spring, and when or +root pruned stocks would probably give the best results, as the sap +would probably come up more gradually in the spring and, while the flow +would probably be sufficient for the best results, it would not flow +freely enough to injure the scion or stock. + +We have not experienced any serious difficulty from an extreme flow of +sap in pecan stocks, either in the North or South, but we have had +grafts set on the pignut hickory fail from this cause. The English +walnut may be budded with fair to good results, by the patch method, by +selecting good buds on the best matured, round growth, but to propagate +the tree economically and satisfactorily it is desirable to both bud and +graft, otherwise both stocks and scion wood are wasted. + + + + +TOP-WORKING LARGE WALNUT TREES + +W. C. REED, VINCENNES, INDIANA + + +In top-working large native walnut trees to the Persian or English +walnut, the first operation is to cut the trees back severely. This +should be done while the trees are dormant, preferably in February or +early in March. Cut them back two feet or more above where you wish to +graft, then cut again to where you want them. This will avoid splitting. +Usually we cut back to where the limbs are from two to four inches in +diameter. We have cut some back that were six to eight inches with good +results. However, limbs this size require careful attention to avoid +decay as it takes so long for them to heal over. + + +_Scions for Grafting_ + +Scions for grafting should be cut while perfectly dormant and packed in +damp moss or sawdust, being careful not to have it too wet. Paper line +the boxes and place in a cool place. Cold storage is much better. Scions +cut during the winter and placed in cold storage will come out in good +shape for grafting in May, or budding during July or August. Where there +is danger of the wood being injured by cold weather it would be well to +cut scions in November, before severe cold. + + +_Time for Grafting_ + +Wait until the new growth is well advanced or nearly in full leaf, which +is about May 1 to 10, in this latitude. + + +_Methods_ + +Use either the wedge graft or the bark graft. We have had equally good +results with each. If any difference it is in favor of the side or bark +graft which we prefer because it does not split or mutilate the stock, +there is not the chance for decay, and the wounds heal over much +quicker. On limbs three to four inches in diameter put in three to four +grafts. + +Cut the stubs back one to two inches below where they were cut when +dormant so you may have a fresh clean cut. Pare the rough bark off until +you have a fairly smooth surface for three inches below where the limbs +are cut off. + + +_Side or Bark Grafting_ + +For side or bark grafting split the bark with a sharp knife for about +two inches where the graft is to be set. Cut your scions with about two +buds. Slope the scion all from one side with a long slope so it will fit +well to the wood or cambium layer; then trim off a little of the outer +bark on the outside lower edge of the scion, just enough to expose the +cambium so it will come in contact with the inner side of the bark on +the tree. + + +_Wedge Graft_ + +If the wedge graft is used, take a long bladed knife (a corn knife will +do) set it sloping on the cut off stock and make a clean cut through the +bark first so it will split straight, then raise the handle of the knife +and drive the blade into the wood, splitting it as deep as needed, +depending on the size of the scion and insert a wooden wedge made from +some hard wood. An old broom or hoe handle is good, tapering the wedge +from both sides, leaving it thick in the center so it will come out +easily after the graft is set by simply tapping lightly from first one +side and then the other. In cutting the scion slope from each side with +a long slope to fit the split in the stub. The outer edge of the scion +should be somewhat thicker than the inner edge so that when the wedge is +taken out it will be held firm. Be very careful to see that the cambium +of the scion and tree meet on each edge of the scion. Pack all large +cracks with tissue paper and wax thoroughly. + + +_Waxing, Tying, Bagging_ + +As soon as the grafts are set, cover the entire wound with grafting wax, +being careful to cover the top of the stub well and the sides as far +down as the bark is split, and the upper end of the scion. Then place a +paper sack over the stub to prevent evaporation and leave this on until +the scions start into growth. We do not use any tying material on large +limbs because the bark is thick enough to hold the graft in place. +However, on smaller trees it will be important to wrap the grafts well. + + +_Grafting Wax_ + +The best grafting wax we have found is composed of the following: + +Four pounds resin, one pound beeswax, one-half pint linseed oil and one +tablespoon of lampblack. Melt all together and apply with a paint brush, +being careful not to have the wax too hot. + + +_After Care_ + +After new growth starts watch it closely every week or ten days and keep +all suckers removed until the scion starts into growth. Wherever grafts +fail to start the suckers may be left to grow for budding later. + + +_Budding Large Trees_ + +Cut back early the same as for grafting, cover all cuts with grafting +wax, let all sprouts grow until time to bud, which is usually August 1 +to September 1. Thin out the small, weaker sprouts and bud three or four +of the largest ones, setting the bud four to six inches from where the +sprout comes out of the stub. Use the patch bud, wrap carefully with +waxed cloth, using muslin dipped in melted beeswax, the strips of cloth +three-sixteenths to one-fourth inch wide. The following spring, about +March 1, cut the sprouts back to about three inches above the bud, +remove all other sprouts when new growth starts and keep all suckers +removed. + + +_Supports_ + +At this time you will need to put up slat supports to tie the buds to. +Take slats one by two inches and twelve feet long. Nail these to the +sides of the limbs so they will extend six to eight feet above. Keep +buds and grafts tied up every week or ten days during the growing +season. + +It has been our experience that budding is preferable. However, grafting +in the spring and then budding in August gives you two chances the same +season. + +This same method applies to the pecan and hickory as well as the walnut +and if the work is carefully done you will surely be well paid for your +work. + + + + +INTEREST IN NUT GROWING IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN STATES + +DR. L. D. BATCHELOR, UTAH AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION + + +The marked increase in the interest in nut growing throughout the +intermountain states is shown by the numerous inquiries on this subject +which are directed to this office. There have been very few plantings of +commercial orchards, but on every hand there is an interest shown in +using nut trees for shade trees. The hardy varieties of Persian walnut +are being planted more each year to ascertain the most promising sorts +for commercial planting. Larger plantings will no doubt follow when some +of these varieties have gained the confidence of the people, for one of +the chief drawbacks to nut planting in the past has been the common +belief that a semi-tropical climate is essential to the production of +such nuts as almonds, pecans and Persian walnuts. + +The Utah Agricultural Experiment Station has distributed about one +hundred Persian walnut trees to coöperative planters over the state the +past season. Ninety-five per cent of the trees are making a thrifty +growth, while a similar planting made in 1912 gives good promise. + +The following varieties are included in the experimental lot; Chaberte +(grafted on black walnut); Franquette (on black and English walnut); +Franquette (Vrooman Strain); Mayette (on English Walnut); Parisienne (on +the black walnut); Pomeroy (seedling); Pomeroy (on black walnut); Rush +(on black walnut). + +A number of seedling trees have been discovered by the writer during the +past year, throughout the state. Some of these seedlings are producing a +fairly good type of commercial nut. What is more important, however, the +success of these seedling Persian walnuts points to the practicability +of planting the hardier varieties of this nut in the intermountain +states. + + + + +REPORT FROM G. H. CORSAN + + +Location--Toronto. + +Season--Winter, 1913-1914; Spring, 1914; Summer, 1914. + +Type of season--November and December very mild. The ground was not +frozen the least on January 1, 1914. January 12 the coldest day Toronto +ever experienced 22° F. below zero. On February 12 it was 18° F. below +zero. January, February and most of March _very_ steady cold. Very +little snow all winter, none on January 12. + +Except those that I smothered by _too_ much care the following seedlings +lived through the winter and are alive today: Pecans; pinus edulis; +pinus Koriensis; chestnuts; filberts; all the juglans including +Californica and Canadian seed of regia; pawpaws; persimmons. My +"mountain rose" peaches had not a twig winter killed though my +Fitzgeralds, a very hardy peach, had some; this peach may not be as +hardy as it is blown up to be. The season has been very dry and this +summer many of the Paragon chestnuts died that were not watered. My +Pomeroy walnuts are having a struggle to keep good form but I think that +I will have a few hardy ones selected from them, as these last two +winters have been the most trying on young trees we have ever had, of +which fact I am glad. Here at Battle Creek are a dozen of Mr. W. C. +Reed's grafted pecans; all are alive and growing strong as are mine in +Toronto. I wrote you of the horrible abuse that mine had while in +transit and they had a right to die but lived. Pecans grow very late +into the fall and do not shed their leaves early so that I feel sure +that the wood will harden sufficiently to stand the winter. The next +question is, will the nut mature where grapes and peaches grow and just +escape the October frosts. I saw many splendid pecans at Burlington, +Iowa. Native pecans for seed stock can be procured from there in +abundance. The nuts there are long and narrow, but not thick-shelled, +and sell retail in the stores for not less than twenty cents a pound. +The climate at Burlington has been 35° F. below zero some winters. + +I am certain from my observations all over northeastern North America +that the pecan has far more possibilities than the English walnut or any +other nut unless we can develop a blight proof chestnut. + +The north Chinese walnut has been doing wonderfully well in Toronto and +those two trees fifteen and seventeen feet high have not a twig killed. +They do not bear as early as the Japanese. Their leaves are much longer +than the English walnut but the nut is fully as good as the best +California, Persian walnut that ever reached the market. Many of the +nuts are paper shelled, some burst open at the suture. Their appearance +is almost the same as the English but the tree is much hardier, growing +at the extreme north of China. Then this is the tree that the nurserymen +of Ontario have been selling as "English" walnuts and guaranteeing to be +hardy. But as soon as we saw the leaf and the trunk we at once knew them +for north Chinese walnuts and upon being told that, the men acknowledged +that they were. Just today I have been speaking to a missionary from the +extreme north of China and he informs me that they have two feet of ice +every winter where these trees grow in abundance with the finest nuts he +ever saw. This fact and the fact that really good pecans can grow up +north are the two facts that I wish this association to work on in order +to get results that are certain of success. + + + + +DISTRIBUTION OF PERSIAN ("ENGLISH") WALNUT SEEDLINGS IN MICHIGAN + + +Attention should be called to the work of Mr. Myron A. Cobb of the +Department of Agriculture of the Central State Normal School, Mount +Pleasant, Michigan, of which he sends the following outline. Mr. Cobb +has consented to send out with the trees a leaflet, to be supplied by +this Association, explaining the fundamental principles of nut growing. + +It is interesting to note the cost of these seedling trees, one and +one-half cents each, including postage. + +The success of Mr. Cobb's work shows the readiness of the public for it. +Our Association should encourage similar work in other states. + + * * * * * + +"About five years ago, I began the distribution of walnut seedlings by +planting a few seeds in our orchard, and distributed them to the schools +of Isabella County. I distributed about five hundred each year, making a +total of two thousand five hundred seedlings. This year, the idea has +been more widely advertised, and the demand for seedlings has been +enormous. I have distributed this year five thousand seedlings and have +received orders for about two thousand more which I could not fill +because of lack of trees. + +"This work was taken up primarily with the idea of distributing walnut +seedlings on the farms and incidentally to teach how trees are raised +and to correlate the work of the school to the home. + +"The trees have been distributed largely by parcel post, in amounts from +three to three hundred. The trees have been sold for one and one-half +cents each. This covers the original cost of the trees and the postage +on the same. Some of the trees have been grown upon our own grounds, but +the most of them have been obtained from the D. Hill Nursery Company, of +Dundee, Illinois. The distribution has been largely through the schools, +but many organizations have interested themselves in the movement, as +farmers' clubs, women's clubs, civic improvement leagues, etc. The +Women's Club of Pontiac distributed two hundred and seventy-five. We +prefer to distribute them through the schools. + +"These trees have been distributed to nearly every portion of Michigan, +Mr. Weidman, a prominent lumberman, sending one hundred to the Upper +Peninsula. Several hundred have been sent to the burned over areas of +Northeastern Michigan, some have been planted in the cities and along +the roadside, but the most of them have been distributed to the farms. +The demand this year exceeded our anticipation. Many farmers and +organizations have been greatly interested in securing and distributing +the seedlings, and some of the requests for seedlings have been very +interesting, in that they show such a great desire on the part of the +farmers to secure the trees, and it has been with extreme regret that we +were obliged to return their money, because of lack of seedlings. + +"This movement seems to be especially interesting in many ways and plans +are being made to supply the demand the following season and to extend +the work along other practical lines and apparent indications are that +our slogan, 'A walnut tree for every farm,' will be a reality." + + + + +EXAMPLES OF SOME RECENT CORRESPONDENCE + + + FARMINGDALE, ILL., August 5, 1914. + +I am interested in fruit and nuts of all kinds, but plant only for home +use and experimentally. + +I believe the chestnut is a better money nut here than the pecan, as +natives here bear very sparsely and irregularly although the catkins or +male part usually come out in great profusion. + +I note that you say "there is probably not much use in trying to grow +the pecan or Persian walnut outside the peach area." Here our pecan +seems as hardy as the average apple, withstanding 25° below zero or more +with little or no injury. I find that the "Andrus" Persian walnut is +_much_ hardier than the "Pomeroy" as I planted two small one-year trees +that endured the following winter 20° below, with no injury to even +terminal buds. So twenty years may show a change of opinion as to the +value of the Persian walnut in the Middle West. + +The Japanese walnuts here are often injured by winter at 15° below, but +there may be hardier types and varieties than those I have tried. + +I have never been able to _graft_ the pecan successfully--annual or +budding has given me the only success I have had. And in years like this +and last, I find it very difficult to make a transplanted grafted pecan +live without watering. + +I have failed, so far, in finding a practical method to keep chestnuts +in good eating and planting condition until spring. If stored in the +ground cellar or as peach pits, they mould, if kept in an ordinary +building they become too dry. + + BENJAMIN BUCKMAN. + + SOUTH WATERFORD, ME., November 21, 1914. + + DEAR SIR: + +I have just read in the last issue of the _Rural New-Yorker_ a very +interesting article on nut growing, giving your name. + +For several years I have thought that it would be better for people in +the New England States to give more attention to nuts than so much to +apples, but I have not been in a position to start in with nut trees +much until now. + +Although 65 years old and somewhat used up with rheumatism I am not +ready to give up yet.... + +When I started on this farm it did not produce a barrel of grafted +fruit. There were quite a lot of natural fruit trees that never had been +trimmed or cared for in any way. I grafted these trees and set out some +from time to time until now the farm produces from 500 to 800 barrels +per year. + +This year apples at picking time sold slow for $1.00 per barrel for No. +1's, No. 2's not wanted at any price. + +I often think that if I had set out a few acres of nut trees 25 years +ago they would have been more profit now than the whole 200-acre farm +is.... + +Last spring on account of my lameness and the scarcity and the high +price of farm help I sold my large farm and bought a small place.... +Last spring I had about two acres of this land plowed up and during the +summer thoroughly worked over with the idea of next spring setting it +out to nut trees of some varieties that would do best here. Now I do not +know anything about nut growing or what varieties best to plant. If you +can help me out by putting me in a way to get this information you will +confer a great favor. + + + UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, + BUREAU OF STATISTICS, + (Agricultural Forecasts) + Office of the County Correspondent. + + ISLE LA MOTTE, GRAND ISLE, VERMONT, December 10, 1914. + + MY DEAR SIR: + +I wish to set out several nut trees next spring here on this island in +Lake Champlain. We have lots of hickory nuts, butternuts, hazelnuts and +beechnuts growing wild here and Champlain says in his narrative that +there were lots of fine chestnuts growing here 300 years ago. Now I want +to try some chestnuts, black walnuts, English walnuts, pecans, and +almonds. If you can tell me the hardiest varieties of each and where to +get trees I shall be greatly obliged. I have my doubts about pecans and +almonds but am willing to try them here. I am growing peaches here where +they never grew before. + + + RICHMOND, VA., December 13, 1914. + + DEAR SIR: + +I am just commencing an enterprise in propagation of nut trees here just +north of Richmond. I shall have plenty of time to do some experimental +work in planting of unknown varieties and would like to do some such +planting. I want any information I can get on varieties of English and +black walnuts, hazelnuts, hickories and persimmons, "sloes" and any +other varieties of currants. If I am not trespassing too much on your +time please put me in touch with parties who can give me information. +Please advise me if your association has any publications on the +subject. + +I am a retired civil engineer and my hobby has been all my life the +study of forest trees. I am now in a position to do some planting and I +should be very glad to coöperate with your association. I am here +located exactly on the line of demarcation between northern and southern +forest growths and I think I have exactly the location for experimental +work.... + + + NEW MILFORD, CONN., December 8, 1914. + + MY DEAR DR. DEMING: + +This morning I am sending, by parcel post, a sample of hickory nuts to +compete for the prize which I saw has been offered by the association, +of which you are secretary. + +My father, while he was living, sent an exhibition of nuts to the +Pan-American, also to the St. Louis Fair, and received the highest award +given for nuts at both Expositions. + + + NEW LONDON, CONN., December 3, 1914. + + DEAR SIR: + +We are all elderly people, lacking energy to cultivate our farm land as +closely as we ought. Some of us are interested in nut culture and have +suggested that we plant some nuts and watch their growth from the very +beginning. Of course, we only wish nuts of the best varieties and +easiest culture. We only wish _hardy_ nuts, that do not need grafting, +and we prefer those that come into bearing early. We do not wish any of +the Mammoth dwarf, Japan chestnut. We bought a nice one, but it _will_ +not mature its fruit, and is gradually dying. We find great difficulty +in purchasing nuts. Those who have _trees_ for sale, refuse to sell the +NUTS. + +A person who has a few Japan walnut trees in connection with some other +business, very kindly offered to sell us some nuts, and these are all we +have been able to purchase so far. There are but very few nuts that we +would attempt to try. We wish to find some of the very best of filberts +or hazelnuts, that we shall probably cultivate in bush form. We are +interested in the _hardy_, hard shell almonds. Do you think we could do +anything with them? I _think_ they do not have to be grafted. Do you +know of any species of English walnut or Madeira nut, that are perfectly +hardy, and come into bearing early, that would serve our purpose? + +I know we are asking quite a favor, for strangers, but if you will +kindly assist us a little, we will thank you very much. + + + BROADWAY METHODIST CHURCH, + FARGO, N. D., November 10, 1914. + + DEAR SIR: + +I saw your statement in the _Southern Planter_ this morning and am +writing, not to tell you where choice nut-specimens are to be obtained +but to ask a few questions relative to the obtaining the _best_ +information possible to the growing of nuts. I have a ten-acre tract +about twelve miles straight south of Staunton, Va. When I purchased the +tract the chestnut and hickory were thriving. I have had about one half +of the property cleared and some trees planted. Among the trees are +twelve hardy English walnuts from Green's Nursery, Rochester, N. Y., 6 +"Mayo" and 6 "Pomeroy" walnuts from Glen Brothers, Rochester, N. Y. I am +interested in nut-culture. I have inquired of Glen Brothers if the +Kentish Cob would thrive there. They assure me it will. If there is a +chance to make a success of nuts, I would turn my time and thought to +the raising of walnuts and Kentish cobs and filberts. What would you +advise? If you cannot give me the desired information, kindly give me +directions to the one who can. I was brought up among the walnuts and +filberts and cob-nuts in the County of Kent, England, and now my +thoughts are turning to the delights of earlier days and I intend coming +to the Shenandoah Valley in the near future and making my home there.... + + + + + THE SECRETARY'S REPLY + + GEORGETOWN, CONN., November 13, 1914. + + MY DEAR MR. ----: + +It gives me great pleasure to reply as well as I am able to your letter +of November 10th. You are in the position of many thoughtful men of the +present day in craving the peace and delight of a life that is nearer to +nature. You have also a small tract of land in a favored part of our +country, and you have been led to believe, by the statements that you +have run across in chance sources, that the returns from nut growing may +enable you to attain your ambition. + +Our president has a place at Roundhill, Va., not very many miles from +yours. He is a professor of something like "Efficiency" in the +University of Pennsylvania. He is young, aggressive and very efficient +himself. His father was, and he himself is, an orchardist and fruit +grower. Both he and I have been for some years working at the problems +of nut growing. But it is only this year that we seem to have overcome +the difficulties of grafting and budding nut trees. We have the greatest +faith in the future success of nut growing, but we do not know how long +it will be before we shall know just what varieties of nuts to plant +ourselves, least of all to advise others to plant, with any certainty of +success. For the man, however, who realizes that nut growing in the +North is still in the experimental stage, we have no end of information +and advice. + +The information you have had from interested sources is misleading. +Probably you would not live long enough to get satisfactory results from +the seedling trees you might plant, even if such results ever came. To +get reasonably prompt and certain results from nut trees it is necessary +to grow such trees grafted or budded from trees of known good bearing +record, just as the same thing is necessary with the common fruit trees. + +Your information about the Kentish cob and the filbert is but half the +truth. The shrubs will thrive for a time in almost any place. But they +have nowhere in the East been a success because sooner or later they are +destroyed by a disease. One of our great nut growing wants is a filbert +or hazel of good size and quality that has the blight resistant quality +of our native hazel. + +My advice to you then would be as follows. If it is your idea to make a +living by nut growing on your ten acres in Virginia within a reasonable +number of years, I do not advise you to attempt it. If you wish to take +up nut growing as offering an occupation of the greatest interest, with +opportunity for the solution of problems of great importance to mankind, +and a fair promise of eventual money profit to yourself or to your +heirs, then I should certainly advise you to take up nut growing. + +I would not attempt to grow the hazel or the chestnut at present, except +in an experimental way. The nuts of best promise for you are the Indiana +or northern pecans and the English walnut. But it requires considerable +study of the subject before one may take up the practice of nut growing +without the probability of making unnecessary mistakes, and +unnecessarily losing time and money in repeating the experiences of +others. + +The wilful misstatements of some nurserymen, and the ignorance or +carelessness of others, has hindered the progress of nut growing. +Fortunately we have several nurserymen who have made a study of the +subject, who are honorable and truthful men, and on whose statements you +may rely. The only possible qualification of this statement that I know +of is that an allowance for enthusiasm might be borne in mind without +risk of harm. I enclose a list of such nurserymen, accredited by this +association. + +Your letter seems to call for this extended reply which I hope will be +of service to you. If I have left anything obscure that you would like +to know about, or if I can assist you in any other way, please let me +know. + +With the hope that you may be able to take up this most fascinating +avocation with pleasure and profit, I am + + Very truly yours, + + W. C. DEMING. + + + + +PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PERSIAN WALNUT + + +The secretary herewith presents a preliminary report on the +investigation of the Persian walnut. No attempt has been made to collect +information about the walnut on the Pacific Coast, which is quite +another matter. But the investigation reports very briefly on trees from +Canada to Georgia and from Massachusetts to Utah. + +The result of the investigation so far is hardly more than a bare +catalogue of the trees which the secretary has been able to locate, and +is intended simply as an aid to further investigation. It is now +published with the hope that members and others may become informed of +Persian walnut trees that it may be possible for them to locate, observe +and report upon. It is manifestly impossible for any one person, unless +some paid agent of the government or other institution, to investigate +many of these trees personally, they are scattered over such a wide +area. Correspondence is usually unsatisfactory and personal +investigation is the only way to get good results. + +Probably only a small part of all the existing trees is here catalogued. +But among them, and among the others that will come to light in the +constantly widening investigation by an increasing number of interested +persons, will certainly be found varieties of merit and adaption to +different sections of the country. + +As the meeting next year at Rochester is to give especial attention to +the Persian walnut it is to be hoped that members and others will make +special efforts to send to the meeting specimen nuts and reports of +trees. + + + + +THE PERSIAN WALNUT + + +CANADA + +Brantford--Dr. D. S. Sager. Knows at least 50 trees. Is top working + native walnuts and other work. +Grimbsy--H. K. Griffith. Bearing tree or trees. +Grimbsy--Louisa Neller. Bearing tree or trees. +Grimbsy East--Beverley Book. Bearing tree or trees. +St. Catherins--Miss Alice Berger, 251 Queenston St. Several bearing trees. + One tree 100-200 pounds annually. +St. Catherins--Harper Secord, R. 2. Twenty-eight young seedlings. +St. Catherins--James Titherington. Bearing tree or trees. +St. Catherins--J. J. Fee, Niagara St. Bearing tree or trees. +St. Catherins--F. D. Solvyne, Carleton St. Bearing tree or trees. +Toronto--G. H. Corsan, University of Toronto. Many young walnut and other + nut trees. "Hundreds of thousands being planted in Niagara Peninsula." + + +NEW YORK + + Chappaqua--F. M. Clendenin. Just bearing few nuts after 8 years. + Lockport--A. C. Pomeroy. Bearing orchard, seedlings. + North Avon--Adelbert Thompson. Bearing orchard, seedlings, 225 trees. + Hilton--E. B. Holden. Bearing trees. + Rochester--B. F. Whitmore, 520 Park Ave. Three bearing trees. + Holley--W. E. Howard. Four bearing trees. Knows of others. "Hundreds of + trees." + Canandaigua--Bradley Wynkoop. Bearing tree. + Brockport--Marcus Cook, 90 Holley St. "Nearly 100 bearing trees within 5 + miles of Brockport." + Fairport--Pickering Bros., Some Pomeroys. + Fairport--N. A. Baker. + Victor--E. Y. Shilling. Bearing tree. + Victor--A. B. Wood. Bearing tree. + Victor--Josiah Snyder. Bearing tree. + Watkins--Write E. C. Gabriel, Rock Stream. Tree reported by Prof. Corbett + at N. Hector, 2 or 3 more east side of lake. + Earlville--Francisco I. L. Mulligan. Twenty-nine Pomeroys and others. + Hoosick Halls--A. A. Baker, R. 2. Knows of bearing tree near Long Island. + Port Jefferson--Joseph Schriever. "Fine Specimen." + Huntington--Historical Society. "Fine Specimen." + Between Huntington and Centerport, on Gallows Hill, old Geo S. Conklin + place, occupied by "Peachy," as reported by Uncle Jerry Wockers of + the Ithaca _Journal_ office. Bearing tree. + Oyster Bay--Joseph H. Sears. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks. + Oyster Bay--Mrs. W. H. Burgess. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks. + Glen Cove--John T. Pratt. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks. + Glen Cove--W. L. Harkness (Dosoris). Bearing tree, reported by Henry + Hicks. + Woodbury--L. Piquet. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks. + Roslyn--Admiral Aaron Ward. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks. + Hempstead--Rev. Chas Snedaker, St. George's Rectory. Bearing tree, + reported by Henry Hicks. + New York City, Westchester--Dr. Deming. Three Morris trees. + + +DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + + Washington--Barnes, Weaver, Kaingler, Stabler and other trees. + + +DELAWARE + + Wilmington--Dr. Rumford. + Smyrna--Walter L. Marks. + Magnolia--J. B. Tisdale. One or more bearing trees. Reported by E. B and + J. M. Reed, Fredonia. + Millsboro--G. L. Ellis. Twenty miles away some trees. + + +NORTH CAROLINA + + Carthage--I. W. Williamson. Few young trees. + Carthage--John A. McLeod, R. 3. + Pomona--J. Van Lindley. Several trees near Southern Pines. + + +OHIO + + Cincinnati--I. B. Johnston. "About 50 trees near Cincinnati." + Gypsum--H. G. Miller, of Wm. Miner and Son, Elmwood Fruit Farm. Two + trees, 20 years old. Also young Pomeroy trees. "Several very large + bearing trees within a few miles of here." + Dayton--Fred Kircher, 221 S. McDonough St. + Amherst--O. F. Witte, R. 2. Bearing tree. + Middletown--Levi Leonard. One hundred seedlings. Knows of old trees in + Lancaster Co., Pa. + + +NEW JERSEY + + Lumberton--C. S. Ridgeway. "Peerless Paper Shell," 25 years, 50-100 + pounds. + Paterson--Thos. Rodgers, 236 W. 25th St., W. End. Bearing tree. + Salem--Weber; write D. Harris Smith, Att'y. Rep. J. L. Doan. + Haddonfield--J. Hutchinson. + Raritan--Philip Lindsley, Box 350. Bearing tree. + Flemington--Rev. Dr. Sonne. Bearing tree. + Marlton--C. D. Barton. Knows good bearing trees. + Moorestown--Charles Haines. Bearing tree. + Delanco--Frank Jones. Bearing tree. + + +VIRGINIA + + Williamsburg--D. S. Harris, Box 416, 33 Febrey. "Grafted." + Williamsburg--J. A. Bechtel, R. 2. + Mint Springs--Williams place. Two trees; rep. _Am. Nut. Jour._ 8, 14, + p. 39. + Lynchburg--Crockett. + Roslyn--R. S. Carter, Box 41. Three trees. + Emporia--H. W. Weiss. "Fifty trees on different farms; English, Japanese + and black." + + +MARYLAND + + Sandy Spring--Ava M. Stabler. + Colton's Point--James K. Jones. See Circular of J. F. Jones. "Eight or ten + bearing trees." + Forest Hill--Wilmer P. Hoopes. + Churchville--Alexis Smith. "Alexis." + Sharon--Mrs. S. J. Poleet. "Sheffield." + Berkeley--J. T. Smith. "Smith." + Janettsville--David Hildt. "Beder." + Vale--Kate Hooker. "Hooker." + Baltimore--Franklin-Davis Nurseries. + Princess-Anne--Ida M. Lankford. Bearing trees. + Cooperstown--L. J. Onion, P. O. Sharon. "Sir Clair." + + +MASSACHUSETTS + + Boston--Mrs. Schultz, 335 Cornell St., Roslindale, Boston. Bearing tree. + Newburyport--Reported by C. F. Knight, Rowley. Bearing tree. + Winchester--Brackett (Bro. of G. B. Brackett). Bearing trees. + + +NEW HAMPSHIRE + + Keene--Reported by A. C. Pomeroy. Pomeroy trees. + Newmarket--Alfred C. Durgin. Six Pomeroy, 2 Rush, "Supposed to be + grafted." + Enfield--Forest Colby. Some trees. + + +MICHIGAN + + Mt. Pleasant--Myron A. Cobb, Central State Normal School. Has been + distributing thousands of walnut seedlings. + Coloma--W. C. Reed, Vincennes, Ind. + Almont--F. P. Andrus. Bearing tree and seedlings. + Augusta--Orville I. Miller. Buds from Andrus. + + +ALABAMA + + Huntsville--Mr. Mayhew, Westchester, New York City. Reports tree. + + +TENNESSEE + + Greenville--Wm. H. Brown, 516 Main St. Reports 3 trees, El. 1500. + + +GEORGIA + + Sharpe--Paul Dyer. Reported by Prof. McHatton. + + +IDAHO + + Boise--S. A. Gehman. Local bearing trees. C. C. Vincent, Ag. Exp. Sta. + Moscow. + + +UTAH + + Lehi--Mrs. J. T. Winn. Several trees. + Salt Lake City--J. T. Harwood (brother of above). Many bearing trees. Leon + D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, Ag. Exp. Sta. Logan. + + + + +CORRESPONDENTS AND OTHERS INTERESTED IN NUT CULTURE + + CALIFORNIA + + D. P. T. MacDonald, Horticultural Inspector, 418 20th Street, Oakland + + + CANADA + + Albert H. Lawrence, Edmonton, Alberta, Box 142 + + + COLORADO + + Dr. J. W. Benners, Silver Plume + Albert E. Mauff, Secretary State Board of Horticulture, Denver + + + CONNECTICUT + + P. G. Wallmo, Stony Creek, Box 314 + Royal J. Barter, Farmington + Lester S. White, Collinsville + Noah Wallace, Farmington + C. K. Decherd, Meriden, Box 464 + F. Perry Hubbard, care of The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown + Clarence T. Hatch, New Milford + Chester Hart, Barkhamstead + Paul Steinmann, Waterbury, R. 3 + Charles E. Chester, New London, Box 593 + + + DELAWARE + + M. L. Anderson, Lincoln City + + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + + William A. Taylor, Department of Agriculture + + + FLORIDA + + C. E. Browne, Glen Saint Mary + + + IDAHO + + Thomas Judd, St. George Crystal Springs Orchard Co., Twin Falls + John Gourley, Filer + Mr. Squires, Buhl, Rio Vista Fruit Ranch + + + ILLINOIS + + Jacob Wyne, Lintner + Miss Maude Davidson, Lewiston + L. H. Calloway, Chapin + Benj. Buckman, Farmingdale + William E. Walsh, Sparta, R. 4. + Geo. R. Hemingway, 121 Marion Street, Oak Park + Mrs. R. Matthews, McClure + Mrs. Ida L. Rice, Disco + Chas. E. Graves, University of Illinois Library, Urbana + Mrs. Truman Sweet, Durand + Geo. Findlay, 102 So. Market Street, Chicago + J. C. Gibbs, Elmwood + Dr A. W. Foreman, White Hall + Editor Journal American Medical Association, 535 Dearborn Street, Chicago + + + INDIANA + + John F. Woods, Utility Farm, Owensville, R. 19 + W. E. McElderry, Princeton Nursery, Princeton + H. J. Berendes, 509 E. Pennsylvania Street, Evansville + Vickery Bros., Evansville + Jarodsky & Co., Mt. Vernon + Henry Titus, Grand View + J. W. Jeffries, Carbon + Indiana Pecan Co., 234 3d Street, Mt. Vernon + H. B. Hill, Knightstown, Henry Co. + R. R. Katterjohn, Boonville + E. Hicks Trueblood, Salem, R. 9, Box 62 + H. B. Halloway, 1132 No. Illinois Street, Indianapolis + D. W. McFarland, No. Manchester + Thomas L. Kerth, 408 Second Avenue, Evansville + Leo H. Fisher, Huntingburg + Harry Gieseke, Patoka + C. A. Weilbrenner, Mt. Vernon + J. W. Gleichman, Evansville + H. M. Thurber, Rockport + Dr. F. L. Davis, 209 Dover Street, Evansville + John F. Woods, Owensville + L. P. Dorr, Howell, R. 9 + Clarence Cook, Indianapolis + Robert J. Tracewell, Evansville + W. A. Graham, Enterprise + J. C. Haines, Lake + W. A. Taylor, Oaktown + Chas. F. Hartzmetz, Evansville + J. W. Strassell, Rockport + + + IOWA + + Wendell P. Williams, Danville + + + KANSAS + + H. S. Baker, Secretary Winfield Nursery Co., Winfield + G. H. Dodge, 1000 Kearney Street, Manhattan + J. H. Brown, Gridley + + + KENTUCKY + + J. W. Blunk, Maceo + James Speed, Editor _Farm and Family_, Louisville + H. C. Hargis, Hebbardsville + C. F. Kleiderer, Henderson + Professor Carmody, Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington + + + MAINE + + G. I. Hamlin, So. Waterford + E. F. Hitchings, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, + Orono + + + MARYLAND + + Mrs. W. C. Taylor, 700 N. Broadway, Baltimore + I. S. Winfree, Salisbury + Frank J. Hoen, 213 Courtland Street, Baltimore + Wm. E. Little, Westminster + Mrs. W. C. Taylor, 700 No. Broadway, Baltimore + + + MASSACHUSETTS + + Capt. William H. Dole, N. Dartmouth, R. 4 + Prof. W. D. Clark, Department of Forestry, Agricultural College, Amherst + Leavitt Perham, Ludlow Center + Orrin C. Cook, Milford + Chas. Ripley, 173 Harvard Street, Dorchester + Harris E. Chace, Clifford + Wilfred Wheeler, Secretary State Board of Agriculture, 136 State House, + Boston + Chas. R. Green, Librarian Agricultural College, Amherst + John H. Chard, 263 Salem Street, Bradford + Prof. W. D. Clark, Department of Forestry, Agricultural College, Amherst + + + MICHIGAN + + J. Arthur Whitworth, Michigan Desk Co., Grand Rapids + Dr. H. M. Dunlap, Battle Creek + William L. Davies, 1780 St. Aubin Avenue, Detroit + L. O. Cook, Litchfield + Miss Marie Palmer, Plymouth, R. 2 + Daniel A. Edwards, Newaygo + B. W. Madill, Linden + J. J. Robinson, Lamont + Geo. W. Bolton, Sparta, R. 20 + + + MISSISSIPPI + + G. H. Sadler, Columbia, R. F. D., care of Yale Cany. + C. J. Hayden, Assistant Professor Horticulture, Agricultural College + + + MISSOURI + + William A. F. Hain, 22 Tiffin Avenue, Ferguson + Frank Wild Floral Co., Sarcoxie + F. A. Chambers, Sherrill + E. A. Ester, 1102 Rogers Avenue, Springfield + + + MONTANA + + J. L. Pfeiffer, Joliet + + + NEW HAMPSHIRE + + C. W. Hoitt, 24 Odd Fellows Building, Nashua + NEW JERSEY + + Thomas Rodgers, 236 W. 25th Street, Paterson + J. N. Jarvie, Beemerville + Dr. W. H. Pounds, Paulsboro + H. G. Taylor, Secretary State Horticultural Society, Riverton + Nobel P. Randel, The High School, Montclair + C. C. Doorly, Sussex, R. 2 + Joseph S. Smith, Burlington, R. 3 + Lemuel Black, Hightstown + Herman Tice, Westwood + Philip Lindsley, Raritan, Box 350 + Rev. Dr. Sonne, Flemington + C. D. Barton, Marlton + Chas. Haines, Moorestown + Frank Jones, Delanco + John Hutchinson, Haddonfield + + + NEW YORK + + Dr. William B. Jones, 525 Lake Avenue, Rochester + F. H. Pough, Union Sulphur Co., 17 Battery Place, New York City + W. V. S. Thorne, V. P. Union Pacific System, 165 Broadway, New York City + B. F. Butler, The Warrington, New York City + Fred Mackintosh, 3 Gillespie Street, Schenectady + J. Wallace Bush, Central Valley + Frank O. Ayres, 1 Madison Avenue, New York City + Peter H. Beller, Gallupville + Jordan Philip, Cashier First National Bank, Hudson + W. Robert Bruce, Brick Church Institute, Rochester + O. N. Fisher, 3390 Park Avenue, New York City + Hayward Greenland, care of Wilbur Van Dayer, White Memorial Building, + Syracuse + A. Davis, 1240 Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn + R. W. Tompkins, Brewster, R. 2 + Ralph Hammersley, 88 Helderberg Avenue, Schenectady + S. Klaussner, Ferndale, Sullivan County + C. C. Sanders, 206 Broadway, New York City + M. R. Ford, Dundee + F. Gilmore, Piffard + Mrs. S. T. Smith, Bath + Isaac Conover, Randall + E. H. Kelly, State Road, Plattsburgh, R. 2 + Morris M. Whitaker, Nyack + Fred Blizzard, Westtown + Wm. T. Laing, 716 Flatiron Building, New York City + Frank Hyde, Peekskill, Box 177 + Mrs. J. Robert Tice, Marlborough, R. F. D. + Miss Lathrop, care of Alex D. Lathrop, Stockport + E. L. Overholser, State College of Agriculture, Ithaca + Trueman's Farm, Lake Katrine + C. H. Hechler, Harbor Hill, Roslyn + Everett C. Foster, Sagaponack, L. I. + + + NEW MEXICO + + F. V. Pattison, Clovis + + + NORTH CAROLINA + + Buffalo Nursery Co., McCullers + C. W. M. Hess, Manager Audubon Nursery, Wilmington + C. H. Gochnauer, New Bern, R. 2 + Jesse M. Howard, 413 No. Kerr Street, Concord + + + OHIO + + S. Prentiss Baldwin, Leslie Block, Water and Decatur Streets, Sandusky + Miss Minnie Lehrer, 812 Osborne Street, Sandusky + Chas. A. Clark, Ravenna, R. 2 + E. L. Moseley, 125 Vine Street, Sandusky + Geo. T. Bishop, 1000 Scofield Building, Cleveland + J. W. Peters, Peters Buggy Co., Reynoldsburg + Mrs. C. C. Arms, St. Clair Road, Euclid + D. S. Burch, Assistant Editor _Farm and Fireside_, Springfield + William N. Neff, Martel, Box 31 + H. M. Farnsworth, Brooklyn Bank Building, Cleveland + C. M. Knight, 129 South Union Street, Akron + H. A. Lockwood, The Lockwood-Owen Farm Co., Port Clinton + N. G. Buxton, Johnstown + Mrs G. W. Henderson, Cadiz, R. 6 + J. W. Flaherty, Scio, R. 3 + A. M. Preston, Vanatta, R. D. Box 122 + G. L. Hyslop, Deshler + T. A. Dilley, Duncan Falls + Henry Bannon, Portsmouth + F. H. Wickey, Greenwich, R. 1 + R. P. Fowler, Jr., Coshocton, R. 4 + Leroy V. Ewing, Cambridge, R. 5 + Prof. W. J. Green, Horticulturist, Agricultural Experiment Station, + Wooster + Wm. Schiller, Poland, R. F. D. + E. Gill, Mechanicsburg + W. J. Miller, 134 Garvin Avenue, Elyria + W. P. Deppen, Tiffin, R. 1, Box 20 + + + OREGON + + W. A. Orr, Milton + + + PENNSYLVANIA + + Dr. Leedon-Sharp, 4041 Catherine Street, Philadelphia + Paul Mease, Pleasant Valley + J. A. Calderhead, Wilmerding + R. P. Wright, Reed Mfg. Co., Erie + John L. Hanna, Manager River Ridge Farm, Franklin + Elam G. Hess, Mannheim, Box 232 + Chester Rick, Girard College, Philadelphia + Sam. P. Moyer, Meyerstown + John Dierwechter, Richland + Joseph T. Huss, Wellsville + W. F. Beers, Three Springs + Editor Medical Council, Philadelphia + S. B. Detwiler, Chestnut Blight Commission Laboratory, University of + Pennsylvania, + Philadelphia + A. Y. Satterthwaite, Swarthmore + Donald Hutcheson, Warriors Mark + + + SOUTH CAROLINA + + T. B. Ellis, Jr., Lyndhurst + + + TEXAS + + O. A. Triplett, 215 No. Elm Street, Fort Worth + + + UTAH + + L. M. Gillilan, High School, Salt Lake City + J. T. Harwood, High School, Salt Lake City + Mr. Calahan, Calahan's Book Store, Salt Lake City + Miss Maud Harwood, Lehi + Joseph Broadbent, Utah Lake Irrigation Co., Lehi + Jesse Knight, Provo + Carl Isacson, Brigham City + W. O. Knudson, Brigham City + William Zollinger, Providence + E. D. Ball, Logan + Antone Pherson, Logan + A. R. Hurst, No. Logan + Sam Judd, St. George + John Stuki, Santa Clara + Nelson Fenton, Pleasant Grove + Richard Brerton, Provo + Charles Stay, Calders Station, Salt Lake + Mrs. J. T. Winn, Lehi + Dr. T. B. Beatty, Salt Lake City + J. F. Knudson, Brigham City + J. Fred Odell, Woods Cross + Joseph A. Smith, Providence + + + VERMONT + + Mrs. Charles A. Lewis, Grafton + Arthur H. Hill, Isle La Motte + + + VIRGINIA + + Warren Tomlinson, Farmville + R. G. Bickford, Lee Hall Farm, Newport News + Mrs. W. S. Mott, Dixondale + R. G. Bickford, Newport News + James H. Denmead, West Point, Box 50 + John J. Rhodes, Potomac View Farm, Sterling + R. M. Fontaine, Richmond, care of Chesapeake and Potomac Telegraph Co., + 7th and Grace Streets + + + WASHINGTON + + J. P. Douglass, Tonasket + A. H. Irish, Wapato + Robert W. Bryan, Alderdale + + + WEST VIRGINIA + + Martin Crow, Dallas + + + WISCONSIN + + W. S. Liston, 459 Van Buren Street, Milwaukee + + + WYOMING + + W. C. Deming, Editor _Wyoming Stockman-Farmer_, Cheyenne + + + + +AUTHORITIES AND SPECIAL CORRESPONDENTS + +For a list of authorities and special correspondents in all the states +of the Union, and elsewhere, see the report of this Association for +1913. + + * * * * * + +SOME RECENT LITERATURE ON NUTS AND NUT GROWING + + The Agriculture of the Future. J. Russell Smith, _Harper's + Magazine_, January, 1913, p. 273. + + The Doctor's New Job. J. Russell Smith, _Country Gentleman_, June + 28, 1913, p. 970. + + Nut Farming For Tomorrow. J. Russell Smith, _Country Gentleman_, + July 5, 1913, p. 1015. + + The Pecan and the Patient Waiter. J. Russell Smith, _Country + Gentleman_, December 20, 1913. + + Pigs, Peas and Pecans. J. Russell Smith, _Ibid._, December 27, 1913. + + The Real Dry Farmer. J. Russell Smith, _Harper's Monthly_, May, + 1914. + + Tree Crops as a Control of Erosion. J. Russell Smith, _Science_, + June 12, 1914. + + Two Story Farming. J. Russell Smith, _Century Magazine_, July, 1914. + + The Agriculture of the Garden of Eden. J. Russell Smith, _Atlantic + Monthly_, August, 1914. + + Vacations that Counted. J. Russell Smith, _Harper's Weekly_, + September 12, 1914. + + The Life History and Habits of the Walnut Weevil or Curculio, + _Conotrachelus juglandis_. Part III of the Annual Report of the + Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, 1912, p. + 240. + + The Walnut Bud-moth, _Acrobasis caryae_. _Ibid._, p 253. + + Japan Walnuts, _Juglans sieboldiana_. _Rural New-Yorker_, February + 1, 1913. H. O. Mead on variation in type and crossing. + + Persian Walnuts for Indiana. Van Deman, _Rural New-Yorker_, February + 22, 1913, p. 225. + + Dropping Walnuts. _Ibid._, p. 259. + + Chestnut Bark Disease. Part V of the Annual Report of the + Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, 1912. Very + full account, 100 pages, plates, charts and bibliography. + + The Chestnut Bark Disease. _Ibid._, bul. 178, September, 1913. + + So-called Chestnut Blight Poisoning. _Ibid_. Part I of the Annual + Report for 1914. 12 pages and plate. + + Supposed Poisonous Properties of Chestnuts Grown on Trees Affected + with Chestnut Blight. C. Dwight March. _Journal of the American + Medical Association_, July 4, 1914, p. 30. + + Studies in Juglans, 1. Study of a Form of _Juglans Californica_, + Watson. By Ernest B. Babcock. University of California Publications + in _Agricultural Sciences_ Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-46, pls. 1-12. + December 4, 1913. + + Studies in Juglans, II. Further Observations on a New Variety of + _Juglans Californica_, Watson, and on Certain Supposed Walnut-Oak + Hybrids. By Ernest R. Babcock. _Ibid._ Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 47-70, + pls. 13-19. Oct. 31, 1914. + + Production of the Walnut in the Northwest. Ferd Groner. Fifth Annual + Report, Oregon State Horticultural Society, December, 1913. p. 159. + + Top-Working Seedling Pecan Trees. W. N. Hutt. Bul. 224, North + Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, January, 1914. + Excellent description and illustrations. + + Birds as Carriers of the Chestnut Blight Fungus. _Journal of + Agricultural Research_, September, 1914, Vol. II, No. 6, Department + of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Account of experiments, with + plates and bibliography. + + Pecan Rosette. By W. A. Orton and Frederick V. Rand. Reprint from + _Journal of Agricultural Research_, Vol. III, No. 2. Department of + Agriculture, Washington, D. C., November 16, 1914. + + The Possibilities of Nut Culture in New England. By Dr. William C. + Deming. Reprinted from the Transactions of the Massachusetts + Horticultural Society, 1914, Part 1. Boston, August, 1914. + + Nut Culture. By William C. Deming. Circular No. 26, Massachusetts + State Board of Agriculture. June, 1914. + + Nut Growing and the Propagation of Nut Trees. By William C. Deming. + To be printed in the Annual Report of the New Jersey State + Horticultural Society, 1914. + + Grafting the Hickory. By William C. Deming. _Rural New-Yorker_, + December 12, 1914. Note on a simple method for grafting the hickory + by the slip bark method. + + Nuts for the North. H. E. Van Deman. _Green's Fruit Grower_, + December, 1914, p. 7. + + Cracking the Walnut Blight. Walter V. Woehlke. _The Country + Gentleman_, November 28, 1914, p. 1910. Illustrations of top-working + the walnut in California. + + _American Nut Journal_. Published monthly at Rochester, N. Y., by + Ralph T. Olcott, Editor of _American Fruits_. $1.25 a year, or $2.50 + with yearly membership in this Association. First number issued + June, 1914, Ellwanger & Barry Building. + + Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the National Nut + Growers Association, Thomasville, Georgia, October, 1914. J. B. + Wight, Secretary, Cairo, Georgia. + + + + +PRESENT AT THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS +ASSOCIATION + + W. C. Reed + M. T. Reed + C. A. Reed + R. T. Morris + J. Russell Smith + Col. C. K. Sober + W. O. Potter + E. A. Riehl + J. L. Doan + H. R. Weber + C. P. Close + R. L. McCoy + J. F. Wilkinson + T. P. Littlepage + R. T. Olcott + W. C. Deming + H. D. Simpson + Ray C. Simpson + Dr. A. J. Knapp + L. W. Kiefer + Col. C. A. Van Duzee + John S. Parish + Miss Ellen Littlepage + Mrs. H. S. Kramer + Dr. Worsham + Mr. C. D. Evans + Paul White + Mr. A. C. Pomeroy + Mrs. Pomeroy + Harry Gieseke, Patoka, Ind., R. 22 + D. C. Hargis, Hebbardsville, Ky. + C. A. Weilbrenner, Mt. Vernon, Ind. + C. E. Browne, Glen St. Mary, Fla. + J. W. Gleichman, Evansville + H. M. Thurber, Rockport + A. L. Moseley + W. E. McElderry, Princeton, Ind. + John F. Woods, Owensville, Ind. + Dr. F. L. Davis, 209 Dover St., Evansville + A. M. Williams, Evansville Press + L. P. Doarr, Howell, Ind., R. 9 + Clarence A. Cook, Indianapolis + Robert J. Tracewell, Evansville, and son + Thomas L. Kerth, 910 Third Ave., Evansville + W. A. Graham, Enterprise + Carl J. Poll + C. F. Kale + C. F. Kleiderer, Henderson, Ky. + J. C. Haines, Lake + C. H. Baldwin, State Entomologist + Leo H. Fisher, Huntingburg, Ind. + Prof C. W. Matthews + Prof. Carmody + Mrs. J. W. Wilkinson + Mrs. Amy Norris + Miss Lottie Lee Mattingly + Anthony Dodds, Enterprise + Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Dodds + Mrs. Ed. J. Fehn + Miss Ollie Dilday + Mrs. Fred Elmendorf + Miss Halma May Dodds + Miss Laura Hostetter + E. E. Lockwood, Poseyville, Ind. + Mason J. Niblack + W. A. Taylor, Oaktown + Hugh C. Schmidt, Evansville + J. W. Strassell, Rockport, Ind. + Mrs. J. W. Strassell, Rockport, Ind. + Miss Helen Gentry, Rockport, Ind. + Chas. F. Hartmetz, Evansville, Ind. + Reporters + + + + +ANNUAL MEETING IN 1915 + + +The following letter was sent to our members and some of our +correspondents living in or near Rochester. The secretary would be +pleased if every person who opens this volume at this page would read +this letter and, having read, would make a note of it for action. + + GEORGETOWN, CONN., September 10, 1914. + + DEAR SIR: + +Rochester, N. Y., is quite likely to be selected as the place for the +next meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association, and the Persian +("English") walnut as the subject for especial consideration. + +There are many Persian walnut trees in Rochester and vicinity. Will you +not bear in mind that we shall probably meet there and help to make the +meeting a success? One way in which this can be done is to look up _now_ +any walnut trees, or other superior nut trees, observe their bearing and +get their records and samples of the nuts, with photographs if +desirable. + +Another way to help is to talk about the association and this meeting to +others and get them interested in the association and in reporting nuts. + +Any assistance in making arrangements, or in providing attractions for +the meeting will be most welcome. + +I append a list of members and correspondents in and about Rochester. +Mr. Olcott, the editor of the _American Nut Journal_, will undoubtedly +act as a central bureau for information and report. + +Let us make this coming meeting go far toward settling some of the +undecided points about the Persian walnut in the East. + + Yours truly, + W. C. DEMING. + _Secretary._ + + * * * * * + + Plant My Hardy Pennsylvania Grown + Budded and Grafted + English Walnut + and Pecan Trees + if you want to start right + + You can't afford to experiment with trees of doubtful + hardiness, neither do you want inferior varieties + + _My 1915 attractive Catalogue and Cultural Guide + is yours for the asking_ + + Address + + J. F. JONES, The Nut Tree Specialist + + LANCASTER ... PENNSYLVANIA + + * * * * * + + CHESTER VALLEY NURSERIES + ESTABLISHED 1853 + + Choice Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Cherry Trees + on Mazzard Roots, Hardy Evergreens, Flowering + Shrubs, Hedge Plants, etc. Originators of the + THOMAS BLACK WALNUT + + JOS. W. THOMAS & SONS, King of Prussia P. O., Montgomery Co., Pa. + + * * * * * + + J. G. RUSH + Propagator of + The Persian Walnut + + By Grafting and Budding on Black Walnut Stock such Varieties as the NEBO, + HALL, HOLDEN, LANCASTER, FRANQUETTE, MAYETTE, CUT LEAF, Etc. + + Originator of "RUSH" PERSIAN WALNUT + + WEST WILLOW, PA. (Lancaster County) + + * * * * * + + Vincennes Nurseries + + PROPAGATORS OF + + _The Pecan + The Persian Walnut + The Hickory + The Chestnut + The Almond + The Hazelnut_ + + SEND FOR OUR SPECIAL NUT CATALOGUE + + Also offer a general line of Nursery Stock + + W. C. REED, + _Proprietor_ + + VINCENNES + INDIANA + + * * * * * + + Plant Fruit Trees to Make Money + + to carry your nut crops through. But your trees to be profitable + must be right. I grow all my trees on first-class roots, + cut all my buds from first class bearing trees. I know they + are true to name and the best you can buy. Apples, Pears, + Plums, Cherries on Mazzard roots. + + _Get Fraser's Tree Book Free_. + + SAMUEL FRASER 10 Main St., Geneseo, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + PLANT TREES IN SOIL BLASTED WITH + DU PONT + Red Cross Farm Powder + + Blasting makes a wider, better feeding area for growing roots, + permits greater water storage, forwards growth of trees and + brings them into bearing earlier than trees set in spade-dug + holes. Write for FREE BOOKLET about how to blast tree holes + with Red Cross Farm Powder. + + DU PONT POWDER CO. WILMINGTON, DEL. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the Fifth Annual Meeting, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + +***** This file should be named 24559-8.txt or 24559-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/5/5/24559/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/24559-8.zip b/24559-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2786752 --- /dev/null +++ b/24559-8.zip diff --git a/24559-h.zip b/24559-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b6089b --- /dev/null +++ b/24559-h.zip diff --git a/24559-h/24559-h.htm b/24559-h/24559-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5466eb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/24559-h/24559-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,6642 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Northern Nut Growers Association, + Report of the Proceedings at the Fifth Annual Meeting 1914. by Various. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + div.centered {text-align: center;} /* work around for IE centering with CSS problem part 1 */ + div.centered table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;} /* work around for IE centering with CSS problem part 2 */ + + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .centerbox { width: 50%; /* heading box */ + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; + } + + + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .author {text-align: right; margin-right: 5%;} + + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of +the Proceedings at the Fifth Annual Meeting, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Fifth Annual Meeting + Evansville, Indiana, August 20 and 21, 1914 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: February 9, 2008 [EBook #24559] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p class='center'>DISCLAIMER</p> + +<p>The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers +Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are +not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers +Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is +intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not +mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may +have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide +applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current +label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion +of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut +trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular +time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.</p> + +<h1> NORTHERN</h1> + <h1>NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h1> + + + <h2>REPORT</h2> + <h2>OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE</h2> + <h2>FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING</h2> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/img001.jpg" width="300" height="371" alt="" title="title decoration" /> +</div> + +<h3>EVANSVILLE, INDIANA<br />AUGUST 20 AND 21,<br />1914</h3> + +<p class="center">CONCORD, N. H. THE RUMFORD PRESS 1915</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2> + + + + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="80%" cellspacing="0" summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr><td align='left'>Officers and Committees of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Members of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Constitution and Rules of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Proceedings of the Meeting held at Evansville, Indiana, August 20 and 21, 1914</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Report of the Secretary-Treasurer</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Proposed Score Card for Judging Nuts</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Status and Possibilities of Nut Culture in the North, T. P. Littlepage, Washington, D. C.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Discussion on Cultivation and Fertilizers for Nut Trees</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Personal Experiences with Hybridization of Nut Trees, Dr. Robert T. Morris, New York</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Use of Dynamite in Tree Planting, C. D. Evans, Delaware</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Demonstration of Grafting and Budding Nut Trees, R. L. McCoy, Indiana, and Paul White, Indiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Discussion on Seedling Trees</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Seedling Nut Trees. The Nomenclature of Northern Pecans, Dr. J. Russell Smith, Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Practical Suggestions on the Production of Nut Orchards, Dr. C. A. Van Duzee, Georgia</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Function of the Class Journal, Ralph T. Olcott, <i>Editor American Nut Journal</i></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Discussion on Top Working Large Nut Trees</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Report of the Committee on Nomenclature</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Report of the Committee on Exhibits</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Report of the Committee on Resolutions</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Session at Enterprise</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Plea for the Planting of Nut Trees, Colonel C. K. Sober, Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Discussion on the Hazel or Filbert</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><th align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Appendix:</span></th></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The History of the Persian Walnut in Pennsylvania, J. G. Rush, Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Comparison of Northern and Southern Conditions in the Propagation of Nut Trees, J. F. Jones, Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Top Working Large Walnut Trees, W. C. Reed, Indiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_101'><b>101</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interest in Nut Growing in the Intermountain States, Dr. L. D. Batchelor, Utah</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Report from G. H. Corsan, Canada</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Distribution of Persian ("English") Walnut Seedlings in Michigan</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Examples of Some Recent Correspondence</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Preliminary Report on the Persian Walnut, by the Secretary</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Correspondents and Others Interested in Nut Culture</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Some Recent Literature on Nuts and Nut Growing</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Present at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Annual Meeting in 1915</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> + +<h3>OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION</h3> + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION"> +<tr><td align='left'><i>President</i></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">J. Russell Smith</span></td><td align='left'>University of Pennsylvania</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Vice-President</i></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">W. C. Reed</span></td><td align='left'>Indiana</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Secretary and Treasurer</i></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">W. C. Deming</span></td><td align='left'>Georgetown, Connecticut</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<h3>COMMITTEES</h3> + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="COMMITTEES"> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Executive</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">T. P. Littlepage</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">R. T. Morris</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">And the Officers</span></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Nomenclature</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">W. C. Reed</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">R. T. Morris</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">E. R. Lake</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">C. A. Reed</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">R. L McCoy</span></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Membership</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">W. C. Deming</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Leon D. Batchelor</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">C. H. Plump</span></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hybrids</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">R. T. Morris</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">J. R. Smith</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">C. P. Close</span></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Promising Seedlings</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">T. P. Littlepage</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">C. A. Reed</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">J. Russell Smith</span></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Press and Publication</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Ralph T. Olcott</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">T. P. Littlepage</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">W. C. Deming</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<h3>STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS</h3> + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS"> +<tr><td align='left'>Arizona</td><td align='left'>C. R. Biederman</td><td align='left'>Garces</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>California</td><td align='left'>Claude D. Tribble</td><td align='left'>Elk Grove</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Canada</td><td align='left'>G. H. Corsan</td><td align='left'>University of Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Connecticut</td><td align='left'>Newman Hungerford</td><td align='left'>Torrington, R. 2, Box 76</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>District of Columbia</td><td align='left'>T. P. Littlepage</td><td align='left'>Union Trust Building, Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Florida</td><td align='left'>H. Harold Hume</td><td align='left'>Glen Saint Mary</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Georgia</td><td align='left'>J. B. Wight</td><td align='left'>Cairo</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Illinois</td><td align='left'>E. A. Riehl</td><td align='left'>Alton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Indiana</td><td align='left'>R. L. McCoy</td><td align='left'>Lake</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ireland</td><td align='left'>Dr. Augustine Henry</td><td align='left'>5 Sanford Terrace, Ranelagh, Dublin</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kentucky</td><td align='left'>A. L. Moseley</td><td align='left'>Calhoun</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maryland</td><td align='left'>C. P. Close</td><td align='left'>Department of Agriculture, Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Massachusetts</td><td align='left'>James H. Bowditch</td><td align='left'>903 Tremont Building, Boston</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Michigan</td><td align='left'>H. L. Haskell</td><td align='left'>209 North Rowe St., Ludington</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Minnesota</td><td align='left'>C. A. Van Duzee</td><td align='left'>Minneapolis</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Missouri</td><td align='left'>Alfred E. Johnson</td><td align='left'>McBaine, R.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>New Jersey</td><td align='left'>C. S. Ridgway</td><td align='left'>Lumberton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>New York</td><td align='left'>Dr. Ira Ulman</td><td align='left'>213 West 147th St., New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>North Carolina</td><td align='left'>W. N. Hutt, State Horticulturist</td><td align='left'>Raleigh</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='left'>Harry R. Weber</td><td align='left'>601 Gerke Building, Cincinnati</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td><td align='left'>J. G. Rush</td><td align='left'>West Willow</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tennessee</td><td align='left'>Egbert D. Van Syckel</td><td align='left'>Trenton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Utah</td><td align='left'>Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, State Agricultural College</td><td align='left'>Logan</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Virginia</td><td align='left'>John S. Parish</td><td align='left'>Eastham</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>West Virginia</td><td align='left'>B. F. Hartzell</td><td align='left'>Shepherdstown</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="MEMBERS_OF_THE_NORTHERN_NUT_GROWERS_ASSOCIATION" id="MEMBERS_OF_THE_NORTHERN_NUT_GROWERS_ASSOCIATION"></a>MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h2> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Arizona</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">C. R. Biederman, Garces</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">California</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Tribble, Claude D., Elk Grove</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Tucker, T. C., Manager California Almond Growers' Exchange, Sacramento</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Canada</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Corsan, G. H., University of Toronto</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Crow, J. W., Professor of Pomology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dufresne, Dr. A. A., 217 St. Christopher St., Montreal</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fisk, Dr. George, 101 Union Ave., Montreal</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Henderson, Stuart, Victoria, British Columbia, Box 77</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Saunders, W. E., 352 Clarence St., London, Ont.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Connecticut</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Barnes, John R., Yalesville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Deming, Dr. W. C., Georgetown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Deming, Mrs. W. C., Georgetown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. 2, Box 76</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ives, Ernest M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Miller, Mrs. Charles, 32 Hillside Ave., Waterbury</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Morris, Dr. Robert T., Cos Cob, R. 28, Box 95</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Plump, Charles H., West Redding</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pomeroy, E. C., Northville</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Delaware</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Evans, C. D., care of DuPont Powder Company, Wilmington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lord, George Frank, care of DuPont Powder Company, Wilmington</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">District of Columbia</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lake, Prof. E. R., Pomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">+Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building, Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kinsell, Miss Ida J., 1608 17th St., Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Orr, Herbert R., Evans Building, Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Reed, C. A., In Charge of Nut Culture Investigations, Department of Agriculture, Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">*Van Deman, Prof. H. E., Washington</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Florida</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hume, H. Harold, Glen Saint Mary</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Prange, Mrs. N. M. G., Jacksonville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Simpson, Ray C., Monticello</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Georgia</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wight, J. B., Cairo</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Illinois</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Aldrich, H. A., Neoga</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Heely, Dr. O. J., St. Libory</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Poll, Carl J., 1009 Maple St., Danville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Riehl, E. A., Alton</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Spencer, Henry D., Room 1, Opera House Block, Decatur</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Webster, H. G., 450 Belmont Ave., Chicago</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Indiana</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Baldwin, C. H., State Entomologist, 130 State House, Indianapolis</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Burton, Joe A., Mitchell</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hutchings, Miss Lida G., 118 Third St., Madison</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Knapp, Dr. A, J., Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lockwood, E. E., Poseyville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">McCoy, R. L., Lake</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Niblack, Mason J., Vincennes</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Reed, M. T., Vincennes</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Reed, W. C., Vincennes</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Schmidt, Hugh C., Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Simpson, H. D., Vincennes</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Ireland</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Henry, Dr. Augustine, 5 Sanford Terrace, Ranelagh, Dublin</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Kentucky</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Matthews, Prof. C. W., Horticulturist, State Agricultural Station, Lexington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Moseley, A. L., Bank of Calhoun, Calhoun</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Maryland</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Holmes, F. S., Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Massachusetts</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">+Bowditch, James II., 903 Tremont Building, Boston</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hoffmann, Bernhard, Overbrook Orchard, Stockbridge</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Knight, Charles F., Rowley</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mason, Harry R., Falmouth</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rich, William P., Secretary State Horticultural Society, 300 Massachusetts Ave., Boston</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Smith, Fred A., 39 Pine St., Danvers</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Vaughan, Horace A., Peacehaven, Assonet</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">White, Warren, Holliston</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Michigan</span></span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Haskell, H. L., 209 N. Rowe St., Ludington</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Minnesota</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Powers, L. L., 1200 Lexington Ave., N. St. Paul</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Van Duzee, Col. C. A., St. Paul</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Missouri</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Johnson, Alfred E., McBaine, R. 1</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">New Jersey</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dietrick, Dr. Thomas S., 12 West Washington Ave., Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Foster, Samuel F., Secretary North Jersey Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, 100 Broadway, New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mergler, C. W., Hackensack Road and Mt. Vernon St., Ridgefield Park</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Putnam, J. H., Vineland</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ridgeway, C. S., "Floralia," Lumberton</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Roberts, Horace, Moorestown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Steele, T. E., Pomona Nurseries, Palmyra</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Walter, Dr. Harry, Hotel Chalfonte, Atlantic City</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">New York</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Abbott, Frederick B., 419 Ninth St., Brooklyn</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ackerly, Orville B., 243 W. 34th St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Baker, Dr. Hugh P., Dean of State College of Forestry, Syracuse</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Baker, Prof. J. Fred, Director of Forest Investigation, State College of Forestry, Syracuse</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Brown, Ronald K., 320 Broadway, New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bruce, W. Robert, Brick Church Institute, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Church, Alfred W., Portchester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fullerton, H. B., Director Long Island Railroad Experiment Station, Medford, L. I.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hickox, Ralph, 3832 White Plains Ave., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hans, Amedee, Superintendent Hodenpyl Estate, Locust Valley, L. I.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Haywood, Albert, Flushing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hicks, Henry, Westbury, L. I.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Holden, E. B., Hilton</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">+Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Keeler, Charles E., Chichester and Briggs Aves., Richmond Hill</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Miller, Mrs. Seaman, care of Mr. Miller, 2 Rector St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Murphy, P. J., 115 Broadway, New York City, care of Ford, Bacon & Davis</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Olcott, Ralph T., Ellwanger & Barry Building, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Reynolds, H. L., 2579 Main St., Buffalo</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rice, Mrs. Lillian McKee, Adelano, Pawling</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stephen, Prof. John W., Assistant Professor of Silviculture, State College of Forestry, Syracuse</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Storrs, A. P., 117 Front St., Owego</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Teele, A. W., 30 Broad St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Teter, Walter C., 10 Wall St., New York City</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Tuckerman, Bayard, 118 E. 37th St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Turner, K. M., 220 W. 42nd St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ulman, Dr. Ira, 213 W. 147th St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wile, Th. E., 1012 Park Ave., Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Williams, Dr. Charles Mallory, 48 E. 49th St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">+Wissmann, Mrs. F. deR., Westchester, New York City</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">North Carolina</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Glover, J. Wheeler, Morehead City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hutt, Prof. W. N., State Horticulturist, Raleigh</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Van Lindley, J., J. Van Lindley Nursery Company, Pomona</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Ohio</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dayton, J. H., Storrs & Harrison Company, Painesville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Denny, Mark E., Middletown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ford, Horatio, South Euclid</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Johnston, I. B., Cincinnati, Station K</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Miller, H. A., Gypsum</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rector, Dr. J. M., Columbus</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Weber, Harry R., 601 Gerke Building, 123 E. 6th St., Cincinnati</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Witte, O. F., Amherst</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Yunck, E. G., 710 Central Ave., Sandusky</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ballou, C. F., Halifax</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Doan, J. L., School of Horticulture, Ambler</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Druckemiller, W. C., Sunbury</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fagan, Prof. F. N., Department of Horticulture, State College</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Foley, John, Forester, Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 513-A, Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hall, L. C., Avonia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hildebrand, F. B., Duquesne</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hoopes, Wilmer W., Hoopes Brothers and Thomas Company, Westchester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hutchinson, Mahlon, Ashwood Farm, Devon, Chester County</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">+Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Keely, Royal R., 1702 Mt. Vernon St., Philadelphia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Knipe, Irwin P., Norristown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lovett, Mrs. Joseph L., Emilie, Bucks County</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Martz, Walter C., Lebanon, care of Lebanon National Bank</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Meehan, S. Mendelson, Thomas Meehan & Sons, Germantown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Moss, James, Johnsville, Bucks County</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Preslar, C. F., 524 Grand View Ave., Pittsburgh</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rush, J. G., West Willow</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Schmidt, John C., 900 So. George St., York</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Smitten, H. W., Rochester Mills, R. 2</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">+Sober, Col. C. K., Lewisburg</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Thomas, Joseph W., Jos. W. Thomas & Sons, King of Prussia P. O.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Twaddell, E. W., Evergreen Nurseries, Westtown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Webster, Mrs. Edmund, 1324 So. Broad St., Philadelphia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wister, John C., Wister St. and Clarkson Ave., Germantown</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wright, R. P., 235 W. 6th St., Erie</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Tennessee</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Van Syckel, Egbert D., D.D.S., Trenton</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Utah</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Batchelor, Leon D., Horticulturist, Utah Agricultural College, Logan</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pendleton, M. A., 3 Mozart Apartments, Salt Lake City</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Virginia</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Crockett, E. B., Lynchburg</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Parish, John S., Eastham, Albermarle County</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Roper, W. N., Arrowfield Nurseries, Petersburg</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Shackford, Theodore B., care of Adams Brothers-Paynes Company, Lynchburg</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Roundhill</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Von Ammon, S., Fontella</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">West Virginia</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">+ Life member</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">* Honorary member</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CONSTITUTION_AND_RULES_OF_THE_NORTHERN_NUT_GROWERS_ASSOCIATION" id="CONSTITUTION_AND_RULES_OF_THE_NORTHERN_NUT_GROWERS_ASSOCIATION"></a>CONSTITUTION AND RULES OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h2> + + +<blockquote><p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Name</i>. The society shall be known as the <span class="smcap">Northern Nut Growers +Association</span>.</p> + +<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Object</i>. The promotion of interest in nut-producing plants, their +products and their culture.</p> + +<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Membership</i>. Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who +desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence +or nationality, subject to the approval of the committee on membership.</p> + +<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Officers</i>. There shall be a president, a vice-president, and a +secretary-treasurer; an executive committee of five persons, of which +the president, vice-president and secretary shall be members; and a +state vice-president from each state represented in the membership of +the association.</p> + +<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Election of Officers</i>. A committee of five members shall be elected at +the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the +subsequent year.</p> + +<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Meetings</i>. The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected +by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made +at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time +for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may +seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee.</p> + +<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Fees</i>. The fees shall be of two kinds, annual and life. The former +shall be two dollars, the latter twenty dollars.</p> + +<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Discipline</i>. The committee on membership may make recommendations to +the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.</p> + +<p style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><i>Committees</i>. The association shall appoint standing committees of three +members each to consider and report on the following topics at each +annual meeting: first, on promising seedlings; second, on nomenclature; +third, on hybrids; fourth, on membership; fifth, on press and +publication.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Northern_Nut_Growers_Association" id="Northern_Nut_Growers_Association"></a>Northern Nut Growers Association</h2> + +<h3>FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING</h3> + +<h4>AUGUST 20 AND 21, 1914</h4> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Evansville, Indiana</span></h4> + + +<p>The fifth annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association was +held in the Evansville Business Association Hall at Evansville, Indiana, +beginning August 20, 1914, at 10 <span class="smcap">A. M.</span>, President Littlepage presiding.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The fifth annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers +Association will now come to order, and I have the pleasure of +introducing to you Dr. Worsham who represents the Mayor of Evansville.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Worsham</span>: Ladies and Gentlemen of the Northern Nut Growers +Association:</p> + +<p>Some men are born to greatness and others have it thrust upon them. I +stand in the position this morning of a man that has had his greatness +thrust upon him. The secretary of the Evansville Business Association, +who frequently takes liberties with me, told me a few minutes ago that, +in the absence of our Mayor, I was to welcome you.</p> + +<p>We extend to you a most cordial welcome to our thriving city. We are +always glad to have associations of this kind meet with us, because they +bring to us new ideas and new thoughts.</p> + +<p>As I looked upon those nuts this morning my mind returned to the time +when I was a boy, when my father, although a splendid business man who +took advantage of most of the opportunities that presented themselves to +him, neglected one of the best he had in selling one hundred and +twenty-five acres of land across the Ohio River here, upon which there +grow a number of native pecans. The only time we ever had any pecans +from that place was when we got a German over there, direct from +Germany. He couldn't speak a word of the English language but my father +said to him, "Keep the boys out and get some pecans." He went down there +with a dog and a gun and we got more nuts that year than ever before or +since.