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+Project Gutenberg's The Spirit of Lafayette, by James Mott  Hallowell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Spirit of Lafayette
+
+Author: James Mott  Hallowell
+
+Release Date: February 2, 2008 [EBook #24494]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SPIRIT OF LAFAYETTE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Stephen Blundell and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
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+
+
+
+THE SPIRIT OF LAFAYETTE
+
+
+
+
+           THE SPIRIT OF
+             LAFAYETTE
+
+                 BY
+        JAMES MOTT HALLOWELL
+ _Former Assistant Attorney-General
+          of Massachusetts_
+
+
+              [Device]
+
+
+      GARDEN CITY    NEW YORK
+     DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
+                1918
+
+
+
+
+          _Copyright, 1918, by_
+        DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
+
+ _All rights reserved, including that of
+   translation into foreign languages,
+       including the Scandinavian_
+
+
+
+
+          DEDICATED TO
+ THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN FRANCE
+      WHO HAS ANSWERED THE
+       CALL OF LAFAYETTE
+
+
+
+
+THE SPIRIT OF LAFAYETTE
+
+
+
+
+The Spirit of Lafayette
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+
+A few years after the signing of the Declaration of Independence a
+hostile Mohawk chief met in council a representative of the young
+American republics for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace. The
+representative of young democracy was a soldier of France, the Marquis
+de Lafayette. Primitive America on the one hand, ancient Europe on the
+other! "Father," said the Indian, "we have heard thy voice and we
+rejoice that thou hast visited thy children to give to them good and
+necessary advice. Thou hast said that we have done wrong in opening our
+ears to wicked men, and closing our hearts to thy counsels. Father, it
+is all true; we have left the good path; we have wandered away from it
+and have been enveloped in a black cloud. We have now returned that thou
+mayest find in us good and faithful children. We rejoice to hear thy
+voice among us. It seems that the Great Spirit has directed thy
+footsteps to this council of friendship to smoke the calumet of peace
+and fellowship with thy long-lost children."
+
+The Indian warrior's vision was true in a greater sense than he knew.
+Through him the soul of America spoke to the soul of Europe, and it
+spoke of the fellowship of man. Perhaps the footsteps of this soldier of
+France were indeed directed by a high Providence. Perhaps he was himself
+a message from the infinite. I love, for my own part, to believe that at
+his birth there appeared in this world an eternal and mighty spirit, a
+spirit perhaps from another age or sphere. Who knows? Why not? Who is
+there can look into the great unknown, the vast and impenetrable depths
+of the heavens, and say that this could not be, and was not so? How else
+explain this child of a French monarchy, brought up among the titled
+nobility of France, who amidst such conditions grew to manhood--the
+devotee of freedom and the ever-loyal champion of democracy?
+
+Lafayette was born on September 6, 1757, at the Château de Chavagnac in
+the province of Auvergne in the monarchy of France. Two months before
+his birth his father was killed in battle. Left to the sole guidance of
+an indulgent mother, surrounded by flattering attendants and the
+enervating influences of wealth and noble birth, he faced the empty and
+useless life of a mere titled, wealthy aristocrat. What saved him? To
+add to these inauspicious beginnings, he was, at the age of twelve, sent
+to Paris to the College du Plessis where his rank and wealth introduced
+him to all the gaieties and dissipations of exclusive fashionable
+Parisian society. His mother died when he was but thirteen, leaving him
+in the full possession of large and valuable estates, the absolute
+master of his own destiny, and subject to the indulgences and
+corruptions of one of the most notorious courts of all Europe. Of a
+winning personality, he was appointed one of the King's pages, a
+position much coveted by the princes and nobles of the kingdom. He was
+also enrolled in the King's Regiment of Mousquetaires, and at the age of
+fifteen through the favour of the Queen obtained a commission, an honour
+conferred as a mark of especial royal regard. He was married at the age
+of sixteen, and his young wife was a daughter of the aristocratic house
+of Noailles, one of the most powerful and influential families of the
+French court. What more profoundly barren soil could be chosen to
+produce the self-denying fighter for liberty, the clean-minded democrat,
+Lafayette?
+
+A significant incident is told of his early life. Shortly after his
+marriage, his wife's family sought for him an honorary position in the
+household of the Count de Provençe, afterward Louis XVIII King of
+France. Lafayette did not wish the appointment. The spirit of Lafayette,
+the democrat, was already restive under royal authority. To prevent the
+honour being thrust upon him, and in order at the same time not to
+offend his family by refusing to accept, he sought an opportunity to
+make himself so obnoxious to the Count that the arrangement could not go
+through. The chance offered itself at a masked ball where the Count
+appeared in a disguise which was instantly penetrated by Lafayette.
+Making himself known, he lost no time in engaging in conversation the
+royal personage, who thought himself unknown, and with a freedom and
+boldness bordering upon discourtesy, he gave voice to facts and opinions
+which he knew would be obnoxious to his listener's ear. The future King
+of France had little hesitation in making up his mind that the young
+Marquis would be a refractory attaché, and declined to make the
+requested appointment.
+
+Providence, or his own spirit, had saved Lafayette for democracy.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+
+In 1775 in the new western hemisphere democracy was born to the modern
+world.
+
+    "By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
+      Their flag to April's breeze unfurled,
+    Here once the embattled farmers stood
+      And fired the shot heard 'round the world."
+
+Across the vast Atlantic rolled its echoes. Across a trackless sea,
+across the lands of France, up through the great White Ways of Paris it
+resounded. It knocked against the palace doors of the King of France. On
+through the flippant gibe, the careless laugh, the carousing and the din
+of the royal court, it reached and touched the spirit of Lafayette.
+
+What was the strange tale that came to him from the New World? Was it a
+tale of liberty triumphant and conquering, a tale of success, a tale to
+touch the imagination of a soldier through the glory of a winning cause?
+Far from it. After a brief temporary success in Massachusetts the cause
+of the newly-born confederated American republics seemed to be tottering
+upon the brink of total destruction. The rout of the Americans at
+Brooklyn and the consequent abandonment of Long Island was followed by
+their evacuation of New York City. The American army was becoming
+demoralized. The militia were impatient to return home, were disobedient
+to orders, and were deserting in large numbers--it is said "by half and
+even by whole regiments." Then followed the Americans' defeat at White
+Plains, the surrender of Fort Washington, the evacuation of Fort Lee,
+and the steady disheartening of the American forces. The ineffectual
+attempts to increase the militia, the indisposition of the inhabitants
+to farther resistance, the retreat of General Washington through New
+Jersey at the head of less than three thousand men, poorly armed, almost
+without tents, blankets, or provisions, discouraged by constant
+reverses, many of them half-clad and barefooted in the cold of November
+and December, passing through a desponding country and pursued by a
+numerous, well-appointed, and victorious army--all these events made
+liberty at this time indeed
+
+    "A wretched soul bruised with adversity."
+
+It was at this stage of the conflict that Lafayette determined to cross
+the Atlantic and take up the cause of the thirteen little republics.
+Benjamin Franklin, one of America's two representatives in France, who
+at first had welcomed this offer of assistance, upon learning of the
+continued American reverses, and almost despairing of the success of the
+cause, is reported honourably to have endeavoured to dissuade the
+Marquis from carrying his design into execution. Franklin and Silas
+Deane, the other American representative in France, told him they were
+unable to obtain a vessel for his passage. France was then at peace, and
+the King of France forbade his departure. Under the laws of France he
+risked the confiscation of all his property, as well as capture on the
+high seas. There was no winning cause to lure him, merely thirteen
+little newly-born republics struggling for a principle, fighting for
+democracy--a weak, bedraggled, and dispirited democracy, a democracy
+half-clad and poverty stricken, a barefooted, half-naked democracy that
+was very nearly down and out.
+
+"Now," he replied to Franklin and Deane, "is precisely the moment to
+serve your cause; the more people are discouraged, the greater utility
+will result from my departure; and if you cannot furnish me with a
+vessel, I shall charter one at my own expense to convey your despatches
+and my person to the shores of America."
+
+In a Paris paper of that year, there appears the following item:
+
+    Paris, April 4, 1777.
+
+    One of the richest of our young nobility, the Marquis de Lafayette,
+    a relation of the Duke de Noailles, between nineteen and twenty
+    years of age, has at his own expense hired a vessel and provided
+    everything necessary for a voyage to America, with two officers of
+    his acquaintance. He set out last week, having told his lady and
+    family that he was going to Italy. He is to serve as Major-General
+    in the American army.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+
+Lafayette arrived in America in June, 1777, and at once plunged into the
+struggle. He refused an active command at first, preferring to serve in
+a more humble capacity until accustomed to American troops. In the
+Battle of Brandywine, only some forty days after his arrival, he
+received a wound from a musket ball--a wound sufficient to keep him in
+bed for six weeks. This battle was a defeat for the American forces and
+was followed by the fall of the City of Philadelphia. Wounds and defeat
+seem, however, to have acted only as a stimulus, and in December, 1777,
+as a reward for intrepid and brilliant service, he was given the command
+of a division of the American army. He was then twenty years of age.
+
+Then followed four years of active service under General Washington,
+broken only by a temporary return to France in 1779 on a diplomatic
+mission. Gentle and courteous, yet apparently insensible to fear, his
+spirit was an inspiration. At the Battle of Monmouth the enemy, during a
+lull, observed a general officer in the service of the Americans
+advancing into the danger zone, with some other officers and men, to
+reconnoitre the enemy's position. An aide-de-camp fell, struck by a
+ball, and all but the general fled precipitately. They saw the latter,
+although under the fire of a battery, lean to assist the stricken aide,
+and finding that all was ended turn and slowly rejoin the others. The
+British commander, General Clinton, ordered his men not to fire; and
+the chivalry of this Englishman probably saved the American officer's
+life. It was Lafayette.
+
+In 1780 he asked leave to take a position in the Southern Department
+where the situation of the American army is described in a letter to
+Lafayette by General Greene, then commanding the division.
+
+"It is now within a few days of the time when you shall be with me. Were
+you to arrive you would find a few ragged, half-starved troops in the
+wilderness, destitute of everything necessary for either the comfort or
+convenience of soldiers.... The country is almost laid waste and the
+inhabitants plunder one another with little less than savage fury. We
+live from hand to mouth, and have nothing to subsist on but what we
+collect with armed parties.... I fear this department is to be the great
+Serbonian bog to the American armies and particularly to the general
+officers."
+
+The vision of a Serbonian bog acted only as a magnet, and Lafayette
+started to join Greene. On his way, however, he was recalled by the
+commander-in-chief, General Washington, to take command of an expedition
+against Benedict Arnold, the traitor, now a brigadier-general in the
+enemy's army, who was marching into Virginia and with revengeful fury
+carrying fire and sword wherever he went. Lafayette was dispatched
+against him with specific orders that if Arnold surrendered there should
+be no stipulation made for his safety, and at the same time forbidding
+the slightest injury to his person;--it being the purpose of Washington,
+never however fulfilled, to bring Arnold to public punishment according
+to the rules and regulations of the army.
+
+Lafayette's command seems to have been no better than Greene's. In a
+letter to Greene he describes his men as being in a condition of
+"shocking nakedness." Even the officers were destitute of money,
+clothing, and everything that could contribute to cleanliness and
+comfort. As for the men, they were poorly fed, their shoes worn out,
+without tents, and destitute of almost any protection from the
+inclemency of the weather. Some of his officers assured the Marquis that
+his command would speedily be reduced one-half by desertion,--and as a
+matter of fact thirteen out of one company deserted in a single day. A
+nauseous and contagious disease, generally produced by a want of
+cleanliness, overspread nearly the entire command. In consequence of
+these difficulties, Arnold escaped, but Lafayette forced his retreat.
+
+The military genius of George Washington at last turned the tide of war.
+In October, 1781, he had the enemy's troops under Cornwallis cornered at
+Yorktown. In the course of the siege it became necessary to capture a
+certain redoubt possessed by the enemy. Washington determined to carry
+it with the bayonet, and appointed Lafayette to conduct the charge. The
+American infantry advanced with irresistible power, relying entirely
+upon their bayonets, and carried the redoubt by assault.
+
+Shortly afterward Cornwallis surrendered his entire army to Washington,
+and the last battle of the American Revolution had been fought. In
+November, 1781, the confederated republics having won, Lafayette
+returned to France.
+
+Washington and Lafayette! The American and the Frenchman. Great
+soldiers both, but above all, great _men_. The real soul of the soldier
+speaks out in this letter from the American to the Frenchman, written in
+1784: "At length, my dear Marquis, I have become a private citizen on
+the banks of the Potomac; and under the shadow of my own vine and my own
+fig-tree, free from the bustle of the camp and the busy scenes of public
+life, I am solacing myself with those tranquil enjoyments, of which the
+soldier who is ever in pursuit of fame, the statesman whose watchful
+days and sleepless nights are spent in devising schemes to promote the
+welfare of his own, perhaps the ruin of other countries, as if this
+globe was insufficient for us all--and the courtier who is always
+watching the countenance of his prince in the hope of catching a
+gracious smile--can have very little conception. I have not only retired
+from all public employments, but am retiring within myself and shall be
+able to view the solitary walk, and tread the paths of private life with
+heartfelt satisfaction. Envious of none, I am determined to be pleased
+with all; and this, my dear friend, being the order of my march, I shall
+move gently down the stream of life until I sleep with my fathers."
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+
+The scene in the world-wide drama of democracy shifts across the
+Atlantic Ocean, from America to France. The French Revolution of 1789
+and the Reign of Terror--a century's pent-up rage against despotism, let
+loose in a single hour!
+
+When Madame Roland was summoned before the revolutionary tribunal she
+came with a smile upon her lips, her face sparkling with life and
+animation. Condemned in advance, she was falsely declared guilty of
+being the author of a "mutinous conspiracy against the unity and defense
+of the republic." She heard her sentence calmly. "You deem me worthy the
+fate of the great men you have murdered. I shall try to display the
+same courage on the scaffold." She was at once taken in a cart to the
+Place de la Revolution, a man guilty of treason being placed in the same
+cart. He was overwhelmed with terror and she occupied her time in
+soothing him. On reaching the guillotine, she bade him mount the steps
+first, that his sufferings might not be prolonged. As she took her
+place, her eyes fell on a colossal statue of Liberty, recently erected
+near by. "O Liberty," she cried, "what crimes are committed in thy
+name!"
+
+"There is no God." Thus in 1793, by solemn enactment of the Terrorists,
+was the Deity legislated out of existence. There is no God! What sayest
+thou now, Robespierre? Dost thou say so, _now_? How likedst thou thy
+brief space of usurpation? A few brief months of power--night and day
+with loaded pistols at thy side--no food till some one else had tasted
+from thy dish, lest it be poisoned. And then another scene in that same
+legislative hall, the hall of thy own great terrifying power. A vote
+ordering thy arrest! Vain are thy shrieks--a detachment of thy own
+soldiers forces its way into the room--a pistol shot rings out, and thou
+with shattered jaw, a ghastly spectacle, facest thy end. Thou fallest,
+and some spit upon thy prostrate form, others stab thee with their
+knives. Still living, thy body is hurried before the tribunal thou
+thyself didst form, and thence to the guillotine. O Robespierre,
+thinkest thou now there is a God?
+
+License, not liberty. Mania, not reason. How fared the spirit of
+Lafayette during this debauchery in the name of freedom?
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+A brief interval of less than ten years intervened between the closing
+scenes of the American Revolution and the opening scenes of the French
+Revolution. Democracy in America was a victor, and the republic had been
+established. Democracy in France was just entering upon its cyclonic and
+hideous struggle for the right to live.
+
+The government of France was at that time an absolute despotism. The
+king was the supreme arbiter of its destinies. He was the head of the
+army. He appointed his own ministers, made his own laws, levied and
+raised taxes at his pleasure, and lavished his treasures as he pleased.
+The common people were more like cattle than men. They tilled the ground
+and bore the yoke; the king and the aristocracy wielded the whip. Years
+of suffering ignorance for the many--years of riotous profligacy for the
+few!
+
+True democracy is world-wide. It knows no nationality. All mankind are
+its countrymen. When at the close of the American war Lafayette returned
+to France, he hung in his house a copy of the American Declaration of
+Independence upon one of the walls, leaving the corresponding space on
+the opposite side vacant. "What do you mean to place here?" asked one of
+his friends. "A Declaration of Rights for France," he replied.
+
+Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, the first giant of the
+Hohenzollerns and the fountain head of modern Prussian autocracy,
+attracted by Lafayette's military reputation, invited him to the royal
+palace at Potsdam to witness and take part in the review of the Prussian
+army. At dinner one evening Frederick declared confidently his opinion
+that America would not long be a republic, but would return to the good
+old system. "Never, sir," replied his guest. "A monarchy, a nobility can
+never exist in America." "Sir," said the monarch, "I knew a young man
+who, after having visited countries where liberty and equality reigned,
+conceived the idea of establishing the same system in his own country.
+Do you know what happened to him?" "No, sir." "He was hanged," replied
+the King with a smile.
+
+In 1789 the mutterings of the coming storm became more ominous, but the
+King of France, deafened by the clamour of cackling advice from his
+aristocracy, either could not or would not hear. Almost bankrupt
+because of the extravagance of the court, he needed money, still more
+money, and called an "assembly of notables" to assist in devising
+measures to relieve his embarrassed finances. They were men from the
+most distinguished of the nobility. Lafayette was one. In a letter to
+Washington he humorously remarked that "wicked people called them
+not-ables." Lafayette's part in the assembly consisted in making a bold
+protest against the prodigality of the crown. "All the millions given up
+to cupidity or depredation," he forcefully exclaimed to the noble
+gathering, "are the fruit of the sweat, the tears, and perhaps the
+blood, of the nation"; and he concluded by requesting that the King
+convoke a real National Assembly, made up of representatives of the
+common people. It was the beginning of the Revolution. For Lafayette's
+part in this the King's prime minister, Calonne, proposed to the
+monarch to send Lafayette to the Bastile.
+
+Nothing was accomplished by the notables, and the monarch then decided
+to assemble the states-general. This was not a legislative body, but an
+assembly of representatives from the nobility, the clergy, and the
+common people, sometimes called by the crown when it needed assistance,
+the commons always being in the minority. The commons, _le tiers état_
+grasped the opportunity, met by themselves, and on June 17, 1789,
+resolved themselves into a National Assembly, to accomplish the
+regeneration of France.
+
+Troops were summoned by the crown to put down the rebellion, and more
+than fifty thousand mercenary troops from foreign states were engaged by
+the King to take the place of the French troops, whom he distrusted.
+Lafayette joined with the National Assembly, and then and there proposed
+to it the first draft of that French Declaration of Rights for which he
+had prophetically left a space on the wall of his home. The essence of
+his draft lies in the following extract: "No man can be subject to any
+laws, excepting those which have received the assent of himself or his
+representatives, and which are promulgated beforehand and applied
+legally. The principle of all sovereignty resides in the nation."
+
+On July 14, 1789, the storm broke. The gigantic fortress of the Bastile
+which for ages had reared its menacing head among the people of Paris, a
+terrible engine of despotic military autocracy, was attacked and taken
+by the mob. M. De Launay, its Governor, was killed by a bayonet thrust,
+and his head cut from his body and carried through the streets upon a
+pitchfork. "And in this bloody manner, into those dungeons where
+thousands had wasted away, often without trial and with no knowledge of
+the charges against them, liberty sent her first ray of sunlight."
+
+"When oppression renders a revolution necessary, insurrection becomes
+the holiest of duties," was the ringing message of Lafayette to the
+Assembly. The key of the Bastile was given to him as the representative
+of freedom in Europe, and together with a sketch of the ruins of that
+fortress of despotism, he sent it to George Washington. "It is a
+tribute," he wrote, "which I owe, as a son to my adopted father--as an
+aide-de-camp to my general--as a missionary of liberty to its
+patriarch."
+
+A National Guard, a new army of two hundred thousand citizen soldiers,
+was authorized and formed by the National Assembly, both for the
+protection of the rights of the people at home and for resistance to
+possible foreign aggression. Lafayette, now thirty-two years of age, was
+chosen its commander-in-chief. Thus was born democracy in France.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+
+A foreign peasant, from a land of despotic autocracy, who had just
+immigrated to the United States, was once haled into one of our police
+courts, charged with almost murdering his wife with a club. His defense
+was that he now was in a land of liberty and he thought he could do what
+he liked. Multiply this by a million-fold and you have the Reign of
+Terror, the second chapter of the French Revolution.
+
+"_Aimez les amis du peuple et l'enthousiasme pour la liberté, mais
+réservez l'aveugle soumission pour la loi_," said Lafayette to the
+Federation of National Guards. The atrocities, both at the storming of
+the Bastile and afterward, he would not countenance, and on more than
+one occasion, at the head of his armed troops, he enforced law and
+order. Finally, Austria and Prussia declared war upon France, and
+Lafayette was sent from Paris and at the head of a French army of
+twenty-eight thousand men was stationed at Sedan.
+
+It was inevitable that he and the Jacobins, the leaders in the mad orgy
+of debauched democracy that succeeded the initial stages of the
+revolution, should soon split. For a long time the Jacobins had seemed
+to shrink from a contest with him, probably because they hoped to win
+him over to their excesses. Finding him inflexible, when at last they
+controlled the government, they vowed his destruction, and he was
+deprived of his command. They proposed that a price should be set upon
+his head and that "_chaque citoyen pût courir sus_"--that is to say,
+that any one who pleased might murder him.
+
+Deprived of his command, and with destruction awaiting him in the rear,
+his only resource was flight. Even then he hesitated, but reason
+prevailed and on a dark and rainy night, with a few companions on
+horseback, he started for Holland. To get there he had to pass through
+territory occupied by the Austrian and Prussian troops. Facing the
+almost certain chance of falling in with a superior force, he determined
+to make a bold front, and went directly to the Austrian commander at
+Namur, declaring that he was a French officer attached to constitutional
+measures and seeking an asylum in Holland. Instead of being given a
+passport, he was, when recognized, detained, given over to a Prussian
+commander, sent in a cart to Wesel on the Rhine and there put in a cell
+in irons. It was then intimated to him that the burden of the situation
+would be lightened if he would draw up certain plans to be used against
+France. The Prussians, finding that he would not do this, instead of
+treating him as a prisoner of war threw him into a dungeon at
+Magdebourg. His estate at home was confiscated and his wife imprisoned.
+After a year's imprisonment at Magdebourg in a dirty and humid vault he
+was transferred by the Prussians from one dungeon to another, and at
+last confined in the Austrian citadel of Olmutz.
+
+The walls of his dungeon at Olmutz were six feet thick and the air was
+admitted through openings two feet square secured at each end by massive
+iron bars. Before these loopholes was situated a broad ditch, which was
+filled with water only when it rained; at other times it was a stagnant
+marsh continually emitting disease; beyond this were the outer walls of
+the castle, so that the slightest breeze could never refresh the inmate.
+Each cell had two doors, one of iron, the other of wood nearly two feet
+thick, and both were covered with bolts, bars, and padlocks. When the
+soldiers twice a day brought the prisoner's wretched portion it was
+carefully examined to find out if there was any note or communication
+contained in it. A messy bed of rotten straw filled with vermin,
+together with a broken chair and an old worm-eaten table, formed the
+whole furniture of his establishment. The cell was from eight to ten
+paces long and six wide; in storms the water frequently flowed through
+the loopholes; when the sun did not shine he remained almost in darkness
+during the whole day.
+
+He was a prisoner of war and entitled to be treated as such. But instead
+he was confined in a dungeon and was given to believe that he would
+never again see beyond its four walls, that he would never receive news
+of any events or persons, that his name would be unknown in the citadel,
+and that in all accounts of him sent to Court he would be designated
+only by a number. Even knives and forks were denied him, and he was told
+that this was done because his situation was such as naturally to lead
+to suicide. His sufferings proved almost beyond his strength. The want
+of air and decent food, and the loathsome dampness of his dungeon
+brought him more than once to the borders of the grave. His frame was
+wasted by diseases, and on one occasion he was so reduced that "his hair
+fell from him entirely by the excess of his sufferings."