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<p>This city has the distinction, as I have learned since I came into the +hall, of being the center of the nut growing district of the northwest. +Another honor that our splendid city has. As you know we are here in the +largest hardwood lumber market in the world; we have the cheapest and +best coal of any place in the world; we have the greatest river +facilities of any city along the Ohio River; we have six main arteries +of railroad into our city, so it is easy to manufacture, easy to ship +and easy to dispose of the products of our business in this grand, +beautiful and well situated city.</p> + +<p>Now gentlemen, remember that Dr. Worsham's telephone is 213, that I am +representing the Mayor and Business Men's Association, and that we are +perfectly delighted to have you with us. I hope you will have a good +time. I thank you.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Dr. Robert T. Morris will respond first to Dr. Worsham +and afterwards Mr. Potter.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Mr. Chairman, Representatives of the Business Men's +Association, Ladies and Gentlemen: In Chicago, I met an Englishman who +told me he was going to "Hevansville." I did not know just where he +meant but after hearing Dr. Worsham's speech, I understand.</p> + +<p>This is no doubt one of the coming cities of the world. You have here +the field that was fought for by the early settlers and the Indians, and +the field that is to be the scene of many wars in days to come.</p> + +<p>In the days to come, perhaps a thousand years from now, there may be +four or five people to the acre living under conditions of intensive +cultivation. This is just the sort of land that will support a +population to the best advantage, and you have here conditions suitable +for the crop that is to be the crop of the future. People do not fully +utilize nature's resources until there is need for doing so. We have +depended upon the cereals and the soft fruits and things of that sort, +just as the early Indian depended upon the deer and the beaver. The time +came when his beaver and his deer disappeared. We, like the Indian, take +up first the development of simplest things in plant life. Later, under +intensive cultivation, we shall be enabled to support a very much larger +population on fewer acres.</p> + +<p>We find that nuts contain starch and proteids in such proportion that +they will fairly well take the place of meats and of other starches.</p> + +<p>Now, this is not an opinion which is individual alone, but is the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +conclusion of authorities after examination of data. Chemical +examination of nuts has been made by our Department of Agriculture at +Washington and by chemists elsewhere. The nut crop, then, is to be +perhaps the staple food crop for the people of the United States one +thousand years from now, when we are depending upon methods of intensive +cultivation for the annual plants.</p> + +<p>It is true, of course, that three thousand years before Christ, the +Emperor Yu developed in China a system of agriculture that is better +than any European or American system today both as to production and +transportation—perhaps including distribution. At the present time +China is supporting a larger population to the acre than any other +country.</p> + +<p>All this comes to mind in response to the address of welcome by Dr. +Worsham. Here at this point of our United States, there is already a +center of the new movement for the development of the great future food +supply of the world, a nut nursery center. Here we find also another +feature of great consequence from the economic and politic side. We find +honest nurserymen. That is a very important matter. As nations advance +in culture the moral side develops, and as the ethical side develops +there will be better representatives in the trades and in all callings. +The nursery business is near to nature and for that reason simple people +have assumed that nurserymen were nearly as white as snow. Those of us +who have had some experience with them, know what it means to find +honest ones. We deeply appreciate the fact that in this part of the +country honest nurserymen are making a name for themselves and for +America.</p> + +<p>I know Evansville not only in this way that I have been speaking of but +also in a professional way because of its doctors. There are two or +three or four of the Evansville doctors—you do not know that as members +of this Association, but I know it as a member of our great +profession—who have placed Evansville upon the map. This city is best +known throughout the United States in the medical profession because of +some three or four Evansville doctors of the present and past.</p> + +<p>Therefore it is with a double pleasure that I respond to the address of +welcome given by Dr. Worsham.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: We will now hear from Hon. W. O. Potter of Marion, +Illinois.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: This meeting to me is +something out of the ordinary. I can remember that when I was a boy I +knew every good hickory nut tree in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> community where I was raised, +but after I left my native heath and went into the practice of law and +got into politics, I forgot all about the hickory trees until just a few +years ago when, by accident, I picked up a nut journal. I don't know how +it came into my possession but I got it and I read some article on the +Indiana pecan, and I read an article on the development of nut trees in +the south, and I got interested and commenced studying the subject. I +wrote to the Department of Agriculture and got some articles on nut +culture from Mr. Reed and others and became still more interested.</p> + +<p>However, nut culture doesn't mix well with politics or law, and, +therefore, it is more or less of a side issue with me. I have gone into +nut culture only on a small scale. On my lot in the city of Marion where +I live I have set out some pecan trees, and after a hard battle in court +all day it is quite a pleasure to get home in the evening and to pull +off my coat and to get on some old clothes and go out among my trees. +There is nothing better to get one's mind off the daily combat of life.</p> + +<p>I was very much impressed with Dr. Worsham's address of welcome and also +Dr. Morris's response. I believe that this country is beginning a new +era; we are going to experience a metamorphosis. I think we will shed +this old shell, take on a new dress and start afresh.</p> + +<p>I presume it is here as in Illinois where I was raised. Our farmers came +from the south principally, and about all they knew of farming in those +early days was to raise corn and some tobacco, but mostly, through our +section, corn, and in a few years they corned the land to death. You can +go through our country and see old hillsides red with clay and farmers +barely eking out an existence. Those people will never be much better +off than they are now, but as they pass off and the newer generation +comes on, departments of agriculture and horticulture will be organized +in the universities, where it has not already been done, and the farmers +will be a class of people right up to date. Modern civilization tends to +drive the sons back to the farm and that is overdone sometimes. People +think they want to go to farming when they don't. We ought not to take +up this idea "back to the farm" too largely at once but gradually grow +into it. I know what it is to be on the farm and work hard day after +day; there is no chance for us under the old conditions; but in higher +forms of agriculture or horticulture the American people will find the +greatest benefits and pleasures. It gets monotonous for a man who has a +profession to stick to that all the time, day in and day out without +change, week in and week<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> out, year in and year out, and he gets to +driving in a rut. If he will take up a side line it will do him much +good. I have gone into nut growing for recreation, not profit, and I +think it is an occupation most conducive to a strong mind and a healthy +body.</p> + +<p>This country is getting to a point where we are going to have more +producers. We have too many consumers in this country. We talk about the +tariff and whether it raises or lowers the price of articles. That is +neither here nor there. The thing that will control the prices of foods +is the amount of food produced. As Dr. Morris said awhile ago we don't +need so much meat as we used to think we needed nor so many other kinds +of foods. All the food elements that keep man alive and his body in a +healthy condition are contained in nuts, fruits and things of that +character, and this to a great extent will eliminate the need for meats. +Meat is getting scarce and high. Beef steaks and pork chops are a great +deal higher than they formerly were and some of us who are not making as +much money in our professions as we need will have to find something +else to take the place of them. It seems to me that the solution of the +problem is in the production of nuts. The peanut is being manufactured +in a great many ways and we are using them on our tables daily, and it +will only be a few years when the pecan will be fixed up in as many +different ways.</p> + +<p>The hickory nut I think is another great nut of this country and great +attention ought to be paid to it. Its culture is still in its infancy. I +believe that in a few years the hickory nut and pecan will help solve +the food problem.</p> + +<p>I would not know how to graft any kind of a tree. What trees I need I +buy from some good responsible nurseryman and let him do the work of +grafting.</p> + +<p>I am glad to be a member of this association, although this is the first +meeting I have ever attended. I get a lot of enthusiasm from the other +members and I have had lots of information from being a member of this +association.</p> + +<p>I want to thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for listening to my remarks +which I had no thought of making. What I have said has been at random.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: When I was speaking a minute ago I left out one idea that is +clever, and I want to get it in although it belongs to Professor Smith. +When we get to the point of intensive cultivation we are to have the +two-story farm. We will have the tree which will be the second story and +will furnish our meat, and under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>neath we will have our small crops. In +that way we will have a two-story farm.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: That is a very good idea, Dr. Morris, and I am glad you +got it in. We are very glad to have the remarks by Dr. Morris and Mr. +Potter. Mr. Potter has been in the legislature and we are pleased to +know that there is one member of a legislature in the United States who +does not know how to graft.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: I am sorry you said that. I wish you had left that out. I +was there when Lorimer was elected.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: There is nothing that would cure a legislature of +grafting quicker than horticulture.</p> + +<p>The chair desires to make an announcement of the program. This morning, +there will be the usual talks and papers. We will adjourn at 12 o'clock +and meet again at 1 o'clock for the afternoon session until 5 o'clock, +at which time the members of the Association and visitors are invited by +some of the citizens to take an automobile ride to see the city and the +different industries, which I am sure we will all be glad to do. This +evening at 8 o'clock there will by a lecture by Mr. C. A. Reed of the +Department of Agriculture and he will us show one of the best +collections of lantern slides in existence. Everybody is invited, +whether members of the Association or not, including the ladies and +children.</p> + +<p>Tomorrow morning at 7:15 we will take the Rockport traction car here, +getting off at Sandale, at which place we will be met by wagons and we +will go to Enterprise where you will see a great number of seedling +pecan trees of all ages. They are bearing, the limbs hanging down close +to the ground, and there will be an excellent opportunity to see the +nuts on the trees at close range.</p> + +<p>A gasoline boat will meet us at Enterprise between 12 and 1 and we will +return to Evansville tomorrow evening, via the river, stopping at proper +points, and be in session again at 8 o'clock, finishing up the business +of the Association with a lecture by Col. C. K. Sober of Pennsylvania, +the great chestnut producer. He has a great many lantern slides and will +tell you many things of interest. He is one man who is working earnestly +and tirelessly to combat the chestnut blight.</p> + +<p>The next thing on the program this morning will be the report of the +secretary of the Association, Dr. W. C. Deming.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: I have the honor to report as follows:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="REPORT_OF_THE_SECRETARY-TREASURER" id="REPORT_OF_THE_SECRETARY-TREASURER"></a>REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER</h2> + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER"> +<tr><td align='left'>Deficit, date of last report</td><td align='right'>$105.05</td></tr> +<tr><th align='left'>Expenses:</th></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Washington meeting</td><td align='right'>10.46</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Reporting convention</td><td align='right'>45.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Printing report</td><td align='right'>217.58</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Miscellaneous printing</td><td align='right'>23.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Postage and stationery</td><td align='right'>42.84</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Membership A. P. S.</td><td align='right'>2.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stenographer and multigraphing</td><td align='right'>7.20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Express, carting, freight</td><td align='right'>3.36</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Exchange on checks</td><td align='right'>.90</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Telephone</td><td align='right'>.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>———</td><td align='right'>$457.89</td></tr> +<tr><th align='left'>Receipts:</th></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dues</td><td align='right'>$273.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Postage</td><td align='right'>5.07</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Advertisements</td><td align='right'>69.05</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Contributions</td><td align='right'>104.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sale of report</td><td align='right'>4.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bills receivable</td><td align='right'>10.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>———</td><td align='right'>$465.12</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Balance on hand</td><td align='right'>$7.23</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>It was necessary to take out a membership in the American Pomological +Society in order to be eligible to receive the bronze Wilder medal +awarded for meritorious exhibit of nuts at the Washington convention.</p> + +<p>In response to an appeal sent out by the secretary for assistance in +defraying the expenses of publishing the report, thirteen members +contributed. There was one contribution of fifty dollars, one of +twenty-five dollars, several of five dollars and others of lesser sums.</p> + +<p>Two advertisements are still not paid for.</p> + +<p>It is evident that the income of the association from regular sources is +not at present sufficient to pay the expense of printing the annual +report, in addition to the necessary expenses of maintenance. It may be +possible to reduce the expense of printing the report by omitting cuts +and by printing a smaller number of reports, though the saving from the +latter expedient would be small.</p> + +<p>It seems to be the opinion of some of our members, and it is certainly a +good business principle, that we should not undertake the issuing of an +annual report until the funds for paying for it are in hand. I would +renew my suggestion of last year that a proper committee be authorized +to take measures for collecting the funds necessary for this purpose. +During the past year a few of the members voluntarily constituted +themselves a committee and succeeded in collecting a considerable sum +from advertisements which appeared in the report.</p> + +<p>It would certainly be a pity to interrupt the regular appearance of the +report of our annual meeting.</p> + +<p>Seventy-five new members were added during the year, or rather during +the nine months elapsed since the meeting at Washington. Since the +organisation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> of the Association 212 persons have become members. We +have now 132 paid-up members. I feel certain that some of those who have +not paid up do not desire to sever their connection with the +Association. There have been but three resignations, one of whom gave as +his reason "persistent knocking by members of the Association of pecan +promotions in the South." No death among our members have come to the +secretary's knowledge.</p> + +<p>Many new members came in at the Washington meeting. A number of others +joined as a result of the publicity given the Association by several +articles from the pen of one of the members which appeared in various +publications. A still larger number appeared to be attracted by the +offer which the secretary took upon himself to make, of the two first +reports as a premium for new members on the payment simply of the +postage for forwarding them. This action of the secretary was generally +approved by the members of the executive committee, though there was +some criticism from one or two members of the Association. But it seemed +to the secretary better to make this attraction for new members, and to +get out the reports where they might do some good, rather than to have +so many of them sagging the beams in his attic. The secretary would +suggest that in the future he be authorized to offer a complete set of +the reports to all new life members, and to other new members the +opportunity to buy the back reports at a reduced sum, say 50 cents, or +even 25 cents each. This would give a little income toward the expenses +of the Association. The copies of our reports are assets and should be +realized on.</p> + +<p>The field meeting held at the farm of Dr. Robert T. Morris at Stamford, +Connecticut, on August 4 was well attended and was instructive and +enjoyable. A full account of the meeting will appear in the <i>American +Nut Journal</i>.</p> + +<p>The recent establishment of this journal, partly through the efforts of +members of the Association, is a cause for congratulation. We have once +more a high class and attractive monthly periodical in which to exchange +experiences and by which the public may be reached. Every member of the +Association should feel a personal interest in making this journal a +success and should seek the opportunity to send to the editor any items +of interest to nut growers. Anything relating to this subject is of +interest to the enthusiast. The more personal such a journal is made the +better. It should not be monopolized by the so-called experts. Everyone +interested in nut growing ought to feel it a duty, and consider it a +privilege, to communicate scraps of information, little suggestions and, +above all, questions and requests for information and advice. Even a +little controversy would add spice. Too much harmony becomes insipid. +This journal is as much for scrappers as for the men of peace. And, let +me quickly add, the women too, suffragists, suffragettes, and antis and +those who don't care. Twelve women are members of the Association and +women are going to take a large share in nut growing and find in it a +profitable and interesting occupation.</p> + +<p>Arrangements are being made with the publishers of the <i>American Nut +Journal</i> whereby membership in our Association may include subscription +to the <i>Journal</i> at a very small increase in the cost of membership. If +we can offer membership and the <i>Journal</i> for $2.50 in advance and the +back reports for 50 cents apiece, or the three reports for $1, and send +notice of this to our list of about a thousand correspondents, we ought +to increase considerably our membership and do good to the world.</p> + +<p>Our rule that membership shall begin with the calendar year always gives +rise to some misunderstanding. Those who come in at the time of the +annual meeting,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> or between it and the end of the year, do not like to +pay another fee along in January. If there is no objection the secretary +will hereafter inform each applicant for membership that membership +expires with the calendar year, that membership may be taken out for the +present or the coming year, and that membership entitles necessarily +only to the publications issued during the year for which membership is +taken out. In other words the proceedings of this meeting will be +published in 1915 and members for 1914 will not be entitled to it unless +paid up for 1915.</p> + +<p>The investigation of the Persian walnut trees in the East is still going +on but the results have not been collated.</p> + +<p>I suggest the appointment of a committee to revise our constitution and +rules. These have so far served our purpose fairly well but, in the +opinion of the secretary, they now need modification and amplification.</p> + +<p>I would recall to the attention of the members our present rule that all +papers read before it are the property of the Association.</p> + +<p>In conclusion the secretary would like to ask each member to help +increase the prosperity and the usefulness of the Association by getting +new members, by getting advertisements for the annual report, and by +paying his annual dues promptly. It is a waste of any nut grower's time +to have to dun a lot of careless people.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The chair will now entertain a motion to approve the +secretary's report.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: The Northern Nut Growers Association has been very +fortunate in many things and especially in its selection of a secretary. +The services he has so faithfully rendered are very much appreciated by +the Association, and I move the report be accepted.</p> + +<p>[Seconded and carried. Also moved, seconded and carried that the +secretary be authorized to sell back numbers of the reports at a reduced +price.]</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Van Duzee</span>: I would like to say that a most important thing has been +overlooked, and that is that the chair should appoint a committee to +lift the load of financing the work of the Association from the +secretary's shoulders.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: It is very flattering to suggest that the chair is +competent to appoint that committee. Do you make it in the form of a +motion, Dr. Van Duzee?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Van Duzee</span>: Yes sir, I make that as a motion.</p> + +<p>[Seconded and carried.]</p> + +<p>Professor Close read the following report on score cards prepared by +Prof. E. R. Lake of the committee.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PROPOSED_SCORE_CARDS_FOR_JUDGING_NUTS" id="PROPOSED_SCORE_CARDS_FOR_JUDGING_NUTS"></a>PROPOSED SCORE CARDS FOR JUDGING NUTS</h2> + + +<p class="center"><i>Score-Card (Plates, Trays or Cartons)—Black Walnuts, Butternuts and +Hickorynuts</i></p> + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="Score-Card"> +<tr><td align='left'>General Values:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Size</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Form</span></td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Color</span></td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Shell Values:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thinness</span></td><td align='right'>15</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cracking</span></td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kernal Values:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Plumpness</span></td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Color</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Flavor</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quality</span></td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>——</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>100</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center">Note: For insect or fungous injuries deduct 5-10 points.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Score-Cards—Chestnuts</i></p> + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="Score-Card"> +<tr><td align='left'>General Values:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Size</span></td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Form</span></td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Color</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Freedom from fuzz</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Size of basal scar</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kernal Values:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Flavor</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quality of kernal</span></td><td align='right'>25</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thinness and quality of inner skin</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>——</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>100</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center">Note: For insect or fungous injuries deduct 5-20 points.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Score-Card—Filberts</i></p> + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="Score-Card"> +<tr><td align='left'>General Values:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Size</span></td><td align='right'>15</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Form</span></td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Color</span></td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Shell Values:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thinness</span></td><td align='right'>15</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kernal Values:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Plumpness</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Freedom from fibre</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Color</span></td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Flavor</span></td><td align='right'>15</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quality</span></td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>——</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>100</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center">Note: For insect or fungous injuries deduct 5-10 points.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Commercial Pecans</i></p> + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="Score-Card"> +<tr><td align='left'>General Values:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Size</span></td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Form</span></td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Color</span></td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Shell Values:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thinness of shell</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cracking quality</span></td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kernal Values:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Plumpness of kernal</span></td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Color of kernel</span></td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quality</span></td><td align='right'>15</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>——</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>100</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><i>Score-Card (Plates)—Persian Walnuts</i></p> + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="Score-Card"> +<tr><td align='left'>General Value:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Size</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Form</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Color</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Shell Values:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thinness of shell</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Smoothness of shell</span></td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sealing</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kernal Values:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Plumpness</span></td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Color</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Flavor (sweetness, nuttyness)</span></td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quality (crispness, richness)</span></td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>——</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>100</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center">Note: For insect or fungous injuries deduct 5-15 points.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I would say that this is a very excellent system as a basis +for judging. We must at all times have in mind the idea of working to +keep the quality very high. The reason for that is because the tendency +has been in the other direction. Appearance has been rated very high, +especially on the Pacific Coast, which is one of the centers in nut +raising today. I observed, while on a trip from southern California to +Washington and Oregon, that people all spoke about the beauty of the +nuts, and said little of quality. They will show you great, handsome, +bleached nuts, and some of the very poorest in quality are the ones +about which they talk the most, and they recognize this fact among +themselves. I haven't been looked upon with favor when telling them +frankly that a certain walnut ought not to be put on the market at all +on account of its quality. They resented that attitude on my part, but +later when I was standing nearby I overheard rival walnut growers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +talking to each other. One said to another, "That is a handsome walnut, +but you will have to hire an awful good talker to get it on the market." +They resented my criticism and my judgment but among themselves said, +"You have got to have an awful good talker to get that nut on the +market."</p> + +<p>It is this matter of quality that must stand first among nuts as among +men. Many know that there is no better pecan than the San Saba. That is +standard for quality, yet it is not regarded as being so desirable as +some of the others because of its small size. We must always keep in +mind the quality rather than size and appearance. Of course, we like +things that look well but that side will be taken care of incidentally +in the course of the development of the subject.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: Dr. Morris, I should like to ask you a few questions. +Is it not the same as it is in the apple and peach market? You know in +that appearance counts for a great deal. Are you sufficiently acquainted +with the subject to say we will be safe in growing a nut that is second +class in appearance but first class in quality?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I am glad Professor Smith brought up that point. There is +just one way to approach the matter. Take a fine, handsome, large +English walnut, that has been bleached, and has lost quality in the +process. Growers have gone to a great deal of trouble to get it on the +market. Put alongside of it a small, thin-shelled, high quality walnut +that has not been bleached, and tell the dealer who is to sell those two +nuts that the great big handsome nut is to sell for 15 cents a pound, +and the ugly little one is to bring 30 cents a pound. That will attract +the attention of people to the good nuts. You can force people into +having good sense, through the exercise of a bit of dexterity in applied +psychology.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Dr. Morris's remarks are very well taken, because nuts +are to be eaten and not to be looked at. Is there any further discussion +on this subject? If not, we will pass to the next.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: The next thing on the program is the appointment of +committees. The advisability of amending the constitution and rules has +been already referred to. They have served our purpose pretty well up to +now but we have outgrown them. In order to expedite matters and get to +the real business of this Association, as this constitution is going to +be amended anyway, I would like to move that the rules about the +appointment of committees be suspended and that the chair be authorized +to appoint the necessary committees. This includes the committees which +the rules<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> direct shall be elected, but that takes a long time and I +move that the chair appoint these different committees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Do I hear a second to that motion?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: It has been moved and seconded that the rules requiring +that these committees be elected be suspended, and the chair be +authorized to appoint the different committees. The chair holds that it +will take three fourths of the members present to suspend the rules. Is +there any discussion about this?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Members</span>: We are ready for the question.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: All in favor of the motion made by Dr. Deming, make it +known by saying aye.</p> + +<p>[Vote taken.]</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Those opposed, by the same sign.</p> + +<p>[None.]</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The motion is carried that the chair appoint the +different committees, and they will be announced at the proper time.</p> + +<p>The next thing on the program is a paper by the President. I will ask +Dr. Morris to take the chair while I read what I have to say.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="STATUS_AND_POSSIBILITIES_OF_NUT_CULTURE_IN_THE_NORTH" id="STATUS_AND_POSSIBILITIES_OF_NUT_CULTURE_IN_THE_NORTH"></a>STATUS AND POSSIBILITIES OF NUT CULTURE IN THE NORTH</h2> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">T. P. Littlepage, Washington, D. C</span>.</p> + + +<p>The purpose of the Northern Nut Growers Association is to stimulate the +production of nuts in the North. We distinguish the North from the South +in this regard not because we feel any less interest in the nut industry +in the South. The man who once becomes a nut enthusiast is no respecter +of Mason's and Dixon's Line or any other line that separates him from an +interesting nut tree or from a section in which nuts may be successfully +grown. His local interest, however, will naturally be around his own +dooryard and neighborhood. So we speak of northern nut culture and +northern nut trees because we live in the North and because this is the +section of the United States that needs at the present time the most +intelligent direction. The South has been forging ahead for a number of +years in this field. In fact, pecan culture promises to become second +only to the cotton industry in many sections of that country and +interest in its possibilities has attracted to it many conscientious, +able and prominent horticulturists who are today engaged in pecan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +growing in the South and who are doing much to put the pecan industry on +an honest and intelligent basis. These men have become specialists in +the pecan industry and they know more about it than we do in the North. +Consequently they do not need our assistance, even if we were able to +give it, and, therefore, without any fear of our being criticised for +using the adjective "northern" we can limit our investigations and +discussions to nut culture in the northern part of the United States +with a full knowledge that our southern brethren can take care of +themselves, and, in addition, can render us much valuable assistance +which assistance we most cheerfully invite.</p> + +<p>At this point, however, in connection with the use of the terms +"northern" and "southern," it may be relevant to make a few observations +as to the possibilities in either section. While it is true that the +South has a long start of the North in pecan culture, yet the North +affords an opportunity for the cultivation of nuts which is not possible +in the South. The South is today the home of the delicious varieties of +pecan which are a delight to the consumer and a source of fascination +and profit to the intelligent producer, but it must be remembered that +the northern pecan belt has many excellent varieties that are "good +enough." In addition to this, the North is the home of the black walnut, +the fine shagbark hickory, the butternut, the chestnut, the hazel-nut, +and the chinkapin, and is also adapted to the hardy varieties of the +English and Japanese walnuts. All of the nuts just named certainly offer +an ample field for our interest and enthusiasm, and, in addition to the +keen delight which comes from the successful growing of these trees, +there is a possibility of profit which I do not think is excelled in any +horticultural undertaking today.</p> + +<p>First then, what word of advice or instruction can the Northern Nut +Growers Association bring to the prospective nut grower which will be of +help? For, after all, the success or failure of this association depends +largely upon its ability to help the grower or prospective grower. +Before we undertake to give suggestions about the development and +culture of nut orchards or to make prophecies as to possibilities, let +us stop and take stock for a moment of the present status of the nut +industry in the North and consider what we have to build upon and what +materials we have with which to work. Mistakes have been made in the +past by the prospective nut growers because they did not stop to +consider the possibilities of the nuts that were native in their own +locality, but looked abroad for something else. This is characteristic +of many people. "Distant fields<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> look green," and, of all the imported +nut trees, none except the English walnut have been of any success here +whatever, while, in one instance at least, their importation has +resulted in introducing into this country the fatal chestnut blight, +which probably came in on uninspected stock from Japan. We have better +native chestnuts in this country than any foreign chestnut and the +blunder of trying to get something different is costing the country +millions of dollars through the scourge of the chestnut blight, which +threatens to wipe out the industry. It reminds me of the epitaph on the +tombstone which read: "I was well and wanted to be better, took medicine +and here I am." Therefore, let us consider what nuts we have worth +while.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>The Pecan</i></p> + +<p>First, we have the northern pecan which is native in certain portions of +a belt approximately 150 miles wide, with Evansville, Indiana, on the +38th parallel, as the center. I do not mean to say that the pecan will +succeed in all portions of the northern half of this belt or that it may +not succeed in many sections farther north. The question of climate, as +modified by proximity to oceans and large bodies of water or as made +more rigid by absence of these protections, may decrease or increase the +latitude at which the pecan can be successfully grown. The orange, for +instance, is one of the tenderest fruits and yet, on the western coast, +orange groves are flourishing at the same latitude as Philadelphia, +which is nearly on the 40th parallel, although it is unnecessary to say +that an orange grove would not survive within four or five hundred miles +of the 40th parallel any place else except on the favored western coast. +The southern varieties of pecans will not flourish in the north and we +do not know whether the northern varieties will flourish in the South.</p> + +<p>The pecan is a hickory and the northern trees are very hardy and +thrifty. Many varieties have been discovered the last few years which +are thought to be worthy of propagating. Among them are the "Indiana" +and "Busseron," from near Oaktown, Knox County, Indiana; the "Niblack," +from Vincennes, Knox County, Indiana; the "Warrick," "Green River," +"Major," "Kentucky," and "Posey," all from the Evansville section; the +"Norton" from Clarksville, Missouri, and several other varieties.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>English Walnut</i></p> + +<p>The next most important nut, and probably competing very closely with +the pecan for popular favor, is the English walnut,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> which is perhaps +the only nut that has been successfully imported for growing. Since the +earliest Colonial days, seedling nuts have been brought from France, +Germany and other parts of Europe and have been planted up and down the +Atlantic Coast. Most of the trees from these plantings have not been +able to permanently withstand climatic conditions, but, scattered here +and there throughout the North and East, are individual trees of +apparent hardiness which bear nuts in size and quality comparing +favorably with the English walnuts we see on the market. Among the +various hardy varieties of the English walnut are the "Rush" and "Nebo," +from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, introduced by Mr. J. G. Rush, the +pioneer propagator in the Eastern States. Another is the "Hall" from the +shores of Lake Erie, the "Pomeroy" from Lockport, N. Y., a short +distance from Niagara Falls; the "Rumford" from Wilmington, Del.; the +"Ridgway" from Lumberton, N. J.; the "Holden" from Hilton, N. Y.; the +"Boston" from Massachusetts; the "Potomac," "Barnes" and "Weaver" from +Washington, D. C.; and a number of other varieties. The location of the +parent trees just named will give some idea of the probable hardiness of +these varieties.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Shagbark Hickory</i></p> + +<p>The thin-shelled shagbark hickory is a nut that is coming more and more +into favor and is well worthy of propagation. The first shagbark +recognized as a distinct variety was the "Hales," located and named by +Henry Hales of Ridgwood, N. J., about 1874. This is a very large, +attractive, thin-shelled nut, but has been somewhat superseded by other +and superior shagbarks. Dr. Robert T. Morris of New York has been making +a systematic search for several years for trees bearing shagbarks of +high quality and merit, and has been very successful in bringing a +number of such nuts to public attention, including the "Taylor" and +"Cook." The "Swaim" from South Bend, Ind., is an excellent shagbark; the +"Weiker," from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania; the "Kirtland," from New +England; the "Rice," from Illinois; and another very superior and fine +shagbark from northern Kentucky which was brought to public attention by +R. L. McCoy of Lake, Ind.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Black Walnuts</i></p> + +<p>Throughout the whole north are tens of thousands of seedling black +walnuts, many of which are of excellent quality, but, so far as is +known, there are but two recognized varieties, the "Thomas," introduced +during the eighties and propagated to a limited extent, and another from +Lamont, Mich.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Butternut</i></p> + +<p>The butternut is also quite common in much of the same territory as is +the black walnut and even in regions farther north, but, so far as I +have knowledge, not a single variety has been named.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Japanese Walnuts</i></p> + +<p>Seedlings of two species of Japanese walnuts are quite common along the +Atlantic Coast and as far inland as the Mississippi River. They are also +grown on the Pacific Coast to some extent, but apparently no varieties +have been recognized.</p> + +<p>Another nut which is confused with the Japanese walnut is botanically +known as Juglans Mandshurica. In character of growth the tree quite +resembles the Japanese species, but the nut resembles more our American +butternut and sometimes they are confused. A short time ago a gentleman +in New Jersey who had planted some nuts of the Japanese varieties later +cut down the mature trees because he thought they were American +butternuts.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Hazel-nuts</i></p> + +<p>It is never safe to use the term "hazel" without explaining that it +correctly applies also to the species brought from Europe and more +commonly called filberts. According to the late Mr. Fuller, the Germans +discriminated between hazels and filberts entirely by the shape of the +husk. A nut having a husk which extended and came together beyond the +end of the nut was called filbert, meaning beard. Those having shorter +and more open husks, so that the nut protruded, were called hazels after +the German word "hassel,"—hood, in English. It will readily be seen +that once the nuts were separated from the husks, it would be impossible +by their classification to determine whether they were hazels or +filberts. The Americans generally accept the use of the term hazel to +apply to both the American and European species.</p> + +<p>In the early history of our country extensive and persistent efforts +were made to introduce the European hazels, and no wonder, for of all +nut trees this species seems to yield most readily to garden culture. +They are readily capable of adapting themselves to most any kind of soil +and even to rocky ledges which would be impossible to cultivate. They +attain their greatest perfection in good soil and, under proper +cultivation, the trees come into bearing early and the nuts mature early +in the fall, well in advance of other species. The hazel, however, like +the chestnut has met with a fatal disease. It is a blight which seems to +exist everywhere except on the native species, which are so far immune +as to show little or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> none of its effects. The American hazels, however, +act as host plants to the blight, which thus quickly spreads, with fatal +results, to the European species. Of all the plantings which have been +made during the past one hundred and fifty years, it is safe to say that +there are less than half a dozen hazel orchards in the eastern states +which have not succumbed. It seems quite probable that a golden +opportunity is awaiting someone who is willing to go through the forests +of our eastern states, especially those in lower New England, in search +of individual hazels from which to propagate new varieties. Among the +heavy bearing shrubs, which exist in the section referred to, it is +certain that many hazels could be found well worth propagating.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Turning now from this brief history of northern nut trees, let us +consider the future of the industry as viewed in the light of sound +theory and actual observation. It is unnecessary to present any argument +why nut trees should be planted. Nuts afford the highest grade food +known to science. They are wholesome, healthful, strengthening,—in +fact, without a single objectionable feature so far as I know as an +article of food and, when one considers that food is the basis of human +existence, no further argument is necessary to warrant interest in one +of the best foods known.</p> + +<p>Then how shall we advise the prospective grower of a nut orchard? First, +let him determine what kinds of nuts thrive in his vicinity. The +prospective grower in the latitude of Evansville can indulge himself to +his heart's content, for he can grow successfully the pecan, English +walnut, black walnut, butternut, hazel and, up to date, the chestnut. +But, success in growing any of these trees depends upon proper +information, proper varieties, proper soil and proper care. Suppose a +man, in the Evansville latitude, for instance, desires a pecan orchard. +What should he do? His quickest way, if he has wild seedling pecan trees +growing on his farm, would be to have the wild trees top-worked to +well-known varieties. If he has no seedling trees, then his next best +plan is to purchase budded trees of good varieties from some honest +nurseryman, set them not less than sixty feet apart and cultivate and +care for them. Will they grow around fence corners and creek banks? Yes, +if you have plenty of time to wait. They will not, however, be in a +hurry, and it may be your grandchildren who will gather the nuts. But, a +cultivated orchard of budded pecan trees of the right varieties ought to +come into commercial bearing as soon as does an apple orchard. Mr. W. C. +Reed of Vincennes reports Busserons that were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> budded fourteen months +ago setting as high as sixteen nuts this year. That is, the second +summer after they were budded. If the trees are of the right varieties, +well cultivated, in good soil, and if you care enough for them to throw +some fertilizer around them, they will please you by their growth and +soon become very profitable.</p> + +<p>Now suppose one wants an orchard of English walnuts. Almost identically +the same instructions hold true. If you have wild black walnut seedlings +on your farm, by all means have them top-worked to fine varieties of +English walnut, for the black walnut is the best root for the English +walnut. If you have no seedling trees, go to some reputable nurseryman +and buy known varieties of hardy English walnuts budded on hardy black +walnut stocks. Set them not less than fifty feet apart and cultivate and +care for them. Mr. Rush reports one of his budded Rush trees four years +old bearing fifty-seven walnuts this year. I saw a Rush in Washington +City the other day, two years old, carrying about a dozen walnuts; also +a Hall, of the same age, carrying about the same number. Both trees were +thrifty and not much over waist high, and every terminal twig had from +one to two nuts on it.</p> + +<p>If you have wild hickory trees growing on your farm, have them +top-worked by the slip-bark or budding method to fine varieties of +shagbarks. In the absence of wild hickories, I believe the future will +prove that the next best method of starting an orchard of budded +shagbark hickories is to buy them budded on hardy northern pecan stocks. +The hickory is not the best stock for the pecan because it is of slower +growth, and for the same reason the pecan ought to be the better stock +for the hickory. But the hickory does not grow as rapidly as does the +English walnut or the pecan and requires more patience.</p> + +<p>The hazels are going to afford a great field for the nut grower, as they +are native to a wide territory embracing the Middle West, the North and +the East, and ought to be profitable. A few years ago I found a very +fine large hazel growing on my farm in Warrick County, Indiana. I dug up +some of the roots of this bush and planted them in my garden at +Boonville, and in three years they were bearing fine clusters of hazels +larger than those borne by the parent bush. I think farmers would find +it profitable to set out hedges of native hazel bushes around their +fields and fences and on hillsides.</p> + +<p>Butternuts, black walnuts and beechnuts also offer a fertile field for +experiment. Any varieties of butternut or black walnut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> can be +propagated by budding or top-grafting them on seedling stocks.</p> + +<p>I should like to suggest that every farmer in the nut growing belt set +aside at least ten acres of land for a nut orchard. It will give him a +new interest in life and afford him more pleasure and relief from the +ordinary monotony of farm work, I believe, than any other line of work +he can pursue. If Ponce de Leon had planted a nut orchard in this +country instead of wasting his time searching for the fountain of +perpetual youth he could have spent his old days in interesting, +profitable and fascinating work instead of in despair and +disappointment.</p> + +<p>But some of the practical questions asked are, "What is the cost of a +nut orchard?" and, "How soon will it bear?" and "What will it be worth +when it does bear?" No man can answer these questions with any degree of +certainty, for everything that man attempts has its drawbacks and +disadvantages. First-class budded nut trees cost from one to two dollars +apiece. The balance of the cost depends largely upon the intelligence +and efficiency of the labor applied in setting and cultivating. When +will they bear? That depends altogether upon who owns them. If properly +cared for they will begin setting some nuts in a few years and will +increase the crop as the years go by. A pecan tree ought to bear +successfully for fifty years—possibly longer, and ought to be bearing +nicely in eight years if properly cared for. But, success depends upon +the care and intelligence with which the original selection of trees and +soil is made, and upon proper cultivation. I have set an orchard of +northern varieties of pecans budded from the parent trees in the +Evansville section on my farm in Maryland this spring. The land cost me +sixty dollars per acre. When they are ten years old they ought to be +worth at least five hundred dollars per acre. I do not know how much +more this grove of nut trees will be worth in ten years, but I would not +option them at the present time for that price. I have about the same +confidence in the English walnut.</p> + +<p>I have always been conservative on these matters and always expect to be +because in conservatism lies safety. These figures I have given you are +merely my personal opinion. I have seen pecan groves ten and fifteen +years old for which I would not have given any more than the land was +worth on which they were growing. If any one has a notion that he can +make money in nut culture, without intelligent exertion, he had better +go into some other line of business in which there are men having a fair +degree of success with unintelligent effort. I know of no nut grove in +the whole United<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> States that is succeeding without intelligent +application, and on the other hand I do not know of a single grove which +with intelligent application is not succeeding. I am a +"conservative-optimist." I have been talking nut culture for a number of +years and expect to see every hope and estimate which I have expressed +fulfilled, and after all has been said and considered my final advice is +to <i>Plant Nut Trees</i>.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The chair invites a very active discussion of this paper.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: It would be unkind to criticize so very instructive an +address but there is one thing laid down in that paper I wish to speak +about. I believe we were told we must cultivate our nut trees. I believe +the fact is that in the greater portion of the United States, we can +grow trees, even nut trees, without cultivation. If anybody doesn't +believe that, go to Washington by the Chesapeake Railroad and you will +see thousands of walnut trees along the way. I believe the human race +can grow trees on a hillside without cultivation, and I want to suggest +to persons putting out nut trees to put out a few in places where they +don't have to be plowed, and see if they don't get good results. +Cultivation is not a fundamental element of agriculture or plant life, +but is the quick way to get results.</p> + +<p>In many places in Ohio the state experimental work in horticulture, +especially that carried on by F. H. Ballou, has done some wonderful +things in waking up apple orchards that had not grown a quarter of an +inch in years. Merely giving them food has caused them to wake up and +bear. I have seen them, and know. The books say that while apples may +grow without cultivation, peach trees <i>must</i> be cultivated in order to +bear. I have peach trees that are three years old in a rocky piece of +ground. I can't plow it but I have fed some of the peach trees and a few +I did not, that is not much, and the ones that were fed as they should +be are much the biggest and are bearing well. My point is this, keep the +grass well scraped away to prevent trunk injury, and feed even a peach +tree and it will do well. I think the same is true of the nut tree.</p> + +<p>Whether a tree that is set out, liberally fed, and the grass kept away +will do as well without cultivation, is a subject worthy of your +consideration and experiment.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The chair especially desires to call attention to Dr. +Smith's remarks because he has made a very careful study of this +question and his suggestions are worthy of very great con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>sideration. I +have talked these things over with him a great deal and I commend his +remarks especially to the Association for discussion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: In connection with the matter of cultivation I would also +like to have Mr. Reed discuss that. I want to say, however, that, in +using fertilizers, you will often very easily overdo the matter. +Sometimes in my experience professionally, I give a patient medicine +enough to last a week, with directions that a teaspoonful be taken twice +a day, and the patient may believe if she takes the entire bottle at one +dose she will be well in an hour, and consequently suffer from an +overdose. That same idea is sometimes carried out in the fertilization +of trees by horticulturists. You don't intend to do it but sometimes you +can kill with kindness and be too good in feeding your trees if you +don't understand how much fertilization the tree needs. That is the +idea, you have got to give your trees the ratio that they need. If you +give them too much pie or pudding, your trees will have indigestion and +will not thrive and may die. I have lost a great many good trees, and a +great many nut trees, and have checked the growth of a great many by not +realizing this. I wish Mr. Reed would speak to us about it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: I want to state some experience I have had and when Mr. Reed +talks, I wish he would give me some information. I set out some pecan +trees on my lawn in the front yard, and of course there is not much +cultivation there except around the trees. It is like most other lawns +in southern Illinois, mostly clay and what other soil we put on top. Now +the clay is very hard and in setting the trees I had my man dig a hole +three feet deep and two feet across and in setting the trees I packed +good dirt around them. The question is how should I feed those trees? I +have put barn manure around them and they are now growing and doing very +nicely, I want to know if I have pursued the right course.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: I believe this question of growing trees in fence corners and +on hillsides is not so large a question. The main thing is to give them +plenty of water. There is very little land in the Mississippi valley +that won't grow pecan trees or most any other kind, if you will give +them sufficient mulch and plenty of water, because they take their food +in the form of soup. Unless they have water, they won't grow. I believe +the best cultivation you can give a tree of any kind is a good mulch of +straw and manure. You that have had experience in this part of the +country know that is the best way to cultivate trees.</p> + +<p>I grew a peach orchard once in one year, but I have quit that, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> have +learned better. It is simply a question of water and plant food. If you +will mulch any kind of a tree, nut tree or any kind, with ten or fifteen +inches of straw and stable manure, you will have a steady growth from +early spring until late in the fall, and it will make a strong tree.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: While we are waiting for Mr. Reed I want to take up Mr. +McCoy's soup suggestion. Water doesn't make good soup without something +in it. Experiments show that you can mulch ground in some places and not +wake up the tree, but fertilizer will wake it up the first year.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: What kind of fertilizer did you use?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: One must experiment to see what his land is short on. +Sometimes you can fertilize your trees without any result. Sometimes +potash will not do any good and sometimes it will. You will have to see +what your ground needs. For young apple trees I found in my particular +situation that nitrate of soda is all I want. I have what is called a +Porter's clay soil on the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. I use that +and then my trees get busy and grow. They make rapid growth even the +first season with a handful of nitrate and for my three year old trees +half a pound is enough. That is what my soil seems to need and we must +use what the soil is short on. That is my interpretation of my situation +and it works.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Who can tell us whether nitrate of soda is good for nut +trees? Can you, Mr. Simpson?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Simpson</span>: In the South, we do not think so.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The reason I asked, is that I have been studying that. I +wrote Mr. Potter a letter suggesting that he use some on his young nut +trees to see what it would do, and later I found out that all through +the South it was not regarded as desirable. It seems they claim it +starts pecan trees into an active growth but when they stop they make a +very sudden stop and don't start growing any more. I want to get this in +the record right here. You understand that is the general belief +throughout the South, do you not?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Simpson</span>: Yes sir, it is not considered good.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Dr. Smith has made a very careful study of fruit trees +and knows its effect on them from experiments, but it is well perhaps to +consider fruit and nut trees separately.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: I should suggest to anybody who is thinking of working +with trees, to get some seedling pecans and plant them and then +fertilize some of them and others not, in the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> kind of soil. In +that way he can get his own fertilizer conclusions at a small expense +and then he will know what his own soil needs.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: We fertilized seedling pecans in a clay soil and we decided +the trees we did not fertilize got along better than the ones we did. Of +course that ground is better where the trees are than on the average +farm. We used nitrate of soda and potash but we decided the ones we +didn't fertilize did the best.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: I put two pounds of nitrate of soda around each tree and the +English walnuts I used it on budded out very shortly after using it, but +along about June they died. The pecan trees we used it around grew +fairly well, but some of them, one in particular, appeared to remain +dormant, almost, until about two months ago when it commenced growing +and is now growing very rapidly. So you see I don't know where I am at.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: In writing you I did not understand the size of the tree. +On some trees I have been using a tablespoonful, about that, and I was +afraid I got too much.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: Evidently I got too much.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Evidently we got mixed up on the quantity. I know I never +used more than two tablespoonfuls at any time and I should imagine two +pounds would be a big overdose. I remember talking to Dr. Smith about +that time about some old apple trees around which you can use five or +six pounds of nitrate of soda and I suppose that is the way we got mixed +up. I must have had that in mind as I did not intend to advise that +amount for young nut trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy</span>: How long a season should the tree keep growing? From early +spring to late in the fall? My experience is they will stop about the +first of August, and let the wood ripen up and harden for the cold +weather. Some might keep the trees growing longer, but you will hurt the +trees I think.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: We have not heard from Mr. Reed yet.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: I am glad the discussion has proceeded as it has since +it has given me time to reconnoitre. I hardly know what to say on this +subject that Professor Smith has brought up. I guess he knows what he is +talking about so far as his experiments have taught him. The department +does not like to discourage a good thing nor to encourage a thing that +is too risky. There is one thing quite sure and that is that so long as +nut trees are selling for from one dollar to two dollars apiece, very +few people are going to buy them and plant many of them on these +hillsides and experiment with them. People cannot afford to do that. We +have found,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> taking the country over, that nut trees thrive best when +they are given treatment; that is they must be given cultivation and +fertilization; be given some degree of attention the same as an apple or +peach orchard. Colonel Sober, however, will show you quite a different +thing. He will show you chestnut trees that are not cultivated at all, +so there is a staggering blow to my argument, and yet Colonel Sober gets +something like three and a half bushels to the tree. You don't fertilize +those trees, do you, Colonel Sober?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Sober</span>: No sir, not at all. Haven't yet.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: So there is an argument that silences me and still it is true +that we can't safely plant hickories and pecans without some degree of +cultivation. I don't think Professor Smith has planted any on these +hills.</p> + +<p>Still we all agree with Professor Smith in a way. Something ought to be +done to the surface to prevent the land from washing, and there is no +better way of doing that than by planting trees. Then the roots will +prevent washing and they can take care of themselves better than a +surface crop. Especially is this true on the hillsides, so there is a +good deal in Professor Smith's argument. And yet there is the danger +that those trees will be infected with disease and insects. On plants +and trees that are attended to and cultivated we find those pests will +be kept in check. So there are two sides to that argument.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: The point I raised was this, that it is possible in +some places to attain by fertilization the advantage that comes by +cultivation in other places. Great things have been done without +fertilization. There are chestnut orchards in Corsica of grafted trees, +ranging from the size of my wrist to eighteen to twenty feet in +circumference. They have not been fertilized in centuries, and they +yield enough to support the entire population.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: We would like to hear from Col. Van Duzee, and I want to +say that, as President of the National Nut Growers Association, he is +well acquainted with these things. I commend him to you and promise that +whatever he may have to say to you is worthy of your very careful +consideration. I have the honor to belong to the association of which he +is the president, and know it is seldom we have an opportunity to hear +men like him.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Col. Van Duzee</span>: Gentlemen, I am going to side step this argument for I +do not think it worth while taking up the time. We are here for other +purposes. Personal experiences are not the general rule because each +one's experience differs from that of others. We might all tell our +personal experiences and after we were all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> through we would not have +accomplished anything. I want to take you back to the point from which +we started this, in order to know what we are talking about. To +illustrate what I want to say to you, we can take the root pasture of a +tree and analyze it in every possible way so as to bring to bear upon it +the best judgment we have from all sources. The tree grown upon a +hillside has a root pasture which is entirely different in many ways +from the root pasture in the river bottoms. If we have a tree growing on +a hillside in a soil that easily transmits moisture and it gives that +tree constantly a stream of pure water going through its root system, +and there happens to be enough fertility in that vicinity, that moisture +is impregnated with plant food, and the tree will get all it wants. You +can't speak in the same breath of the tree growing in the river bottoms +whose entire root pasture is entirely different. The root pasture may +become contaminated by various things which may cause, so to speak, +ptomaine poison. Therefore I say that every locality, every soil, every +climatic condition, every variety of tree must be taken as individual. +What would be good for an apple orchard in Virginia might be fatal to an +apple orchard immediately south of Lake Brie in Ohio. The use of +commercial fertilizer that would be good in one locality would be bad in +another. Therefore I disapprove of this kind of a discussion, because we +are not speaking to a definite point. I want to bring your minds to this +point, that every individual tree and its locality, and the man that is +responsible for its welfare, must be analyzed before you can speak +intelligently about what must be done.</p> + +<p>I am going to tell you the same story I told the societies at Pharoa, +Alabama. They wanted me to talk on this subject and I said, "You remind +me of a backwoods character I have come in contact with in the woods of +Florida who is ill and doesn't know what is the matter with him. He +knows he needs medicine and he goes down to the general store and buys a +bottle of patent medicine recommended by the groceryman and he takes it +and maybe it helps him and maybe it don't, but if he don't get better he +goes and gets advice from some other man like the grocer." I said, "That +is the way you are demonstrating fertilizer." The first thing I would +advise would be this: to analyze the individual pasture of the +individual tree and take everything that enters into the history of that +tree and everything that bears upon it. All the accumulated wisdom of +others won't help us very much. We have to use common horse sense. We +can't talk about these things gen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>erally. In poor soil and under bad +conditions the pecan tree will do nothing. There are trees I know +twenty-six or twenty-seven years old that are not as large as my wrist, +that have never borne a nut and never will. I can also show you trees in +that immediate vicinity, planted at the same time from the same nuts +with favorable conditions, that are seventy or eighty feet high and +bearing good crops of nuts. Those nuts came out of the same bag the same +day, and were planted by the same man in the same locality, and that +proves, as I have said before, that you cannot discuss things of this +kind in general terms and it is a waste of the time of the association +to do so. I would be glad to answer definite questions as to definite +points.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>. The next will be a talk by Dr. R. T. Morris of New York.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Mr. Chairman, and Members of the Association: My subject +relates to personal experiences with hybridization work. This is work +which is to be done more and more by various members of our association, +and we are thus to create new species of trees. Nature's whole endeavor +is to preserve the mean type among races of organisms. There are mutants +among all trees, among the hickories and walnuts, as well as among the +peaches and pears. In fact all species undergo mutation. We select the +most desirable mutants and we try to fix a given type by grafting and +propagating. Seedlings will go back toward the mean type. The mean type +hickory, walnut or chestnut is the type that nature wishes to preserve, +but these are not best for man's purposes. What is best in nature's plan +is not always best in man's plan. We have got to dynamite nature. We +have got to put a charge of dynamite under nature's seat and blow her +up, in order to get what we want for our own purposes. How do we do it? +How do we break up the mean type of a variety or species? By crossing +the flowers and bringing together the parents we wish to unite in the +hope of growing new forms, among which will be some that are +particularly desirable for our purposes.</p> + +<p>Now in doing this work, I have had to get by experience a number of +points which will be of value to members of this association. First, in +regard to collecting pollen. Sometimes species, which we wish to cross, +flower at widely different times. They bloom perhaps two or three or +four or even six weeks apart, and it is a question how long we can keep +the pollen viable. What can we do about it? There are two good ways. +First, get your branches of male flowers before they are open, put them +in cold storage, or in an ice house, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> in a dark room, and keep them +anywhere from one to six weeks dormant. When you want to use them, and +your trees of the pistillate flowers are ready, take the branches of +staminate flowers out of the ice house and put them in jars of water in +a warm room in the sunshine. They will blossom and make good pollen +shortly. Another way is through correspondents living at a distance. +These correspondents will send you pollen from a species which blossoms +later further north or earlier further south, at the time which you wish +for your pistillate flowers. For instance, in crossing chinkapins with +oaks, the chinkapins will blossom about the 12th of June in Connecticut +but most of the oaks are through blossoming by the 12th of May. There we +have a month's difference. How can I use oak pollen upon my chinkapin +trees? I do this by sending away up to the northern limits of the growth +of the oak tree, up in Canada. The red oak tree blossoms there in June, +the same species that blossoms with me early in May. Pecan pollen that I +wish to use upon shagbarks and walnuts I get from Texas. Now how are we +to keep pollen when we have collected it, if we are not ready to use it +immediately? I have had pollen sent to me from a distance in tightly +corked bottles. It was probably ruined at the end of three or four days, +because it could not breathe. Every grain of pollen has to breathe just +as surely as a red squirrel in the top of a tree has to breathe. The +pollen grain is a living organism, and if it is sent in a closely corked +bottle it smothers and dies. You must have it sent in paper or wooden +boxes in order to have it in good condition when it arrives, and it must +be kept in a cool place, not too dry and not too damp. If it is kept in +a place that is too damp, various fungi appear, and begin to attack it +at once. If it is too dry, it loses its water content, and its +protoplasm does not make combination with that of the other flower. So +we must keep our pollen in a cool place, not too dry, not too warm and +not too moist, and where it can breathe. We may put it in cold storage +but not at a temperature below freezing. We may put it into the cold +storage which florists use, and keep it for a long while. Some pollen +will keep, viable for three weeks, under these conditions, possibly +longer. It is important to keep your pollen boxes open at the top. They +must be kept where the wind doesn't blow your pollen from one box to +another. I had not been impressed by that point until this year. I had +eight different kinds of pollen about the farm house, in different +rooms, in order to be sure to keep them far apart. One day on my arrival +from town ready for pollenating a number of trees, I found that a very +neat housekeeper had found it undesir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>able to keep such boxes scattered +about in so many places. She had put them all neatly together in a +closet on one shelf, and there was none of the pollen that I could use, +because the wind had mixed the kinds all up. I had eight kinds of pollen +across which one kind of wind had blown.</p> + +<p>There is one practical point in cross pollenizing flowers that I have +recently learned. Pollen of one variety may not combine with the ovule +of another variety or species but may stimulate the ovule to go on and +develop all alone, without taking to itself the added pollen. That is a +very important point, and possibly a new point. I was deceived, and +reported that I had crosses of certain trees, and that such hybrids were +growing. I knew that the flowers of parent trees had been properly +protected from their own pollen. Now when these young trees are two +years of age, I find they are true to one parent type; so true that they +are evidently not hybrids. They have developed from the pistillate +parent only. In ordinary parthenogenesis the fruit grows without any +pollen influence at all. This forced parthenogenesis which I have +described seems to be a phenomenon with which botanists are unfamiliar. +Until I learn that it has been described and named by others I shall +call it Allergic Parthenogenesis (Allos, ergon). The pistillate flowers +accept absolutely no pollen, but go on and develop because of its +impulse given. In cross pollenizing flowers, I find one point of great +practical consequence. When covering the female flowers with paper bags +to protect them from their own pollen you give protection to a great +number of insects. The insects remain inside these bags and destroy the +leaves and flowers. They are protected there from their enemies, +predatory insects and the birds. When the bags are taken off, perhaps a +week later, for the purpose of adding pollen to pistillate flowers, +insects may have destroyed the leaves and even the flowers. +Consequently, I find it best to sprinkle the leaves with Persian insect +powder and to put some of it in the bags that are to cover the flowers. +Insects can't live in an atmosphere of this insect powder. They sneeze +themselves to death. I have taken the bags from leaves and flowers which +were so badly injured by insects you could distinguish them at a +considerable distance. Those are all the points that I jotted down for +this address today, but no doubt many other points will be brought out +in the subsequent discussion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: I would like to inquire how far it is possible under a +microscopic examination to determine the species of the pollen.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: It is possible to determine the species but not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> the variety +so far as I know. It may be possible to determine a variety but I don't +know the extent to which that is possible, from microscopic examination +of the pollen. If we wish to know whether pollen is still good or not we +may in twenty-four or forty-eight hours cause it to "sprout," and in +that way know whether it is viable and good. We may save ourselves a +good deal of trouble by making this examination and determining whether +or not a given lot of pollen is viable before putting it on the flowers. +We can cause it to sprout in a sugar solution.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: What is the strength of the sugar solution?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: That is technical work and must be done by a plant +physiologist. He will do it for us at the State Agricultural College and +telegraph his report.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Dorr</span>: Is this work you have outlined of sufficient definiteness to +get results? That is the important thing. We farmers sometimes discover +a plan accidentally that will outclass anything we can get in an +agricultural college.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: That is very important. We are to produce nuts that are +better, and also in greater quantities. The question if hybridizing work +is valuable has been already answered in the case of roses and soft +fruits. Our best types are largely the ones which have been secured by +hybridization and the same will be true of nuts. The subject has not +been so largely taken up as yet with nuts. Very few of us are doing with +nuts what has been done with other fruits.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The chair wishes to say that the members of this +association have a very great and rare opportunity to secure information +on this subject. Dr. Morris has made a very careful study of it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: The more study I make, the less I seem to know. Consequently +I shall be very modest in my replies.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Dorr</span>: I have been working with different things and find so many +things I can't get at the truth. In the last year I have made +experiments in breeding cattle to get colors, and I was agreeably +surprised with my own success. I want to know if you can get similar +results. I can observe the results so readily that I know exactly how I +get them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: As a general statement the same thing you get from working +with animals we may expect to get in working with plants. The protoplasm +of plants is now known to act like that of animals, but not quite so +quickly or freely in response to cultural methods. We can breed to size +and breed to quality and character<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> of fruit, and we find we may do with +plants just about what we do with animals, only not quite so quickly, +because animal protoplasm responds more readily.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. W. C. Reed</span>: I would like to ask if in a cross between the Persian +walnut and the shagbark hickory there is a cross pollenization, or is it +an increased vitality given by the pollen? Is there really a cross +there?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I made one cross between the Persian walnut and the shagbark +hickory that was evidently a good hybrid. It showed character of both +parents, but I lost that entire lot. I wasn't careful enough in +protecting them. I have another lot of crosses between these two flowers +in which the type often is so definitely shagbark hickory that I doubt +if there is any walnut there at all. Under certain conditions we may get +hybrids, yet miss it at another time, even when working with the same +parents. Somebody has probably made a better study of this point and +recorded better ideas. I think we may safely say that we may expect an +actual cross between some walnuts and hickories.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: Would it be possible to cross the English walnut and the +black walnut and produce a nut of superior quality?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Yes, it is possible to cross them, but you do not often get +a nut of superior quality. The tendency seems to be to have a nut of +thick shell and of not high quality, but if you make a thousand of those +crosses, out of the thousand you may get a few of just what you want.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: I want to ask if you are always careful to apply the +pollen when it is well ripened?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Yes, I have always been careful to apply it at just the time +when it was well ripened, and that is of great importance in its bearing +upon Mr. Reed's question. If I have pollen which is quite ripe I may +perhaps catch it upon an ovule, but if it is not ripe I won't got the +cross. I may add it a little too early or too late when the pistillate +flower is unprepared and I won't get a cross. If I get my pollen just at +the right time upon the pistillate flowers I may have a good cross, +between varieties which do not cross readily.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: In my experience in breeding apples, formerly I always +waited until the pollen was ripe, and that meant I had to cover the +blossoms with bags and depend on the weather for conditions favorable to +pollenation. But four or five years ago I began pollenating much earlier +and I have had good results.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: That is a very important point.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: By doing that I know it is pollenated. I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> have been +failing so many years I felt it was a loss of all the first part of the +work.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: It is a great convenience to be able to pollenate at the +same moment when you emasculate.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: I would like to have you kindly explain to what extent cross +pollenation can be made practical to the ordinary grower.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Let's say that in case of the butternut we wish to +experiment with removal of the thick shell, and also to obtain less of +that strong oily flavor; we wish to get rid of those two things. In +order to do that I would first think of the Japanese walnut, <i>juglans +cordiformis</i>, which has a much thinner shell and is less oily and more +bland. Crosses between this Japanese walnut and the butternut we may +fairly expect will sometimes give us a large, thin shelled butternut of +good character. The next question is, who is going to do it? The men +about my place are pretty busy, and this is rather delicate work. It is +going to be a most inspiring field for the young folks and the ladies, +because it is nice, pretty, ladylike work, and beside that its returns +may be large. If your little daughter, ten years of age, knows that she +may get $2,000 for a single cross that she has made, it is stimulating, +because it is not every child ten years of age who can put $2,000 in the +bank, as personal earnings of increment.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Mosely</span>: I would like to ask just what results you expect from the +cross pollenization of these nuts, and just how far they will differ +from the parent type?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: You are bound to have continuance of one parent type, but in +crossing with pollen from hybrids you may carry desirable +characteristics through a series of generations and breed for what is +wanted, possibly to the sixth generation or even further with some +species.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Mosely</span>: Then the type is not fixed until pollenization?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: By selecting the one showing the dominant characteristics +you wish to preserve, you could breed through several generations and +have an ideal type eventually.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Doan</span>: I would like to ask how far the buds are developed in cold +storage before the pollen can be used?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: For instance, take the hazel when its catkins are just +beginning to elongate. It may be put in the ice house and kept there, +for two or three weeks dormant. When we wish to develop those flowers we +put the branches in a jar of water in a warm room and in about three +days the plants are shedding pollen. I got some hazel catkins this +spring that were elongating. It was the latter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> part of February when we +had one or two warm days and I believed my pistillate hazels were about +ready for pollen. I got those branches from Rochester. We had unexpected +cold weather and storms and my pistillate hazels did not bloom until +more than two weeks later. I kept these undeveloped catkins that I had +received in a cold dark place. When I wanted to use them I put them in a +jar of water and in less than three days they were shedding pollen +freely, at a time when my pistillate flowers were ready for pollen.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Mosely</span>: I would like to know the object in crossing the oak on the +chinkapin.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: My idea is to get a chinkapin tree twice as large as an oak, +perhaps. I shall hope to have a chinkapin tree as sturdy as the red oak, +with nuts larger than acorns and of as good quality as the chinkapin +nut. Of course that extravagant possibility only appeals to one with a +speculative nature.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Pursuant to the authority conferred on the President this +morning, the following committees are announced:</p> + +<p>On Nomination—Robert T. Morris, Chairman: C. P. Close, J. L. Doan, R. +T. Olcott, C. A. Reed.</p> + +<p>Exhibits—Prof. C. P. Close, Chairman; J. P. Wilkinson, E. A. Riehl, +Colonel Sober, W. C Reed.</p> + +<p>Resolutions—W. O. Potter, Chairman; H. R. Weber, J. Russell Smith.</p> + +<p>The chair also wishes to place an additional member on the membership +committee, in the place of Mr. Corsan, who has not been able to attend +the last two meetings, and will appoint Leon D. Batchellor of Utah.</p> + +<p>Committee on Revision of Constitution and Rules—Prof. C. P. Close, Dr. +W. C. Deming.</p> + +<p>I will also add to the committee on nomenclature C. A. Reed and R. L. +McCoy.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: We have a few minutes before time for adjournment and Mr. +Evans, a dynamite man, will speak to us.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: Mr. Chairman: The question arises as to what kind of dynamite +to use in the different soils. Most pecan land contains clay and can +best be worked by dynamite. Don't buy ordinary dynamite, because it is +too high an explosive. For several reasons it is not the kind of an +explosive you wish. In some places dynamite can hardly be put on the +market as many people are afraid of it and so the word dynamite has been +eliminated, and we now have what we call Red Cross Farm Powder. It will +work in any part of the country, it is not a high explosive and the +price is lower<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> as the hardware dealers have it direct from the Dupont +companies. By using this Red Cross Farm Powder, less labor is required +and it doesn't cost very much. For labor and all it will cost you about +five cents per hole, and that includes the dynamite caps, fuse and +labor.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: How much do you use?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: That depends on the soil and also on the depth to which you +want to shoot the hole. Nurserymen have different opinions on that +subject, but in the southern field where I have been working they +usually go from two and a half to three feet deep. They use one-half +stick 20 per cent dynamite, or one quarter of a pound as it weighs two +sticks to the pound. That should make a hole two and a half or three +feet deep. Fuse is cheap and you should use plenty of it. A man has to +be governed always by the kind of soil he is dealing with.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy</span>: In shooting an old apple orchard how deep would you go?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: Where I have been working from three and a half to four feet, +but as I said before it will depend largely on the soil.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy</span>: How far from the body of the tree?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: I have never made a study of that.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: In limestone soil, for instance, built up with clay, how +near the trees would you use the dynamite if you want to loosen up the +soil?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: What kind of trees?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: Pecan.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: About six feet. I think that is close enough.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: Would you make more than one hole around the tree?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: Use your own judgment about that.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: How far out will it loosen or break up the ground?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: Probably six feet. You can distinguish on the top of the +ground where it takes place.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: How deep will it be?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: About a foot deeper than the charge is placed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: With me the most important thing in using dynamite is the +question of headache. I used the 20 per cent at first and it had no +effect. I had heard of its causing headaches and knew some people +couldn't use it but I thought I was immune. Then I began to use 70 or 80 +per cent and I got knocked out for twenty-four hours. The more I used it +the more susceptible I became. When I went back to handling the lower +percentages I got<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> the same results, was completely knocked out and had +to go to bed. Sometimes the effect would come on a long time after I +used the dynamite, perhaps hours afterwards, and the headache would +increase, until I was intensely nauseated and had to give up entirely. +Is there anything to prevent that? Is it caused by the fumes after the +explosion?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: Some say it is from handling the dynamite, others say it is +the fumes after the explosion. Red Cross has ammonia in it and that +ought to help some. Dynamite contains nitro glycerine and if you handle +it bare handed it gets in the pores of the skin and causes rapid heart +action. In dynamiting holes for tree planting you will get the fumes and +you will get a headache. If a man could work with gloves on he could +avoid this to a very great extent. You can't do it easily but if you can +do it without taking off the gloves I don't think it would bother you +much. I neglected to state that dynamite by itself is not dangerous +because it will withstand shock or fire or anything like that. The +danger is in the cap. It contains the most powerful explosive known. If +you handle them carefully, there is absolutely no danger. This year we +are slipping little copper disks into the caps with a pin hole for the +fire to strike through.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Hargis</span>: I have difficulty in making the shots. Should you put your +cap at the bottom or the top of the stick?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: I should advise the top. A misfire is always expensive. If +you think it is necessary put in a cap in the bottom and one in the top.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy</span>: If you have a misfire and the men don't like to monkey +around it, and neither do you, just step off a few inches and stick in +another one and let her go. Will that fix the stick that didn't go off?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: That is the safest way.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Hargis</span>: In tamping say you have a hole in a rock four feet. I have +had men tell me to pour the hole full of water. Is that right?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: That is the best method known.</p> + +<p>In tree planting you will always have to use your own judgment. Go down +four or five or six feet to learn the character of the soil, tamp the +cartridge well and as fuse is not expensive, always use plenty of it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Any further discussion of this, or any further questions +on the use of dynamite?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Doan</span>: Mr. President, I would like to mention a method I found +helpful. That is to make two holes in the cartridge, one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> diagonally +down from one side, thrusting the fuse bearing the cap through that, and +then making a hole diagonally in the other side and thrusting the cap in +it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: We do not advocate using that method because dynamite will +become ignited from the fuse and will burn. To be frank with you that is +the method we use, but the company does not approve of it and we should +not use it. You are liable to have a misfire. In warm weather there is +no danger but in cold weather don't use it. The best method is to bore +right in at an angle of forty-five degrees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: Do you advise us to use dynamite?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: Yes, we have men making a business of it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: To be frank with you I don't like to use it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Evans</span>: Dynamite is not dangerous. It is the caps, though they look +safe. It is that white stuff in the dynamite cap. There is where the +danger is.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: We will stand adjourned until 1 o'clock.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h4>Re-convened at 1 <span class="smcap">P. M.</span></h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I will ask W. C. Reed to state something of his program +for Saturday so the members may know about it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">W. C. Reed</span>: Our plans for Saturday morning are that we are leaving +Evansville at 7:30, arriving in Vincennes at 9:30; several automobiles +will be in waiting there to take all the party out to the nurseries and +get back to the station for the 2 o'clock train going north to Oaktown, +where there will be automobiles in waiting to take us out to see the +original Busseron and Indiana trees, coming back to Oaktown in time for +the 6:40 train south, arriving in Vincennes at 7:07, or the train north +out of Oaktown to Terre Haute, to connect for Pittsburgh over the +Pennsylvania Lines or Big Four if anyone wants to go that way. We would +like to have everyone go with us Saturday, if possible, and would also +like to know sometime this afternoon before we adjourn how many are +going, so I can notify them tonight how many automobiles there will be +needed at each point.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: That is rather an important visit for the members to make +for two or three reasons. Those of you who haven't had the opportunity +of seeing the pecan propagated in Mr. McCoy's nursery will get a chance +to see Mr. Reed's nursery; and you will get to see the parent trees of +two good northern Varieties. We know very much depends on the location +of the original parent tree, notwithstanding it is sometimes said it is +the location of the nursery<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> that determines the hardiness. We know that +has nothing to do with it. You cannot, by putting a tree in a nursery +for six months, change its nature. If you take this trip Saturday, you +will have a chance to see the Busseron and the Indiana.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: We will also visit the Niblack tree if we have time.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I would suggest that all go who can. I want also to urge +all of you to make the trip tomorrow and see the big seedling pecan +trees bearing nuts hanging almost to the ground. You cannot always see +that because usually they are so tall. I also want to call your +attention to the exhibits in the other room. Mr. Wilkinson has a very +fine collection in there. Col. Sober has some very fine exhibits of +chestnuts, both of burrs and nuts, and Mr. W. C. Reed has a very fine +collection and possibly there are many others I should mention. You +ought to examine all of them, because the only way of drawing correct +conclusions about these things comes from careful study, and it cannot +be done hastily. The next on the program this afternoon will be Mr. +McCoy's talk.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: I have no set speech to make I thought maybe there were some +things I might say to be a help to some of you; some things that would +have been lots of help to me a year or two ago from some one, because +nut trees are more difficult than any other nursery stock to propagate, +and for another reason it is more difficult in the North than in the +South. Mr. Paul White and Mr. Ford Wilkinson have both worked in the +North and in the South, and after coming back home these boys say that +anybody can propagate pecans in the South, but with us it is different. +We have kept at it, though, and our president has been our good friend +and has always helped us out. There have been three of us incessantly at +the work. Mr. Littlepage would come down home and get us together and +ginger us up, and we would go back and go to work and try again. It has +been one continuous line of failures, but every year we have learned +some things, or at least learned how not to do it. This spring we were +fortunate in having an expert from the South who came to my nursery and +stayed there until midsummer, and we saw our own work compared with his. +We all had great respect for him and he is able, too. I don't think he +had much respect for us when he got here but he had a whole lot when he +went away for he made a miserable failure like the rest of us. Mr. +Jones, you know, is an authority on grafting. He is the man that +introduced it to the nut world, at least in the East. I think it had +been tried in California before. We have tried his methods and +everything else that government experts or any other expert told us +about, and we have read all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> magazines that were published from the +South to the North. Everything seemed to be a failure and finally I got +disgusted and said "We will do it to suit ourselves." After we had tried +all the hard ways in Christendom I think we have at last found an easy +way to do it. Like everything else it is easy when you know how. I +believe it is a fact—and I am saying nothing but what I believe—I +don't believe you will ever successfully graft pecan trees in the North, +unless you equalize your sap flow by pruning your roots. I tried it and +failed. It is possible you may be able to side graft under most +favorable conditions. You may make a side graft take if you leave the +top on to take care of the extra sap flow. You take off the top of a +pecan tree, or any other nut tree in this country, and you ruin your +root system because your sap comes with such vengeance—and it comes! +One day there is no show of sap and the next day it comes with +vengeance. Differences in the soil, of course, makes some difference. At +Mr. Littlepage's place, Paul had the sap a week before I did and Mr. +Wilkinson had it four days before. A great many of our top works are +going to the bad because we ruined the root system when we cut the tree. +And I want to say it again, I don't believe we can make a success of it +in the North. You may do it in Oregon where you have a distributed sap +flow. The Oregon fellows say you can't bud, because they don't know how. +They say the only way you can produce trees is to graft. That may be +true out there but you can't graft in Indiana, I know, especially on my +place. Of course the soil of each particular farm has something to do +with it. To illustrate my point, the first year I was in the state of +Wisconsin, on the 20th of June, I was out in the country and saw a man +setting tobacco. I knew him and I said, "Won't that tobacco get frost +bit?" and he said, "I reckon not. It might but it never did." I thought +it would, but I went that way in two weeks again and I changed my mind. +I had been used to seeing tobacco growing in the Ohio valley where it +does its growing in the latter part of the season. In the South the sap +flow is much better distributed than it is in the North.</p> + +<p>Now, then, I have brought a board along with these young trees stuck in +it, because I thought some of the members would like to see a +demonstration. The tools I have here are not adequate, hardly, for the +job. For a tree that size we take a saw to it.</p> + +<p>(Here Mr. McCoy makes a demonstration of cleft grafting.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: Would you have a scion as long as that in actual work?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: Many of them are, but it would be better smaller, probably. +That is a matter I don't think there is much to, whether the scion has +one bud or ten. I think three is perhaps about right.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: They come together right there?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: Exactly on the front side. Now you understand this grafting +is done when the sap is flowing, or about the time the sap flow begins. +Usually at our latitude here you will commence grafting anywhere from +the 6th of April to about that time in May. Of course when you are +cutting trees at that time you have got an immense flow of sap. Mr. +Jones tried this method without drainage, that is the way they do out in +Louisiana, but he only got ten per cent to stick, so we had to work out +a drainage for ourselves. Take a piece of heavy wrapping paper, rather +good quality such as you can get at any paper store, and put it right +over your graft, and a little bit below the cut on your stock. Then +simply take a piece of raffia and wrap. Then make the ordinary tie that +anyone knows how to make with the cotton or twine, or sometimes with the +raffia, and you have the drainage of this paper. The tie, of course, is +simply to re-enforce the strain on the graft and hold it. Then you apply +the grafting wax. The one we use is three of resin, one of beeswax, and +lampblack and a little bit of linseed oil. Cover up the graft entirely, +except don't cover over the lower end of this paper because there is the +drainage where the sap flows out. Then you put an ordinary paper sack +right over it, and leave it on for about three weeks.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: You don't tie the paper below the raffia?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: That does not make any difference.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: At what time do you cut a hole in the bag to give it air, or +do you do that?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: Not for two or three weeks.</p> + +<p>(Mr. McCoy now gives a demonstration in budding.)</p> + +<p>We will suppose this is a seedling and I want to bud it. I place my +budder on like that. Now I have got my shield up. Now I lay my budder on +the stock something like that.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Smith</span>: Why not wrap over the bud?</p> + +<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">McCoy</span>: Because it will injure it. It is essential to cover all the +cut surface you can. Make it waterproof at the top, and have it open at +the bottom.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: How long does that stay on the bud?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: I don't know as that makes any difference unless you want to +force the bud.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McElderry</span>: When do you take that off?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: I don't know as that makes any difference. I have thousands +of them that have been on five or six weeks. I take it off when action +begins. It varies, it may be two weeks and it may be six and it might be +six months. If you have maximum budding conditions generally the tree +itself will tell the story. We frequently take it off and have to +rewrap.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. W. C. Reed</span>: Would ten days be too quick?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: In most cases, yes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: Fruit trees is two weeks, but pecan trees are not quite as +quick?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: Pecan trees will come through the rye about as quick as a +peach tree.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: I am talking about cherry trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: I think about twenty or twenty-five days is about right. You +know as well as I do that cases are not all alike, and you have to know +when to unwrap.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: How can you tell this if the bud is covered up?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: You can tell easy enough if the bud is alive, just like +anything else.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Mosely</span>: You say you can't graft pecan trees here?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: I don't think so.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Webber</span>: What do you graft?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: And what will you do about the nut trees?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: I will bud.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Webber</span>: What value is the grafting to us?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: You may be able to graft.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. W. C. Reed</span>: We <i>can</i> graft.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: Maybe you can, but I can't.</p> + +<p>I don't think root grafting is a success, although we have some fine +trees that are root grafted. I don't know what it is but there is +something wrong; some of them are all right, to be sure but I don't find +it a general success. Of the two methods, grafting and budding, I will +bud.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Hargis</span>: Mr. McCoy, I have a number of seedling pecan trees in good +healthy condition and I want to transform them into good bearing trees. +What shall I do?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: Mr. Littlepage will cover that.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I don't know about that, whether I can or not, but that +will come later. There is one thing that ought to be covered, or +demonstrated here, and that is the method of working the hickory and the +pecan by the slip bark method. I think the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> slip bark method in the +hickory and pecan is a method that everybody ought to know, and also +this ought to be used with the walnut tree. Some of the walnuts ought to +be top worked to English walnuts in the North. And it's the same way +with the hickory through this section. There are thousands and tens of +thousands that ought to be top worked to fine shagbarks, and I am going +to call on Mr. White who is the most successful man in this topwork +method I have ever seen. I top worked twenty-six this spring, and got +twenty-three to grow; he did twenty-two and made twenty-one grow, so +that record beats mine. I will say also to those of you who are +interested, get a copy of Mr. Olcott's <i>Nut Journal</i> and you will see a +lot of good cuts showing the results of top working. To those of you who +do not know Mr. White I will say that he is associated with me in some +tree work and I think he is perhaps one of the most successful top +workers I have ever seen. Paul, you will now give us your demonstration.</p> + +<p>(Paul White now gives demonstration of top working.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Riehl</span>: I would like to say a few things right here, I don't want to +be thought altogether idle. I live in Illinois, your neighboring state. +I have learned lots of good things here and I want to give a little. I +have been experimenting in the nut business for some time; I have +studied propagation and there is one point I think will be new to you. I +had difficulty in propagating hickories and pecans until I got the +thought of hermetically sealing the scion. I first used gum shellac, but +later I found that by covering the scion with grafting wax completely it +serves the same purpose as the paper. It takes the place of all that +wrapping, except right at the wound, and does away with the sacks. I +have tried them and I much prefer covering with grafting wax. Your buds +will come right through the wax, and you don't have to bother about +taking off the sacks, and there is no danger of leaving the sacks on too +long.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: That is a very good suggestion, Mr. Riehl. There might be +some discussion of that. It occurs to me that with that method it is +very essential you have the right kind of grafting wax, otherwise it +might injure your bark. Are there any suggestions or questions before we +finish the grafting demonstration?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Riehl</span>: I wish to emphasize the fact that the wax must not be too +hot.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: What is your formula, Mr. Riehl?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Riehl</span>: Four of resin, two of beeswax and one of linseed oil.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Are there any further questions?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Dorr</span>: Suppose I wanted to get a certain variety of tree by grafting. +For instance if I couldn't buy the white Heath Cling peach then my only +resource would be to bud on another tree. But suppose I struck a nursery +where I could get good seedlings of this tree. Wouldn't a natural tree +be preferable to the budded one?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: There are no true seedlings, so far as I know.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Dorr</span>: Do you mean there are none at all true to seed?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: No, nut trees do not come true to variety. In other +words, Mr. Dorr, I might put it this way. In the big Green River orchard +over here there are some of the very best pecan trees, but those of us +who have been observing them for years have found it is only through +propagation we can get a Green River and a Major. It would be a failure +to get the nuts and plant them and hope to get the varieties that exist +there, just as it would to plant some nut that grows a hundred miles +away, because the pollen up and down the river would mix in these +varieties. It is the same way with the walnut, when you undertake to +plant an English walnut and get it true to the seed, you are going to +have a failure. If you plant a Rush walnut you may get a nut that +resembles it but there is no probability of its being a true Rush +walnut. That is why we have these discussions of budding and grafting. +We should be glad if seedlings would come true but they do not. I will +show you tomorrow, at Enterprise, the great variety of seedling pecans, +and I want you to look them over well.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: May I answer his question? I think he asked, which is +better the tree from the nursery, the natural tree, or a grafted tree?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: If he did, I didn't understand.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: That was the question, and I will say he can't find a +Heath Cling, unless it is top worked.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Dorr</span>: Some farmers who have tried a great many experiments hold to +this theory: If you select the seed properly you can produce fruit as +good as the nurseries produce it. The things the schools teach don't +coincide with what those practical farmers observe.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: When you try to find farmers more practical than these +men here, you have got some to find.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The farmer who says he can do that is mistaken.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Dorr</span>: He says the same thing about you. When I buy a grafted tree a +storm comes along and breaks it where it was grafted. If I can get a +perfect seedling I will have a stronger tree.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McElderry</span>: The very thing he is inquiring about has cost Posey +County thousands of dollars. Men tell them they have trees that are +better than the nurserymen sell and they bite and find they are +mistaken. But they get them and pay from ten to fifteen cents more than +they would to the dealer. There is no man on earth that can keep the +Heath Cling true in that way, or any other variety on earth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: I want to say a word. Two or three people have made the +statement here that it is absolutely impossible to propagate any peach +or other fruit true from seed. We have been doing it for years. I +believe the orchard peach will come true to the seed. With apples there +are groups that will come true to the group but not the variety.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I am glad to hear that statement. I have understood that +the Indian peach will come true to that group but it will not be the big +Indian peach you have planted. It is a fact that some of those groups +have a tendency to come true to the group.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: Yes, they come true to the group and so will apples.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Dorr</span>: May I ask another question? What has become of some of those +beautiful, delicious seedlings in southern Indiana they had when I was a +boy?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The same thing that became of Washington and +Lincoln—they died.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McElderry</span>: It is a boy's taste, not the peach, that makes it seem +better than the ones we have now.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. W. C. Reed</span>: I feel that Mr. McCoy discouraged us too much about +grafting. I think either method he used will succeed very well. The main +point is the time of the year it is done. Up to a year ago we began +grafting a few days after the first of April, and continued up to the +first of May, and our success varied from ninety per cent to nothing. We +decided there was too much sap and went to budding. The last grafting we +did gave us the only real good stand we got, that which we did from the +first to the tenth of May. We had as good results then as we did in +budding.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: That is good, Mr. Reed. I think those facts ought to be +brought out and made a matter of a record.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: I think it is more the time in grafting than anything else.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: Mr. Reed has a clay soil and that does not furnish the rapid +flow of sap that a warm sandy soil does.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: You would have to begin grafting earlier.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: Yes sir.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. White</span>: Do you leave that cover of paper on when you coves it with +wax?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: On part of them we did and on part of them we did not. In +grafting walnut trees this season we left some of it on.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Woods</span>: Just a question as to the strength of that slip grafting. +Will it blow off easily?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. White</span>: The first year it will blow off a little bit easily. The +first year you will have to tie it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Are there any further suggestions? If not the next thing +on the program will be a talk by Dr. J. Russell Smith of the University +of Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: Mr. Chairman, and Ladies and Gentlemen: We have to +educate the public—my good friend down by the window, I hope he will +not take my remarks personally—is a case in point. He has come in with +an argument, which the gentlemen next him says has cost his county lots +of money. I am a grower of apples, an experimenter in nuts and I raise +peaches to eat. I am planting seedling peaches and I know that when I go +on that hillside of mine I can get little red seedling peaches and plant +them and get the same kind, which have, I think, as much sugar and +flavor as any big peach two inches or two and a half in diameter. I +raise them true to the type too, but I would not think of putting out a +commercial orchard of seedling peaches. My neighbor tried it, to his +financial sorrow.</p> + +<p>But it is surprising how this seedling error sticks. People are going to +be buying seedling trees twenty-five years hence and thinking they are +getting the best to be had. Here is an article that bears me out. Here +is an editor who has published a very glaring thing. This is No. 139, +Vol. 113 of a paper devoted primarily to ginseng. This question was +asked: "What do you know about the Pomeroy English walnut trees and +fruit?" and the editor answers: "The Pomeroy walnut trees are all right +and you will find at least nineteen out of twenty hardy. That is what I +find here and we often get it down to 20 below zero. The nuts are of +good quality. Beware of the Pomeroy trees offered by the Rochester +nurserymen. These are grafted trees. Pomeroy raises his trees on their +own roots, all of them are true seedlings, and that is why once in a +great while one turns out tender."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 340px;"> +<img src="images/illus_055.jpg" width="340" height="500" alt="J. RUSSELL SMITH" title="" /> +<span class="caption">J. RUSSELL SMITH</span><br /> +President of the Northern Nut Growers Association +</div> + + + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Dorr</span>: I believe I am as old as you are and have gone the same gait +exactly. I lost my job and went to farming. I was once a college +professor, too, but there are things I find now I didn't find<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> then. +Two nurserymen come to me and sell me two Grimes Golden apples. I plant +them side by side and they do not turn out alike. Why not if they are +grafted trees? I am not knocking, you misunderstand me, I am a truth +seeker.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: I believe that. We always find something we didn't buy. +My head man says they jump in. I have some very fine specimens that came +by accident, and of course we have a certain amount of bud variation. We +find variety even by propagation. The trees will vary the same as people +will but they will vary a great deal more if we get the seedlings. The +successful growth of nuts, as of any other fruit, demands the use of top +worked trees from the best known parentage. That is the way we do with +apples, peaches, pears, and cherries. Nuts will have to come in the same +class from the best known parentage. The big thing today is to find out +the best known parentage and then spread knowledge so that no editor +will be capable of fooling people as in the article I read a few minutes +ago.</p> + +<p>That is point number one. My point number two is a different one. It is +the question of the names of the varieties of northern nut trees, +particularly the names of the pecan trees. Twenty years from now there +will be a million people in the North who will gravely tell us the pecan +grows down South, not in Indiana, and that you can't grow them up here. +I haven't a doubt there will be a million people that will believe that +twenty years hence. How can we get that idea out of their heads? I think +we have an agency in the mere names of the trees which will cause people +to buy more, yes a hundred thousand or two hundred thousand more trees, +than they do at the present time. If we pick out one name, Indiana, what +does it mean? It will make a man ask questions, and if he has any +curiosity at all he will want to know if it grows in Indiana and if it +will grow in any state with practically the same latitude as Indiana. +But if he hears the name Schley, what does it mean? Nothing, because +practically everybody has quit thinking about Admiral Schley. I recall +eight varieties of northern pecans three of which have good names and +three perfectly worthless ones. Indiana, Kentucky and Green River are +the good ones. Green River is the least valuable because it is not well +enough known. Indiana and Kentucky are great names because they are the +names of great states. Then we have Busseron, Warrick, Posey and +Buttrick. The Busseron nut which grows up at Vincennes ought to be +renamed Vincennes. There will be thousands more sold in Vincennes when +it is known from the name that it did not originate in Pennsylvania<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> but +that it is a product of Vincennes. My point is this, it gets a name that +shows it to be a northern product. I am not going to fight for that +particular name but it is growing at Vincennes and that is a perfectly +good reason for it to be named after that well known city. Now we come +to the Posey. It grows on the banks of the Wabash and ought to be named +the Wabash. Nobody knows anything about Posey County and what the reason +is for the name, but the banks of the Wabash where it grows have been +made famous in song. We can hook a sign on that pecan that will sell +twenty or thirty thousand more Poseys than are sold now. Next we have +the Buttrick which is found growing in Illinois. That is the reason why +those Buttrick pecans will sell under the name of Illinois. It is named +for a man but it doesn't mean anything in the world but women's dress +patterns and is not a good name for a pecan.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: A change in a name like Buttrick to Illinois is a good one. +Any name like this that tells by itself the fact that the nut is from +the North is worth a lot to the people who want to sell pecan trees, and +to the people who want to eat pecans, and can buy them reasonably. +Therefore, Mr. Chairman, I move that a special committee be appointed to +consider changing the names of these pecans and giving them names +showing that they are northern nuts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: I second that motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: It has been moved and seconded that a committee be +appointed to consider the matter of changing the names of some of the +pecans.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: Isn't there a Vincennes in Europe?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: There might possibly be more suggestions, and we should +be glad to hear from anyone along this line.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: I agree with Professor Smith in part of his remarks. We have a +walnut called the Ontario from Greene County, Michigan. If we should +call it Michigan that would indicate where it came from. But it is +widely known now as the Ontario, and would it be best to change its +name, even though it comes from Michigan?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: Wouldn't it have been better to have called it Michigan to +start with?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: I think so.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: We have pursued these things for many years and we have made +some misnomers in naming them. I think it's a good idea to change them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: I am very much pleased with the idea Professor Smith has +advanced for renaming these trees. They don't mean<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> anything now as he +says, and I think it would be a great forward stride for this +association to rename these trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Simpson</span>: I think Professor Smith's idea is a move in the right +direction. We were the first people that propagated any of these +northern varieties, and my idea is to call that variety Indiana, for the +very reason he mentions here, that it distinguishes it as a northern +variety. I think his suggestion ought to be followed out as far as it is +possible. At least with several varieties.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The chair takes the opportunity of saying that the +suggestion meets his most hearty approval. I have taken up pages of +letters in writing to people about nuts, and explaining to them that the +nursery from which they bought had nothing to do with the hardiness of +the tree, that it was the location of the parent tree that determined +this. I was struck by an advertisement last year which said, "buy them +from the nursery furthest north." That hasn't a thing in the world to do +with it. You may take some of this very wood we have here and propagate +it on the McKenzie River, or the Yukon, and say you are selling trees +propagated in Alaska, but the hardiness all depends on where the parent +tree is. These parent trees have been placed there by nature, and when +we distribute them we will distribute what nature has put into the +parent tree. These trees are there because they have withstood all the +climatic conditions, and nothing would be of more value, it appears to +me, than to adopt the suggestion for renaming them. In the first place +many of these trees are named for men not entitled to have them named +for them. Many of those who own these trees do not know their value and +object to anyone that knows anything about a nut tree going in and +getting bud wood, and are contrary and mean about it. It is very rare +that the importance of these seedling pecans is known to their owners, +and they are not entitled to any consideration themselves. They are +generally discovered by some outsider who had to beg to go in and get a +stick of bud wood. Is there any further discussion?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: You are right about that. But I would like to go on +record in opposition to this movement. When pecans are recorded in the +standard works the names stay. The rule is generally accepted that where +the names have once been recorded no other name can be permitted. It is +easy enough for us to vote to change a name but not so easy to change it +in actual practice. How many of us will know these pecans that Prof. +Smith has mentioned by any other names than those that have already +been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> accepted. Suppose we do rename them, we shall have to explain that +they are the old pecans under the new names.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCOY</span>: We remember well when we changed the name of the Green River. +We decided that among ourselves here. The Posey pecan used to be the +Grayville and you know when we changed it. I call it the Grayville yet +because I got used to that. You changed it to Posey thinking it was from +Posey County but it really is from Gibson County. I have no doubt many +of these men here call it the Grayville, and then lots of men that hear +me call it the Grayville ask me what I mean as they don't recognize it +under the old name. I am in favor of changing these names. I named some +of them and you know it, but I didn't always name them right and you +have changed them here. Can't we do it again if it will sell them?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: What is the motion exactly?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: As I understood it was to appoint a special committee to +take up the matter, and consider changing these names.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: Why should we do that when we have already a committee on +nomenclature? What is the use of a special committee?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: The special committee will report quicker.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: If it belongs to the committee on nomenclature to +consider the matter it will be best to do it now, immediately. If the +names are to be changed they ought not go another year, and if not to be +changed it ought to be known. The chair will be glad to entertain a +motion that the committee report tomorrow on it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: I make a motion that the matter be referred to the committee +on nomenclature and that they be ordered to report tomorrow.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Do I hear a second?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">C. A. Reed</span>: I am the chairman of that committee and I could not report +tomorrow so I will ask that if it is to be taken up by committee that a +special committee be appointed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: It is Mr. W. C. Reed who is the chairman of that +committee, to which committee was added C. A. Reed and R. L. McCoy.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: I would like to ask Mr. Reed if he is absolutely sure +about the rule he has just quoted of the American Pomological Society, +that a name cannot be changed. I don't remember that rule.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: Mr. Taylor was the framer of that rule and in actual practice +he has adhered to the first name used, and did at the time he was +secretary of that society.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: Have you not in mind the rule that a name like Posey +being given this variety no other variety can be given that same name. I +think that is the rule you are thinking of.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: No, but that is true too. You know we had the Sovereign pecan, +and after that name had been established Mr. Taylor wrote up that +variety for the yearbook, and the name had been changed then to the +Texas Prolific, but he still retained the name of Sovereign for the +reason that it had been called that before.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: It seems to me that an organization could change a +name. I think the idea is a good one. Take the name Indiana. I think +that name ought to be given to the very best seedling variety that is a +native of that state. I don't know whether the Indiana is the best one +or not, but it is now too late to change that. If it is not the best the +name will have to stick to the variety to which it has been given, even +if later on better varieties are found.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: I know there are some extremely fine pecans on the Illinois +River because I have some samples of them, a good bit better than the +ones we have, and I suggest that we reserve the name Illinois, which +would be suggestive of both the river and the state, for one of them. I +know the nuts are there and I think they are very fine. The Illinois +River has more pecans on it than the Wabash.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: It has been moved and seconded that the matter of +changing the names of these nuts as suggested by Dr. Smith, be referred +to the committee on nomenclature, and that they be instructed to report +tomorrow.</p> + +<p>(Motion carried.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: We have with us this afternoon, the state entomologist, +Mr. Baldwin, who knows many things of interest to nut growers, and we +shall be glad to hear from him.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Baldwin</span>: Mr. Chairman, and Members of the Nut Growers Association: I +am wholly unprepared to make a talk before this association and must say +I am not sufficiently familiar with nut culture to be able to tell you +anything of interest along that line of work. Your discussion relative +to the pollenization of plants was intensely interesting and clear. +There is no use in trying to dodge the fact that every plant has a +father and mother, and that father and mother also have fathers and +mothers, the same as we have. The reason I am not just the same as you +is because I have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> a different father and mother, and the reason I am +not just the same as my brother is because the characteristics of the +parent may show in one individual and not another. If your pecan trees +should stand out in an isolated situation and pollenate themselves the +individual nuts would not all be the same. We have peaches that come +nearly true to name, and the same is true of the Snow apple that has +been grown in the St. Lawrence valley for generations. The pollenization +of budded and grafted fruit trees or nut trees is brought about, in my +opinion, wholly by the surroundings or environment of that tree. The +well known experiments of the Geneva Experiment Station have very +satisfactorily proved that the variety does not change except in so far +as the environment changes it. Of course there are some things in nature +we do not understand as where very decided deviations, or wholly +distinct varieties arise; but the general rule holds, that whenever you +propagate trees, and get your buds from some variety having merits, +those merits will be transferred to the trees that are budded or +grafted, and will remain in them while the surrounding conditions remain +the same, and changes in the fruit will be effected only by changes in +the locations in which the trees grow.</p> + +<p>I suppose that as I am the entomologist of this state you expected to +hear some discussion of things of interest to you in this particular +field, but I came wholly unprepared for that. In this state so far as +the nut growers industry is concerned we have not done anything at all. +There is a large field for work but I must confess I am wholly +unprepared to give you a talk on this subject. Where I was raised, back +in Pennsylvania, we have several well known bugs that the nut growers +have to contend with, and they are especially abundant with the +chestnut. That of course would not be of so much interest to the people +of this state until the chestnut growing industry has developed more +than at present. I am very glad to be with you and the discussions I +have heard have been very interesting.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: We are very glad to have heard from the state +entomologist and we want his assistance. We are trying to steer away +from bugs and we want his suggestions and help at any time.</p> + +<p>We have a number of interesting people on the program yet this +afternoon, but the chair is going to take the liberty of asking the +president of the National Nut Growers Association, Dr. C. A. Van Duzee +to talk to us on any subject that he cares to discuss. I know him well +enough to know that anything he says will be good enough to hear: I know +him personally, the most of you know him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> by reputation. He has some +pictures here, and I shall take the liberty of passing them around for +you to look at, and I am going to say that these are pictures it +certainly does my heart good to see. They are pictures of his orchard +down South. Just pass them around please.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Col. Van Duzee</span>: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I told your +President the first thing when I got in this morning that I didn't care +to have any place on the program; that I would be glad to talk at any +time on any subject he wished me to, and do anything I could to help +along. That puts me in bad to start with. As I have listened to the +discussions of your meeting the thought has come to me that you are +following along very much the same pathway that the southern nut growers +traversed five or six or seven years ago. We are a little further along +in the growing of nut orchards in the South, but you are certainly going +to get along and be abreast of us in time. Perhaps I may be able to do +more good if I confine myself to a few practical suggestions as to how I +think nut orchards can best be produced. Those pictures represent an +orchard which I have in southwestern Georgia and have grown under +adverse conditions. The pictures show the culmination of years of +earnest effort. They represent what I consider to be a very reasonable +success from a practical standpoint. I am a farmer and the first thing I +require of my farm is that it shall pay. I have no theories; I have no +ideals but those which must stand that test. I am in farming to make it +a success; it is my business and everything I do must stand that test. +If it doesn't pay it is not successful. That orchard represents the +culmination of years of study of the problem of how to grow a pecan +orchard on my ranch. That bunch of hogs represents about one hundred and +fifty we selected about three weeks ago to put in our early peanut patch +down there to finish them up as pork, but it does not show my breeders +or young stock. I could talk hogs to you until the cows come home. I set +my mark a year ago last spring, after being twice wiped out by the +cholera, I set my mark at fifty thousand pounds of meat from my orchard, +and I want to say I have animals now in the orchard and in the peanut +field together to make that and a little margin to the good. I expect +our orchard will produce this year more than fifty thousand pounds of +hams, bacon and lard. The reason I am talking about this is that I want +to emphasize the fact that the growing of nut trees is a business +proposition. I want to say, in passing, that I believe no better thing +could happen to the people who live in America than that every man who +owns land might plant a few<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> nut trees. It is a notorious fact that the +nut trees which do the best, and which make the most money for the man +who plants them, are the ones planted in the garden and immediately +about the home where the conditions are favorable for the best +development. It is also true that all the successful pecan promotions +that have been put over on the American people have been built upon the +records of those individual trees, which were grown under the most +favorable conditions. That is the source of all that magnificent +literature, and all these people that have been inveigled into these +promotions in the South are going to be disappointed. That orchard in +the photographs is eight years of age, or will be this year, as it was +planted seven years ago last February. It has never paid a dollar of +profit. You won't find any literature on nut orcharding in the South +that will convey any such impression as that. I do expect it to pay this +fall a small margin of profit. I won't attempt to explain all that but +will say that an orchard must be eight or ten years of age before you +may expect or hope for a reasonable profit. After that it ought to pay +well. It is well worth going after because it is one of the most +legitimate, safe, satisfactory business opportunities we have ever +found. I don't know anything that pleases me more as a business man than +the growing of a large orchard of nut trees, and I assure you, +gentlemen, you must bring to that orchard the same degree of skill, +energy and patience that must be brought into any large business +proposition to make it a success. My own idea is that the nut orchard is +a legitimate part of the general farming operation. If you travel from +one end to the other of this country you will see that it is covered +with apple orchards. Small apple orchards were a part of the original +farming operations. The fact that they have been neglected does not +alter the situation at all. If the owners of those orchards had given +them proper growing conditions, they would have been successful. In the +same way I say the successful nut orchard is going to be a legitimate +part of the general farming operation.</p> + +<p>I want to talk to you a few minutes from a business standpoint. Suppose +you want to plant an acre of nut trees, and you buy an acre of land, and +you buy your trees and have them planted. Who is going to take care of +them? You hire a man who knows about the care of trees. You couldn't +afford to hire one who didn't, and you would expect him to put in part +of his time some other way. If he didn't your investment would amount up +to so much you couldn't make anything on the deal. I emphasize this fact +because I believe you should make your nut orchard propositions large<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +enough so that you could afford to hire the best men to handle them for +you. If you can't do this there is another way which has been practiced +a great deal in the South and which I hope to see practiced in this +section. I have worked out a solution of the problem, which I believe is +very promising, and it is this: Get enough men, for instance in the city +of Evansville, who want nut orchards, to go out a few miles and buy a +bunch of farms, and put those farms under the management of a man big +enough to make them a success, then plant your orchard, and use the land +for general farming operations as well. I could go on indefinitely along +this line because it is inexhaustible. I think it is the keynote to +success in growing nuts. You can't be successful without giving +attention also to the things I talked about this morning. You have to +analyze the root pasture and the soil. You have to observe from the time +the trees are bought and delivered, and it requires the most careful +attention. You can't hope to accomplish a thing like that until you do +give it your most careful attention. If you have money of your own, or +make your living in some other way while the trees are growing, and feel +that you must delegate it to somebody else, associate with yourself +other men and make the undertaking big enough so you can hire the very +best talent the country affords. In this section of the country land I +presume is worth a hundred to two hundred dollars an acre, and you have +got to make it pay interest. I want to talk about the figures. The +farmer or nut grower, who does not keep a set of books and can't tell +you at the end of the year whether he has made enough money to pay off +his bills and legitimate expenses, and allowing himself a compensation +for the time energy and experience put in the business, is not +successful, and I don't care to consider him, because he is not a farmer +as I see him. You must keep your figures and know how you stand. Before +I get to the photographs I want to go back to our convention at +Chattanooga. I don't know whether there is anybody here that was at that +meeting or not. I was third man on the program to respond to the address +of welcome by the mayor of the city, and I was new in the nut game and +new in the South. I went up there with this thought, "I will listen to +the other fellows, and take my cue from them, and make a little bluff at +doing the best I can under the circumstances." To make a long story +short, when the president called on the other two men to respond they +were not there and that left me with an audience of four or five hundred +people to talk to and nothing much to say. I apologized to them for +being unable to talk in a light way. I said, "I can't say anything +unless it is in earnest; I have got to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> talk about something I am +interested in." I went on to advocate this principle, and it is a +principle I wish every man or woman in America would grasp and retain +and put in execution today; that is that the calling of agriculture is +the most honorable calling a man can follow, and it is up to us to +inspire in the children of America the thought that such is the case, +and help them in every way to go out into the field of agriculture and +be successful farmers. That is what I want to say. I have no patience +with the men who farm and are not successful business men, because they +are the people that make life in the rural districts objectionable to +the children, and are responsible for the children of the best blood in +the country going into the turmoil of the city where it is largely lost. +You have to pay interest on the land you use, and you have got to pay +yourself a fair compensation for the brains and energy you use on it. I +want to call your attention to one other thing. This farm I bought nine +years ago from a man who had farmed it until it wasn't capable of +producing enough income to enable him to keep it, and I undertook to +build an orchard on that farm, and I have done it. Last October, where +these hogs are grazing in the picture, I planted a crop of oats and I +got forty bushels of oats to the acre the latter part of April. I then +turned around and broke the land up and planted it in sweet potatoes, +which are just maturing and the crop will run one hundred and fifty +bushels to the acre. Don't forget that that is two crops grown and +harvested in one year on the same land. I consider it the best treatment +for the land. I pastured the oats last winter with the hogs, so I got a +very material gain from the oats in that way, and as soon as my sweet +potatoes are harvested I will turn the hogs back in and let them glean +the field. It is a fact that we can make lots of pork on the gleanings +of a sweet potato field. And besides that these trees, each one of them, +will bring me four, to five, or six dollars' worth of nuts. That land +cost me sixteen dollars an acre, and there is a net income of several +dollars above the price of the land, and I presume there is an +individual growth on each tree that increases its value at least four or +five dollars worth of nuts. There you see I have several dollars' worth +of nuts, the sweet potatoes and the oats all grown on the same land, +besides the pasture for the hogs. Those things are possible to the man +who will go into the growing of a nut orchard in a business way. I have +other land adjoining this and I will also utilize it for these purposes +and grow such crops as I can grow in the orchard, because when the nut +crop is ready to gather, I must get the stock out. I keep my +organization employed the whole year. I have the best super<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>intendent I +know of and I have to make his salary out of my business. I get the best +tree man I know of and he also receives his compensation from the money +I make in farming. Last year I extended my farming operations in order +to make it possible for me to keep my organization running full speed +three hundred days in the year. I am dwelling upon this line for this +purpose. Don't let any promoters ever get his hooks into you or tell you +things as we have had them told to us down there. Thousands and +thousands of acres of pecan orchards have been planted without a thought +of the things I am talking about. They have planted thousands of acres +in Georgia; they have not any organization and the man in charge is +inexperienced and they don't pay. Each year from the time I planted my +orchard, and got it to the point where I could count on an orchard crop, +it has increased in value, and today it is worth four or five dollars a +tree above what it cost me. It is a magnificent business proposition. I +am so in love with my work I could talk to you until the cows come home. +I want to impress on the people of the Northern Nut Growers Association +and their friends the one fact that in order to be successful in a +commercial way you must go into it right. There is no short cut.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The next on the program will be an article by Mr. Olcott.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_FUNCTION_OF_THE_CLASS_JOURNAL" id="THE_FUNCTION_OF_THE_CLASS_JOURNAL"></a>THE FUNCTION OF THE CLASS JOURNAL</h2> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Ralph T. Olcott</span>, <i>Editor "American Nut Journal"</i></p> + + +<p>In the multiplicity of publications one must distinguish, for his use, +those which are for entertainment or general education and those which +specialize. Class publications differ from trade or professional +publications in that they are not confined in their appeal to the +members of a trade or profession. The class publication is for that +portion of the general public which is wholly, or to a certain degree, +interested in the particular object to which it is devoted.</p> + +<p>What has been said with regard to class publications is probably +understood in a general way, but a brief consideration of its bearing +upon the nut industry may make the status of a nut journal clearer. Let +us suppose that an industry has no publication devoted especially to it. +It must then depend upon communications between individuals and upon +annual meetings and their printed proceedings for its interchange of +thought; for it is presumed that it will have a national or sectional +organization. A very efficient organization with the means at hand to +serve its members well can do a great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> deal to keep members in touch +with each other and to advance the interests of the industry. +Organization, of course, is essential; but without a periodical exponent +there is lacking the advantage to all readers of general timely +discussion, questions asked and answered, special articles, +illustrations and the news relating exclusively to the industry—all of +which makes the periodical a working tool, and its bound and indexed +files an almost indispensable adjunct to the literature and reference +storehouse of the field covered.</p> + +<p>Not only to the individual, but also to the class association do these +characteristics appeal with special force. For, unlike the trade +journal, it goes out among the general public as a factor in the +education of those who seek information of the special kind. In this way +it is a means for extending the operation of the industry, and +consequently of increasing the membership and influence of the +association. And right here is a point which those who have been +operating in the industry for some time should consider. If any portion +of the general public is to receive through the class journal the +information desired, there must of necessity appear in the journal from +time to time statistical or other matter with which the experienced nut +grower is familiar. To a considerable extent the novice may be referred +to existing literature on a special subject; but not all of such +literature is readily available. For instance, the <i>American Nut +Journal</i> has been carrying in each issue a summary of the figures +showing the progress of the American nut industry. These figures have +been seen repeatedly by experienced growers, but even for them they may +prove convenient for reference; and certainly to the newcomer they +should be interesting and valuable. Original matter, of course, must be +the basis upon which the contents of a class publication are built. But +an article, or a portion of an article, which has an important bearing +on the specialty under consideration may often be reproduced in the +class publication, even though it may have appeared elsewhere; for we +are all too busy to read many publications, and the chief purpose of the +class publication is to assemble from all sources that which +particularly relates to the subject. In theory at least the class +journal should be the storehouse to which in its bound and indexed form +the subscriber may go for information on any phase of the special +subject. That is a high and not altogether attainable ideal, but the +nearer the journal approaches to that aim the more valuable will it be +to its subscribers. It should at least record the sources of all +information on its special subject, even if it cannot present it all.</p> + +<p>What has here been said in outline regarding the function of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> class +journal will indicate to the nut grower the place the <i>American Nut +Journal</i> should occupy in the development of nut culture. It is +unnecessary to say that co-operation between the editor and those in the +industry is essential, and for that reason all should feel free to +exchange views through this medium. Aside from the practical benefit it +may be to the individual, it is a constant source of publicity for the +organized effort represented in an association of nut growers—and it is +through publicity that an industry develops.</p> + +<p>To deserve the co-operation of all in the industry the management of the +class publication representing it must determine what is the highest and +largest function of the field which it serves and then strive in every +legitimate way to promote that function.</p> + +<p>To deserve the manifold advantages which such a publication affords it +is incumbent upon those in the industry, on their part, to make it +possible through their subscriptions and through their advertising to +maintain such a medium. It is probable that if there were no such +publication every loyal member of this association would gladly pledge +ten cents a month provided some one could be found who would expend the +time and effort to provide it. Just that opportunity has been presented, +and it is a pleasure to say that many have appreciated it.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: There is no one thing that would get results for you +better than a good periodical. The Department of Agriculture issues +bulletins but that department cannot go into the journal business, the +business of publishing my opinion or someone else's opinion. The +Department of Agriculture must confine itself to the summaries of facts, +and that leaves a gap that must be filled in by some good periodical +properly edited. It is with great pleasure that we see the <i>American +Nut Journal</i> which Mr. Olcott is putting out and attempting to give us +the best he can get. The chair will be glad to hear any further +suggestions on this subject.</p> + +<p><i>W. C. Reed</i>: I think we are very fortunate in having a journal of this +kind, and having known Mr. Olcott for a number of years I know he is +giving the people a good journal. I think it is customary in most +instances for all trade organizations to have their journal, and I think +in this case the Northern Nut Growers Association ought to adopt <i>The +American Nut Journal</i> as their official organ. I make that as a motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: It has been moved and seconded that we adopt <i>The +American Nut Journal</i> as the official organ of our association.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> + +<p>(Motion unanimously carried.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Mr. W. C. Reed, you have something on the program and we +will be glad to hear from you now.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: I had prepared a short paper on top working the black walnut +with the Persian or English walnut but I won't read the paper on account +of the limited time, for there are others here we would rather hear +from. Quite a number of you are going to Vincennes and you can ask +questions there and understand it better than I can tell you here. +However there may be some that can't go along, so any questions you want +to ask at this time I will be glad to answer.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: It will be impossible for me to go to Vincennes on Saturday +as I have to go home tomorrow night. I would like to ask Mr. Reed if the +method of grafting the pecan is the same as top working the black +walnut?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: Yes sir. Suppose this is a large tree twelve, eighteen or +twenty inches in diameter. We cut the limbs back to where they are four +or five inches in diameter and, supposing that we want to graft this +limb here, we will cut it up here one or two feet because it is hard to +cut limbs without their splitting. Sometimes they will split on both +sides. For that reason we cut them high and then again, later, back to +where we want to graft. We usually find it best to do the first cutting +back along the latter part of February or first of March, and when it +gets time to do our grafting we cut them off again about two inches so +that we shall have fresh wood. We saw them with a fine tooth saw. We +prefer to do our grafting from about the first to the tenth of May. We +keep scions in cold storage. I think that is quite an advantage although +I haven't tried the walnut in cold storage until this year and hadn't +thought very much about it until the last few years: but we find the +ones we were most successful with were the ones we had kept in cold +storage.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: What time were they cut?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: In February, I think, but I think it would be much better if +they were cut in November or early December, especially the walnut, and +I shall do that this year. With the pecans I don't think it will make +any difference.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: What temperature in storage do you use?</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 264px;"> +<img src="images/illus_071.jpg" width="264" height="400" alt=" W. C. REED" title="" /> +<span class="caption"> W. C. REED</span><br />Vice-President of the Northern Nut Growers Association +</div> + + + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: Ordinary apple storage, thirty-two to thirty-eight, or +freezing. This spring we grafted between the first and tenth of May; +some of the trees were in full leaf. The sap was flowing very readily +and they bled very freely, although the ones that had been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> cut back +early would not bleed like the ones you cut when you are ready to graft. +In grafting we used the wedge graft, splitting straight down and placing +three or four scions on each limb three or four inches in diameter. +However the method we like the best is the slip bark method, but we have +had fairly good results with both methods. Of the trees we grafted this +spring 60 to 75 per cent were grafted from cold storage scions. We used +some that had not been in cold storage, and we didn't get them to grow. +We wax the grafts thoroughly and cover them with paper sacks. We do not +use any tying on the large limbs as we don't find it necessary. However, +we have done more budding than grafting in top working large trees and I +think it is a little surer, but we have been fairly successful with +both. For budding we cut them back the same as if we were going to +graft. We let the sprouts grow until about the middle of July or first +or middle of August, and we have let them go as late as the first of +September. Then they are ready for budding. We follow about the same +method as has been demonstrated. In working large trees it is very +important that you keep all cuts waxed thoroughly with grafting wax.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: Have you had this experience, that English walnuts will +produce female blooms before they do the male blooms?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: We haven't had them long enough to determine that clearly. We +have eight trees and four of them produced pistillate blooms and we had +to bring pollen to pollenize them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: It is possible to have your sprouts almost where you want +them by taking the sharp end of an old file and dressing the bark +carefully. The buds are more apt to come there than anywhere.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: We sometimes lose a good many shoots from storms. One tree was +budded about three weeks ago and that storm about ten days ago broke +every one of them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy</span>: What time did you say to bud the black walnut?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: About the first of August, from the middle of July to the +middle of August, as a rule. We are budding some yet. That depends on +the wood; do it when the wood is ripe enough. We are holding back on +some now to get the wood ripe enough, and as fast as they get ripe +enough we bud them. You can bud them late if you cut them back freely in +the spring, smooth with the ground. Then your buds will take much more +rapidly because you have the sap.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McCoy</span>: Have you had the best success when you cut your trees back in +the pruning season? In slip bark grafting there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> are two ways, you know. +One is to wait until you are ready to graft and then cut back. Which do +you think is the best?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: In top working the large trees we had the best success cutting +back early, that is in the nursery. We have never cut back any at the +time we were ready to do the work.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Mccoy</span>: In other words you head off the sap flow?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: Yes sir, we hold it back.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">J. F. Wilkinson</span>: Do you find it any advantage to cut your leaflets off +before you bud?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: I haven't tried that enough to know. When you were at our +place some of them had been trimmed in full leaf and had dropped the +leaf stalk, and some had been cut off three weeks and still didn't let +loose. We can tell more next spring as I kept a record of that.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy</span>: How do you know when it is ripe enough?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: I don't think a man lives who knows exactly. You have to use +your own judgment. For instance, when bud wood colors up like this I +would feel sure it was ripe enough. When it is green I am more afraid of +it, although we have some good success with the green wood, but cold +storage wood is still better.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Professor Van Deman said the other day that in cutting bud +wood at this time of year it is good to give the bud rest for two or +three days. He cuts the scions and puts them in the ice house. That +gives them rest and the buds start better and are firmer. Has anyone had +experience with that way?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Dorr</span>: There is another question I want to ask. If we want to +experiment with the processes that have been suggested here, shouldn't +Evansville have a place where we can store scions? We should have an ice +house. Some of us who don't have shoes, haven't any ice house. I worked +in South Carolina one time and made this discovery, and it almost made +me weak. The great majority of farmers in South Carolina are men who +make fifty dollars a year; they cultivate three acres and own a mule in +partnership with two or three other men. Suppose some enthusiast like +this man plants an orchard there. What inducement has he for that kind +of work? The dream I have had here for Evansville, which is my home, is +to bring some of that kind of work into the high schools.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. White</span>: In regard to the point brought out by Dr. Morris about cold +storage bud wood, I believe that it is better for being chilled. We have +found it hastens the callous. The same theory has been borne out by the +work of the Department of Agriculture<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> in propagating the blueberry. +They found it would not callous and form roots unless they chilled it. +Isn't that right, Mr. Close?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Proffessor Close</span>: I don't remember that.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. White</span>: I think all wood must be frozen or chilled, or put in cold +storage, before it will take well. I found that by putting scions in +cold storage they callous much more readily. Where the temperature is +near the freezing point walnut and pecan wood will callous more readily. +On some that I took out on the 31st of July I had written the names, and +the callous had formed until we could scarcely read the names. In a week +or ten days the callous was around them. On new wood, it would take +twice as long.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: If they had calloused in cold storage was it because +they had been too warm?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. White</span>: No sir. If you will take a tree that you want to set out and +cover the roots until you can set it out, you will find the callous +forming no matter if the ground is frozen hard.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: You mean a tree planted in the fall?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. White</span>: Yes sir.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy</span>: Where one had no cold storage what would he do?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: If you haven't cold storage, such as Evansville affords, +and have an ice house you can use that. It is very important to pack the +scions in excelsior and sawdust and be sure there is very slight +moisture, and to paper line your boxes. Colonel Sober keeps chestnut +scions by standing them on end in cans. He fills in with a thin layer of +sawdust, punches holes for them to breathe, puts a lid on and sets them +in the ice house and says they keep splendidly.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: In an ordinary ice house?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Yes sir.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Sober</span>: I have kept them that way for two years.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. White</span>: Dr. Morris will tell you the next best thing if you haven't +cold storage.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: We use a method I got from Professor Craig, the way he kept +his for many years. His plan was to set a plain wooden box very smoothly +on the ground, smooth off the ground so the box would set evenly on all +sides, then pack in a layer of perhaps half an inch of fine leaves like +black locust leaves, and on that he would put a single layer of scions, +then, more leaves and scions.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Moseley</span>: If you have an ordinary ice box, would that be cold enough +to put the buds in?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I think that would be plenty cold enough. I know<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> of a man +in Maryland that has been using that for a number of years.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: Do you wax the ends?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Sometimes I do, and sometimes I don't.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: You couldn't keep your scions all the time in an ice box, +could you?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: No, not for any length of time, but just for a few days you +could, in an ordinary refrigerator.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: When you cut your scions in the winter for future use, +you should keep them down pretty close to freezing. I used scions in +Maryland this spring cut last February in this locality. We put them in +cold storage and kept them there until April. Then they were taken out +and shipped to me in Washington. They arrived in perfect condition and I +took them to a big green house across the street and put them in a long +box and set them up in the big refrigerator where they kept their buds. +I had these within two inches of a thousand pounds of ice and the Green +River proceeded to grow within two weeks. You have to keep them in cold +storage. It is so cheap, however, in Evansville that there is no excuse +not to keep them in perfect condition. These cold storage people here, +Holt & Brandon, are very fine people. We have kept very large amounts of +bud wood there and their charges have been very small.</p> + +<p>Before we get through I want to call your attention to the rest of the +program. Immediately after adjournment there will be automobiles waiting +to take all who want to go sight seeing in Evansville. This is by the +courtesy of the Evansville Business Association. I want especially again +to call your attention to the lecture tonight by Mr. C. A. Reed, and for +fear that those here may have an idea that it will be strictly technical +I wish to say that he will avoid technicalities as far as possible. He +has one of the finest collections of lantern slides I have ever seen. He +will take you to the walnut regions of California and to nut regions all +over the United States. Any questions asked him will be cheerfully +answered but I would suggest that unless there is something extremely +important, you reserve your questions until the conclusion of his talk +and not interrupt unnecessarily because there are a great many slides to +get through with. Those of you who are here, come tonight and bring your +friends, bring the ladies and children and everybody else, because it +will be interesting and educative generally. Do not forget that we leave +in the morning at 7:15, not 16, nor 26; that car will leave at 7:15 and +if you will be there on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> time we can got together on the car. We will +now adjourn until 8 o'clock.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h4>Meeting re-convened at 8:00 P. M.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The first thing on the program will be an invitation to +join the association. For the purposes of our organization we need +members, and we especially need anyone who has any interest whatever in +nut culture. The membership of persons joining now will expire on the +31st day of December, 1914; the membership dues are $2 per year, which +includes a copy of the annual report. By joining now you get this report +and the three preceding ones.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: Mr. Chairman, may I say something regarding the annual +report?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: We will be glad to hear you, Professor Close.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: It seems to me that those who pay dues for 1914 ought +to receive the report of the meeting for 1914 no matter when it is +printed, even if it is not for three or four months after the end of the +calendar year. In that way the reports will match the calendar year; +that is they are the reports for the year that the meeting was held and +the papers and discussions took place, and this one should be known as +the report for 1914. That is the way we run them in the other societies +and it seems to me there would be no confusion at all if it were managed +in that way.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The chair very heartily agrees with that suggestion and +thinks that should be the practice of the society. The chair would be +very glad to entertain a motion to make that the rule.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: I should be glad to make the motion that the +proceedings of the meeting of each calendar year be reported as of that +calendar year and distributed to the members who pay dues for that +calendar year.</p> + +<p>(Seconded and carried unanimously.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Are there any other candidates for admission to this +society? If so, hold up your hands and our distinguished secretary will +visit you immediately. Are there any committee reports?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">W. C. Reed</span>: The committee on nomenclature desires to report as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Voted on the Smith and Potter resolution to recommend changing the +name of the Busseron pecan to Vincennes; Posey pecan to Wabash; +Buttrick pecan to Illinois. It was the opinion of the committee +that the other names of pecans<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> had been established by the +Department of Agriculture by printing in the year book, and that it +was not advisable to change them.