+
+Following a bold attempt to escape, the torture of his imprisonment was
+increased. Irons were securely fastened around his ankles. During the
+winter of 1794-1795, which was extremely severe, he had a violent fever
+and almost died; he was deprived of proper attendance, of air, of
+suitable food, and of decent clothes; in this state he had nothing for
+his bed but a little damp and mouldy straw; around his waist was a chain
+which was fastened to the wall and barely permitted him to turn from one
+side to the other. No light was admitted into his cell. To increase his
+miseries, almost insupportable mental anguish was added to his physical
+suffering. He was made to believe that he was only saved for a public
+execution, while at the same time he was not permitted to know whether
+his family were still alive or had perished under the axe during the
+Reign of Terror.
+
+A Prussian statesman to whom in 1793 a memorial had been addressed
+soliciting Lafayette's release is said to have replied: "Lafayette has
+too much fanaticism for liberty. He does not conceal it. All his letters
+prove it. If he were out of prison he could not remain quiet. I saw him
+when he was here and I shall always recollect one of his expressions,
+which surprised me very much at the time: 'Do you believe,' said he,
+'that I went to America to obtain military reputation?--it was for
+liberty I went there. He who loves liberty can only remain quiet after
+having established it in his own country.'"
+
+O liberty, hard is thy path! License wearing thy mask at home, and thy
+champion betrayed to the dungeon of thy eternal foe!
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+
+Out of the chaos rose the dictator. Napoleon's comet was beginning to
+ascend.
+
+Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797 was commander in Italy of the victorious army
+of the French Republic, and as such he demanded of Austria that the
+French prisoners in the fortress of Olmutz be set at liberty. Consent
+was given as to the others, but only after much talk and grudgingly as
+to Lafayette. His unconquerable hostility to the reigning autocracies
+was too well known, and Austria even attempted to impose the terms that,
+if freed, Lafayette should be deported to America under promise never
+again to put his foot either in Austria or Prussia. But Lafayette
+himself would not consent to be freed on these terms, and Napoleon
+insisted; so, finally, at the dictation of Napoleon Bonaparte, on
+September 19, 1797, after more than five years' imprisonment,
+Lafayette's fetters were knocked off and he was released. Napoleon
+afterward often alluded to the intense hatred of the monarchs and royal
+cabinets of Europe for the democrat Lafayette. "I am sufficiently
+hated," said he one day to Lafayette, "by the princes and their
+courtiers; but it is nothing to their hatred for you. I have been so
+situated as to see it, and I could not have believed that human hate
+could go so far."
+
+Perhaps at no time was the spirit of Lafayette put to a greater test
+than in the years that followed--the years of the rise of imperial
+Napoleon, Emperor of the French.
+
+Revenge against his prison keepers, the certainty of high success, the
+excitement of a great popular cause, military glory, gratitude to his
+deliverer, all coördinated to make him follow the path of conquest, and
+lead with Napoleon. He could have been one of the great military heroes
+of those times. But apparently these temptations rebounded from him as
+an arrow from a steel plate. When only a boy of seventeen, his noble
+relatives had been unable to conceive his refusing an honorable place in
+royalty's household. It had been inconceivable to the Prussian that this
+Frenchman had not gone to America on a quest solely for military glory.
+The Jacobin clubs, first by fair promises and then by the demand for his
+life blood, had sought to force him from liberty to license, from real
+freedom to debauched freedom. But like Sir Galahad, the Knight of the
+Holy Grail, he had stood true to his quest, true to his ideal, true to
+the inward light that unerringly marked the real from the false, true to
+genuine democracy in its fight against autocracy. And now, greater than
+all these lures and tests, stood before him Napoleon Bonaparte, his
+deliverer, the greatest military captain of the world beckoning him to
+paths of fame. The sceptre of all that the professional soldier held
+dear was thrust into his hands. He could not be false unto himself, and
+the sceptre was turned aside.
+
+When he found that Napoleon was plotting against the democracy of
+France, that a new imperial power was rising in Napoleon's person, he
+deliberately broke off his relations with the general. During the days
+of the French conquests under Napoleon he lived the life of a quiet
+country gentleman, interested solely in domestic life, agriculture, and
+the pursuit of reading and science. The man who had staked his all in a
+desperate chance in the war of democracy against despotic autocracy
+would not raise his finger in a war of conquest for the aggrandizement
+of an emperor, though driven by the demon of revenge, drawn by the ties
+of gratitude, and enticed by the lure of glory.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+
+On March 1, 1815, Napoleon returned from Elba and began the final act in
+the great drama of his life. In a last effort to win Lafayette to his
+side, he sent his brother Joseph Bonaparte on a special mission to
+Lafayette with word that the latter's name was placed first upon
+Napoleon's list of peers. Joseph returned with a refusal. "Should I ever
+again appear upon the sea of public life," Lafayette had replied, "it
+will only be as a representative of the people."
+
+Waterloo!--and Napoleon disappeared forever from the world drama. Then
+came back the Bourbons, first Louis XVIII, followed by Charles X. Step
+by step, under the Bourbon _régime_, autocracy began to regain its grip
+upon France. The year 1830 opened ominously. The rumblings of 1789 were
+again heard. The French Chamber of Deputies protested against the
+growing usurpations of the crown. The King boldly defied them, dissolved
+the Chamber, annulled the electoral laws then in force, reduced the
+number of deputies nearly one-half, and materially changed the
+conditions of suffrage and representation.
+
+Lafayette was at his country estate, La Grange, when the _Moniteur_ with
+a copy of these decrees reached him. He immediately set out for Paris.
+Revolt had already commenced, and war was raging in the streets of the
+city. The revolutionists wanted a leader and all eyes turned to
+Lafayette. He was called by acclamation to command the National Guard.
+
+He was now seventy-two years of age, but he accepted the call.
+Immediately he established his headquarters in Paris and passed the
+whole night inspecting barriers and preparing for a renewal of the
+battle on the morrow. At dawn it began again and the National Guard
+under Lafayette drove back the royal troops and carried all before them.
+On July 29, 1830, the Chamber of Deputies reassembled, organized a
+provisional government, and formally invested Lafayette with the powers
+of military dictator of France. "Liberty shall triumph," he replied in
+his letter of acceptance, "or we will perish together."
+
+Charles X, seeing the hopelessness of the royal cause, sent a deputation
+to Lafayette to announce the revocation of the obnoxious decrees and the
+nomination of a new and liberal ministry. "It is too late," Lafayette
+sent word back, "all conciliation is impossible. The royal family has
+ceased to reign." Thus ended the dynasty of the elder branch of the
+Bourbons on the throne of France. The deposed king was allowed to pass
+unmolested to another country.
+
+The people who had accomplished the revolution, especially the citizen
+army, loudly demanded a republic with Lafayette for its president.
+Others begged him to mount the throne himself. But to all these
+entreaties he turned a deaf ear. He thought not of himself but of France
+alone.
+
+A constitutional monarchy, under Louis Phillippe, followed. It was
+successful at first, until the old, old story of attempted autocratic
+usurpation was again repeated by the monarch. He was forcibly ejected,
+and the Republic of 1848 was formed. But long ere this, moving gently
+down the stream of life, the journey had ended, and Lafayette slept with
+his fathers. _Vive l'ésprit de Lafayette!_
+
+    "The stars shall fade away, the sun himself
+    Grow dim with age, and nature sink in years,
+    But thou shalt flourish in immortal youth,
+    Unhurt amidst the war of elements,
+    The wrecks of matter, and the crush of worlds."
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+
+Every person has two selves, the shell and the real self beneath. Acts
+are the evidence of the real self. Let us hope what is best in the real
+self is eternal, for thus only does the world progress.
+
+Lafayette symbolized two great principles of government. First, the
+right of a people to govern themselves, as opposed to government of the
+many by a self-appointed few--in other words, democracy as opposed to
+autocracy. Second, a union of the democracies to insure mutual
+protection and peace.
+
+When only a boy at school, he was told in class one day to describe a
+perfect courser, and he sacrificed his hope of obtaining a premium by
+describing a horse which on perceiving the whip threw down his master.
+He adopted on his arms the device, "_Cur non?_"--"Why not?" Before
+landing in America in 1777 he wrote to his wife: "I but offer my
+services to that interesting republic from motives of the purest kind,
+unmixed with ambition or private views: her happiness and my glory are
+my only incentives to the task. I hope that, for my sake, you will be a
+good American, for that feeling is worthy of every noble heart. The
+happiness of America is intimately connected with the happiness of all
+mankind; she will become the safe and respected asylum of virtue,
+integrity, toleration, equality, and tranquil happiness."
+
+In camp at Valley Forge, January, 1778, he writes to his wife, who was
+then seeking his return: "The desire ... to promote ... the happiness
+of humanity which is strongly interested in the existence of one
+perfectly free nation ... forbids my departure."
+
+Upon a return visit to America in 1784, speaking to a deputation from
+the Pennsylvania Legislature, he said: "Now that the great work is
+accomplished let us mutually congratulate ourselves on the federal union
+which this peace has cemented, and upon which the importance, the power,
+and the riches of this beautiful country rest; that union is the bond
+which will continue to preserve brotherly love and reciprocal friendship
+among the citizens of the states. I shall be happy to receive the
+command of this Republic at every period of my existence and in whatever
+part of the world I may be; my zeal for its prosperity is only equalled
+by my gratitude and respect." A statement from his reply to a special
+committee appointed by Congress to wait upon him shows the same feeling:
+"May this immense temple of freedom ever stand a lesson to oppressors,
+an example to the oppressed, and a sanctuary for the rights of mankind."
+
+The confederation in 1776 of the thirteen separate colonies of the
+western world was a union of all the then existing democracies of a
+hemisphere, to insure mutual protection and peace. Since then, democracy
+has been born in the Old World. In its common cause it knows no
+nationality. Lafayette is the symbol of its internationalism. In the
+time of our greatest stress he crossed the ocean to us, saying: "Now is
+precisely the moment to serve your cause." To-day democracy in France is
+bleeding to death. Throughout Europe, assailed in front by the giant of
+Prussian militarism and stabbed in the back by assassins conducting an
+insidious and treacherous peace propaganda, it is staggering under the
+combined attack. The spirit of Lafayette, the democrat, calls to us
+across that same ocean. The bugles of the heavens ring out. The days of
+'76 are born again. Once more is heard the battle-cry of the Republic.
+Where his spirit calls, our armies go. And when the great work is
+accomplished, we shall cement the union which he began.
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+
+But is democracy worth preserving? How fares that intangible something
+which was the inspiration of this man's living? Democracy, the right of
+people to govern themselves, as opposed to their control by a
+self-appointed few--is it a failure or a success? Has it proved itself
+worth the dedication of this soldier spirit?
+
+The French, for themselves, have answered the question at the Battle of
+the Marne and at Verdun. But how about America? Has the great American
+democracy proved a success, as compared with government by
+autocracy--for example, as compared with the government of Germany by
+the Prussian military autocracy, headed by the House of Hohenzollern?
+
+More than a century has passed since the surrender of Cornwallis. Since
+then in physical growth and material success the democracy of the United
+States has more than fulfilled the highest hopes. At that time these
+United States were only a strip along the eastern seaboard, bounded on
+the east by the Atlantic Ocean and on the west by an unexplored
+wilderness; thirteen sparsely settled states, the settlements widely
+separated from each other, with a population of less than four million
+persons. Now the wilderness is overcome. By the Louisiana Purchase we
+acquired the Great Southwest. For a pittance we bought the wastes of
+Alaska and then found them to be the gold fields of the world. The
+Philippines, with an area of one hundred and fifteen thousand square
+miles, and the Hawaiian Islands mark the extension of our western
+boundaries. Cuba is under our immediate protection. Porto Rico is part
+of us, and likewise the Danish West Indies. In Central America we have
+built the Panama Canal. By the Monroe Doctrine we are the protectors
+from foreign interference of all of Central and South America. Our
+population has grown to more than one hundred million souls. Our
+material wealth is the greatest of any single nation in the world.
+
+Does this constitute success? Look on the other side of the picture. Our
+form of national government has been notoriously inefficient--taking
+Germany as the standard. Our state governments at their best are
+mediocre, while at their worst they stand pitifully paralyzed before mob
+law. Our unpunished lynchings of coloured people, innocent as well as
+guilty, make us contemptible in the eyes of the civilized world. No
+other government on earth remains silent and helpless while its citizens
+assemble as for a holiday and burn a criminal at the stake. Our
+municipalities are largely rotten with graft, and the graft is
+accompanied by its inevitable handmaids, extravagance and inefficiency.
+Enormous wealth, in the hands of a few, dwells side by side with extreme
+poverty. Our cities are overcrowded, and the country of Whittier, where
+
+    "Shut in from all the world without
+    We sat the clean-winged hearth about,"
+
+is handed over to the huts and shanties of immigrants. Capital fights
+labour and labour fights capital. Politics are such that most men avoid
+them. The standard of work is not how well you can do your job, but how
+much you can make out of it. Is this democracy a success?
+
+In answer to this, however, does not an inner consciousness in each of
+us, perhaps the spirit of Lafayette and perhaps our own, perhaps the
+whispering of an unseen, great, and infinite power, tell us that the
+really relevant question is not whether we have yet achieved success,
+but whether a successful democracy is worth striving for? If, however, I
+should be obliged to answer the question by "Yes" or "No" I would say,
+"Yes, it is a success!"
+
+The best route for the development of any man lies along the hard and
+thorny road of self-development. In the end, self-development, by dint
+of hard work and mistakes, produces the best man, provided he has the
+courage to "see it through." Nations are merely big collections of
+individuals. In the end this self-development produces the best nation.
+The road is filled with difficulties, but so are most roads to goals
+that are worth reaching.
+
+Our national government may have been inefficient in its details, but
+taken as a whole it has created a country which for generations has been
+a haven for the oppressed of the world. How many hundred thousand
+Germans have immigrated to America? How many Americans have ever
+emigrated to Germany? We have lynchings in the South, but no other
+country was ever left a more hideous problem of slavery, and in 1861
+when the supreme test came the government rose to it; no one but a
+visionary can expect an immediate Utopian readjustment. Our
+municipalities abound in graft, but what country before ours ever faced
+the problem of absorbing annually the enormous flood of unlettered
+immigrants that is unceasingly poured upon us by the Old World. The
+wonder is not that we have graft, but that we have not more graft. We
+have great wealth and extreme poverty, but they are due to unusual
+economic causes, namely: great national resources on the one hand, and
+ceaseless immigration on the other. Our cities are overcrowded and our
+standards of work are superficial, but would this be cured by a
+despotism?
+
+And always we have the hope that goes with liberty, the undying strength
+that accompanies the knowledge that you are master of your own soul. A
+good despot at the head of a military autocracy may for the time being
+make the most efficient government in the world; certainly a bad despot
+at the head of a military autocracy makes the worst government. But I
+will never believe that the total surrender of the individual to the
+guiding hand of a despotic autocracy makes in the end for the progress
+of the whole. History shows it to be untrue; the never-ceasing efforts
+of democracy, as endless as the waves of the sea, show that despotic
+autocracy cannot last; and the hell let loose upon earth by Prussian
+autocracy, its modern exponent, clinches the falsity of its creed for
+all but the intoxicated or maniacs.
+
+
+
+
+XI
+
+
+Now has arisen the Menace, the eternal foe of a free people, the
+Prussian Creed. The following is a composite statement of Prussianism:
+"compiled sentence by sentence from the utterances of Prussians, the
+Kaiser and his generals, professors, editors, and Nietzsche, part of it
+said in cold blood, years before this war, and all of it a declaration
+of faith now being ratified by action." It is taken word for word from
+the eleventh chapter of Owen Wister's remarkable work "The Pentecost of
+Calamity,"[A] and is the most concise statement of the Menace that I
+have seen.
+
+[A] "The Pentecost of Calamity," by Owen Wister. The Macmillan Company.
+
+"We Hohenzollerns take our crown from God alone. On me the Spirit of God
+has descended. I regard my whole ... task as appointed by heaven. Who
+opposes me I shall crush to pieces. Nothing must be settled in this
+world without the intervention ... of ... the German Emperor. He who
+listens to public opinion runs a danger of inflicting immense harm on
+... the State. When one occupies certain positions in the world one
+ought to make dupes rather than friends. Christian morality cannot be
+political. Treaties are only a disguise to conceal other political aims.
+Remember that the German people are the chosen of God.
+
+"Might is right and ... is decided by war. Every youth who enters a
+beer-drinking and duelling club will receive the true direction of his
+life. War in itself is a good thing. God will see to it that war always
+recurs. The efforts directed toward the abolition of war must not only
+be termed foolish, but absolutely immoral. The peace of Europe is only a
+secondary matter for us. The sight of suffering does one good; the
+infliction of suffering does one more good. This war must be conducted
+as ruthlessly as possible.
+
+"The Belgians should not be shot _dead_. They should be ... so left as
+to make impossible all hope of recovery. The troops are to treat the
+Belgian civil population with unrelenting severity and frightfulness.
+Weak nations have not the same right to live as powerful ... nations.
+The world has no longer need of little nationalities. We Germans have
+little esteem and less respect ... for Holland. We need to enlarge our
+colonial possessions; such territorial acquisitions we can only realize
+at the cost of other states.
+
+"Russia must no longer be our frontier. The Polish press should be
+annihilated ... likewise the French and Danish.... The Poles should be
+allowed ... three privileges: to pay taxes, serve in the army, and shut
+their jaws. France must be so completely crushed that she will never
+again cross our path. You must remember that we have not come to make
+war on the French people, but to bring them the higher Civilization. The
+French have shown themselves decadent and without respect for the Divine
+law. Against England we fight for booty. Our real enemy is England. We
+have to ... crush absolutely perfidious Albion ... subdue her to such an
+extent that her influence all over the world is broken forever.
+
+"German should replace English as the world language. English, the
+bastard tongue ... must be swept into the remotest corners ... until it
+has returned to its original elements of an insignificant pirate
+dialect. The German language acts as a blessing which, coming direct
+from the hand of God, sinks into the heart like a precious balm. To us,
+more than any other nation, is intrusted the true structure of human
+existence. Our own country, by employing military power, has attained a
+degree of Culture which it could never have reached by peaceful means.
+
+"The civilization of mankind suffers every time a German becomes an
+American. Let us drop our miserable attempts to excuse Germany's action.
+We willed it. Our might shall create a new law in Europe. It is Germany
+that strikes. We are morally and intellectually superior beyond all
+comparison.... We must ... fight with Russian beasts, English
+mercenaries, and Belgian fanatics. We have nothing to apologize for. It
+is no consequence whatever if all the monuments ever created, all the
+pictures ever painted, all the buildings ever erected by the great
+architects of the world, be destroyed.... The ugliest stone placed to
+mark the burial of a German grenadier is a more glorious monument than
+all the cathedrals of Europe put together. No respect for the tombs of
+Shakespeare, Newton, and Faraday.
+
+"They call us barbarians. What of it? The German claim must be: ...
+Education to hate ... Organization of hatred ... Education to the desire
+for hatred. Let us abolish unripe and false shame.... To us is given
+faith, hope, and hatred; but hatred is the greatest among them."
+
+The German war code, introduction, paragraph three, reads as follows: "A
+war conducted with energy cannot be directed merely against the
+combatants of the enemy state, and the positions which they occupy, but
+will in like manner seek to destroy the total intellectual and material
+resources of the latter."
+
+
+
+
+XII
+
+
+We are at war. On April 6, 1917, the democracy of the United States of
+America formally declared war against the autocracy of Germany. What are
+we fighting for?
+
+Two brutes in the shape of men engage in a savage, drunken brawl.
+Bloody, cursing, dishevelled, with swollen and distorted features, and
+screaming their anathemas of drunken hate, they fight with the ferocity
+of beasts. Beasts they are.
+
+A bully, a degenerate, a thug of the city, a brigand of the country, a
+horse thief of the western plains, attacks a weaker and unprepared
+victim. A man with red blood in his veins sees the assault, and attacks
+the attacker with strength enough to save the victim, arrest the
+disturber of the peace, and prevent a repetition of the offense. He has
+been engaged in a fight, but he is not a beast.
+
+The spirit of Lafayette brought him to America to fight for democracy;
+he was a hard fighter but he was not a beast. And now, against that
+calculating and brutal power which with the treachery of a tiger of the
+jungle and all the devilish ingenuity of the highest Kultur has
+assaulted the peace of the world, the armies of America are led by the
+spirit of Lafayette.
+
+For years the Prussian military autocracy has been preparing for the
+leap upon its victim. The power to declare war has been kept solely and
+exclusively in the hands of the military autocracy. It is responsible to
+no one. The great mass of people must do as they are commanded;
+obeying, not laws made by themselves acting through their duly-elected
+representatives, but orders promulgated by a self-appointed few, the
+military autocracy of Prussia. Woe to the unfortunate victim who refuses
+to obey! With cold-blooded deliberation this military autocracy which
+controls the German people has for years been preparing its huge
+fighting machine. When the time to strike came, when the neighbouring
+countries were least prepared to resist, Germany was deluged with the
+lie that the German nation was attacked, the scrap of paper otherwise
+called a treaty was torn up, and the tiger sprang. The world knows the
+result.
+
+We enter the war for two motives, one to preserve the democracies of
+Europe, the other for our own preservation. The sinking of our ships by
+submarines was merely the immediate cause, the match that lit the fire,
+just as the firing on Fort Sumter was the proximate but not the real
+cause of our Civil War. The real cause of our Civil War was, as Lincoln
+said, because this nation "could not endure half slave and half free."
+The real cause of the present World War is because civilization cannot
+endure half military autocracy and half free democracy. "The world must
+be made safe for democracy." We fight to save the intended victims of
+Prussianism, to arrest the disturber of the peace, and prevent a
+repetition of the offense.
+
+The President of the United States in his great message, delivered in
+the Congress of the United States on the second day of April, 1917, in
+which he advised the Congress to accept the status of belligerent thrust
+upon us by the acts of the Imperial Government of Germany in unlawfully
+sinking our ships and killing our citizens, said: "Let us be very clear,
+and make very clear to all the world what our motives and our objects
+are.... Our object ... is to vindicate the principles of peace and
+justice in the life of the world as against selfish and autocratic power
+and to set up amongst the really free and self-governed peoples of the
+world such a concert of purpose and of action as will henceforth ensure
+the observance of those principles. Neutrality is no longer feasible or
+desirable where the peace of the world is involved and the freedom of
+its peoples, and the menace to that peace and freedom lies in the
+existence of autocratic governments backed by organized force which is
+controlled wholly by their will, not by the will of their people....
+
+"We are now about to accept gauge of battle with this natural foe to
+liberty and shall, if necessary, spend the whole force of the nation to
+check and nullify its pretensions and its power.... The world must be
+made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested
+foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We
+desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves,
+no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are
+but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfied
+when those rights have been made as secure as the faith and the freedom
+of nations can make them."
+
+
+
+
+XIII
+
+
+We are at war with the Menace. It is the same Menace--now grown to a
+monster with four heads dominated by one brain--that over a hundred
+years ago invited Lafayette to its palace at Potsdam to review the
+Prussian army, and then cynically suggested to him an end upon the
+scaffold. It is the same Menace, now from its four mouths spitting its
+spume of hate upon a chaotic world, that thrust the body of the champion
+of democracy into a dungeon, but could not kill his soul. Our present
+war against this creature of evil is but one more act in the drama begun
+by the spirit of Lafayette.
+
+How shall this act end? Listen to this. I quote largely from André
+Chéradame, a man who deals not in platitudes and conceits to tickle the
+vanity of a nation, but in cold, hard facts.
+
+In 1914, when the war began, Prussian militarism controlled Germany,
+with a population of sixty-eight millions; and Germany had one ally,
+Austria-Hungary, of whose thirty million people a majority were directly
+antagonistic to Berlin. By the spring of 1915 it had extended and
+organized its power among these thirty million Austro-Hungarians, who
+until that time had taken orders from their own independent military
+chiefs. In the fall of 1915 it joined hands with Bulgaria and Turkey
+over the corpse of Serbia. Thus, since the beginning of the war, has
+been formed the Quadruple Alliance, dominated by Prussian militarism.
+
+This alliance, or Prussia before the alliance was completed, has since
+the beginning of the war seized Belgium, Poland, Serbia, Albania,
+Montenegro, part of France, and most of Roumania. The population now
+controlled by Prussian militarism is about one hundred and seventy-five
+million people. The economic resources controlled by it show a
+corresponding increase. Before the war began, Prussia planned for a
+Pan-Germanism of this nature, and this plan has now been almost
+completed.
+
+If Prussia can now, by granting pretentious but ineffective political
+reforms to its own people and by fighting a defensive war until the
+contest becomes a deadlock, hold this Pan-Germany in its present
+position, then after peace has been declared it can organize this vast
+additional strength in man power and resources which it has gained, can
+Prussianize this additional one hundred million, can, by the same
+intrigue which it has used in the past, undermine during this period of
+peace the internal defensive effectiveness of the democracies, and when
+the time comes can strike again. And if the democracies are unable to
+win now, what chance will they have then?
+
+Drop the scales from our eyes and look clearly at the facts, hard as
+they are. The Menace has been fighting a winning fight. By merely
+keeping a deadlock for the rest of the war, and forcing a truce under
+the guise of peace, the Menace will win; provided, however, that it is
+not expelled by the German people themselves. This is the strength--and
+the weakness--of the foe against which we have declared war.
+
+The Prussian looks a long way ahead. M. Chéradame, in his work, "Le
+Complot Pan-Germaniste Demasqué," recites the following incident: "In
+1898, before Manila, the German Rear-Admiral von Goetzen, a friend of
+the Kaiser, said to the American Admiral Dewey, 'In about fifteen years
+my country will begin a great war.... Some months after we have done our
+business in Europe we shall take New York and probably Washington, and
+we shall keep them for a time.... We shall extract one or two billions
+of dollars from New York and other towns.'" The months referred to by
+the German sailor may be turned into years, and the one or two billions
+may be multiplied by ten--but the Prussian looks a long way ahead.
+
+
+
+
+XIV
+
+
+How can our rights and the rights of mankind to which the President has
+alluded be made secure? What definite concrete facts must be established
+in order that democracy may be made safe?
+
+In the first place, the autocratic power that now puts terror into the
+heart of the world must be broken beyond repair. The Hohenzollerns and
+the rest of the military caste which now controls Germany must be
+politically exterminated. No pretended or half-way internal political
+reforms, leaving a road for their return to power, will be sufficient.
+Annihilate the Menace. The cancer must be cut out, with no roots left in
+the body politic to spread its hideous disease again. Make an effective
+job of it once for all. We want no chance, under the cloak of peace, for
+the return of this monster.
+
+"The time has come to conquer or submit," wrote President Wilson shortly
+after our declaration of war. It is true. Can any one doubt what would
+have happened to the United States of America if Prussian autocracy had
+dictated terms of peace to vanquished Allies and as part of those terms
+had taken over the allied fleet and obtained territory in Canada? Or can
+any one doubt what will now happen to all the democracies if the present
+Pan-Germany, now existing by means of Prussian victories in this war, is
+during the next ten years consolidated, organized, Prussianized--and
+then, a fighting machine twice as powerful as the machine of 1914,
+hurled against the democracies? With an army of seven or eight million
+men trained to the hour, with equipped reserves of ten or twelve million
+more, with a complete network of military railroads capable of
+concentrating the units of this engine of destruction wherever military
+strategy shall designate, and with aeroplanes and transatlantic
+submarines in proportion, what chance will the democracies have?
+
+In the second place, it ought to be very clear that future power and
+prosperity on the part of the plain people of Germany will be no bar to
+securing our rights, provided, however, that this power and prosperity
+is not owned and controlled by Prussian autocracy so that it can again
+be forced into a huge fighting machine to put the rest of the world in
+terror. The spirit of Lafayette, although its fight against such masters
+is eternal, will not lead in a war of conquest or annihilation against
+the German people.
+
+"We have no quarrel with the German people," said the President of the
+United States in his message of April 2, 1917. "We have no feeling
+toward them but one of sympathy and friendship. It was not upon their
+impulse that their government acted in entering this war. It was not
+with their previous knowledge or approval. It was a war determined upon
+as wars used to be determined upon in the old, unhappy days when peoples
+were nowhere consulted by their rulers and wars were provoked and waged
+in the interest of dynasties or of little groups of ambitious men who
+were accustomed to use their fellowmen as pawns and tools." It was a war
+determined upon by the same Menace that thrust the democrat Lafayette
+into a dungeon, and which so hated democracy that when compelled to
+release him it attempted to impose terms that he should be deported to
+America, never again to place foot on Prussian or Austrian soil.
+
+The corollary of this is that the best security for the rights of
+democracy is the establishment of a republic in Germany. A real
+republic, not a sham one. This is the one definite, concrete fact which
+would make the world safer for its peoples.
+
+When will the German people see the light? When will there be a
+government of the people of Germany, for the people, and by the people?
+The shades of her dead, led to the slaughter by a merciless and
+heartless autocracy in a needless war, cry out for it. What say you, you
+men of Germany? Among you are men whose souls are brave and strong and
+true, an unnumbered host. How long, slaves, will you bend your backs to
+the lash of your military masters? They lied to you and made you
+believe the Fatherland was attacked, and led you, dupes, into a war of
+conquest. Your modern Pilate, in his blasphemous pride, with the name of
+God upon his lips and the blood of innocents upon his hands, is now
+crucifying Freedom upon his cross of iron. But the day of the
+resurrection will come; and how will your record stand then? Awake, ye
+free of Germany! When shall you come into your own?
+
+Every hour that the coming of such a republic is shortened means just so
+much less agony for the peoples of the world. There is no better pledge
+for the safety of democracy. "Self-governed nations," said the President
+of the United States in the message referred to above, "do not fill
+their neighbour states with spies or set the course of intrigue to
+bring about some critical posture of affairs which will give them an
+opportunity to strike and make conquest. Such designs can be
+successfully worked out only under cover and where no one has the right
+to ask questions. Cunningly contrived plans of deception or aggression,
+carried, it may be, from generation to generation, can be worked out and
+kept from the light only within the privacy of courts or behind the
+carefully guarded confidences of a narrow and privileged class. They are
+happily impossible where public opinion commands and insists upon full
+information concerning all the nation's affairs."
+
+
+
+
+XV
+
+
+What else? The union. The final act in the world-wide drama of
+democracy. The union of the democracies of the world to insure mutual
+protection and peace. I mean a union for this purpose of all those
+governments where the people, by their representatives, control. The
+union on two hemispheres of what the spirit of Lafayette foresaw,
+symbolized, and battled for on both.
+
+The union ought to include the Austrian and German people themselves. It
+can never, however, include the Prussian military autocracy or any other
+military autocracy. I quote again from the President's message: "A
+steadfast concert for peace can never be maintained except by a
+partnership of democratic nations. No autocratic government could be
+trusted to keep faith within it or observe its covenants. It must be a
+league of honour, a partnership of opinion. Intrigue would eat its
+vitals away; the plottings of inner circles who could plan what they
+would and render account to no one would be a corruption seated at its
+very heart. Only free peoples can hold their purpose and their honour
+steady to a common end and prefer the interests of mankind to any narrow
+interest of their own.... One of the things that has served to convince
+us that the Prussian autocracy was not and could never be our friend is
+that from the very outset of the present war it has filled our
+unsuspecting communities and even our offices of government with spies,
+and set criminal intrigues everywhere afoot against our national unity
+of counsel, our peace within and without, our industries, and our
+commerce. Indeed it is now evident that its spies were here even before
+the war began; and it is unhappily not a matter of conjecture, but a
+fact proved in our courts of justice, that the intrigues which have more
+than once come perilously near to disturbing the peace and dislocating
+the industries of the country have been carried on at the instigation,
+with the support, and even under the personal direction of official
+agents of the Imperial Government accredited to the Government of the
+United States."
+
+The union must be a union to keep the future safe against war, a league
+to compel every nation after the close of the present war to settle any
+claim it may have against its neighbour in the same way that individuals
+settle their disputes--by rules of right and reason instead of by the
+law of might. It must be "some definite concert of power that will make
+it virtually impossible that any such catastrophe should ever overwhelm
+us again." In a memorable address to the Senate of the United States on
+January 22, 1917, the President urged that the United States enter into
+such a league after the close of the present war, and on the point of
+effectiveness said: "Mere agreements may not make peace secure. It will
+be absolutely necessary that a force be created, as a guarantor of the
+permanency of the settlement, so much greater than the force of any
+nation now engaged or any alliance hitherto formed or projected, that no
+nation, no probable combination of nations, could face or withstand it.
+If the peace presently to be made is to endure it must be a peace made
+secure by the organized major force of mankind."
+
+
+
+
+XVI
+
+
+"_Cur non?_"--"Why not?" The union of the democracies will be the
+culmination of the world-wide drama begun by the spirit of Lafayette.
+
+Jesus Christ, nineteen hundred years ago in his Sermon on the Mount,
+said to the wondering multitude: "For verily I say unto you, till heaven
+and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the
+law, till all be fulfilled." Since then, as sure and certain as the
+evolution of time itself, the evolution of the law has been toward such
+a union.
+
+    "God's ways seem dark, but soon or late
+    They touch the shining hills of day;
+    The evil cannot brook delay,
+    The good can well afford to wait.
+    Give ermined kings their hour of crime,
+    Ye have the future grand and great
+    The safe appeal of truth to time."
+
+Year has followed year and century has followed century, and through it
+all, surely, slowly, often torn and twisted out of shape but always
+growing, evolving, moving onward, the law has followed the safe appeal
+of truth to time, toward this great goal. One jot or one tittle shall in
+no wise pass from it till all be fulfilled. It is the spirit of
+Lafayette that leads. It was he who saw "the glory of the coming of the
+Lord." He saw fulfilled in fact the union of the separate democracies on
+one hemisphere; his spirit sees the vision of their union on two.
+
+Gaze for a moment on what this soldier spirit has looked down upon in
+the past and on the vision of what it sees for the future.
+
+Centuries ago individual man settled all his disputes with individual
+man by fighting. It was the primitive method. There was no law: might
+made right. The spirit saw savage primeval force, unconquered, untaught,
+powerful and brutal in the wanton exercise of its strength.
+
+Then, under the safe appeal of truth to time, there gradually evolved,
+as between man and man, the method of voluntary submission to a judicial
+tribunal. Twisted and gnarled was this growth however, for even under
+Anglo-Saxon law the right of trial by battle was jealously guarded, and
+lasted for many years. A noble knight charged with an offense could
+always demand trial by battle; and if he succeeded in running through
+the body or otherwise disabling the man who made the accusation, he
+thereby established his own innocence and was acquitted by the court.
+This also the spirit saw.
+
+Then gradually force was conquered, tamed, and used; and there evolved
+the modern court backed by the harnessed force of the community--backed
+by force sufficient to compel individual man to settle his disputes in
+court instead of by fighting, and if he refused and chose to fight,
+sufficient to compel him to desist and to punish him for his attempt.
+Force, a human Niagara, wild from the beginning, now controlled and
+directed by a higher law. Imagine the modern courts of our cities and
+states without the backing of organized force--courts and judges and
+rules of judicial procedure with no force to support them, and each
+individual in the community vested with the option in case of a dispute
+with a neighbour to settle that dispute by attacking the neighbour! We
+should have anarchy within six months.
+
+What about nations? What has the spirit seen there? For nations are
+merely large collections of individuals. The same law of evolution
+governs both.
+
+The first and primitive method of settling disputes between nations, and
+for a long time the only one, was war; and this the spirit beheld. Then
+gradually evolved the method of voluntary submission to a judicial
+tribunal such as the tribunal now existing at The Hague, each nation
+retaining, however, its right of trial by battle. The next method, the
+vision of the future, the new internationalism of which the living
+Lafayette was the symbol, is the harnessing of the united force of the
+peoples of the world, the union of the democracies to enforce the peace
+of the world. It is a vision of the union to form a modern court backed
+by force trained to obey the higher law, backed by force sufficient to
+compel nations to settle their disputes in court instead of by
+fighting. It is a vision of the war ogre, who has for centuries ravaged
+the world, at last shackled and bound; of the monster who with bloody
+claws and fangs has torn, ripped, and murdered his victims by the
+million, at last overcome; a vision of this evil brute of war conquered,
+and of primeval force trained, civilized, and forging the chains to hold
+this devil of hell.
+
+
+
+
+XVII
+
+
+Did that Indian warrior who met Lafayette in the American wilderness
+speak more wisely than he knew? Were the footsteps of this soldier of
+France directed by the Great Spirit? Who can tell!
+
+This must be the last war. We shall not hand down to our children this
+heritage of calamity. Our Revolutionary War settled for all time the
+independence of these United States of America. The Civil War settled
+for all time the question of slavery in this hemisphere. This war must
+and shall settle for all time the question of military autocratic
+domination of the world. "The time has come to conquer or submit."
+
+And if after we have checked and curbed this natural foe to liberty
+there shall arise a concert of the powers of the world, a world-wide
+union to insure and enforce future peace, a union based not merely on
+treaty obligations which may be avoided, or on a contract which may be
+broken, but on a wide understanding and realization that organized
+democracy must in the future act concertedly as the police of the
+world--then by just so much as we make posterity safe, the awful
+sacrifice will not have been made in vain.
+
+We build for posterity. "_Cur non?_"--"Why not?" It is the spirit of
+Lafayette that calls. And with the call we hear from the heavens the
+chant of a mighty chorus, singing not the hymn of hate but the pæan of
+peace on earth, good-will toward men.
+
+Those who do not know us gibe at us and throw our sins in our teeth.
+But this mightiest of democracies is at last awakening, is casting out
+the evil genii of opulence, is girding on its sword for the great work.
+Soldier of freedom, thou camest to us in the time of our greatest need.
+"Now," thou saidst, "is precisely the moment to serve your cause."
+Symbol of the united democracies of the world, symbol of a union which
+will make the earth safe for its peoples, symbol of a union of peace, we
+are led by thy spirit. We fight for democracy; we build for posterity.
+
+    _And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew,
+    and beat upon that house; and it fell not; for it was founded upon a
+    rock._
+
+
+
+
+        [Device]
+ THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS
+   GARDEN CITY, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+    Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Archaic
+    and variant spellings remain as printed.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Spirit of Lafayette, by James Mott  Hallowell
+
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+Project Gutenberg's The Spirit of Lafayette, by James Mott  Hallowell
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+Title: The Spirit of Lafayette
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+Author: James Mott  Hallowell
+
+Release Date: February 2, 2008 [EBook #24494]
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SPIRIT OF LAFAYETTE ***
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+
+
+<h1>THE SPIRIT OF LAFAYETTE</h1>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1><big>THE SPIRIT OF<br />
+LAFAYETTE</big></h1>
+
+<h2 class="hd1"><small>BY</small><br />
+JAMES MOTT HALLOWELL</h2>
+
+<p class="hd2"><b><i>Former Assistant Attorney-General<br />
+of Massachusetts</i></b></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 103px; margin: 2em auto 5em">
+<img src="images/001.png" width="103" height="109" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="hd2"><b><span class="smcap">Garden City <span class="sp1">New York</span></span><br />
+DOUBLEDAY, PAGE &amp; COMPANY<br />
+1918</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+<p class="hd2"><b><i><big>Copyright, 1918, by</big></i><br />
+<big><span class="smcap">Doubleday, Page &amp; Company</span></big><br />
+<br />
+<i>All rights reserved, including that of<br />
+translation into foreign languages,<br />
+including the Scandinavian</i></b></p>
+
+<div class="trans1"><p class="trnhd">Transcriber's Note</p>
+<p class="noin">Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.
+Archaic and variant spellings remain as printed. A table of contents,
+though not present in the original publication, has been provided below:</p>
+<ul><li><a href="#I">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#II">II</a></li>
+<li><a href="#III">III</a></li>
+<li><a href="#IV">IV</a></li>
+<li><a href="#V">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VI">VI</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VII">VII</a></li>
+<li><a href="#VIII">VIII</a></li>
+<li><a href="#IX">IX</a></li>
+<li><a href="#X">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#XI">XI</a></li>
+<li><a href="#XII">XII</a></li>
+<li><a href="#XIII">XIII</a></li>
+<li><a href="#XIV">XIV</a></li>
+<li><a href="#XV">XV</a></li>
+<li><a href="#XVI">XVI</a></li>
+<li><a href="#XVII">XVII</a></li></ul></div>
+
+<hr />
+<p class="hd2"><b><big>DEDICATED TO<br />
+THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN FRANCE<br />
+WHO HAS ANSWERED THE<br />
+CALL OF LAFAYETTE</big></b></p>
+
+<hr />
+<h1><small>THE SPIRIT OF LAFAYETTE</small></h1>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+<h1>The Spirit of Lafayette</h1>
+
+<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A few</span> years after the signing of the
+Declaration of Independence a hostile
+Mohawk chief met in council a representative
+of the young American republics for
+the purpose of concluding a treaty of
+peace. The representative of young democracy
+was a soldier of France, the Marquis
+de Lafayette. Primitive America on the
+one hand, ancient Europe on the other!
+"Father," said the Indian, "we have heard
+thy voice and we rejoice that thou hast
+visited thy children to give to them good
+and necessary advice. Thou hast said
+that we have done wrong in opening our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
+ears to wicked men, and closing our hearts
+to thy counsels. Father, it is all true; we
+have left the good path; we have wandered
+away from it and have been enveloped in a
+black cloud. We have now returned that
+thou mayest find in us good and faithful
+children. We rejoice to hear thy voice
+among us. It seems that the Great Spirit
+has directed thy footsteps to this council
+of friendship to smoke the calumet of
+peace and fellowship with thy long-lost
+children."</p>
+
+<p>The Indian warrior's vision was true in
+a greater sense than he knew. Through
+him the soul of America spoke to the soul
+of Europe, and it spoke of the fellowship of
+man. Perhaps the footsteps of this soldier
+of France were indeed directed by a high
+Providence. Perhaps he was himself a
+message from the infinite. I love, for my
+own part, to believe that at his birth there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+appeared in this world an eternal and
+mighty spirit, a spirit perhaps from another
+age or sphere. Who knows? Why not?
+Who is there can look into the great unknown,
+the vast and impenetrable depths
+of the heavens, and say that this could not
+be, and was not so? How else explain this
+child of a French monarchy, brought up
+among the titled nobility of France, who
+amidst such conditions grew to manhood&mdash;the
+devotee of freedom and the ever-loyal
+champion of democracy?</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette was born on September 6,
+1757, at the Ch&acirc;teau de Chavagnac in the
+province of Auvergne in the monarchy of
+France. Two months before his birth his
+father was killed in battle. Left to the
+sole guidance of an indulgent mother, surrounded
+by flattering attendants and the
+enervating influences of wealth and noble
+birth, he faced the empty and useless life<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+of a mere titled, wealthy aristocrat. What
+saved him? To add to these inauspicious
+beginnings, he was, at the age of twelve,
+sent to Paris to the College du Plessis
+where his rank and wealth introduced him
+to all the gaieties and dissipations of exclusive
+fashionable Parisian society. His
+mother died when he was but thirteen,
+leaving him in the full possession of large
+and valuable estates, the absolute master
+of his own destiny, and subject to the indulgences
+and corruptions of one of the
+most notorious courts of all Europe. Of a
+winning personality, he was appointed one
+of the King's pages, a position much
+coveted by the princes and nobles of the
+kingdom. He was also enrolled in the
+King's Regiment of Mousquetaires, and
+at the age of fifteen through the favour of
+the Queen obtained a commission, an
+honour conferred as a mark of especial<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+royal regard. He was married at the age
+of sixteen, and his young wife was a daughter
+of the aristocratic house of Noailles,
+one of the most powerful and influential
+families of the French court. What more
+profoundly barren soil could be chosen to
+produce the self-denying fighter for liberty,
+the clean-minded democrat, Lafayette?</p>
+
+<p>A significant incident is told of his
+early life. Shortly after his marriage, his
+wife's family sought for him an honorary
+position in the household of the Count
+de Proven&ccedil;e, afterward Louis XVIII
+King of France. Lafayette did not wish
+the appointment. The spirit of Lafayette,
+the democrat, was already restive under
+royal authority. To prevent the honour
+being thrust upon him, and in order at the
+same time not to offend his family by refusing
+to accept, he sought an opportunity<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+to make himself so obnoxious to the Count
+that the arrangement could not go through.
+The chance offered itself at a masked ball
+where the Count appeared in a disguise
+which was instantly penetrated by Lafayette.
+Making himself known, he lost
+no time in engaging in conversation the
+royal personage, who thought himself unknown,
+and with a freedom and boldness
+bordering upon discourtesy, he gave voice
+to facts and opinions which he knew would
+be obnoxious to his listener's ear. The
+future King of France had little hesitation
+in making up his mind that the young
+Marquis would be a refractory attach&eacute;,
+and declined to make the requested appointment.</p>
+
+<p>Providence, or his own spirit, had saved
+Lafayette for democracy.</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In</span> 1775 in the new western hemisphere
+democracy was born to the modern world.</p>
+
+<div class="poem" style="width: 21em;"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"By the rude bridge that arched the flood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Their flag to April's breeze unfurled,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here once the embattled farmers stood<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And fired the shot heard 'round the world."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Across the vast Atlantic rolled its echoes.
+Across a trackless sea, across the lands of
+France, up through the great White Ways
+of Paris it resounded. It knocked against
+the palace doors of the King of France.
+On through the flippant gibe, the careless
+laugh, the carousing and the din of the
+royal court, it reached and touched the
+spirit of Lafayette.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What was the strange tale that came to
+him from the New World? Was it a tale
+of liberty triumphant and conquering, a
+tale of success, a tale to touch the imagination
+of a soldier through the glory of a
+winning cause? Far from it. After a
+brief temporary success in Massachusetts
+the cause of the newly-born confederated
+American republics seemed to be tottering
+upon the brink of total destruction. The
+rout of the Americans at Brooklyn and
+the consequent abandonment of Long
+Island was followed by their evacuation of
+New York City. The American army was
+becoming demoralized. The militia were
+impatient to return home, were disobedient
+to orders, and were deserting in large
+numbers&mdash;it is said "by half and even by
+whole regiments." Then followed the
+Americans' defeat at White Plains, the
+surrender of Fort Washington, the evacuation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+of Fort Lee, and the steady disheartening
+of the American forces. The ineffectual
+attempts to increase the militia, the
+indisposition of the inhabitants to farther
+resistance, the retreat of General Washington
+through New Jersey at the head of less
+than three thousand men, poorly armed,
+almost without tents, blankets, or provisions,
+discouraged by constant reverses,
+many of them half-clad and barefooted in
+the cold of November and December,
+passing through a desponding country and
+pursued by a numerous, well-appointed,
+and victorious army&mdash;all these events
+made liberty at this time indeed</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"A wretched soul bruised with adversity."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It was at this stage of the conflict that
+Lafayette determined to cross the Atlantic
+and take up the cause of the thirteen little
+republics. Benjamin Franklin, one of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+America's two representatives in France,
+who at first had welcomed this offer of
+assistance, upon learning of the continued
+American reverses, and almost despairing
+of the success of the cause, is reported
+honourably to have endeavoured to dissuade
+the Marquis from carrying his design
+into execution. Franklin and Silas Deane,
+the other American representative in
+France, told him they were unable to obtain
+a vessel for his passage. France was
+then at peace, and the King of France forbade
+his departure. Under the laws of
+France he risked the confiscation of all his
+property, as well as capture on the high
+seas. There was no winning cause to lure
+him, merely thirteen little newly-born republics
+struggling for a principle, fighting
+for democracy&mdash;a weak, bedraggled, and
+dispirited democracy, a democracy half-clad
+and poverty stricken, a barefooted,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+half-naked democracy that was very
+nearly down and out.</p>
+
+<p>"Now," he replied to Franklin and
+Deane, "is precisely the moment to serve
+your cause; the more people are discouraged,
+the greater utility will result from
+my departure; and if you cannot furnish
+me with a vessel, I shall charter one at my
+own expense to convey your despatches
+and my person to the shores of America."</p>
+
+<p>In a Paris paper of that year, there
+appears the following item:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Paris, April 4, 1777.</p>
+
+<p>One of the richest of our young nobility, the
+Marquis de Lafayette, a relation of the Duke de
+Noailles, between nineteen and twenty years of
+age, has at his own expense hired a vessel and
+provided everything necessary for a voyage to
+America, with two officers of his acquaintance. He
+set out last week, having told his lady and family
+that he was going to Italy. He is to serve as
+Major-General in the American army.</p></div>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lafayette</span> arrived in America in June,
+1777, and at once plunged into the struggle.