</p> + +<p>We recommend, as advisable for members introducing new varieties, +to confer with the committee on nomenclature before listing new +names.</p> + +<p> +Signed.<br /><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">W. C. Reed</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">W. C. Deming</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">R. L. McCoy</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">R. T. Morris</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">C. A. Reed</span>.<br /> +</p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: I move the adoption of this report.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: It has been moved and seconded that the report of the +committee on nomenclature be adopted. Are you ready for the question? +All in favor of the motion make it known in the usual way. It is +unanimously carried that we adopt this report. Are there any other +committee reports?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: The committee on +exhibits has not had a very arduous duty, because we can't have at this +time of year very extensive exhibits. But what we have are very +interesting. Mr. W. C. Reed has an exhibit of English walnuts, hickory +nuts and hardy almonds. You have all noticed the exhibits he has in the +glass case. That is very instructive and is put up in such a way that it +can be carried from place to place. He also has some photographs of +trees. Mr. Wilkinson has an exhibit of fruiting limbs of shagbark +hickory and pecans, and various seedlings. To some of us some of those +things are almost new. Colonel Sober has an exhibit of grafted chestnut +trees. He also has the burrs and in glass jars he has the nuts. Then +there is quite an exhibit of the native varieties made by our president, +which is very fine. There are also some persimmons. I think, everything +considered, the society is to be congratulated upon the quality of the +exhibits even though the quantity is not so very great.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: If there is no objection the report of the committee on +exhibits will be adopted. The report is adopted. Are there any further +committee reports?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: The committee on resolutions reports as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Resolved</i>, That we extend our thanks to the Mayor and the Citizens +of Evansville, Indiana, for the courteous entertainment they have +favored us with, and for the excellent facilities that they have +placed at our disposal.</p> + +<p><i>Second</i>—That we extend to the Evansville Business Association, +and to the members thereof, our deep appreciation of their +entertainment and courteous treatment that they have extended to +our association.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Third</i>—That we extend our deep appreciation and gratitude to Hon. +T. P. Littlepage, our president, and Dr. W. C. Deming, our +secretary, for their untiring and valuable services in behalf of +this association.</p> + +<p><i>Fourth</i>—That we express the thanks of the association to its +members and others who have attended this meeting, and helped to +make it a success.</p> + +<p><i>Fifth</i>—That we especially extend our thanks and appreciation to +Mr. C. A. Reed of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. +C., and to Col. C. K. Sober, for their excellent lectures and +special work in behalf of this association at this meeting.</p> + +<p><i>Sixth</i>—That we express our most sincere thanks and appreciation +to J. F. Wilkinson, for his courteous treatment and entertainment +of this association at his home.</p> + +<p><i>Seventh</i>—Be it further <i>resolved</i>, that we especially thank each +and every individual member of this association, for their +attendance at this meeting, and for their earnest efforts and +interest in behalf of the same, in helping to make this meeting a +success in every way, and making it the most enthusiastic meeting +that has ever been held by this association, and we thank any and +all members for any special work or research that has been carried +on by said member in behalf of this association, as disclosed by +this meeting.</p> + +<p><i>Eighth—Resolved</i>, That we extend to Mr. W. C. Reed our sincere +thanks for his kind invitation to the members of the association to +be his guests at his home in Vincennes, Indiana, on Saturday, +August 22d, 1914.</p> + +<p> +Signed.<br /><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">W. O. Potter</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">H. R. Weber</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">J. Russell Smith</span>.<br /> +</p></div> + + + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: If there are no objections, the report of the committee +on resolutions will be adopted. It is so ordered. The next thing on the +program will be the lecture and lantern slides by Mr. C. A. Reed.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Meeting called to order at Enterprise, on Friday, August 21, at 10:30 A. +M.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I want the records to show that this meeting convened in +Enterprise, Luce Township, Spencer County, Indiana, where the members of +the Northern Nut Growers Association visited and studied the native Ohio +River pecan trees, and I want to hear the opinions of the different +visitors. The state entomologist, Mr. Baldwin, will please express +himself upon the native pecan trees on the Ohio River.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Baldwin</span>: My remarks will be so brief it will not be necessary for me +to go forward. I don't know that it is necessary for me to mention the +fact that I have never lived in and very seldom visited, localities +where pecans grow in this state and cannot, therefore, express an +authoritative opinion as to the merits and demerits of the pecan trees +in this section. It is noticeable that the trees are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> more free from +insects and fungus trouble than trees in many places. Mr. Simpson, who +has had considerable experience in the South, called my attention to a +very destructive pest that does not exist here in numbers sufficient to +be destructive, as it is in Florida, but he is of the opinion that it +was introduced into that section from this section.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. President</span>: What is it?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Baldwin</span>: Mr. Simpson says—I didn't see any of the insects, and +probably you couldn't identify it without labor,—but Mr. Simpson says +there are two broods and the second brood is now at work. This certainly +is a good field for work for the entomologist. Of course the same thing +would hold true with this insect that is true of others; when a new +species is introduced into a country where it has not heretofore +existed, where the natural parasites are not found, it is more +destructive than where the natural parasites exist. That point is +illustrated very well by the moths that are so very destructive in New +England, and don't do very much damage in the countries from which they +come. From my observations on other native nut trees I was greatly +impressed with the abundance of nuts that some of the native trees bear +here. I am sorry I am not able to talk about something that would be +more interesting to those interested in pecans and other nuts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: I should be glad to have our secretary put in the record a +few of his observations.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>: Mr. Littlepage has been talking to us about these pecans +since we started this organization, and has long promised to show us +these trees. We can't get any idea of such trees without seeing them. We +have had many word pictures of them but I had not been able to form any +idea of how great they are. They have a beautiful outline as we see it +silhouetted against the sky, and every evidence of being trees that bear +lots of nuts, which is the kind of trees we are all looking for. We +don't have the pecan tree in the North as a native at all. There are a +few in New England, a few scattered here and there, but none bearing. I +have heard of a pecan not far from my home, possibly twenty-five miles, +that does not bear. I have seen in the city of Hartford a pecan tree +that was nine feet and three inches in circumference and ninety feet +high, of unknown origin, but not bearing. The nut tree that grows best +through our part of the country is the shagbark hickory. It is very much +like the pecan tree here, but never grows to anything like its size, is +not nearly so beautiful a tree and I don't believe it bears as heavily. +I think the average hickory nuts there are very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> much inferior to the +average pecan here. We also haven't the black walnut there as a native. +That is I have never seen it native though it probably was originally so +in parts of the country. However, when planted it grows to a very large +size, and makes a magnificent tree. About ten miles from my house is the +largest in the state. We have lots of butternuts over the country but no +nut tree that compares in beauty and usefulness with the pecan here.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Dr. Smith should be able to size up the situation and +give us some of his impressions. I want to get them in the record.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Smith</span>: Gentlemen, I don't see how anybody can live by these trees +here and not realize that they are a source of fortune. I can't +understand how men can look at them every year, gather and sell the nuts +and not realize that they are a source of livelihood. I just measured a +big tree in a tobacco field down the road that was thirteen feet and +eleven inches in circumference, that had a sixty foot reach, and was +about one hundred and twenty-five feet high. We measured another, that +had a sixty-six foot reach and they were all bending down with fruit. It +was marvelous and they were certainly giving us their evidence that the +thing for us to do is to go ahead and reproduce them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Dr. Van Duzee, tell us your impressions of these trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Col. Van Duzee</span>: Mr. Chairman, I simply will add this. As I came through +this wonderfully fertile section of the country, I observed people +building bungalows and cottages and setting out trees other than pecan +in their dooryards. That is the pity of it. As Dr. Smith says these +people here are living close to some of the most magnificent natural +trees I have ever seen, and yet they will go and plant around their +gardens trees that will do nothing in the world but produce shade. It +seems to me there is room for the best kind of missionary work here. I +am glad the nut growers met here and I hope the effect will be to cause +people to think. As we came down the road we estimated that on one tree +there were four or five hundred pounds of nuts. The owner of that tree +didn't study the soil that produced that magnificent crop. Our driver +said they had had two years of failure in their farming operations and +yet right here in the same place nature has handed them another +magnificent crop. I have an idea that the average annual value per acre +of crops on the farms of southern Indiana and Illinois will run in the +neighborhood of a ten dollar bill, and here is a tree, one tree, +presenting thirty dollars. I have no doubt in the world that there will +be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> fifty or sixty dollars' worth of nuts on this tree up here, and it +doesn't occupy a quarter of an acre of land.</p> + +<p>I want to speak about the insects. I don't believe you need to worry +about these unless the planting goes away beyond what I think it will in +this section. Here is the proof, right here in this river bottom in the +nuts we see on these trees and the growth of the trees. They are +thrifty, not mutilated by insects or dying. They are at home and the +conditions are absolutely favorable. I have been very much pleased and +very glad I came, and if I were not thoroughly tied up in a section I +think is more adapted to nut growing, I should come up here and +undertake to do something in this section, for I see great +possibilities.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: That is an opinion that is of real value. Now I will call +for volunteers. Those of you who have been sight seeing here and have +impressions and ideas you would like to express we should be glad to +hear from.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: One thought that has interested me is this. If we +should take away from this neighborhood about half a dozen men this +great industry would be forgotten. It is to these men who have done this +kind of work that we owe a great deal. They are engaged in a wonderful +work. I presume they realize how great it is. It means the developing of +an industry that will grow in the United States and could be carried to +other countries. These great trees are a wonder, no question about it, +and the fact that here is a new industry being pushed by half a dozen +men is still more wonderful.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: If this section of the country had been planted to +seedling pecans it would have made every man who owned forty acres of +it, comfortable. We have with us Mr. Dodd, who is one of the old +residents of this neighborhood. He can tell us some interesting things. +He was here long before I came and looks at present as if he might be +here many years yet. We certainly hope he will be. If it were not for +him we would not know that Enterprise is on the map. He reports for the +county paper and keeps the world in touch with Enterprise. I should like +to hear him tell about the old pecan trees when he first knew them, and +I want what he knows about them to go into the record.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Dodd</span>: Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen: I'm no speech maker, +never made one in my life, but I guess I know something about the pecan +business. These trees were here when I came and that was in 1852. Those +big trees that you looked at were big trees then, and must have been +fifty years old, I judge, from what I have learned from older people. So +you see they have been there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> a long time. I have a piece of ground here +and if I had known as much about the pecan business then as I do now I +would have had every foot of my land in pecans. I make a right smart +little money in pecans as it is. Littlepage knows that. I have shipped +pecans to him off my trees, shipped them to him many times. They are no +better than the others, but we are old friends and he wanted me to send +them to him and I did. I don't know anything about the pecan business in +a general way, as to what they will produce or how much money they will +average, but I think we have slept on our rights in this country for +seventy-five years. If that is any good to you, you are welcome to it, +and we are glad you are here today.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy</span>: One tree out in the back here looks as if it might be +fifteen or sixteen years old and it is bearing well. It is a large tree +well filled with nuts, notwithstanding the fact that lightning has +struck it twice and destroyed at least two years' crops. It seems to me +there are thousands of dollars to be made in an investment in nut trees +here where they do so well.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Now has any one else any observations to make? Mr. Weber.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Weber</span>: Out here you remember you showed us quite a number of +seedlings growing in a corn field like milkweeds, growing right +alongside of them, and one of us thought the milkweeds were the pecans, +as they looked much the same. It seems to be hard to keep them down.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: That reminds me that when this organization was formed I +had the honor of being the first man on the ground. Dr. Deming called +the meeting to order, Dr. Morris was there and so was Professor Craig, +who has since passed to the great beyond, and a number of others, and I +remember telling the bunch who were there at that time, that if I ever +had the opportunity I would take them into a country where the pecans +really grew. I have attempted to make good. If there remains any doubt +in your minds we will proceed to lose you in the great Green River pecan +woods, and if you are not pretty well stocked with provisions, you may +never get out. I told Professor Close who is making a study of the +pawpaw for the Department of Agriculture, that we also grew pawpaws in +southern Indiana and that I would show him some large trees. So he came +down with us and we went to Boonville and got in Senator Hemenway's +automobile and I introduced him to a pawpaw tree six feet and a half in +circumference at the ground, five foot in circumference three feet from +the ground. So the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> chair takes some pleasure in having been able to +show the things that were promised. Let us hear from Mr. Riehl.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Riehl</span>: I think you folks are very unfair to me. You have said +everything I wanted to say before you called on me and I really don't +know what else I can say. I had in mind what Professor Smith has been +saying to me, and what some of you people have already said, that it is +time for you people here to wake up. You don't know what you have got. +You are like people in many other sections of the country, they don't +appreciate what they have at their very doorways. If I were a young man, +I would come here and plant pecan and walnut trees, but I am too old now +to make such changes. In a few years you may remember what I have said. +The walnuts are as profitable as anything else, and much more so than +any farm crop you can grow. Nothing will produce as much value and with +as little trouble as nut trees. I am convinced of that.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: If they would follow your suggestions they would soon +have another Garden of Eden.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Professor Smith has reminded us that the crops in the +Garden of Eden were purely tree crops, and they grew without effort. But +after the fall Adam and Eve had to go out and cultivate the soil and +raise corn. Probably in that garden they had pecans and walnuts. I +believe that is his theory and it may be good.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: O, beg your pardon, that is in the book of Genesis. The +text describes nothing whatever except trees, and then Adam fell and had +to dig in the ground and make his bread by the sweat of his face.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Potter</span>: Is the tree of knowledge the pecan tree?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I don't know. Can any one else say?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: My remarks on the Garden of Eden were brought out by +what our President said, but I have published others that are not very +lengthy and you can buy them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Let's hear from Mr. Lockwood.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Lockwood</span>: Dr. Knapp wants me to expose my ignorance and tell you the +crimes I committed and intended to commit. It was about three years ago +that we purchased a little over a thousand acres in Gibson County, near +Grayville, and about three hundred and fifty acres of it were in timber. +We decided to clear up as rapidly as possible all the forest land and +cultivate it in corn. Now comes the crime which Dr. Knapp wants me to +expose and I am going to confess it. We deadened probably a hundred of +as fine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> pecan trees as you ever saw, from six to eighteen inches in +diameter, and Dr. Knapp heard about it and visited our farm, and it was +on his account principally that we quit cutting the pecan trees. Now if +anybody else cuts them we have them arrested. We have the second best +orchard in Gibson County. I have joined the association and came here to +get a line on you and I have got a good many good things by coming. I +would like to have you visit our farms. We have some very fine trees to +see and I will also give you something to eat, because I am the chief +cook. I want to emphasize the remark one member made that it is a great +work these men are doing. You get that impression when you come to the +meeting, and it shows great sacrifice and love for their fellow men.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: That is very good, Mr. Lockwood. Now Dr. Knapp will tell +us what he thinks.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Knapp</span>: I know very little about pecans but I was interested in Mr. +Lockwood's trees because he had a magnificent pecan orchard, possibly +five hundred trees, and they were contemplating having the trees cut +down because they thought they were in the way of the cultivation of the +land for corn. This is not the case because the pecan tree goes away +down deep for water and is not like the surface root trees. I have seen +large wheat fields in the same location with large pecan trees in them, +and men have told me that they produce just as much per acre on the land +where the pecan trees are as where there are no pecan trees. I went to +see Mr. Lockwood and took him what little literature I had on the pecan +industry and promised to send him some more, and insisted that he read +it before he destroyed his trees. He kept his promise and I am glad to +see that he has taken an interest in the pecan industry.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: You are a real benefactor, Dr. Knapp, and entitled to +great praise.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: While we are distributing things gratis I want to make +a little statement in the same vein as a previous speaker. He points out +the work that a few enthusiasts are doing. Most of the things worth +while are done by the people who never get any credit in a financial +way. You will find the things that count are started and done by that +live force of men that work for the fun of working with no promise of +reward. Why should Mr. McCoy or Mr. Reed come down here and tell us how +to bud trees, and what varieties to use? It is plainly a labor of +enthusiasm and love. I want to express my particular appreciation of the +work done by Mr. Thomas P. Littlepage. We hear from Indiana through Mr. +Littlepage. On every occasion when we get in trouble and want<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> bud wood, +along he comes and helps us out. He seems to have all kinds of equipment +for keeping it or he can always go to a pecan tree and get it. We never +hear of the trouble or expense. He spends money as if he had a barrel of +it. He has spent lots of money trying to get the people to know there +was an Indiana pecan. We also know that Mr. McCoy and Mr. Wilkinson and +others too numerous to mention have lost thousands of dollars and have +worked long and hard to get this industry started. The industry needs +enthusiasm and no end of work. It means work to get out and hunt trees +and bud wood and these men are entitled to lots of credit for their +efforts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The chair appreciates that compliment but he is hardly +entitled to so much praise. However, all the efforts we have made to +create interest in the pecan have been well spent. We have had lots of +trouble in getting bud wood and if it had not been for Ford Wilkinson we +never would have gotten anywhere. He is the best climber in the country. +He has gone at all times and under all conditions and has done more real +hard work than all the rest of us put together. He always climbs the +trees. The Major tree is about fifty feet to the first limb. We couldn't +have gotten along without him. And Mr. McCoy is entitled to great +credit. The first time I ever saw the Posey nut Mr. McCoy brought some +to my home in Boonville. That was a number of years ago. He first +stimulated Mr. Brown to put the Warrick pecan on exhibition. As I grew +up I knew where these pecan trees were and who kept a dog and what time +he got up and there were not many pecan trees then I would not attempt +to climb, but I wasn't as large as I am now. Of late years Mr. Wilkinson +has done more than I have along that line.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr Wilkinson</span>: I appreciate what you say of me but it takes all kinds of +people to make a world and to grow pecan trees. I have tried to do my +part but without the others I couldn't have done anything. We expect to +continue at the work as long as there is any success in sight at all and +hope soon that some of the hard part will be over.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Before we leave that subject I want to say that a few +years ago some of us who had begun to think we knew something about the +pecan and were quite sure of our ground, induced Mr. C. A. Reed of the +Department of Agriculture to come down here and make some trips through +these woods and tell us what he knew, or what he thought of these +pecans. We gave him all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> facts we could, and the suggestions he made +started us on the right track as to the varieties to propagate.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The boat is ready, but before we go I want the report on +nominations. I want the officers elected in Enterprise.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>: I would like to say this before we proceed to the election +of officers. There has been some talk among us that it would stimulate +interest in our work and meetings, and would enable us to confer honors +on more people, and more members who deserve such honors, if the term of +the presidency were limited to one year. There has been no rule about it +but our first two presidents have each held office two years. They have +been re-elected to office as a matter of courtesy and appreciation of +their efforts. If from now on we limit the term of the presidency to one +year I think it would be better. We think it would be desirable to make +the rule that the President shall not be eligible for immediate +re-election, that is, he shall not follow himself. I mention it so that +if this rule is adopted in the revision of our constitution and by-laws +the person who is about to be elected President, and the members of the +association, will understand that there will be nothing personal about +such action.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: In connection with that I should like to say that the +present President has at different times heard suggestions of that kind +made, and I am glad you mentioned it. I wasn't fortunate enough last +year to be at the meeting, as I had to be in St. Louis to help try a +case before the interstate commerce commission, or I should have brought +that up then.</p> + +<p>Dr. Morris is absent and Professor Close is the next on the committee on +nominations. Professor Close, will you report?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Close</span>: I did not know I was the next member and Dr. Morris did +not leave any data with me. However we discussed it and decided to +recommend the election of J. Russell Smith for President, Mr. W. C. Reed +for Vice-President and Dr. Deming for Secretary and Treasurer.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Any remarks on the report of the nominating committee? If +not, those in favor of adopting the report, thereby declaring the +officers named elected, make it known by rising. (Vote taken.) Contrary +by the same sign. Your officers for the next year will be Dr. J. Russell +Smith, President, W. C. Reed, Vice-President, and Dr. W. C. Deming, +Secretary and Treasurer. I congratulate the association.</p> + +<h4>Meeting adjourned.</h4><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h4>Meeting called to order at 8:30 p. m., at Evansville, Indiana.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: The members of this association have always got to be +on the lookout for good parent trees of any and all varieties of nuts. I +think, however, there is a shortage of information in the matter of +walnuts. I have talked to a number of persons and it is the general +opinion that we want to know, and know quickly, more about parent trees +of the Persian walnut. I therefore move that the chair appoint a +committee to give this matter particular attention during the next +twelve months and report at the next annual meeting.</p> + +<p>(Seconded and carried)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The chair appoints the incoming President, C. P. Close +and C. A. Reed.</p> + +<p>The next is the question about the place of the next meeting. It occurs +to the chair that it might be desirable to leave that to the executive +committee. But that is a matter for the association to decide and the +chair will entertain motions or suggestions.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: I was going to move that it be left to the committee. I +know from past experiences that is the best course to pursue.</p> + +<p>(Seconded and carried.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Van Duzee</span>: I would like very much to extend a cordial invitation +to the members of this association to meet with the National Association +at Thomasville, Georgia, in October. We have a program full of merit. +Our meeting will be held in the heart of the nut planting area where all +the pecan planting has been done in the last few years. We have several +fine orchards in the immediate vicinity and matters of general interest +will be discussed. We would be glad to have anybody that can meet with +us, and if you have friends interested in nut culture we will be glad to +have them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: It is unnecessary to say that the South has forged ahead +of us in pecan culture, and she not only has great pecan orchards but +she has great men who have done this work and they will be at the +meeting of the National Nut Growers. I have had the pleasure of +attending some of these meetings and I can say to the members here it +will be well worth their while to go down there.</p> + +<p>Is there any further business? If not we will have Colonel Sober's +paper, after which the pictures will follow.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Smith</span>: I am sure after hearing Colonel Sober's lecture, and +seeing his pictures, we will want to ask him some questions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> I know +that Colonel Sober has worked out an unique method in the root system, +and I wish he would tell us about it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Sober</span>: The slides I have will show that.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Is there anything else?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Doan</span>: How does Colonel Sober take care of the blight?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Sober</span>: In answer to that I will say that in 1909 I discovered +the blight on some trees, just a speck, and I took my knife and cut it +off. That is my best method and then you are sure of it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Are there any further questions?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Doan</span>: Are all his trees Paragon?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I think they are. The Secretary will read Colonel Sober's +paper.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The Secretary here read extracts from the preface and introduction to +Fuller's book on nut culture, prepared by Col. C. K. Sober, with +personal interpellations, as follows:</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>I believe that the moment is opportune for advocating an effort to +cultivate all kinds of edible and otherwise useful nut-bearing trees and +shrubs adapted to the soil and climate of the United States, thereby +inaugurating a great, permanent and far-reaching industry. We are +spending millions for imported articles of everyday use which might +easily and with large profit be produced at home, and in many instances +the most humiliating part of the transaction is that we send our money +to people who do not purchase any of our productions and almost ignore +us in commercial matters. I am not referring to products ill-adapted to +our climate, nor to those which, owing to scarcity and high price of +labor, we are unable to produce profitably, but to such nuts as the +walnut, hickory, butternut, pecan and chestnut which we can raise as +readily as peaches, apples and pears. There certainly can be no excuse +for the neglect of such nut trees on the score of cost of labor in +propagation and planting, because our streets and highways are lined and +shaded with equally expensive kinds, although they are absolutely +worthless for any other purpose than shade or shelter, yielding nothing +in the way of food for either man or beast. Can any one invent a +reasonable excuse for planting miles and miles of roadside trees of such +kinds as elm, maple, ash, willow, cottonwood and many other similar +kinds, where shellbark hickory, walnut, butternut, pecan and chestnut +would thrive just as well, cost no more, and yet yield bushels of +delicious and highly prized nuts, and this annually or in alternate +years, continuing, and increasing in pro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>ductiveness for one, two or +more centuries. The nut trees which grow to a large size are just as +well adapted for planting along roadsides, in the open country, as other +kinds that yield nothing in the way of food for either man or beast. +They are also fully as beautiful in form and foliage, and in many +instances far superior to the kinds often selected for such purposes.</p> + +<p>The only objection I have heard of as being urged against planting fruit +and nut trees along the highway is that they tempt boys and girls as +well as persons of larger growth to become trespassers. I find this only +applies to where there is such a scarcity that the quantity taken +perceptibly lessens the total crop. But where there is an abundance +either the temptation to trespass disappears or I fail to recognize the +loss. As we cannot very well dispense with the small boy and his sister +I am in favor of providing them bountifully with all the good things +that climate and circumstance will afford.</p> + +<p>On my farms in Irish Valley, Northumberland County, Pa., I have planted +a Paragon chestnut tree every forty feet along the public highways and +driveways making a total of 769 trees. These trees range in age from +four to ten years old.</p> + +<p>A mile in this country is 5,280 feet, and if chestnut trees are set +forty feet apart, which is allowing sufficient room for them to grow +during an ordinary lifetime, we get 133 trees per mile in a single row. +Two rows may be planted, where the roads are wide enough, one on each +side, and then we get 266 trees per mile. I can estimate the crop when +the chestnut trees are twenty years old at two bushels per tree, or 532 +bushels for a double row per mile. At the moderate price of $4 per +bushel, we would realize $2,128 for the crop on a double row, with a +fair assurance that the yield would increase steadily for the next +hundred years or more, while the cost of gathering and marketing the +nuts is no greater, and in many instances much less, than that of the +ordinary grain crops. At the expiration of the first half century one +half of the trees may be removed, if they begin to crowd, and the timber +used for whatever purpose it may best be adapted. The remaining trees +would probably improve, on account of having more room for development.</p> + +<p>The chestnut thrives best in light, well drained soil, and those +containing a large proportion of sand or decomposed quartz, slate and +gravel; but it is rarely found, nor does it thrive very well, in heavy +clays or limestone soil where the limestone rock comes near the surface. +It is true that chestnut groves, and sometimes extensive forests, are +found on hills and ridges overlying limestone, but a careful examination +of the soil among the trees will show that it is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> a drift deposit +containing little or no lime. I find in Pennsylvania the chestnut tree +grows from the banks of the Susquehanna River to the tops of the +mountains.</p> + +<p>In planting the chestnut tree it should never be planted any deeper than +it was in the nursery rows. If planted any deeper it is certain death to +the tree, as I find that the earth placed around the trees above where +it was in the nursery rows scalds and destroys the tree. Here is where +the great mistake is made in planting out the chestnut tree, and this I +have found out by practical experience. It is far better to plant it one +inch less than it was in the nursery than to plant it an inch deeper.</p> + +<p>There has been a steady increase in the demand for, and a corresponding +advance in the price of all kinds of edible nuts during the past three +or four decades, and this is likely to continue for many years to come, +because consumers are increasing far more rapidly than producers. +Besides, the forests, which have long been the only source of supply of +the native kinds, are rapidly disappearing, while there has not been, as +yet, any special effort to make good the loss by replanting or +otherwise. The dealers in such articles in our larger cities assure me +that the demand for our best kinds of edible nuts is far in excess of +the supply, and yet not one housewife or cook in a thousand in this +country has ever attempted to use nuts of any kind in the preparation of +meats and other dishes for the table, as is so generally practiced in +European and Oriental countries.</p> + +<p>The question may be asked if the demand is sufficient to warrant the +planting of the hardy nut trees extensively along our highways or +elsewhere. In answer to such a question it may be said that we not only +consume all of the edible nuts raised in this country, but import +millions of pounds annually of the very kinds which thrive here as well +as in any other part of the world.</p> + +<p>Where farmers want a row of trees along the roadside, to be utilized for +line fence posts, they cannot possibly find any kinds better adapted for +this purpose than chestnut, walnut, hickory and pecan. In a few years +they may yield enough to pay the taxes on the entire farm, the crop +increasing in amount and value not only during the lifetime of the +planter, but that of many generations of his descendants.</p> + +<p>This appeal to the good sense of our rural population is made in all +sincerity and with the hope that it will be heeded by every man who has +a spark of patriotism in his soul, and who dares show it in his labors +by setting up a few milestones in the form of nut-bearing trees along +the roadsides—if for no other purpose than the present<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> pleasure of +anticipating the gratification such monuments will afford the many who +are certain to pass along these highways years hence.</p> + +<p>It is surely not good policy to enrich other nations at the expense of +our own people, as we are now doing in sending millions of dollars +annually to foreign countries in payment for such luxuries as edible +nuts that could be readily and profitably produced at home. There need +be no fear of an overproduction of such things, no matter how many may +engage in their cultivation.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Note by the secretary: At the time when Fuller wrote his +excellent book, the chestnut blight, as at present known, had not been +observed, although he makes an interesting reference to some disease of +the chestnut, of unknown nature, at one time destructive to the trees in +the Piedmont region. The Northern Nut Growers Association does not +recommend the planting of the chestnut in any region where the chestnut +blight, <i>Endothia parasitica</i>, is prevalent. With this exception the +association is heartily in sympathy with the sentiments expressed by the +writer.</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Van Duzee</span>: I have no questions to ask, but as I am going to be +obliged to leave the session before the close of the lecture, I should +like to express my appreciation of the paper which has been read and +make a remark or two. I am so heartily in sympathy, in this commercial +age, with some of the thoughts expressed there, that it is a pleasure to +listen to a paper which takes into consideration something a little +beyond, and the idea of planting trees by the roadside for the benefit +of humanity, is of too much importance to be overlooked. I could go on +at great length along this line, but as I have not time I just wanted to +express my appreciation before I have to go.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Has anyone else any suggestions or any general business?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: There has been no discussion at all of the filbert, I +think. That is a nut that is possibly going to be of great importance in +the future. I think it was Mr. Doan who asked me about the filbert and +there might be someone here who could give us some information about its +possibilities. Perhaps Mr. Reed could tell us something about it.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 347px;"> +<img src="images/illus_093.jpg" width="347" height="500" alt="C. A. REED" title="" /> +<span class="caption">C. A. REED</span><br />In charge of Nut Culture Investigations, United States Department of +Agriculture +</div> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: Well, I am glad the subject has been brought up but I +would rather listen than try to talk. As Mr. Littlepage made clear in +his paper yesterday, there has been considerable effort in the eastern +states towards the introduction of the filbert, but almost uniformly +such attempts have met with failure. About two weeks ago some of us +visited Dr. Morris's place and while there we were shown some large +European filberts, ten to twelve feet high, bearing heavily. These were +not suffering from the effects of the blight at all so far as we could +see, and they were right in the district where the native northern +filbert is one of the most common of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> the wild plants. It was quite a +revelation to me to see the native filbert or hazels bearing so heavily. +Everywhere we went we saw low bushy hazels not over two feet from the +ground loaded with immature nuts. I thought there was an opportunity for +some nut enthusiast to canvass that territory, and find the best +individual plants for propagation. The filbert, it seems to me, offers +an unusually inviting field, and unless I am greatly mistaken there is a +great field for exploration. Dr. Deming lives in that same section, and +he tells us that on his farm the hazels are even more common than at Dr. +Morris's place. Dr. Morris agrees with us that there is a fine +opportunity for searching for the best varieties. He has done it and has +found, I believe, one which he thinks is especially fine. I would be +glad to hear from any one else about these nuts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Riehl</span>: Mr. President, I have made a little observation of the +European and I don't think it will count for very much. I know of trees +that were planted in one of our experiment stations. I last saw them +three or four years ago and they were twelve or fifteen feet high and +bearing very heavy crops. I saw no disease of any kind but it was in the +city of Alton and I don't suppose there is a native hazel within miles +of it. That may be why they were bearing so well and were exempt from +disease. I haven't seen those trees for the last four years and what has +happened to them I don't know. I intend to go and see what has become of +them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Mr. Doan, what is your especial interest in the hazel?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Doan</span>: I think it offers great possibilities. The different species +that we have tried show that. The fact that it grows freely, even though +certain branches of it have the blight, which does not at once destroy +the whole bush, and the fact that it bears freely and abundantly, I +think are points in its favor. A great many persons couldn't wait eight +or ten years for a nut tree to bear but could wait a much shorter time. +I think this is one good point in favor of the hazels.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: There is no doubt that the hazel offers a very excellent +opportunity for study and investigation. There are many varieties of the +native hazel that are very fine and it seems to me that therein lies a +field of work for this association. There is no information to the +productive nut grower of more value than the facts as to what these nuts +will do, how they can be produced, how quickly they bear, and what they +are worth. We have very little reliable information about the English +walnut. When we listened to Mr. Reed last night we were forced to the +conclusion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> that as yet we know nothing about it. There are a few +apparently promising English walnut trees throughout the North but there +are many things to be taken into consideration before you can recommend +those for propagation. It seems to me the hazel offers a field of +considerable importance. Has any one else any suggestions to offer?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr Potter</span>: This hazel proposition interests almost every member of the +association. It seems to me as if we might get at something more +definite and instructive and I move that the chair appoint a special +committee to investigate the hazel, and report at the next meeting.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: It has been moved and seconded that the chair appoint a +committee of three to investigate the hazel or filbert, and report at +the next meeting. Are you ready for the question?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Riehl</span>: I hardly think that will do any good. I believe there is a +field where good work can be done but I doubt whether the chair or any +one else is able to appoint a committee that can find out much that will +be of value between now and our next annual meeting. There are so few +superior hazels. I tried for many years to find a native hazel that is +worthy of planting. I have heard of some but have been unable to get +them. I heard of one and had it promised to me but he has forgotten it, +I guess, and I never got it. I know of another that is said to be very +good, but the man that has it won't let anybody have it unless he gets +five hundred dollars, and there is no man willing to pay that on his +say-so that it is a good thing. So we have got nothing to go on for such +committee to make a report on. A much better plan would be for this +association to offer a prize of a certain sum of money to any one who +will report a superior hazel. Let that get in the papers and be talked +of so the boys and girls will hear of it and they will contend for the +twenty-five or fifty dollars. There are no doubt such fine hazels but +the trouble is to find them. I think the best way would be to offer a +reward and let them be brought to us. In that way we can accomplish +something, but to appoint a committee when we have nothing to go on will +do no good.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: There is a great deal in the suggestions of Mr. Riehl. It +has been noticed by all of us in nut culture that the individual opinion +of the man who has seen only his tree or bush is perhaps not worth much. +That is why the data we have on the walnut is unsatisfactory. So much of +it comes from the man who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> has seen only his tree, and does not know +what a first class bearing tree is like. The same difficulty would +arise, to some extent, in your suggestion, Mr. Riehl, as to offering the +prize. That is perhaps one of the best methods to stimulate interest but +there is this difficulty in the way, that the nuts must be gathered, and +the tree be investigated before it could be properly authenticated. I +have had people tell me they have seen pecans from certain trees, that +long (measuring on finger). There never was a pecan grew in the world +that long. The question before the house is the appointment of this +committee. Is there any further discussion? If not those in favor of it +make it known by rising. (Two.) Those opposed make it known by rising. +(Seven.) The motion is lost. Is there any further business? If not we +will stand adjourned <i>sine die</i>.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX</h2> + +<h3>THE HISTORY OF THE PERSIAN WALNUT IN PENNSYLVANIA</h3> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">J. G. Rush, West Willow, Pennsylvania</span></p> + + +<p>The history of the Persian walnut in Pennsylvania goes back several +hundred years. Seed nuts only were brought here by the early German +settlers, as steam navigation was unknown at that period. From this +mixture of seed from Europe, we have at this time a few varieties worthy +of favorable mention. In this connection I will give you my brief +history or experiences and observation for the last twenty-nine years.</p> + +<p>In 1886 I bought two seedling trees from a local nursery regardless of +name or variety at thirty-five cents each. These two trees received +equal treatment in culture for ten years, when the so-called Rush tree +produced two bushels of fine developed nuts. The other tree about forty +feet away has not produced two bushels from the time it was planted to +the present date.</p> + +<p>The productiveness of the Rush induced me to think, and to investigate +the great difference in these two trees. I finally found the Rush to be +a simultaneous bloomer whereas the other was just the reverse.</p> + +<p>Being a member of the State Horticultural Association I exhibited these +nuts from time to time when finally other members became interested in +nut culture. Mr. John Engle of the Marietta Nurseries advised me to +plant seed from this particular tree and raise seedling trees for sale. +I finally did on a small scale only. But I soon found in the young +seedlings a taint of black walnut blood, which discouraged me for a +further continuance. Later I had correspondence with J. F. Jones, then +of Monticello, Fla., who had specialized in the propagation of all nut +trees. In 1903 scions were sent to him, and returned as budded trees in +1905, and are now a living monument to the memory of the first +propagator of the Rush variety.</p> + +<p>The Pennsylvania state nursery inspector first called my attention to +the Hall variety in Erie County, Pa., after which a lively +correspondence followed and sample nuts were exchanged. In 1910 Mr. J. +F. Jones and myself were to see this tree, in order to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> get its life +history. It was said by Mr. Hall that the tree was planted by the early +German settlers about forty years ago. The Hall variety is very catchy +to the eye on account of its large size. Through the kindness of Mr. +Hall we were allowed to cut a few buds, which are bearing trees now at +West Willow.</p> + +<p>The Holden came first to my attention about four years ago in the New +York State Horticultural Association Report, after which a lively +correspondence opened and sample nuts with the Rush were exchanged which +finally led to the propagation of this prospective variety.</p> + +<p>The Nebo is a variety the history of which I traced back to about +seventy-five years ago. It was planted by an English iron-master by the +name of McCreary. It is said that he gave lodging to a tree agent, +whereupon he received this tree as compensation.</p> + +<p>The Burlington from Burlington, N. J., is of the Alpine type, and is of +great size.</p> + +<p>The Lancaster was first called to my attention a year ago. It is said +the tree, not the seed, was brought from Germany. This variety is worthy +of extensive cultivation, is however also of the Alpine type and very +prolific.</p> + +<p>In connection with the varieties just mentioned we have also the French +varieties, such as the Mayette, Franquette, Cutleaf, Alpine and +Parisienne. The French varieties are not tried out in respect to their +dependability for the Atlantic coast. They however show hardiness equal +to any other variety grown in Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>As regards the late vegetating habit of some Of these varieties enabling +them to escape late spring frosts, I see no advantage whatever, as Jack +Frost is a privileged character and makes his appearance regardless of +time or place.</p> + +<p>With the limited efforts I have made thus far in the dissemination of +the Persian walnut, I am absolutely confident that the work has just +commenced. There will yet be varieties discovered which will compare +favorably and may surpass those we have already listed. The best +territory to work in I find is the German settlements. They always were +noted for their seed distributions in the early history of Pennsylvania. +In justice to these frugal people, the Persian walnut should be called +The Dutch nut. But the English were the great importers of these nuts +and hence the name English walnut. The Germans today as they visit their +Fatherland invariably bring a few nuts or trees with them, which keeps +up the supply. Of course not all these seedling trees are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> true to the +variety desired. But they say they come from the Homeland, which gives +them great contentment.</p> + +<p>In the dissemination of these interesting nut-bearing trees I am safe in +saying I have visited hundreds of them and mostly single trees of very +little importance. The principal complaint is that when the nuts are as +large as grapes they drop off from some unknown cause. This is all for +the want of proper cross pollenization. The public in general is now +getting educated to the importance of planting grafted or budded +varieties of known merit, which is attested by the large plantings of +the last several years.</p> + +<p>My limited experience with grafting large nut trees is that it is not +practicable, from the fact that the lower limbs outgrow the grafted ones +and eventually smother them and cause them to die out, leaving the tree +in a disfigured condition. The better way is to plant several trees of a +good pollenizing variety near one another to get best results in +bearing.</p> + +<p>In this brief history of the nut industry of Pennsylvania and adjacent +states, I have said nothing in regard to propagation and culture, +knowing that some one else will take up that subject in detail.</p> + +<p>Horace Greeley in his prime of life said: "Young man, go west."</p> + +<p>The Northern Nut Growers Association says: "Young man, plant a nut +tree."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="A_COMPARISON_OF_NORTHERN_AND_SOUTHERN_CONDITIONS_IN_THE_PROPAGATION_OF" id="A_COMPARISON_OF_NORTHERN_AND_SOUTHERN_CONDITIONS_IN_THE_PROPAGATION_OF"></a>A COMPARISON OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN CONDITIONS IN THE PROPAGATION OF NUT TREES</h2> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa.</span></p> + + +<p>I shall not try to cover the whole subject of propagation or describe +methods of budding and grafting, as these will be covered by others and +we are to have demonstrations of budding and grafting, which are far +ahead of any descriptions that can be given. I will try to compare +conditions in the North and South and give some of my experience with +the problems that have confronted us.</p> + +<p>We have been able to get very satisfactory results with the pecan, +either by budding or grafting, under northern conditions. With good +scions and good stocks we have been able to get nearly, if not quite, as +good results in Pennsylvania as we were able to get in Florida or +Louisiana. The growth of the tree is also quite satisfactory. From +dormant buds on good stocks we are able to get a growth of four to six +feet the first year in the nursery and six to seven feet is not unusual. +The growth is also quite stocky and altogether very satisfactory. Any of +the methods of propagation as practiced on the pecan in the South are +successful in the North, but budding by the patch method has given us +the best results. Grafting is quite successful so far as the live or +stand is concerned, but, on account of our shorter growing season, the +growth is not nearly so satisfactory as that of the dormant bud which, +being set the previous summer, is ready to start quickly into growth in +the spring and gets the full benefit of our shorter growing season.</p> + +<p>The shagbark hickory is essentially a northern tree and can only be +propagated satisfactorily in the North. In Florida and Louisiana we +could graft the shagbark on pecan stocks with fairly satisfactory +results, so far as the live or stand was concerned, but the tree did not +take kindly to the climate of the Gulf Coast and made little growth, a +number dying out altogether the second and third years after being +grafted. We have never gotten very satisfactory results from grafting +the shagbark with scions taken from old, bearing trees, but with good +scions from young thrifty trees, the shagbark may be grafted with fairly +satisfactory results in the northern states. From the nature of the +growth, it is not practical to bud the shagbark by the annular or patch +bud methods as practiced so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> satisfactorily on the pecan, but last +season (1913) in an experiment we got good results from ordinary shield +budding by taking scions from a tree that had matured and ripened its +growth up early and setting the buds on young, sappy growth of the +pignut hickory, <i>Hicoria Glabra</i>. The scions from which those buds were +taken were cut to test patch budding on the shagbark and when it was +found that the growth had hardened and the bark would not peel, the buds +were cut and inserted by ordinary shield budding, as practiced on the +apple, peach, etc. This experiment was made with little or no hope of +success, so that my surprise can well be imagined, when the wrapping was +removed and it was found that every bud had united with the stocks! +These buds have made better growth the present season than have the +grafts set the past spring, as might be expected. This may be a freak +and we may not be able to again duplicate the results, at least in more +extensive practice, but I am inclined to think that we will, under +similar conditions. The shagbark, without any manipulation, ripens and +hardens up its growth early in the season and it would appear that these +conditions could easily be duplicated, at least in average seasons. +Young stocks of either the pecan or pignut hickory hold their sap much +later than does the shagbark and are in good condition for budding after +the shagbark is dormant. We have practiced this method on the chestnut +for several years with very satisfactory results. The chestnut may be +budded almost as easily as the apple or pear, and with nearly as good +results, by ordinary shield budding, by taking scions for budding from +an old bearing tree which has matured and ripened its growth up early +and setting the buds on young, sappy seedling stocks growing under +cultivation in the nursery. The paragon chestnut, especially, ripens its +growth up very early when the tree is carrying a good crop of chestnuts, +and there is a month, in average seasons, when buds may be taken from it +and set on young stocks in the nursery. This condition might be brought +about on younger trees from which buds are to be taken by withholding +nitrogenous fertilizers and cultivation, or, if necessary, by root +pruning. Root pruning should not be too severe as a sudden check on the +growth in the growing season might interfere more or less with the +storing up of "starch" or "dormant plant food" in the scion. Any +condition or conditions that will serve to induce early maturing and +ripening of the wood growth on trees from which buds are to be taken +will be satisfactory, and by using nitrogenous fertilizers and liberal +cultivation on the stocks to be budded, they may be kept in good +condition of sap well into September in average seasons.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> Grafted at the +proper time we were able to get good results without any manipulation of +the seedling stocks. All that we ever did there was to remove the new +growth occasionally to hold the stocks in good condition for grafting +and prolong the grafting season, and it was always questionable whether +this was a necessary precaution. My idea in keeping the new growth off +the stocks till the grafts were set was not to control the sap flow, but +to prevent, if it were possible by this means, the exhaustion of the +stored up "starch" in the stock, by the new growth. In the northern +states, the sap in the walnut stocks, and perhaps to some extent in +other nut tree stocks, is inclined to come up in the spring with a rush. +Some seasons at least, even before the buds push into growth, when the +stocks are cut off for grafting a large number "bleed" or run sap very +freely and this may continue several days, flooding and injuring the +scion, and exhausting the vitality of the stock. This condition was +especially noticeable the past spring, due presumably, to the lateness +of the growing season. Making provision for the exit of the surplus sap +was usually sufficient in the lower south and, we believed, would be +farther north, but with the stronger flow of sap this is not sufficient +in the northern states, at least some seasons. An examination of grafts, +set on stocks which have bled freely after having been grafted, shows +that the stock callouses very slowly, if at all, and the scion, unless +it be of very heavy, solid wood, becomes dark colored and sour and the +wood soon dies in the cleft, although the scion above this point may +remain green for weeks. I am not able, at this time, to give any +specific remedy for the correction of this trouble for the reason that I +have not worked it out to my own satisfaction as yet, but now that we +understand the trouble better, I feel sure that we will be able to +correct it in the manipulation of the stocks before they are grafted. +Keeping the new growth off the stocks may be found to be sufficient in +most seasons, if the grafting is done rather late, but I am of the +opinion that a rather severe cutting back of the stocks a few days +before they are grafted, if the grafting is done early, will be found +the best practice. For later grafting, my opinion is that two or three +cuttings, say a week apart, will be better. Root pruning, where it can +be practiced to advantage, will be found more effective still. I have +never known newly transplanted stocks or those which had the tree digger +run under them, to bleed freely when grafted, and we have sometimes +gotten a good stand of grafts on such stocks, but such stocks may not +always have sufficient sap for the best results in grafting, if they +have been recently transplanted or root pruned. Fall planted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> As a +matter of experiment, I want to try budding both the pecan and walnut by +this method the present season, but I don't expect any results from +walnut buds set in this way. For the information of those who may wish +to try this method the present season, I will say that we cut the +shagbark buds a little heavier than we cut apple or pear buds. The wood +was left in the bud. The bark on the stock was split and the buds +inserted just as in any other shield budding. The buds were wrapped very +firmly, with waxed muslin, just as we wrap patch buds.</p> + +<p>Our success with grafting the English or Persian walnut, under northern +conditions, has been variable and not very satisfactory. With good +scions and good stocks and other favorable conditions, we have sometimes +gotten over 90 per cent to grow, but the stand is more often much below +this and the present season we did not average over 25 per cent. The +fact that we get good stands of grafts when all conditions are right, is +not only encouraging but demonstrates that the English walnut can be +grafted under eastern or northern conditions with at least a fair degree +of certainty as to results, just as soon as we learn the causes of our +failures and are thus able to apply the remedy. Perhaps the greatest +drawback to the successful grafting of the English walnut is the +difficulty of obtaining good scions. The annual growth of the walnut is +much more pithy than that of the pecan or shagbark, and for this reason, +only a comparatively small portion of the growth is available for +grafting purposes if we are able to select scions that will give the +best results. Like the pecan and shagbark, the two-year wood makes the +best scions for grafting, provided that the wood has good buds on it, +but under our conditions those buds that lie dormant are usually shed +off during the summer and few good buds remain that will start quickly +into active growth. It is true that adventitious buds will often form +where these buds have shed off, and these will push into growth if the +stock is kept free from sprouts, but usually too late in the season to +make good trees, and keeping the seedling stock free from sprouts when +it should be in leafage is more or less weakening and injurious and the +grafts, starting into growth late in the season, do not mature and ripen +their growth up properly before frost and are quite likely to be injured +by early November freezes, unless they have some protection. To graft +the English walnut with unvarying and satisfactory results, under +northern conditions, we must not only have good scions and good stocks, +but we must control the sap flow in the stocks. In Florida and Louisiana +the sap came up more gradually in the stocks in the spring, and when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> or +root pruned stocks would probably give the best results, as the sap +would probably come up more gradually in the spring and, while the flow +would probably be sufficient for the best results, it would not flow +freely enough to injure the scion or stock.</p> + +<p>We have not experienced any serious difficulty from an extreme flow of +sap in pecan stocks, either in the North or South, but we have had +grafts set on the pignut hickory fail from this cause. The English +walnut may be budded with fair to good results, by the patch method, by +selecting good buds on the best matured, round growth, but to propagate +the tree economically and satisfactorily it is desirable to both bud and +graft, otherwise both stocks and scion wood are wasted.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="TOP-WORKING_LARGE_WALNUT_TREES" id="TOP-WORKING_LARGE_WALNUT_TREES"></a>TOP-WORKING LARGE WALNUT TREES</h2> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">W. C. Reed, Vincennes, Indiana</span></p> + + +<p>In top-working large native walnut trees to the Persian or English +walnut, the first operation is to cut the trees back severely. This +should be done while the trees are dormant, preferably in February or +early in March. Cut them back two feet or more above where you wish to +graft, then cut again to where you want them. This will avoid splitting. +Usually we cut back to where the limbs are from two to four inches in +diameter. We have cut some back that were six to eight inches with good +results. However, limbs this size require careful attention to avoid +decay as it takes so long for them to heal over.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Scions for Grafting</i></p> + +<p>Scions for grafting should be cut while perfectly dormant and packed in +damp moss or sawdust, being careful not to have it too wet. Paper line +the boxes and place in a cool place. Cold storage is much better. Scions +cut during the winter and placed in cold storage will come out in good +shape for grafting in May, or budding during July or August. Where there +is danger of the wood being injured by cold weather it would be well to +cut scions in November, before severe cold.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Time for Grafting</i></p> + +<p>Wait until the new growth is well advanced or nearly in full leaf, which +is about May 1 to 10, in this latitude.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Methods</i></p> + +<p>Use either the wedge graft or the bark graft. We have had equally good +results with each. If any difference it is in favor of the side or bark +graft which we prefer because it does not split or mutilate the stock, +there is not the chance for decay, and the wounds heal over much +quicker. On limbs three to four inches in diameter put in three to four +grafts.</p> + +<p>Cut the stubs back one to two inches below where they were cut when +dormant so you may have a fresh clean cut. Pare the rough bark off until +you have a fairly smooth surface for three inches below where the limbs +are cut off.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Side or Bark Grafting</i></p> + +<p>For side or bark grafting split the bark with a sharp knife for about +two inches where the graft is to be set. Cut your scions with about two +buds. Slope the scion all from one side with a long slope so it will fit +well to the wood or cambium layer; then trim off a little of the outer +bark on the outside lower edge of the scion, just enough to expose the +cambium so it will come in contact with the inner side of the bark on +the tree.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Wedge Graft</i></p> + +<p>If the wedge graft is used, take a long bladed knife (a corn knife will +do) set it sloping on the cut off stock and make a clean cut through the +bark first so it will split straight, then raise the handle of the knife +and drive the blade into the wood, splitting it as deep as needed, +depending on the size of the scion and insert a wooden wedge made from +some hard wood. An old broom or hoe handle is good, tapering the wedge +from both sides, leaving it thick in the center so it will come out +easily after the graft is set by simply tapping lightly from first one +side and then the other. In cutting the scion slope from each side with +a long slope to fit the split in the stub. The outer edge of the scion +should be somewhat thicker than the inner edge so that when the wedge is +taken out it will be held firm. Be very careful to see that the cambium +of the scion and tree meet on each edge of the scion. Pack all large +cracks with tissue paper and wax thoroughly.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Waxing, Tying, Bagging</i></p> + +<p>As soon as the grafts are set, cover the entire wound with grafting wax, +being careful to cover the top of the stub well and the sides as far +down as the bark is split, and the upper end of the scion. Then place a +paper sack over the stub to prevent evaporation and leave this on until +the scions start into growth. We do not use any tying material on large +limbs because the bark is thick enough to hold the graft in place. +However, on smaller trees it will be important to wrap the grafts well.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Grafting Wax</i></p> + +<p>The best grafting wax we have found is composed of the following:</p> + +<p>Four pounds resin, one pound beeswax, one-half pint linseed oil and one +tablespoon of lampblack. Melt all together and apply with a paint brush, +being careful not to have the wax too hot.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>After Care</i></p> + +<p>After new growth starts watch it closely every week or ten days and keep +all suckers removed until the scion starts into growth. Wherever grafts +fail to start the suckers may be left to grow for budding later.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Budding Large Trees</i></p> + +<p>Cut back early the same as for grafting, cover all cuts with grafting +wax, let all sprouts grow until time to bud, which is usually August 1 +to September 1. Thin out the small, weaker sprouts and bud three or four +of the largest ones, setting the bud four to six inches from where the +sprout comes out of the stub. Use the patch bud, wrap carefully with +waxed cloth, using muslin dipped in melted beeswax, the strips of cloth +three-sixteenths to one-fourth inch wide. The following spring, about +March 1, cut the sprouts back to about three inches above the bud, +remove all other sprouts when new growth starts and keep all suckers +removed.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Supports</i></p> + +<p>At this time you will need to put up slat supports to tie the buds to. +Take slats one by two inches and twelve feet long. Nail these to the +sides of the limbs so they will extend six to eight feet above. Keep +buds and grafts tied up every week or ten days during the growing +season.</p> + +<p>It has been our experience that budding is preferable. However, grafting +in the spring and then budding in August gives you two chances the same +season.</p> + +<p>This same method applies to the pecan and hickory as well as the walnut +and if the work is carefully done you will surely be well paid for your +work.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="INTEREST_IN_NUT_GROWING_IN_THE_INTERMOUNTAIN_STATES" id="INTEREST_IN_NUT_GROWING_IN_THE_INTERMOUNTAIN_STATES"></a>INTEREST IN NUT GROWING IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN STATES</h2> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Dr. L. D. Batchelor, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station</span></p> + + +<p>The marked increase in the interest in nut growing throughout the +intermountain states is shown by the numerous inquiries on this subject +which are directed to this office. There have been very few plantings of +commercial orchards, but on every hand there is an interest shown in +using nut trees for shade trees. The hardy varieties of Persian walnut +are being planted more each year to ascertain the most promising sorts +for commercial planting. Larger plantings will no doubt follow when some +of these varieties have gained the confidence of the people, for one of +the chief drawbacks to nut planting in the past has been the common +belief that a semi-tropical climate is essential to the production of +such nuts as almonds, pecans and Persian walnuts.</p> + +<p>The Utah Agricultural Experiment Station has distributed about one +hundred Persian walnut trees to coöperative planters over the state the +past season. Ninety-five per cent of the trees are making a thrifty +growth, while a similar planting made in 1912 gives good promise.</p> + +<p>The following varieties are included in the experimental lot; Chaberte +(grafted on black walnut); Franquette (on black and English walnut); +Franquette (Vrooman Strain); Mayette (on English Walnut); Parisienne (on +the black walnut); Pomeroy (seedling); Pomeroy (on black walnut); Rush +(on black walnut).</p> + +<p>A number of seedling trees have been discovered by the writer during the +past year, throughout the state. Some of these seedlings are producing a +fairly good type of commercial nut. What is more important, however, the +success of these seedling Persian walnuts points to the practicability +of planting the hardier varieties of this nut in the intermountain +states.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="REPORT_FROM_G_H_CORSAN" id="REPORT_FROM_G_H_CORSAN"></a>REPORT FROM G. H. CORSAN</h2> + + +<p>Location—Toronto.</p> + +<p>Season—Winter, 1913-1914; Spring, 1914; Summer, 1914.</p> + +<p>Type of season—November and December very mild. The ground was not +frozen the least on January 1, 1914. January 12 the coldest day Toronto +ever experienced 22° F. below zero. On February 12 it was 18° F. below +zero. January, February and most of March <i>very</i> steady cold. Very +little snow all winter, none on January 12.</p> + +<p>Except those that I smothered by <i>too</i> much care the following seedlings +lived through the winter and are alive today: Pecans; pinus edulis; +pinus Koriensis; chestnuts; filberts; all the juglans including +Californica and Canadian seed of regia; pawpaws; persimmons. My +"mountain rose" peaches had not a twig winter killed though my +Fitzgeralds, a very hardy peach, had some; this peach may not be as +hardy as it is blown up to be. The season has been very dry and this +summer many of the Paragon chestnuts died that were not watered. My +Pomeroy walnuts are having a struggle to keep good form but I think that +I will have a few hardy ones selected from them, as these last two +winters have been the most trying on young trees we have ever had, of +which fact I am glad. Here at Battle Creek are a dozen of Mr. W. C. +Reed's grafted pecans; all are alive and growing strong as are mine in +Toronto. I wrote you of the horrible abuse that mine had while in +transit and they had a right to die but lived. Pecans grow very late +into the fall and do not shed their leaves early so that I feel sure +that the wood will harden sufficiently to stand the winter. The next +question is, will the nut mature where grapes and peaches grow and just +escape the October frosts. I saw many splendid pecans at Burlington, +Iowa. Native pecans for seed stock can be procured from there in +abundance. The nuts there are long and narrow, but not thick-shelled, +and sell retail in the stores for not less than twenty cents a pound. +The climate at Burlington has been 35° F. below zero some winters.</p> + +<p>I am certain from my observations all over northeastern North America +that the pecan has far more possibilities than the English walnut or any +other nut unless we can develop a blight proof chestnut.</p> + +<p>The north Chinese walnut has been doing wonderfully well in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> Toronto and +those two trees fifteen and seventeen feet high have not a twig killed. +They do not bear as early as the Japanese. Their leaves are much longer +than the English walnut but the nut is fully as good as the best +California, Persian walnut that ever reached the market. Many of the +nuts are paper shelled, some burst open at the suture. Their appearance +is almost the same as the English but the tree is much hardier, growing +at the extreme north of China. Then this is the tree that the nurserymen +of Ontario have been selling as "English" walnuts and guaranteeing to be +hardy. But as soon as we saw the leaf and the trunk we at once knew them +for north Chinese walnuts and upon being told that, the men acknowledged +that they were. Just today I have been speaking to a missionary from the +extreme north of China and he informs me that they have two feet of ice +every winter where these trees grow in abundance with the finest nuts he +ever saw. This fact and the fact that really good pecans can grow up +north are the two facts that I wish this association to work on in order +to get results that are certain of success.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="DISTRIBUTION_OF_PERSIAN_ENGLISH_WALNUT_SEEDLINGS_IN_MICHIGAN" id="DISTRIBUTION_OF_PERSIAN_ENGLISH_WALNUT_SEEDLINGS_IN_MICHIGAN"></a>DISTRIBUTION OF PERSIAN ("ENGLISH") WALNUT SEEDLINGS IN MICHIGAN</h2> + + +<p>Attention should be called to the work of Mr. Myron A. Cobb of the +Department of Agriculture of the Central State Normal School, Mount +Pleasant, Michigan, of which he sends the following outline. Mr. Cobb +has consented to send out with the trees a leaflet, to be supplied by +this Association, explaining the fundamental principles of nut growing.</p> + +<p>It is interesting to note the cost of these seedling trees, one and +one-half cents each, including postage.</p> + +<p>The success of Mr. Cobb's work shows the readiness of the public for it. +Our Association should encourage similar work in other states.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"About five years ago, I began the distribution of walnut seedlings by +planting a few seeds in our orchard, and distributed them to the schools +of Isabella County. I distributed about five hundred each year, making a +total of two thousand five hundred seedlings. This year, the idea has +been more widely advertised, and the demand for seedlings has been +enormous. I have distributed this year five thousand seedlings and have +received orders for about two thousand more which I could not fill +because of lack of trees.</p> + +<p>"This work was taken up primarily with the idea of distributing walnut +seedlings on the farms and incidentally to teach how trees are raised +and to correlate the work of the school to the home.</p> + +<p>"The trees have been distributed largely by parcel post, in amounts from +three to three hundred. The trees have been sold for one and one-half +cents each. This covers the original cost of the trees and the postage +on the same. Some of the trees have been grown upon our own grounds, but +the most of them have been obtained from the D. Hill Nursery Company, of +Dundee, Illinois. The distribution has been largely through the schools, +but many organizations have interested themselves in the movement, as +farmers' clubs, women's clubs, civic improvement leagues, etc. The +Women's Club of Pontiac distributed two hundred and seventy-five. We +prefer to distribute them through the schools.</p> + +<p>"These trees have been distributed to nearly every portion of Michigan, +Mr. Weidman, a prominent lumberman, sending one hundred to the Upper +Peninsula. Several hundred have been sent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> to the burned over areas of +Northeastern Michigan, some have been planted in the cities and along +the roadside, but the most of them have been distributed to the farms. +The demand this year exceeded our anticipation. Many farmers and +organizations have been greatly interested in securing and distributing +the seedlings, and some of the requests for seedlings have been very +interesting, in that they show such a great desire on the part of the +farmers to secure the trees, and it has been with extreme regret that we +were obliged to return their money, because of lack of seedlings.</p> + +<p>"This movement seems to be especially interesting in many ways and plans +are being made to supply the demand the following season and to extend +the work along other practical lines and apparent indications are that +our slogan, 'A walnut tree for every farm,' will be a reality."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="EXAMPLES_OF_SOME_RECENT_CORRESPONDENCE" id="EXAMPLES_OF_SOME_RECENT_CORRESPONDENCE"></a>EXAMPLES OF SOME RECENT CORRESPONDENCE</h2> + +<p class="author"> +<span class="smcap">Farmingdale, Ill</span>., August 5, 1914. +</p> + + +<p>I am interested in fruit and nuts of all kinds, but plant only for home +use and experimentally.</p> + +<p>I believe the chestnut is a better money nut here than the pecan, as +natives here bear very sparsely and irregularly although the catkins or +male part usually come out in great profusion.</p> + +<p>I note that you say "there is probably not much use in trying to grow +the pecan or Persian walnut outside the peach area." Here our pecan +seems as hardy as the average apple, withstanding 25° below zero or more +with little or no injury. I find that the "Andrus" Persian walnut is +<i>much</i> hardier than the "Pomeroy" as I planted two small one-year trees +that endured the following winter 20° below, with no injury to even +terminal buds. So twenty years may show a change of opinion as to the +value of the Persian walnut in the Middle West.</p> + +<p>The Japanese walnuts here are often injured by winter at 15° below, but +there may be hardier types and varieties than those I have tried.</p> + +<p>I have never been able to <i>graft</i> the pecan successfully—annual or +budding has given me the only success I have had. And in years like this +and last, I find it very difficult to make a transplanted grafted pecan +live without watering.</p> + +<p>I have failed, so far, in finding a practical method to keep chestnuts +in good eating and planting condition until spring. If stored in the +ground cellar or as peach pits, they mould, if kept in an ordinary +building they become too dry.</p> + +<p class="author"> +<span class="smcap">Benjamin Buckman</span>. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p> + +<p class="author"> +<span class="smcap">South Waterford, Me</span>., November 21, 1914.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 1em;">Dear Sir</span>: +</p> + +<p>I have just read in the last issue of the <i>Rural New-Yorker</i> a very +interesting article on nut growing, giving your name.</p> + +<p>For several years I have thought that it would be better for people in +the New England States to give more attention to nuts than so much to +apples, but I have not been in a position to start in with nut trees +much until now.</p> + +<p>Although 65 years old and somewhat used up with rheumatism I am not +ready to give up yet....</p> + +<p>When I started on this farm it did not produce a barrel of grafted +fruit. There were quite a lot of natural fruit trees that never had been +trimmed or cared for in any way. I grafted these trees and set out some +from time to time until now the farm produces from 500 to 800 barrels +per year.</p> + +<p>This year apples at picking time sold slow for $1.00 per barrel for No. +1's, No. 2's not wanted at any price.</p> + +<p>I often think that if I had set out a few acres of nut trees 25 years +ago they would have been more profit now than the whole 200-acre farm +is....</p> + +<p>Last spring on account of my lameness and the scarcity and the high +price of farm help I sold my large farm and bought a small place.... +Last spring I had about two acres of this land plowed up and during the +summer thoroughly worked over with the idea of next spring setting it +out to nut trees of some varieties that would do best here. Now I do not +know anything about nut growing or what varieties best to plant. If you +can help me out by putting me in a way to get this information you will +confer a great favor.</p> + + +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">United States Department of Agriculture,</span><br /> +Bureau of Statistics,<br /> +(Agricultural Forecasts)<br /> +Office of the County Correspondent.<br /> +</p> +<p class="author"> +Isle La Motte, Grand Isle, Vermont<span class="smcap">, December 10, 1914.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>:</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>I wish to set out several nut trees next spring here on this island in +Lake Champlain. We have lots of hickory nuts, butternuts, hazelnuts and +beechnuts growing wild here and Champlain says in his narrative that +there were lots of fine chestnuts growing here 300 years ago. Now I want +to try some chestnuts, black walnuts, English walnuts, pecans, and +almonds. If you can tell me the hardiest varieties of each and where to +get trees I shall be greatly obliged. I have my doubts about pecans and +almonds but am willing to try them here. I am growing peaches here where +they never grew before.</p> + + +<p class="author"> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Richmond, Va</span>., December 13, 1914.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Dear Sir:</span> +</p> + +<p>I am just commencing an enterprise in propagation of nut trees here just +north of Richmond. I shall have plenty of time to do some experimental +work in planting of unknown varieties and would like to do some such +planting. I want any information I can get on varieties of English and +black walnuts, hazelnuts, hickories and persimmons, "sloes" and any +other varieties of currants. If I am<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> not trespassing too much on your +time please put me in touch with parties who can give me information. +Please advise me if your association has any publications on the +subject.