+He refused an active command at first,
+preferring to serve in a more humble
+capacity until accustomed to American
+troops. In the Battle of Brandywine,
+only some forty days after his arrival, he
+received a wound from a musket ball&mdash;a
+wound sufficient to keep him in bed for
+six weeks. This battle was a defeat for the
+American forces and was followed by the
+fall of the City of Philadelphia. Wounds
+and defeat seem, however, to have acted
+only as a stimulus, and in December, 1777,
+as a reward for intrepid and brilliant service,
+he was given the command of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+division of the American army. He was
+then twenty years of age.</p>
+
+<p>Then followed four years of active
+service under General Washington, broken
+only by a temporary return to France in
+1779 on a diplomatic mission. Gentle
+and courteous, yet apparently insensible
+to fear, his spirit was an inspiration. At
+the Battle of Monmouth the enemy, during
+a lull, observed a general officer in the
+service of the Americans advancing into
+the danger zone, with some other officers
+and men, to reconnoitre the enemy's
+position. An aide-de-camp fell, struck
+by a ball, and all but the general fled
+precipitately. They saw the latter, although
+under the fire of a battery, lean
+to assist the stricken aide, and finding that
+all was ended turn and slowly rejoin the
+others. The British commander, General
+Clinton, ordered his men not to fire; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+the chivalry of this Englishman probably
+saved the American officer's life. It
+was Lafayette.</p>
+
+<p>In 1780 he asked leave to take a position
+in the Southern Department where the
+situation of the American army is described
+in a letter to Lafayette by General
+Greene, then commanding the division.</p>
+
+<p>"It is now within a few days of the time
+when you shall be with me. Were you
+to arrive you would find a few ragged, half-starved
+troops in the wilderness, destitute
+of everything necessary for either the comfort
+or convenience of soldiers....
+The country is almost laid waste and the
+inhabitants plunder one another with little
+less than savage fury. We live from hand
+to mouth, and have nothing to subsist
+on but what we collect with armed parties....
+I fear this department is to be
+the great Serbonian bog to the American<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+armies and particularly to the general
+officers."</p>
+
+<p>The vision of a Serbonian bog acted
+only as a magnet, and Lafayette started
+to join Greene. On his way, however, he
+was recalled by the commander-in-chief,
+General Washington, to take command
+of an expedition against Benedict Arnold,
+the traitor, now a brigadier-general in the
+enemy's army, who was marching into
+Virginia and with revengeful fury carrying
+fire and sword wherever he went. Lafayette
+was dispatched against him with
+specific orders that if Arnold surrendered
+there should be no stipulation made for
+his safety, and at the same time forbidding
+the slightest injury to his person;&mdash;it being
+the purpose of Washington, never however
+fulfilled, to bring Arnold to public
+punishment according to the rules and
+regulations of the army.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Lafayette's command seems to have
+been no better than Greene's. In a letter
+to Greene he describes his men as being in
+a condition of "shocking nakedness."
+Even the officers were destitute of money,
+clothing, and everything that could contribute
+to cleanliness and comfort. As
+for the men, they were poorly fed, their
+shoes worn out, without tents, and destitute
+of almost any protection from the
+inclemency of the weather. Some of his
+officers assured the Marquis that his command
+would speedily be reduced one-half
+by desertion,&mdash;and as a matter of fact
+thirteen out of one company deserted in a
+single day. A nauseous and contagious
+disease, generally produced by a want of
+cleanliness, overspread nearly the entire
+command. In consequence of these difficulties,
+Arnold escaped, but Lafayette
+forced his retreat.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The military genius of George Washington
+at last turned the tide of war. In
+October, 1781, he had the enemy's troops
+under Cornwallis cornered at Yorktown.
+In the course of the siege it became necessary
+to capture a certain redoubt possessed
+by the enemy. Washington determined to
+carry it with the bayonet, and appointed
+Lafayette to conduct the charge. The
+American infantry advanced with irresistible
+power, relying entirely upon their
+bayonets, and carried the redoubt by
+assault.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly afterward Cornwallis surrendered
+his entire army to Washington, and the
+last battle of the American Revolution
+had been fought. In November, 1781,
+the confederated republics having won,
+Lafayette returned to France.</p>
+
+<p>Washington and Lafayette! The American
+and the Frenchman. Great soldiers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+both, but above all, great <i>men</i>. The real
+soul of the soldier speaks out in this letter
+from the American to the Frenchman,
+written in 1784: "At length, my dear Marquis,
+I have become a private citizen on
+the banks of the Potomac; and under the
+shadow of my own vine and my own fig-tree,
+free from the bustle of the camp and
+the busy scenes of public life, I am solacing
+myself with those tranquil enjoyments,
+of which the soldier who is ever in pursuit
+of fame, the statesman whose watchful
+days and sleepless nights are spent in
+devising schemes to promote the welfare
+of his own, perhaps the ruin of other
+countries, as if this globe was insufficient
+for us all&mdash;and the courtier who is always
+watching the countenance of his prince in
+the hope of catching a gracious smile&mdash;can
+have very little conception. I have not
+only retired from all public employments,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+but am retiring within myself and shall
+be able to view the solitary walk, and tread
+the paths of private life with heartfelt
+satisfaction. Envious of none, I am determined
+to be pleased with all; and this,
+my dear friend, being the order of my
+march, I shall move gently down the stream
+of life until I sleep with my fathers."</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> scene in the world-wide drama of
+democracy shifts across the Atlantic Ocean,
+from America to France. The French
+Revolution of 1789 and the Reign of
+Terror&mdash;a century's pent-up rage against
+despotism, let loose in a single hour!</p>
+
+<p>When Madame Roland was summoned
+before the revolutionary tribunal she came
+with a smile upon her lips, her face sparkling
+with life and animation. Condemned
+in advance, she was falsely declared guilty
+of being the author of a "mutinous conspiracy
+against the unity and defense of
+the republic." She heard her sentence
+calmly. "You deem me worthy the fate
+of the great men you have murdered. I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+shall try to display the same courage on
+the scaffold." She was at once taken in a
+cart to the Place de la Revolution, a man
+guilty of treason being placed in the same
+cart. He was overwhelmed with terror
+and she occupied her time in soothing him.
+On reaching the guillotine, she bade him
+mount the steps first, that his sufferings
+might not be prolonged. As she took her
+place, her eyes fell on a colossal statue of
+Liberty, recently erected near by. "O
+Liberty," she cried, "what crimes are
+committed in thy name!"</p>
+
+<p>"There is no God." Thus in 1793, by
+solemn enactment of the Terrorists, was
+the Deity legislated out of existence.
+There is no God! What sayest thou now,
+Robespierre? Dost thou say so, <i>now</i>?
+How likedst thou thy brief space of usurpation?
+A few brief months of power&mdash;night
+and day with loaded pistols at thy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+side&mdash;no food till some one else had tasted
+from thy dish, lest it be poisoned. And
+then another scene in that same legislative
+hall, the hall of thy own great terrifying
+power. A vote ordering thy arrest! Vain
+are thy shrieks&mdash;a detachment of thy own
+soldiers forces its way into the room&mdash;a
+pistol shot rings out, and thou with shattered
+jaw, a ghastly spectacle, facest thy
+end. Thou fallest, and some spit upon
+thy prostrate form, others stab thee with
+their knives. Still living, thy body is
+hurried before the tribunal thou thyself
+didst form, and thence to the guillotine.
+O Robespierre, thinkest thou now there is
+a God?</p>
+
+<p>License, not liberty. Mania, not reason.
+How fared the spirit of Lafayette during
+this debauchery in the name of freedom?</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A brief</span> interval of less than ten years
+intervened between the closing scenes of
+the American Revolution and the opening
+scenes of the French Revolution. Democracy
+in America was a victor, and the
+republic had been established. Democracy
+in France was just entering upon its
+cyclonic and hideous struggle for the right
+to live.</p>
+
+<p>The government of France was at that
+time an absolute despotism. The king
+was the supreme arbiter of its destinies.
+He was the head of the army. He appointed
+his own ministers, made his own
+laws, levied and raised taxes at his pleasure,
+and lavished his treasures as he pleased.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+The common people were more like cattle
+than men. They tilled the ground and
+bore the yoke; the king and the aristocracy
+wielded the whip. Years of suffering
+ignorance for the many&mdash;years of
+riotous profligacy for the few!</p>
+
+<p>True democracy is world-wide. It
+knows no nationality. All mankind are
+its countrymen. When at the close of
+the American war Lafayette returned to
+France, he hung in his house a copy of
+the American Declaration of Independence
+upon one of the walls, leaving the corresponding
+space on the opposite side vacant.
+"What do you mean to place here?" asked
+one of his friends. "A Declaration of
+Rights for France," he replied.</p>
+
+<p>Frederick the Great, King of Prussia,
+the first giant of the Hohenzollerns and the
+fountain head of modern Prussian autocracy,
+attracted by Lafayette's military reputation,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+invited him to the royal palace at Potsdam
+to witness and take part in the review
+of the Prussian army. At dinner one evening
+Frederick declared confidently his
+opinion that America would not long be a
+republic, but would return to the good old
+system. "Never, sir," replied his guest.
+"A monarchy, a nobility can never exist
+in America." "Sir," said the monarch,
+"I knew a young man who, after having
+visited countries where liberty and equality
+reigned, conceived the idea of establishing
+the same system in his own country. Do
+you know what happened to him?" "No,
+sir." "He was hanged," replied the King
+with a smile.</p>
+
+<p>In 1789 the mutterings of the coming
+storm became more ominous, but the
+King of France, deafened by the clamour
+of cackling advice from his aristocracy,
+either could not or would not hear. Almost<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+bankrupt because of the extravagance
+of the court, he needed money, still more
+money, and called an "assembly of notables"
+to assist in devising measures to
+relieve his embarrassed finances. They
+were men from the most distinguished of
+the nobility. Lafayette was one. In a
+letter to Washington he humorously remarked
+that "wicked people called them
+not-ables." Lafayette's part in the assembly
+consisted in making a bold protest
+against the prodigality of the crown.
+"All the millions given up to cupidity or
+depredation," he forcefully exclaimed to
+the noble gathering, "are the fruit of the
+sweat, the tears, and perhaps the blood, of
+the nation"; and he concluded by requesting
+that the King convoke a real National
+Assembly, made up of representatives of
+the common people. It was the beginning
+of the Revolution. For Lafayette's part<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+in this the King's prime minister, Calonne,
+proposed to the monarch to send Lafayette
+to the Bastile.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing was accomplished by the notables,
+and the monarch then decided to
+assemble the states-general. This was
+not a legislative body, but an assembly
+of representatives from the nobility, the
+clergy, and the common people, sometimes
+called by the crown when it needed assistance,
+the commons always being in the
+minority. The commons, <i>le tiers &eacute;tat</i>
+grasped the opportunity, met by themselves,
+and on June 17, 1789, resolved
+themselves into a National Assembly, to
+accomplish the regeneration of France.</p>
+
+<p>Troops were summoned by the crown
+to put down the rebellion, and more than
+fifty thousand mercenary troops from
+foreign states were engaged by the King
+to take the place of the French troops,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+whom he distrusted. Lafayette joined
+with the National Assembly, and then
+and there proposed to it the first draft
+of that French Declaration of Rights for
+which he had prophetically left a space on
+the wall of his home. The essence of his
+draft lies in the following extract: "No
+man can be subject to any laws, excepting
+those which have received the assent of
+himself or his representatives, and which
+are promulgated beforehand and applied
+legally. The principle of all sovereignty
+resides in the nation."</p>
+
+<p>On July 14, 1789, the storm broke.
+The gigantic fortress of the Bastile which
+for ages had reared its menacing head
+among the people of Paris, a terrible
+engine of despotic military autocracy,
+was attacked and taken by the mob. M.
+De Launay, its Governor, was killed by a
+bayonet thrust, and his head cut from his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+body and carried through the streets upon
+a pitchfork. "And in this bloody manner,
+into those dungeons where thousands
+had wasted away, often without trial and
+with no knowledge of the charges against
+them, liberty sent her first ray of sunlight."</p>
+
+<p>"When oppression renders a revolution
+necessary, insurrection becomes the holiest
+of duties," was the ringing message of
+Lafayette to the Assembly. The key of
+the Bastile was given to him as the representative
+of freedom in Europe, and together
+with a sketch of the ruins of that
+fortress of despotism, he sent it to George
+Washington. "It is a tribute," he wrote,
+"which I owe, as a son to my adopted
+father&mdash;as an aide-de-camp to my general&mdash;as
+a missionary of liberty to its patriarch."</p>
+
+<p>A National Guard, a new army of two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+hundred thousand citizen soldiers, was
+authorized and formed by the National
+Assembly, both for the protection of the
+rights of the people at home and for resistance
+to possible foreign aggression. Lafayette,
+now thirty-two years of age, was
+chosen its commander-in-chief. Thus was
+born democracy in France.</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A foreign</span> peasant, from a land of
+despotic autocracy, who had just immigrated
+to the United States, was once
+haled into one of our police courts, charged
+with almost murdering his wife with a
+club. His defense was that he now was in
+a land of liberty and he thought he could
+do what he liked. Multiply this by a
+million-fold and you have the Reign of
+Terror, the second chapter of the French
+Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Aimez les amis du peuple et l'enthousiasme
+pour la libert&eacute;, mais r&eacute;servez l'aveugle
+soumission pour la loi</i>," said Lafayette
+to the Federation of National Guards.
+The atrocities, both at the storming of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+Bastile and afterward, he would not
+countenance, and on more than one occasion,
+at the head of his armed troops, he
+enforced law and order. Finally, Austria
+and Prussia declared war upon France,
+and Lafayette was sent from Paris and at
+the head of a French army of twenty-eight
+thousand men was stationed at Sedan.</p>
+
+<p>It was inevitable that he and the Jacobins,
+the leaders in the mad orgy of debauched
+democracy that succeeded the
+initial stages of the revolution, should soon
+split. For a long time the Jacobins had
+seemed to shrink from a contest with him,
+probably because they hoped to win him
+over to their excesses. Finding him inflexible,
+when at last they controlled the
+government, they vowed his destruction,
+and he was deprived of his command.
+They proposed that a price should be set
+upon his head and that "<i>chaque citoyen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+p&ucirc;t courir sus</i>"&mdash;that is to say, that any
+one who pleased might murder him.</p>
+
+<p>Deprived of his command, and with
+destruction awaiting him in the rear, his
+only resource was flight. Even then he
+hesitated, but reason prevailed and on a
+dark and rainy night, with a few companions
+on horseback, he started for Holland.
+To get there he had to pass through territory
+occupied by the Austrian and Prussian
+troops. Facing the almost certain chance
+of falling in with a superior force, he determined
+to make a bold front, and went
+directly to the Austrian commander at
+Namur, declaring that he was a French
+officer attached to constitutional measures
+and seeking an asylum in Holland. Instead
+of being given a passport, he was,
+when recognized, detained, given over to
+a Prussian commander, sent in a cart to
+Wesel on the Rhine and there put in a cell<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+in irons. It was then intimated to him
+that the burden of the situation would be
+lightened if he would draw up certain plans
+to be used against France. The Prussians,
+finding that he would not do this, instead of
+treating him as a prisoner of war threw
+him into a dungeon at Magdebourg. His
+estate at home was confiscated and his wife
+imprisoned. After a year's imprisonment
+at Magdebourg in a dirty and humid vault
+he was transferred by the Prussians from
+one dungeon to another, and at last confined
+in the Austrian citadel of Olmutz.</p>
+
+<p>The walls of his dungeon at Olmutz were
+six feet thick and the air was admitted
+through openings two feet square secured
+at each end by massive iron bars. Before
+these loopholes was situated a broad ditch,
+which was filled with water only when it
+rained; at other times it was a stagnant
+marsh continually emitting disease; beyond<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+this were the outer walls of the castle, so
+that the slightest breeze could never refresh
+the inmate. Each cell had two doors, one
+of iron, the other of wood nearly two feet
+thick, and both were covered with bolts,
+bars, and padlocks. When the soldiers
+twice a day brought the prisoner's wretched
+portion it was carefully examined to find
+out if there was any note or communication
+contained in it. A messy bed of rotten
+straw filled with vermin, together with a
+broken chair and an old worm-eaten table,
+formed the whole furniture of his establishment.
+The cell was from eight to ten
+paces long and six wide; in storms the
+water frequently flowed through the loopholes;
+when the sun did not shine he remained
+almost in darkness during the
+whole day.</p>
+
+<p>He was a prisoner of war and entitled to
+be treated as such. But instead he was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+confined in a dungeon and was given to
+believe that he would never again see beyond
+its four walls, that he would never
+receive news of any events or persons, that
+his name would be unknown in the citadel,
+and that in all accounts of him sent to
+Court he would be designated only by a
+number. Even knives and forks were
+denied him, and he was told that this was
+done because his situation was such as
+naturally to lead to suicide. His sufferings
+proved almost beyond his strength. The
+want of air and decent food, and the loathsome
+dampness of his dungeon brought him
+more than once to the borders of the grave.
+His frame was wasted by diseases, and
+on one occasion he was so reduced that "his
+hair fell from him entirely by the excess of
+his sufferings."</p>
+
+<p>Following a bold attempt to escape,
+the torture of his imprisonment was increased.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+Irons were securely fastened
+around his ankles. During the winter of
+1794-1795, which was extremely severe, he
+had a violent fever and almost died; he was
+deprived of proper attendance, of air, of
+suitable food, and of decent clothes; in
+this state he had nothing for his bed but a
+little damp and mouldy straw; around
+his waist was a chain which was fastened
+to the wall and barely permitted him to
+turn from one side to the other. No light
+was admitted into his cell. To increase
+his miseries, almost insupportable mental
+anguish was added to his physical suffering.
+He was made to believe that he was only
+saved for a public execution, while at the
+same time he was not permitted to know
+whether his family were still alive or had
+perished under the axe during the Reign
+of Terror.</p>
+
+<p>A Prussian statesman to whom in 1793<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+a memorial had been addressed soliciting
+Lafayette's release is said to have replied:
+"Lafayette has too much fanaticism for
+liberty. He does not conceal it. All his
+letters prove it. If he were out of prison
+he could not remain quiet. I saw him
+when he was here and I shall always recollect
+one of his expressions, which surprised
+me very much at the time: 'Do you
+believe,' said he, 'that I went to America
+to obtain military reputation?&mdash;it was for
+liberty I went there. He who loves liberty
+can only remain quiet after having established
+it in his own country.'"</p>
+
+<p>O liberty, hard is thy path! License
+wearing thy mask at home, and thy champion
+betrayed to the dungeon of thy eternal
+foe!</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Out</span> of the chaos rose the dictator.
+Napoleon's comet was beginning to ascend.</p>
+
+<p>Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797 was commander
+in Italy of the victorious army of
+the French Republic, and as such he demanded
+of Austria that the French prisoners
+in the fortress of Olmutz be set at liberty.
+Consent was given as to the others, but
+only after much talk and grudgingly as to
+Lafayette. His unconquerable hostility
+to the reigning autocracies was too well
+known, and Austria even attempted to
+impose the terms that, if freed, Lafayette
+should be deported to America under
+promise never again to put his foot either
+in Austria or Prussia. But Lafayette<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+himself would not consent to be freed on
+these terms, and Napoleon insisted; so,
+finally, at the dictation of Napoleon Bonaparte,
+on September 19, 1797, after more
+than five years' imprisonment, Lafayette's
+fetters were knocked off and he was released.
+Napoleon afterward often alluded
+to the intense hatred of the monarchs
+and royal cabinets of Europe for the
+democrat Lafayette. "I am sufficiently
+hated," said he one day to Lafayette,
+"by the princes and their courtiers; but
+it is nothing to their hatred for you. I
+have been so situated as to see it, and I
+could not have believed that human hate
+could go so far."</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps at no time was the spirit of
+Lafayette put to a greater test than in the
+years that followed&mdash;the years of the
+rise of imperial Napoleon, Emperor of the
+French.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Revenge against his prison keepers, the
+certainty of high success, the excitement
+of a great popular cause, military glory,
+gratitude to his deliverer, all co&ouml;rdinated
+to make him follow the path of conquest,
+and lead with Napoleon. He could have
+been one of the great military heroes of
+those times. But apparently these temptations
+rebounded from him as an arrow
+from a steel plate. When only a boy of
+seventeen, his noble relatives had been
+unable to conceive his refusing an honorable
+place in royalty's household. It had
+been inconceivable to the Prussian that
+this Frenchman had not gone to America
+on a quest solely for military glory. The
+Jacobin clubs, first by fair promises and
+then by the demand for his life blood, had
+sought to force him from liberty to license,
+from real freedom to debauched freedom.
+But like Sir Galahad, the Knight of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+Holy Grail, he had stood true to his quest,
+true to his ideal, true to the inward light
+that unerringly marked the real from the
+false, true to genuine democracy in its fight
+against autocracy. And now, greater than
+all these lures and tests, stood before him
+Napoleon Bonaparte, his deliverer, the
+greatest military captain of the world
+beckoning him to paths of fame. The
+sceptre of all that the professional soldier
+held dear was thrust into his hands.
+He could not be false unto himself, and
+the sceptre was turned aside.</p>
+
+<p>When he found that Napoleon was
+plotting against the democracy of France,
+that a new imperial power was rising in
+Napoleon's person, he deliberately broke
+off his relations with the general. During
+the days of the French conquests under
+Napoleon he lived the life of a quiet
+country gentleman, interested solely in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+domestic life, agriculture, and the pursuit
+of reading and science. The man who
+had staked his all in a desperate chance in
+the war of democracy against despotic
+autocracy would not raise his finger in a
+war of conquest for the aggrandizement
+of an emperor, though driven by the demon
+of revenge, drawn by the ties of gratitude,
+and enticed by the lure of glory.</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">On March</span> 1, 1815, Napoleon returned
+from Elba and began the final act in the
+great drama of his life. In a last effort to
+win Lafayette to his side, he sent his
+brother Joseph Bonaparte on a special
+mission to Lafayette with word that the
+latter's name was placed first upon Napoleon's
+list of peers. Joseph returned with
+a refusal. "Should I ever again appear
+upon the sea of public life," Lafayette
+had replied, "it will only be as a representative
+of the people."</p>
+
+<p>Waterloo!&mdash;and Napoleon disappeared
+forever from the world drama. Then
+came back the Bourbons, first Louis
+XVIII, followed by Charles X. Step by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+step, under the Bourbon <i>r&eacute;gime</i>, autocracy
+began to regain its grip upon France.
+The year 1830 opened ominously. The
+rumblings of 1789 were again heard. The
+French Chamber of Deputies protested
+against the growing usurpations of the
+crown. The King boldly defied them,
+dissolved the Chamber, annulled the electoral
+laws then in force, reduced the
+number of deputies nearly one-half, and
+materially changed the conditions of suffrage
+and representation.</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette was at his country estate,
+La Grange, when the <i>Moniteur</i> with a
+copy of these decrees reached him. He
+immediately set out for Paris. Revolt had
+already commenced, and war was raging in
+the streets of the city. The revolutionists
+wanted a leader and all eyes turned to
+Lafayette. He was called by acclamation
+to command the National Guard.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He was now seventy-two years of age,
+but he accepted the call. Immediately
+he established his headquarters in Paris
+and passed the whole night inspecting
+barriers and preparing for a renewal of the
+battle on the morrow. At dawn it began
+again and the National Guard under
+Lafayette drove back the royal troops and
+carried all before them. On July 29, 1830,
+the Chamber of Deputies reassembled,
+organized a provisional government, and
+formally invested Lafayette with the powers
+of military dictator of France. "Liberty
+shall triumph," he replied in his
+letter of acceptance, "or we will perish
+together."</p>
+
+<p>Charles X, seeing the hopelessness of
+the royal cause, sent a deputation to Lafayette
+to announce the revocation of the
+obnoxious decrees and the nomination of
+a new and liberal ministry. "It is too<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+late," Lafayette sent word back, "all
+conciliation is impossible. The royal family
+has ceased to reign." Thus ended the
+dynasty of the elder branch of the Bourbons
+on the throne of France. The deposed
+king was allowed to pass unmolested to
+another country.</p>
+
+<p>The people who had accomplished the
+revolution, especially the citizen army,
+loudly demanded a republic with Lafayette
+for its president. Others begged him to
+mount the throne himself. But to all
+these entreaties he turned a deaf ear.
+He thought not of himself but of France
+alone.</p>
+
+<p>A constitutional monarchy, under Louis
+Phillippe, followed. It was successful at
+first, until the old, old story of attempted
+autocratic usurpation was again repeated
+by the monarch. He was forcibly ejected,
+and the Republic of 1848 was formed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+But long ere this, moving gently down the
+stream of life, the journey had ended,
+and Lafayette slept with his fathers.
+<i>Vive l'&eacute;sprit de Lafayette!</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem" style="width: 20em;"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The stars shall fade away, the sun himself<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Grow dim with age, and nature sink in years,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But thou shalt flourish in immortal youth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unhurt amidst the war of elements,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The wrecks of matter, and the crush of worlds."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Every</span> person has two selves, the shell
+and the real self beneath. Acts are the
+evidence of the real self. Let us hope
+what is best in the real self is eternal, for
+thus only does the world progress.</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette symbolized two great principles
+of government. First, the right of a
+people to govern themselves, as opposed to
+government of the many by a self-appointed
+few&mdash;in other words, democracy as opposed
+to autocracy. Second, a union of
+the democracies to insure mutual protection
+and peace.</p>
+
+<p>When only a boy at school, he was told
+in class one day to describe a perfect
+courser, and he sacrificed his hope of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+obtaining a premium by describing a horse
+which on perceiving the whip threw down
+his master. He adopted on his arms the
+device, "<i>Cur non?</i>"&mdash;"Why not?" Before
+landing in America in 1777 he wrote
+to his wife: "I but offer my services to
+that interesting republic from motives of
+the purest kind, unmixed with ambition or
+private views: her happiness and my glory
+are my only incentives to the task. I hope
+that, for my sake, you will be a good American,
+for that feeling is worthy of every
+noble heart. The happiness of America
+is intimately connected with the happiness
+of all mankind; she will become the safe
+and respected asylum of virtue, integrity,
+toleration, equality, and tranquil happiness."</p>
+
+<p>In camp at Valley Forge, January, 1778,
+he writes to his wife, who was then seeking
+his return: "The desire ... to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
+promote ... the happiness of humanity
+which is strongly interested in the
+existence of one perfectly free nation
+... forbids my departure."</p>
+
+<p>Upon a return visit to America in 1784,
+speaking to a deputation from the Pennsylvania
+Legislature, he said: "Now that
+the great work is accomplished let us
+mutually congratulate ourselves on the
+federal union which this peace has cemented,
+and upon which the importance,
+the power, and the riches of this beautiful
+country rest; that union is the bond which
+will continue to preserve brotherly love
+and reciprocal friendship among the citizens
+of the states. I shall be happy to
+receive the command of this Republic
+at every period of my existence and in
+whatever part of the world I may be; my
+zeal for its prosperity is only equalled by
+my gratitude and respect." A statement<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+from his reply to a special committee
+appointed by Congress to wait upon him
+shows the same feeling: "May this immense
+temple of freedom ever stand a
+lesson to oppressors, an example to the
+oppressed, and a sanctuary for the rights of
+mankind."</p>
+
+<p>The confederation in 1776 of the thirteen
+separate colonies of the western world
+was a union of all the then existing democracies
+of a hemisphere, to insure mutual
+protection and peace. Since then, democracy
+has been born in the Old World. In
+its common cause it knows no nationality.
+Lafayette is the symbol of its internationalism.
+In the time of our greatest stress he
+crossed the ocean to us, saying: "Now is
+precisely the moment to serve your cause."
+To-day democracy in France is bleeding to
+death. Throughout Europe, assailed in
+front by the giant of Prussian militarism<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
+and stabbed in the back by assassins conducting
+an insidious and treacherous peace
+propaganda, it is staggering under the combined
+attack. The spirit of Lafayette, the
+democrat, calls to us across that same
+ocean. The bugles of the heavens ring out.
+The days of '76 are born again. Once
+more is heard the battle-cry of the Republic.
+Where his spirit calls, our armies
+go. And when the great work is accomplished,
+we shall cement the union which
+he began.</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="X" id="X"></a>X</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">But</span> is democracy worth preserving?
+How fares that intangible something which
+was the inspiration of this man's living?
+Democracy, the right of people to govern
+themselves, as opposed to their control by
+a self-appointed few&mdash;is it a failure or a
+success? Has it proved itself worth the
+dedication of this soldier spirit?</p>
+
+<p>The French, for themselves, have answered
+the question at the Battle of the
+Marne and at Verdun. But how about
+America? Has the great American democracy
+proved a success, as compared
+with government by autocracy&mdash;for
+example, as compared with the government
+of Germany by the Prussian military<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+autocracy, headed by the House of
+Hohenzollern?</p>
+
+<p>More than a century has passed since
+the surrender of Cornwallis. Since then
+in physical growth and material success
+the democracy of the United States has
+more than fulfilled the highest hopes. At
+that time these United States were only a
+strip along the eastern seaboard, bounded
+on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and on
+the west by an unexplored wilderness;
+thirteen sparsely settled states, the settlements
+widely separated from each other,
+with a population of less than four million
+persons. Now the wilderness is overcome.
+By the Louisiana Purchase we acquired
+the Great Southwest. For a pittance we
+bought the wastes of Alaska and then found
+them to be the gold fields of the world.
+The Philippines, with an area of one hundred
+and fifteen thousand square miles,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
+and the Hawaiian Islands mark the extension
+of our western boundaries. Cuba
+is under our immediate protection. Porto
+Rico is part of us, and likewise the Danish
+West Indies. In Central America we have
+built the Panama Canal. By the Monroe
+Doctrine we are the protectors from foreign
+interference of all of Central and South
+America. Our population has grown to
+more than one hundred million souls.
+Our material wealth is the greatest of any
+single nation in the world.</p>
+
+<p>Does this constitute success? Look on
+the other side of the picture. Our form of
+national government has been notoriously
+inefficient&mdash;taking Germany as the standard.
+Our state governments at their best
+are mediocre, while at their worst they stand
+pitifully paralyzed before mob law. Our unpunished
+lynchings of coloured people, innocent
+as well as guilty, make us contemptible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+in the eyes of the civilized world. No
+other government on earth remains silent
+and helpless while its citizens assemble as
+for a holiday and burn a criminal at the
+stake. Our municipalities are largely
+rotten with graft, and the graft is accompanied
+by its inevitable handmaids, extravagance
+and inefficiency. Enormous
+wealth, in the hands of a few, dwells side
+by side with extreme poverty. Our cities
+are overcrowded, and the country of
+Whittier, where</p>
+
+<div class="poem" style="width: 17em;"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Shut in from all the world without<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We sat the clean-winged hearth about,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">is handed over to the huts and shanties of
+immigrants. Capital fights labour and labour
+fights capital. Politics are such that
+most men avoid them. The standard of
+work is not how well you can do your job,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>
+but how much you can make out of it. Is
+this democracy a success?</p>
+
+<p>In answer to this, however, does not an
+inner consciousness in each of us, perhaps
+the spirit of Lafayette and perhaps our
+own, perhaps the whispering of an unseen,
+great, and infinite power, tell us that the
+really relevant question is not whether we
+have yet achieved success, but whether a
+successful democracy is worth striving for?
+If, however, I should be obliged to answer
+the question by "Yes" or "No" I would
+say, "Yes, it is a success!"</p>
+
+<p>The best route for the development of
+any man lies along the hard and thorny
+road of self-development. In the end,
+self-development, by dint of hard work
+and mistakes, produces the best man,
+provided he has the courage to "see it
+through." Nations are merely big collections
+of individuals. In the end this self-development<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>
+produces the best nation.
+The road is filled with difficulties, but so
+are most roads to goals that are worth
+reaching.</p>
+
+<p>Our national government may have been
+inefficient in its details, but taken as a whole
+it has created a country which for generations
+has been a haven for the oppressed
+of the world. How many hundred thousand
+Germans have immigrated to America?
+How many Americans have ever emigrated
+to Germany? We have lynchings in the
+South, but no other country was ever left a
+more hideous problem of slavery, and in
+1861 when the supreme test came the government
+rose to it; no one but a visionary
+can expect an immediate Utopian readjustment.
+Our municipalities abound in graft,
+but what country before ours ever faced the
+problem of absorbing annually the enormous
+flood of unlettered immigrants that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>
+is unceasingly poured upon us by the Old
+World. The wonder is not that we have
+graft, but that we have not more graft.
+We have great wealth and extreme poverty,
+but they are due to unusual economic
+causes, namely: great national resources
+on the one hand, and ceaseless immigration
+on the other. Our cities are overcrowded
+and our standards of work are superficial,
+but would this be cured by a despotism?</p>
+
+<p>And always we have the hope that goes
+with liberty, the undying strength that
+accompanies the knowledge that you are
+master of your own soul. A good despot
+at the head of a military autocracy may
+for the time being make the most efficient
+government in the world; certainly a bad
+despot at the head of a military autocracy
+makes the worst government. But I will
+never believe that the total surrender of the
+individual to the guiding hand of a despotic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>
+autocracy makes in the end for the progress
+of the whole. History shows it to be untrue;
+the never-ceasing efforts of democracy,
+as endless as the waves of the sea,
+show that despotic autocracy cannot last;
+and the hell let loose upon earth by Prussian
+autocracy, its modern exponent,
+clinches the falsity of its creed for all but
+the intoxicated or maniacs.</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Now</span> has arisen the Menace, the eternal
+foe of a free people, the Prussian Creed.
+The following is a composite statement of
+Prussianism: "compiled sentence by sentence
+from the utterances of Prussians, the
+Kaiser and his generals, professors, editors,
+and Nietzsche, part of it said in cold blood,
+years before this war, and all of it a declaration
+of faith now being ratified by action."
+It is taken word for word from the eleventh
+chapter of Owen Wister's remarkable work
+"The Pentecost of Calamity,"<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> and is the
+most concise statement of the Menace
+that I have seen.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> "The Pentecost of Calamity," by Owen Wister. The
+Macmillan Company.</p></div>
+
+<p>"We Hohenzollerns take our crown from
+God alone. On me the Spirit of God has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>
+descended. I regard my whole ...
+task as appointed by heaven. Who opposes
+me I shall crush to pieces. Nothing
+must be settled in this world without the
+intervention ... of ... the
+German Emperor. He who listens to
+public opinion runs a danger of inflicting
+immense harm on ... the State.
+When one occupies certain positions in the
+world one ought to make dupes rather
+than friends. Christian morality cannot
+be political. Treaties are only a disguise
+to conceal other political aims. Remember
+that the German people are the chosen
+of God.</p>
+
+<p>"Might is right and ... is decided
+by war. Every youth who enters
+a beer-drinking and duelling club will
+receive the true direction of his life. War
+in itself is a good thing. God will see to it
+that war always recurs. The efforts directed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>
+toward the abolition of war must
+not only be termed foolish, but absolutely
+immoral. The peace of Europe is only a
+secondary matter for us. The sight of
+suffering does one good; the infliction of
+suffering does one more good. This war
+must be conducted as ruthlessly as possible.</p>
+
+<p>"The Belgians should not be shot <i>dead</i>.
+They should be ... so left as to
+make impossible all hope of recovery.
+The troops are to treat the Belgian civil
+population with unrelenting severity and
+frightfulness. Weak nations have not
+the same right to live as powerful ...
+nations. The world has no longer need
+of little nationalities. We Germans have
+little esteem and less respect ... for
+Holland. We need to enlarge our colonial
+possessions; such territorial acquisitions
+we can only realize at the cost of other
+states.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Russia must no longer be our frontier.
+The Polish press should be annihilated
+... likewise the French and
+Danish.... The Poles should be allowed
+... three privileges: to pay
+taxes, serve in the army, and shut their jaws.
+France must be so completely crushed
+that she will never again cross our path.
+You must remember that we have not
+come to make war on the French people,
+but to bring them the higher Civilization.
+The French have shown themselves decadent
+and without respect for the Divine
+law. Against England we fight for booty.
+Our real enemy is England. We have to
+... crush absolutely perfidious Albion
+... subdue her to such an extent
+that her influence all over the world
+is broken forever.</p>
+
+<p>"German should replace English as the
+world language. English, the bastard<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
+tongue ... must be swept into the
+remotest corners ... until it has
+returned to its original elements of an insignificant
+pirate dialect. The German
+language acts as a blessing which, coming
+direct from the hand of God, sinks into the
+heart like a precious balm. To us, more
+than any other nation, is intrusted the true
+structure of human existence. Our own
+country, by employing military power,
+has attained a degree of Culture which
+it could never have reached by peaceful
+means.</p>
+
+<p>"The civilization of mankind suffers
+every time a German becomes an American.
+Let us drop our miserable attempts
+to excuse Germany's action. We willed it.
+Our might shall create a new law in Europe.
+It is Germany that strikes. We
+are morally and intellectually superior
+beyond all comparison.... We must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+... fight with Russian beasts, English
+mercenaries, and Belgian fanatics.
+We have nothing to apologize for. It is
+no consequence whatever if all the monuments
+ever created, all the pictures ever
+painted, all the buildings ever erected by
+the great architects of the world, be destroyed....
+The ugliest stone placed
+to mark the burial of a German grenadier
+is a more glorious monument than all the
+cathedrals of Europe put together. No
+respect for the tombs of Shakespeare,
+Newton, and Faraday.</p>
+
+<p>"They call us barbarians. What of it?
+The German claim must be: ... Education
+to hate ... Organization of
+hatred ... Education to the desire
+for hatred. Let us abolish unripe and
+false shame.... To us is given faith,
+hope, and hatred; but hatred is the greatest
+among them."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The German war code, introduction,
+paragraph three, reads as follows: "A war
+conducted with energy cannot be directed
+merely against the combatants of the enemy
+state, and the positions which they occupy,
+but will in like manner seek to destroy
+the total intellectual and material resources
+of the latter."</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XII" id="XII"></a>XII</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">We are</span> at war. On April 6, 1917,
+the democracy of the United States of
+America formally declared war against
+the autocracy of Germany. What are
+we fighting for?</p>
+
+<p>Two brutes in the shape of men engage
+in a savage, drunken brawl. Bloody,
+cursing, dishevelled, with swollen and distorted
+features, and screaming their anathemas
+of drunken hate, they fight with
+the ferocity of beasts. Beasts they are.</p>
+
+<p>A bully, a degenerate, a thug of the
+city, a brigand of the country, a horse thief
+of the western plains, attacks a weaker
+and unprepared victim. A man with red
+blood in his veins sees the assault, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>
+attacks the attacker with strength enough
+to save the victim, arrest the disturber of
+the peace, and prevent a repetition of the
+offense. He has been engaged in a fight,
+but he is not a beast.</p>
+
+<p>The spirit of Lafayette brought him to
+America to fight for democracy; he was a
+hard fighter but he was not a beast. And
+now, against that calculating and brutal
+power which with the treachery of a tiger
+of the jungle and all the devilish ingenuity
+of the highest Kultur has assaulted the
+peace of the world, the armies of America
+are led by the spirit of Lafayette.</p>
+
+<p>For years the Prussian military autocracy
+has been preparing for the leap upon
+its victim. The power to declare war has
+been kept solely and exclusively in the
+hands of the military autocracy. It is
+responsible to no one. The great mass
+of people must do as they are commanded;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>
+obeying, not laws made by themselves
+acting through their duly-elected representatives,
+but orders promulgated by a
+self-appointed few, the military autocracy
+of Prussia. Woe to the unfortunate
+victim who refuses to obey! With
+cold-blooded deliberation this military
+autocracy which controls the German
+people has for years been preparing its
+huge fighting machine. When the time to
+strike came, when the neighbouring countries
+were least prepared to resist, Germany
+was deluged with the lie that the
+German nation was attacked, the scrap
+of paper otherwise called a treaty was
+torn up, and the tiger sprang. The world
+knows the result.</p>
+
+<p>We enter the war for two motives, one
+to preserve the democracies of Europe, the
+other for our own preservation. The sinking
+of our ships by submarines was merely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+the immediate cause, the match that lit
+the fire, just as the firing on Fort Sumter
+was the proximate but not the real cause
+of our Civil War. The real cause of our
+Civil War was, as Lincoln said, because this
+nation "could not endure half slave and
+half free." The real cause of the present
+World War is because civilization cannot
+endure half military autocracy and half
+free democracy. "The world must be
+made safe for democracy." We fight to
+save the intended victims of Prussianism,
+to arrest the disturber of the peace, and
+prevent a repetition of the offense.</p>
+
+<p>The President of the United States in
+his great message, delivered in the Congress
+of the United States on the second
+day of April, 1917, in which he advised
+the Congress to accept the status of belligerent
+thrust upon us by the acts of the
+Imperial Government of Germany in unlawfully<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+sinking our ships and killing our
+citizens, said: "Let us be very clear, and
+make very clear to all the world what our
+motives and our objects are.... Our
+object ... is to vindicate the principles
+of peace and justice in the life of the
+world as against selfish and autocratic
+power and to set up amongst the really
+free and self-governed peoples of the world
+such a concert of purpose and of action
+as will henceforth ensure the observance
+of those principles. Neutrality is no longer
+feasible or desirable where the peace of the
+world is involved and the freedom of its
+peoples, and the menace to that peace
+and freedom lies in the existence of autocratic
+governments backed by organized
+force which is controlled wholly by their
+will, not by the will of their people....</p>
+
+<p>"We are now about to accept gauge of
+battle with this natural foe to liberty and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>
+shall, if necessary, spend the whole force
+of the nation to check and nullify its pretensions
+and its power.... The
+world must be made safe for democracy.
+Its peace must be planted upon the tested
+foundations of political liberty. We have
+no selfish ends to serve. We desire no
+conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities
+for ourselves, no material compensation
+for the sacrifices we shall freely
+make. We are but one of the champions
+of the rights of mankind. We shall be
+satisfied when those rights have been made
+as secure as the faith and the freedom of
+nations can make them."</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XIII" id="XIII"></a>XIII</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">We are</span> at war with the Menace. It is
+the same Menace&mdash;now grown to a monster
+with four heads dominated by one brain&mdash;that
+over a hundred years ago invited
+Lafayette to its palace at Potsdam to
+review the Prussian army, and then
+cynically suggested to him an end upon the
+scaffold. It is the same Menace, now from
+its four mouths spitting its spume of hate
+upon a chaotic world, that thrust the body
+of the champion of democracy into a dungeon,
+but could not kill his soul. Our
+present war against this creature of evil is
+but one more act in the drama begun by
+the spirit of Lafayette.</p>
+
+<p>How shall this act end? Listen to this.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>
+I quote largely from Andr&eacute; Ch&eacute;radame, a
+man who deals not in platitudes and conceits
+to tickle the vanity of a nation, but
+in cold, hard facts.</p>
+
+<p>In 1914, when the war began, Prussian
+militarism controlled Germany, with a
+population of sixty-eight millions; and
+Germany had one ally, Austria-Hungary,
+of whose thirty million people a majority
+were directly antagonistic to Berlin. By
+the spring of 1915 it had extended and
+organized its power among these thirty
+million Austro-Hungarians, who until that
+time had taken orders from their own
+independent military chiefs. In the fall
+of 1915 it joined hands with Bulgaria and
+Turkey over the corpse of Serbia. Thus,
+since the beginning of the war, has been
+formed the Quadruple Alliance, dominated
+by Prussian militarism.</p>
+
+<p>This alliance, or Prussia before the alliance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>
+was completed, has since the beginning
+of the war seized Belgium, Poland, Serbia,
+Albania, Montenegro, part of France, and
+most of Roumania. The population now
+controlled by Prussian militarism is about
+one hundred and seventy-five million
+people. The economic resources controlled
+by it show a corresponding increase.
+Before the war began, Prussia planned for a
+Pan-Germanism of this nature, and this
+plan has now been almost completed.</p>
+
+<p>If Prussia can now, by granting pretentious
+but ineffective political reforms to
+its own people and by fighting a defensive
+war until the contest becomes a deadlock,
+hold this Pan-Germany in its present position,
+then after peace has been declared
+it can organize this vast additional strength
+in man power and resources which it has
+gained, can Prussianize this additional
+one hundred million, can, by the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
+intrigue which it has used in the past,
+undermine during this period of peace
+the internal defensive effectiveness of the
+democracies, and when the time comes
+can strike again. And if the democracies
+are unable to win now, what chance will
+they have then?</p>
+
+<p>Drop the scales from our eyes and look
+clearly at the facts, hard as they are. The
+Menace has been fighting a winning fight.
+By merely keeping a deadlock for the rest
+of the war, and forcing a truce under the
+guise of peace, the Menace will win; provided,
+however, that it is not expelled by
+the German people themselves. This is
+the strength&mdash;and the weakness&mdash;of the foe
+against which we have declared war.</p>
+
+<p>The Prussian looks a long way ahead.
+M. Ch&eacute;radame, in his work, "Le Complot
+Pan-Germaniste Demasqu&eacute;," recites the
+following incident: "In 1898, before Manila,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
+the German Rear-Admiral von Goetzen,
+a friend of the Kaiser, said to the
+American Admiral Dewey, 'In about
+fifteen years my country will begin a great
+war.... Some months after we have
+done our business in Europe we shall take
+New York and probably Washington, and
+we shall keep them for a time....
+We shall extract one or two billions of
+dollars from New York and other towns.'"
+The months referred to by the German
+sailor may be turned into years, and the
+one or two billions may be multiplied by
+ten&mdash;but the Prussian looks a long way
+ahead.</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XIV" id="XIV"></a>XIV</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">How</span> can our rights and the rights of
+mankind to which the President has alluded
+be made secure? What definite concrete
+facts must be established in order that
+democracy may be made safe?</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, the autocratic power
+that now puts terror into the heart of the
+world must be broken beyond repair.
+The Hohenzollerns and the rest of the
+military caste which now controls Germany
+must be politically exterminated.
+No pretended or half-way internal political
+reforms, leaving a road for their return
+to power, will be sufficient. Annihilate
+the Menace. The cancer must be cut out,
+with no roots left in the body politic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+to spread its hideous disease again. Make
+an effective job of it once for all. We
+want no chance, under the cloak of peace,
+for the return of this monster.</p>
+
+<p>"The time has come to conquer or submit,"
+wrote President Wilson shortly
+after our declaration of war. It is true.