</p> + +<p>I am a retired civil engineer and my hobby has been all my life the +study of forest trees. I am now in a position to do some planting and I +should be very glad to coöperate with your association. I am here +located exactly on the line of demarcation between northern and southern +forest growths and I think I have exactly the location for experimental +work....</p> + + +<p class="author"> +<span class="smcap">New Milford, Conn</span>., December 8, 1914. +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">My dear Dr. Deming</span>:</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>This morning I am sending, by parcel post, a sample of hickory nuts to +compete for the prize which I saw has been offered by the association, +of which you are secretary.</p> + +<p>My father, while he was living, sent an exhibition of nuts to the +Pan-American, also to the St. Louis Fair, and received the highest award +given for nuts at both Expositions.</p> + + +<p class="author"> +<span class="smcap">New London, Conn</span>., December 3, 1914. +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>We are all elderly people, lacking energy to cultivate our farm land as +closely as we ought. Some of us are interested in nut culture and have +suggested that we plant some nuts and watch their growth from the very +beginning. Of course, we only wish nuts of the best varieties and +easiest culture. We only wish <i>hardy</i> nuts, that do not need grafting, +and we prefer those that come into bearing early. We do not wish any of +the Mammoth dwarf, Japan chestnut. We bought a nice one, but it <i>will</i> +not mature its fruit, and is gradually dying. We find great difficulty +in purchasing nuts. Those who have <i>trees</i> for sale, refuse to sell the +<span class="smcap">NUTS</span>.</p> + +<p>A person who has a few Japan walnut trees in connection with some other +business, very kindly offered to sell us some nuts, and these are all we +have been able to purchase so far. There are but very few nuts that we +would attempt to try. We wish to find some of the very best of filberts +or hazelnuts, that we shall probably cultivate in bush form. We are +interested in the <i>hardy</i>, hard shell almonds. Do you think we could do +anything with them? I <i>think</i> they do not have to be grafted. Do you +know of any species of English walnut or Madeira nut, that are perfectly +hardy, and come into bearing early, that would serve our purpose?</p> + +<p>I know we are asking quite a favor, for strangers, but if you will +kindly assist us a little, we will thank you very much.</p> + + +<p class="author"> +<span class="smcap">Broadway Methodist Church, Fargo, N. D.,</span><br /> +November 10, 1914. +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>I saw your statement in the <i>Southern Planter</i> this morning and am +writing, not to tell you where choice nut-specimens are to be obtained +but to ask a few questions relative to the obtaining the <i>best</i> +information possible to the growing of nuts. I have a ten-acre tract +about twelve miles straight south of Staunton,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> Va. When I purchased the +tract the chestnut and hickory were thriving. I have had about one half +of the property cleared and some trees planted. Among the trees are +twelve hardy English walnuts from Green's Nursery, Rochester, N. Y., 6 +"Mayo" and 6 "Pomeroy" walnuts from Glen Brothers, Rochester, N. Y. I am +interested in nut-culture. I have inquired of Glen Brothers if the +Kentish Cob would thrive there. They assure me it will. If there is a +chance to make a success of nuts, I would turn my time and thought to +the raising of walnuts and Kentish cobs and filberts. What would you +advise? If you cannot give me the desired information, kindly give me +directions to the one who can. I was brought up among the walnuts and +filberts and cob-nuts in the County of Kent, England, and now my +thoughts are turning to the delights of earlier days and I intend coming +to the Shenandoah Valley in the near future and making my home there....</p> + + + + +<h4> +THE SECRETARY'S REPLY</h4> + + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Georgetown, Conn</span>., November 13, 1914. +</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">My Dear Mr. ——:</span></p> + +<p>It gives me great pleasure to reply as well as I am able to your letter +of November 10th. You are in the position of many thoughtful men of the +present day in craving the peace and delight of a life that is nearer to +nature. You have also a small tract of land in a favored part of our +country, and you have been led to believe, by the statements that you +have run across in chance sources, that the returns from nut growing may +enable you to attain your ambition.</p> + +<p>Our president has a place at Roundhill, Va., not very many miles from +yours. He is a professor of something like "Efficiency" in the +University of Pennsylvania. He is young, aggressive and very efficient +himself. His father was, and he himself is, an orchardist and fruit +grower. Both he and I have been for some years working at the problems +of nut growing. But it is only this year that we seem to have overcome +the difficulties of grafting and budding nut trees. We have the greatest +faith in the future success of nut growing, but we do not know how long +it will be before we shall know just what varieties of nuts to plant +ourselves, least of all to advise others to plant, with any certainty of +success. For the man, however, who realizes that nut growing in the +North is still in the experimental stage, we have no end of information +and advice.</p> + +<p>The information you have had from interested sources is misleading. +Probably you would not live long enough to get satisfactory results from +the seedling trees you might plant, even if such results ever came. To +get reasonably prompt and certain results from nut trees it is necessary +to grow such trees grafted or budded from trees of known good bearing +record, just as the same thing is necessary with the common fruit trees.</p> + +<p>Your information about the Kentish cob and the filbert is but half the +truth. The shrubs will thrive for a time in almost any place. But they +have nowhere in the East been a success because sooner or later they are +destroyed by a disease. One of our great nut growing wants is a filbert +or hazel of good size and quality that has the blight resistant quality +of our native hazel.</p> + +<p>My advice to you then would be as follows. If it is your idea to make a +living by nut growing on your ten acres in Virginia within a reasonable +number of years, I do not advise you to attempt it. If you wish to take +up nut growing as offering<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> an occupation of the greatest interest, with +opportunity for the solution of problems of great importance to mankind, +and a fair promise of eventual money profit to yourself or to your +heirs, then I should certainly advise you to take up nut growing.</p> + +<p>I would not attempt to grow the hazel or the chestnut at present, except +in an experimental way. The nuts of best promise for you are the Indiana +or northern pecans and the English walnut. But it requires considerable +study of the subject before one may take up the practice of nut growing +without the probability of making unnecessary mistakes, and +unnecessarily losing time and money in repeating the experiences of +others.</p> + +<p>The wilful misstatements of some nurserymen, and the ignorance or +carelessness of others, has hindered the progress of nut growing. +Fortunately we have several nurserymen who have made a study of the +subject, who are honorable and truthful men, and on whose statements you +may rely. The only possible qualification of this statement that I know +of is that an allowance for enthusiasm might be borne in mind without +risk of harm. I enclose a list of such nurserymen, accredited by this +association.</p> + +<p>Your letter seems to call for this extended reply which I hope will be +of service to you. If I have left anything obscure that you would like +to know about, or if I can assist you in any other way, please let me +know.</p> + +<p>With the hope that you may be able to take up this most fascinating +avocation with pleasure and profit, I am</p> + +<p class="center"> +Very truly yours,</p> + +<p class="author"> +<span class="smcap">W. C. Deming.</span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PRELIMINARY_REPORT_ON_THE_PERSIAN_WALNUT" id="PRELIMINARY_REPORT_ON_THE_PERSIAN_WALNUT"></a>PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PERSIAN WALNUT</h2> + + +<p>The secretary herewith presents a preliminary report on the +investigation of the Persian walnut. No attempt has been made to collect +information about the walnut on the Pacific Coast, which is quite +another matter. But the investigation reports very briefly on trees from +Canada to Georgia and from Massachusetts to Utah.</p> + +<p>The result of the investigation so far is hardly more than a bare +catalogue of the trees which the secretary has been able to locate, and +is intended simply as an aid to further investigation. It is now +published with the hope that members and others may become informed of +Persian walnut trees that it may be possible for them to locate, observe +and report upon. It is manifestly impossible for any one person, unless +some paid agent of the government or other institution, to investigate +many of these trees personally, they are scattered over such a wide +area. Correspondence is usually unsatisfactory and personal +investigation is the only way to get good results.</p> + +<p>Probably only a small part of all the existing trees is here catalogued. +But among them, and among the others that will come to light in the +constantly widening investigation by an increasing number of interested +persons, will certainly be found varieties of merit and adaption to +different sections of the country.</p> + +<p>As the meeting next year at Rochester is to give especial attention to +the Persian walnut it is to be hoped that members and others will make +special efforts to send to the meeting specimen nuts and reports of +trees.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_PERSIAN_WALNUT" id="THE_PERSIAN_WALNUT"></a>THE PERSIAN WALNUT</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Canada</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brantford—Dr. D. S. Sager. Knows at least 50 trees. Is top working native walnuts and other work.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimbsy—H. K. Griffith. Bearing tree or trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimbsy—Louisa Neller. Bearing tree or trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimbsy East—Beverley Book. Bearing tree or trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Catherins—Miss Alice Berger, 251 Queenston St. Several bearing trees. One tree 100-200 pounds annually.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Catherins—Harper Secord, R. 2. Twenty-eight young seedlings.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Catherins—James Titherington. Bearing tree or trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Catherins—J. J. Fee, Niagara St. Bearing tree or trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Catherins—F. D. Solvyne, Carleton St. Bearing tree or trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Toronto—G. H. Corsan, University of Toronto. Many young walnut and other nut trees. "Hundreds of thousands being planted in Niagara Peninsula."</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">New York</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chappaqua—F. M. Clendenin. Just bearing few nuts after 8 years.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lockport—A. C. Pomeroy. Bearing orchard, seedlings.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North Avon—Adelbert Thompson. Bearing orchard, seedlings, 225 trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hilton—E. B. Holden. Bearing trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rochester—B. F. Whitmore, 520 Park Ave. Three bearing trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holley—W. E. Howard. Four bearing trees. Knows of others. "Hundreds of trees."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Canandaigua—Bradley Wynkoop. Bearing tree.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brockport—Marcus Cook, 90 Holley St. "Nearly 100 bearing trees within 5 miles of Brockport."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fairport—Pickering Bros., Some Pomeroys.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fairport—N. A. Baker.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor—E. Y. Shilling. Bearing tree.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor—A. B. Wood. Bearing tree.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor—Josiah Snyder. Bearing tree.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Watkins—Write E. C. Gabriel, Rock Stream. Tree reported by Prof. Corbett at N. Hector, 2 or 3 more east side of lake.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earlville—Francisco I. L. Mulligan. Twenty-nine Pomeroys and others.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hoosick Halls—A. A. Baker, R. 2. Knows of bearing tree near Long Island.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Port Jefferson—Joseph Schriever. "Fine Specimen."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huntington—Historical Society. "Fine Specimen."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Between Huntington and Centerport, on Gallows Hill, old Geo S. Conklin place, occupied by "Peachy," </span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">as reported by Uncle Jerry Wockers of the Ithaca <i>Journal</i> office. Bearing tree.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oyster Bay—Joseph H. Sears. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oyster Bay—Mrs. W. H. Burgess. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glen Cove—John T. Pratt. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glen Cove—W. L. Harkness (Dosoris). Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Woodbury—L. Piquet. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roslyn—Admiral Aaron Ward. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hempstead—Rev. Chas Snedaker, St. George's Rectory. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York City, Westchester—Dr. Deming. Three Morris trees.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">District of Columbia</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington—Barnes, Weaver, Kaingler, Stabler and other trees.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Delaware</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilmington—Dr. Rumford.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smyrna—Walter L. Marks.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magnolia—J. B. Tisdale. One or more bearing trees. Reported by E. B and J. M. Reed, Fredonia.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Millsboro—G. L. Ellis. Twenty miles away some trees.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">North Carolina</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carthage—I. W. Williamson. Few young trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carthage—John A. McLeod, R. 3.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pomona—J. Van Lindley. Several trees near Southern Pines.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Ohio</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cincinnati—I. B. Johnston. "About 50 trees near Cincinnati."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gypsum—H. G. Miller, of Wm. Miner and Son, Elmwood Fruit Farm. Two trees, 20 years old. </span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Also young Pomeroy trees. "Several very large bearing trees within a few miles of here."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dayton—Fred Kircher, 221 S. McDonough St.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amherst—O. F. Witte, R. 2. Bearing tree.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Middletown—Levi Leonard. One hundred seedlings. Knows of old trees in Lancaster Co., Pa.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">New Jersey</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lumberton—C. S. Ridgeway. "Peerless Paper Shell," 25 years, 50-100 pounds.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paterson—Thos. Rodgers, 236 W. 25th St., W. End. Bearing tree.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Salem—Weber; write D. Harris Smith, Att'y. Rep. J. L. Doan.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haddonfield—J. Hutchinson.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Raritan—Philip Lindsley, Box 350. Bearing tree.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flemington—Rev. Dr. Sonne. Bearing tree.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marlton—C. D. Barton. Knows good bearing trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moorestown—Charles Haines. Bearing tree.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Delanco—Frank Jones. Bearing tree.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Virginia</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williamsburg—D. S. Harris, Box 416, 33 Febrey. "Grafted."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williamsburg—J. A. Bechtel, R. 2.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mint Springs—Williams place. Two trees; rep. <i>Am. Nut. Jour.</i> 8, 14, p. 39.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lynchburg—Crockett.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roslyn—R. S. Carter, Box 41. Three trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emporia—H. W. Weiss. "Fifty trees on different farms; English, Japanese and black."</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Maryland</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sandy Spring—Ava M. Stabler.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colton's Point—James K. Jones. See Circular of J. F. Jones. "Eight or ten bearing trees."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forest Hill—Wilmer P. Hoopes.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Churchville—Alexis Smith. "Alexis."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sharon—Mrs. S. J. Poleet. "Sheffield."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Berkeley—J. T. Smith. "Smith."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Janettsville—David Hildt. "Beder."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vale—Kate Hooker. "Hooker."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baltimore—Franklin-Davis Nurseries.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princess-Anne—Ida M. Lankford. Bearing trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooperstown—L. J. Onion, P. O. Sharon. "Sir Clair."</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Massachusetts</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boston—Mrs. Schultz, 335 Cornell St., Roslindale, Boston. Bearing tree.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newburyport—Reported by C. F. Knight, Rowley. Bearing tree.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winchester—Brackett (Bro. of G. B. Brackett). Bearing trees.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">New Hampshire</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keene—Reported by A. C. Pomeroy. Pomeroy trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newmarket—Alfred C. Durgin. Six Pomeroy, 2 Rush, "Supposed to be grafted."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Enfield—Forest Colby. Some trees.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Michigan</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mt. Pleasant—Myron A. Cobb, Central State Normal School. Has been distributing thousands of walnut seedlings.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coloma—W. C. Reed, Vincennes, Ind.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Almont—F. P. Andrus. Bearing tree and seedlings.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augusta—Orville I. Miller. Buds from Andrus.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Alabama</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huntsville—Mr. Mayhew, Westchester, New York City. Reports tree.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Tennessee</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greenville—Wm. H. Brown, 516 Main St. Reports 3 trees, El. 1500.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Georgia</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sharpe—Paul Dyer. Reported by Prof. McHatton.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Idaho</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boise—S. A. Gehman. Local bearing trees. C. C. Vincent, Ag. Exp. Sta. Moscow.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Utah</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lehi—Mrs. J. T. Winn. Several trees.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Salt Lake City—J. T. Harwood (brother of above). Many bearing trees. Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, Ag. Exp. Sta. Logan.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CORRESPONDENTS_AND_OTHERS_INTERESTED_IN_NUT_CULTURE" id="CORRESPONDENTS_AND_OTHERS_INTERESTED_IN_NUT_CULTURE"></a>CORRESPONDENTS AND OTHERS INTERESTED IN NUT CULTURE</h2> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">CALIFORNIA</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D. P. T. MacDonald, Horticultural Inspector, 418 20th Street, Oakland</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">CANADA</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albert H. Lawrence, Edmonton, Alberta, Box 142</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">COLORADO</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. J. W. Benners, Silver Plume</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albert E. Mauff, Secretary State Board of Horticulture, Denver</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">CONNECTICUT</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">P. G. Wallmo, Stony Creek, Box 314</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royal J. Barter, Farmington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lester S. White, Collinsville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Noah Wallace, Farmington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. K. Decherd, Meriden, Box 464</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F. Perry Hubbard, care of The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clarence T. Hatch, New Milford</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chester Hart, Barkhamstead</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul Steinmann, Waterbury, R. 3</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles E. Chester, New London, Box 593</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">DELAWARE</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. L. Anderson, Lincoln City</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William A. Taylor, Department of Agriculture</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">FLORIDA</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. E. Browne, Glen Saint Mary</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IDAHO</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Judd, St. George Crystal Springs Orchard Co., Twin Falls</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Gourley, Filer</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Squires, Buhl, Rio Vista Fruit Ranch</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ILLINOIS</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacob Wyne, Lintner</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Maude Davidson, Lewiston</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L. H. Calloway, Chapin</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benj. Buckman, Farmingdale</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William E. Walsh, Sparta, R. 4.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Geo. R. Hemingway, 121 Marion Street, Oak Park</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. R. Matthews, McClure</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Ida L. Rice, Disco</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chas. E. Graves, University of Illinois Library, Urbana</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Truman Sweet, Durand</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Geo. Findlay, 102 So. Market Street, Chicago</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. C. Gibbs, Elmwood</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr A. W. Foreman, White Hall</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Editor Journal American Medical Association, 535 Dearborn Street, Chicago</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">INDIANA</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John F. Woods, Utility Farm, Owensville, R. 19</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. E. McElderry, Princeton Nursery, Princeton</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. J. Berendes, 509 E. Pennsylvania Street, Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vickery Bros., Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jarodsky & Co., Mt. Vernon</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Titus, Grand View</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. W. Jeffries, Carbon</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indiana Pecan Co., 234 3d Street, Mt. Vernon</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. B. Hill, Knightstown, Henry Co.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. R. Katterjohn, Boonville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. Hicks Trueblood, Salem, R. 9, Box 62</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. B. Halloway, 1132 No. Illinois Street, Indianapolis</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D. W. McFarland, No. Manchester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas L. Kerth, 408 Second Avenue, Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leo H. Fisher, Huntingburg</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harry Gieseke, Patoka</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. A. Weilbrenner, Mt. Vernon</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. W. Gleichman, Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. M. Thurber, Rockport</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. F. L. Davis, 209 Dover Street, Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John F. Woods, Owensville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L. P. Dorr, Howell, R. 9</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clarence Cook, Indianapolis</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert J. Tracewell, Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. A. Graham, Enterprise</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. C. Haines, Lake</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. A. Taylor, Oaktown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chas. F. Hartzmetz, Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. W. Strassell, Rockport</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IOWA</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wendell P. Williams, Danville</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">KANSAS</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. S. Baker, Secretary Winfield Nursery Co., Winfield</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">G. H. Dodge, 1000 Kearney Street, Manhattan</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. H. Brown, Gridley</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">KENTUCKY</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. W. Blunk, Maceo</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Speed, Editor <i>Farm and Family</i>, Louisville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. C. Hargis, Hebbardsville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. F. Kleiderer, Henderson</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Professor Carmody, Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MAINE</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">G. I. Hamlin, So. Waterford</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. F. Hitchings, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Orono</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MARYLAND</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. W. C. Taylor, 700 N. Broadway, Baltimore</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I. S. Winfree, Salisbury</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank J. Hoen, 213 Courtland Street, Baltimore</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wm. E. Little, Westminster</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. W. C. Taylor, 700 No. Broadway, Baltimore</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MASSACHUSETTS</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capt. William H. Dole, N. Dartmouth, R. 4</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. W. D. Clark, Department of Forestry, Agricultural College, Amherst</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leavitt Perham, Ludlow Center</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orrin C. Cook, Milford</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chas. Ripley, 173 Harvard Street, Dorchester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harris E. Chace, Clifford</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilfred Wheeler, Secretary State Board of Agriculture, 136 State House, Boston</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chas. R. Green, Librarian Agricultural College, Amherst</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John H. Chard, 263 Salem Street, Bradford</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. W. D. Clark, Department of Forestry, Agricultural College, Amherst</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MICHIGAN</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. Arthur Whitworth, Michigan Desk Co., Grand Rapids</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. H. M. Dunlap, Battle Creek</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William L. Davies, 1780 St. Aubin Avenue, Detroit</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L. O. Cook, Litchfield</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Marie Palmer, Plymouth, R. 2</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel A. Edwards, Newaygo</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">B. W. Madill, Linden</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. J. Robinson, Lamont</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Geo. W. Bolton, Sparta, R. 20</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MISSISSIPPI</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">G. H. Sadler, Columbia, R. F. D., care of Yale Cany.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. J. Hayden, Assistant Professor Horticulture, Agricultural College</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MISSOURI</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William A. F. Hain, 22 Tiffin Avenue, Ferguson</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank Wild Floral Co., Sarcoxie</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F. A. Chambers, Sherrill</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. A. Ester, 1102 Rogers Avenue, Springfield</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MONTANA</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. L. Pfeiffer, Joliet</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">NEW HAMPSHIRE</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. W. Hoitt, 24 Odd Fellows Building, Nashua</span><br /> +<br /><br /><span style="margin-left: 1em;">NEW JERSEY</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Rodgers, 236 W. 25th Street, Paterson</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. N. Jarvie, Beemerville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. W. H. Pounds, Paulsboro</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. G. Taylor, Secretary State Horticultural Society, Riverton</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nobel P. Randel, The High School, Montclair</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. C. Doorly, Sussex, R. 2</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph S. Smith, Burlington, R. 3</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lemuel Black, Hightstown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Herman Tice, Westwood</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philip Lindsley, Raritan, Box 350</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. Dr. Sonne, Flemington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. D. Barton, Marlton</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chas. Haines, Moorestown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank Jones, Delanco</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Hutchinson, Haddonfield</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">NEW YORK</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. William B. Jones, 525 Lake Avenue, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F. H. Pough, Union Sulphur Co., 17 Battery Place, New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. V. S. Thorne, V. P. Union Pacific System, 165 Broadway, New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">B. F. Butler, The Warrington, New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fred Mackintosh, 3 Gillespie Street, Schenectady</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. Wallace Bush, Central Valley</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank O. Ayres, 1 Madison Avenue, New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter H. Beller, Gallupville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jordan Philip, Cashier First National Bank, Hudson</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. Robert Bruce, Brick Church Institute, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O. N. Fisher, 3390 Park Avenue, New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hayward Greenland, care of Wilbur Van Dayer, White Memorial Building, Syracuse</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. Davis, 1240 Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. W. Tompkins, Brewster, R. 2</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ralph Hammersley, 88 Helderberg Avenue, Schenectady</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. Klaussner, Ferndale, Sullivan County</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. C. Sanders, 206 Broadway, New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. R. Ford, Dundee</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F. Gilmore, Piffard</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. S. T. Smith, Bath</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac Conover, Randall</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. H. Kelly, State Road, Plattsburgh, R. 2</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morris M. Whitaker, Nyack</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fred Blizzard, Westtown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wm. T. Laing, 716 Flatiron Building, New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank Hyde, Peekskill, Box 177</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. J. Robert Tice, Marlborough, R. F. D.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Lathrop, care of Alex D. Lathrop, Stockport</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. L. Overholser, State College of Agriculture, Ithaca</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trueman's Farm, Lake Katrine</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. H. Hechler, Harbor Hill, Roslyn</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Everett C. Foster, Sagaponack, L. I.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">NEW MEXICO</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F. V. Pattison, Clovis</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">NORTH CAROLINA</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buffalo Nursery Co., McCullers</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. W. M. Hess, Manager Audubon Nursery, Wilmington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. H. Gochnauer, New Bern, R. 2</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jesse M. Howard, 413 No. Kerr Street, Concord</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OHIO</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. Prentiss Baldwin, Leslie Block, Water and Decatur Streets, Sandusky</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Minnie Lehrer, 812 Osborne Street, Sandusky</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chas. A. Clark, Ravenna, R. 2</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. L. Moseley, 125 Vine Street, Sandusky</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Geo. T. Bishop, 1000 Scofield Building, Cleveland</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. W. Peters, Peters Buggy Co., Reynoldsburg</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. C. C. Arms, St. Clair Road, Euclid</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D. S. Burch, Assistant Editor <i>Farm and Fireside</i>, Springfield</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William N. Neff, Martel, Box 31</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. M. Farnsworth, Brooklyn Bank Building, Cleveland</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. M. Knight, 129 South Union Street, Akron</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. A. Lockwood, The Lockwood-Owen Farm Co., Port Clinton</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">N. G. Buxton, Johnstown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs G. W. Henderson, Cadiz, R. 6</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. W. Flaherty, Scio, R. 3</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. M. Preston, Vanatta, R. D. Box 122</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">G. L. Hyslop, Deshler</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">T. A. Dilley, Duncan Falls</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Bannon, Portsmouth</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F. H. Wickey, Greenwich, R. 1</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. P. Fowler, Jr., Coshocton, R. 4</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leroy V. Ewing, Cambridge, R. 5</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. W. J. Green, Horticulturist, Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wm. Schiller, Poland, R. F. D.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. Gill, Mechanicsburg</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. J. Miller, 134 Garvin Avenue, Elyria</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. P. Deppen, Tiffin, R. 1, Box 20</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OREGON</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. A. Orr, Milton</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">PENNSYLVANIA</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Leedon-Sharp, 4041 Catherine Street, Philadelphia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul Mease, Pleasant Valley</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. A. Calderhead, Wilmerding</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. P. Wright, Reed Mfg. Co., Erie</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John L. Hanna, Manager River Ridge Farm, Franklin</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elam G. Hess, Mannheim, Box 232</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chester Rick, Girard College, Philadelphia</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sam. P. Moyer, Meyerstown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Dierwechter, Richland</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph T. Huss, Wellsville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. F. Beers, Three Springs</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Editor Medical Council, Philadelphia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. B. Detwiler, Chestnut Blight Commission Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philadelphia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. Y. Satterthwaite, Swarthmore</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Donald Hutcheson, Warriors Mark</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">SOUTH CAROLINA</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">T. B. Ellis, Jr., Lyndhurst</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">TEXAS</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O. A. Triplett, 215 No. Elm Street, Fort Worth</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">UTAH</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L. M. Gillilan, High School, Salt Lake City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. T. Harwood, High School, Salt Lake City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Calahan, Calahan's Book Store, Salt Lake City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Maud Harwood, Lehi</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Broadbent, Utah Lake Irrigation Co., Lehi</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jesse Knight, Provo</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carl Isacson, Brigham City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. O. Knudson, Brigham City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Zollinger, Providence</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. D. Ball, Logan</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antone Pherson, Logan</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. R. Hurst, No. Logan</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sam Judd, St. George</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Stuki, Santa Clara</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nelson Fenton, Pleasant Grove</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard Brerton, Provo</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Stay, Calders Station, Salt Lake</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. J. T. Winn, Lehi</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. T. B. Beatty, Salt Lake City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. F. Knudson, Brigham City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. Fred Odell, Woods Cross</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph A. Smith, Providence</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">VERMONT</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Charles A. Lewis, Grafton</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arthur H. Hill, Isle La Motte</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">VIRGINIA</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warren Tomlinson, Farmville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. G. Bickford, Lee Hall Farm, Newport News</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. W. S. Mott, Dixondale</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. G. Bickford, Newport News</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James H. Denmead, West Point, Box 50</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John J. Rhodes, Potomac View Farm, Sterling</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. M. Fontaine, Richmond, care of Chesapeake and Potomac Telegraph Co., 7th and Grace Streets</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WASHINGTON</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. P. Douglass, Tonasket</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. H. Irish, Wapato</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert W. Bryan, Alderdale</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WEST VIRGINIA</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martin Crow, Dallas</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WISCONSIN</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. S. Liston, 459 Van Buren Street, Milwaukee</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WYOMING</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. C. Deming, Editor <i>Wyoming Stockman-Farmer</i>, Cheyenne</span><br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="AUTHORITIES_AND_SPECIAL_CORRESPONDENTS" id="AUTHORITIES_AND_SPECIAL_CORRESPONDENTS"></a>AUTHORITIES AND SPECIAL CORRESPONDENTS</h2> + +<p>For a list of authorities and special correspondents in all the states +of the Union, and elsewhere, see the report of this Association for +1913.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>SOME RECENT LITERATURE ON NUTS AND NUT GROWING</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Agriculture of the Future. J. Russell Smith, <i>Harper's Magazine</i>, January,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1913, p. 273.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Doctor's New Job. J. Russell Smith, <i>Country Gentleman</i>, June 28, 1913,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">p. 970.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nut Farming For Tomorrow. J. Russell Smith, <i>Country Gentleman</i>, July 5,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1913, p. 1015.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Pecan and the Patient Waiter. J. Russell Smith, <i>Country Gentleman</i>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">December 20, 1913.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pigs, Peas and Pecans. J. Russell Smith, <i>Ibid.</i>, December 27, 1913.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Real Dry Farmer. J. Russell Smith, <i>Harper's Monthly</i>, May, 1914.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tree Crops as a Control of Erosion. J. Russell Smith, <i>Science</i>, June 12, 1914.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Two Story Farming. J. Russell Smith, <i>Century Magazine</i>, July, 1914.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Agriculture of the Garden of Eden. J. Russell Smith, <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">August, 1914.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vacations that Counted. J. Russell Smith, <i>Harper's Weekly</i>, September 12,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1914.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Life History and Habits of the Walnut Weevil or Curculio, <i>Conotrachelus</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>juglandis</i>. Part III of the Annual Report of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Station, New Haven, 1912, p. 240.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Walnut Bud-moth, <i>Acrobasis caryae</i>. <i>Ibid.</i>, p 253.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Japan Walnuts, <i>Juglans sieboldiana</i>. <i>Rural New-Yorker</i>, February 1, 1913.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. O. Mead on variation in type and crossing.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Persian Walnuts for Indiana. Van Deman, <i>Rural New-Yorker</i>, February 22,</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">1913, p. 225.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dropping Walnuts. <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 259.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chestnut Bark Disease. Part V of the Annual Report of the Connecticut</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, 1912. Very full account, 100</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pages, plates, charts and bibliography.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Chestnut Bark Disease. <i>Ibid.</i>, bul. 178, September, 1913.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So-called Chestnut Blight Poisoning. <i>Ibid</i>. Part I of the Annual Report for</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1914. 12 pages and plate.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Supposed Poisonous Properties of Chestnuts Grown on Trees Affected with</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chestnut Blight. C. Dwight March. <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">July 4, 1914, p. 30.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Studies in Juglans, 1. Study of a Form of <i>Juglans Californica</i>, Watson. By</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ernest B. Babcock. University of California Publications in <i>Agricultural Sciences</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-46, pls. 1-12. December 4, 1913.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Studies in Juglans, II. Further Observations on a New Variety of <i>Juglans</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Californica</i>, Watson, and on Certain Supposed Walnut-Oak Hybrids. By</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ernest R. Babcock. <i>Ibid.</i> Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 47-70, pls. 13-19. Oct. 31, 1914.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Production of the Walnut in the Northwest. Ferd Groner. Fifth Annual</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Report, Oregon State Horticultural Society, December, 1913. p. 159.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Top-Working Seedling Pecan Trees. W. N. Hutt. Bul. 224, North Carolina</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, January, 1914. Excellent description</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and illustrations.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Birds as Carriers of the Chestnut Blight Fungus. <i>Journal of Agricultural</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Research</i>, September, 1914, Vol. II, No. 6, Department of Agriculture, Washington,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D. C. Account of experiments, with plates and bibliography.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pecan Rosette. By W. A. Orton and Frederick V. Rand. Reprint from</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Journal of Agricultural Research</i>, Vol. III, No. 2. Department of Agriculture,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington, D. C., November 16, 1914.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>The Possibilities of Nut Culture in New England</i>. By Dr. William C. Deming.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reprinted from the Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1914, Part 1. Boston, August, 1914.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Nut Culture</i>. By William C. Deming. Circular No. 26, Massachusetts</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">State Board of Agriculture. June, 1914.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Nut Growing and the Propagation of Nut Trees</i>. By William C. Deming.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To be printed in the Annual Report of the New Jersey State Horticultural Society,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1914.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Grafting the Hickory</i>. By William C. Deming. <i>Rural New-Yorker</i>, December</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">12, 1914. Note on a simple method for grafting the hickory by the slip bark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">method.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nuts for the North. H. E. Van Deman. <i>Green's Fruit Grower</i>, December,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1914, p. 7.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cracking the Walnut Blight. Walter V. Woehlke. <i>The Country Gentleman</i>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">November 28, 1914, p. 1910. Illustrations of top-working the walnut in California.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>American Nut Journal</i>. Published monthly at Rochester, N. Y., by Ralph</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">T. Olcott, Editor of <i>American Fruits</i>. $1.25 a year, or $2.50 with yearly membership</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in this Association. First number issued June, 1914, Ellwanger & Barry</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Building.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the National Nut Growers</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Association, Thomasville, Georgia, October, 1914. J. B. Wight, Secretary,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cairo, Georgia.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PRESENT_AT_THE_FIFTH_ANNUAL_MEETING_OF_THE_NORTHERN_NUT_GROWERS" id="PRESENT_AT_THE_FIFTH_ANNUAL_MEETING_OF_THE_NORTHERN_NUT_GROWERS"></a>PRESENT AT THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h2> + + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. C. Reed</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. T. Reed</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. A. Reed</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. T. Morris</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. Russell Smith</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col. C. K. Sober</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. O. Potter</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. A. Riehl</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. L. Doan</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. R. Weber</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. P. Close</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. L. McCoy</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. F. Wilkinson</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">T. P. Littlepage</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. T. Olcott</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. C. Deming</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. D. Simpson</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ray C. Simpson</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. A. J. Knapp</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L. W. Kiefer</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col. C. A. Van Duzee</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John S. Parish</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Ellen Littlepage</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. H. S. Kramer</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Worsham</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. C. D. Evans</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul White</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. A. C. Pomeroy</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Pomeroy</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harry Gieseke, Patoka, Ind., R. 22</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D. C. Hargis, Hebbardsville, Ky.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. A. Weilbrenner, Mt. Vernon, Ind.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. E. Browne, Glen St. Mary, Fla.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. W. Gleichman, Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. M. Thurber, Rockport</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. L. Moseley</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. E. McElderry, Princeton, Ind.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John F. Woods, Owensville, Ind.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. F. L. Davis, 209 Dover St., Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. M. Williams, Evansville Press</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L. P. Doarr, Howell, Ind., R. 9</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clarence A. Cook, Indianapolis</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert J. Tracewell, Evansville, and son</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas L. Kerth, 910 Third Ave., Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. A. Graham, Enterprise</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carl J. Poll</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. F. Kale</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. F. Kleiderer, Henderson, Ky.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. C. Haines, Lake</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. H. Baldwin, State Entomologist</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leo H. Fisher, Huntingburg, Ind.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof C. W. Matthews</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. Carmody</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. J. W. Wilkinson</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Amy Norris</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Lottie Lee Mattingly</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anthony Dodds, Enterprise</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Dodds</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Ed. J. Fehn</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Ollie Dilday</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Fred Elmendorf</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Halma May Dodds</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Laura Hostetter</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. E. Lockwood, Poseyville, Ind.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mason J. Niblack</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. A. Taylor, Oaktown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hugh C. Schmidt, Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. W. Strassell, Rockport, Ind.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. J. W. Strassell, Rockport, Ind.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss Helen Gentry, Rockport, Ind.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chas. F. Hartmetz, Evansville, Ind.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reporters</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="ANNUAL_MEETING_IN_1915" id="ANNUAL_MEETING_IN_1915"></a>ANNUAL MEETING IN 1915</h2> + + +<p>The following letter was sent to our members and some of our +correspondents living in or near Rochester. The secretary would be +pleased if every person who opens this volume at this page would read +this letter and, having read, would make a note of it for action.</p> + +<p class="author"> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Georgetown, Conn</span>., September 10, 1914.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>Rochester, N. Y., is quite likely to be selected as the place for the +next meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association, and the Persian +("English") walnut as the subject for especial consideration.</p> + +<p>There are many Persian walnut trees in Rochester and vicinity. Will you +not bear in mind that we shall probably meet there and help to make the +meeting a success? One way in which this can be done is to look up <i>now</i> +any walnut trees, or other superior nut trees, observe their bearing and +get their records and samples of the nuts, with photographs if +desirable.</p> + +<p>Another way to help is to talk about the association and this meeting to +others and get them interested in the association and in reporting nuts.</p> + +<p>Any assistance in making arrangements, or in providing attractions for +the meeting will be most welcome.</p> + +<p>I append a list of members and correspondents in and about Rochester. +Mr. Olcott, the editor of the <i>American Nut Journal</i>, will undoubtedly +act as a central bureau for information and report.</p> + +<p>Let us make this coming meeting go far toward settling some of the +undecided points about the Persian walnut in the East.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yours truly,</span></p> + +<p class="author"> +<span class="smcap">W. C. Deming.</span><br /> +<i>Secretary.</i><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="centerbox bbox"> + <h2>Plant My Hardy Pennsylvania Grown</h2> + <h4>Budded and Grafted</h4> + <h3>English Walnut<br /> + and Pecan Trees</h3> + <h4>if you want to start right</h4> + + <p class="center">You can't afford to experiment with trees of doubtful + hardiness, neither do you want inferior varieties</p> + + <p><i>My 1915 attractive Catalogue and Cultural Guide + is yours for the asking</i></p> + + <p class="center">Address<br /><br /> + + J. F. JONES, The Nut Tree Specialist<br /> + + LANCASTER ... PENNSYLVANIA</p></div> + +<p><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> + +<div class="centerbox bbox"> + <h3>CHESTER VALLEY NURSERIES</h3> + <h4>ESTABLISHED 1853</h4> + + <p class="center">Choice Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Cherry Trees<br /> + on Mazzard Roots, Hardy Evergreens, Flowering<br /> + Shrubs, Hedge Plants, etc. Originators of the<br /> + THOMAS BLACK WALNUT<br /><br /> + + JOS. W. THOMAS & SONS, King of Prussia P. O., Montgomery Co., Pa.</p></div> + +<p> <br /></p> + +<div class="centerbox bbox"> + <h3>J. G. RUSH</h3> + <h4>Propagator of<br /> + The Persian Walnut</h4> + + <p class="center">By Grafting and Budding on Black Walnut Stock such Varieties as the NEBO,<br /> + HALL, HOLDEN, LANCASTER, FRANQUETTE, MAYETTE, CUT LEAF, Etc.<br /><br /> + + Originator of "RUSH" PERSIAN WALNUT<br /><br /> + + WEST WILLOW, PA. (Lancaster County)</p></div> + + +<p> <br /></p> + +<div class="centerbox bbox"> + <h2>Vincennes Nurseries</h2> + + <h3>PROPAGATORS OF</h3> + + <p class="center"><i>The Pecan<br /> + The Persian Walnut<br /> + The Hickory<br /> + The Chestnut<br /> + The Almond<br /> + The Hazelnut</i></p> + + <h4>SEND FOR OUR SPECIAL NUT CATALOGUE</h4> + + <p class="center">Also offer a general line of Nursery Stock<br /><br /> + + W. C. REED,<br /> + <i>Proprietor</i><br /><br /> + + VINCENNES<br /> + INDIANA</p></div> + +<p><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> + +<div class="centerbox bbox"> + <h2>Plant Fruit Trees to Make Money</h2> + + <p class="center">to carry your nut crops through. But your trees to be profitable<br /> + must be right. I grow all my trees on first-class roots,<br /> + cut all my buds from first class bearing trees. I know they<br /> + are true to name and the best you can buy. Apples, Pears,<br /> + Plums, Cherries on Mazzard roots.</p> + + <h4><i>Get Fraser's Tree Book Free</i>.</h4> + + <p class="center">SAMUEL FRASER 10 Main St., Geneseo, N. Y.</p></div> + +<p> </p> + +<div class="centerbox bbox"> + <h3>PLANT TREES IN SOIL BLASTED WITH<br /> + DU PONT</h3> + <h4>Red Cross Farm Powder</h4> + + <p class="center">Blasting makes a wider, better feeding area for growing roots,<br /> + permits greater water storage, forwards growth of trees and<br /> + brings them into bearing earlier than trees set in spade-dug<br /> + holes. Write for Free Booklet about how to blast tree holes<br /> + with Red Cross Farm Powder.</p> + + <p class="center">DU PONT POWDER CO. Wilmington, Del.</p></div> + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the Fifth Annual Meeting, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + +***** This file should be named 24559-h.htm or 24559-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/5/5/24559/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/24559-h/images/illus_055.jpg b/24559-h/images/illus_055.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e56b9d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/24559-h/images/illus_055.jpg diff --git a/24559-h/images/illus_071.jpg b/24559-h/images/illus_071.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1283783 --- /dev/null +++ b/24559-h/images/illus_071.jpg diff --git a/24559-h/images/illus_093.jpg b/24559-h/images/illus_093.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..16e1c0d --- /dev/null +++ b/24559-h/images/illus_093.jpg diff --git a/24559-h/images/img001.jpg b/24559-h/images/img001.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..18de270 --- /dev/null +++ b/24559-h/images/img001.jpg diff --git a/24559.txt b/24559.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1aaa9a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/24559.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6451 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of +the Proceedings at the Fifth Annual Meeting, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Fifth Annual Meeting + Evansville, Indiana, August 20 and 21, 1914 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: February 9, 2008 [EBook #24559] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + +NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + +REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING + +EVANSVILLE, INDIANA AUGUST 20 AND 21, 1914 + +CONCORD, N. H. THE RUMFORD PRESS 1915 + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + PAGE + + Officers and Committees of the Association 4 + + Members of the Association 5 + + Constitution and Rules of the Association 10 + + Proceedings of the Meeting held at Evansville, Indiana, August 20 + and 21, 1914 11 + + Report of the Secretary-Treasurer 17 + + Proposed Score Card for Judging Nuts 20 + + Status and Possibilities of Nut Culture in the North, + T. P. Littlepage, Washington, D. C. 23 + + Discussion on Cultivation and Fertilizers for Nut Trees 31 + + Personal Experiences with Hybridization of Nut Trees, + Dr. Robert T. Morris, New York 37 + + The Use of Dynamite in Tree Planting, C. D. Evans, Delaware 43 + + Demonstration of Grafting and Budding Nut Trees, R. L. McCoy, + Indiana, and Paul White, Indiana 47 + + Discussion on Seedling Trees 52 + + Seedling Nut Trees. The Nomenclature of Northern Pecans, + Dr. J. Russell Smith, Pennsylvania 54 + + Practical Suggestions on the Production of Nut Orchards, + Dr. C. A. Van Duzee, Georgia 61 + + The Function of the Class Journal, Ralph T. Olcott, + _Editor American Nut Journal_ 65 + + Discussion on Top Working Large Nut Trees 68 + + Report of the Committee on Nomenclature 73 + + Report of the Committee on Exhibits 74 + + Report of the Committee on Resolutions 74 + + Session at Enterprise 75 + + A Plea for the Planting of Nut Trees, Colonel C. K. Sober, + Pennsylvania 85 + + Discussion on the Hazel or Filbert 88 + + Appendix: + + The History of the Persian Walnut in Pennsylvania, J. G. Rush, + Pennsylvania 93 + + A Comparison of Northern and Southern Conditions in the + Propagation of Nut Trees, J. F. Jones, Pennsylvania 96 + + Top Working Large Walnut Trees, W. C. Reed, Indiana 101 + + Interest in Nut Growing in the Intermountain States, + Dr. L. D. Batchelor, Utah 104 + + Report from G. H. Corsan, Canada 105 + + Distribution of Persian ("English") Walnut Seedlings in + Michigan 107 + + Examples of Some Recent Correspondence 109 + + Preliminary Report on the Persian Walnut, by the Secretary 114 + + Correspondents and Others Interested in Nut Culture 118 + + Some Recent Literature on Nuts and Nut Growing 124 + + Present at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Northern Nut + Growers Association 126 + + Annual Meeting in 1915 127 + +OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION + + _President_ J. RUSSELL SMITH University of Pennsylvania + _Vice-President_ W. C. REED Indiana + _Secretary and Treasurer_ W. C. DEMING Georgetown, Connecticut + + +COMMITTEES + + _Executive_ + T. P. LITTLEPAGE + R. T. MORRIS + AND THE OFFICERS + + _Nomenclature_ + W. C. REED + R. T. MORRIS + E. R. LAKE + C. A. REED + R. L MCCOY + + _Membership_ + W. C. DEMING + LEON D. BATCHELOR + C. H. PLUMP + + _Hybrids_ + R. T. MORRIS + J. R. SMITH + C. P. CLOSE + + _Promising Seedlings_ + T. P. LITTLEPAGE + C. A. REED + J. RUSSELL SMITH + + _Press and Publication_ + RALPH T. OLCOTT + T. P. LITTLEPAGE + W. C. DEMING + + +STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS + + Arizona C. R. Biederman Garces + California Claude D. Tribble Elk Grove + Canada G. H. Corsan University of Toronto + Connecticut Newman Hungerford Torrington, R. 2, Box 76 + District of Columbia T. P. Littlepage Union Trust Building, Washington + Florida H. Harold Hume Glen Saint Mary + Georgia J. B. Wight Cairo + Illinois E. A. Riehl Alton + Indiana R. L. McCoy Lake + Ireland Dr. Augustine Henry 5 Sanford Terrace, + Ranelagh, Dublin + Kentucky A. L. Moseley Calhoun + Maryland C. P. Close Department of Agriculture, Washington + Massachusetts James H. Bowditch 903 Tremont Building, Boston + Michigan H. L. Haskell 209 North Rowe St., Ludington + Minnesota C. A. Van Duzee Minneapolis + Missouri Alfred E. Johnson McBaine, R.1 + New Jersey C. S. Ridgway Lumberton + New York Dr. Ira Ulman 213 West 147th St., New York City + North Carolina W. N. Hutt, State Horticulturist Raleigh + Ohio Harry R. Weber 601 Gerke Building, Cincinnati + Pennsylvania J. G. Rush West Willow + Tennessee Egbert D. Van Syckel Trenton + Utah Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, + State Agricultural College Logan + Virginia John S. Parish Eastham + West Virginia B. F. Hartzell Shepherdstown + + + + +MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + + ARIZONA + C. R. Biederman, Garces + + CALIFORNIA + Tribble, Claude D., Elk Grove + Tucker, T. C., Manager California Almond Growers' Exchange, + Sacramento + + CANADA + Corsan, G. H., University of Toronto + Crow, J. W., Professor of Pomology, Ontario Agricultural College, + Guelph + Dufresne, Dr. A. A., 217 St. Christopher St., Montreal + Fisk, Dr. George, 101 Union Ave., Montreal + Henderson, Stuart, Victoria, British Columbia, Box 77 + Saunders, W. E., 352 Clarence St., London, Ont. + + CONNECTICUT + Barnes, John R., Yalesville + Deming, Dr. W. C., Georgetown + Deming, Mrs. W. C., Georgetown + Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. 2, Box 76 + Ives, Ernest M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden + Miller, Mrs. Charles, 32 Hillside Ave., Waterbury + Morris, Dr. Robert T., Cos Cob, R. 28, Box 95 + Plump, Charles H., West Redding + Pomeroy, E. C., Northville + + DELAWARE + Evans, C. D., care of DuPont Powder Company, Wilmington + Lord, George Frank, care of DuPont Powder Company, Wilmington + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington + Lake, Prof. E. R., Pomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington + +Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building, Washington + Kinsell, Miss Ida J., 1608 17th St., Washington + Orr, Herbert R., Evans Building, Washington + Reed, C. A., In Charge of Nut Culture Investigations, Department of + Agriculture, Washington + *Van Deman, Prof. H. E., Washington + + FLORIDA + Hume, H. Harold, Glen Saint Mary + Prange, Mrs. N. M. G., Jacksonville + Simpson, Ray C., Monticello + + GEORGIA + Wight, J. B., Cairo + + ILLINOIS + Aldrich, H. A., Neoga + Heely, Dr. O. J., St. Libory + Poll, Carl J., 1009 Maple St., Danville + Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion + Riehl, E. A., Alton + Spencer, Henry D., Room 1, Opera House Block, Decatur + Webster, H. G., 450 Belmont Ave., Chicago + + INDIANA + Baldwin, C. H., State Entomologist, 130 State House, Indianapolis + Burton, Joe A., Mitchell + Hutchings, Miss Lida G., 118 Third St., Madison + Knapp, Dr. A, J., Evansville + Lockwood, E. E., Poseyville + McCoy, R. L., Lake + Niblack, Mason J., Vincennes + Reed, M. T., Vincennes + Reed, W. C., Vincennes + Schmidt, Hugh C., Evansville + Simpson, H. D., Vincennes + Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport + + IRELAND + Henry, Dr. Augustine, 5 Sanford Terrace, Ranelagh, Dublin + + KENTUCKY + Matthews, Prof. C. W., Horticulturist, State Agricultural + Station, Lexington + Moseley, A. L., Bank of Calhoun, Calhoun + + MARYLAND + Holmes, F. S., Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park + + MASSACHUSETTS + +Bowditch, James II., 903 Tremont Building, Boston + Hoffmann, Bernhard, Overbrook Orchard, Stockbridge + Knight, Charles F., Rowley + Mason, Harry R., Falmouth + Rich, William P., Secretary State Horticultural Society, + 300 Massachusetts Ave., Boston + Smith, Fred A., 39 Pine St., Danvers + Vaughan, Horace A., Peacehaven, Assonet + White, Warren, Holliston + + MICHIGAN + Haskell, H. L., 209 N. Rowe St., Ludington + + MINNESOTA + Powers, L. L., 1200 Lexington Ave., N. St. Paul + Van Duzee, Col. C. A., St. Paul + + MISSOURI + Johnson, Alfred E., McBaine, R. 1 + + NEW JERSEY + Dietrick, Dr. Thomas S., 12 West Washington Ave., Washington + Foster, Samuel F., Secretary North Jersey Society for the Promotion + of Agriculture, 100 Broadway, New York City + Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72 + Mergler, C. W., Hackensack Road and Mt. Vernon St., Ridgefield Park + Putnam, J. H., Vineland + Ridgeway, C. S., "Floralia," Lumberton + Roberts, Horace, Moorestown + Steele, T. E., Pomona Nurseries, Palmyra + Walter, Dr. Harry, Hotel Chalfonte, Atlantic City + + NEW YORK + Abbott, Frederick B., 419 Ninth St., Brooklyn + Ackerly, Orville B., 243 W. 34th St., New York City + Baker, Dr. Hugh P., Dean of State College of Forestry, Syracuse + Baker, Prof. J. Fred, Director of Forest Investigation, State College + of Forestry, Syracuse + Brown, Ronald K., 320 Broadway, New York City + Bruce, W. Robert, Brick Church Institute, Rochester + Church, Alfred W., Portchester + Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester + Fullerton, H. B., Director Long Island Railroad Experiment Station, + Medford, L. I. + Hickox, Ralph, 3832 White Plains Ave., New York City + Hans, Amedee, Superintendent Hodenpyl Estate, Locust Valley, L. I. + Haywood, Albert, Flushing + Hicks, Henry, Westbury, L. I. + Holden, E. B., Hilton + +Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City + Keeler, Charles E., Chichester and Briggs Aves., Richmond Hill + Miller, Mrs. Seaman, care of Mr. Miller, 2 Rector St., New York City + Murphy, P. J., 115 Broadway, New York City, care of Ford, Bacon & + Davis + Olcott, Ralph T., Ellwanger & Barry Building, Rochester + Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport + Reynolds, H. L., 2579 Main St., Buffalo + Rice, Mrs. Lillian McKee, Adelano, Pawling + Stephen, Prof. John W., Assistant Professor of Silviculture, State + College of Forestry, Syracuse + Storrs, A. P., 117 Front St., Owego + Teele, A. W., 30 Broad St., New York City + Teter, Walter C., 10 Wall St., New York City + Tuckerman, Bayard, 118 E. 37th St., New York City + Turner, K. M., 220 W. 42nd St., New York City + Ulman, Dr. Ira, 213 W. 147th St., New York City + Wile, Th. E., 1012 Park Ave., Rochester + Williams, Dr. Charles Mallory, 48 E. 49th St., New York City + +Wissmann, Mrs. F. deR., Westchester, New York City + + NORTH CAROLINA + Glover, J. Wheeler, Morehead City + Hutt, Prof. W. N., State Horticulturist, Raleigh + Van Lindley, J., J. Van Lindley Nursery Company, Pomona + + OHIO + Dayton, J. H., Storrs & Harrison Company, Painesville + Denny, Mark E., Middletown + Ford, Horatio, South Euclid + Johnston, I. B., Cincinnati, Station K + Miller, H. A., Gypsum + Rector, Dr. J. M., Columbus + Weber, Harry R., 601 Gerke Building, 123 E. 6th St., Cincinnati + Witte, O. F., Amherst + Yunck, E. G., 710 Central Ave., Sandusky + + PENNSYLVANIA + Ballou, C. F., Halifax + Doan, J. L., School of Horticulture, Ambler + Druckemiller, W. C., Sunbury + Fagan, Prof. F. N., Department of Horticulture, State College + Foley, John, Forester, Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 513-A, + Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia + Hall, L. C., Avonia + Hildebrand, F. B., Duquesne + Hoopes, Wilmer W., Hoopes Brothers and Thomas Company, Westchester + Hutchinson, Mahlon, Ashwood Farm, Devon, Chester County + +Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527 + Keely, Royal R., 1702 Mt. Vernon St., Philadelphia + Knipe, Irwin P., Norristown + Lovett, Mrs. Joseph L., Emilie, Bucks County + Martz, Walter C., Lebanon, care of Lebanon National Bank + Meehan, S. Mendelson, Thomas Meehan & Sons, Germantown + Moss, James, Johnsville, Bucks County + Preslar, C. F., 524 Grand View Ave., Pittsburgh + Rush, J. G., West Willow + Schmidt, John C., 900 So. George St., York + Smitten, H. W., Rochester Mills, R. 2 + +Sober, Col. C. K., Lewisburg + Thomas, Joseph W., Jos. W. Thomas & Sons, King of Prussia P. O. + Twaddell, E. W., Evergreen Nurseries, Westtown + Webster, Mrs. Edmund, 1324 So. Broad St., Philadelphia + Wister, John C., Wister St. and Clarkson Ave., Germantown + Wright, R. P., 235 W. 6th St., Erie + + TENNESSEE + Van Syckel, Egbert D., D.D.S., Trenton + + UTAH + Batchelor, Leon D., Horticulturist, Utah Agricultural College, Logan + Pendleton, M. A., 3 Mozart Apartments, Salt Lake City + + VIRGINIA + Crockett, E. B., Lynchburg + Parish, John S., Eastham, Albermarle County + Roper, W. N., Arrowfield Nurseries, Petersburg + Shackford, Theodore B., care of Adams Brothers-Paynes Company, + Lynchburg + Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Roundhill + Von Ammon, S., Fontella + + WEST VIRGINIA + Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown + + + Life member + * Honorary member + + + + +CONSTITUTION AND RULES OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + + +_Name_. The society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS +ASSOCIATION. + +_Object_. The promotion of interest in nut-producing plants, their +products and their culture. + +_Membership_. Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who +desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence +or nationality, subject to the approval of the committee on membership. + +_Officers_. There shall be a president, a vice-president, and a +secretary-treasurer; an executive committee of five persons, of which +the president, vice-president and secretary shall be members; and a +state vice-president from each state represented in the membership of +the association. + +_Election of Officers_. A committee of five members shall be elected at +the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the +subsequent year. + +_Meetings_. The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected +by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made +at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time +for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may +seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee. + +_Fees_. The fees shall be of two kinds, annual and life. The former +shall be two dollars, the latter twenty dollars. + +_Discipline_. The committee on membership may make recommendations to +the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member. + +_Committees_. The association shall appoint standing committees of three +members each to consider and report on the following topics at each +annual meeting: first, on promising seedlings; second, on nomenclature; +third, on hybrids; fourth, on membership; fifth, on press and +publication. + + + + +Northern Nut Growers Association + +FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING + +AUGUST 20 AND 21, 1914 + +EVANSVILLE, INDIANA + + +The fifth annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association was +held in the Evansville Business Association Hall at Evansville, Indiana, +beginning August 20, 1914, at 10 A. M., President Littlepage presiding. + +THE PRESIDENT: The fifth annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers +Association will now come to order, and I have the pleasure of +introducing to you Dr. Worsham who represents the Mayor of Evansville. + +DR. WORSHAM: Ladies and Gentlemen of the Northern Nut Growers +Association: + +Some men are born to greatness and others have it thrust upon them. I +stand in the position this morning of a man that has had his greatness +thrust upon him. The secretary of the Evansville Business Association, +who frequently takes liberties with me, told me a few minutes ago that, +in the absence of our Mayor, I was to welcome you. + +We extend to you a most cordial welcome to our thriving city. We are +always glad to have associations of this kind meet with us, because they +bring to us new ideas and new thoughts. + +As I looked upon those nuts this morning my mind returned to the time +when I was a boy, when my father, although a splendid business man who +took advantage of most of the opportunities that presented themselves to +him, neglected one of the best he had in selling one hundred and +twenty-five acres of land across the Ohio River here, upon which there +grow a number of native pecans. The only time we ever had any pecans +from that place was when we got a German over there, direct from +Germany. He couldn't speak a word of the English language but my father +said to him, "Keep the boys out and get some pecans." He went down there +with a dog and a gun and we got more nuts that year than ever before or +since. + +This city has the distinction, as I have learned since I came into the +hall, of being the center of the nut growing district of the northwest. +Another honor that our splendid city has. As you know we are here in the +largest hardwood lumber market in the world; we have the cheapest and +best coal of any place in the world; we have the greatest river +facilities of any city along the Ohio River; we have six main arteries +of railroad into our city, so it is easy to manufacture, easy to ship +and easy to dispose of the products of our business in this grand, +beautiful and well situated city. + +Now gentlemen, remember that Dr. Worsham's telephone is 213, that I am +representing the Mayor and Business Men's Association, and that we are +perfectly delighted to have you with us. I hope you will have a good +time. I thank you. + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Robert T. Morris will respond first to Dr. Worsham +and afterwards Mr. Potter. + +DR. MORRIS: Mr. Chairman, Representatives of the Business Men's +Association, Ladies and Gentlemen: In Chicago, I met an Englishman who +told me he was going to "Hevansville." I did not know just where he +meant but after hearing Dr. Worsham's speech, I understand. + +This is no doubt one of the coming cities of the world. You have here +the field that was fought for by the early settlers and the Indians, and +the field that is to be the scene of many wars in days to come. + +In the days to come, perhaps a thousand years from now, there may be +four or five people to the acre living under conditions of intensive +cultivation. This is just the sort of land that will support a +population to the best advantage, and you have here conditions suitable +for the crop that is to be the crop of the future. People do not fully +utilize nature's resources until there is need for doing so. We have +depended upon the cereals and the soft fruits and things of that sort, +just as the early Indian depended upon the deer and the beaver. The time +came when his beaver and his deer disappeared. We, like the Indian, take +up first the development of simplest things in plant life. Later, under +intensive cultivation, we shall be enabled to support a very much larger +population on fewer acres. + +We find that nuts contain starch and proteids in such proportion that +they will fairly well take the place of meats and of other starches. + +Now, this is not an opinion which is individual alone, but is the +conclusion of authorities after examination of data. Chemical +examination of nuts has been made by our Department of Agriculture at +Washington and by chemists elsewhere. The nut crop, then, is to be +perhaps the staple food crop for the people of the United States one +thousand years from now, when we are depending upon methods of intensive +cultivation for the annual plants. + +It is true, of course, that three thousand years before Christ, the +Emperor Yu developed in China a system of agriculture that is better +than any European or American system today both as to production and +transportation--perhaps including distribution. At the present time +China is supporting a larger population to the acre than any other +country. + +All this comes to mind in response to the address of welcome by Dr. +Worsham. Here at this point of our United States, there is already a +center of the new movement for the development of the great future food +supply of the world, a nut nursery center. Here we find also another +feature of great consequence from the economic and politic side. We find +honest nurserymen. That is a very important matter. As nations advance +in culture the moral side develops, and as the ethical side develops +there will be better representatives in the trades and in all callings. +The nursery business is near to nature and for that reason simple people +have assumed that nurserymen were nearly as white as snow. Those of us +who have had some experience with them, know what it means to find +honest ones. We deeply appreciate the fact that in this part of the +country honest nurserymen are making a name for themselves and for +America. + +I know Evansville not only in this way that I have been speaking of but +also in a professional way because of its doctors. There are two or +three or four of the Evansville doctors--you do not know that as members +of this Association, but I know it as a member of our great +profession--who have placed Evansville upon the map. This city is best +known throughout the United States in the medical profession because of +some three or four Evansville doctors of the present and past. + +Therefore it is with a double pleasure that I respond to the address of +welcome given by Dr. Worsham. + +THE PRESIDENT: We will now hear from Hon. W. O. Potter of Marion, +Illinois. + +MR. POTTER: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: This meeting to me is +something out of the ordinary. I can remember that when I was a boy I +knew every good hickory nut tree in the community where I was raised, +but after I left my native heath and went into the practice of law and +got into politics, I forgot all about the hickory trees until just a few +years ago when, by accident, I picked up a nut journal. I don't know how +it came into my possession but I got it and I read some article on the +Indiana pecan, and I read an article on the development of nut trees in +the south, and I got interested and commenced studying the subject. I +wrote to the Department of Agriculture and got some articles on nut +culture from Mr. Reed and others and became still more interested. + +However, nut culture doesn't mix well with politics or law, and, +therefore, it is more or less of a side issue with me. I have gone into +nut culture only on a small scale. On my lot in the city of Marion where +I live I have set out some pecan trees, and after a hard battle in court +all day it is quite a pleasure to get home in the evening and to pull +off my coat and to get on some old clothes and go out among my trees. +There is nothing better to get one's mind off the daily combat of life. + +I was very much impressed with Dr. Worsham's address of welcome and also +Dr. Morris's response. I believe that this country is beginning a new +era; we are going to experience a metamorphosis. I think we will shed +this old shell, take on a new dress and start afresh. + +I presume it is here as in Illinois where I was raised. Our farmers came +from the south principally, and about all they knew of farming in those +early days was to raise corn and some tobacco, but mostly, through our +section, corn, and in a few years they corned the land to death. You can +go through our country and see old hillsides red with clay and farmers +barely eking out an existence. Those people will never be much better +off than they are now, but as they pass off and the newer generation +comes on, departments of agriculture and horticulture will be organized +in the universities, where it has not already been done, and the farmers +will be a class of people right up to date. Modern civilization tends to +drive the sons back to the farm and that is overdone sometimes. People +think they want to go to farming when they don't. We ought not to take +up this idea "back to the farm" too largely at once but gradually grow +into it. I know what it is to be on the farm and work hard day after +day; there is no chance for us under the old conditions; but in higher +forms of agriculture or horticulture the American people will find the +greatest benefits and pleasures. It gets monotonous for a man who has a +profession to stick to that all the time, day in and day out without +change, week in and week out, year in and year out, and he gets to +driving in a rut. If he will take up a side line it will do him much +good. I have gone into nut growing for recreation, not profit, and I +think it is an occupation most conducive to a strong mind and a healthy +body. + +This country is getting to a point where we are going to have more +producers. We have too many consumers in this country. We talk about the +tariff and whether it raises or lowers the price of articles. That is +neither here nor there. The thing that will control the prices of foods +is the amount of food produced. As Dr. Morris said awhile ago we don't +need so much meat as we used to think we needed nor so many other kinds +of foods. All the food elements that keep man alive and his body in a +healthy condition are contained in nuts, fruits and things of that +character, and this to a great extent will eliminate the need for meats. +Meat is getting scarce and high. Beef steaks and pork chops are a great +deal higher than they formerly were and some of us who are not making as +much money in our professions as we need will have to find something +else to take the place of them. It seems to me that the solution of the +problem is in the production of nuts. The peanut is being manufactured +in a great many ways and we are using them on our tables daily, and it +will only be a few years when the pecan will be fixed up in as many +different ways. + +The hickory nut I think is another great nut of this country and great +attention ought to be paid to it. Its culture is still in its infancy. I +believe that in a few years the hickory nut and pecan will help solve +the food problem. + +I would not know how to graft any kind of a tree. What trees I need I +buy from some good responsible nurseryman and let him do the work of +grafting. + +I am glad to be a member of this association, although this is the first +meeting I have ever attended. I get a lot of enthusiasm from the other +members and I have had lots of information from being a member of this +association. + +I want to thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for listening to my remarks +which I had no thought of making. What I have said has been at random. + +DR. MORRIS: When I was speaking a minute ago I left out one idea that is +clever, and I want to get it in although it belongs to Professor Smith. +When we get to the point of intensive cultivation we are to have the +two-story farm. We will have the tree which will be the second story and +will furnish our meat, and underneath we will have our small crops. In +that way we will have a two-story farm. + +THE PRESIDENT: That is a very good idea, Dr. Morris, and I am glad you +got it in. We are very glad to have the remarks by Dr. Morris and Mr. +Potter. Mr. Potter has been in the legislature and we are pleased to +know that there is one member of a legislature in the United States who +does not know how to graft. + +MR. POTTER: I am sorry you said that. I wish you had left that out. I +was there when Lorimer was elected. + +THE PRESIDENT: There is nothing that would cure a legislature of +grafting quicker than horticulture. + +The chair desires to make an announcement of the program. This morning, +there will be the usual talks and papers. We will adjourn at 12 o'clock +and meet again at 1 o'clock for the afternoon session until 5 o'clock, +at which time the members of the Association and visitors are invited by +some of the citizens to take an automobile ride to see the city and the +different industries, which I am sure we will all be glad to do. This +evening at 8 o'clock there will by a lecture by Mr. C. A. Reed of the +Department of Agriculture and he will us show one of the best +collections of lantern slides in existence. Everybody is invited, +whether members of the Association or not, including the ladies and +children. + +Tomorrow morning at 7:15 we will take the Rockport traction car here, +getting off at Sandale, at which place we will be met by wagons and we +will go to Enterprise where you will see a great number of seedling +pecan trees of all ages. They are bearing, the limbs hanging down close +to the ground, and there will be an excellent opportunity to see the +nuts on the trees at close range. + +A gasoline boat will meet us at Enterprise between 12 and 1 and we will +return to Evansville tomorrow evening, via the river, stopping at proper +points, and be in session again at 8 o'clock, finishing up the business +of the Association with a lecture by Col. C. K. Sober of Pennsylvania, +the great chestnut producer. He has a great many lantern slides and will +tell you many things of interest. He is one man who is working earnestly +and tirelessly to combat the chestnut blight. + +The next thing on the program this morning will be the report of the +secretary of the Association, Dr. W. C. Deming. + +THE SECRETARY: I have the honor to report as follows: + + + + +REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER + + Deficit, date of last report $105.05 + + Expenses: + Washington meeting 10.46 + Reporting convention 45.00 + Printing report 217.58 + Miscellaneous printing 23.25 + Postage and stationery 42.84 + Membership A. P. S. 2.00 + Stenographer and multigraphing 7.20 + Express, carting, freight 3.36 + Exchange on checks .90 + Telephone .25 + -------- $457.89 + + Receipts: + Dues $273.00 + Postage 5.07 + Advertisements 69.05 + Contributions 104.00 + Sale of report 4.00 + Bills receivable 10.00 + -------- $465.12 + Balance on hand $7.23 + +It was necessary to take out a membership in the American Pomological +Society in order to be eligible to receive the bronze Wilder medal +awarded for meritorious exhibit of nuts at the Washington convention. + +In response to an appeal sent out by the secretary for assistance in +defraying the expenses of publishing the report, thirteen members +contributed. There was one contribution of fifty dollars, one of +twenty-five dollars, several of five dollars and others of lesser sums. + +Two advertisements are still not paid for. + +It is evident that the income of the association from regular sources is +not at present sufficient to pay the expense of printing the annual +report, in addition to the necessary expenses of maintenance. It may be +possible to reduce the expense of printing the report by omitting cuts +and by printing a smaller number of reports, though the saving from the +latter expedient would be small. + +It seems to be the opinion of some of our members, and it is certainly a +good business principle, that we should not undertake the issuing of an +annual report until the funds for paying for it are in hand. I would +renew my suggestion of last year that a proper committee be authorized +to take measures for collecting the funds necessary for this purpose. +During the past year a few of the members voluntarily constituted +themselves a committee and succeeded in collecting a considerable sum +from advertisements which appeared in the report. + +It would certainly be a pity to interrupt the regular appearance of the +report of our annual meeting. + +Seventy-five new members were added during the year, or rather during +the nine months elapsed since the meeting at Washington. Since the +organisation of the Association 212 persons have become members. We +have now 132 paid-up members. I feel certain that some of those who have +not paid up do not desire to sever their connection with the +Association. There have been but three resignations, one of whom gave as +his reason "persistent knocking by members of the Association of pecan +promotions in the South." No death among our members have come to the +secretary's knowledge. + +Many new members came in at the Washington meeting. A number of others +joined as a result of the publicity given the Association by several +articles from the pen of one of the members which appeared in various +publications. A still larger number appeared to be attracted by the +offer which the secretary took upon himself to make, of the two first +reports as a premium for new members on the payment simply of the +postage for forwarding them. This action of the secretary was generally +approved by the members of the executive committee, though there was +some criticism from one or two members of the Association. But it seemed +to the secretary better to make this attraction for new members, and to +get out the reports where they might do some good, rather than to have +so many of them sagging the beams in his attic. The secretary would +suggest that in the future he be authorized to offer a complete set of +the reports to all new life members, and to other new members the +opportunity to buy the back reports at a reduced sum, say 50 cents, or +even 25 cents each. This would give a little income toward the expenses +of the Association. The copies of our reports are assets and should be +realized on. + +The field meeting held at the farm of Dr. Robert T. Morris at Stamford, +Connecticut, on August 4 was well attended and was instructive and +enjoyable. A full account of the meeting will appear in the _American +Nut Journal_. + +The recent establishment of this journal, partly through the efforts of +members of the Association, is a cause for congratulation. We have once +more a high class and attractive monthly periodical in which to exchange +experiences and by which the public may be reached. Every member of the +Association should feel a personal interest in making this journal a +success and should seek the opportunity to send to the editor any items +of interest to nut growers. Anything relating to this subject is of +interest to the enthusiast. The more personal such a journal is made the +better. It should not be monopolized by the so-called experts. Everyone +interested in nut growing ought to feel it a duty, and consider it a +privilege, to communicate scraps of information, little suggestions and, +above all, questions and requests for information and advice. Even a +little controversy would add spice. Too much harmony becomes insipid. +This journal is as much for scrappers as for the men of peace. And, let +me quickly add, the women too, suffragists, suffragettes, and antis and +those who don't care. Twelve women are members of the Association and +women are going to take a large share in nut growing and find in it a +profitable and interesting occupation. + +Arrangements are being made with the publishers of the _American Nut +Journal_ whereby membership in our Association may include subscription +to the _Journal_ at a very small increase in the cost of membership. If +we can offer membership and the _Journal_ for $2.50 in advance and the +back reports for 50 cents apiece, or the three reports for $1, and send +notice of this to our list of about a thousand correspondents, we ought +to increase considerably our membership and do good to the world. + +Our rule that membership shall begin with the calendar year always gives +rise to some misunderstanding. Those who come in at the time of the +annual meeting, or between it and the end of the year, do not like to +pay another fee along in January. If there is no objection the secretary +will hereafter inform each applicant for membership that membership +expires with the calendar year, that membership may be taken out for the +present or the coming year, and that membership entitles necessarily +only to the publications issued during the year for which membership is +taken out. In other words the proceedings of this meeting will be +published in 1915 and members for 1914 will not be entitled to it unless +paid up for 1915. + +The investigation of the Persian walnut trees in the East is still going +on but the results have not been collated. + +I suggest the appointment of a committee to revise our constitution and +rules. These have so far served our purpose fairly well but, in the +opinion of the secretary, they now need modification and amplification. + +I would recall to the attention of the members our present rule that all +papers read before it are the property of the Association. + +In conclusion the secretary would like to ask each member to help +increase the prosperity and the usefulness of the Association by getting +new members, by getting advertisements for the annual report, and by +paying his annual dues promptly. It is a waste of any nut grower's time +to have to dun a lot of careless people. + + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair will now entertain a motion to approve the +secretary's report. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: The Northern Nut Growers Association has been very +fortunate in many things and especially in its selection of a secretary. +The services he has so faithfully rendered are very much appreciated by +the Association, and I move the report be accepted. + +[Seconded and carried. Also moved, seconded and carried that the +secretary be authorized to sell back numbers of the reports at a reduced +price.] + +DR. VAN DUZEE: I would like to say that a most important thing has been +overlooked, and that is that the chair should appoint a committee to +lift the load of financing the work of the Association from the +secretary's shoulders. + +THE PRESIDENT: It is very flattering to suggest that the chair is +competent to appoint that committee. Do you make it in the form of a +motion, Dr. Van Duzee? + +DR. VAN DUZEE: Yes sir, I make that as a motion. + +[Seconded and carried.] + +Professor Close read the following report on score cards prepared by +Prof. E. R. Lake of the committee. + + + + +PROPOSED SCORE CARDS FOR JUDGING NUTS + + +_Score-Card (Plates, Trays or Cartons)--Black Walnuts, Butternuts and +Hickorynuts_ + + General Values: + Size 10 + Form 5 + Color 5 + + Shell Values: + Thinness 15 + Cracking 20 + + Kernal Values: + Plumpness 5 + Color 10 + Flavor 10 + Quality 20 + --- + 100 + + +Note: For insect or fungous injuries deduct 5-10 points. + + +_Score-Cards--Chestnuts_ + + General Values: + Size 20 + Form 5 + Color 10 + Freedom from fuzz 10 + Size of basal scar 10 + + Kernal Values: + Flavor 10 + Quality of kernal 25 + Thinness and quality of inner skin 10 + ----- + 100 + +Note: For insect or fungous injuries deduct 5-20 points. + + +_Score-Card--Filberts_ + + General Values: + Size 15 + Form 5 + Color 5 + + Shell Values: + Thinness 15 + + Kernal Values: + Plumpness 10 + Freedom from fibre 10 + Color 5 + Flavor 15 + Quality 20 + ---- + 100 + +Note: For insect or fungous injuries deduct 5-10 points. + + +_Commercial Pecans_ + + General Values: + Size 20 + Form 5 + Color 5 + + Shell Values: + Thinness of shell 10 + Cracking quality 20 + + Kernal Values: + Plumpness of kernal 20 + Color of kernel 5 + Quality 15 + ---- + 100 + + +_Score-Card (Plates)--Persian Walnuts_ + + General Value: + Size 10 + Form 10 + Color 10 + + Shell Values: + Thinness of shell 10 + Smoothness of shell 5 + Sealing 10 + + Kernal Values: + Plumpness 5 + Color 10 + Flavor (sweetness, nuttyness) 10 + Quality (crispness, richness) 20 + ---- + 100 + +Note: For insect or fungous injuries deduct 5-15 points. + + * * * * * + +DR. MORRIS: I would say that this is a very excellent system as a basis +for judging. We must at all times have in mind the idea of working to +keep the quality very high. The reason for that is because the tendency +has been in the other direction. Appearance has been rated very high, +especially on the Pacific Coast, which is one of the centers in nut +raising today. I observed, while on a trip from southern California to +Washington and Oregon, that people all spoke about the beauty of the +nuts, and said little of quality. They will show you great, handsome, +bleached nuts, and some of the very poorest in quality are the ones +about which they talk the most, and they recognize this fact among +themselves. I haven't been looked upon with favor when telling them +frankly that a certain walnut ought not to be put on the market at all +on account of its quality. They resented that attitude on my part, but +later when I was standing nearby I overheard rival walnut growers +talking to each other. One said to another, "That is a handsome walnut, +but you will have to hire an awful good talker to get it on the market." +They resented my criticism and my judgment but among themselves said, +"You have got to have an awful good talker to get that nut on the +market." + +It is this matter of quality that must stand first among nuts as among +men. Many know that there is no better pecan than the San Saba. That is +standard for quality, yet it is not regarded as being so desirable as +some of the others because of its small size. We must always keep in +mind the quality rather than size and appearance. Of course, we like +things that look well but that side will be taken care of incidentally +in the course of the development of the subject. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: Dr. Morris, I should like to ask you a few questions. +Is it not the same as it is in the apple and peach market? You know in +that appearance counts for a great deal. Are you sufficiently acquainted +with the subject to say we will be safe in growing a nut that is second +class in appearance but first class in quality? + +DR. MORRIS: I am glad Professor Smith brought up that point. There is +just one way to approach the matter. Take a fine, handsome, large +English walnut, that has been bleached, and has lost quality in the +process. Growers have gone to a great deal of trouble to get it on the +market. Put alongside of it a small, thin-shelled, high quality walnut +that has not been bleached, and tell the dealer who is to sell those two +nuts that the great big handsome nut is to sell for 15 cents a pound, +and the ugly little one is to bring 30 cents a pound. That will attract +the attention of people to the good nuts. You can force people into +having good sense, through the exercise of a bit of dexterity in applied +psychology. + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Morris's remarks are very well taken, because nuts +are to be eaten and not to be looked at. Is there any further discussion +on this subject? If not, we will pass to the next. + +THE SECRETARY: The next thing on the program is the appointment of +committees. The advisability of amending the constitution and rules has +been already referred to. They have served our purpose pretty well up to +now but we have outgrown them. In order to expedite matters and get to +the real business of this Association, as this constitution is going to +be amended anyway, I would like to move that the rules about the +appointment of committees be suspended and that the chair be authorized +to appoint the necessary committees. This includes the committees which +the rules direct shall be elected, but that takes a long time and I +move that the chair appoint these different committees. + +THE PRESIDENT: Do I hear a second to that motion? + +A MEMBER: I second the motion. + +THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the rules requiring +that these committees be elected be suspended, and the chair be +authorized to appoint the different committees. The chair holds that it +will take three fourths of the members present to suspend the rules. Is +there any discussion about this? + +MEMBERS: We are ready for the question. + +THE PRESIDENT: All in favor of the motion made by Dr. Deming, make it +known by saying aye. + +[Vote taken.] + +THE PRESIDENT: Those opposed, by the same sign. + +[None.] + +THE PRESIDENT: The motion is carried that the chair appoint the +different committees, and they will be announced at the proper time. + +The next thing on the program is a paper by the President. I will ask +Dr. Morris to take the chair while I read what I have to say. + + + + +STATUS AND POSSIBILITIES OF NUT CULTURE IN THE NORTH + +T. P. LITTLEPAGE, WASHINGTON, D. C. + + +The purpose of the Northern Nut Growers Association is to stimulate the +production of nuts in the North. We distinguish the North from the South +in this regard not because we feel any less interest in the nut industry +in the South. The man who once becomes a nut enthusiast is no respecter +of Mason's and Dixon's Line or any other line that separates him from an +interesting nut tree or from a section in which nuts may be successfully +grown. His local interest, however, will naturally be around his own +dooryard and neighborhood. So we speak of northern nut culture and +northern nut trees because we live in the North and because this is the +section of the United States that needs at the present time the most +intelligent direction. The South has been forging ahead for a number of +years in this field. In fact, pecan culture promises to become second +only to the cotton industry in many sections of that country and +interest in its possibilities has attracted to it many conscientious, +able and prominent horticulturists who are today engaged in pecan +growing in the South and who are doing much to put the pecan industry on +an honest and intelligent basis. These men have become specialists in +the pecan industry and they know more about it than we do in the North. +Consequently they do not need our assistance, even if we were able to +give it, and, therefore, without any fear of our being criticised for +using the adjective "northern" we can limit our investigations and +discussions to nut culture in the northern part of the United States +with a full knowledge that our southern brethren can take care of +themselves, and, in addition, can render us much valuable assistance +which assistance we most cheerfully invite. + +At this point, however, in connection with the use of the terms +"northern" and "southern," it may be relevant to make a few observations +as to the possibilities in either section. While it is true that the +South has a long start of the North in pecan culture, yet the North +affords an opportunity for the cultivation of nuts which is not possible +in the South. The South is today the home of the delicious varieties of +pecan which are a delight to the consumer and a source of fascination +and profit to the intelligent producer, but it must be remembered that +the northern pecan belt has many excellent varieties that are "good +enough." In addition to this, the North is the home of the black walnut, +the fine shagbark hickory, the butternut, the chestnut, the hazel-nut, +and the chinkapin, and is also adapted to the hardy varieties of the +English and Japanese walnuts. All of the nuts just named certainly offer +an ample field for our interest and enthusiasm, and, in addition to the +keen delight which comes from the successful growing of these trees, +there is a possibility of profit which I do not think is excelled in any +horticultural undertaking today. + +First then, what word of advice or instruction can the Northern Nut +Growers Association bring to the prospective nut grower which will be of +help? For, after all, the success or failure of this association depends +largely upon its ability to help the grower or prospective grower. +Before we undertake to give suggestions about the development and +culture of nut orchards or to make prophecies as to possibilities, let +us stop and take stock for a moment of the present status of the nut +industry in the North and consider what we have to build upon and what +materials we have with which to work. Mistakes have been made in the +past by the prospective nut growers because they did not stop to +consider the possibilities of the nuts that were native in their own +locality, but looked abroad for something else. This is characteristic +of many people. "Distant fields look green," and, of all the imported +nut trees, none except the English walnut have been of any success here +whatever, while, in one instance at least, their importation has +resulted in introducing into this country the fatal chestnut blight, +which probably came in on uninspected stock from Japan. We have better +native chestnuts in this country than any foreign chestnut and the +blunder of trying to get something different is costing the country +millions of dollars through the scourge of the chestnut blight, which +threatens to wipe out the industry. It reminds me of the epitaph on the +tombstone which read: "I was well and wanted to be better, took medicine +and here I am." Therefore, let us consider what nuts we have worth +while. + + +_The Pecan_ + +First, we have the northern pecan which is native in certain portions of +a belt approximately 150 miles wide, with Evansville, Indiana, on the +38th parallel, as the center. I do not mean to say that the pecan will +succeed in all portions of the northern half of this belt or that it may +not succeed in many sections farther north. The question of climate, as +modified by proximity to oceans and large bodies of water or as made +more rigid by absence of these protections, may decrease or increase the +latitude at which the pecan can be successfully grown. The orange, for +instance, is one of the tenderest fruits and yet, on the western coast, +orange groves are flourishing at the same latitude as Philadelphia, +which is nearly on the 40th parallel, although it is unnecessary to say +that an orange grove would not survive within four or five hundred miles +of the 40th parallel any place else except on the favored western coast. +The southern varieties of pecans will not flourish in the north and we +do not know whether the northern varieties will flourish in the South. + +The pecan is a hickory and the northern trees are very hardy and +thrifty. Many varieties have been discovered the last few years which +are thought to be worthy of propagating. Among them are the "Indiana" +and "Busseron," from near Oaktown, Knox County, Indiana; the "Niblack," +from Vincennes, Knox County, Indiana; the "Warrick," "Green River," +"Major," "Kentucky," and "Posey," all from the Evansville section; the +"Norton" from Clarksville, Missouri, and several other varieties. + + +_English Walnut_ + +The next most important nut, and probably competing very closely with +the pecan for popular favor, is the English walnut, which is perhaps +the only nut that has been successfully imported for growing. Since the +earliest Colonial days, seedling nuts have been brought from France, +Germany and other parts of Europe and have been planted up and down the +Atlantic Coast. Most of the trees from these plantings have not been +able to permanently withstand climatic conditions, but, scattered here +and there throughout the North and East, are individual trees of +apparent hardiness which bear nuts in size and quality comparing +favorably with the English walnuts we see on the market. Among the +various hardy varieties of the English walnut are the "Rush" and "Nebo," +from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, introduced by Mr. J. G. Rush, the +pioneer propagator in the Eastern States. Another is the "Hall" from the +shores of Lake Erie, the "Pomeroy" from Lockport, N. Y., a short +distance from Niagara Falls; the "Rumford" from Wilmington, Del.; the +"Ridgway" from Lumberton, N. J.; the "Holden" from Hilton, N. Y.; the +"Boston" from Massachusetts; the "Potomac," "Barnes" and "Weaver" from +Washington, D. C.; and a number of other varieties. The location of the +parent trees just named will give some idea of the probable hardiness of +these varieties. + + +_Shagbark Hickory_ + +The thin-shelled shagbark hickory is a nut that is coming more and more +into favor and is well worthy of propagation. The first shagbark +recognized as a distinct variety was the "Hales," located and named by +Henry Hales of Ridgwood, N. J., about 1874. This is a very large, +attractive, thin-shelled nut, but has been somewhat superseded by other +and superior shagbarks. Dr. Robert T. Morris of New York has been making +a systematic search for several years for trees bearing shagbarks of +high quality and merit, and has been very successful in bringing a +number of such nuts to public attention, including the "Taylor" and +"Cook." The "Swaim" from South Bend, Ind., is an excellent shagbark; the +"Weiker," from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania; the "Kirtland," from New +England; the "Rice," from Illinois; and another very superior and fine +shagbark from northern Kentucky which was brought to public attention by +R. L. McCoy of Lake, Ind. + + +_Black Walnuts_ + +Throughout the whole north are tens of thousands of seedling black +walnuts, many of which are of excellent quality, but, so far as is +known, there are but two recognized varieties, the "Thomas," introduced +during the eighties and propagated to a limited extent, and another from +Lamont, Mich. + + +_Butternut_ + +The butternut is also quite common in much of the same territory as is +the black walnut and even in regions farther north, but, so far as I +have knowledge, not a single variety has been named. + + +_Japanese Walnuts_ + +Seedlings of two species of Japanese walnuts are quite common along the +Atlantic Coast and as far inland as the Mississippi River. They are also +grown on the Pacific Coast to some extent, but apparently no varieties +have been recognized. + +Another nut which is confused with the Japanese walnut is botanically +known as Juglans Mandshurica. In character of growth the tree quite +resembles the Japanese species, but the nut resembles more our American +butternut and sometimes they are confused. A short time ago a gentleman +in New Jersey who had planted some nuts of the Japanese varieties later +cut down the mature trees because he thought they were American +butternuts. + + +_Hazel-nuts_ + +It is never safe to use the term "hazel" without explaining that it +correctly applies also to the species brought from Europe and more +commonly called filberts. According to the late Mr. Fuller, the Germans +discriminated between hazels and filberts entirely by the shape of the +husk. A nut having a husk which extended and came together beyond the +end of the nut was called filbert, meaning beard. Those having shorter +and more open husks, so that the nut protruded, were called hazels after +the German word "hassel,"--hood, in English. It will readily be seen +that once the nuts were separated from the husks, it would be impossible +by their classification to determine whether they were hazels or +filberts. The Americans generally accept the use of the term hazel to +apply to both the American and European species. + +In the early history of our country extensive and persistent efforts +were made to introduce the European hazels, and no wonder, for of all +nut trees this species seems to yield most readily to garden culture. +They are readily capable of adapting themselves to most any kind of soil +and even to rocky ledges which would be impossible to cultivate. They +attain their greatest perfection in good soil and, under proper +cultivation, the trees come into bearing early and the nuts mature early +in the fall, well in advance of other species. The hazel, however, like +the chestnut has met with a fatal disease. It is a blight which seems to +exist everywhere except on the native species, which are so far immune +as to show little or none of its effects. The American hazels, however, +act as host plants to the blight, which thus quickly spreads, with fatal +results, to the European species. Of all the plantings which have been +made during the past one hundred and fifty years, it is safe to say that +there are less than half a dozen hazel orchards in the eastern states +which have not succumbed. It seems quite probable that a golden +opportunity is awaiting someone who is willing to go through the forests +of our eastern states, especially those in lower New England, in search +of individual hazels from which to propagate new varieties. Among the +heavy bearing shrubs, which exist in the section referred to, it is +certain that many hazels could be found well worth propagating. + + * * * * * + +Turning now from this brief history of northern nut trees, let us +consider the future of the industry as viewed in the light of sound +theory and actual observation. It is unnecessary to present any argument +why nut trees should be planted. Nuts afford the highest grade food +known to science. They are wholesome, healthful, strengthening,--in +fact, without a single objectionable feature so far as I know as an +article of food and, when one considers that food is the basis of human +existence, no further argument is necessary to warrant interest in one +of the best foods known. + +Then how shall we advise the prospective grower of a nut orchard? First, +let him determine what kinds of nuts thrive in his vicinity. The +prospective grower in the latitude of Evansville can indulge himself to +his heart's content, for he can grow successfully the pecan, English +walnut, black walnut, butternut, hazel and, up to date, the chestnut. +But, success in growing any of these trees depends upon proper +information, proper varieties, proper soil and proper care. Suppose a +man, in the Evansville latitude, for instance, desires a pecan orchard. +What should he do? His quickest way, if he has wild seedling pecan trees +growing on his farm, would be to have the wild trees top-worked to +well-known varieties. If he has no seedling trees, then his next best +plan is to purchase budded trees of good varieties from some honest +nurseryman, set them not less than sixty feet apart and cultivate and +care for them. Will they grow around fence corners and creek banks? Yes, +if you have plenty of time to wait. They will not, however, be in a +hurry, and it may be your grandchildren who will gather the nuts. But, a +cultivated orchard of budded pecan trees of the right varieties ought to +come into commercial bearing as soon as does an apple orchard. Mr. W. C. +Reed of Vincennes reports Busserons that were budded fourteen months +ago setting as high as sixteen nuts this year. That is, the second +summer after they were budded. If the trees are of the right varieties, +well cultivated, in good soil, and if you care enough for them to throw +some fertilizer around them, they will please you by their growth and +soon become very profitable. + +Now suppose one wants an orchard of English walnuts. Almost identically +the same instructions hold true. If you have wild black walnut seedlings +on your farm, by all means have them top-worked to fine varieties of +English walnut, for the black walnut is the best root for the English +walnut. If you have no seedling trees, go to some reputable nurseryman +and buy known varieties of hardy English walnuts budded on hardy black +walnut stocks. Set them not less than fifty feet apart and cultivate and +care for them. Mr. Rush reports one of his budded Rush trees four years +old bearing fifty-seven walnuts this year. I saw a Rush in Washington +City the other day, two years old, carrying about a dozen walnuts; also +a Hall, of the same age, carrying about the same number. Both trees were +thrifty and not much over waist high, and every terminal twig had from +one to two nuts on it. + +If you have wild hickory trees growing on your farm, have them +top-worked by the slip-bark or budding method to fine varieties of +shagbarks. In the absence of wild hickories, I believe the future will +prove that the next best method of starting an orchard of budded +shagbark hickories is to buy them budded on hardy northern pecan stocks. +The hickory is not the best stock for the pecan because it is of slower +growth, and for the same reason the pecan ought to be the better stock +for the hickory. But the hickory does not grow as rapidly as does the +English walnut or the pecan and requires more patience. + +The hazels are going to afford a great field for the nut grower, as they +are native to a wide territory embracing the Middle West, the North and +the East, and ought to be profitable. A few years ago I found a very +fine large hazel growing on my farm in Warrick County, Indiana. I dug up +some of the roots of this bush and planted them in my garden at +Boonville, and in three years they were bearing fine clusters of hazels +larger than those borne by the parent bush. I think farmers would find +it profitable to set out hedges of native hazel bushes around their +fields and fences and on hillsides. + +Butternuts, black walnuts and beechnuts also offer a fertile field for +experiment. Any varieties of butternut or black walnut can be +propagated by budding or top-grafting them on seedling stocks. + +I should like to suggest that every farmer in the nut growing belt set +aside at least ten acres of land for a nut orchard. It will give him a +new interest in life and afford him more pleasure and relief from the +ordinary monotony of farm work, I believe, than any other line of work +he can pursue. If Ponce de Leon had planted a nut orchard in this +country instead of wasting his time searching for the fountain of +perpetual youth he could have spent his old days in interesting, +profitable and fascinating work instead of in despair and +disappointment. + +But some of the practical questions asked are, "What is the cost of a +nut orchard?" and, "How soon will it bear?" and "What will it be worth +when it does bear?" No man can answer these questions with any degree of +certainty, for everything that man attempts has its drawbacks and +disadvantages. First-class budded nut trees cost from one to two dollars +apiece. The balance of the cost depends largely upon the intelligence +and efficiency of the labor applied in setting and cultivating. When +will they bear? That depends altogether upon who owns them. If properly +cared for they will begin setting some nuts in a few years and will +increase the crop as the years go by. A pecan tree ought to bear +successfully for fifty years--possibly longer, and ought to be bearing +nicely in eight years if properly cared for. But, success depends upon +the care and intelligence with which the original selection of trees and +soil is made, and upon proper cultivation. I have set an orchard of +northern varieties of pecans budded from the parent trees in the +Evansville section on my farm in Maryland this spring. The land cost me +sixty dollars per acre. When they are ten years old they ought to be +worth at least five hundred dollars per acre. I do not know how much +more this grove of nut trees will be worth in ten years, but I would not +option them at the present time for that price. I have about the same +confidence in the English walnut. + +I have always been conservative on these matters and always expect to be +because in conservatism lies safety. These figures I have given you are +merely my personal opinion. I have seen pecan groves ten and fifteen +years old for which I would not have given any more than the land was +worth on which they were growing. If any one has a notion that he can +make money in nut culture, without intelligent exertion, he had better +go into some other line of business in which there are men having a fair +degree of success with unintelligent effort. I know of no nut grove in +the whole United States that is succeeding without intelligent +application, and on the other hand I do not know of a single grove which +with intelligent application is not succeeding. I am a +"conservative-optimist." I have been talking nut culture for a number of +years and expect to see every hope and estimate which I have expressed +fulfilled, and after all has been said and considered my final advice is +to _Plant Nut Trees_. + + * * * * * + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair invites a very active discussion of this paper. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: It would be unkind to criticize so very instructive an +address but there is one thing laid down in that paper I wish to speak +about. I believe we were told we must cultivate our nut trees. I believe +the fact is that in the greater portion of the United States, we can +grow trees, even nut trees, without cultivation. If anybody doesn't +believe that, go to Washington by the Chesapeake Railroad and you will +see thousands of walnut trees along the way. I believe the human race +can grow trees on a hillside without cultivation, and I want to suggest +to persons putting out nut trees to put out a few in places where they +don't have to be plowed, and see if they don't get good results. +Cultivation is not a fundamental element of agriculture or plant life, +but is the quick way to get results. + +In many places in Ohio the state experimental work in horticulture, +especially that carried on by F. H. Ballou, has done some wonderful +things in waking up apple orchards that had not grown a quarter of an +inch in years. Merely giving them food has caused them to wake up and +bear. I have seen them, and know. The books say that while apples may +grow without cultivation, peach trees _must_ be cultivated in order to +bear. I have peach trees that are three years old in a rocky piece of +ground. I can't plow it but I have fed some of the peach trees and a few +I did not, that is not much, and the ones that were fed as they should +be are much the biggest and are bearing well. My point is this, keep the +grass well scraped away to prevent trunk injury, and feed even a peach +tree and it will do well. I think the same is true of the nut tree. + +Whether a tree that is set out, liberally fed, and the grass kept away +will do as well without cultivation, is a subject worthy of your +consideration and experiment. + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair especially desires to call attention to Dr. +Smith's remarks because he has made a very careful study of this +question and his suggestions are worthy of very great consideration. I +have talked these things over with him a great deal and I commend his +remarks especially to the Association for discussion. + +DR. MORRIS: In connection with the matter of cultivation I would also +like to have Mr. Reed discuss that. I want to say, however, that, in +using fertilizers, you will often very easily overdo the matter. +Sometimes in my experience professionally, I give a patient medicine +enough to last a week, with directions that a teaspoonful be taken twice +a day, and the patient may believe if she takes the entire bottle at one +dose she will be well in an hour, and consequently suffer from an +overdose. That same idea is sometimes carried out in the fertilization +of trees by horticulturists. You don't intend to do it but sometimes you +can kill with kindness and be too good in feeding your trees if you +don't understand how much fertilization the tree needs. That is the +idea, you have got to give your trees the ratio that they need. If you +give them too much pie or pudding, your trees will have indigestion and +will not thrive and may die. I have lost a great many good trees, and a +great many nut trees, and have checked the growth of a great many by not +realizing this. I wish Mr. Reed would speak to us about it. + +MR. POTTER: I want to state some experience I have had and when Mr. Reed +talks, I wish he would give me some information. I set out some pecan +trees on my lawn in the front yard, and of course there is not much +cultivation there except around the trees. It is like most other lawns +in southern Illinois, mostly clay and what other soil we put on top. Now +the clay is very hard and in setting the trees I had my man dig a hole +three feet deep and two feet across and in setting the trees I packed +good dirt around them. The question is how should I feed those trees? I +have put barn manure around them and they are now growing and doing very +nicely, I want to know if I have pursued the right course. + +MR. MCCOY: I believe this question of growing trees in fence corners and +on hillsides is not so large a question. The main thing is to give them +plenty of water. There is very little land in the Mississippi valley +that won't grow pecan trees or most any other kind, if you will give +them sufficient mulch and plenty of water, because they take their food +in the form of soup. Unless they have water, they won't grow. I believe +the best cultivation you can give a tree of any kind is a good mulch of +straw and manure. You that have had experience in this part of the +country know that is the best way to cultivate trees. + +I grew a peach orchard once in one year, but I have quit that, I have +learned better. It is simply a question of water and plant food. If you +will mulch any kind of a tree, nut tree or any kind, with ten or fifteen +inches of straw and stable manure, you will have a steady growth from +early spring until late in the fall, and it will make a strong tree. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: While we are waiting for Mr. Reed I want to take up Mr. +McCoy's soup suggestion. Water doesn't make good soup without something +in it. Experiments show that you can mulch ground in some places and not +wake up the tree, but fertilizer will wake it up the first year. + +MR. POTTER: What kind of fertilizer did you use? + +PROFESSOR SMITH: One must experiment to see what his land is short on. +Sometimes you can fertilize your trees without any result. Sometimes +potash will not do any good and sometimes it will. You will have to see +what your ground needs. For young apple trees I found in my particular +situation that nitrate of soda is all I want. I have what is called a +Porter's clay soil on the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. I use that +and then my trees get busy and grow. They make rapid growth even the +first season with a handful of nitrate and for my three year old trees +half a pound is enough. That is what my soil seems to need and we must +use what the soil is short on. That is my interpretation of my situation +and it works. + +THE PRESIDENT: Who can tell us whether nitrate of soda is good for nut +trees? Can you, Mr. Simpson? + +MR. SIMPSON: In the South, we do not think so. + +THE PRESIDENT: The reason I asked, is that I have been studying that. I +wrote Mr. Potter a letter suggesting that he use some on his young nut +trees to see what it would do, and later I found out that all through +the South it was not regarded as desirable. It seems they claim it +starts pecan trees into an active growth but when they stop they make a +very sudden stop and don't start growing any more. I want to get this in +the record right here. You understand that is the general belief +throughout the South, do you not? + +MR. SIMPSON: Yes sir, it is not considered good. + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Smith has made a very careful study of fruit trees +and knows its effect on them from experiments, but it is well perhaps to +consider fruit and nut trees separately. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: I should suggest to anybody who is thinking of working +with trees, to get some seedling pecans and plant them and then +fertilize some of them and others not, in the same kind of soil. In +that way he can get his own fertilizer conclusions at a small expense +and then he will know what his own soil needs. + +MR. MCCOY: We fertilized seedling pecans in a clay soil and we decided +the trees we did not fertilize got along better than the ones we did. Of +course that ground is better where the trees are than on the average +farm. We used nitrate of soda and potash but we decided the ones we +didn't fertilize did the best. + +MR. POTTER: I put two pounds of nitrate of soda around each tree and the +English walnuts I used it on budded out very shortly after using it, but +along about June they died. The pecan trees we used it around grew +fairly well, but some of them, one in particular, appeared to remain +dormant, almost, until about two months ago when it commenced growing +and is now growing very rapidly. So you see I don't know where I am at. + +THE PRESIDENT: In writing you I did not understand the size of the tree. +On some trees I have been using a tablespoonful, about that, and I was +afraid I got too much. + +MR. POTTER: Evidently I got too much. + +THE PRESIDENT: Evidently we got mixed up on the quantity. I know I never +used more than two tablespoonfuls at any time and I should imagine two +pounds would be a big overdose. I remember talking to Dr. Smith about +that time about some old apple trees around which you can use five or +six pounds of nitrate of soda and I suppose that is the way we got mixed +up. I must have had that in mind as I did not intend to advise that +amount for young nut trees. + +MR. POMEROY: How long a season should the tree keep growing? From early +spring to late in the fall? My experience is they will stop about the +first of August, and let the wood ripen up and harden for the cold +weather. Some might keep the trees growing longer, but you will hurt the +trees I think. + +THE PRESIDENT: We have not heard from Mr. Reed yet. + +MR. C. A. REED: I am glad the discussion has proceeded as it has since +it has given me time to reconnoitre. I hardly know what to say on this +subject that Professor Smith has brought up. I guess he knows what he is +talking about so far as his experiments have taught him. The department +does not like to discourage a good thing nor to encourage a thing that +is too risky. There is one thing quite sure and that is that so long as +nut trees are selling for from one dollar to two dollars apiece, very +few people are going to buy them and plant many of them on these +hillsides and experiment with them. People cannot afford to do that. We +have found, taking the country over, that nut trees thrive best when +they are given treatment; that is they must be given cultivation and +fertilization; be given some degree of attention the same as an apple or +peach orchard. Colonel Sober, however, will show you quite a different +thing. He will show you chestnut trees that are not cultivated at all, +so there is a staggering blow to my argument, and yet Colonel Sober gets +something like three and a half bushels to the tree. You don't fertilize +those trees, do you, Colonel Sober? + +COLONEL SOBER: No sir, not at all. Haven't yet. + +MR. REED: So there is an argument that silences me and still it is true +that we can't safely plant hickories and pecans without some degree of +cultivation. I don't think Professor Smith has planted any on these +hills. + +Still we all agree with Professor Smith in a way. Something ought to be +done to the surface to prevent the land from washing, and there is no +better way of doing that than by planting trees. Then the roots will +prevent washing and they can take care of themselves better than a +surface crop. Especially is this true on the hillsides, so there is a +good deal in Professor Smith's argument. And yet there is the danger +that those trees will be infected with disease and insects. On plants +and trees that are attended to and cultivated we find those pests will +be kept in check. So there are two sides to that argument. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: The point I raised was this, that it is possible in +some places to attain by fertilization the advantage that comes by +cultivation in other places. Great things have been done without +fertilization. There are chestnut orchards in Corsica of grafted trees, +ranging from the size of my wrist to eighteen to twenty feet in +circumference. They have not been fertilized in centuries, and they +yield enough to support the entire population. + +THE PRESIDENT: We would like to hear from Col. Van Duzee, and I want to +say that, as President of the National Nut Growers Association, he is +well acquainted with these things. I commend him to you and promise that +whatever he may have to say to you is worthy of your very careful +consideration. I have the honor to belong to the association of which he +is the president, and know it is seldom we have an opportunity to hear +men like him. + +COL. VAN DUZEE: Gentlemen, I am going to side step this argument for I +do not think it worth while taking up the time. We are here for other +purposes. Personal experiences are not the general rule because each +one's experience differs from that of others. We might all tell our +personal experiences and after we were all through we would not have +accomplished anything. I want to take you back to the point from which +we started this, in order to know what we are talking about. To +illustrate what I want to say to you, we can take the root pasture of a +tree and analyze it in every possible way so as to bring to bear upon it +the best judgment we have from all sources. The tree grown upon a +hillside has a root pasture which is entirely different in many ways +from the root pasture in the river bottoms. If we have a tree growing on +a hillside in a soil that easily transmits moisture and it gives that +tree constantly a stream of pure water going through its root system, +and there happens to be enough fertility in that vicinity, that moisture +is impregnated with plant food, and the tree will get all it wants. You +can't speak in the same breath of the tree growing in the river bottoms +whose entire root pasture is entirely different. The root pasture may +become contaminated by various things which may cause, so to speak, +ptomaine poison. Therefore I say that every locality, every soil, every +climatic condition, every variety of tree must be taken as individual. +What would be good for an apple orchard in Virginia might be fatal to an +apple orchard immediately south of Lake Brie in Ohio. The use of +commercial fertilizer that would be good in one locality would be bad in +another. Therefore I disapprove of this kind of a discussion, because we +are not speaking to a definite point. I want to bring your minds to this +point, that every individual tree and its locality, and the man that is +responsible for its welfare, must be analyzed before you can speak +intelligently about what must be done. + +I am going to tell you the same story I told the societies at Pharoa, +Alabama. They wanted me to talk on this subject and I said, "You remind +me of a backwoods character I have come in contact with in the woods of +Florida who is ill and doesn't know what is the matter with him. He +knows he needs medicine and he goes down to the general store and buys a +bottle of patent medicine recommended by the groceryman and he takes it +and maybe it helps him and maybe it don't, but if he don't get better he +goes and gets advice from some other man like the grocer." I said, "That +is the way you are demonstrating fertilizer." The first thing I would +advise would be this: to analyze the individual pasture of the +individual tree and take everything that enters into the history of that +tree and everything that bears upon it. All the accumulated wisdom of +others won't help us very much. We have to use common horse sense. We +can't talk about these things generally. In poor soil and under bad +conditions the pecan tree will do nothing. There are trees I know +twenty-six or twenty-seven years old that are not as large as my wrist, +that have never borne a nut and never will. I can also show you trees in +that immediate vicinity, planted at the same time from the same nuts +with favorable conditions, that are seventy or eighty feet high and +bearing good crops of nuts. Those nuts came out of the same bag the same +day, and were planted by the same man in the same locality, and that +proves, as I have said before, that you cannot discuss things of this +kind in general terms and it is a waste of the time of the association +to do so. I would be glad to answer definite questions as to definite +points. + +THE PRESIDENT. The next will be a talk by Dr. R. T. Morris of New York. + +DR. MORRIS: Mr. Chairman, and Members of the Association: My subject +relates to personal experiences with hybridization work. This is work +which is to be done more and more by various members of our association, +and we are thus to create new species of trees. Nature's whole endeavor +is to preserve the mean type among races of organisms. There are mutants +among all trees, among the hickories and walnuts, as well as among the +peaches and pears. In fact all species undergo mutation. We select the +most desirable mutants and we try to fix a given type by grafting and +propagating. Seedlings will go back toward the mean type. The mean type +hickory, walnut or chestnut is the type that nature wishes to preserve, +but these are not best for man's purposes. What is best in nature's plan +is not always best in man's plan. We have got to dynamite nature. We +have got to put a charge of dynamite under nature's seat and blow her +up, in order to get what we want for our own purposes. How do we do it? +How do we break up the mean type of a variety or species? By crossing +the flowers and bringing together the parents we wish to unite in the +hope of growing new forms, among which will be some that are +particularly desirable for our purposes. + +Now in doing this work, I have had to get by experience a number of +points which will be of value to members of this association. First, in +regard to collecting pollen. Sometimes species, which we wish to cross, +flower at widely different times. They bloom perhaps two or three or +four or even six weeks apart, and it is a question how long we can keep +the pollen viable. What can we do about it? There are two good ways. +First, get your branches of male flowers before they are open, put them +in cold storage, or in an ice house, or in a dark room, and keep them +anywhere from one to six weeks dormant. When you want to use them, and +your trees of the pistillate flowers are ready, take the branches of +staminate flowers out of the ice house and put them in jars of water in +a warm room in the sunshine. They will blossom and make good pollen +shortly. Another way is through correspondents living at a distance. +These correspondents will send you pollen from a species which blossoms +later further north or earlier further south, at the time which you wish +for your pistillate flowers. For instance, in crossing chinkapins with +oaks, the chinkapins will blossom about the 12th of June in Connecticut +but most of the oaks are through blossoming by the 12th of May. There we +have a month's difference. How can I use oak pollen upon my chinkapin +trees? I do this by sending away up to the northern limits of the growth +of the oak tree, up in Canada. The red oak tree blossoms there in June, +the same species that blossoms with me early in May. Pecan pollen that I +wish to use upon shagbarks and walnuts I get from Texas. Now how are we +to keep pollen when we have collected it, if we are not ready to use it +immediately? I have had pollen sent to me from a distance in tightly +corked bottles. It was probably ruined at the end of three or four days, +because it could not breathe. Every grain of pollen has to breathe just +as surely as a red squirrel in the top of a tree has to breathe. The +pollen grain is a living organism, and if it is sent in a closely corked +bottle it smothers and dies. You must have it sent in paper or wooden +boxes in order to have it in good condition when it arrives, and it must +be kept in a cool place, not too dry and not too damp. If it is kept in +a place that is too damp, various fungi appear, and begin to attack it +at once. If it is too dry, it loses its water content, and its +protoplasm does not make combination with that of the other flower. So +we must keep our pollen in a cool place, not too dry, not too warm and +not too moist, and where it can breathe. We may put it in cold storage +but not at a temperature below freezing. We may put it into the cold +storage which florists use, and keep it for a long while. Some pollen +will keep, viable for three weeks, under these conditions, possibly +longer. It is important to keep your pollen boxes open at the top. They +must be kept where the wind doesn't blow your pollen from one box to +another. I had not been impressed by that point until this year. I had +eight different kinds of pollen about the farm house, in different +rooms, in order to be sure to keep them far apart. One day on my arrival +from town ready for pollenating a number of trees, I found that a very +neat housekeeper had found it undesirable to keep such boxes scattered +about in so many places. She had put them all neatly together in a +closet on one shelf, and there was none of the pollen that I could use, +because the wind had mixed the kinds all up. I had eight kinds of pollen +across which one kind of wind had blown. + +There is one practical point in cross pollenizing flowers that I have +recently learned. Pollen of one variety may not combine with the ovule +of another variety or species but may stimulate the ovule to go on and +develop all alone, without taking to itself the added pollen. That is a +very important point, and possibly a new point. I was deceived, and +reported that I had crosses of certain trees, and that such hybrids were +growing. I knew that the flowers of parent trees had been properly +protected from their own pollen. Now when these young trees are two +years of age, I find they are true to one parent type; so true that they +are evidently not hybrids. They have developed from the pistillate +parent only. In ordinary parthenogenesis the fruit grows without any +pollen influence at all. This forced parthenogenesis which I have +described seems to be a phenomenon with which botanists are unfamiliar. +Until I learn that it has been described and named by others I shall +call it Allergic Parthenogenesis (Allos, ergon). The pistillate flowers +accept absolutely no pollen, but go on and develop because of its +impulse given. In cross pollenizing flowers, I find one point of great +practical consequence. When covering the female flowers with paper bags +to protect them from their own pollen you give protection to a great +number of insects. The insects remain inside these bags and destroy the +leaves and flowers. They are protected there from their enemies, +predatory insects and the birds. When the bags are taken off, perhaps a +week later, for the purpose of adding pollen to pistillate flowers, +insects may have destroyed the leaves and even the flowers. +Consequently, I find it best to sprinkle the leaves with Persian insect +powder and to put some of it in the bags that are to cover the flowers. +Insects can't live in an atmosphere of this insect powder. They sneeze +themselves to death. I have taken the bags from leaves and flowers which +were so badly injured by insects you could distinguish them at a +considerable distance. Those are all the points that I jotted down for +this address today, but no doubt many other points will be brought out +in the subsequent discussion. + +MR. MCCOY: I would like to inquire how far it is possible under a +microscopic examination to determine the species of the pollen. + +DR. MORRIS: It is possible to determine the species but not the variety +so far as I know. It may be possible to determine a variety but I don't +know the extent to which that is possible, from microscopic examination +of the pollen. If we wish to know whether pollen is still good or not we +may in twenty-four or forty-eight hours cause it to "sprout," and in +that way know whether it is viable and good. We may save ourselves a +good deal of trouble by making this examination and determining whether +or not a given lot of pollen is viable before putting it on the flowers. +We can cause it to sprout in a sugar solution. + +THE SECRETARY: What is the strength of the sugar solution? + +DR. MORRIS: That is technical work and must be done by a plant +physiologist. He will do it for us at the State Agricultural College and +telegraph his report. + +MR. DORR: Is this work you have outlined of sufficient definiteness to +get results? That is the important thing. We farmers sometimes discover +a plan accidentally that will outclass anything we can get in an +agricultural college. + +DR. MORRIS: That is very important. We are to produce nuts that are +better, and also in greater quantities. The question if hybridizing work +is valuable has been already answered in the case of roses and soft +fruits. Our best types are largely the ones which have been secured by +hybridization and the same will be true of nuts. The subject has not +been so largely taken up as yet with nuts. Very few of us are doing with +nuts what has been done with other fruits. + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair wishes to say that the members of this +association have a very great and rare opportunity to secure information +on this subject. Dr. Morris has made a very careful study of it. + +DR. MORRIS: The more study I make, the less I seem to know. Consequently +I shall be very modest in my replies. + +MR. DORR: I have been working with different things and find so many +things I can't get at the truth. In the last year I have made +experiments in breeding cattle to get colors, and I was agreeably +surprised with my own success. I want to know if you can get similar +results. I can observe the results so readily that I know exactly how I +get them. + +DR. MORRIS: As a general statement the same thing you get from working +with animals we may expect to get in working with plants. The protoplasm +of plants is now known to act like that of animals, but not quite so +quickly or freely in response to cultural methods. We can breed to size +and breed to quality and character of fruit, and we find we may do with +plants just about what we do with animals, only not quite so quickly, +because animal protoplasm responds more readily. + +MR. W. C. REED: I would like to ask if in a cross between the Persian +walnut and the shagbark hickory there is a cross pollenization, or is it +an increased vitality given by the pollen? Is there really a cross +there? + +DR. MORRIS: I made one cross between the Persian walnut and the shagbark +hickory that was evidently a good hybrid. It showed character of both +parents, but I lost that entire lot. I wasn't careful enough in +protecting them. I have another lot of crosses between these two flowers +in which the type often is so definitely shagbark hickory that I doubt +if there is any walnut there at all. Under certain conditions we may get +hybrids, yet miss it at another time, even when working with the same +parents. Somebody has probably made a better study of this point and +recorded better ideas. I think we may safely say that we may expect an +actual cross between some walnuts and hickories. + +MR. MCCOY: Would it be possible to cross the English walnut and the +black walnut and produce a nut of superior quality? + +DR. MORRIS: Yes, it is possible to cross them, but you do not often get +a nut of superior quality. The tendency seems to be to have a nut of +thick shell and of not high quality, but if you make a thousand of those +crosses, out of the thousand you may get a few of just what you want. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: I want to ask if you are always careful to apply the +pollen when it is well ripened? + +DR. MORRIS: Yes, I have always been careful to apply it at just the time +when it was well ripened, and that is of great importance in its bearing +upon Mr. Reed's question. If I have pollen which is quite ripe I may +perhaps catch it upon an ovule, but if it is not ripe I won't got the +cross. I may add it a little too early or too late when the pistillate +flower is unprepared and I won't get a cross. If I get my pollen just at +the right time upon the pistillate flowers I may have a good cross, +between varieties which do not cross readily. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: In my experience in breeding apples, formerly I always +waited until the pollen was ripe, and that meant I had to cover the +blossoms with bags and depend on the weather for conditions favorable to +pollenation. But four or five years ago I began pollenating much earlier +and I have had good results. + +DR. MORRIS: That is a very important point. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: By doing that I know it is pollenated. I have been +failing so many years I felt it was a loss of all the first part of the +work. + +DR. MORRIS: It is a great convenience to be able to pollenate at the +same moment when you emasculate. + +A MEMBER: I would like to have you kindly explain to what extent cross +pollenation can be made practical to the ordinary grower. + +DR. MORRIS: Let's say that in case of the butternut we wish to +experiment with removal of the thick shell, and also to obtain less of +that strong oily flavor; we wish to get rid of those two things. In +order to do that I would first think of the Japanese walnut, _juglans +cordiformis_, which has a much thinner shell and is less oily and more +bland. Crosses between this Japanese walnut and the butternut we may +fairly expect will sometimes give us a large, thin shelled butternut of +good character. The next question is, who is going to do it? The men +about my place are pretty busy, and this is rather delicate work. It is +going to be a most inspiring field for the young folks and the ladies, +because it is nice, pretty, ladylike work, and beside that its returns +may be large. If your little daughter, ten years of age, knows that she +may get $2,000 for a single cross that she has made, it is stimulating, +because it is not every child ten years of age who can put $2,000 in the +bank, as personal earnings of increment. + +MR. MOSELY: I would like to ask just what results you expect from the +cross pollenization of these nuts, and just how far they will differ +from the parent type? + +DR. MORRIS: You are bound to have continuance of one parent type, but in +crossing with pollen from hybrids you may carry desirable +characteristics through a series of generations and breed for what is +wanted, possibly to the sixth generation or even further with some +species. + +MR. MOSELY: Then the type is not fixed until pollenization? + +DR. MORRIS: By selecting the one showing the dominant characteristics +you wish to preserve, you could breed through several generations and +have an ideal type eventually. + +MR. DOAN: I would like to ask how far the buds are developed in cold +storage before the pollen can be used? + +DR. MORRIS: For instance, take the hazel when its catkins are just +beginning to elongate. It may be put in the ice house and kept there, +for two or three weeks dormant. When we wish to develop those flowers we +put the branches in a jar of water in a warm room and in about three +days the plants are shedding pollen. I got some hazel catkins this +spring that were elongating. It was the latter part of February when we +had one or two warm days and I believed my pistillate hazels were about +ready for pollen. I got those branches from Rochester. We had unexpected +cold weather and storms and my pistillate hazels did not bloom until +more than two weeks later. I kept these undeveloped catkins that I had +received in a cold dark place. When I wanted to use them I put them in a +jar of water and in less than three days they were shedding pollen +freely, at a time when my pistillate flowers were ready for pollen. + +MR. MOSELY: I would like to know the object in crossing the oak on the +chinkapin. + +DR. MORRIS: My idea is to get a chinkapin tree twice as large as an oak, +perhaps. I shall hope to have a chinkapin tree as sturdy as the red oak, +with nuts larger than acorns and of as good quality as the chinkapin +nut. Of course that extravagant possibility only appeals to one with a +speculative nature. + +THE PRESIDENT: Pursuant to the authority conferred on the President this +morning, the following committees are announced: + +On Nomination--Robert T. Morris, Chairman: C. P. Close, J. L. Doan, R. +T. Olcott, C. A. Reed. + +Exhibits--Prof. C. P. Close, Chairman; J. P. Wilkinson, E. A. Riehl, +Colonel Sober, W. C Reed. + +Resolutions--W. O. Potter, Chairman; H. R. Weber, J. Russell Smith. + +The chair also wishes to place an additional member on the membership +committee, in the place of Mr. Corsan, who has not been able to attend +the last two meetings, and will appoint Leon D. Batchellor of Utah. + +Committee on Revision of Constitution and Rules--Prof. C. P. Close, Dr. +W. C. Deming. + +I will also add to the committee on nomenclature C. A. Reed and R. L. +McCoy. + +THE PRESIDENT: We have a few minutes before time for adjournment and Mr. +Evans, a dynamite man, will speak to us. + +MR. EVANS: Mr. Chairman: The question arises as to what kind of dynamite +to use in the different soils. Most pecan land contains clay and can +best be worked by dynamite. Don't buy ordinary dynamite, because it is +too high an explosive. For several reasons it is not the kind of an +explosive you wish. In some places dynamite can hardly be put on the +market as many people are afraid of it and so the word dynamite has been +eliminated, and we now have what we call Red Cross Farm Powder. It will +work in any part of the country, it is not a high explosive and the +price is lower as the hardware dealers have it direct from the Dupont +companies. By using this Red Cross Farm Powder, less labor is required +and it doesn't cost very much. For labor and all it will cost you about +five cents per hole, and that includes the dynamite caps, fuse and +labor. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: How much do you use? + +MR. EVANS: That depends on the soil and also on the depth to which you +want to shoot the hole. Nurserymen have different opinions on that +subject, but in the southern field where I have been working they +usually go from two and a half to three feet deep. They use one-half +stick 20 per cent dynamite, or one quarter of a pound as it weighs two +sticks to the pound. That should make a hole two and a half or three +feet deep. Fuse is cheap and you should use plenty of it. A man has to +be governed always by the kind of soil he is dealing with. + +MR. POMEROY: In shooting an old apple orchard how deep would you go? + +MR. EVANS: Where I have been working from three and a half to four feet, +but as I said before it will depend largely on the soil. + +MR. POMEROY: How far from the body of the tree? + +MR. EVANS: I have never made a study of that. + +MR. POTTER: In limestone soil, for instance, built up with clay, how +near the trees would you use the dynamite if you want to loosen up the +soil? + +MR. EVANS: What kind of trees? + +MR. POTTER: Pecan. + +MR. EVANS: About six feet. I think that is close enough. + +MR. POTTER: Would you make more than one hole around the tree? + +MR. EVANS: Use your own judgment about that. + +MR. POTTER: How far out will it loosen or break up the ground? + +MR. EVANS: Probably six feet. You can distinguish on the top of the +ground where it takes place. + +MR. POTTER: How deep will it be? + +MR. EVANS: About a foot deeper than the charge is placed. + +THE SECRETARY: With me the most important thing in using dynamite is the +question of headache. I used the 20 per cent at first and it had no +effect. I had heard of its causing headaches and knew some people +couldn't use it but I thought I was immune. Then I began to use 70 or 80 +per cent and I got knocked out for twenty-four hours. The more I used it +the more susceptible I became. When I went back to handling the lower +percentages I got the same results, was completely knocked out and had +to go to bed. Sometimes the effect would come on a long time after I +used the dynamite, perhaps hours afterwards, and the headache would +increase, until I was intensely nauseated and had to give up entirely. +Is there anything to prevent that? Is it caused by the fumes after the +explosion? + +MR. EVANS: Some say it is from handling the dynamite, others say it is +the fumes after the explosion. Red Cross has ammonia in it and that +ought to help some. Dynamite contains nitro glycerine and if you handle +it bare handed it gets in the pores of the skin and causes rapid heart +action. In dynamiting holes for tree planting you will get the fumes and +you will get a headache. If a man could work with gloves on he could +avoid this to a very great extent. You can't do it easily but if you can +do it without taking off the gloves I don't think it would bother you +much. I neglected to state that dynamite by itself is not dangerous +because it will withstand shock or fire or anything like that. The +danger is in the cap. It contains the most powerful explosive known. If +you handle them carefully, there is absolutely no danger. This year we +are slipping little copper disks into the caps with a pin hole for the +fire to strike through. + +MR. HARGIS: I have difficulty in making the shots. Should you put your +cap at the bottom or the top of the stick? + +MR. EVANS: I should advise the top. A misfire is always expensive. If +you think it is necessary put in a cap in the bottom and one in the top. + +MR. POMEROY: If you have a misfire and the men don't like to monkey +around it, and neither do you, just step off a few inches and stick in +another one and let her go. Will that fix the stick that didn't go off? + +MR. EVANS: That is the safest way. + +MR. HARGIS: In tamping say you have a hole in a rock four feet. I have +had men tell me to pour the hole full of water. Is that right? + +MR. EVANS: That is the best method known. + +In tree planting you will always have to use your own judgment. Go down +four or five or six feet to learn the character of the soil, tamp the +cartridge well and as fuse is not expensive, always use plenty of it. + +THE PRESIDENT: Any further discussion of this, or any further questions +on the use of dynamite? + +MR. DOAN: Mr. President, I would like to mention a method I found +helpful. That is to make two holes in the cartridge, one diagonally +down from one side, thrusting the fuse bearing the cap through that, and +then making a hole diagonally in the other side and thrusting the cap in +it. + +MR. EVANS: We do not advocate using that method because dynamite will +become ignited from the fuse and will burn. To be frank with you that is +the method we use, but the company does not approve of it and we should +not use it. You are liable to have a misfire. In warm weather there is +no danger but in cold weather don't use it. The best method is to bore +right in at an angle of forty-five degrees. + +MR. POTTER: Do you advise us to use dynamite? + +MR. EVANS: Yes, we have men making a business of it. + +MR. POTTER: To be frank with you I don't like to use it. + +MR. EVANS: Dynamite is not dangerous. It is the caps, though they look +safe. It is that white stuff in the dynamite cap. There is where the +danger is. + +THE PRESIDENT: We will stand adjourned until 1 o'clock. + + * * * * * + +Re-convened at 1 P. M. + +THE PRESIDENT: I will ask W. C. Reed to state something of his program +for Saturday so the members may know about it. + +W. C. REED: Our plans for Saturday morning are that we are leaving +Evansville at 7:30, arriving in Vincennes at 9:30; several automobiles +will be in waiting there to take all the party out to the nurseries and +get back to the station for the 2 o'clock train going north to Oaktown, +where there will be automobiles in waiting to take us out to see the +original Busseron and Indiana trees, coming back to Oaktown in time for +the 6:40 train south, arriving in Vincennes at 7:07, or the train north +out of Oaktown to Terre Haute, to connect for Pittsburgh over the +Pennsylvania Lines or Big Four if anyone wants to go that way. We would +like to have everyone go with us Saturday, if possible, and would also +like to know sometime this afternoon before we adjourn how many are +going, so I can notify them tonight how many automobiles there will be +needed at each point. + +THE PRESIDENT: That is rather an important visit for the members to make +for two or three reasons. Those of you who haven't had the opportunity +of seeing the pecan propagated in Mr. McCoy's nursery will get a chance +to see Mr. Reed's nursery; and you will get to see the parent trees of +two good northern Varieties. We know very much depends on the location +of the original parent tree, notwithstanding it is sometimes said it is +the location of the nursery that determines the hardiness. We know that +has nothing to do with it. You cannot, by putting a tree in a nursery +for six months, change its nature. If you take this trip Saturday, you +will have a chance to see the Busseron and the Indiana. + +MR. REED: We will also visit the Niblack tree if we have time. + +THE PRESIDENT: I would suggest that all go who can. I want also to urge +all of you to make the trip tomorrow and see the big seedling pecan +trees bearing nuts hanging almost to the ground. You cannot always see +that because usually they are so tall. I also want to call your +attention to the exhibits in the other room. Mr. Wilkinson has a very +fine collection in there. Col. Sober has some very fine exhibits of +chestnuts, both of burrs and nuts, and Mr. W. C. Reed has a very fine +collection and possibly there are many others I should mention. You +ought to examine all of them, because the only way of drawing correct +conclusions about these things comes from careful study, and it cannot +be done hastily. The next on the program this afternoon will be Mr. +McCoy's talk. + +MR. MCCOY: I have no set speech to make I thought maybe there were some +things I might say to be a help to some of you; some things that would +have been lots of help to me a year or two ago from some one, because +nut trees are more difficult than any other nursery stock to propagate, +and for another reason it is more difficult in the North than in the +South. Mr. Paul White and Mr. Ford Wilkinson have both worked in the +North and in the South, and after coming back home these boys say that +anybody can propagate pecans in the South, but with us it is different. +We have kept at it, though, and our president has been our good friend +and has always helped us out. There have been three of us incessantly at +the work. Mr. Littlepage would come down home and get us together and +ginger us up, and we would go back and go to work and try again. It has +been one continuous line of failures, but every year we have learned +some things, or at least learned how not to do it. This spring we were +fortunate in having an expert from the South who came to my nursery and +stayed there until midsummer, and we saw our own work compared with his. +We all had great respect for him and he is able, too. I don't think he +had much respect for us when he got here but he had a whole lot when he +went away for he made a miserable failure like the rest of us. Mr. +Jones, you know, is an authority on grafting. He is the man that +introduced it to the nut world, at least in the East. I think it had +been tried in California before. We have tried his methods and +everything else that government experts or any other expert told us +about, and we have read all the magazines that were published from the +South to the North. Everything seemed to be a failure and finally I got +disgusted and said "We will do it to suit ourselves." After we had tried +all the hard ways in Christendom I think we have at last found an easy +way to do it. Like everything else it is easy when you know how. I +believe it is a fact--and I am saying nothing but what I believe--I +don't believe you will ever successfully graft pecan trees in the North, +unless you equalize your sap flow by pruning your roots. I tried it and +failed. It is possible you may be able to side graft under most +favorable conditions. You may make a side graft take if you leave the +top on to take care of the extra sap flow. You take off the top of a +pecan tree, or any other nut tree in this country, and you ruin your +root system because your sap comes with such vengeance--and it comes! +One day there is no show of sap and the next day it comes with +vengeance. Differences in the soil, of course, makes some difference. At +Mr. Littlepage's place, Paul had the sap a week before I did and Mr. +Wilkinson had it four days before. A great many of our top works are +going to the bad because we ruined the root system when we cut the tree. +And I want to say it again, I don't believe we can make a success of it +in the North. You may do it in Oregon where you have a distributed sap +flow. The Oregon fellows say you can't bud, because they don't know how. +They say the only way you can produce trees is to graft. That may be +true out there but you can't graft in Indiana, I know, especially on my +place. Of course the soil of each particular farm has something to do +with it. To illustrate my point, the first year I was in the state of +Wisconsin, on the 20th of June, I was out in the country and saw a man +setting tobacco. I knew him and I said, "Won't that tobacco get frost +bit?" and he said, "I reckon not. It might but it never did." I thought +it would, but I went that way in two weeks again and I changed my mind. +I had been used to seeing tobacco growing in the Ohio valley where it +does its growing in the latter part of the season. In the South the sap +flow is much better distributed than it is in the North. + +Now, then, I have brought a board along with these young trees stuck in +it, because I thought some of the members would like to see a +demonstration. The tools I have here are not adequate, hardly, for the +job. For a tree that size we take a saw to it. + +(Here Mr. McCoy makes a demonstration of cleft grafting.) + +MR. POTTER: Would you have a scion as long as that in actual work? + +MR. MCCOY: Many of them are, but it would be better smaller, probably. +That is a matter I don't think there is much to, whether the scion has +one bud or ten. I think three is perhaps about right. + +MR. POTTER: They come together right there? + +MR. MCCOY: Exactly on the front side. Now you understand this grafting +is done when the sap is flowing, or about the time the sap flow begins. +Usually at our latitude here you will commence grafting anywhere from +the 6th of April to about that time in May. Of course when you are +cutting trees at that time you have got an immense flow of sap. Mr. +Jones tried this method without drainage, that is the way they do out in +Louisiana, but he only got ten per cent to stick, so we had to work out +a drainage for ourselves. Take a piece of heavy wrapping paper, rather +good quality such as you can get at any paper store, and put it right +over your graft, and a little bit below the cut on your stock. Then +simply take a piece of raffia and wrap. Then make the ordinary tie that +anyone knows how to make with the cotton or twine, or sometimes with the +raffia, and you have the drainage of this paper. The tie, of course, is +simply to re-enforce the strain on the graft and hold it. Then you apply +the grafting wax. The one we use is three of resin, one of beeswax, and +lampblack and a little bit of linseed oil. Cover up the graft entirely, +except don't cover over the lower end of this paper because there is the +drainage where the sap flows out. Then you put an ordinary paper sack +right over it, and leave it on for about three weeks. + +A MEMBER: You don't tie the paper below the raffia? + +MR. MCCOY: That does not make any difference. + +A MEMBER: At what time do you cut a hole in the bag to give it air, or +do you do that? + +MR. MCCOY: Not for two or three weeks. + +(Mr. McCoy now gives a demonstration in budding.) + +We will suppose this is a seedling and I want to bud it. I place my +budder on like that. Now I have got my shield up. Now I lay my budder on +the stock something like that. + +MR. SMITH: Why not wrap over the bud? + +Mr. MCCOY: Because it will injure it. It is essential to cover all the +cut surface you can. Make it waterproof at the top, and have it open at +the bottom. + +MR. POTTER: How long does that stay on the bud? + +MR. MCCOY: I don't know as that makes any difference unless you want to +force the bud. + +MR. MCELDERRY: When do you take that off? + +MR. MCCOY: I don't know as that makes any difference. I have thousands +of them that have been on five or six weeks. I take it off when action +begins. It varies, it may be two weeks and it may be six and it might be +six months. If you have maximum budding conditions generally the tree +itself will tell the story. We frequently take it off and have to +rewrap. + +MR. W. C. REED: Would ten days be too quick? + +MR. MCCOY: In most cases, yes. + +MR. REED: Fruit trees is two weeks, but pecan trees are not quite as +quick? + +MR. MCCOY: Pecan trees will come through the rye about as quick as a +peach tree. + +MR. REED: I am talking about cherry trees. + +MR. MCCOY: I think about twenty or twenty-five days is about right. You +know as well as I do that cases are not all alike, and you have to know +when to unwrap. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: How can you tell this if the bud is covered up? + +MR. MCCOY: You can tell easy enough if the bud is alive, just like +anything else. + +MR. MOSELY: You say you can't graft pecan trees here? + +MR. MCCOY: I don't think so. + +MR. WEBBER: What do you graft? + +MR. POTTER: And what will you do about the nut trees? + +MR. MCCOY: I will bud. + +MR. WEBBER: What value is the grafting to us? + +MR. MCCOY: You may be able to graft. + +MR. W. C. REED: We _can_ graft. + +MR. MCCOY: Maybe you can, but I can't. + +I don't think root grafting is a success, although we have some fine +trees that are root grafted. I don't know what it is but there is +something wrong; some of them are all right, to be sure but I don't find +it a general success. Of the two methods, grafting and budding, I will +bud. + +MR. HARGIS: Mr. McCoy, I have a number of seedling pecan trees in good +healthy condition and I want to transform them into good bearing trees. +What shall I do? + +MR. MCCOY: Mr. Littlepage will cover that. + +THE PRESIDENT: I don't know about that, whether I can or not, but that +will come later. There is one thing that ought to be covered, or +demonstrated here, and that is the method of working the hickory and the +pecan by the slip bark method. I think the slip bark method in the +hickory and pecan is a method that everybody ought to know, and also +this ought to be used with the walnut tree. Some of the walnuts ought to +be top worked to English walnuts in the North. And it's the same way +with the hickory through this section. There are thousands and tens of +thousands that ought to be top worked to fine shagbarks, and I am going +to call on Mr. White who is the most successful man in this topwork +method I have ever seen. I top worked twenty-six this spring, and got +twenty-three to grow; he did twenty-two and made twenty-one grow, so +that record beats mine. I will say also to those of you who are +interested, get a copy of Mr. Olcott's _Nut Journal_ and you will see a +lot of good cuts showing the results of top working. To those of you who +do not know Mr. White I will say that he is associated with me in some +tree work and I think he is perhaps one of the most successful top +workers I have ever seen. Paul, you will now give us your demonstration. + +(Paul White now gives demonstration of top working.) + +MR. RIEHL: I would like to say a few things right here, I don't want to +be thought altogether idle. I live in Illinois, your neighboring state. +I have learned lots of good things here and I want to give a little. I +have been experimenting in the nut business for some time; I have +studied propagation and there is one point I think will be new to you. I +had difficulty in propagating hickories and pecans until I got the +thought of hermetically sealing the scion. I first used gum shellac, but +later I found that by covering the scion with grafting wax completely it +serves the same purpose as the paper. It takes the place of all that +wrapping, except right at the wound, and does away with the sacks. I +have tried them and I much prefer covering with grafting wax. Your buds +will come right through the wax, and you don't have to bother about +taking off the sacks, and there is no danger of leaving the sacks on too +long. + +THE PRESIDENT: That is a very good suggestion, Mr. Riehl. There might be +some discussion of that. It occurs to me that with that method it is +very essential you have the right kind of grafting wax, otherwise it +might injure your bark. Are there any suggestions or questions before we +finish the grafting demonstration? + +MR. RIEHL: I wish to emphasize the fact that the wax must not be too +hot. + +THE PRESIDENT: What is your formula, Mr. Riehl? + +MR. RIEHL: Four of resin, two of beeswax and one of linseed oil. + +THE PRESIDENT: Are there any further questions? + +MR. DORR: Suppose I wanted to get a certain variety of tree by grafting. +For instance if I couldn't buy the white Heath Cling peach then my only +resource would be to bud on another tree. But suppose I struck a nursery +where I could get good seedlings of this tree. Wouldn't a natural tree +be preferable to the budded one? + +THE PRESIDENT: There are no true seedlings, so far as I know. + +MR. DORR: Do you mean there are none at all true to seed? + +THE PRESIDENT: No, nut trees do not come true to variety. In other +words, Mr. Dorr, I might put it this way. In the big Green River orchard +over here there are some of the very best pecan trees, but those of us +who have been observing them for years have found it is only through +propagation we can get a Green River and a Major. It would be a failure +to get the nuts and plant them and hope to get the varieties that exist +there, just as it would to plant some nut that grows a hundred miles +away, because the pollen up and down the river would mix in these +varieties. It is the same way with the walnut, when you undertake to +plant an English walnut and get it true to the seed, you are going to +have a failure. If you plant a Rush walnut you may get a nut that +resembles it but there is no probability of its being a true Rush +walnut. That is why we have these discussions of budding and grafting. +We should be glad if seedlings would come true but they do not. I will +show you tomorrow, at Enterprise, the great variety of seedling pecans, +and I want you to look them over well. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: May I answer his question? I think he asked, which is +better the tree from the nursery, the natural tree, or a grafted tree? + +THE PRESIDENT: If he did, I didn't understand. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: That was the question, and I will say he can't find a +Heath Cling, unless it is top worked. + +MR. DORR: Some farmers who have tried a great many experiments hold to +this theory: If you select the seed properly you can produce fruit as +good as the nurseries produce it. The things the schools teach don't +coincide with what those practical farmers observe. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: When you try to find farmers more practical than these +men here, you have got some to find. + +THE PRESIDENT: The farmer who says he can do that is mistaken. + +MR. DORR: He says the same thing about you. When I buy a grafted tree a +storm comes along and breaks it where it was grafted. If I can get a +perfect seedling I will have a stronger tree. + +MR. MCELDERRY: The very thing he is inquiring about has cost Posey +County thousands of dollars. Men tell them they have trees that are +better than the nurserymen sell and they bite and find they are +mistaken. But they get them and pay from ten to fifteen cents more than +they would to the dealer. There is no man on earth that can keep the +Heath Cling true in that way, or any other variety on earth. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: I want to say a word. Two or three people have made the +statement here that it is absolutely impossible to propagate any peach +or other fruit true from seed. We have been doing it for years. I +believe the orchard peach will come true to the seed. With apples there +are groups that will come true to the group but not the variety. + +THE PRESIDENT: I am glad to hear that statement. I have understood that +the Indian peach will come true to that group but it will not be the big +Indian peach you have planted. It is a fact that some of those groups +have a tendency to come true to the group. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: Yes, they come true to the group and so will apples. + +MR. DORR: May I ask another question? What has become of some of those +beautiful, delicious seedlings in southern Indiana they had when I was a +boy? + +THE PRESIDENT: The same thing that became of Washington and +Lincoln--they died. + +MR. MCELDERRY: It is a boy's taste, not the peach, that makes it seem +better than the ones we have now. + +MR. W. C. REED: I feel that Mr. McCoy discouraged us too much about +grafting. I think either method he used will succeed very well. The main +point is the time of the year it is done. Up to a year ago we began +grafting a few days after the first of April, and continued up to the +first of May, and our success varied from ninety per cent to nothing. We +decided there was too much sap and went to budding. The last grafting we +did gave us the only real good stand we got, that which we did from the +first to the tenth of May. We had as good results then as we did in +budding. + +THE PRESIDENT: That is good, Mr. Reed. I think those facts ought to be +brought out and made a matter of a record. + +MR. REED: I think it is more the time in grafting than anything else. + +MR. MCCOY: Mr. Reed has a clay soil and that does not furnish the rapid +flow of sap that a warm sandy soil does. + +MR. REED: You would have to begin grafting earlier. + +MR. MCCOY: Yes sir. + +MR. WHITE: Do you leave that cover of paper on when you coves it with +wax? + +MR. REED: On part of them we did and on part of them we did not. In +grafting walnut trees this season we left some of it on. + +MR. WOODS: Just a question as to the strength of that slip grafting. +Will it blow off easily? + +MR. WHITE: The first year it will blow off a little bit easily. The +first year you will have to tie it. + +THE PRESIDENT: Are there any further suggestions? If not the next thing +on the program will be a talk by Dr. J. Russell Smith of the University +of Pennsylvania. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: Mr. Chairman, and Ladies and Gentlemen: We have to +educate the public--my good friend down by the window, I hope he will +not take my remarks personally--is a case in point. He has come in with +an argument, which the gentlemen next him says has cost his county lots +of money. I am a grower of apples, an experimenter in nuts and I raise +peaches to eat. I am planting seedling peaches and I know that when I go +on that hillside of mine I can get little red seedling peaches and plant +them and get the same kind, which have, I think, as much sugar and +flavor as any big peach two inches or two and a half in diameter. I +raise them true to the type too, but I would not think of putting out a +commercial orchard of seedling peaches. My neighbor tried it, to his +financial sorrow. + +But it is surprising how this seedling error sticks. People are going to +be buying seedling trees twenty-five years hence and thinking they are +getting the best to be had. Here is an article that bears me out. Here +is an editor who has published a very glaring thing. This is No. 139, +Vol. 113 of a paper devoted primarily to ginseng. This question was +asked: "What do you know about the Pomeroy English walnut trees and +fruit?" and the editor answers: "The Pomeroy walnut trees are all right +and you will find at least nineteen out of twenty hardy. That is what I +find here and we often get it down to 20 below zero. The nuts are of +good quality. Beware of the Pomeroy trees offered by the Rochester +nurserymen. These are grafted trees. Pomeroy raises his trees on their +own roots, all of them are true seedlings, and that is why once in a +great while one turns out tender." + +[Illustration: J. RUSSELL SMITH + +President of the Northern Nut Growers Association] + +MR. DORR: I believe I am as old as you are and have gone the same gait +exactly. I lost my job and went to farming. I was once a college +professor, too, but there are things I find now I didn't find then. +Two nurserymen come to me and sell me two Grimes Golden apples. I plant +them side by side and they do not turn out alike. Why not if they are +grafted trees? I am not knocking, you misunderstand me, I am a truth +seeker. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: I believe that. We always find something we didn't buy. +My head man says they jump in. I have some very fine specimens that came +by accident, and of course we have a certain amount of bud variation. We +find variety even by propagation. The trees will vary the same as people +will but they will vary a great deal more if we get the seedlings. The +successful growth of nuts, as of any other fruit, demands the use of top +worked trees from the best known parentage. That is the way we do with +apples, peaches, pears, and cherries. Nuts will have to come in the same +class from the best known parentage. The big thing today is to find out +the best known parentage and then spread knowledge so that no editor +will be capable of fooling people as in the article I read a few minutes +ago. + +That is point number one. My point number two is a different one. It is +the question of the names of the varieties of northern nut trees, +particularly the names of the pecan trees. Twenty years from now there +will be a million people in the North who will gravely tell us the pecan +grows down South, not in Indiana, and that you can't grow them up here. +I haven't a doubt there will be a million people that will believe that +twenty years hence. How can we get that idea out of their heads? I think +we have an agency in the mere names of the trees which will cause people +to buy more, yes a hundred thousand or two hundred thousand more trees, +than they do at the present time. If we pick out one name, Indiana, what +does it mean? It will make a man ask questions, and if he has any +curiosity at all he will want to know if it grows in Indiana and if it +will grow in any state with practically the same latitude as Indiana. +But if he hears the name Schley, what does it mean? Nothing, because +practically everybody has quit thinking about Admiral Schley. I recall +eight varieties of northern pecans three of which have good names and +three perfectly worthless ones. Indiana, Kentucky and Green River are +the good ones. Green River is the least valuable because it is not well +enough known. Indiana and Kentucky are great names because they are the +names of great states. Then we have Busseron, Warrick, Posey and +Buttrick. The Busseron nut which grows up at Vincennes ought to be +renamed Vincennes. There will be thousands more sold in Vincennes when +it is known from the name that it did not originate in Pennsylvania but +that it is a product of Vincennes. My point is this, it gets a name that +shows it to be a northern product. I am not going to fight for that +particular name but it is growing at Vincennes and that is a perfectly +good reason for it to be named after that well known city. Now we come +to the Posey. It grows on the banks of the Wabash and ought to be named +the Wabash. Nobody knows anything about Posey County and what the reason +is for the name, but the banks of the Wabash where it grows have been +made famous in song. We can hook a sign on that pecan that will sell +twenty or thirty thousand more Poseys than are sold now. Next we have +the Buttrick which is found growing in Illinois. That is the reason why +those Buttrick pecans will sell under the name of Illinois. It is named +for a man but it doesn't mean anything in the world but women's dress +patterns and is not a good name for a pecan. + +MR. MCCOY: A change in a name like Buttrick to Illinois is a good one. +Any name like this that tells by itself the fact that the nut is from +the North is worth a lot to the people who want to sell pecan trees, and +to the people who want to eat pecans, and can buy them reasonably. +Therefore, Mr. Chairman, I move that a special committee be appointed to +consider changing the names of these pecans and giving them names +showing that they are northern nuts. + +MR. POTTER: I second that motion. + +THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that a committee be +appointed to consider the matter of changing the names of some of the +pecans. + +A MEMBER: Isn't there a Vincennes in Europe? + +THE PRESIDENT: There might possibly be more suggestions, and we should +be glad to hear from anyone along this line. + +MR. REED: I agree with Professor Smith in part of his remarks. We have a +walnut called the Ontario from Greene County, Michigan. If we should +call it Michigan that would indicate where it came from. But it is +widely known now as the Ontario, and would it be best to change its +name, even though it comes from Michigan? + +MR. MCCOY: Wouldn't it have been better to have called it Michigan to +start with? + +MR. REED: I think so. + +MR. MCCOY: We have pursued these things for many years and we have made +some misnomers in naming them. I think it's a good idea to change them. + +MR. POTTER: I am very much pleased with the idea Professor Smith has +advanced for renaming these trees. They don't mean anything now as he +says, and I think it would be a great forward stride for this +association to rename these trees. + +MR. SIMPSON: I think Professor Smith's idea is a move in the right +direction. We were the first people that propagated any of these +northern varieties, and my idea is to call that variety Indiana, for the +very reason he mentions here, that it distinguishes it as a northern +variety. I think his suggestion ought to be followed out as far as it is +possible. At least with several varieties. + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair takes the opportunity of saying that the +suggestion meets his most hearty approval. I have taken up pages of +letters in writing to people about nuts, and explaining to them that the +nursery from which they bought had nothing to do with the hardiness of +the tree, that it was the location of the parent tree that determined +this. I was struck by an advertisement last year which said, "buy them +from the nursery furthest north." That hasn't a thing in the world to do +with it. You may take some of this very wood we have here and propagate +it on the McKenzie River, or the Yukon, and say you are selling trees +propagated in Alaska, but the hardiness all depends on where the parent +tree is. These parent trees have been placed there by nature, and when +we distribute them we will distribute what nature has put into the +parent tree. These trees are there because they have withstood all the +climatic conditions, and nothing would be of more value, it appears to +me, than to adopt the suggestion for renaming them. In the first place +many of these trees are named for men not entitled to have them named +for them. Many of those who own these trees do not know their value and +object to anyone that knows anything about a nut tree going in and +getting bud wood, and are contrary and mean about it. It is very rare +that the importance of these seedling pecans is known to their owners, +and they are not entitled to any consideration themselves. They are +generally discovered by some outsider who had to beg to go in and get a +stick of bud wood. Is there any further discussion? + +MR. C. A. REED: You are right about that. But I would like to go on +record in opposition to this movement. When pecans are recorded in the +standard works the names stay. The rule is generally accepted that where +the names have once been recorded no other name can be permitted. It is +easy enough for us to vote to change a name but not so easy to change it +in actual practice. How many of us will know these pecans that Prof. +Smith has mentioned by any other names than those that have already +been accepted. Suppose we do rename them, we shall have to explain that +they are the old pecans under the new names. + +MR. MCCOY: We remember well when we changed the name of the Green River. +We decided that among ourselves here. The Posey pecan used to be the +Grayville and you know when we changed it. I call it the Grayville yet +because I got used to that. You changed it to Posey thinking it was from +Posey County but it really is from Gibson County. I have no doubt many +of these men here call it the Grayville, and then lots of men that hear +me call it the Grayville ask me what I mean as they don't recognize it +under the old name. I am in favor of changing these names. I named some +of them and you know it, but I didn't always name them right and you +have changed them here. Can't we do it again if it will sell them? + +THE SECRETARY: What is the motion exactly? + +THE PRESIDENT: As I understood it was to appoint a special committee to +take up the matter, and consider changing these names. + +THE SECRETARY: Why should we do that when we have already a committee on +nomenclature? What is the use of a special committee? + +MR. POTTER: The special committee will report quicker. + +THE PRESIDENT: If it belongs to the committee on nomenclature to +consider the matter it will be best to do it now, immediately. If the +names are to be changed they ought not go another year, and if not to be +changed it ought to be known. The chair will be glad to entertain a +motion that the committee report tomorrow on it. + +MR. POTTER: I make a motion that the matter be referred to the committee +on nomenclature and that they be ordered to report tomorrow. + +THE PRESIDENT: Do I hear a second? + +A MEMBER: I second the motion. + +C. A. REED: I am the chairman of that committee and I could not report +tomorrow so I will ask that if it is to be taken up by committee that a +special committee be appointed. + +THE PRESIDENT: It is Mr. W. C. Reed who is the chairman of that +committee, to which committee was added C. A. Reed and R. L. McCoy. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: I would like to ask Mr. Reed if he is absolutely sure +about the rule he has just quoted of the American Pomological Society, +that a name cannot be changed. I don't remember that rule. + +MR. REED: Mr. Taylor was the framer of that rule and in actual practice +he has adhered to the first name used, and did at the time he was +secretary of that society. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: Have you not in mind the rule that a name like Posey +being given this variety no other variety can be given that same name. I +think that is the rule you are thinking of. + +MR. REED: No, but that is true too. You know we had the Sovereign pecan, +and after that name had been established Mr. Taylor wrote up that +variety for the yearbook, and the name had been changed then to the +Texas Prolific, but he still retained the name of Sovereign for the +reason that it had been called that before. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: It seems to me that an organization could change a +name. I think the idea is a good one. Take the name Indiana. I think +that name ought to be given to the very best seedling variety that is a +native of that state. I don't know whether the Indiana is the best one +or not, but it is now too late to change that. If it is not the best the +name will have to stick to the variety to which it has been given, even +if later on better varieties are found. + +MR. MCCOY: I know there are some extremely fine pecans on the Illinois +River because I have some samples of them, a good bit better than the +ones we have, and I suggest that we reserve the name Illinois, which +would be suggestive of both the river and the state, for one of them. I +know the nuts are there and I think they are very fine. The Illinois +River has more pecans on it than the Wabash. + +DR. DEMING: I second the motion. + +THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the matter of +changing the names of these nuts as suggested by Dr. Smith, be referred +to the committee on nomenclature, and that they be instructed to report +tomorrow. + +(Motion carried.) + +THE PRESIDENT: We have with us this afternoon, the state entomologist, +Mr. Baldwin, who knows many things of interest to nut growers, and we +shall be glad to hear from him. + +MR. BALDWIN: Mr. Chairman, and Members of the Nut Growers Association: I +am wholly unprepared to make a talk before this association and must say +I am not sufficiently familiar with nut culture to be able to tell you +anything of interest along that line of work. Your discussion relative +to the pollenization of plants was intensely interesting and clear. +There is no use in trying to dodge the fact that every plant has a +father and mother, and that father and mother also have fathers and +mothers, the same as we have. The reason I am not just the same as you +is because I have a different father and mother, and the reason I am +not just the same as my brother is because the characteristics of the +parent may show in one individual and not another. If your pecan trees +should stand out in an isolated situation and pollenate themselves the +individual nuts would not all be the same. We have peaches that come +nearly true to name, and the same is true of the Snow apple that has +been grown in the St. Lawrence valley for generations. The pollenization +of budded and grafted fruit trees or nut trees is brought about, in my +opinion, wholly by the surroundings or environment of that tree. The +well known experiments of the Geneva Experiment Station have very +satisfactorily proved that the variety does not change except in so far +as the environment changes it. Of course there are some things in nature +we do not understand as where very decided deviations, or wholly +distinct varieties arise; but the general rule holds, that whenever you +propagate trees, and get your buds from some variety having merits, +those merits will be transferred to the trees that are budded or +grafted, and will remain in them while the surrounding conditions remain +the same, and changes in the fruit will be effected only by changes in +the locations in which the trees grow. + +I suppose that as I am the entomologist of this state you expected to +hear some discussion of things of interest to you in this particular +field, but I came wholly unprepared for that. In this state so far as +the nut growers industry is concerned we have not done anything at all. +There is a large field for work but I must confess I am wholly +unprepared to give you a talk on this subject. Where I was raised, back +in Pennsylvania, we have several well known bugs that the nut growers +have to contend with, and they are especially abundant with the +chestnut. That of course would not be of so much interest to the people +of this state until the chestnut growing industry has developed more +than at present. I am very glad to be with you and the discussions I +have heard have been very interesting. + +THE PRESIDENT: We are very glad to have heard from the state +entomologist and we want his assistance. We are trying to steer away +from bugs and we want his suggestions and help at any time. + +We have a number of interesting people on the program yet this +afternoon, but the chair is going to take the liberty of asking the +president of the National Nut Growers Association, Dr. C. A. Van Duzee +to talk to us on any subject that he cares to discuss. I know him well +enough to know that anything he says will be good enough to hear: I know +him personally, the most of you know him by reputation. He has some +pictures here, and I shall take the liberty of passing them around for +you to look at, and I am going to say that these are pictures it +certainly does my heart good to see. They are pictures of his orchard +down South. Just pass them around please. + +COL. VAN DUZEE: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I told your +President the first thing when I got in this morning that I didn't care +to have any place on the program; that I would be glad to talk at any +time on any subject he wished me to, and do anything I could to help +along. That puts me in bad to start with. As I have listened to the +discussions of your meeting the thought has come to me that you are +following along very much the same pathway that the southern nut growers +traversed five or six or seven years ago. We are a little further along +in the growing of nut orchards in the South, but you are certainly going +to get along and be abreast of us in time. Perhaps I may be able to do +more good if I confine myself to a few practical suggestions as to how I +think nut orchards can best be produced. Those pictures represent an +orchard which I have in southwestern Georgia and have grown under +adverse conditions. The pictures show the culmination of years of +earnest effort. They represent what I consider to be a very reasonable +success from a practical standpoint. I am a farmer and the first thing I +require of my farm is that it shall pay. I have no theories; I have no +ideals but those which must stand that test. I am in farming to make it +a success; it is my business and everything I do must stand that test. +If it doesn't pay it is not successful. That orchard represents the +culmination of years of study of the problem of how to grow a pecan +orchard on my ranch. That bunch of hogs represents about one hundred and +fifty we selected about three weeks ago to put in our early peanut patch +down there to finish them up as pork, but it does not show my breeders +or young stock. I could talk hogs to you until the cows come home. I set +my mark a year ago last spring, after being twice wiped out by the +cholera, I set my mark at fifty thousand pounds of meat from my orchard, +and I want to say I have animals now in the orchard and in the peanut +field together to make that and a little margin to the good. I expect +our orchard will produce this year more than fifty thousand pounds of +hams, bacon and lard. The reason I am talking about this is that I want +to emphasize the fact that the growing of nut trees is a business +proposition. I want to say, in passing, that I believe no better thing +could happen to the people who live in America than that every man who +owns land might plant a few nut trees. It is a notorious fact that the +nut trees which do the best, and which make the most money for the man +who plants them, are the ones planted in the garden and immediately +about the home where the conditions are favorable for the best +development. It is also true that all the successful pecan promotions +that have been put over on the American people have been built upon the +records of those individual trees, which were grown under the most +favorable conditions. That is the source of all that magnificent +literature, and all these people that have been inveigled into these +promotions in the South are going to be disappointed. That orchard in +the photographs is eight years of age, or will be this year, as it was +planted seven years ago last February. It has never paid a dollar of +profit. You won't find any literature on nut orcharding in the South +that will convey any such impression as that. I do expect it to pay this +fall a small margin of profit. I won't attempt to explain all that but +will say that an orchard must be eight or ten years of age before you +may expect or hope for a reasonable profit. After that it ought to pay +well. It is well worth going after because it is one of the most +legitimate, safe, satisfactory business opportunities we have ever +found. I don't know anything that pleases me more as a business man than +the growing of a large orchard of nut trees, and I assure you, +gentlemen, you must bring to that orchard the same degree of skill, +energy and patience that must be brought into any large business +proposition to make it a success. My own idea is that the nut orchard is +a legitimate part of the general farming operation. If you travel from +one end to the other of this country you will see that it is covered +with apple orchards. Small apple orchards were a part of the original +farming operations. The fact that they have been neglected does not +alter the situation at all. If the owners of those orchards had given +them proper growing conditions, they would have been successful. In the +same way I say the successful nut orchard is going to be a legitimate +part of the general farming operation. + +I want to talk to you a few minutes from a business standpoint. Suppose +you want to plant an acre of nut trees, and you buy an acre of land, and +you buy your trees and have them planted. Who is going to take care of +them? You hire a man who knows about the care of trees. You couldn't +afford to hire one who didn't, and you would expect him to put in part +of his time some other way. If he didn't your investment would amount up +to so much you couldn't make anything on the deal. I emphasize this fact +because I believe you should make your nut orchard propositions large +enough so that you could afford to hire the best men to handle them for +you. If you can't do this there is another way which has been practiced +a great deal in the South and which I hope to see practiced in this +section. I have worked out a solution of the problem, which I believe is +very promising, and it is this: Get enough men, for instance in the city +of Evansville, who want nut orchards, to go out a few miles and buy a +bunch of farms, and put those farms under the management of a man big +enough to make them a success, then plant your orchard, and use the land +for general farming operations as well. I could go on indefinitely along +this line because it is inexhaustible. I think it is the keynote to +success in growing nuts. You can't be successful without giving +attention also to the things I talked about this morning. You have to +analyze the root pasture and the soil. You have to observe from the time +the trees are bought and delivered, and it requires the most careful +attention. You can't hope to accomplish a thing like that until you do +give it your most careful attention. If you have money of your own, or +make your living in some other way while the trees are growing, and feel +that you must delegate it to somebody else, associate with yourself +other men and make the undertaking big enough so you can hire the very +best talent the country affords. In this section of the country land I +presume is worth a hundred to two hundred dollars an acre, and you have +got to make it pay interest. I want to talk about the figures. The +farmer or nut grower, who does not keep a set of books and can't tell +you at the end of the year whether he has made enough money to pay off +his bills and legitimate expenses, and allowing himself a compensation +for the time energy and experience put in the business, is not +successful, and I don't care to consider him, because he is not a farmer +as I see him. You must keep your figures and know how you stand. Before +I get to the photographs I want to go back to our convention at +Chattanooga. I don't know whether there is anybody here that was at that +meeting or not. I was third man on the program to respond to the address +of welcome by the mayor of the city, and I was new in the nut game and +new in the South. I went up there with this thought, "I will listen to +the other fellows, and take my cue from them, and make a little bluff at +doing the best I can under the circumstances." To make a long story +short, when the president called on the other two men to respond they +were not there and that left me with an audience of four or five hundred +people to talk to and nothing much to say. I apologized to them for +being unable to talk in a light way. I said, "I can't say anything +unless it is in earnest; I have got to talk about something I am +interested in." I went on to advocate this principle, and it is a +principle I wish every man or woman in America would grasp and retain +and put in execution today; that is that the calling of agriculture is +the most honorable calling a man can follow, and it is up to us to +inspire in the children of America the thought that such is the case, +and help them in every way to go out into the field of agriculture and +be successful farmers. That is what I want to say. I have no patience +with the men who farm and are not successful business men, because they +are the people that make life in the rural districts objectionable to +the children, and are responsible for the children of the best blood in +the country going into the turmoil of the city where it is largely lost. +You have to pay interest on the land you use, and you have got to pay +yourself a fair compensation for the brains and energy you use on it. I +want to call your attention to one other thing. This farm I bought nine +years ago from a man who had farmed it until it wasn't capable of +producing enough income to enable him to keep it, and I undertook to +build an orchard on that farm, and I have done it. Last October, where +these hogs are grazing in the picture, I planted a crop of oats and I +got forty bushels of oats to the acre the latter part of April. I then +turned around and broke the land up and planted it in sweet potatoes, +which are just maturing and the crop will run one hundred and fifty +bushels to the acre. Don't forget that that is two crops grown and +harvested in one year on the same land. I consider it the best treatment +for the land. I pastured the oats last winter with the hogs, so I got a +very material gain from the oats in that way, and as soon as my sweet +potatoes are harvested I will turn the hogs back in and let them glean +the field. It is a fact that we can make lots of pork on the gleanings +of a sweet potato field. And besides that these trees, each one of them, +will bring me four, to five, or six dollars' worth of nuts. That land +cost me sixteen dollars an acre, and there is a net income of several +dollars above the price of the land, and I presume there is an +individual growth on each tree that increases its value at least four or +five dollars worth of nuts. There you see I have several dollars' worth +of nuts, the sweet potatoes and the oats all grown on the same land, +besides the pasture for the hogs. Those things are possible to the man +who will go into the growing of a nut orchard in a business way. I have +other land adjoining this and I will also utilize it for these purposes +and grow such crops as I can grow in the orchard, because when the nut +crop is ready to gather, I must get the stock out. I keep my +organization employed the whole year. I have the best superintendent I +know of and I have to make his salary out of my business. I get the best +tree man I know of and he also receives his compensation from the money +I make in farming. Last year I extended my farming operations in order +to make it possible for me to keep my organization running full speed +three hundred days in the year. I am dwelling upon this line for this +purpose. Don't let any promoters ever get his hooks into you or tell you +things as we have had them told to us down there. Thousands and +thousands of acres of pecan orchards have been planted without a thought +of the things I am talking about. They have planted thousands of acres +in Georgia; they have not any organization and the man in charge is +inexperienced and they don't pay. Each year from the time I planted my +orchard, and got it to the point where I could count on an orchard crop, +it has increased in value, and today it is worth four or five dollars a +tree above what it cost me. It is a magnificent business proposition. I +am so in love with my work I could talk to you until the cows come home. +I want to impress on the people of the Northern Nut Growers Association +and their friends the one fact that in order to be successful in a +commercial way you must go into it right. There is no short cut. + +THE PRESIDENT: The next on the program will be an article by Mr. Olcott. + + + + +THE FUNCTION OF THE CLASS JOURNAL + +RALPH T. OLCOTT, _Editor "American Nut Journal"_ + + +In the multiplicity of publications one must distinguish, for his use, +those which are for entertainment or general education and those which +specialize. Class publications differ from trade or professional +publications in that they are not confined in their appeal to the +members of a trade or profession. The class publication is for that +portion of the general public which is wholly, or to a certain degree, +interested in the particular object to which it is devoted. + +What has been said with regard to class publications is probably +understood in a general way, but a brief consideration of its bearing +upon the nut industry may make the status of a nut journal clearer. Let +us suppose that an industry has no publication devoted especially to it. +It must then depend upon communications between individuals and upon +annual meetings and their printed proceedings for its interchange of +thought; for it is presumed that it will have a national or sectional +organization. A very efficient organization with the means at hand to +serve its members well can do a great deal to keep members in touch +with each other and to advance the interests of the industry. +Organization, of course, is essential; but without a periodical exponent +there is lacking the advantage to all readers of general timely +discussion, questions asked and answered, special articles, +illustrations and the news relating exclusively to the industry--all of +which makes the periodical a working tool, and its bound and indexed +files an almost indispensable adjunct to the literature and reference +storehouse of the field covered. + +Not only to the individual, but also to the class association do these +characteristics appeal with special force. For, unlike the trade +journal, it goes out among the general public as a factor in the +education of those who seek information of the special kind. In this way +it is a means for extending the operation of the industry, and +consequently of increasing the membership and influence of the +association. And right here is a point which those who have been +operating in the industry for some time should consider. If any portion +of the general public is to receive through the class journal the +information desired, there must of necessity appear in the journal from +time to time statistical or other matter with which the experienced nut +grower is familiar. To a considerable extent the novice may be referred +to existing literature on a special subject; but not all of such +literature is readily available. For instance, the _American Nut +Journal_ has been carrying in each issue a summary of the figures +showing the progress of the American nut industry. These figures have +been seen repeatedly by experienced growers, but even for them they may +prove convenient for reference; and certainly to the newcomer they +should be interesting and valuable. Original matter, of course, must be +the basis upon which the contents of a class publication are built. But +an article, or a portion of an article, which has an important bearing +on the specialty under consideration may often be reproduced in the +class publication, even though it may have appeared elsewhere; for we +are all too busy to read many publications, and the chief purpose of the +class publication is to assemble from all sources that which +particularly relates to the subject. In theory at least the class +journal should be the storehouse to which in its bound and indexed form +the subscriber may go for information on any phase of the special +subject. That is a high and not altogether attainable ideal, but the +nearer the journal approaches to that aim the more valuable will it be +to its subscribers. It should at least record the sources of all +information on its special subject, even if it cannot present it all. + +What has here been said in outline regarding the function of the class +journal will indicate to the nut grower the place the _American Nut +Journal_ should occupy in the development of nut culture. It is +unnecessary to say that co-operation between the editor and those in the +industry is essential, and for that reason all should feel free to +exchange views through this medium. Aside from the practical benefit it +may be to the individual, it is a constant source of publicity for the +organized effort represented in an association of nut growers--and it is +through publicity that an industry develops. + +To deserve the co-operation of all in the industry the management of the +class publication representing it must determine what is the highest and +largest function of the field which it serves and then strive in every +legitimate way to promote that function. + +To deserve the manifold advantages which such a publication affords it +is incumbent upon those in the industry, on their part, to make it +possible through their subscriptions and through their advertising to +maintain such a medium. It is probable that if there were no such +publication every loyal member of this association would gladly pledge +ten cents a month provided some one could be found who would expend the +time and effort to provide it. Just that opportunity has been presented, +and it is a pleasure to say that many have appreciated it. + + * * * * * + +THE PRESIDENT: There is no one thing that would get results for you +better than a good periodical. The Department of Agriculture issues +bulletins but that department cannot go into the journal business, the +business of publishing my opinion or someone else's opinion. The +Department of Agriculture must confine itself to the summaries of facts, +and that leaves a gap that must be filled in by some good periodical +properly edited. It is with great pleasure that we see the _American +Nut Journal_ which Mr. Olcott is putting out and attempting to give us +the best he can get. The chair will be glad to hear any further +suggestions on this subject. + +_W. C. Reed_: I think we are very fortunate in having a journal of this +kind, and having known Mr. Olcott for a number of years I know he is +giving the people a good journal. I think it is customary in most +instances for all trade organizations to have their journal, and I think +in this case the Northern Nut Growers Association ought to adopt _The +American Nut Journal_ as their official organ. I make that as a motion. + +MR. MCCOY: I second the motion. + +THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that we adopt _The +American Nut Journal_ as the official organ of our association. + +(Motion unanimously carried.) + +THE PRESIDENT: Mr. W. C. Reed, you have something on the program and we +will be glad to hear from you now. + +MR. REED: I had prepared a short paper on top working the black walnut +with the Persian or English walnut but I won't read the paper on account +of the limited time, for there are others here we would rather hear +from. Quite a number of you are going to Vincennes and you can ask +questions there and understand it better than I can tell you here. +However there may be some that can't go along, so any questions you want +to ask at this time I will be glad to answer. + +MR. POTTER: It will be impossible for me to go to Vincennes on Saturday +as I have to go home tomorrow night. I would like to ask Mr. Reed if the +method of grafting the pecan is the same as top working the black +walnut? + +MR. REED: Yes sir. Suppose this is a large tree twelve, eighteen or +twenty inches in diameter. We cut the limbs back to where they are four +or five inches in diameter and, supposing that we want to graft this +limb here, we will cut it up here one or two feet because it is hard to +cut limbs without their splitting. Sometimes they will split on both +sides. For that reason we cut them high and then again, later, back to +where we want to graft. We usually find it best to do the first cutting +back along the latter part of February or first of March, and when it +gets time to do our grafting we cut them off again about two inches so +that we shall have fresh wood. We saw them with a fine tooth saw. We +prefer to do our grafting from about the first to the tenth of May. We +keep scions in cold storage. I think that is quite an advantage although +I haven't tried the walnut in cold storage until this year and hadn't +thought very much about it until the last few years: but we find the +ones we were most successful with were the ones we had kept in cold +storage. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: What time were they cut? + +MR. REED: In February, I think, but I think it would be much better if +they were cut in November or early December, especially the walnut, and +I shall do that this year. With the pecans I don't think it will make +any difference. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: What temperature in storage do you use? + +[Illustration: W. C. REED + +Vice-President of the Northern Nut Growers Association] + +MR. REED: Ordinary apple storage, thirty-two to thirty-eight, or +freezing. This spring we grafted between the first and tenth of May; +some of the trees were in full leaf. The sap was flowing very readily +and they bled very freely, although the ones that had been cut back +early would not bleed like the ones you cut when you are ready to graft. +In grafting we used the wedge graft, splitting straight down and placing +three or four scions on each limb three or four inches in diameter. +However the method we like the best is the slip bark method, but we have +had fairly good results with both methods. Of the trees we grafted this +spring 60 to 75 per cent were grafted from cold storage scions. We used +some that had not been in cold storage, and we didn't get them to grow. +We wax the grafts thoroughly and cover them with paper sacks. We do not +use any tying on the large limbs as we don't find it necessary. However, +we have done more budding than grafting in top working large trees and I +think it is a little surer, but we have been fairly successful with +both. For budding we cut them back the same as if we were going to +graft. We let the sprouts grow until about the middle of July or first +or middle of August, and we have let them go as late as the first of +September. Then they are ready for budding. We follow about the same +method as has been demonstrated. In working large trees it is very +important that you keep all cuts waxed thoroughly with grafting wax. + +MR. MCCOY: Have you had this experience, that English walnuts will +produce female blooms before they do the male blooms? + +MR. REED: We haven't had them long enough to determine that clearly. We +have eight trees and four of them produced pistillate blooms and we had +to bring pollen to pollenize them. + +MR. MCCOY: It is possible to have your sprouts almost where you want +them by taking the sharp end of an old file and dressing the bark +carefully. The buds are more apt to come there than anywhere. + +MR. REED: We sometimes lose a good many shoots from storms. One tree was +budded about three weeks ago and that storm about ten days ago broke +every one of them. + +MR. POMEROY: What time did you say to bud the black walnut? + +MR. REED: About the first of August, from the middle of July to the +middle of August, as a rule. We are budding some yet. That depends on +the wood; do it when the wood is ripe enough. We are holding back on +some now to get the wood ripe enough, and as fast as they get ripe +enough we bud them. You can bud them late if you cut them back freely in +the spring, smooth with the ground. Then your buds will take much more +rapidly because you have the sap. + +MR. MCCOY: Have you had the best success when you cut your trees back in +the pruning season? In slip bark grafting there are two ways, you know. +One is to wait until you are ready to graft and then cut back. Which do +you think is the best? + +MR. REED: In top working the large trees we had the best success cutting +back early, that is in the nursery. We have never cut back any at the +time we were ready to do the work. + +MR. MCCOY: In other words you head off the sap flow? + +MR. REED: Yes sir, we hold it back. + +J. F. WILKINSON: Do you find it any advantage to cut your leaflets off +before you bud? + +MR. REED: I haven't tried that enough to know. When you were at our +place some of them had been trimmed in full leaf and had dropped the +leaf stalk, and some had been cut off three weeks and still didn't let +loose. We can tell more next spring as I kept a record of that. + +MR. POMEROY: How do you know when it is ripe enough? + +MR. REED: I don't think a man lives who knows exactly. You have to use +your own judgment. For instance, when bud wood colors up like this I +would feel sure it was ripe enough. When it is green I am more afraid of +it, although we have some good success with the green wood, but cold +storage wood is still better. + +DR. MORRIS: Professor Van Deman said the other day that in cutting bud +wood at this time of year it is good to give the bud rest for two or +three days. He cuts the scions and puts them in the ice house. That +gives them rest and the buds start better and are firmer. Has anyone had +experience with that way? + +MR. DORR: There is another question I want to ask. If we want to +experiment with the processes that have been suggested here, shouldn't +Evansville have a place where we can store scions? We should have an ice +house. Some of us who don't have shoes, haven't any ice house. I worked +in South Carolina one time and made this discovery, and it almost made +me weak. The great majority of farmers in South Carolina are men who +make fifty dollars a year; they cultivate three acres and own a mule in +partnership with two or three other men. Suppose some enthusiast like +this man plants an orchard there. What inducement has he for that kind +of work? The dream I have had here for Evansville, which is my home, is +to bring some of that kind of work into the high schools. + +MR. WHITE: In regard to the point brought out by Dr. Morris about cold +storage bud wood, I believe that it is better for being chilled. We have +found it hastens the callous. The same theory has been borne out by the +work of the Department of Agriculture in propagating the blueberry. +They found it would not callous and form roots unless they chilled it. +Isn't that right, Mr. Close? + +PROFFESSOR CLOSE: I don't remember that. + +MR. WHITE: I think all wood must be frozen or chilled, or put in cold +storage, before it will take well. I found that by putting scions in +cold storage they callous much more readily. Where the temperature is +near the freezing point walnut and pecan wood will callous more readily. +On some that I took out on the 31st of July I had written the names, and +the callous had formed until we could scarcely read the names. In a week +or ten days the callous was around them. On new wood, it would take +twice as long. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: If they had calloused in cold storage was it because +they had been too warm? + +MR. WHITE: No sir. If you will take a tree that you want to set out and +cover the roots until you can set it out, you will find the callous +forming no matter if the ground is frozen hard. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: You mean a tree planted in the fall? + +MR. WHITE: Yes sir. + +MR. POMEROY: Where one had no cold storage what would he do? + +THE PRESIDENT: If you haven't cold storage, such as Evansville affords, +and have an ice house you can use that. It is very important to pack the +scions in excelsior and sawdust and be sure there is very slight +moisture, and to paper line your boxes. Colonel Sober keeps chestnut +scions by standing them on end in cans. He fills in with a thin layer of +sawdust, punches holes for them to breathe, puts a lid on and sets them +in the ice house and says they keep splendidly. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: In an ordinary ice house? + +THE PRESIDENT: Yes sir. + +COLONEL SOBER: I have kept them that way for two years. + +MR. WHITE: Dr. Morris will tell you the next best thing if you haven't +cold storage. + +DR. MORRIS: We use a method I got from Professor Craig, the way he kept +his for many years. His plan was to set a plain wooden box very smoothly +on the ground, smooth off the ground so the box would set evenly on all +sides, then pack in a layer of perhaps half an inch of fine leaves like +black locust leaves, and on that he would put a single layer of scions, +then, more leaves and scions. + +MR. MOSELEY: If you have an ordinary ice box, would that be cold enough +to put the buds in? + +DR. MORRIS: I think that would be plenty cold enough. I know of a man +in Maryland that has been using that for a number of years. + +THE SECRETARY: Do you wax the ends? + +DR. MORRIS: Sometimes I do, and sometimes I don't. + +THE PRESIDENT: You couldn't keep your scions all the time in an ice box, +could you? + +DR. MORRIS: No, not for any length of time, but just for a few days you +could, in an ordinary refrigerator. + +THE PRESIDENT: When you cut your scions in the winter for future use, +you should keep them down pretty close to freezing. I used scions in +Maryland this spring cut last February in this locality. We put them in +cold storage and kept them there until April. Then they were taken out +and shipped to me in Washington. They arrived in perfect condition and I +took them to a big green house across the street and put them in a long +box and set them up in the big refrigerator where they kept their buds. +I had these within two inches of a thousand pounds of ice and the Green +River proceeded to grow within two weeks. You have to keep them in cold +storage. It is so cheap, however, in Evansville that there is no excuse +not to keep them in perfect condition. These cold storage people here, +Holt & Brandon, are very fine people. We have kept very large amounts of +bud wood there and their charges have been very small. + +Before we get through I want to call your attention to the rest of the +program. Immediately after adjournment there will be automobiles waiting +to take all who want to go sight seeing in Evansville. This is by the +courtesy of the Evansville Business Association. I want especially again +to call your attention to the lecture tonight by Mr. C. A. Reed, and for +fear that those here may have an idea that it will be strictly technical +I wish to say that he will avoid technicalities as far as possible. He +has one of the finest collections of lantern slides I have ever seen. He +will take you to the walnut regions of California and to nut regions all +over the United States. Any questions asked him will be cheerfully +answered but I would suggest that unless there is something extremely +important, you reserve your questions until the conclusion of his talk +and not interrupt unnecessarily because there are a great many slides to +get through with. Those of you who are here, come tonight and bring your +friends, bring the ladies and children and everybody else, because it +will be interesting and educative generally. Do not forget that we leave +in the morning at 7:15, not 16, nor 26; that car will leave at 7:15 and +if you will be there on time we can got together on the car. We will +now adjourn until 8 o'clock. + + * * * * * + +Meeting re-convened at 8:00 P. M. + +THE PRESIDENT: The first thing on the program will be an invitation to +join the association. For the purposes of our organization we need +members, and we especially need anyone who has any interest whatever in +nut culture. The membership of persons joining now will expire on the +31st day of December, 1914; the membership dues are $2 per year, which +includes a copy of the annual report. By joining now you get this report +and the three preceding ones. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: Mr. Chairman, may I say something regarding the annual +report? + +THE PRESIDENT: We will be glad to hear you, Professor Close. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: It seems to me that those who pay dues for 1914 ought +to receive the report of the meeting for 1914 no matter when it is +printed, even if it is not for three or four months after the end of the +calendar year. In that way the reports will match the calendar year; +that is they are the reports for the year that the meeting was held and +the papers and discussions took place, and this one should be known as +the report for 1914. That is the way we run them in the other societies +and it seems to me there would be no confusion at all if it were managed +in that way. + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair very heartily agrees with that suggestion and +thinks that should be the practice of the society. The chair would be +very glad to entertain a motion to make that the rule. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: I should be glad to make the motion that the +proceedings of the meeting of each calendar year be reported as of that +calendar year and distributed to the members who pay dues for that +calendar year. + +(Seconded and carried unanimously.) + +THE PRESIDENT: Are there any other candidates for admission to this +society? If so, hold up your hands and our distinguished secretary will +visit you immediately. Are there any committee reports? + +W. C. REED: The committee on nomenclature desires to report as follows: + + Voted on the Smith and Potter resolution to recommend changing the + name of the Busseron pecan to Vincennes; Posey pecan to Wabash; + Buttrick pecan to Illinois. It was the opinion of the committee + that the other names of pecans had been established by the + Department of Agriculture by printing in the year book, and that it + was not advisable to change them. + + We recommend, as advisable for members introducing new varieties, + to confer with the committee on nomenclature before listing new + names. + + Signed. W. C. REED, + W. C. DEMING, + R. L. MCCOY, + R. T. MORRIS, + C. A. REED. + + + +A MEMBER: I move the adoption of this report. + +A MEMBER: I second the motion. + +THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the report of the +committee on nomenclature be adopted. Are you ready for the question? +All in favor of the motion make it known in the usual way. It is +unanimously carried that we adopt this report. Are there any other +committee reports? + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: The committee on +exhibits has not had a very arduous duty, because we can't have at this +time of year very extensive exhibits. But what we have are very +interesting. Mr. W. C. Reed has an exhibit of English walnuts, hickory +nuts and hardy almonds. You have all noticed the exhibits he has in the +glass case. That is very instructive and is put up in such a way that it +can be carried from place to place. He also has some photographs of +trees. Mr. Wilkinson has an exhibit of fruiting limbs of shagbark +hickory and pecans, and various seedlings. To some of us some of those +things are almost new. Colonel Sober has an exhibit of grafted chestnut +trees. He also has the burrs and in glass jars he has the nuts. Then +there is quite an exhibit of the native varieties made by our president, +which is very fine. There are also some persimmons. I think, everything +considered, the society is to be congratulated upon the quality of the +exhibits even though the quantity is not so very great. + +THE PRESIDENT: If there is no objection the report of the committee on +exhibits will be adopted. The report is adopted. Are there any further +committee reports? + +MR. POTTER: The committee on resolutions reports as follows: + + _Resolved_, That we extend our thanks to the Mayor and the Citizens + of Evansville, Indiana, for the courteous entertainment they have + favored us with, and for the excellent facilities that they have + placed at our disposal. + + _Second_--That we extend to the Evansville Business Association, + and to the members thereof, our deep appreciation of their + entertainment and courteous treatment that they have extended to + our association. + + _Third_--That we extend our deep appreciation and gratitude to Hon. + T. P. Littlepage, our president, and Dr. W. C. Deming, our + secretary, for their untiring and valuable services in behalf of + this association. + + _Fourth_--That we express the thanks of the association to its + members and others who have attended this meeting, and helped to + make it a success. + + _Fifth_--That we especially extend our thanks and appreciation to + Mr. C. A. Reed of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. + C., and to Col. C. K. Sober, for their excellent lectures and + special work in behalf of this association at this meeting. + + _Sixth_--That we express our most sincere thanks and appreciation + to J. F. Wilkinson, for his courteous treatment and entertainment + of this association at his home. + + _Seventh_--Be it further _resolved_, that we especially thank each + and every individual member of this association, for their + attendance at this meeting, and for their earnest efforts and + interest in behalf of the same, in helping to make this meeting a + success in every way, and making it the most enthusiastic meeting + that has ever been held by this association, and we thank any and + all members for any special work or research that has been carried + on by said member in behalf of this association, as disclosed by + this meeting. + + _Eighth--Resolved_, That we extend to Mr. W. C. Reed our sincere + thanks for his kind invitation to the members of the association to + be his guests at his home in Vincennes, Indiana, on Saturday, + August 22d, 1914. + + Signed. W. O. POTTER, + H. R. WEBER, + J. RUSSELL SMITH. + + + +THE PRESIDENT: If there are no objections, the report of the committee +on resolutions will be adopted. It is so ordered. The next thing on the +program will be the lecture and lantern slides by Mr. C. A. Reed. + + * * * * * + +Meeting called to order at Enterprise, on Friday, August 21, at 10:30 A. +M. + +THE PRESIDENT: I want the records to show that this meeting convened in +Enterprise, Luce Township, Spencer County, Indiana, where the members of +the Northern Nut Growers Association visited and studied the native Ohio +River pecan trees, and I want to hear the opinions of the different +visitors. The state entomologist, Mr. Baldwin, will please express +himself upon the native pecan trees on the Ohio River. + +MR. BALDWIN: My remarks will be so brief it will not be necessary for me +to go forward. I don't know that it is necessary for me to mention the +fact that I have never lived in and very seldom visited, localities +where pecans grow in this state and cannot, therefore, express an +authoritative opinion as to the merits and demerits of the pecan trees +in this section. It is noticeable that the trees are more free from +insects and fungus trouble than trees in many places. Mr. Simpson, who +has had considerable experience in the South, called my attention to a +very destructive pest that does not exist here in numbers sufficient to +be destructive, as it is in Florida, but he is of the opinion that it +was introduced into that section from this section. + +MR. PRESIDENT: What is it? + +MR. BALDWIN: Mr. Simpson says--I didn't see any of the insects, and +probably you couldn't identify it without labor,--but Mr. Simpson says +there are two broods and the second brood is now at work. This certainly +is a good field for work for the entomologist. Of course the same thing +would hold true with this insect that is true of others; when a new +species is introduced into a country where it has not heretofore +existed, where the natural parasites are not found, it is more +destructive than where the natural parasites exist. That point is +illustrated very well by the moths that are so very destructive in New +England, and don't do very much damage in the countries from which they +come. From my observations on other native nut trees I was greatly +impressed with the abundance of nuts that some of the native trees bear +here. I am sorry I am not able to talk about something that would be +more interesting to those interested in pecans and other nuts. + +THE CHAIRMAN: I should be glad to have our secretary put in the record a +few of his observations. + +DR. DEMING: Mr. Littlepage has been talking to us about these pecans +since we started this organization, and has long promised to show us +these trees. We can't get any idea of such trees without seeing them. We +have had many word pictures of them but I had not been able to form any +idea of how great they are. They have a beautiful outline as we see it +silhouetted against the sky, and every evidence of being trees that bear +lots of nuts, which is the kind of trees we are all looking for. We +don't have the pecan tree in the North as a native at all. There are a +few in New England, a few scattered here and there, but none bearing. I +have heard of a pecan not far from my home, possibly twenty-five miles, +that does not bear. I have seen in the city of Hartford a pecan tree +that was nine feet and three inches in circumference and ninety feet +high, of unknown origin, but not bearing. The nut tree that grows best +through our part of the country is the shagbark hickory. It is very much +like the pecan tree here, but never grows to anything like its size, is +not nearly so beautiful a tree and I don't believe it bears as heavily. +I think the average hickory nuts there are very much inferior to the +average pecan here. We also haven't the black walnut there as a native. +That is I have never seen it native though it probably was originally so +in parts of the country. However, when planted it grows to a very large +size, and makes a magnificent tree. About ten miles from my house is the +largest in the state. We have lots of butternuts over the country but no +nut tree that compares in beauty and usefulness with the pecan here. + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Smith should be able to size up the situation and +give us some of his impressions. I want to get them in the record. + +DR. SMITH: Gentlemen, I don't see how anybody can live by these trees +here and not realize that they are a source of fortune. I can't +understand how men can look at them every year, gather and sell the nuts +and not realize that they are a source of livelihood. I just measured a +big tree in a tobacco field down the road that was thirteen feet and +eleven inches in circumference, that had a sixty foot reach, and was +about one hundred and twenty-five feet high. We measured another, that +had a sixty-six foot reach and they were all bending down with fruit. It +was marvelous and they were certainly giving us their evidence that the +thing for us to do is to go ahead and reproduce them. + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Van Duzee, tell us your impressions of these trees. + +COL. VAN DUZEE: Mr. Chairman, I simply will add this. As I came through +this wonderfully fertile section of the country, I observed people +building bungalows and cottages and setting out trees other than pecan +in their dooryards. That is the pity of it. As Dr. Smith says these +people here are living close to some of the most magnificent natural +trees I have ever seen, and yet they will go and plant around their +gardens trees that will do nothing in the world but produce shade. It +seems to me there is room for the best kind of missionary work here. I +am glad the nut growers met here and I hope the effect will be to cause +people to think. As we came down the road we estimated that on one tree +there were four or five hundred pounds of nuts. The owner of that tree +didn't study the soil that produced that magnificent crop. Our driver +said they had had two years of failure in their farming operations and +yet right here in the same place nature has handed them another +magnificent crop. I have an idea that the average annual value per acre +of crops on the farms of southern Indiana and Illinois will run in the +neighborhood of a ten dollar bill, and here is a tree, one tree, +presenting thirty dollars. I have no doubt in the world that there will +be fifty or sixty dollars' worth of nuts on this tree up here, and it +doesn't occupy a quarter of an acre of land. + +I want to speak about the insects. I don't believe you need to worry +about these unless the planting goes away beyond what I think it will in +this section. Here is the proof, right here in this river bottom in the +nuts we see on these trees and the growth of the trees. They are +thrifty, not mutilated by insects or dying. They are at home and the +conditions are absolutely favorable. I have been very much pleased and +very glad I came, and if I were not thoroughly tied up in a section I +think is more adapted to nut growing, I should come up here and +undertake to do something in this section, for I see great +possibilities. + +THE PRESIDENT: That is an opinion that is of real value. Now I will call +for volunteers. Those of you who have been sight seeing here and have +impressions and ideas you would like to express we should be glad to +hear from. + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: One thought that has interested me is this. If we +should take away from this neighborhood about half a dozen men this +great industry would be forgotten. It is to these men who have done this +kind of work that we owe a great deal. They are engaged in a wonderful +work. I presume they realize how great it is. It means the developing of +an industry that will grow in the United States and could be carried to +other countries. These great trees are a wonder, no question about it, +and the fact that here is a new industry being pushed by half a dozen +men is still more wonderful. + +THE PRESIDENT: If this section of the country had been planted to +seedling pecans it would have made every man who owned forty acres of +it, comfortable. We have with us Mr. Dodd, who is one of the old +residents of this neighborhood. He can tell us some interesting things. +He was here long before I came and looks at present as if he might be +here many years yet. We certainly hope he will be. If it were not for +him we would not know that Enterprise is on the map. He reports for the +county paper and keeps the world in touch with Enterprise. I should like +to hear him tell about the old pecan trees when he first knew them, and +I want what he knows about them to go into the record. + +MR. DODD: Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen: I'm no speech maker, +never made one in my life, but I guess I know something about the pecan +business. These trees were here when I came and that was in 1852. Those +big trees that you looked at were big trees then, and must have been +fifty years old, I judge, from what I have learned from older people. So +you see they have been there a long time. I have a piece of ground here +and if I had known as much about the pecan business then as I do now I +would have had every foot of my land in pecans. I make a right smart +little money in pecans as it is. Littlepage knows that. I have shipped +pecans to him off my trees, shipped them to him many times. They are no +better than the others, but we are old friends and he wanted me to send +them to him and I did. I don't know anything about the pecan business in +a general way, as to what they will produce or how much money they will +average, but I think we have slept on our rights in this country for +seventy-five years. If that is any good to you, you are welcome to it, +and we are glad you are here today. + +MR. POMEROY: One tree out in the back here looks as if it might be +fifteen or sixteen years old and it is bearing well. It is a large tree +well filled with nuts, notwithstanding the fact that lightning has +struck it twice and destroyed at least two years' crops. It seems to me +there are thousands of dollars to be made in an investment in nut trees +here where they do so well. + +THE PRESIDENT: Now has any one else any observations to make? Mr. Weber. + +MR. WEBER: Out here you remember you showed us quite a number of +seedlings growing in a corn field like milkweeds, growing right +alongside of them, and one of us thought the milkweeds were the pecans, +as they looked much the same. It seems to be hard to keep them down. + +THE PRESIDENT: That reminds me that when this organization was formed I +had the honor of being the first man on the ground. Dr. Deming called +the meeting to order, Dr. Morris was there and so was Professor Craig, +who has since passed to the great beyond, and a number of others, and I +remember telling the bunch who were there at that time, that if I ever +had the opportunity I would take them into a country where the pecans +really grew. I have attempted to make good. If there remains any doubt +in your minds we will proceed to lose you in the great Green River pecan +woods, and if you are not pretty well stocked with provisions, you may +never get out. I told Professor Close who is making a study of the +pawpaw for the Department of Agriculture, that we also grew pawpaws in +southern Indiana and that I would show him some large trees. So he came +down with us and we went to Boonville and got in Senator Hemenway's +automobile and I introduced him to a pawpaw tree six feet and a half in +circumference at the ground, five foot in circumference three feet from +the ground. So the chair takes some pleasure in having been able to +show the things that were promised. Let us hear from Mr. Riehl. + +MR. RIEHL: I think you folks are very unfair to me. You have said +everything I wanted to say before you called on me and I really don't +know what else I can say. I had in mind what Professor Smith has been +saying to me, and what some of you people have already said, that it is +time for you people here to wake up. You don't know what you have got. +You are like people in many other sections of the country, they don't +appreciate what they have at their very doorways. If I were a young man, +I would come here and plant pecan and walnut trees, but I am too old now +to make such changes. In a few years you may remember what I have said. +The walnuts are as profitable as anything else, and much more so than +any farm crop you can grow. Nothing will produce as much value and with +as little trouble as nut trees. I am convinced of that. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: If they would follow your suggestions they would soon +have another Garden of Eden. + +THE PRESIDENT: Professor Smith has reminded us that the crops in the +Garden of Eden were purely tree crops, and they grew without effort. But +after the fall Adam and Eve had to go out and cultivate the soil and +raise corn. Probably in that garden they had pecans and walnuts. I +believe that is his theory and it may be good. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: O, beg your pardon, that is in the book of Genesis. The +text describes nothing whatever except trees, and then Adam fell and had +to dig in the ground and make his bread by the sweat of his face. + +MR. POTTER: Is the tree of knowledge the pecan tree? + +THE PRESIDENT: I don't know. Can any one else say? + +PROFESSOR SMITH: My remarks on the Garden of Eden were brought out by +what our President said, but I have published others that are not very +lengthy and you can buy them. + +THE PRESIDENT: Let's hear from Mr. Lockwood. + +MR. LOCKWOOD: Dr. Knapp wants me to expose my ignorance and tell you the +crimes I committed and intended to commit. It was about three years ago +that we purchased a little over a thousand acres in Gibson County, near +Grayville, and about three hundred and fifty acres of it were in timber. +We decided to clear up as rapidly as possible all the forest land and +cultivate it in corn. Now comes the crime which Dr. Knapp wants me to +expose and I am going to confess it. We deadened probably a hundred of +as fine pecan trees as you ever saw, from six to eighteen inches in +diameter, and Dr. Knapp heard about it and visited our farm, and it was +on his account principally that we quit cutting the pecan trees. Now if +anybody else cuts them we have them arrested. We have the second best +orchard in Gibson County. I have joined the association and came here to +get a line on you and I have got a good many good things by coming. I +would like to have you visit our farms. We have some very fine trees to +see and I will also give you something to eat, because I am the chief +cook. I want to emphasize the remark one member made that it is a great +work these men are doing. You get that impression when you come to the +meeting, and it shows great sacrifice and love for their fellow men. + +THE PRESIDENT: That is very good, Mr. Lockwood. Now Dr. Knapp will tell +us what he thinks. + +DR. KNAPP: I know very little about pecans but I was interested in Mr. +Lockwood's trees because he had a magnificent pecan orchard, possibly +five hundred trees, and they were contemplating having the trees cut +down because they thought they were in the way of the cultivation of the +land for corn. This is not the case because the pecan tree goes away +down deep for water and is not like the surface root trees. I have seen +large wheat fields in the same location with large pecan trees in them, +and men have told me that they produce just as much per acre on the land +where the pecan trees are as where there are no pecan trees. I went to +see Mr. Lockwood and took him what little literature I had on the pecan +industry and promised to send him some more, and insisted that he read +it before he destroyed his trees. He kept his promise and I am glad to +see that he has taken an interest in the pecan industry. + +THE CHAIRMAN: You are a real benefactor, Dr. Knapp, and entitled to +great praise. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: While we are distributing things gratis I want to make +a little statement in the same vein as a previous speaker. He points out +the work that a few enthusiasts are doing. Most of the things worth +while are done by the people who never get any credit in a financial +way. You will find the things that count are started and done by that +live force of men that work for the fun of working with no promise of +reward. Why should Mr. McCoy or Mr. Reed come down here and tell us how +to bud trees, and what varieties to use? It is plainly a labor of +enthusiasm and love. I want to express my particular appreciation of the +work done by Mr. Thomas P. Littlepage. We hear from Indiana through Mr. +Littlepage. On every occasion when we get in trouble and want bud wood, +along he comes and helps us out. He seems to have all kinds of equipment +for keeping it or he can always go to a pecan tree and get it. We never +hear of the trouble or expense. He spends money as if he had a barrel of +it. He has spent lots of money trying to get the people to know there +was an Indiana pecan. We also know that Mr. McCoy and Mr. Wilkinson and +others too numerous to mention have lost thousands of dollars and have +worked long and hard to get this industry started. The industry needs +enthusiasm and no end of work. It means work to get out and hunt trees +and bud wood and these men are entitled to lots of credit for their +efforts. + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair appreciates that compliment but he is hardly +entitled to so much praise. However, all the efforts we have made to +create interest in the pecan have been well spent. We have had lots of +trouble in getting bud wood and if it had not been for Ford Wilkinson we +never would have gotten anywhere. He is the best climber in the country. +He has gone at all times and under all conditions and has done more real +hard work than all the rest of us put together. He always climbs the +trees. The Major tree is about fifty feet to the first limb. We couldn't +have gotten along without him. And Mr. McCoy is entitled to great +credit. The first time I ever saw the Posey nut Mr. McCoy brought some +to my home in Boonville. That was a number of years ago. He first +stimulated Mr. Brown to put the Warrick pecan on exhibition. As I grew +up I knew where these pecan trees were and who kept a dog and what time +he got up and there were not many pecan trees then I would not attempt +to climb, but I wasn't as large as I am now. Of late years Mr. Wilkinson +has done more than I have along that line. + +MR WILKINSON: I appreciate what you say of me but it takes all kinds of +people to make a world and to grow pecan trees. I have tried to do my +part but without the others I couldn't have done anything. We expect to +continue at the work as long as there is any success in sight at all and +hope soon that some of the hard part will be over. + +THE PRESIDENT: Before we leave that subject I want to say that a few +years ago some of us who had begun to think we knew something about the +pecan and were quite sure of our ground, induced Mr. C. A. Reed of the +Department of Agriculture to come down here and make some trips through +these woods and tell us what he knew, or what he thought of these +pecans. We gave him all the facts we could, and the suggestions he made +started us on the right track as to the varieties to propagate. + +THE PRESIDENT: The boat is ready, but before we go I want the report on +nominations. I want the officers elected in Enterprise. + +DR. DEMING: I would like to say this before we proceed to the election +of officers. There has been some talk among us that it would stimulate +interest in our work and meetings, and would enable us to confer honors +on more people, and more members who deserve such honors, if the term of +the presidency were limited to one year. There has been no rule about it +but our first two presidents have each held office two years. They have +been re-elected to office as a matter of courtesy and appreciation of +their efforts. If from now on we limit the term of the presidency to one +year I think it would be better. We think it would be desirable to make +the rule that the President shall not be eligible for immediate +re-election, that is, he shall not follow himself. I mention it so that +if this rule is adopted in the revision of our constitution and by-laws +the person who is about to be elected President, and the members of the +association, will understand that there will be nothing personal about +such action. + +THE PRESIDENT: In connection with that I should like to say that the +present President has at different times heard suggestions of that kind +made, and I am glad you mentioned it. I wasn't fortunate enough last +year to be at the meeting, as I had to be in St. Louis to help try a +case before the interstate commerce commission, or I should have brought +that up then. + +Dr. Morris is absent and Professor Close is the next on the committee on +nominations. Professor Close, will you report? + +PROFESSOR CLOSE: I did not know I was the next member and Dr. Morris did +not leave any data with me. However we discussed it and decided to +recommend the election of J. Russell Smith for President, Mr. W. C. Reed +for Vice-President and Dr. Deming for Secretary and Treasurer. + +THE PRESIDENT: Any remarks on the report of the nominating committee? If +not, those in favor of adopting the report, thereby declaring the +officers named elected, make it known by rising. (Vote taken.) Contrary +by the same sign. Your officers for the next year will be Dr. J. Russell +Smith, President, W. C. Reed, Vice-President, and Dr. W. C. Deming, +Secretary and Treasurer. I congratulate the association. + +Meeting adjourned. + + * * * * * + +Meeting called to order at 8:30 p. m., at Evansville, Indiana. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: The members of this association have always got to be +on the lookout for good parent trees of any and all varieties of nuts. I +think, however, there is a shortage of information in the matter of +walnuts. I have talked to a number of persons and it is the general +opinion that we want to know, and know quickly, more about parent trees +of the Persian walnut. I therefore move that the chair appoint a +committee to give this matter particular attention during the next +twelve months and report at the next annual meeting. + +(Seconded and carried) + +THE PRESIDENT: The chair appoints the incoming President, C. P. Close +and C. A. Reed. + +The next is the question about the place of the next meeting. It occurs +to the chair that it might be desirable to leave that to the executive +committee. But that is a matter for the association to decide and the +chair will entertain motions or suggestions. + +MR. C. A. REED: I was going to move that it be left to the committee. I +know from past experiences that is the best course to pursue. + +(Seconded and carried.) + +COLONEL VAN DUZEE: I would like very much to extend a cordial invitation +to the members of this association to meet with the National Association +at Thomasville, Georgia, in October. We have a program full of merit. +Our meeting will be held in the heart of the nut planting area where all +the pecan planting has been done in the last few years. We have several +fine orchards in the immediate vicinity and matters of general interest +will be discussed. We would be glad to have anybody that can meet with +us, and if you have friends interested in nut culture we will be glad to +have them. + +THE PRESIDENT: It is unnecessary to say that the South has forged ahead +of us in pecan culture, and she not only has great pecan orchards but +she has great men who have done this work and they will be at the +meeting of the National Nut Growers. I have had the pleasure of +attending some of these meetings and I can say to the members here it +will be well worth their while to go down there. + +Is there any further business? If not we will have Colonel Sober's +paper, after which the pictures will follow. + +PROFESSOR SMITH: I am sure after hearing Colonel Sober's lecture, and +seeing his pictures, we will want to ask him some questions. I know +that Colonel Sober has worked out an unique method in the root system, +and I wish he would tell us about it. + +COLONEL SOBER: The slides I have will show that. + +THE PRESIDENT: Is there anything else? + +MR. DOAN: How does Colonel Sober take care of the blight? + +COLONEL SOBER: In answer to that I will say that in 1909 I discovered +the blight on some trees, just a speck, and I took my knife and cut it +off. That is my best method and then you are sure of it. + +THE PRESIDENT: Are there any further questions? + +MR. DOAN: Are all his trees Paragon? + +THE PRESIDENT: I think they are. The Secretary will read Colonel Sober's +paper. + + * * * * * + +The Secretary here read extracts from the preface and introduction to +Fuller's book on nut culture, prepared by Col. C. K. Sober, with +personal interpellations, as follows: + + * * * * * + +I believe that the moment is opportune for advocating an effort to +cultivate all kinds of edible and otherwise useful nut-bearing trees and +shrubs adapted to the soil and climate of the United States, thereby +inaugurating a great, permanent and far-reaching industry. We are +spending millions for imported articles of everyday use which might +easily and with large profit be produced at home, and in many instances +the most humiliating part of the transaction is that we send our money +to people who do not purchase any of our productions and almost ignore +us in commercial matters. I am not referring to products ill-adapted to +our climate, nor to those which, owing to scarcity and high price of +labor, we are unable to produce profitably, but to such nuts as the +walnut, hickory, butternut, pecan and chestnut which we can raise as +readily as peaches, apples and pears. There certainly can be no excuse +for the neglect of such nut trees on the score of cost of labor in +propagation and planting, because our streets and highways are lined and +shaded with equally expensive kinds, although they are absolutely +worthless for any other purpose than shade or shelter, yielding nothing +in the way of food for either man or beast. Can any one invent a +reasonable excuse for planting miles and miles of roadside trees of such +kinds as elm, maple, ash, willow, cottonwood and many other similar +kinds, where shellbark hickory, walnut, butternut, pecan and chestnut +would thrive just as well, cost no more, and yet yield bushels of +delicious and highly prized nuts, and this annually or in alternate +years, continuing, and increasing in productiveness for one, two or +more centuries. The nut trees which grow to a large size are just as +well adapted for planting along roadsides, in the open country, as other +kinds that yield nothing in the way of food for either man or beast. +They are also fully as beautiful in form and foliage, and in many +instances far superior to the kinds often selected for such purposes. + +The only objection I have heard of as being urged against planting fruit +and nut trees along the highway is that they tempt boys and girls as +well as persons of larger growth to become trespassers. I find this only +applies to where there is such a scarcity that the quantity taken +perceptibly lessens the total crop. But where there is an abundance +either the temptation to trespass disappears or I fail to recognize the +loss. As we cannot very well dispense with the small boy and his sister +I am in favor of providing them bountifully with all the good things +that climate and circumstance will afford. + +On my farms in Irish Valley, Northumberland County, Pa., I have planted +a Paragon chestnut tree every forty feet along the public highways and +driveways making a total of 769 trees. These trees range in age from +four to ten years old. + +A mile in this country is 5,280 feet, and if chestnut trees are set +forty feet apart, which is allowing sufficient room for them to grow +during an ordinary lifetime, we get 133 trees per mile in a single row. +Two rows may be planted, where the roads are wide enough, one on each +side, and then we get 266 trees per mile. I can estimate the crop when +the chestnut trees are twenty years old at two bushels per tree, or 532 +bushels for a double row per mile. At the moderate price of $4 per +bushel, we would realize $2,128 for the crop on a double row, with a +fair assurance that the yield would increase steadily for the next +hundred years or more, while the cost of gathering and marketing the +nuts is no greater, and in many instances much less, than that of the +ordinary grain crops. At the expiration of the first half century one +half of the trees may be removed, if they begin to crowd, and the timber +used for whatever purpose it may best be adapted. The remaining trees +would probably improve, on account of having more room for development. + +The chestnut thrives best in light, well drained soil, and those +containing a large proportion of sand or decomposed quartz, slate and +gravel; but it is rarely found, nor does it thrive very well, in heavy +clays or limestone soil where the limestone rock comes near the surface. +It is true that chestnut groves, and sometimes extensive forests, are +found on hills and ridges overlying limestone, but a careful examination +of the soil among the trees will show that it is a drift deposit +containing little or no lime. I find in Pennsylvania the chestnut tree +grows from the banks of the Susquehanna River to the tops of the +mountains. + +In planting the chestnut tree it should never be planted any deeper than +it was in the nursery rows. If planted any deeper it is certain death to +the tree, as I find that the earth placed around the trees above where +it was in the nursery rows scalds and destroys the tree. Here is where +the great mistake is made in planting out the chestnut tree, and this I +have found out by practical experience. It is far better to plant it one +inch less than it was in the nursery than to plant it an inch deeper. + +There has been a steady increase in the demand for, and a corresponding +advance in the price of all kinds of edible nuts during the past three +or four decades, and this is likely to continue for many years to come, +because consumers are increasing far more rapidly than producers. +Besides, the forests, which have long been the only source of supply of +the native kinds, are rapidly disappearing, while there has not been, as +yet, any special effort to make good the loss by replanting or +otherwise. The dealers in such articles in our larger cities assure me +that the demand for our best kinds of edible nuts is far in excess of +the supply, and yet not one housewife or cook in a thousand in this +country has ever attempted to use nuts of any kind in the preparation of +meats and other dishes for the table, as is so generally practiced in +European and Oriental countries. + +The question may be asked if the demand is sufficient to warrant the +planting of the hardy nut trees extensively along our highways or +elsewhere. In answer to such a question it may be said that we not only +consume all of the edible nuts raised in this country, but import +millions of pounds annually of the very kinds which thrive here as well +as in any other part of the world. + +Where farmers want a row of trees along the roadside, to be utilized for +line fence posts, they cannot possibly find any kinds better adapted for +this purpose than chestnut, walnut, hickory and pecan. In a few years +they may yield enough to pay the taxes on the entire farm, the crop +increasing in amount and value not only during the lifetime of the +planter, but that of many generations of his descendants. + +This appeal to the good sense of our rural population is made in all +sincerity and with the hope that it will be heeded by every man who has +a spark of patriotism in his soul, and who dares show it in his labors +by setting up a few milestones in the form of nut-bearing trees along +the roadsides--if for no other purpose than the present pleasure of +anticipating the gratification such monuments will afford the many who +are certain to pass along these highways years hence. + +It is surely not good policy to enrich other nations at the expense of +our own people, as we are now doing in sending millions of dollars +annually to foreign countries in payment for such luxuries as edible +nuts that could be readily and profitably produced at home. There need +be no fear of an overproduction of such things, no matter how many may +engage in their cultivation.[A] + +[Footnote A: Note by the secretary: At the time when Fuller wrote his +excellent book, the chestnut blight, as at present known, had not been +observed, although he makes an interesting reference to some disease of +the chestnut, of unknown nature, at one time destructive to the trees in +the Piedmont region. The Northern Nut Growers Association does not +recommend the planting of the chestnut in any region where the chestnut +blight, _Endothia parasitica_, is prevalent. With this exception the +association is heartily in sympathy with the sentiments expressed by the +writer.] + + * * * * * + +COLONEL VAN DUZEE: I have no questions to ask, but as I am going to be +obliged to leave the session before the close of the lecture, I should +like to express my appreciation of the paper which has been read and +make a remark or two. I am so heartily in sympathy, in this commercial +age, with some of the thoughts expressed there, that it is a pleasure to +listen to a paper which takes into consideration something a little +beyond, and the idea of planting trees by the roadside for the benefit +of humanity, is of too much importance to be overlooked. I could go on +at great length along this line, but as I have not time I just wanted to +express my appreciation before I have to go. + +THE PRESIDENT: Has anyone else any suggestions or any general business? + +THE SECRETARY: There has been no discussion at all of the filbert, I +think. That is a nut that is possibly going to be of great importance in +the future. I think it was Mr. Doan who asked me about the filbert and +there might be someone here who could give us some information about its +possibilities. Perhaps Mr. Reed could tell us something about it. + +[Illustration: C. A. REED + +In charge of Nut Culture Investigations, United States Department of +Agriculture] + +MR. C. A. REED: Well, I am glad the subject has been brought up but I +would rather listen than try to talk. As Mr. Littlepage made clear in +his paper yesterday, there has been considerable effort in the eastern +states towards the introduction of the filbert, but almost uniformly +such attempts have met with failure. About two weeks ago some of us +visited Dr. Morris's place and while there we were shown some large +European filberts, ten to twelve feet high, bearing heavily. These were +not suffering from the effects of the blight at all so far as we could +see, and they were right in the district where the native northern +filbert is one of the most common of the wild plants. It was quite a +revelation to me to see the native filbert or hazels bearing so heavily. +Everywhere we went we saw low bushy hazels not over two feet from the +ground loaded with immature nuts. I thought there was an opportunity for +some nut enthusiast to canvass that territory, and find the best +individual plants for propagation. The filbert, it seems to me, offers +an unusually inviting field, and unless I am greatly mistaken there is a +great field for exploration. Dr. Deming lives in that same section, and +he tells us that on his farm the hazels are even more common than at Dr. +Morris's place. Dr. Morris agrees with us that there is a fine +opportunity for searching for the best varieties. He has done it and has +found, I believe, one which he thinks is especially fine. I would be +glad to hear from any one else about these nuts. + +MR. RIEHL: Mr. President, I have made a little observation of the +European and I don't think it will count for very much. I know of trees +that were planted in one of our experiment stations. I last saw them +three or four years ago and they were twelve or fifteen feet high and +bearing very heavy crops. I saw no disease of any kind but it was in the +city of Alton and I don't suppose there is a native hazel within miles +of it. That may be why they were bearing so well and were exempt from +disease. I haven't seen those trees for the last four years and what has +happened to them I don't know. I intend to go and see what has become of +them. + +THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Doan, what is your especial interest in the hazel? + +MR. DOAN: I think it offers great possibilities. The different species +that we have tried show that. The fact that it grows freely, even though +certain branches of it have the blight, which does not at once destroy +the whole bush, and the fact that it bears freely and abundantly, I +think are points in its favor. A great many persons couldn't wait eight +or ten years for a nut tree to bear but could wait a much shorter time. +I think this is one good point in favor of the hazels. + +THE PRESIDENT: There is no doubt that the hazel offers a very excellent +opportunity for study and investigation. There are many varieties of the +native hazel that are very fine and it seems to me that therein lies a +field of work for this association. There is no information to the +productive nut grower of more value than the facts as to what these nuts +will do, how they can be produced, how quickly they bear, and what they +are worth. We have very little reliable information about the English +walnut. When we listened to Mr. Reed last night we were forced to the +conclusion that as yet we know nothing about it. There are a few +apparently promising English walnut trees throughout the North but there +are many things to be taken into consideration before you can recommend +those for propagation. It seems to me the hazel offers a field of +considerable importance. Has any one else any suggestions to offer? + +MR POTTER: This hazel proposition interests almost every member of the +association. It seems to me as if we might get at something more +definite and instructive and I move that the chair appoint a special +committee to investigate the hazel, and report at the next meeting. + +A MEMBER: I second the motion. + +THE CHAIRMAN: It has been moved and seconded that the chair appoint a +committee of three to investigate the hazel or filbert, and report at +the next meeting. Are you ready for the question? + +MR. RIEHL: I hardly think that will do any good. I believe there is a +field where good work can be done but I doubt whether the chair or any +one else is able to appoint a committee that can find out much that will +be of value between now and our next annual meeting. There are so few +superior hazels. I tried for many years to find a native hazel that is +worthy of planting. I have heard of some but have been unable to get +them. I heard of one and had it promised to me but he has forgotten it, +I guess, and I never got it. I know of another that is said to be very +good, but the man that has it won't let anybody have it unless he gets +five hundred dollars, and there is no man willing to pay that on his +say-so that it is a good thing. So we have got nothing to go on for such +committee to make a report on. A much better plan would be for this +association to offer a prize of a certain sum of money to any one who +will report a superior hazel. Let that get in the papers and be talked +of so the boys and girls will hear of it and they will contend for the +twenty-five or fifty dollars. There are no doubt such fine hazels but +the trouble is to find them. I think the best way would be to offer a +reward and let them be brought to us. In that way we can accomplish +something, but to appoint a committee when we have nothing to go on will +do no good. + +THE PRESIDENT: There is a great deal in the suggestions of Mr. Riehl. It +has been noticed by all of us in nut culture that the individual opinion +of the man who has seen only his tree or bush is perhaps not worth much. +That is why the data we have on the walnut is unsatisfactory. So much of +it comes from the man who has seen only his tree, and does not know +what a first class bearing tree is like. The same difficulty would +arise, to some extent, in your suggestion, Mr. Riehl, as to offering the +prize. That is perhaps one of the best methods to stimulate interest but +there is this difficulty in the way, that the nuts must be gathered, and +the tree be investigated before it could be properly authenticated. I +have had people tell me they have seen pecans from certain trees, that +long (measuring on finger). There never was a pecan grew in the world +that long. The question before the house is the appointment of this +committee. Is there any further discussion? If not those in favor of it +make it known by rising. (Two.) Those opposed make it known by rising. +(Seven.) The motion is lost. Is there any further business? If not we +will stand adjourned _sine die_. + + + + +APPENDIX + +THE HISTORY OF THE PERSIAN WALNUT IN PENNSYLVANIA + +J. G. RUSH, WEST WILLOW, PENNSYLVANIA + + +The history of the Persian walnut in Pennsylvania goes back several +hundred years. Seed nuts only were brought here by the early German +settlers, as steam navigation was unknown at that period. From this +mixture of seed from Europe, we have at this time a few varieties worthy +of favorable mention. In this connection I will give you my brief +history or experiences and observation for the last twenty-nine years. + +In 1886 I bought two seedling trees from a local nursery regardless of +name or variety at thirty-five cents each. These two trees received +equal treatment in culture for ten years, when the so-called Rush tree +produced two bushels of fine developed nuts. The other tree about forty +feet away has not produced two bushels from the time it was planted to +the present date. + +The productiveness of the Rush induced me to think, and to investigate +the great difference in these two trees. I finally found the Rush to be +a simultaneous bloomer whereas the other was just the reverse. + +Being a member of the State Horticultural Association I exhibited these +nuts from time to time when finally other members became interested in +nut culture. Mr. John Engle of the Marietta Nurseries advised me to +plant seed from this particular tree and raise seedling trees for sale. +I finally did on a small scale only. But I soon found in the young +seedlings a taint of black walnut blood, which discouraged me for a +further continuance. Later I had correspondence with J. F. Jones, then +of Monticello, Fla., who had specialized in the propagation of all nut +trees. In 1903 scions were sent to him, and returned as budded trees in +1905, and are now a living monument to the memory of the first +propagator of the Rush variety. + +The Pennsylvania state nursery inspector first called my attention to +the Hall variety in Erie County, Pa., after which a lively +correspondence followed and sample nuts were exchanged. In 1910 Mr. J. +F. Jones and myself were to see this tree, in order to get its life +history. It was said by Mr. Hall that the tree was planted by the early +German settlers about forty years ago. The Hall variety is very catchy +to the eye on account of its large size. Through the kindness of Mr. +Hall we were allowed to cut a few buds, which are bearing trees now at +West Willow. + +The Holden came first to my attention about four years ago in the New +York State Horticultural Association Report, after which a lively +correspondence opened and sample nuts with the Rush were exchanged which +finally led to the propagation of this prospective variety. + +The Nebo is a variety the history of which I traced back to about +seventy-five years ago. It was planted by an English iron-master by the +name of McCreary. It is said that he gave lodging to a tree agent, +whereupon he received this tree as compensation. + +The Burlington from Burlington, N. J., is of the Alpine type, and is of +great size. + +The Lancaster was first called to my attention a year ago. It is said +the tree, not the seed, was brought from Germany. This variety is worthy +of extensive cultivation, is however also of the Alpine type and very +prolific. + +In connection with the varieties just mentioned we have also the French +varieties, such as the Mayette, Franquette, Cutleaf, Alpine and +Parisienne. The French varieties are not tried out in respect to their +dependability for the Atlantic coast. They however show hardiness equal +to any other variety grown in Pennsylvania. + +As regards the late vegetating habit of some Of these varieties enabling +them to escape late spring frosts, I see no advantage whatever, as Jack +Frost is a privileged character and makes his appearance regardless of +time or place. + +With the limited efforts I have made thus far in the dissemination of +the Persian walnut, I am absolutely confident that the work has just +commenced. There will yet be varieties discovered which will compare +favorably and may surpass those we have already listed. The best +territory to work in I find is the German settlements. They always were +noted for their seed distributions in the early history of Pennsylvania. +In justice to these frugal people, the Persian walnut should be called +The Dutch nut. But the English were the great importers of these nuts +and hence the name English walnut. The Germans today as they visit their +Fatherland invariably bring a few nuts or trees with them, which keeps +up the supply. Of course not all these seedling trees are true to the +variety desired. But they say they come from the Homeland, which gives +them great contentment. + +In the dissemination of these interesting nut-bearing trees I am safe in +saying I have visited hundreds of them and mostly single trees of very +little importance. The principal complaint is that when the nuts are as +large as grapes they drop off from some unknown cause. This is all for +the want of proper cross pollenization. The public in general is now +getting educated to the importance of planting grafted or budded +varieties of known merit, which is attested by the large plantings of +the last several years. + +My limited experience with grafting large nut trees is that it is not +practicable, from the fact that the lower limbs outgrow the grafted ones +and eventually smother them and cause them to die out, leaving the tree +in a disfigured condition. The better way is to plant several trees of a +good pollenizing variety near one another to get best results in +bearing. + +In this brief history of the nut industry of Pennsylvania and adjacent +states, I have said nothing in regard to propagation and culture, +knowing that some one else will take up that subject in detail. + +Horace Greeley in his prime of life said: "Young man, go west." + +The Northern Nut Growers Association says: "Young man, plant a nut +tree." + + + + +A COMPARISON OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN CONDITIONS IN THE PROPAGATION OF +NUT TREES + +J. F. JONES, LANCASTER, PA. + + +I shall not try to cover the whole subject of propagation or describe +methods of budding and grafting, as these will be covered by others and +we are to have demonstrations of budding and grafting, which are far +ahead of any descriptions that can be given. I will try to compare +conditions in the North and South and give some of my experience with +the problems that have confronted us. + +We have been able to get very satisfactory results with the pecan, +either by budding or grafting, under northern conditions. With good +scions and good stocks we have been able to get nearly, if not quite, as +good results in Pennsylvania as we were able to get in Florida or +Louisiana. The growth of the tree is also quite satisfactory. From +dormant buds on good stocks we are able to get a growth of four to six +feet the first year in the nursery and six to seven feet is not unusual. +The growth is also quite stocky and altogether very satisfactory. Any of +the methods of propagation as practiced on the pecan in the South are +successful in the North, but budding by the patch method has given us +the best results. Grafting is quite successful so far as the live or +stand is concerned, but, on account of our shorter growing season, the +growth is not nearly so satisfactory as that of the dormant bud which, +being set the previous summer, is ready to start quickly into growth in +the spring and gets the full benefit of our shorter growing season. + +The shagbark hickory is essentially a northern tree and can only be +propagated satisfactorily in the North. In Florida and Louisiana we +could graft the shagbark on pecan stocks with fairly satisfactory +results, so far as the live or stand was concerned, but the tree did not +take kindly to the climate of the Gulf Coast and made little growth, a +number dying out altogether the second and third years after being +grafted. We have never gotten very satisfactory results from grafting +the shagbark with scions taken from old, bearing trees, but with good +scions from young thrifty trees, the shagbark may be grafted with fairly +satisfactory results in the northern states. From the nature of the +growth, it is not practical to bud the shagbark by the annular or patch +bud methods as practiced so satisfactorily on the pecan, but last +season (1913) in an experiment we got good results from ordinary shield +budding by taking scions from a tree that had matured and ripened its +growth up early and setting the buds on young, sappy growth of the +pignut hickory, _Hicoria Glabra_. The scions from which those buds were +taken were cut to test patch budding on the shagbark and when it was +found that the growth had hardened and the bark would not peel, the buds +were cut and inserted by ordinary shield budding, as practiced on the +apple, peach, etc. This experiment was made with little or no hope of +success, so that my surprise can well be imagined, when the wrapping was +removed and it was found that every bud had united with the stocks! +These buds have made better growth the present season than have the +grafts set the past spring, as might be expected. This may be a freak +and we may not be able to again duplicate the results, at least in more +extensive practice, but I am inclined to think that we will, under +similar conditions. The shagbark, without any manipulation, ripens and +hardens up its growth early in the season and it would appear that these +conditions could easily be duplicated, at least in average seasons. +Young stocks of either the pecan or pignut hickory hold their sap much +later than does the shagbark and are in good condition for budding after +the shagbark is dormant. We have practiced this method on the chestnut +for several years with very satisfactory results. The chestnut may be +budded almost as easily as the apple or pear, and with nearly as good +results, by ordinary shield budding, by taking scions for budding from +an old bearing tree which has matured and ripened its growth up early +and setting the buds on young, sappy seedling stocks growing under +cultivation in the nursery. The paragon chestnut, especially, ripens its +growth up very early when the tree is carrying a good crop of chestnuts, +and there is a month, in average seasons, when buds may be taken from it +and set on young stocks in the nursery. This condition might be brought +about on younger trees from which buds are to be taken by withholding +nitrogenous fertilizers and cultivation, or, if necessary, by root +pruning. Root pruning should not be too severe as a sudden check on the +growth in the growing season might interfere more or less with the +storing up of "starch" or "dormant plant food" in the scion. Any +condition or conditions that will serve to induce early maturing and +ripening of the wood growth on trees from which buds are to be taken +will be satisfactory, and by using nitrogenous fertilizers and liberal +cultivation on the stocks to be budded, they may be kept in good +condition of sap well into September in average seasons. Grafted at the +proper time we were able to get good results without any manipulation of +the seedling stocks. All that we ever did there was to remove the new +growth occasionally to hold the stocks in good condition for grafting +and prolong the grafting season, and it was always questionable whether +this was a necessary precaution. My idea in keeping the new growth off +the stocks till the grafts were set was not to control the sap flow, but +to prevent, if it were possible by this means, the exhaustion of the +stored up "starch" in the stock, by the new growth. In the northern +states, the sap in the walnut stocks, and perhaps to some extent in +other nut tree stocks, is inclined to come up in the spring with a rush. +Some seasons at least, even before the buds push into growth, when the +stocks are cut off for grafting a large number "bleed" or run sap very +freely and this may continue several days, flooding and injuring the +scion, and exhausting the vitality of the stock. This condition was +especially noticeable the past spring, due presumably, to the lateness +of the growing season. Making provision for the exit of the surplus sap +was usually sufficient in the lower south and, we believed, would be +farther north, but with the stronger flow of sap this is not sufficient +in the northern states, at least some seasons. An examination of grafts, +set on stocks which have bled freely after having been grafted, shows +that the stock callouses very slowly, if at all, and the scion, unless +it be of very heavy, solid wood, becomes dark colored and sour and the +wood soon dies in the cleft, although the scion above this point may +remain green for weeks. I am not able, at this time, to give any +specific remedy for the correction of this trouble for the reason that I +have not worked it out to my own satisfaction as yet, but now that we +understand the trouble better, I feel sure that we will be able to +correct it in the manipulation of the stocks before they are grafted. +Keeping the new growth off the stocks may be found to be sufficient in +most seasons, if the grafting is done rather late, but I am of the +opinion that a rather severe cutting back of the stocks a few days +before they are grafted, if the grafting is done early, will be found +the best practice. For later grafting, my opinion is that two or three +cuttings, say a week apart, will be better. Root pruning, where it can +be practiced to advantage, will be found more effective still. I have +never known newly transplanted stocks or those which had the tree digger +run under them, to bleed freely when grafted, and we have sometimes +gotten a good stand of grafts on such stocks, but such stocks may not +always have sufficient sap for the best results in grafting, if they +have been recently transplanted or root pruned. Fall planted As a +matter of experiment, I want to try budding both the pecan and walnut by +this method the present season, but I don't expect any results from +walnut buds set in this way. For the information of those who may wish +to try this method the present season, I will say that we cut the +shagbark buds a little heavier than we cut apple or pear buds. The wood +was left in the bud. The bark on the stock was split and the buds +inserted just as in any other shield budding. The buds were wrapped very +firmly, with waxed muslin, just as we wrap patch buds. + +Our success with grafting the English or Persian walnut, under northern +conditions, has been variable and not very satisfactory. With good +scions and good stocks and other favorable conditions, we have sometimes +gotten over 90 per cent to grow, but the stand is more often much below +this and the present season we did not average over 25 per cent. The +fact that we get good stands of grafts when all conditions are right, is +not only encouraging but demonstrates that the English walnut can be +grafted under eastern or northern conditions with at least a fair degree +of certainty as to results, just as soon as we learn the causes of our +failures and are thus able to apply the remedy. Perhaps the greatest +drawback to the successful grafting of the English walnut is the +difficulty of obtaining good scions. The annual growth of the walnut is +much more pithy than that of the pecan or shagbark, and for this reason, +only a comparatively small portion of the growth is available for +grafting purposes if we are able to select scions that will give the +best results. Like the pecan and shagbark, the two-year wood makes the +best scions for grafting, provided that the wood has good buds on it, +but under our conditions those buds that lie dormant are usually shed +off during the summer and few good buds remain that will start quickly +into active growth. It is true that adventitious buds will often form +where these buds have shed off, and these will push into growth if the +stock is kept free from sprouts, but usually too late in the season to +make good trees, and keeping the seedling stock free from sprouts when +it should be in leafage is more or less weakening and injurious and the +grafts, starting into growth late in the season, do not mature and ripen +their growth up properly before frost and are quite likely to be injured +by early November freezes, unless they have some protection. To graft +the English walnut with unvarying and satisfactory results, under +northern conditions, we must not only have good scions and good stocks, +but we must control the sap flow in the stocks. In Florida and Louisiana +the sap came up more gradually in the stocks in the spring, and when or +root pruned stocks would probably give the best results, as the sap +would probably come up more gradually in the spring and, while the flow +would probably be sufficient for the best results, it would not flow +freely enough to injure the scion or stock. + +We have not experienced any serious difficulty from an extreme flow of +sap in pecan stocks, either in the North or South, but we have had +grafts set on the pignut hickory fail from this cause. The English +walnut may be budded with fair to good results, by the patch method, by +selecting good buds on the best matured, round growth, but to propagate +the tree economically and satisfactorily it is desirable to both bud and +graft, otherwise both stocks and scion wood are wasted. + + + + +TOP-WORKING LARGE WALNUT TREES + +W. C. REED, VINCENNES, INDIANA + + +In top-working large native walnut trees to the Persian or English +walnut, the first operation is to cut the trees back severely. This +should be done while the trees are dormant, preferably in February or +early in March. Cut them back two feet or more above where you wish to +graft, then cut again to where you want them. This will avoid splitting. +Usually we cut back to where the limbs are from two to four inches in +diameter. We have cut some back that were six to eight inches with good +results. However, limbs this size require careful attention to avoid +decay as it takes so long for them to heal over. + + +_Scions for Grafting_ + +Scions for grafting should be cut while perfectly dormant and packed in +damp moss or sawdust, being careful not to have it too wet. Paper line +the boxes and place in a cool place. Cold storage is much better. Scions +cut during the winter and placed in cold storage will come out in good +shape for grafting in May, or budding during July or August. Where there +is danger of the wood being injured by cold weather it would be well to +cut scions in November, before severe cold. + + +_Time for Grafting_ + +Wait until the new growth is well advanced or nearly in full leaf, which +is about May 1 to 10, in this latitude. + + +_Methods_ + +Use either the wedge graft or the bark graft. We have had equally good +results with each. If any difference it is in favor of the side or bark +graft which we prefer because it does not split or mutilate the stock, +there is not the chance for decay, and the wounds heal over much +quicker. On limbs three to four inches in diameter put in three to four +grafts. + +Cut the stubs back one to two inches below where they were cut when +dormant so you may have a fresh clean cut. Pare the rough bark off until +you have a fairly smooth surface for three inches below where the limbs +are cut off. + + +_Side or Bark Grafting_ + +For side or bark grafting split the bark with a sharp knife for about +two inches where the graft is to be set. Cut your scions with about two +buds. Slope the scion all from one side with a long slope so it will fit +well to the wood or cambium layer; then trim off a little of the outer +bark on the outside lower edge of the scion, just enough to expose the +cambium so it will come in contact with the inner side of the bark on +the tree. + + +_Wedge Graft_ + +If the wedge graft is used, take a long bladed knife (a corn knife will +do) set it sloping on the cut off stock and make a clean cut through the +bark first so it will split straight, then raise the handle of the knife +and drive the blade into the wood, splitting it as deep as needed, +depending on the size of the scion and insert a wooden wedge made from +some hard wood. An old broom or hoe handle is good, tapering the wedge +from both sides, leaving it thick in the center so it will come out +easily after the graft is set by simply tapping lightly from first one +side and then the other. In cutting the scion slope from each side with +a long slope to fit the split in the stub. The outer edge of the scion +should be somewhat thicker than the inner edge so that when the wedge is +taken out it will be held firm. Be very careful to see that the cambium +of the scion and tree meet on each edge of the scion. Pack all large +cracks with tissue paper and wax thoroughly. + + +_Waxing, Tying, Bagging_ + +As soon as the grafts are set, cover the entire wound with grafting wax, +being careful to cover the top of the stub well and the sides as far +down as the bark is split, and the upper end of the scion. Then place a +paper sack over the stub to prevent evaporation and leave this on until +the scions start into growth. We do not use any tying material on large +limbs because the bark is thick enough to hold the graft in place. +However, on smaller trees it will be important to wrap the grafts well. + + +_Grafting Wax_ + +The best grafting wax we have found is composed of the following: + +Four pounds resin, one pound beeswax, one-half pint linseed oil and one +tablespoon of lampblack. Melt all together and apply with a paint brush, +being careful not to have the wax too hot. + + +_After Care_ + +After new growth starts watch it closely every week or ten days and keep +all suckers removed until the scion starts into growth. Wherever grafts +fail to start the suckers may be left to grow for budding later. + + +_Budding Large Trees_ + +Cut back early the same as for grafting, cover all cuts with grafting +wax, let all sprouts grow until time to bud, which is usually August 1 +to September 1. Thin out the small, weaker sprouts and bud three or four +of the largest ones, setting the bud four to six inches from where the +sprout comes out of the stub. Use the patch bud, wrap carefully with +waxed cloth, using muslin dipped in melted beeswax, the strips of cloth +three-sixteenths to one-fourth inch wide. The following spring, about +March 1, cut the sprouts back to about three inches above the bud, +remove all other sprouts when new growth starts and keep all suckers +removed. + + +_Supports_ + +At this time you will need to put up slat supports to tie the buds to. +Take slats one by two inches and twelve feet long. Nail these to the +sides of the limbs so they will extend six to eight feet above. Keep +buds and grafts tied up every week or ten days during the growing +season. + +It has been our experience that budding is preferable. However, grafting +in the spring and then budding in August gives you two chances the same +season. + +This same method applies to the pecan and hickory as well as the walnut +and if the work is carefully done you will surely be well paid for your +work. + + + + +INTEREST IN NUT GROWING IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN STATES + +DR. L. D. BATCHELOR, UTAH AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION + + +The marked increase in the interest in nut growing throughout the +intermountain states is shown by the numerous inquiries on this subject +which are directed to this office. There have been very few plantings of +commercial orchards, but on every hand there is an interest shown in +using nut trees for shade trees. The hardy varieties of Persian walnut +are being planted more each year to ascertain the most promising sorts +for commercial planting. Larger plantings will no doubt follow when some +of these varieties have gained the confidence of the people, for one of +the chief drawbacks to nut planting in the past has been the common +belief that a semi-tropical climate is essential to the production of +such nuts as almonds, pecans and Persian walnuts. + +The Utah Agricultural Experiment Station has distributed about one +hundred Persian walnut trees to cooeperative planters over the state the +past season. Ninety-five per cent of the trees are making a thrifty +growth, while a similar planting made in 1912 gives good promise. + +The following varieties are included in the experimental lot; Chaberte +(grafted on black walnut); Franquette (on black and English walnut); +Franquette (Vrooman Strain); Mayette (on English Walnut); Parisienne (on +the black walnut); Pomeroy (seedling); Pomeroy (on black walnut); Rush +(on black walnut). + +A number of seedling trees have been discovered by the writer during the +past year, throughout the state. Some of these seedlings are producing a +fairly good type of commercial nut. What is more important, however, the +success of these seedling Persian walnuts points to the practicability +of planting the hardier varieties of this nut in the intermountain +states. + + + + +REPORT FROM G. H. CORSAN + + +Location--Toronto. + +Season--Winter, 1913-1914; Spring, 1914; Summer, 1914. + +Type of season--November and December very mild. The ground was not +frozen the least on January 1, 1914. January 12 the coldest day Toronto +ever experienced 22 deg. F. below zero. On February 12 it was 18 deg. F. below +zero. January, February and most of March _very_ steady cold. Very +little snow all winter, none on January 12. + +Except those that I smothered by _too_ much care the following seedlings +lived through the winter and are alive today: Pecans; pinus edulis; +pinus Koriensis; chestnuts; filberts; all the juglans including +Californica and Canadian seed of regia; pawpaws; persimmons. My +"mountain rose" peaches had not a twig winter killed though my +Fitzgeralds, a very hardy peach, had some; this peach may not be as +hardy as it is blown up to be. The season has been very dry and this +summer many of the Paragon chestnuts died that were not watered. My +Pomeroy walnuts are having a struggle to keep good form but I think that +I will have a few hardy ones selected from them, as these last two +winters have been the most trying on young trees we have ever had, of +which fact I am glad. Here at Battle Creek are a dozen of Mr. W. C. +Reed's grafted pecans; all are alive and growing strong as are mine in +Toronto. I wrote you of the horrible abuse that mine had while in +transit and they had a right to die but lived. Pecans grow very late +into the fall and do not shed their leaves early so that I feel sure +that the wood will harden sufficiently to stand the winter. The next +question is, will the nut mature where grapes and peaches grow and just +escape the October frosts. I saw many splendid pecans at Burlington, +Iowa. Native pecans for seed stock can be procured from there in +abundance. The nuts there are long and narrow, but not thick-shelled, +and sell retail in the stores for not less than twenty cents a pound. +The climate at Burlington has been 35 deg. F. below zero some winters. + +I am certain from my observations all over northeastern North America +that the pecan has far more possibilities than the English walnut or any +other nut unless we can develop a blight proof chestnut. + +The north Chinese walnut has been doing wonderfully well in Toronto and +those two trees fifteen and seventeen feet high have not a twig killed. +They do not bear as early as the Japanese. Their leaves are much longer +than the English walnut but the nut is fully as good as the best +California, Persian walnut that ever reached the market. Many of the +nuts are paper shelled, some burst open at the suture. Their appearance +is almost the same as the English but the tree is much hardier, growing +at the extreme north of China. Then this is the tree that the nurserymen +of Ontario have been selling as "English" walnuts and guaranteeing to be +hardy. But as soon as we saw the leaf and the trunk we at once knew them +for north Chinese walnuts and upon being told that, the men acknowledged +that they were. Just today I have been speaking to a missionary from the +extreme north of China and he informs me that they have two feet of ice +every winter where these trees grow in abundance with the finest nuts he +ever saw. This fact and the fact that really good pecans can grow up +north are the two facts that I wish this association to work on in order +to get results that are certain of success. + + + + +DISTRIBUTION OF PERSIAN ("ENGLISH") WALNUT SEEDLINGS IN MICHIGAN + + +Attention should be called to the work of Mr. Myron A. Cobb of the +Department of Agriculture of the Central State Normal School, Mount +Pleasant, Michigan, of which he sends the following outline. Mr. Cobb +has consented to send out with the trees a leaflet, to be supplied by +this Association, explaining the fundamental principles of nut growing. + +It is interesting to note the cost of these seedling trees, one and +one-half cents each, including postage. + +The success of Mr. Cobb's work shows the readiness of the public for it. +Our Association should encourage similar work in other states. + + * * * * * + +"About five years ago, I began the distribution of walnut seedlings by +planting a few seeds in our orchard, and distributed them to the schools +of Isabella County. I distributed about five hundred each year, making a +total of two thousand five hundred seedlings. This year, the idea has +been more widely advertised, and the demand for seedlings has been +enormous. I have distributed this year five thousand seedlings and have +received orders for about two thousand more which I could not fill +because of lack of trees. + +"This work was taken up primarily with the idea of distributing walnut +seedlings on the farms and incidentally to teach how trees are raised +and to correlate the work of the school to the home. + +"The trees have been distributed largely by parcel post, in amounts from +three to three hundred. The trees have been sold for one and one-half +cents each. This covers the original cost of the trees and the postage +on the same. Some of the trees have been grown upon our own grounds, but +the most of them have been obtained from the D. Hill Nursery Company, of +Dundee, Illinois. The distribution has been largely through the schools, +but many organizations have interested themselves in the movement, as +farmers' clubs, women's clubs, civic improvement leagues, etc. The +Women's Club of Pontiac distributed two hundred and seventy-five. We +prefer to distribute them through the schools. + +"These trees have been distributed to nearly every portion of Michigan, +Mr. Weidman, a prominent lumberman, sending one hundred to the Upper +Peninsula. Several hundred have been sent to the burned over areas of +Northeastern Michigan, some have been planted in the cities and along +the roadside, but the most of them have been distributed to the farms. +The demand this year exceeded our anticipation. Many farmers and +organizations have been greatly interested in securing and distributing +the seedlings, and some of the requests for seedlings have been very +interesting, in that they show such a great desire on the part of the +farmers to secure the trees, and it has been with extreme regret that we +were obliged to return their money, because of lack of seedlings. + +"This movement seems to be especially interesting in many ways and plans +are being made to supply the demand the following season and to extend +the work along other practical lines and apparent indications are that +our slogan, 'A walnut tree for every farm,' will be a reality." + + + + +EXAMPLES OF SOME RECENT CORRESPONDENCE + + + FARMINGDALE, ILL., August 5, 1914. + +I am interested in fruit and nuts of all kinds, but plant only for home +use and experimentally. + +I believe the chestnut is a better money nut here than the pecan, as +natives here bear very sparsely and irregularly although the catkins or +male part usually come out in great profusion. + +I note that you say "there is probably not much use in trying to grow +the pecan or Persian walnut outside the peach area." Here our pecan +seems as hardy as the average apple, withstanding 25 deg. below zero or more +with little or no injury. I find that the "Andrus" Persian walnut is +_much_ hardier than the "Pomeroy" as I planted two small one-year trees +that endured the following winter 20 deg. below, with no injury to even +terminal buds. So twenty years may show a change of opinion as to the +value of the Persian walnut in the Middle West. + +The Japanese walnuts here are often injured by winter at 15 deg. below, but +there may be hardier types and varieties than those I have tried. + +I have never been able to _graft_ the pecan successfully--annual or +budding has given me the only success I have had. And in years like this +and last, I find it very difficult to make a transplanted grafted pecan +live without watering. + +I have failed, so far, in finding a practical method to keep chestnuts +in good eating and planting condition until spring. If stored in the +ground cellar or as peach pits, they mould, if kept in an ordinary +building they become too dry. + + BENJAMIN BUCKMAN. + + SOUTH WATERFORD, ME., November 21, 1914. + + DEAR SIR: + +I have just read in the last issue of the _Rural New-Yorker_ a very +interesting article on nut growing, giving your name. + +For several years I have thought that it would be better for people in +the New England States to give more attention to nuts than so much to +apples, but I have not been in a position to start in with nut trees +much until now. + +Although 65 years old and somewhat used up with rheumatism I am not +ready to give up yet.... + +When I started on this farm it did not produce a barrel of grafted +fruit. There were quite a lot of natural fruit trees that never had been +trimmed or cared for in any way. I grafted these trees and set out some +from time to time until now the farm produces from 500 to 800 barrels +per year. + +This year apples at picking time sold slow for $1.00 per barrel for No. +1's, No. 2's not wanted at any price. + +I often think that if I had set out a few acres of nut trees 25 years +ago they would have been more profit now than the whole 200-acre farm +is.... + +Last spring on account of my lameness and the scarcity and the high +price of farm help I sold my large farm and bought a small place.... +Last spring I had about two acres of this land plowed up and during the +summer thoroughly worked over with the idea of next spring setting it +out to nut trees of some varieties that would do best here. Now I do not +know anything about nut growing or what varieties best to plant. If you +can help me out by putting me in a way to get this information you will +confer a great favor. + + + UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, + BUREAU OF STATISTICS, + (Agricultural Forecasts) + Office of the County Correspondent. + + ISLE LA MOTTE, GRAND ISLE, VERMONT, December 10, 1914. + + MY DEAR SIR: + +I wish to set out several nut trees next spring here on this island in +Lake Champlain. We have lots of hickory nuts, butternuts, hazelnuts and +beechnuts growing wild here and Champlain says in his narrative that +there were lots of fine chestnuts growing here 300 years ago. Now I want +to try some chestnuts, black walnuts, English walnuts, pecans, and +almonds. If you can tell me the hardiest varieties of each and where to +get trees I shall be greatly obliged. I have my doubts about pecans and +almonds but am willing to try them here. I am growing peaches here where +they never grew before. + + + RICHMOND, VA., December 13, 1914. + + DEAR SIR: + +I am just commencing an enterprise in propagation of nut trees here just +north of Richmond. I shall have plenty of time to do some experimental +work in planting of unknown varieties and would like to do some such +planting. I want any information I can get on varieties of English and +black walnuts, hazelnuts, hickories and persimmons, "sloes" and any +other varieties of currants. If I am not trespassing too much on your +time please put me in touch with parties who can give me information. +Please advise me if your association has any publications on the +subject. + +I am a retired civil engineer and my hobby has been all my life the +study of forest trees. I am now in a position to do some planting and I +should be very glad to cooeperate with your association. I am here +located exactly on the line of demarcation between northern and southern +forest growths and I think I have exactly the location for experimental +work.... + + + NEW MILFORD, CONN., December 8, 1914. + + MY DEAR DR. DEMING: + +This morning I am sending, by parcel post, a sample of hickory nuts to +compete for the prize which I saw has been offered by the association, +of which you are secretary. + +My father, while he was living, sent an exhibition of nuts to the +Pan-American, also to the St. Louis Fair, and received the highest award +given for nuts at both Expositions. + + + NEW LONDON, CONN., December 3, 1914. + + DEAR SIR: + +We are all elderly people, lacking energy to cultivate our farm land as +closely as we ought. Some of us are interested in nut culture and have +suggested that we plant some nuts and watch their growth from the very +beginning. Of course, we only wish nuts of the best varieties and +easiest culture. We only wish _hardy_ nuts, that do not need grafting, +and we prefer those that come into bearing early. We do not wish any of +the Mammoth dwarf, Japan chestnut. We bought a nice one, but it _will_ +not mature its fruit, and is gradually dying. We find great difficulty +in purchasing nuts. Those who have _trees_ for sale, refuse to sell the +NUTS. + +A person who has a few Japan walnut trees in connection with some other +business, very kindly offered to sell us some nuts, and these are all we +have been able to purchase so far. There are but very few nuts that we +would attempt to try. We wish to find some of the very best of filberts +or hazelnuts, that we shall probably cultivate in bush form. We are +interested in the _hardy_, hard shell almonds. Do you think we could do +anything with them? I _think_ they do not have to be grafted. Do you +know of any species of English walnut or Madeira nut, that are perfectly +hardy, and come into bearing early, that would serve our purpose? + +I know we are asking quite a favor, for strangers, but if you will +kindly assist us a little, we will thank you very much. + + + BROADWAY METHODIST CHURCH, + FARGO, N. D., November 10, 1914. + + DEAR SIR: + +I saw your statement in the _Southern Planter_ this morning and am +writing, not to tell you where choice nut-specimens are to be obtained +but to ask a few questions relative to the obtaining the _best_ +information possible to the growing of nuts. I have a ten-acre tract +about twelve miles straight south of Staunton, Va. When I purchased the +tract the chestnut and hickory were thriving. I have had about one half +of the property cleared and some trees planted. Among the trees are +twelve hardy English walnuts from Green's Nursery, Rochester, N. Y., 6 +"Mayo" and 6 "Pomeroy" walnuts from Glen Brothers, Rochester, N. Y. I am +interested in nut-culture. I have inquired of Glen Brothers if the +Kentish Cob would thrive there. They assure me it will. If there is a +chance to make a success of nuts, I would turn my time and thought to +the raising of walnuts and Kentish cobs and filberts. What would you +advise? If you cannot give me the desired information, kindly give me +directions to the one who can. I was brought up among the walnuts and +filberts and cob-nuts in the County of Kent, England, and now my +thoughts are turning to the delights of earlier days and I intend coming +to the Shenandoah Valley in the near future and making my home there.... + + + + + THE SECRETARY'S REPLY + + GEORGETOWN, CONN., November 13, 1914. + + MY DEAR MR. ----: + +It gives me great pleasure to reply as well as I am able to your letter +of November 10th. You are in the position of many thoughtful men of the +present day in craving the peace and delight of a life that is nearer to +nature. You have also a small tract of land in a favored part of our +country, and you have been led to believe, by the statements that you +have run across in chance sources, that the returns from nut growing may +enable you to attain your ambition. + +Our president has a place at Roundhill, Va., not very many miles from +yours. He is a professor of something like "Efficiency" in the +University of Pennsylvania. He is young, aggressive and very efficient +himself. His father was, and he himself is, an orchardist and fruit +grower. Both he and I have been for some years working at the problems +of nut growing. But it is only this year that we seem to have overcome +the difficulties of grafting and budding nut trees. We have the greatest +faith in the future success of nut growing, but we do not know how long +it will be before we shall know just what varieties of nuts to plant +ourselves, least of all to advise others to plant, with any certainty of +success. For the man, however, who realizes that nut growing in the +North is still in the experimental stage, we have no end of information +and advice. + +The information you have had from interested sources is misleading. +Probably you would not live long enough to get satisfactory results from +the seedling trees you might plant, even if such results ever came. To +get reasonably prompt and certain results from nut trees it is necessary +to grow such trees grafted or budded from trees of known good bearing +record, just as the same thing is necessary with the common fruit trees. + +Your information about the Kentish cob and the filbert is but half the +truth. The shrubs will thrive for a time in almost any place. But they +have nowhere in the East been a success because sooner or later they are +destroyed by a disease. One of our great nut growing wants is a filbert +or hazel of good size and quality that has the blight resistant quality +of our native hazel. + +My advice to you then would be as follows. If it is your idea to make a +living by nut growing on your ten acres in Virginia within a reasonable +number of years, I do not advise you to attempt it. If you wish to take +up nut growing as offering an occupation of the greatest interest, with +opportunity for the solution of problems of great importance to mankind, +and a fair promise of eventual money profit to yourself or to your +heirs, then I should certainly advise you to take up nut growing. + +I would not attempt to grow the hazel or the chestnut at present, except +in an experimental way. The nuts of best promise for you are the Indiana +or northern pecans and the English walnut. But it requires considerable +study of the subject before one may take up the practice of nut growing +without the probability of making unnecessary mistakes, and +unnecessarily losing time and money in repeating the experiences of +others. + +The wilful misstatements of some nurserymen, and the ignorance or +carelessness of others, has hindered the progress of nut growing. +Fortunately we have several nurserymen who have made a study of the +subject, who are honorable and truthful men, and on whose statements you +may rely. The only possible qualification of this statement that I know +of is that an allowance for enthusiasm might be borne in mind without +risk of harm. I enclose a list of such nurserymen, accredited by this +association. + +Your letter seems to call for this extended reply which I hope will be +of service to you. If I have left anything obscure that you would like +to know about, or if I can assist you in any other way, please let me +know. + +With the hope that you may be able to take up this most fascinating +avocation with pleasure and profit, I am + + Very truly yours, + + W. C. DEMING. + + + + +PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PERSIAN WALNUT + + +The secretary herewith presents a preliminary report on the +investigation of the Persian walnut. No attempt has been made to collect +information about the walnut on the Pacific Coast, which is quite +another matter. But the investigation reports very briefly on trees from +Canada to Georgia and from Massachusetts to Utah. + +The result of the investigation so far is hardly more than a bare +catalogue of the trees which the secretary has been able to locate, and +is intended simply as an aid to further investigation. It is now +published with the hope that members and others may become informed of +Persian walnut trees that it may be possible for them to locate, observe +and report upon. It is manifestly impossible for any one person, unless +some paid agent of the government or other institution, to investigate +many of these trees personally, they are scattered over such a wide +area. Correspondence is usually unsatisfactory and personal +investigation is the only way to get good results. + +Probably only a small part of all the existing trees is here catalogued. +But among them, and among the others that will come to light in the +constantly widening investigation by an increasing number of interested +persons, will certainly be found varieties of merit and adaption to +different sections of the country. + +As the meeting next year at Rochester is to give especial attention to +the Persian walnut it is to be hoped that members and others will make +special efforts to send to the meeting specimen nuts and reports of +trees. + + + + +THE PERSIAN WALNUT + + +CANADA + +Brantford--Dr. D. S. Sager. Knows at least 50 trees. Is top working + native walnuts and other work. +Grimbsy--H. K. Griffith. Bearing tree or trees. +Grimbsy--Louisa Neller. Bearing tree or trees. +Grimbsy East--Beverley Book. Bearing tree or trees. +St. Catherins--Miss Alice Berger, 251 Queenston St. Several bearing trees. + One tree 100-200 pounds annually. +St. Catherins--Harper Secord, R. 2. Twenty-eight young seedlings. +St. Catherins--James Titherington. Bearing tree or trees. +St. Catherins--J. J. Fee, Niagara St. Bearing tree or trees. +St. Catherins--F. D. Solvyne, Carleton St. Bearing tree or trees. +Toronto--G. H. Corsan, University of Toronto. Many young walnut and other + nut trees. "Hundreds of thousands being planted in Niagara Peninsula." + + +NEW YORK + + Chappaqua--F. M. Clendenin. Just bearing few nuts after 8 years. + Lockport--A. C. Pomeroy. Bearing orchard, seedlings. + North Avon--Adelbert Thompson. Bearing orchard, seedlings, 225 trees. + Hilton--E. B. Holden. Bearing trees. + Rochester--B. F. Whitmore, 520 Park Ave. Three bearing trees. + Holley--W. E. Howard. Four bearing trees. Knows of others. "Hundreds of + trees." + Canandaigua--Bradley Wynkoop. Bearing tree. + Brockport--Marcus Cook, 90 Holley St. "Nearly 100 bearing trees within 5 + miles of Brockport." + Fairport--Pickering Bros., Some Pomeroys. + Fairport--N. A. Baker. + Victor--E. Y. Shilling. Bearing tree. + Victor--A. B. Wood. Bearing tree. + Victor--Josiah Snyder. Bearing tree. + Watkins--Write E. C. Gabriel, Rock Stream. Tree reported by Prof. Corbett + at N. Hector, 2 or 3 more east side of lake. + Earlville--Francisco I. L. Mulligan. Twenty-nine Pomeroys and others. + Hoosick Halls--A. A. Baker, R. 2. Knows of bearing tree near Long Island. + Port Jefferson--Joseph Schriever. "Fine Specimen." + Huntington--Historical Society. "Fine Specimen." + Between Huntington and Centerport, on Gallows Hill, old Geo S. Conklin + place, occupied by "Peachy," as reported by Uncle Jerry Wockers of + the Ithaca _Journal_ office. Bearing tree. + Oyster Bay--Joseph H. Sears. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks. + Oyster Bay--Mrs. W. H. Burgess. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks. + Glen Cove--John T. Pratt. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks. + Glen Cove--W. L. Harkness (Dosoris). Bearing tree, reported by Henry + Hicks. + Woodbury--L. Piquet. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks. + Roslyn--Admiral Aaron Ward. Bearing tree, reported by Henry Hicks. + Hempstead--Rev. Chas Snedaker, St. George's Rectory. Bearing tree, + reported by Henry Hicks. + New York City, Westchester--Dr. Deming. Three Morris trees. + + +DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + + Washington--Barnes, Weaver, Kaingler, Stabler and other trees. + + +DELAWARE + + Wilmington--Dr. Rumford. + Smyrna--Walter L. Marks. + Magnolia--J. B. Tisdale. One or more bearing trees. Reported by E. B and + J. M. Reed, Fredonia. + Millsboro--G. L. Ellis. Twenty miles away some trees. + + +NORTH CAROLINA + + Carthage--I. W. Williamson. Few young trees. + Carthage--John A. McLeod, R. 3. + Pomona--J. Van Lindley. Several trees near Southern Pines. + + +OHIO + + Cincinnati--I. B. Johnston. "About 50 trees near Cincinnati." + Gypsum--H. G. Miller, of Wm. Miner and Son, Elmwood Fruit Farm. Two + trees, 20 years old. Also young Pomeroy trees. "Several very large + bearing trees within a few miles of here." + Dayton--Fred Kircher, 221 S. McDonough St. + Amherst--O. F. Witte, R. 2. Bearing tree. + Middletown--Levi Leonard. One hundred seedlings. Knows of old trees in + Lancaster Co., Pa. + + +NEW JERSEY + + Lumberton--C. S. Ridgeway. "Peerless Paper Shell," 25 years, 50-100 + pounds. + Paterson--Thos. Rodgers, 236 W. 25th St., W. End. Bearing tree. + Salem--Weber; write D. Harris Smith, Att'y. Rep. J. L. Doan. + Haddonfield--J. Hutchinson. + Raritan--Philip Lindsley, Box 350. Bearing tree. + Flemington--Rev. Dr. Sonne. Bearing tree. + Marlton--C. D. Barton. Knows good bearing trees. + Moorestown--Charles Haines. Bearing tree. + Delanco--Frank Jones. Bearing tree. + + +VIRGINIA + + Williamsburg--D. S. Harris, Box 416, 33 Febrey. "Grafted." + Williamsburg--J. A. Bechtel, R. 2. + Mint Springs--Williams place. Two trees; rep. _Am. Nut. Jour._ 8, 14, + p. 39. + Lynchburg--Crockett. + Roslyn--R. S. Carter, Box 41. Three trees. + Emporia--H. W. Weiss. "Fifty trees on different farms; English, Japanese + and black." + + +MARYLAND + + Sandy Spring--Ava M. Stabler. + Colton's Point--James K. Jones. See Circular of J. F. Jones. "Eight or ten + bearing trees." + Forest Hill--Wilmer P. Hoopes. + Churchville--Alexis Smith. "Alexis." + Sharon--Mrs. S. J. Poleet. "Sheffield." + Berkeley--J. T. Smith. "Smith." + Janettsville--David Hildt. "Beder." + Vale--Kate Hooker. "Hooker." + Baltimore--Franklin-Davis Nurseries. + Princess-Anne--Ida M. Lankford. Bearing trees. + Cooperstown--L. J. Onion, P. O. Sharon. "Sir Clair." + + +MASSACHUSETTS + + Boston--Mrs. Schultz, 335 Cornell St., Roslindale, Boston. Bearing tree. + Newburyport--Reported by C. F. Knight, Rowley. Bearing tree. + Winchester--Brackett (Bro. of G. B. Brackett). Bearing trees. + + +NEW HAMPSHIRE + + Keene--Reported by A. C. Pomeroy. Pomeroy trees. + Newmarket--Alfred C. Durgin. Six Pomeroy, 2 Rush, "Supposed to be + grafted." + Enfield--Forest Colby. Some trees. + + +MICHIGAN + + Mt. Pleasant--Myron A. Cobb, Central State Normal School. Has been + distributing thousands of walnut seedlings. + Coloma--W. C. Reed, Vincennes, Ind. + Almont--F. P. Andrus. Bearing tree and seedlings. + Augusta--Orville I. Miller. Buds from Andrus. + + +ALABAMA + + Huntsville--Mr. Mayhew, Westchester, New York City. Reports tree. + + +TENNESSEE + + Greenville--Wm. H. Brown, 516 Main St. Reports 3 trees, El. 1500. + + +GEORGIA + + Sharpe--Paul Dyer. Reported by Prof. McHatton. + + +IDAHO + + Boise--S. A. Gehman. Local bearing trees. C. C. Vincent, Ag. Exp. Sta. + Moscow. + + +UTAH + + Lehi--Mrs. J. T. Winn. Several trees. + Salt Lake City--J. T. Harwood (brother of above). Many bearing trees. Leon + D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, Ag. Exp. Sta. Logan. + + + + +CORRESPONDENTS AND OTHERS INTERESTED IN NUT CULTURE + + CALIFORNIA + + D. P. T. MacDonald, Horticultural Inspector, 418 20th Street, Oakland + + + CANADA + + Albert H. Lawrence, Edmonton, Alberta, Box 142 + + + COLORADO + + Dr. J. W. Benners, Silver Plume + Albert E. Mauff, Secretary State Board of Horticulture, Denver + + + CONNECTICUT + + P. G. Wallmo, Stony Creek, Box 314 + Royal J. Barter, Farmington + Lester S. White, Collinsville + Noah Wallace, Farmington + C. K. Decherd, Meriden, Box 464 + F. Perry Hubbard, care of The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown + Clarence T. Hatch, New Milford + Chester Hart, Barkhamstead + Paul Steinmann, Waterbury, R. 3 + Charles E. Chester, New London, Box 593 + + + DELAWARE + + M. L. Anderson, Lincoln City + + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + + William A. Taylor, Department of Agriculture + + + FLORIDA + + C. E. Browne, Glen Saint Mary + + + IDAHO + + Thomas Judd, St. George Crystal Springs Orchard Co., Twin Falls + John Gourley, Filer + Mr. Squires, Buhl, Rio Vista Fruit Ranch + + + ILLINOIS + + Jacob Wyne, Lintner + Miss Maude Davidson, Lewiston + L. H. Calloway, Chapin + Benj. Buckman, Farmingdale + William E. Walsh, Sparta, R. 4. + Geo. R. Hemingway, 121 Marion Street, Oak Park + Mrs. R. Matthews, McClure + Mrs. Ida L. Rice, Disco + Chas. E. Graves, University of Illinois Library, Urbana + Mrs. Truman Sweet, Durand + Geo. Findlay, 102 So. Market Street, Chicago + J. C. Gibbs, Elmwood + Dr A. W. Foreman, White Hall + Editor Journal American Medical Association, 535 Dearborn Street, Chicago + + + INDIANA + + John F. Woods, Utility Farm, Owensville, R. 19 + W. E. McElderry, Princeton Nursery, Princeton + H. J. Berendes, 509 E. Pennsylvania Street, Evansville + Vickery Bros., Evansville + Jarodsky & Co., Mt. Vernon + Henry Titus, Grand View + J. W. Jeffries, Carbon + Indiana Pecan Co., 234 3d Street, Mt. Vernon + H. B. Hill, Knightstown, Henry Co. + R. R. Katterjohn, Boonville + E. Hicks Trueblood, Salem, R. 9, Box 62 + H. B. Halloway, 1132 No. Illinois Street, Indianapolis + D. W. McFarland, No. Manchester + Thomas L. Kerth, 408 Second Avenue, Evansville + Leo H. Fisher, Huntingburg + Harry Gieseke, Patoka + C. A. Weilbrenner, Mt. Vernon + J. W. Gleichman, Evansville + H. M. Thurber, Rockport + Dr. F. L. Davis, 209 Dover Street, Evansville + John F. Woods, Owensville + L. P. Dorr, Howell, R. 9 + Clarence Cook, Indianapolis + Robert J. Tracewell, Evansville + W. A. Graham, Enterprise + J. C. Haines, Lake + W. A. Taylor, Oaktown + Chas. F. Hartzmetz, Evansville + J. W. Strassell, Rockport + + + IOWA + + Wendell P. Williams, Danville + + + KANSAS + + H. S. Baker, Secretary Winfield Nursery Co., Winfield + G. H. Dodge, 1000 Kearney Street, Manhattan + J. H. Brown, Gridley + + + KENTUCKY + + J. W. Blunk, Maceo + James Speed, Editor _Farm and Family_, Louisville + H. C. Hargis, Hebbardsville + C. F. Kleiderer, Henderson + Professor Carmody, Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington + + + MAINE + + G. I. Hamlin, So. Waterford + E. F. Hitchings, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, + Orono + + + MARYLAND + + Mrs. W. C. Taylor, 700 N. Broadway, Baltimore + I. S. Winfree, Salisbury + Frank J. Hoen, 213 Courtland Street, Baltimore + Wm. E. Little, Westminster + Mrs. W. C. Taylor, 700 No. Broadway, Baltimore + + + MASSACHUSETTS + + Capt. William H. Dole, N. Dartmouth, R. 4 + Prof. W. D. Clark, Department of Forestry, Agricultural College, Amherst + Leavitt Perham, Ludlow Center + Orrin C. Cook, Milford + Chas. Ripley, 173 Harvard Street, Dorchester + Harris E. Chace, Clifford + Wilfred Wheeler, Secretary State Board of Agriculture, 136 State House, + Boston + Chas. R. Green, Librarian Agricultural College, Amherst + John H. Chard, 263 Salem Street, Bradford + Prof. W. D. Clark, Department of Forestry, Agricultural College, Amherst + + + MICHIGAN + + J. Arthur Whitworth, Michigan Desk Co., Grand Rapids + Dr. H. M. Dunlap, Battle Creek + William L. Davies, 1780 St. Aubin Avenue, Detroit + L. O. Cook, Litchfield + Miss Marie Palmer, Plymouth, R. 2 + Daniel A. Edwards, Newaygo + B. W. Madill, Linden + J. J. Robinson, Lamont + Geo. W. Bolton, Sparta, R. 20 + + + MISSISSIPPI + + G. H. Sadler, Columbia, R. F. D., care of Yale Cany. + C. J. Hayden, Assistant Professor Horticulture, Agricultural College + + + MISSOURI + + William A. F. Hain, 22 Tiffin Avenue, Ferguson + Frank Wild Floral Co., Sarcoxie + F. A. Chambers, Sherrill + E. A. Ester, 1102 Rogers Avenue, Springfield + + + MONTANA + + J. L. Pfeiffer, Joliet + + + NEW HAMPSHIRE + + C. W. Hoitt, 24 Odd Fellows Building, Nashua + NEW JERSEY + + Thomas Rodgers, 236 W. 25th Street, Paterson + J. N. Jarvie, Beemerville + Dr. W. H. Pounds, Paulsboro + H. G. Taylor, Secretary State Horticultural Society, Riverton + Nobel P. Randel, The High School, Montclair + C. C. Doorly, Sussex, R. 2 + Joseph S. Smith, Burlington, R. 3 + Lemuel Black, Hightstown + Herman Tice, Westwood + Philip Lindsley, Raritan, Box 350 + Rev. Dr. Sonne, Flemington + C. D. Barton, Marlton + Chas. Haines, Moorestown + Frank Jones, Delanco + John Hutchinson, Haddonfield + + + NEW YORK + + Dr. William B. Jones, 525 Lake Avenue, Rochester + F. H. Pough, Union Sulphur Co., 17 Battery Place, New York City + W. V. S. Thorne, V. P. Union Pacific System, 165 Broadway, New York City + B. F. Butler, The Warrington, New York City + Fred Mackintosh, 3 Gillespie Street, Schenectady + J. Wallace Bush, Central Valley + Frank O. Ayres, 1 Madison Avenue, New York City + Peter H. Beller, Gallupville + Jordan Philip, Cashier First National Bank, Hudson + W. Robert Bruce, Brick Church Institute, Rochester + O. N. Fisher, 3390 Park Avenue, New York City + Hayward Greenland, care of Wilbur Van Dayer, White Memorial Building, + Syracuse + A. Davis, 1240 Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn + R. W. Tompkins, Brewster, R. 2 + Ralph Hammersley, 88 Helderberg Avenue, Schenectady + S. Klaussner, Ferndale, Sullivan County + C. C. Sanders, 206 Broadway, New York City + M. R. Ford, Dundee + F. Gilmore, Piffard + Mrs. S. T. Smith, Bath + Isaac Conover, Randall + E. H. Kelly, State Road, Plattsburgh, R. 2 + Morris M. Whitaker, Nyack + Fred Blizzard, Westtown + Wm. T. Laing, 716 Flatiron Building, New York City + Frank Hyde, Peekskill, Box 177 + Mrs. J. Robert Tice, Marlborough, R. F. D. + Miss Lathrop, care of Alex D. Lathrop, Stockport + E. L. Overholser, State College of Agriculture, Ithaca + Trueman's Farm, Lake Katrine + C. H. Hechler, Harbor Hill, Roslyn + Everett C. Foster, Sagaponack, L. I. + + + NEW MEXICO + + F. V. Pattison, Clovis + + + NORTH CAROLINA + + Buffalo Nursery Co., McCullers + C. W. M. Hess, Manager Audubon Nursery, Wilmington + C. H. Gochnauer, New Bern, R. 2 + Jesse M. Howard, 413 No. Kerr Street, Concord + + + OHIO + + S. Prentiss Baldwin, Leslie Block, Water and Decatur Streets, Sandusky + Miss Minnie Lehrer, 812 Osborne Street, Sandusky + Chas. A. Clark, Ravenna, R. 2 + E. L. Moseley, 125 Vine Street, Sandusky + Geo. T. Bishop, 1000 Scofield Building, Cleveland + J. W. Peters, Peters Buggy Co., Reynoldsburg + Mrs. C. C. Arms, St. Clair Road, Euclid + D. S. Burch, Assistant Editor _Farm and Fireside_, Springfield + William N. Neff, Martel, Box 31 + H. M. Farnsworth, Brooklyn Bank Building, Cleveland + C. M. Knight, 129 South Union Street, Akron + H. A. Lockwood, The Lockwood-Owen Farm Co., Port Clinton + N. G. Buxton, Johnstown + Mrs G. W. Henderson, Cadiz, R. 6 + J. W. Flaherty, Scio, R. 3 + A. M. Preston, Vanatta, R. D. Box 122 + G. L. Hyslop, Deshler + T. A. Dilley, Duncan Falls + Henry Bannon, Portsmouth + F. H. Wickey, Greenwich, R. 1 + R. P. Fowler, Jr., Coshocton, R. 4 + Leroy V. Ewing, Cambridge, R. 5 + Prof. W. J. Green, Horticulturist, Agricultural Experiment Station, + Wooster + Wm. Schiller, Poland, R. F. D. + E. Gill, Mechanicsburg + W. J. Miller, 134 Garvin Avenue, Elyria + W. P. Deppen, Tiffin, R. 1, Box 20 + + + OREGON + + W. A. Orr, Milton + + + PENNSYLVANIA + + Dr. Leedon-Sharp, 4041 Catherine Street, Philadelphia + Paul Mease, Pleasant Valley + J. A. Calderhead, Wilmerding + R. P. Wright, Reed Mfg. Co., Erie + John L. Hanna, Manager River Ridge Farm, Franklin + Elam G. Hess, Mannheim, Box 232 + Chester Rick, Girard College, Philadelphia + Sam. P. Moyer, Meyerstown + John Dierwechter, Richland + Joseph T. Huss, Wellsville + W. F. Beers, Three Springs + Editor Medical Council, Philadelphia + S. B. Detwiler, Chestnut Blight Commission Laboratory, University of + Pennsylvania, + Philadelphia + A. Y. Satterthwaite, Swarthmore + Donald Hutcheson, Warriors Mark + + + SOUTH CAROLINA + + T. B. Ellis, Jr., Lyndhurst + + + TEXAS + + O. A. Triplett, 215 No. Elm Street, Fort Worth + + + UTAH + + L. M. Gillilan, High School, Salt Lake City + J. T. Harwood, High School, Salt Lake City + Mr. Calahan, Calahan's Book Store, Salt Lake City + Miss Maud Harwood, Lehi + Joseph Broadbent, Utah Lake Irrigation Co., Lehi + Jesse Knight, Provo + Carl Isacson, Brigham City + W. O. Knudson, Brigham City + William Zollinger, Providence + E. D. Ball, Logan + Antone Pherson, Logan + A. R. Hurst, No. Logan + Sam Judd, St. George + John Stuki, Santa Clara + Nelson Fenton, Pleasant Grove + Richard Brerton, Provo + Charles Stay, Calders Station, Salt Lake + Mrs. J. T. Winn, Lehi + Dr. T. B. Beatty, Salt Lake City + J. F. Knudson, Brigham City + J. Fred Odell, Woods Cross + Joseph A. Smith, Providence + + + VERMONT + + Mrs. Charles A. Lewis, Grafton + Arthur H. Hill, Isle La Motte + + + VIRGINIA + + Warren Tomlinson, Farmville + R. G. Bickford, Lee Hall Farm, Newport News + Mrs. W. S. Mott, Dixondale + R. G. Bickford, Newport News + James H. Denmead, West Point, Box 50 + John J. Rhodes, Potomac View Farm, Sterling + R. M. Fontaine, Richmond, care of Chesapeake and Potomac Telegraph Co., + 7th and Grace Streets + + + WASHINGTON + + J. P. Douglass, Tonasket + A. H. Irish, Wapato + Robert W. Bryan, Alderdale + + + WEST VIRGINIA + + Martin Crow, Dallas + + + WISCONSIN + + W. S. Liston, 459 Van Buren Street, Milwaukee + + + WYOMING + + W. C. Deming, Editor _Wyoming Stockman-Farmer_, Cheyenne + + + + +AUTHORITIES AND SPECIAL CORRESPONDENTS + +For a list of authorities and special correspondents in all the states +of the Union, and elsewhere, see the report of this Association for +1913. + + * * * * * + +SOME RECENT LITERATURE ON NUTS AND NUT GROWING + + The Agriculture of the Future. J. Russell Smith, _Harper's + Magazine_, January, 1913, p. 273. + + The Doctor's New Job. J. Russell Smith, _Country Gentleman_, June + 28, 1913, p. 970. + + Nut Farming For Tomorrow. J. Russell Smith, _Country Gentleman_, + July 5, 1913, p. 1015. + + The Pecan and the Patient Waiter. J. Russell Smith, _Country + Gentleman_, December 20, 1913. + + Pigs, Peas and Pecans. J. Russell Smith, _Ibid._, December 27, 1913. + + The Real Dry Farmer. J. Russell Smith, _Harper's Monthly_, May, + 1914. + + Tree Crops as a Control of Erosion. J. Russell Smith, _Science_, + June 12, 1914. + + Two Story Farming. J. Russell Smith, _Century Magazine_, July, 1914. + + The Agriculture of the Garden of Eden. J. Russell Smith, _Atlantic + Monthly_, August, 1914. + + Vacations that Counted. J. Russell Smith, _Harper's Weekly_, + September 12, 1914. + + The Life History and Habits of the Walnut Weevil or Curculio, + _Conotrachelus juglandis_. Part III of the Annual Report of the + Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, 1912, p. + 240. + + The Walnut Bud-moth, _Acrobasis caryae_. _Ibid._, p 253. + + Japan Walnuts, _Juglans sieboldiana_. _Rural New-Yorker_, February + 1, 1913. H. O. Mead on variation in type and crossing. + + Persian Walnuts for Indiana. Van Deman, _Rural New-Yorker_, February + 22, 1913, p. 225. + + Dropping Walnuts. _Ibid._, p. 259. + + Chestnut Bark Disease. Part V of the Annual Report of the + Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, 1912. Very + full account, 100 pages, plates, charts and bibliography. + + The Chestnut Bark Disease. _Ibid._, bul. 178, September, 1913. + + So-called Chestnut Blight Poisoning. _Ibid_. Part I of the Annual + Report for 1914. 12 pages and plate. + + Supposed Poisonous Properties of Chestnuts Grown on Trees Affected + with Chestnut Blight. C. Dwight March. _Journal of the American + Medical Association_, July 4, 1914, p. 30. + + Studies in Juglans, 1. Study of a Form of _Juglans Californica_, + Watson. By Ernest B. Babcock. University of California Publications + in _Agricultural Sciences_ Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-46, pls. 1-12. + December 4, 1913. + + Studies in Juglans, II. Further Observations on a New Variety of + _Juglans Californica_, Watson, and on Certain Supposed Walnut-Oak + Hybrids. By Ernest R. Babcock. _Ibid._ Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 47-70, + pls. 13-19. Oct. 31, 1914. + + Production of the Walnut in the Northwest. Ferd Groner. Fifth Annual + Report, Oregon State Horticultural Society, December, 1913. p. 159. + + Top-Working Seedling Pecan Trees. W. N. Hutt. Bul. 224, North + Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, January, 1914. + Excellent description and illustrations. + + Birds as Carriers of the Chestnut Blight Fungus. _Journal of + Agricultural Research_, September, 1914, Vol. II, No. 6, Department + of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Account of experiments, with + plates and bibliography. + + Pecan Rosette. By W. A. Orton and Frederick V. Rand. Reprint from + _Journal of Agricultural Research_, Vol. III, No. 2. Department of + Agriculture, Washington, D. C., November 16, 1914. + + The Possibilities of Nut Culture in New England. By Dr. William C. + Deming. Reprinted from the Transactions of the Massachusetts + Horticultural Society, 1914, Part 1. Boston, August, 1914. + + Nut Culture. By William C. Deming. Circular No. 26, Massachusetts + State Board of Agriculture. June, 1914. + + Nut Growing and the Propagation of Nut Trees. By William C. Deming. + To be printed in the Annual Report of the New Jersey State + Horticultural Society, 1914. + + Grafting the Hickory. By William C. Deming. _Rural New-Yorker_, + December 12, 1914. Note on a simple method for grafting the hickory + by the slip bark method. + + Nuts for the North. H. E. Van Deman. _Green's Fruit Grower_, + December, 1914, p. 7. + + Cracking the Walnut Blight. Walter V. Woehlke. _The Country + Gentleman_, November 28, 1914, p. 1910. Illustrations of top-working + the walnut in California. + + _American Nut Journal_. Published monthly at Rochester, N. Y., by + Ralph T. Olcott, Editor of _American Fruits_. $1.25 a year, or $2.50 + with yearly membership in this Association. First number issued + June, 1914, Ellwanger & Barry Building. + + Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the National Nut + Growers Association, Thomasville, Georgia, October, 1914. J. B. + Wight, Secretary, Cairo, Georgia. + + + + +PRESENT AT THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS +ASSOCIATION + + W. C. Reed + M. T. Reed + C. A. Reed + R. T. Morris + J. Russell Smith + Col. C. K. Sober + W. O. Potter + E. A. Riehl + J. L. Doan + H. R. Weber + C. P. Close + R. L. McCoy + J. F. Wilkinson + T. P. Littlepage + R. T. Olcott + W. C. Deming + H. D. Simpson + Ray C. Simpson + Dr. A. J. Knapp + L. W. Kiefer + Col. C. A. Van Duzee + John S. Parish + Miss Ellen Littlepage + Mrs. H. S. Kramer + Dr. Worsham + Mr. C. D. Evans + Paul White + Mr. A. C. Pomeroy + Mrs. Pomeroy + Harry Gieseke, Patoka, Ind., R. 22 + D. C. Hargis, Hebbardsville, Ky. + C. A. Weilbrenner, Mt. Vernon, Ind. + C. E. Browne, Glen St. Mary, Fla. + J. W. Gleichman, Evansville + H. M. Thurber, Rockport + A. L. Moseley + W. E. McElderry, Princeton, Ind. + John F. Woods, Owensville, Ind. + Dr. F. L. Davis, 209 Dover St., Evansville + A. M. Williams, Evansville Press + L. P. Doarr, Howell, Ind., R. 9 + Clarence A. Cook, Indianapolis + Robert J. Tracewell, Evansville, and son + Thomas L. Kerth, 910 Third Ave., Evansville + W. A. Graham, Enterprise + Carl J. Poll + C. F. Kale + C. F. Kleiderer, Henderson, Ky. + J. C. Haines, Lake + C. H. Baldwin, State Entomologist + Leo H. Fisher, Huntingburg, Ind. + Prof C. W. Matthews + Prof. Carmody + Mrs. J. W. Wilkinson + Mrs. Amy Norris + Miss Lottie Lee Mattingly + Anthony Dodds, Enterprise + Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Dodds + Mrs. Ed. J. Fehn + Miss Ollie Dilday + Mrs. Fred Elmendorf + Miss Halma May Dodds + Miss Laura Hostetter + E. E. Lockwood, Poseyville, Ind. + Mason J. Niblack + W. A. Taylor, Oaktown + Hugh C. Schmidt, Evansville + J. W. Strassell, Rockport, Ind. + Mrs. J. W. Strassell, Rockport, Ind. + Miss Helen Gentry, Rockport, Ind. + Chas. F. Hartmetz, Evansville, Ind. + Reporters + + + + +ANNUAL MEETING IN 1915 + + +The following letter was sent to our members and some of our +correspondents living in or near Rochester. The secretary would be +pleased if every person who opens this volume at this page would read +this letter and, having read, would make a note of it for action. + + GEORGETOWN, CONN., September 10, 1914. + + DEAR SIR: + +Rochester, N. Y., is quite likely to be selected as the place for the +next meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association, and the Persian +("English") walnut as the subject for especial consideration. + +There are many Persian walnut trees in Rochester and vicinity. Will you +not bear in mind that we shall probably meet there and help to make the +meeting a success? One way in which this can be done is to look up _now_ +any walnut trees, or other superior nut trees, observe their bearing and +get their records and samples of the nuts, with photographs if +desirable. + +Another way to help is to talk about the association and this meeting to +others and get them interested in the association and in reporting nuts. + +Any assistance in making arrangements, or in providing attractions for +the meeting will be most welcome. + +I append a list of members and correspondents in and about Rochester. +Mr. Olcott, the editor of the _American Nut Journal_, will undoubtedly +act as a central bureau for information and report. + +Let us make this coming meeting go far toward settling some of the +undecided points about the Persian walnut in the East. + + Yours truly, + W. C. DEMING. + _Secretary._ + + * * * * * + + Plant My Hardy Pennsylvania Grown + Budded and Grafted + English Walnut + and Pecan Trees + if you want to start right + + You can't afford to experiment with trees of doubtful + hardiness, neither do you want inferior varieties + + _My 1915 attractive Catalogue and Cultural Guide + is yours for the asking_ + + Address + + J. F. JONES, The Nut Tree Specialist + + LANCASTER ... PENNSYLVANIA + + * * * * * + + CHESTER VALLEY NURSERIES + ESTABLISHED 1853 + + Choice Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Cherry Trees + on Mazzard Roots, Hardy Evergreens, Flowering + Shrubs, Hedge Plants, etc. Originators of the + THOMAS BLACK WALNUT + + JOS. W. THOMAS & SONS, King of Prussia P. O., Montgomery Co., Pa. + + * * * * * + + J. G. RUSH + Propagator of + The Persian Walnut + + By Grafting and Budding on Black Walnut Stock such Varieties as the NEBO, + HALL, HOLDEN, LANCASTER, FRANQUETTE, MAYETTE, CUT LEAF, Etc. + + Originator of "RUSH" PERSIAN WALNUT + + WEST WILLOW, PA. (Lancaster County) + + * * * * * + + Vincennes Nurseries + + PROPAGATORS OF + + _The Pecan + The Persian Walnut + The Hickory + The Chestnut + The Almond + The Hazelnut_ + + SEND FOR OUR SPECIAL NUT CATALOGUE + + Also offer a general line of Nursery Stock + + W. C. REED, + _Proprietor_ + + VINCENNES + INDIANA + + * * * * * + + Plant Fruit Trees to Make Money + + to carry your nut crops through. But your trees to be profitable + must be right. I grow all my trees on first-class roots, + cut all my buds from first class bearing trees. I know they + are true to name and the best you can buy. Apples, Pears, + Plums, Cherries on Mazzard roots. + + _Get Fraser's Tree Book Free_. + + SAMUEL FRASER 10 Main St., Geneseo, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + PLANT TREES IN SOIL BLASTED WITH + DU PONT + Red Cross Farm Powder + + Blasting makes a wider, better feeding area for growing roots, + permits greater water storage, forwards growth of trees and + brings them into bearing earlier than trees set in spade-dug + holes. Write for FREE BOOKLET about how to blast tree holes + with Red Cross Farm Powder. + + DU PONT POWDER CO. WILMINGTON, DEL. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the Fifth Annual Meeting, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + +***** This file should be named 24559.txt or 24559.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/5/5/24559/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/24559.zip b/24559.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6b2e47 --- /dev/null +++ b/24559.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42b808a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #24559 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24559) |