+Can any one doubt what would have
+happened to the United States of America
+if Prussian autocracy had dictated terms
+of peace to vanquished Allies and as part
+of those terms had taken over the allied
+fleet and obtained territory in Canada?
+Or can any one doubt what will now happen
+to all the democracies if the present
+Pan-Germany, now existing by means of
+Prussian victories in this war, is during the
+next ten years consolidated, organized,
+Prussianized&mdash;and then, a fighting machine
+twice as powerful as the machine of 1914,
+hurled against the democracies? With<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>
+an army of seven or eight million men
+trained to the hour, with equipped reserves
+of ten or twelve million more, with a complete
+network of military railroads capable
+of concentrating the units of this
+engine of destruction wherever military
+strategy shall designate, and with aeroplanes
+and transatlantic submarines in
+proportion, what chance will the democracies
+have?</p>
+
+<p>In the second place, it ought to be very
+clear that future power and prosperity
+on the part of the plain people of Germany
+will be no bar to securing our rights, provided,
+however, that this power and prosperity
+is not owned and controlled by
+Prussian autocracy so that it can again be
+forced into a huge fighting machine to
+put the rest of the world in terror. The
+spirit of Lafayette, although its fight
+against such masters is eternal, will not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>
+lead in a war of conquest or annihilation
+against the German people.</p>
+
+<p>"We have no quarrel with the German
+people," said the President of the United
+States in his message of April 2, 1917.
+"We have no feeling toward them but one
+of sympathy and friendship. It was not
+upon their impulse that their government
+acted in entering this war. It was not
+with their previous knowledge or approval.
+It was a war determined upon as wars used
+to be determined upon in the old, unhappy
+days when peoples were nowhere consulted
+by their rulers and wars were provoked
+and waged in the interest of dynasties or
+of little groups of ambitious men who were
+accustomed to use their fellowmen as
+pawns and tools." It was a war determined
+upon by the same Menace that
+thrust the democrat Lafayette into a
+dungeon, and which so hated democracy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>
+that when compelled to release him it
+attempted to impose terms that he should
+be deported to America, never again to
+place foot on Prussian or Austrian soil.</p>
+
+<p>The corollary of this is that the best
+security for the rights of democracy is the
+establishment of a republic in Germany.
+A real republic, not a sham one. This is
+the one definite, concrete fact which would
+make the world safer for its peoples.</p>
+
+<p>When will the German people see the
+light? When will there be a government of
+the people of Germany, for the people, and
+by the people? The shades of her dead,
+led to the slaughter by a merciless and
+heartless autocracy in a needless war, cry
+out for it. What say you, you men of
+Germany? Among you are men whose
+souls are brave and strong and true, an
+unnumbered host. How long, slaves, will
+you bend your backs to the lash of your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
+military masters? They lied to you and
+made you believe the Fatherland was attacked,
+and led you, dupes, into a war of
+conquest. Your modern Pilate, in his
+blasphemous pride, with the name of God
+upon his lips and the blood of innocents
+upon his hands, is now crucifying Freedom
+upon his cross of iron. But the day of the
+resurrection will come; and how will your
+record stand then? Awake, ye free of
+Germany! When shall you come into
+your own?</p>
+
+<p>Every hour that the coming of such
+a republic is shortened means just so
+much less agony for the peoples of the
+world. There is no better pledge for the
+safety of democracy. "Self-governed nations,"
+said the President of the United
+States in the message referred to above,
+"do not fill their neighbour states with
+spies or set the course of intrigue to bring<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>
+about some critical posture of affairs which
+will give them an opportunity to strike
+and make conquest. Such designs can be
+successfully worked out only under cover
+and where no one has the right to ask
+questions. Cunningly contrived plans of
+deception or aggression, carried, it may be,
+from generation to generation, can be
+worked out and kept from the light only
+within the privacy of courts or behind the
+carefully guarded confidences of a narrow
+and privileged class. They are happily
+impossible where public opinion commands
+and insists upon full information concerning
+all the nation's affairs."</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XV" id="XV"></a>XV</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">What</span> else? The union. The final act
+in the world-wide drama of democracy.
+The union of the democracies of the world
+to insure mutual protection and peace. I
+mean a union for this purpose of all
+those governments where the people, by
+their representatives, control. The union
+on two hemispheres of what the spirit of
+Lafayette foresaw, symbolized, and battled
+for on both.</p>
+
+<p>The union ought to include the Austrian
+and German people themselves. It can
+never, however, include the Prussian military
+autocracy or any other military
+autocracy. I quote again from the President's
+message: "A steadfast concert<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
+for peace can never be maintained except
+by a partnership of democratic nations.
+No autocratic government could be trusted
+to keep faith within it or observe its
+covenants. It must be a league of honour,
+a partnership of opinion. Intrigue would
+eat its vitals away; the plottings of inner
+circles who could plan what they would
+and render account to no one would be a
+corruption seated at its very heart. Only
+free peoples can hold their purpose and
+their honour steady to a common end and
+prefer the interests of mankind to any
+narrow interest of their own....
+One of the things that has served to convince
+us that the Prussian autocracy was
+not and could never be our friend is that
+from the very outset of the present war
+it has filled our unsuspecting communities
+and even our offices of government with
+spies, and set criminal intrigues everywhere<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>
+afoot against our national unity of counsel,
+our peace within and without, our industries,
+and our commerce. Indeed it is now
+evident that its spies were here even before
+the war began; and it is unhappily not a
+matter of conjecture, but a fact proved
+in our courts of justice, that the intrigues
+which have more than once come perilously
+near to disturbing the peace and
+dislocating the industries of the country
+have been carried on at the instigation,
+with the support, and even under the personal
+direction of official agents of the
+Imperial Government accredited to the
+Government of the United States."</p>
+
+<p>The union must be a union to keep the
+future safe against war, a league to compel
+every nation after the close of the present
+war to settle any claim it may have against
+its neighbour in the same way that individuals
+settle their disputes&mdash;by rules of right<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>
+and reason instead of by the law of might.
+It must be "some definite concert of power
+that will make it virtually impossible that
+any such catastrophe should ever overwhelm
+us again." In a memorable address
+to the Senate of the United States
+on January 22, 1917, the President urged
+that the United States enter into such a
+league after the close of the present war, and
+on the point of effectiveness said: "Mere
+agreements may not make peace secure.
+It will be absolutely necessary that a force
+be created, as a guarantor of the permanency
+of the settlement, so much greater
+than the force of any nation now engaged
+or any alliance hitherto formed or projected,
+that no nation, no probable combination
+of nations, could face or withstand
+it. If the peace presently to be made is
+to endure it must be a peace made secure
+by the organized major force of mankind."</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XVI" id="XVI"></a>XVI</h2>
+
+<p>"<i>Cur non?</i>"&mdash;"Why not?" The union
+of the democracies will be the culmination
+of the world-wide drama begun by
+the spirit of Lafayette.</p>
+
+<p>Jesus Christ, nineteen hundred years ago
+in his Sermon on the Mount, said to the
+wondering multitude: "For verily I say unto
+you, till heaven and earth pass, one jot or
+one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law,
+till all be fulfilled." Since then, as sure
+and certain as the evolution of time itself,
+the evolution of the law has been toward
+such a union.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"God's ways seem dark, but soon or late<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They touch the shining hills of day;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The evil cannot brook delay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The good can well afford to wait.<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">Give ermined kings their hour of crime,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ye have the future grand and great<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The safe appeal of truth to time."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Year has followed year and century has
+followed century, and through it all,
+surely, slowly, often torn and twisted out
+of shape but always growing, evolving,
+moving onward, the law has followed the
+safe appeal of truth to time, toward this
+great goal. One jot or one tittle shall in
+no wise pass from it till all be fulfilled. It
+is the spirit of Lafayette that leads. It
+was he who saw "the glory of the coming
+of the Lord." He saw fulfilled in fact the
+union of the separate democracies on one
+hemisphere; his spirit sees the vision of
+their union on two.</p>
+
+<p>Gaze for a moment on what this soldier
+spirit has looked down upon in the past and
+on the vision of what it sees for the future.</p>
+
+<p>Centuries ago individual man settled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
+all his disputes with individual man by
+fighting. It was the primitive method.
+There was no law: might made right. The
+spirit saw savage primeval force, unconquered,
+untaught, powerful and brutal
+in the wanton exercise of its strength.</p>
+
+<p>Then, under the safe appeal of truth to
+time, there gradually evolved, as between
+man and man, the method of voluntary
+submission to a judicial tribunal. Twisted
+and gnarled was this growth however, for
+even under Anglo-Saxon law the right of
+trial by battle was jealously guarded, and
+lasted for many years. A noble knight
+charged with an offense could always demand
+trial by battle; and if he succeeded in
+running through the body or otherwise
+disabling the man who made the accusation,
+he thereby established his own innocence
+and was acquitted by the court.
+This also the spirit saw.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then gradually force was conquered,
+tamed, and used; and there evolved the
+modern court backed by the harnessed
+force of the community&mdash;backed by force
+sufficient to compel individual man to
+settle his disputes in court instead of by
+fighting, and if he refused and chose to
+fight, sufficient to compel him to desist
+and to punish him for his attempt. Force,
+a human Niagara, wild from the beginning,
+now controlled and directed by a higher
+law. Imagine the modern courts of our
+cities and states without the backing of
+organized force&mdash;courts and judges and
+rules of judicial procedure with no force to
+support them, and each individual in the
+community vested with the option in
+case of a dispute with a neighbour to settle
+that dispute by attacking the neighbour!
+We should have anarchy within six months.</p>
+
+<p>What about nations? What has the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>
+spirit seen there? For nations are merely
+large collections of individuals. The same
+law of evolution governs both.</p>
+
+<p>The first and primitive method of settling
+disputes between nations, and for a long
+time the only one, was war; and this the
+spirit beheld. Then gradually evolved
+the method of voluntary submission to a
+judicial tribunal such as the tribunal now
+existing at The Hague, each nation retaining,
+however, its right of trial by battle.
+The next method, the vision of the future,
+the new internationalism of which the
+living Lafayette was the symbol, is the
+harnessing of the united force of the peoples
+of the world, the union of the democracies
+to enforce the peace of the world. It is a
+vision of the union to form a modern court
+backed by force trained to obey the higher
+law, backed by force sufficient to compel
+nations to settle their disputes in court<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
+instead of by fighting. It is a vision of the
+war ogre, who has for centuries ravaged the
+world, at last shackled and bound; of the
+monster who with bloody claws and fangs
+has torn, ripped, and murdered his victims
+by the million, at last overcome; a vision
+of this evil brute of war conquered, and of
+primeval force trained, civilized, and forging
+the chains to hold this devil of hell.</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XVII" id="XVII"></a>XVII</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Did</span> that Indian warrior who met Lafayette
+in the American wilderness speak
+more wisely than he knew? Were the
+footsteps of this soldier of France directed
+by the Great Spirit? Who can tell!</p>
+
+<p>This must be the last war. We shall
+not hand down to our children this heritage
+of calamity. Our Revolutionary War settled
+for all time the independence of these
+United States of America. The Civil War
+settled for all time the question of slavery
+in this hemisphere. This war must and
+shall settle for all time the question of
+military autocratic domination of the
+world. "The time has come to conquer or
+submit."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And if after we have checked and curbed
+this natural foe to liberty there shall arise a
+concert of the powers of the world, a
+world-wide union to insure and enforce
+future peace, a union based not merely on
+treaty obligations which may be avoided,
+or on a contract which may be broken,
+but on a wide understanding and realization
+that organized democracy must in the
+future act concertedly as the police of the
+world&mdash;then by just so much as we make
+posterity safe, the awful sacrifice will not
+have been made in vain.</p>
+
+<p>We build for posterity. "<i>Cur non?</i>"&mdash;"Why
+not?" It is the spirit of Lafayette
+that calls. And with the call we hear
+from the heavens the chant of a mighty
+chorus, singing not the hymn of hate but
+the p&aelig;an of peace on earth, good-will toward
+men.</p>
+
+<p>Those who do not know us gibe at us and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>
+throw our sins in our teeth. But this
+mightiest of democracies is at last awakening,
+is casting out the evil genii of opulence,
+is girding on its sword for the great
+work. Soldier of freedom, thou camest
+to us in the time of our greatest need.
+"Now," thou saidst, "is precisely the
+moment to serve your cause." Symbol
+of the united democracies of the world,
+symbol of a union which will make the
+earth safe for its peoples, symbol of a
+union of peace, we are led by thy spirit.
+We fight for democracy; we build for posterity.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="noin"><i>And the rain descended, and the floods
+came, and the winds blew, and beat upon
+that house; and it fell not; for it was
+founded upon a rock.</i></p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/002.png" width="95" height="96" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<p class="hd2"><small>THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS<br />
+GARDEN CITY, N. Y.</small></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Spirit of Lafayette, by James Mott  Hallowell
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+Project Gutenberg's The Spirit of Lafayette, by James Mott  Hallowell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Spirit of Lafayette
+
+Author: James Mott  Hallowell
+
+Release Date: February 2, 2008 [EBook #24494]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SPIRIT OF LAFAYETTE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Stephen Blundell and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE SPIRIT OF LAFAYETTE
+
+
+
+
+           THE SPIRIT OF
+             LAFAYETTE
+
+                 BY
+        JAMES MOTT HALLOWELL
+ _Former Assistant Attorney-General
+          of Massachusetts_
+
+
+              [Device]
+
+
+      GARDEN CITY    NEW YORK
+     DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
+                1918
+
+
+
+
+          _Copyright, 1918, by_
+        DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
+
+ _All rights reserved, including that of
+   translation into foreign languages,
+       including the Scandinavian_
+
+
+
+
+          DEDICATED TO
+ THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN FRANCE
+      WHO HAS ANSWERED THE
+       CALL OF LAFAYETTE
+
+
+
+
+THE SPIRIT OF LAFAYETTE
+
+
+
+
+The Spirit of Lafayette
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+
+A few years after the signing of the Declaration of Independence a
+hostile Mohawk chief met in council a representative of the young
+American republics for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace. The
+representative of young democracy was a soldier of France, the Marquis
+de Lafayette. Primitive America on the one hand, ancient Europe on the
+other! "Father," said the Indian, "we have heard thy voice and we
+rejoice that thou hast visited thy children to give to them good and
+necessary advice. Thou hast said that we have done wrong in opening our
+ears to wicked men, and closing our hearts to thy counsels. Father, it
+is all true; we have left the good path; we have wandered away from it
+and have been enveloped in a black cloud. We have now returned that thou
+mayest find in us good and faithful children. We rejoice to hear thy
+voice among us. It seems that the Great Spirit has directed thy
+footsteps to this council of friendship to smoke the calumet of peace
+and fellowship with thy long-lost children."
+
+The Indian warrior's vision was true in a greater sense than he knew.
+Through him the soul of America spoke to the soul of Europe, and it
+spoke of the fellowship of man. Perhaps the footsteps of this soldier of
+France were indeed directed by a high Providence. Perhaps he was himself
+a message from the infinite. I love, for my own part, to believe that at
+his birth there appeared in this world an eternal and mighty spirit, a
+spirit perhaps from another age or sphere. Who knows? Why not? Who is
+there can look into the great unknown, the vast and impenetrable depths
+of the heavens, and say that this could not be, and was not so? How else
+explain this child of a French monarchy, brought up among the titled
+nobility of France, who amidst such conditions grew to manhood--the
+devotee of freedom and the ever-loyal champion of democracy?
+
+Lafayette was born on September 6, 1757, at the Chateau de Chavagnac in
+the province of Auvergne in the monarchy of France. Two months before
+his birth his father was killed in battle. Left to the sole guidance of
+an indulgent mother, surrounded by flattering attendants and the
+enervating influences of wealth and noble birth, he faced the empty and
+useless life of a mere titled, wealthy aristocrat. What saved him? To
+add to these inauspicious beginnings, he was, at the age of twelve, sent
+to Paris to the College du Plessis where his rank and wealth introduced
+him to all the gaieties and dissipations of exclusive fashionable
+Parisian society. His mother died when he was but thirteen, leaving him
+in the full possession of large and valuable estates, the absolute
+master of his own destiny, and subject to the indulgences and
+corruptions of one of the most notorious courts of all Europe. Of a
+winning personality, he was appointed one of the King's pages, a
+position much coveted by the princes and nobles of the kingdom. He was
+also enrolled in the King's Regiment of Mousquetaires, and at the age of
+fifteen through the favour of the Queen obtained a commission, an honour
+conferred as a mark of especial royal regard. He was married at the age
+of sixteen, and his young wife was a daughter of the aristocratic house
+of Noailles, one of the most powerful and influential families of the
+French court. What more profoundly barren soil could be chosen to
+produce the self-denying fighter for liberty, the clean-minded democrat,
+Lafayette?
+
+A significant incident is told of his early life. Shortly after his
+marriage, his wife's family sought for him an honorary position in the
+household of the Count de Provence, afterward Louis XVIII King of
+France. Lafayette did not wish the appointment. The spirit of Lafayette,
+the democrat, was already restive under royal authority. To prevent the
+honour being thrust upon him, and in order at the same time not to
+offend his family by refusing to accept, he sought an opportunity to
+make himself so obnoxious to the Count that the arrangement could not go
+through. The chance offered itself at a masked ball where the Count
+appeared in a disguise which was instantly penetrated by Lafayette.
+Making himself known, he lost no time in engaging in conversation the
+royal personage, who thought himself unknown, and with a freedom and
+boldness bordering upon discourtesy, he gave voice to facts and opinions
+which he knew would be obnoxious to his listener's ear. The future King
+of France had little hesitation in making up his mind that the young
+Marquis would be a refractory attache, and declined to make the
+requested appointment.
+
+Providence, or his own spirit, had saved Lafayette for democracy.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+
+In 1775 in the new western hemisphere democracy was born to the modern
+world.
+
+    "By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
+      Their flag to April's breeze unfurled,
+    Here once the embattled farmers stood
+      And fired the shot heard 'round the world."
+
+Across the vast Atlantic rolled its echoes. Across a trackless sea,
+across the lands of France, up through the great White Ways of Paris it
+resounded. It knocked against the palace doors of the King of France. On
+through the flippant gibe, the careless laugh, the carousing and the din
+of the royal court, it reached and touched the spirit of Lafayette.
+
+What was the strange tale that came to him from the New World? Was it a
+tale of liberty triumphant and conquering, a tale of success, a tale to
+touch the imagination of a soldier through the glory of a winning cause?
+Far from it. After a brief temporary success in Massachusetts the cause
+of the newly-born confederated American republics seemed to be tottering
+upon the brink of total destruction. The rout of the Americans at
+Brooklyn and the consequent abandonment of Long Island was followed by
+their evacuation of New York City. The American army was becoming
+demoralized. The militia were impatient to return home, were disobedient
+to orders, and were deserting in large numbers--it is said "by half and
+even by whole regiments." Then followed the Americans' defeat at White
+Plains, the surrender of Fort Washington, the evacuation of Fort Lee,
+and the steady disheartening of the American forces. The ineffectual
+attempts to increase the militia, the indisposition of the inhabitants
+to farther resistance, the retreat of General Washington through New
+Jersey at the head of less than three thousand men, poorly armed, almost
+without tents, blankets, or provisions, discouraged by constant
+reverses, many of them half-clad and barefooted in the cold of November
+and December, passing through a desponding country and pursued by a
+numerous, well-appointed, and victorious army--all these events made
+liberty at this time indeed
+
+    "A wretched soul bruised with adversity."
+
+It was at this stage of the conflict that Lafayette determined to cross
+the Atlantic and take up the cause of the thirteen little republics.
+Benjamin Franklin, one of America's two representatives in France, who
+at first had welcomed this offer of assistance, upon learning of the
+continued American reverses, and almost despairing of the success of the
+cause, is reported honourably to have endeavoured to dissuade the
+Marquis from carrying his design into execution. Franklin and Silas
+Deane, the other American representative in France, told him they were
+unable to obtain a vessel for his passage. France was then at peace, and
+the King of France forbade his departure. Under the laws of France he
+risked the confiscation of all his property, as well as capture on the
+high seas. There was no winning cause to lure him, merely thirteen
+little newly-born republics struggling for a principle, fighting for
+democracy--a weak, bedraggled, and dispirited democracy, a democracy
+half-clad and poverty stricken, a barefooted, half-naked democracy that
+was very nearly down and out.
+
+"Now," he replied to Franklin and Deane, "is precisely the moment to
+serve your cause; the more people are discouraged, the greater utility
+will result from my departure; and if you cannot furnish me with a
+vessel, I shall charter one at my own expense to convey your despatches
+and my person to the shores of America."
+
+In a Paris paper of that year, there appears the following item:
+
+    Paris, April 4, 1777.
+
+    One of the richest of our young nobility, the Marquis de Lafayette,
+    a relation of the Duke de Noailles, between nineteen and twenty
+    years of age, has at his own expense hired a vessel and provided
+    everything necessary for a voyage to America, with two officers of
+    his acquaintance. He set out last week, having told his lady and
+    family that he was going to Italy. He is to serve as Major-General
+    in the American army.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+
+Lafayette arrived in America in June, 1777, and at once plunged into the
+struggle. He refused an active command at first, preferring to serve in
+a more humble capacity until accustomed to American troops. In the
+Battle of Brandywine, only some forty days after his arrival, he
+received a wound from a musket ball--a wound sufficient to keep him in
+bed for six weeks. This battle was a defeat for the American forces and
+was followed by the fall of the City of Philadelphia. Wounds and defeat
+seem, however, to have acted only as a stimulus, and in December, 1777,
+as a reward for intrepid and brilliant service, he was given the command
+of a division of the American army. He was then twenty years of age.
+
+Then followed four years of active service under General Washington,
+broken only by a temporary return to France in 1779 on a diplomatic
+mission. Gentle and courteous, yet apparently insensible to fear, his
+spirit was an inspiration. At the Battle of Monmouth the enemy, during a
+lull, observed a general officer in the service of the Americans
+advancing into the danger zone, with some other officers and men, to
+reconnoitre the enemy's position. An aide-de-camp fell, struck by a
+ball, and all but the general fled precipitately. They saw the latter,
+although under the fire of a battery, lean to assist the stricken aide,
+and finding that all was ended turn and slowly rejoin the others. The
+British commander, General Clinton, ordered his men not to fire; and
+the chivalry of this Englishman probably saved the American officer's
+life. It was Lafayette.
+
+In 1780 he asked leave to take a position in the Southern Department
+where the situation of the American army is described in a letter to
+Lafayette by General Greene, then commanding the division.
+
+"It is now within a few days of the time when you shall be with me. Were
+you to arrive you would find a few ragged, half-starved troops in the
+wilderness, destitute of everything necessary for either the comfort or
+convenience of soldiers.... The country is almost laid waste and the
+inhabitants plunder one another with little less than savage fury. We
+live from hand to mouth, and have nothing to subsist on but what we
+collect with armed parties.... I fear this department is to be the great
+Serbonian bog to the American armies and particularly to the general
+officers."
+
+The vision of a Serbonian bog acted only as a magnet, and Lafayette
+started to join Greene. On his way, however, he was recalled by the
+commander-in-chief, General Washington, to take command of an expedition
+against Benedict Arnold, the traitor, now a brigadier-general in the
+enemy's army, who was marching into Virginia and with revengeful fury
+carrying fire and sword wherever he went. Lafayette was dispatched
+against him with specific orders that if Arnold surrendered there should
+be no stipulation made for his safety, and at the same time forbidding
+the slightest injury to his person;--it being the purpose of Washington,
+never however fulfilled, to bring Arnold to public punishment according
+to the rules and regulations of the army.
+
+Lafayette's command seems to have been no better than Greene's. In a
+letter to Greene he describes his men as being in a condition of
+"shocking nakedness." Even the officers were destitute of money,
+clothing, and everything that could contribute to cleanliness and
+comfort. As for the men, they were poorly fed, their shoes worn out,
+without tents, and destitute of almost any protection from the
+inclemency of the weather. Some of his officers assured the Marquis that
+his command would speedily be reduced one-half by desertion,--and as a
+matter of fact thirteen out of one company deserted in a single day. A
+nauseous and contagious disease, generally produced by a want of
+cleanliness, overspread nearly the entire command. In consequence of
+these difficulties, Arnold escaped, but Lafayette forced his retreat.
+
+The military genius of George Washington at last turned the tide of war.
+In October, 1781, he had the enemy's troops under Cornwallis cornered at
+Yorktown. In the course of the siege it became necessary to capture a
+certain redoubt possessed by the enemy. Washington determined to carry
+it with the bayonet, and appointed Lafayette to conduct the charge. The
+American infantry advanced with irresistible power, relying entirely
+upon their bayonets, and carried the redoubt by assault.
+
+Shortly afterward Cornwallis surrendered his entire army to Washington,
+and the last battle of the American Revolution had been fought. In
+November, 1781, the confederated republics having won, Lafayette
+returned to France.
+
+Washington and Lafayette! The American and the Frenchman. Great
+soldiers both, but above all, great _men_. The real soul of the soldier
+speaks out in this letter from the American to the Frenchman, written in
+1784: "At length, my dear Marquis, I have become a private citizen on
+the banks of the Potomac; and under the shadow of my own vine and my own
+fig-tree, free from the bustle of the camp and the busy scenes of public
+life, I am solacing myself with those tranquil enjoyments, of which the
+soldier who is ever in pursuit of fame, the statesman whose watchful
+days and sleepless nights are spent in devising schemes to promote the
+welfare of his own, perhaps the ruin of other countries, as if this
+globe was insufficient for us all--and the courtier who is always
+watching the countenance of his prince in the hope of catching a
+gracious smile--can have very little conception. I have not only retired
+from all public employments, but am retiring within myself and shall be
+able to view the solitary walk, and tread the paths of private life with
+heartfelt satisfaction. Envious of none, I am determined to be pleased
+with all; and this, my dear friend, being the order of my march, I shall
+move gently down the stream of life until I sleep with my fathers."
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+
+The scene in the world-wide drama of democracy shifts across the
+Atlantic Ocean, from America to France. The French Revolution of 1789
+and the Reign of Terror--a century's pent-up rage against despotism, let
+loose in a single hour!
+
+When Madame Roland was summoned before the revolutionary tribunal she
+came with a smile upon her lips, her face sparkling with life and
+animation. Condemned in advance, she was falsely declared guilty of
+being the author of a "mutinous conspiracy against the unity and defense
+of the republic." She heard her sentence calmly. "You deem me worthy the
+fate of the great men you have murdered. I shall try to display the
+same courage on the scaffold." She was at once taken in a cart to the
+Place de la Revolution, a man guilty of treason being placed in the same
+cart. He was overwhelmed with terror and she occupied her time in
+soothing him. On reaching the guillotine, she bade him mount the steps
+first, that his sufferings might not be prolonged. As she took her
+place, her eyes fell on a colossal statue of Liberty, recently erected
+near by. "O Liberty," she cried, "what crimes are committed in thy
+name!"
+
+"There is no God." Thus in 1793, by solemn enactment of the Terrorists,
+was the Deity legislated out of existence. There is no God! What sayest
+thou now, Robespierre? Dost thou say so, _now_? How likedst thou thy
+brief space of usurpation? A few brief months of power--night and day
+with loaded pistols at thy side--no food till some one else had tasted
+from thy dish, lest it be poisoned. And then another scene in that same
+legislative hall, the hall of thy own great terrifying power. A vote
+ordering thy arrest! Vain are thy shrieks--a detachment of thy own
+soldiers forces its way into the room--a pistol shot rings out, and thou
+with shattered jaw, a ghastly spectacle, facest thy end. Thou fallest,
+and some spit upon thy prostrate form, others stab thee with their
+knives. Still living, thy body is hurried before the tribunal thou
+thyself didst form, and thence to the guillotine. O Robespierre,
+thinkest thou now there is a God?
+
+License, not liberty. Mania, not reason. How fared the spirit of
+Lafayette during this debauchery in the name of freedom?
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+A brief interval of less than ten years intervened between the closing
+scenes of the American Revolution and the opening scenes of the French
+Revolution. Democracy in America was a victor, and the republic had been
+established. Democracy in France was just entering upon its cyclonic and
+hideous struggle for the right to live.
+
+The government of France was at that time an absolute despotism. The
+king was the supreme arbiter of its destinies. He was the head of the
+army. He appointed his own ministers, made his own laws, levied and
+raised taxes at his pleasure, and lavished his treasures as he pleased.
+The common people were more like cattle than men. They tilled the ground
+and bore the yoke; the king and the aristocracy wielded the whip. Years
+of suffering ignorance for the many--years of riotous profligacy for the
+few!
+
+True democracy is world-wide. It knows no nationality. All mankind are
+its countrymen. When at the close of the American war Lafayette returned
+to France, he hung in his house a copy of the American Declaration of
+Independence upon one of the walls, leaving the corresponding space on
+the opposite side vacant. "What do you mean to place here?" asked one of
+his friends. "A Declaration of Rights for France," he replied.
+
+Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, the first giant of the
+Hohenzollerns and the fountain head of modern Prussian autocracy,
+attracted by Lafayette's military reputation, invited him to the royal
+palace at Potsdam to witness and take part in the review of the Prussian
+army. At dinner one evening Frederick declared confidently his opinion
+that America would not long be a republic, but would return to the good
+old system. "Never, sir," replied his guest. "A monarchy, a nobility can
+never exist in America." "Sir," said the monarch, "I knew a young man
+who, after having visited countries where liberty and equality reigned,
+conceived the idea of establishing the same system in his own country.
+Do you know what happened to him?" "No, sir." "He was hanged," replied
+the King with a smile.
+
+In 1789 the mutterings of the coming storm became more ominous, but the
+King of France, deafened by the clamour of cackling advice from his
+aristocracy, either could not or would not hear. Almost bankrupt
+because of the extravagance of the court, he needed money, still more
+money, and called an "assembly of notables" to assist in devising
+measures to relieve his embarrassed finances. They were men from the
+most distinguished of the nobility. Lafayette was one. In a letter to
+Washington he humorously remarked that "wicked people called them
+not-ables." Lafayette's part in the assembly consisted in making a bold
+protest against the prodigality of the crown. "All the millions given up
+to cupidity or depredation," he forcefully exclaimed to the noble
+gathering, "are the fruit of the sweat, the tears, and perhaps the
+blood, of the nation"; and he concluded by requesting that the King
+convoke a real National Assembly, made up of representatives of the
+common people. It was the beginning of the Revolution. For Lafayette's
+part in this the King's prime minister, Calonne, proposed to the
+monarch to send Lafayette to the Bastile.
+
+Nothing was accomplished by the notables, and the monarch then decided
+to assemble the states-general. This was not a legislative body, but an
+assembly of representatives from the nobility, the clergy, and the
+common people, sometimes called by the crown when it needed assistance,
+the commons always being in the minority. The commons, _le tiers etat_
+grasped the opportunity, met by themselves, and on June 17, 1789,
+resolved themselves into a National Assembly, to accomplish the
+regeneration of France.
+
+Troops were summoned by the crown to put down the rebellion, and more
+than fifty thousand mercenary troops from foreign states were engaged by
+the King to take the place of the French troops, whom he distrusted.
+Lafayette joined with the National Assembly, and then and there proposed
+to it the first draft of that French Declaration of Rights for which he
+had prophetically left a space on the wall of his home. The essence of
+his draft lies in the following extract: "No man can be subject to any
+laws, excepting those which have received the assent of himself or his
+representatives, and which are promulgated beforehand and applied
+legally. The principle of all sovereignty resides in the nation."
+
+On July 14, 1789, the storm broke. The gigantic fortress of the Bastile
+which for ages had reared its menacing head among the people of Paris, a
+terrible engine of despotic military autocracy, was attacked and taken
+by the mob. M. De Launay, its Governor, was killed by a bayonet thrust,
+and his head cut from his body and carried through the streets upon a
+pitchfork. "And in this bloody manner, into those dungeons where
+thousands had wasted away, often without trial and with no knowledge of
+the charges against them, liberty sent her first ray of sunlight."
+
+"When oppression renders a revolution necessary, insurrection becomes
+the holiest of duties," was the ringing message of Lafayette to the
+Assembly. The key of the Bastile was given to him as the representative
+of freedom in Europe, and together with a sketch of the ruins of that
+fortress of despotism, he sent it to George Washington. "It is a
+tribute," he wrote, "which I owe, as a son to my adopted father--as an
+aide-de-camp to my general--as a missionary of liberty to its
+patriarch."
+
+A National Guard, a new army of two hundred thousand citizen soldiers,
+was authorized and formed by the National Assembly, both for the
+protection of the rights of the people at home and for resistance to
+possible foreign aggression. Lafayette, now thirty-two years of age, was
+chosen its commander-in-chief. Thus was born democracy in France.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+
+A foreign peasant, from a land of despotic autocracy, who had just
+immigrated to the United States, was once haled into one of our police
+courts, charged with almost murdering his wife with a club. His defense
+was that he now was in a land of liberty and he thought he could do what
+he liked. Multiply this by a million-fold and you have the Reign of
+Terror, the second chapter of the French Revolution.
+
+"_Aimez les amis du peuple et l'enthousiasme pour la liberte, mais
+reservez l'aveugle soumission pour la loi_," said Lafayette to the
+Federation of National Guards. The atrocities, both at the storming of
+the Bastile and afterward, he would not countenance, and on more than
+one occasion, at the head of his armed troops, he enforced law and
+order. Finally, Austria and Prussia declared war upon France, and
+Lafayette was sent from Paris and at the head of a French army of
+twenty-eight thousand men was stationed at Sedan.
+
+It was inevitable that he and the Jacobins, the leaders in the mad orgy
+of debauched democracy that succeeded the initial stages of the
+revolution, should soon split. For a long time the Jacobins had seemed
+to shrink from a contest with him, probably because they hoped to win
+him over to their excesses. Finding him inflexible, when at last they
+controlled the government, they vowed his destruction, and he was
+deprived of his command. They proposed that a price should be set upon
+his head and that "_chaque citoyen put courir sus_"--that is to say,
+that any one who pleased might murder him.
+
+Deprived of his command, and with destruction awaiting him in the rear,
+his only resource was flight. Even then he hesitated, but reason
+prevailed and on a dark and rainy night, with a few companions on
+horseback, he started for Holland. To get there he had to pass through
+territory occupied by the Austrian and Prussian troops. Facing the
+almost certain chance of falling in with a superior force, he determined
+to make a bold front, and went directly to the Austrian commander at
+Namur, declaring that he was a French officer attached to constitutional
+measures and seeking an asylum in Holland. Instead of being given a
+passport, he was, when recognized, detained, given over to a Prussian
+commander, sent in a cart to Wesel on the Rhine and there put in a cell
+in irons. It was then intimated to him that the burden of the situation
+would be lightened if he would draw up certain plans to be used against
+France. The Prussians, finding that he would not do this, instead of
+treating him as a prisoner of war threw him into a dungeon at
+Magdebourg. His estate at home was confiscated and his wife imprisoned.
+After a year's imprisonment at Magdebourg in a dirty and humid vault he
+was transferred by the Prussians from one dungeon to another, and at
+last confined in the Austrian citadel of Olmutz.
+
+The walls of his dungeon at Olmutz were six feet thick and the air was
+admitted through openings two feet square secured at each end by massive
+iron bars. Before these loopholes was situated a broad ditch, which was
+filled with water only when it rained; at other times it was a stagnant
+marsh continually emitting disease; beyond this were the outer walls of
+the castle, so that the slightest breeze could never refresh the inmate.
+Each cell had two doors, one of iron, the other of wood nearly two feet
+thick, and both were covered with bolts, bars, and padlocks. When the
+soldiers twice a day brought the prisoner's wretched portion it was
+carefully examined to find out if there was any note or communication
+contained in it. A messy bed of rotten straw filled with vermin,
+together with a broken chair and an old worm-eaten table, formed the
+whole furniture of his establishment. The cell was from eight to ten
+paces long and six wide; in storms the water frequently flowed through
+the loopholes; when the sun did not shine he remained almost in darkness
+during the whole day.
+
+He was a prisoner of war and entitled to be treated as such. But instead
+he was confined in a dungeon and was given to believe that he would
+never again see beyond its four walls, that he would never receive news
+of any events or persons, that his name would be unknown in the citadel,
+and that in all accounts of him sent to Court he would be designated
+only by a number. Even knives and forks were denied him, and he was told
+that this was done because his situation was such as naturally to lead
+to suicide. His sufferings proved almost beyond his strength. The want
+of air and decent food, and the loathsome dampness of his dungeon
+brought him more than once to the borders of the grave. His frame was
+wasted by diseases, and on one occasion he was so reduced that "his hair
+fell from him entirely by the excess of his sufferings."
+
+Following a bold attempt to escape, the torture of his imprisonment was
+increased. Irons were securely fastened around his ankles. During the
+winter of 1794-1795, which was extremely severe, he had a violent fever
+and almost died; he was deprived of proper attendance, of air, of
+suitable food, and of decent clothes; in this state he had nothing for
+his bed but a little damp and mouldy straw; around his waist was a chain
+which was fastened to the wall and barely permitted him to turn from one
+side to the other. No light was admitted into his cell. To increase his
+miseries, almost insupportable mental anguish was added to his physical
+suffering. He was made to believe that he was only saved for a public
+execution, while at the same time he was not permitted to know whether
+his family were still alive or had perished under the axe during the
+Reign of Terror.
+
+A Prussian statesman to whom in 1793 a memorial had been addressed
+soliciting Lafayette's release is said to have replied: "Lafayette has
+too much fanaticism for liberty. He does not conceal it. All his letters
+prove it. If he were out of prison he could not remain quiet. I saw him
+when he was here and I shall always recollect one of his expressions,
+which surprised me very much at the time: 'Do you believe,' said he,
+'that I went to America to obtain military reputation?--it was for
+liberty I went there. He who loves liberty can only remain quiet after
+having established it in his own country.'"
+
+O liberty, hard is thy path! License wearing thy mask at home, and thy
+champion betrayed to the dungeon of thy eternal foe!
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+
+Out of the chaos rose the dictator. Napoleon's comet was beginning to
+ascend.
+
+Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797 was commander in Italy of the victorious army
+of the French Republic, and as such he demanded of Austria that the
+French prisoners in the fortress of Olmutz be set at liberty. Consent
+was given as to the others, but only after much talk and grudgingly as
+to Lafayette. His unconquerable hostility to the reigning autocracies
+was too well known, and Austria even attempted to impose the terms that,
+if freed, Lafayette should be deported to America under promise never
+again to put his foot either in Austria or Prussia. But Lafayette
+himself would not consent to be freed on these terms, and Napoleon
+insisted; so, finally, at the dictation of Napoleon Bonaparte, on
+September 19, 1797, after more than five years' imprisonment,
+Lafayette's fetters were knocked off and he was released. Napoleon
+afterward often alluded to the intense hatred of the monarchs and royal
+cabinets of Europe for the democrat Lafayette. "I am sufficiently
+hated," said he one day to Lafayette, "by the princes and their
+courtiers; but it is nothing to their hatred for you. I have been so
+situated as to see it, and I could not have believed that human hate
+could go so far."
+
+Perhaps at no time was the spirit of Lafayette put to a greater test
+than in the years that followed--the years of the rise of imperial
+Napoleon, Emperor of the French.
+
+Revenge against his prison keepers, the certainty of high success, the
+excitement of a great popular cause, military glory, gratitude to his
+deliverer, all cooerdinated to make him follow the path of conquest, and
+lead with Napoleon. He could have been one of the great military heroes
+of those times. But apparently these temptations rebounded from him as
+an arrow from a steel plate. When only a boy of seventeen, his noble
+relatives had been unable to conceive his refusing an honorable place in
+royalty's household. It had been inconceivable to the Prussian that this
+Frenchman had not gone to America on a quest solely for military glory.
+The Jacobin clubs, first by fair promises and then by the demand for his
+life blood, had sought to force him from liberty to license, from real
+freedom to debauched freedom. But like Sir Galahad, the Knight of the
+Holy Grail, he had stood true to his quest, true to his ideal, true to
+the inward light that unerringly marked the real from the false, true to
+genuine democracy in its fight against autocracy. And now, greater than
+all these lures and tests, stood before him Napoleon Bonaparte, his
+deliverer, the greatest military captain of the world beckoning him to
+paths of fame. The sceptre of all that the professional soldier held
+dear was thrust into his hands. He could not be false unto himself, and
+the sceptre was turned aside.
+
+When he found that Napoleon was plotting against the democracy of
+France, that a new imperial power was rising in Napoleon's person, he
+deliberately broke off his relations with the general. During the days
+of the French conquests under Napoleon he lived the life of a quiet
+country gentleman, interested solely in domestic life, agriculture, and
+the pursuit of reading and science. The man who had staked his all in a
+desperate chance in the war of democracy against despotic autocracy
+would not raise his finger in a war of conquest for the aggrandizement
+of an emperor, though driven by the demon of revenge, drawn by the ties
+of gratitude, and enticed by the lure of glory.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+
+On March 1, 1815, Napoleon returned from Elba and began the final act in
+the great drama of his life. In a last effort to win Lafayette to his
+side, he sent his brother Joseph Bonaparte on a special mission to
+Lafayette with word that the latter's name was placed first upon
+Napoleon's list of peers. Joseph returned with a refusal. "Should I ever
+again appear upon the sea of public life," Lafayette had replied, "it
+will only be as a representative of the people."
+
+Waterloo!--and Napoleon disappeared forever from the world drama. Then
+came back the Bourbons, first Louis XVIII, followed by Charles X. Step
+by step, under the Bourbon _regime_, autocracy began to regain its grip
+upon France. The year 1830 opened ominously. The rumblings of 1789 were
+again heard. The French Chamber of Deputies protested against the
+growing usurpations of the crown. The King boldly defied them, dissolved
+the Chamber, annulled the electoral laws then in force, reduced the
+number of deputies nearly one-half, and materially changed the
+conditions of suffrage and representation.
+
+Lafayette was at his country estate, La Grange, when the _Moniteur_ with
+a copy of these decrees reached him. He immediately set out for Paris.
+Revolt had already commenced, and war was raging in the streets of the
+city. The revolutionists wanted a leader and all eyes turned to
+Lafayette. He was called by acclamation to command the National Guard.
+
+He was now seventy-two years of age, but he accepted the call.
+Immediately he established his headquarters in Paris and passed the
+whole night inspecting barriers and preparing for a renewal of the
+battle on the morrow. At dawn it began again and the National Guard
+under Lafayette drove back the royal troops and carried all before them.
+On July 29, 1830, the Chamber of Deputies reassembled, organized a
+provisional government, and formally invested Lafayette with the powers
+of military dictator of France. "Liberty shall triumph," he replied in
+his letter of acceptance, "or we will perish together."
+
+Charles X, seeing the hopelessness of the royal cause, sent a deputation
+to Lafayette to announce the revocation of the obnoxious decrees and the
+nomination of a new and liberal ministry. "It is too late," Lafayette
+sent word back, "all conciliation is impossible. The royal family has
+ceased to reign." Thus ended the dynasty of the elder branch of the
+Bourbons on the throne of France. The deposed king was allowed to pass
+unmolested to another country.
+
+The people who had accomplished the revolution, especially the citizen
+army, loudly demanded a republic with Lafayette for its president.
+Others begged him to mount the throne himself. But to all these
+entreaties he turned a deaf ear. He thought not of himself but of France
+alone.
+
+A constitutional monarchy, under Louis Phillippe, followed. It was
+successful at first, until the old, old story of attempted autocratic
+usurpation was again repeated by the monarch. He was forcibly ejected,
+and the Republic of 1848 was formed. But long ere this, moving gently
+down the stream of life, the journey had ended, and Lafayette slept with
+his fathers. _Vive l'esprit de Lafayette!_
+
+    "The stars shall fade away, the sun himself
+    Grow dim with age, and nature sink in years,
+    But thou shalt flourish in immortal youth,
+    Unhurt amidst the war of elements,
+    The wrecks of matter, and the crush of worlds."
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+
+Every person has two selves, the shell and the real self beneath. Acts
+are the evidence of the real self. Let us hope what is best in the real
+self is eternal, for thus only does the world progress.
+
+Lafayette symbolized two great principles of government. First, the
+right of a people to govern themselves, as opposed to government of the
+many by a self-appointed few--in other words, democracy as opposed to
+autocracy. Second, a union of the democracies to insure mutual
+protection and peace.
+
+When only a boy at school, he was told in class one day to describe a
+perfect courser, and he sacrificed his hope of obtaining a premium by
+describing a horse which on perceiving the whip threw down his master.
+He adopted on his arms the device, "_Cur non?_"--"Why not?" Before
+landing in America in 1777 he wrote to his wife: "I but offer my
+services to that interesting republic from motives of the purest kind,
+unmixed with ambition or private views: her happiness and my glory are
+my only incentives to the task. I hope that, for my sake, you will be a
+good American, for that feeling is worthy of every noble heart. The
+happiness of America is intimately connected with the happiness of all
+mankind; she will become the safe and respected asylum of virtue,
+integrity, toleration, equality, and tranquil happiness."
+
+In camp at Valley Forge, January, 1778, he writes to his wife, who was
+then seeking his return: "The desire ... to promote ... the happiness
+of humanity which is strongly interested in the existence of one
+perfectly free nation ... forbids my departure."
+
+Upon a return visit to America in 1784, speaking to a deputation from
+the Pennsylvania Legislature, he said: "Now that the great work is
+accomplished let us mutually congratulate ourselves on the federal union
+which this peace has cemented, and upon which the importance, the power,
+and the riches of this beautiful country rest; that union is the bond
+which will continue to preserve brotherly love and reciprocal friendship
+among the citizens of the states. I shall be happy to receive the
+command of this Republic at every period of my existence and in whatever
+part of the world I may be; my zeal for its prosperity is only equalled
+by my gratitude and respect." A statement from his reply to a special
+committee appointed by Congress to wait upon him shows the same feeling:
+"May this immense temple of freedom ever stand a lesson to oppressors,
+an example to the oppressed, and a sanctuary for the rights of mankind."
+
+The confederation in 1776 of the thirteen separate colonies of the
+western world was a union of all the then existing democracies of a
+hemisphere, to insure mutual protection and peace. Since then, democracy
+has been born in the Old World. In its common cause it knows no
+nationality. Lafayette is the symbol of its internationalism. In the
+time of our greatest stress he crossed the ocean to us, saying: "Now is
+precisely the moment to serve your cause." To-day democracy in France is
+bleeding to death. Throughout Europe, assailed in front by the giant of
+Prussian militarism and stabbed in the back by assassins conducting an
+insidious and treacherous peace propaganda, it is staggering under the
+combined attack. The spirit of Lafayette, the democrat, calls to us
+across that same ocean. The bugles of the heavens ring out. The days of
+'76 are born again. Once more is heard the battle-cry of the Republic.
+Where his spirit calls, our armies go. And when the great work is
+accomplished, we shall cement the union which he began.
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+
+But is democracy worth preserving? How fares that intangible something
+which was the inspiration of this man's living? Democracy, the right of
+people to govern themselves, as opposed to their control by a
+self-appointed few--is it a failure or a success? Has it proved itself
+worth the dedication of this soldier spirit?
+
+The French, for themselves, have answered the question at the Battle of
+the Marne and at Verdun. But how about America? Has the great American
+democracy proved a success, as compared with government by
+autocracy--for example, as compared with the government of Germany by
+the Prussian military autocracy, headed by the House of Hohenzollern?
+
+More than a century has passed since the surrender of Cornwallis. Since
+then in physical growth and material success the democracy of the United
+States has more than fulfilled the highest hopes. At that time these
+United States were only a strip along the eastern seaboard, bounded on
+the east by the Atlantic Ocean and on the west by an unexplored
+wilderness; thirteen sparsely settled states, the settlements widely
+separated from each other, with a population of less than four million
+persons. Now the wilderness is overcome. By the Louisiana Purchase we
+acquired the Great Southwest. For a pittance we bought the wastes of
+Alaska and then found them to be the gold fields of the world. The
+Philippines, with an area of one hundred and fifteen thousand square
+miles, and the Hawaiian Islands mark the extension of our western
+boundaries. Cuba is under our immediate protection. Porto Rico is part
+of us, and likewise the Danish West Indies. In Central America we have
+built the Panama Canal. By the Monroe Doctrine we are the protectors
+from foreign interference of all of Central and South America. Our
+population has grown to more than one hundred million souls. Our
+material wealth is the greatest of any single nation in the world.
+
+Does this constitute success? Look on the other side of the picture. Our
+form of national government has been notoriously inefficient--taking
+Germany as the standard. Our state governments at their best are
+mediocre, while at their worst they stand pitifully paralyzed before mob
+law. Our unpunished lynchings of coloured people, innocent as well as
+guilty, make us contemptible in the eyes of the civilized world. No
+other government on earth remains silent and helpless while its citizens
+assemble as for a holiday and burn a criminal at the stake. Our
+municipalities are largely rotten with graft, and the graft is
+accompanied by its inevitable handmaids, extravagance and inefficiency.
+Enormous wealth, in the hands of a few, dwells side by side with extreme
+poverty. Our cities are overcrowded, and the country of Whittier, where
+
+    "Shut in from all the world without
+    We sat the clean-winged hearth about,"
+
+is handed over to the huts and shanties of immigrants. Capital fights
+labour and labour fights capital. Politics are such that most men avoid
+them. The standard of work is not how well you can do your job, but how
+much you can make out of it. Is this democracy a success?
+
+In answer to this, however, does not an inner consciousness in each of
+us, perhaps the spirit of Lafayette and perhaps our own, perhaps the
+whispering of an unseen, great, and infinite power, tell us that the
+really relevant question is not whether we have yet achieved success,
+but whether a successful democracy is worth striving for? If, however, I
+should be obliged to answer the question by "Yes" or "No" I would say,
+"Yes, it is a success!"
+
+The best route for the development of any man lies along the hard and
+thorny road of self-development. In the end, self-development, by dint
+of hard work and mistakes, produces the best man, provided he has the
+courage to "see it through." Nations are merely big collections of
+individuals. In the end this self-development produces the best nation.
+The road is filled with difficulties, but so are most roads to goals
+that are worth reaching.
+
+Our national government may have been inefficient in its details, but
+taken as a whole it has created a country which for generations has been
+a haven for the oppressed of the world. How many hundred thousand
+Germans have immigrated to America? How many Americans have ever
+emigrated to Germany? We have lynchings in the South, but no other
+country was ever left a more hideous problem of slavery, and in 1861
+when the supreme test came the government rose to it; no one but a
+visionary can expect an immediate Utopian readjustment. Our
+municipalities abound in graft, but what country before ours ever faced
+the problem of absorbing annually the enormous flood of unlettered
+immigrants that is unceasingly poured upon us by the Old World. The
+wonder is not that we have graft, but that we have not more graft. We
+have great wealth and extreme poverty, but they are due to unusual
+economic causes, namely: great national resources on the one hand, and
+ceaseless immigration on the other. Our cities are overcrowded and our
+standards of work are superficial, but would this be cured by a
+despotism?
+
+And always we have the hope that goes with liberty, the undying strength
+that accompanies the knowledge that you are master of your own soul. A
+good despot at the head of a military autocracy may for the time being
+make the most efficient government in the world; certainly a bad despot
+at the head of a military autocracy makes the worst government. But I
+will never believe that the total surrender of the individual to the
+guiding hand of a despotic autocracy makes in the end for the progress
+of the whole. History shows it to be untrue; the never-ceasing efforts
+of democracy, as endless as the waves of the sea, show that despotic
+autocracy cannot last; and the hell let loose upon earth by Prussian
+autocracy, its modern exponent, clinches the falsity of its creed for
+all but the intoxicated or maniacs.
+
+
+
+
+XI
+
+
+Now has arisen the Menace, the eternal foe of a free people, the
+Prussian Creed. The following is a composite statement of Prussianism:
+"compiled sentence by sentence from the utterances of Prussians, the
+Kaiser and his generals, professors, editors, and Nietzsche, part of it
+said in cold blood, years before this war, and all of it a declaration
+of faith now being ratified by action." It is taken word for word from
+the eleventh chapter of Owen Wister's remarkable work "The Pentecost of
+Calamity,"[A] and is the most concise statement of the Menace that I
+have seen.
+
+[A] "The Pentecost of Calamity," by Owen Wister. The Macmillan Company.
+
+"We Hohenzollerns take our crown from God alone. On me the Spirit of God
+has descended. I regard my whole ... task as appointed by heaven. Who
+opposes me I shall crush to pieces. Nothing must be settled in this
+world without the intervention ... of ... the German Emperor. He who
+listens to public opinion runs a danger of inflicting immense harm on
+... the State. When one occupies certain positions in the world one
+ought to make dupes rather than friends. Christian morality cannot be
+political. Treaties are only a disguise to conceal other political aims.
+Remember that the German people are the chosen of God.
+
+"Might is right and ... is decided by war. Every youth who enters a
+beer-drinking and duelling club will receive the true direction of his
+life. War in itself is a good thing. God will see to it that war always
+recurs. The efforts directed toward the abolition of war must not only
+be termed foolish, but absolutely immoral. The peace of Europe is only a
+secondary matter for us. The sight of suffering does one good; the
+infliction of suffering does one more good. This war must be conducted
+as ruthlessly as possible.
+
+"The Belgians should not be shot _dead_. They should be ... so left as
+to make impossible all hope of recovery. The troops are to treat the
+Belgian civil population with unrelenting severity and frightfulness.
+Weak nations have not the same right to live as powerful ... nations.
+The world has no longer need of little nationalities. We Germans have
+little esteem and less respect ... for Holland. We need to enlarge our
+colonial possessions; such territorial acquisitions we can only realize
+at the cost of other states.
+
+"Russia must no longer be our frontier. The Polish press should be
+annihilated ... likewise the French and Danish.... The Poles should be
+allowed ... three privileges: to pay taxes, serve in the army, and shut
+their jaws. France must be so completely crushed that she will never
+again cross our path. You must remember that we have not come to make
+war on the French people, but to bring them the higher Civilization. The
+French have shown themselves decadent and without respect for the Divine
+law. Against England we fight for booty. Our real enemy is England. We
+have to ... crush absolutely perfidious Albion ... subdue her to such an
+extent that her influence all over the world is broken forever.
+
+"German should replace English as the world language. English, the
+bastard tongue ... must be swept into the remotest corners ... until it
+has returned to its original elements of an insignificant pirate
+dialect. The German language acts as a blessing which, coming direct
+from the hand of God, sinks into the heart like a precious balm. To us,
+more than any other nation, is intrusted the true structure of human
+existence. Our own country, by employing military power, has attained a
+degree of Culture which it could never have reached by peaceful means.
+
+"The civilization of mankind suffers every time a German becomes an
+American. Let us drop our miserable attempts to excuse Germany's action.
+We willed it. Our might shall create a new law in Europe. It is Germany
+that strikes. We are morally and intellectually superior beyond all
+comparison.... We must ... fight with Russian beasts, English
+mercenaries, and Belgian fanatics. We have nothing to apologize for. It
+is no consequence whatever if all the monuments ever created, all the
+pictures ever painted, all the buildings ever erected by the great
+architects of the world, be destroyed.... The ugliest stone placed to
+mark the burial of a German grenadier is a more glorious monument than
+all the cathedrals of Europe put together. No respect for the tombs of
+Shakespeare, Newton, and Faraday.
+
+"They call us barbarians. What of it? The German claim must be: ...
+Education to hate ... Organization of hatred ... Education to the desire
+for hatred. Let us abolish unripe and false shame.... To us is given
+faith, hope, and hatred; but hatred is the greatest among them."
+
+The German war code, introduction, paragraph three, reads as follows: "A
+war conducted with energy cannot be directed merely against the
+combatants of the enemy state, and the positions which they occupy, but
+will in like manner seek to destroy the total intellectual and material
+resources of the latter."
+
+
+
+
+XII
+
+
+We are at war. On April 6, 1917, the democracy of the United States of
+America formally declared war against the autocracy of Germany. What are
+we fighting for?
+
+Two brutes in the shape of men engage in a savage, drunken brawl.
+Bloody, cursing, dishevelled, with swollen and distorted features, and
+screaming their anathemas of drunken hate, they fight with the ferocity
+of beasts. Beasts they are.
+
+A bully, a degenerate, a thug of the city, a brigand of the country, a
+horse thief of the western plains, attacks a weaker and unprepared
+victim. A man with red blood in his veins sees the assault, and attacks
+the attacker with strength enough to save the victim, arrest the
+disturber of the peace, and prevent a repetition of the offense. He has
+been engaged in a fight, but he is not a beast.
+
+The spirit of Lafayette brought him to America to fight for democracy;
+he was a hard fighter but he was not a beast. And now, against that
+calculating and brutal power which with the treachery of a tiger of the
+jungle and all the devilish ingenuity of the highest Kultur has
+assaulted the peace of the world, the armies of America are led by the
+spirit of Lafayette.
+
+For years the Prussian military autocracy has been preparing for the
+leap upon its victim. The power to declare war has been kept solely and
+exclusively in the hands of the military autocracy. It is responsible to
+no one. The great mass of people must do as they are commanded;
+obeying, not laws made by themselves acting through their duly-elected
+representatives, but orders promulgated by a self-appointed few, the
+military autocracy of Prussia. Woe to the unfortunate victim who refuses
+to obey! With cold-blooded deliberation this military autocracy which
+controls the German people has for years been preparing its huge
+fighting machine. When the time to strike came, when the neighbouring
+countries were least prepared to resist, Germany was deluged with the
+lie that the German nation was attacked, the scrap of paper otherwise
+called a treaty was torn up, and the tiger sprang. The world knows the
+result.
+
+We enter the war for two motives, one to preserve the democracies of
+Europe, the other for our own preservation. The sinking of our ships by
+submarines was merely the immediate cause, the match that lit the fire,
+just as the firing on Fort Sumter was the proximate but not the real
+cause of our Civil War. The real cause of our Civil War was, as Lincoln
+said, because this nation "could not endure half slave and half free."
+The real cause of the present World War is because civilization cannot
+endure half military autocracy and half free democracy. "The world must
+be made safe for democracy." We fight to save the intended victims of
+Prussianism, to arrest the disturber of the peace, and prevent a
+repetition of the offense.
+
+The President of the United States in his great message, delivered in
+the Congress of the United States on the second day of April, 1917, in
+which he advised the Congress to accept the status of belligerent thrust
+upon us by the acts of the Imperial Government of Germany in unlawfully
+sinking our ships and killing our citizens, said: "Let us be very clear,
+and make very clear to all the world what our motives and our objects
+are.... Our object ... is to vindicate the principles of peace and
+justice in the life of the world as against selfish and autocratic power
+and to set up amongst the really free and self-governed peoples of the
+world such a concert of purpose and of action as will henceforth ensure
+the observance of those principles. Neutrality is no longer feasible or
+desirable where the peace of the world is involved and the freedom of
+its peoples, and the menace to that peace and freedom lies in the
+existence of autocratic governments backed by organized force which is
+controlled wholly by their will, not by the will of their people....
+
+"We are now about to accept gauge of battle with this natural foe to
+liberty and shall, if necessary, spend the whole force of the nation to
+check and nullify its pretensions and its power.... The world must be
+made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested
+foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We
+desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves,
+no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are
+but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfied
+when those rights have been made as secure as the faith and the freedom
+of nations can make them."
+
+
+
+
+XIII
+
+
+We are at war with the Menace. It is the same Menace--now grown to a
+monster with four heads dominated by one brain--that over a hundred
+years ago invited Lafayette to its palace at Potsdam to review the
+Prussian army, and then cynically suggested to him an end upon the
+scaffold. It is the same Menace, now from its four mouths spitting its
+spume of hate upon a chaotic world, that thrust the body of the champion
+of democracy into a dungeon, but could not kill his soul. Our present
+war against this creature of evil is but one more act in the drama begun
+by the spirit of Lafayette.
+
+How shall this act end? Listen to this. I quote largely from Andre
+Cheradame, a man who deals not in platitudes and conceits to tickle the
+vanity of a nation, but in cold, hard facts.
+
+In 1914, when the war began, Prussian militarism controlled Germany,
+with a population of sixty-eight millions; and Germany had one ally,
+Austria-Hungary, of whose thirty million people a majority were directly
+antagonistic to Berlin. By the spring of 1915 it had extended and
+organized its power among these thirty million Austro-Hungarians, who
+until that time had taken orders from their own independent military
+chiefs. In the fall of 1915 it joined hands with Bulgaria and Turkey
+over the corpse of Serbia. Thus, since the beginning of the war, has
+been formed the Quadruple Alliance, dominated by Prussian militarism.
+
+This alliance, or Prussia before the alliance was completed, has since
+the beginning of the war seized Belgium, Poland, Serbia, Albania,
+Montenegro, part of France, and most of Roumania. The population now
+controlled by Prussian militarism is about one hundred and seventy-five
+million people. The economic resources controlled by it show a
+corresponding increase. Before the war began, Prussia planned for a
+Pan-Germanism of this nature, and this plan has now been almost
+completed.
+
+If Prussia can now, by granting pretentious but ineffective political
+reforms to its own people and by fighting a defensive war until the
+contest becomes a deadlock, hold this Pan-Germany in its present
+position, then after peace has been declared it can organize this vast
+additional strength in man power and resources which it has gained, can
+Prussianize this additional one hundred million, can, by the same
+intrigue which it has used in the past, undermine during this period of
+peace the internal defensive effectiveness of the democracies, and when
+the time comes can strike again. And if the democracies are unable to
+win now, what chance will they have then?
+
+Drop the scales from our eyes and look clearly at the facts, hard as
+they are. The Menace has been fighting a winning fight. By merely
+keeping a deadlock for the rest of the war, and forcing a truce under
+the guise of peace, the Menace will win; provided, however, that it is
+not expelled by the German people themselves. This is the strength--and
+the weakness--of the foe against which we have declared war.
+
+The Prussian looks a long way ahead. M. Cheradame, in his work, "Le
+Complot Pan-Germaniste Demasque," recites the following incident: "In
+1898, before Manila, the German Rear-Admiral von Goetzen, a friend of
+the Kaiser, said to the American Admiral Dewey, 'In about fifteen years
+my country will begin a great war.... Some months after we have done our
+business in Europe we shall take New York and probably Washington, and
+we shall keep them for a time.... We shall extract one or two billions
+of dollars from New York and other towns.'" The months referred to by
+the German sailor may be turned into years, and the one or two billions
+may be multiplied by ten--but the Prussian looks a long way ahead.
+
+
+
+
+XIV
+
+
+How can our rights and the rights of mankind to which the President has
+alluded be made secure? What definite concrete facts must be established
+in order that democracy may be made safe?
+
+In the first place, the autocratic power that now puts terror into the
+heart of the world must be broken beyond repair. The Hohenzollerns and
+the rest of the military caste which now controls Germany must be
+politically exterminated. No pretended or half-way internal political
+reforms, leaving a road for their return to power, will be sufficient.
+Annihilate the Menace. The cancer must be cut out, with no roots left in
+the body politic to spread its hideous disease again. Make an effective
+job of it once for all. We want no chance, under the cloak of peace, for
+the return of this monster.
+
+"The time has come to conquer or submit," wrote President Wilson shortly
+after our declaration of war. It is true. Can any one doubt what would
+have happened to the United States of America if Prussian autocracy had
+dictated terms of peace to vanquished Allies and as part of those terms
+had taken over the allied fleet and obtained territory in Canada? Or can
+any one doubt what will now happen to all the democracies if the present
+Pan-Germany, now existing by means of Prussian victories in this war, is
+during the next ten years consolidated, organized, Prussianized--and
+then, a fighting machine twice as powerful as the machine of 1914,
+hurled against the democracies? With an army of seven or eight million
+men trained to the hour, with equipped reserves of ten or twelve million
+more, with a complete network of military railroads capable of
+concentrating the units of this engine of destruction wherever military
+strategy shall designate, and with aeroplanes and transatlantic
+submarines in proportion, what chance will the democracies have?
+
+In the second place, it ought to be very clear that future power and
+prosperity on the part of the plain people of Germany will be no bar to
+securing our rights, provided, however, that this power and prosperity
+is not owned and controlled by Prussian autocracy so that it can again
+be forced into a huge fighting machine to put the rest of the world in
+terror. The spirit of Lafayette, although its fight against such masters
+is eternal, will not lead in a war of conquest or annihilation against
+the German people.
+
+"We have no quarrel with the German people," said the President of the
+United States in his message of April 2, 1917. "We have no feeling
+toward them but one of sympathy and friendship. It was not upon their
+impulse that their government acted in entering this war. It was not
+with their previous knowledge or approval. It was a war determined upon
+as wars used to be determined upon in the old, unhappy days when peoples
+were nowhere consulted by their rulers and wars were provoked and waged
+in the interest of dynasties or of little groups of ambitious men who
+were accustomed to use their fellowmen as pawns and tools." It was a war
+determined upon by the same Menace that thrust the democrat Lafayette
+into a dungeon, and which so hated democracy that when compelled to
+release him it attempted to impose terms that he should be deported to
+America, never again to place foot on Prussian or Austrian soil.
+
+The corollary of this is that the best security for the rights of
+democracy is the establishment of a republic in Germany. A real
+republic, not a sham one. This is the one definite, concrete fact which
+would make the world safer for its peoples.
+
+When will the German people see the light? When will there be a
+government of the people of Germany, for the people, and by the people?
+The shades of her dead, led to the slaughter by a merciless and
+heartless autocracy in a needless war, cry out for it. What say you, you
+men of Germany? Among you are men whose souls are brave and strong and
+true, an unnumbered host. How long, slaves, will you bend your backs to
+the lash of your military masters? They lied to you and made you
+believe the Fatherland was attacked, and led you, dupes, into a war of
+conquest. Your modern Pilate, in his blasphemous pride, with the name of
+God upon his lips and the blood of innocents upon his hands, is now
+crucifying Freedom upon his cross of iron. But the day of the
+resurrection will come; and how will your record stand then? Awake, ye
+free of Germany! When shall you come into your own?
+
+Every hour that the coming of such a republic is shortened means just so
+much less agony for the peoples of the world. There is no better pledge
+for the safety of democracy. "Self-governed nations," said the President
+of the United States in the message referred to above, "do not fill
+their neighbour states with spies or set the course of intrigue to
+bring about some critical posture of affairs which will give them an
+opportunity to strike and make conquest. Such designs can be
+successfully worked out only under cover and where no one has the right
+to ask questions. Cunningly contrived plans of deception or aggression,
+carried, it may be, from generation to generation, can be worked out and
+kept from the light only within the privacy of courts or behind the
+carefully guarded confidences of a narrow and privileged class. They are
+happily impossible where public opinion commands and insists upon full
+information concerning all the nation's affairs."
+
+
+
+
+XV
+
+
+What else? The union. The final act in the world-wide drama of
+democracy. The union of the democracies of the world to insure mutual
+protection and peace. I mean a union for this purpose of all those
+governments where the people, by their representatives, control. The
+union on two hemispheres of what the spirit of Lafayette foresaw,
+symbolized, and battled for on both.
+
+The union ought to include the Austrian and German people themselves. It
+can never, however, include the Prussian military autocracy or any other
+military autocracy. I quote again from the President's message: "A
+steadfast concert for peace can never be maintained except by a
+partnership of democratic nations. No autocratic government could be
+trusted to keep faith within it or observe its covenants. It must be a
+league of honour, a partnership of opinion. Intrigue would eat its
+vitals away; the plottings of inner circles who could plan what they
+would and render account to no one would be a corruption seated at its
+very heart. Only free peoples can hold their purpose and their honour
+steady to a common end and prefer the interests of mankind to any narrow
+interest of their own.... One of the things that has served to convince
+us that the Prussian autocracy was not and could never be our friend is
+that from the very outset of the present war it has filled our
+unsuspecting communities and even our offices of government with spies,
+and set criminal intrigues everywhere afoot against our national unity
+of counsel, our peace within and without, our industries, and our
+commerce. Indeed it is now evident that its spies were here even before
+the war began; and it is unhappily not a matter of conjecture, but a
+fact proved in our courts of justice, that the intrigues which have more
+than once come perilously near to disturbing the peace and dislocating
+the industries of the country have been carried on at the instigation,
+with the support, and even under the personal direction of official
+agents of the Imperial Government accredited to the Government of the
+United States."
+
+The union must be a union to keep the future safe against war, a league
+to compel every nation after the close of the present war to settle any
+claim it may have against its neighbour in the same way that individuals
+settle their disputes--by rules of right and reason instead of by the
+law of might. It must be "some definite concert of power that will make
+it virtually impossible that any such catastrophe should ever overwhelm
+us again." In a memorable address to the Senate of the United States on
+January 22, 1917, the President urged that the United States enter into
+such a league after the close of the present war, and on the point of
+effectiveness said: "Mere agreements may not make peace secure. It will
+be absolutely necessary that a force be created, as a guarantor of the
+permanency of the settlement, so much greater than the force of any
+nation now engaged or any alliance hitherto formed or projected, that no
+nation, no probable combination of nations, could face or withstand it.
+If the peace presently to be made is to endure it must be a peace made
+secure by the organized major force of mankind."
+
+
+
+
+XVI
+
+
+"_Cur non?_"--"Why not?" The union of the democracies will be the
+culmination of the world-wide drama begun by the spirit of Lafayette.
+
+Jesus Christ, nineteen hundred years ago in his Sermon on the Mount,
+said to the wondering multitude: "For verily I say unto you, till heaven
+and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the
+law, till all be fulfilled." Since then, as sure and certain as the
+evolution of time itself, the evolution of the law has been toward such
+a union.
+
+    "God's ways seem dark, but soon or late
+    They touch the shining hills of day;
+    The evil cannot brook delay,
+    The good can well afford to wait.
+    Give ermined kings their hour of crime,
+    Ye have the future grand and great
+    The safe appeal of truth to time."
+
+Year has followed year and century has followed century, and through it
+all, surely, slowly, often torn and twisted out of shape but always
+growing, evolving, moving onward, the law has followed the safe appeal
+of truth to time, toward this great goal. One jot or one tittle shall in
+no wise pass from it till all be fulfilled. It is the spirit of
+Lafayette that leads. It was he who saw "the glory of the coming of the
+Lord." He saw fulfilled in fact the union of the separate democracies on
+one hemisphere; his spirit sees the vision of their union on two.
+
+Gaze for a moment on what this soldier spirit has looked down upon in
+the past and on the vision of what it sees for the future.
+
+Centuries ago individual man settled all his disputes with individual
+man by fighting. It was the primitive method. There was no law: might
+made right. The spirit saw savage primeval force, unconquered, untaught,
+powerful and brutal in the wanton exercise of its strength.
+
+Then, under the safe appeal of truth to time, there gradually evolved,
+as between man and man, the method of voluntary submission to a judicial
+tribunal. Twisted and gnarled was this growth however, for even under
+Anglo-Saxon law the right of trial by battle was jealously guarded, and
+lasted for many years. A noble knight charged with an offense could
+always demand trial by battle; and if he succeeded in running through
+the body or otherwise disabling the man who made the accusation, he
+thereby established his own innocence and was acquitted by the court.
+This also the spirit saw.
+
+Then gradually force was conquered, tamed, and used; and there evolved
+the modern court backed by the harnessed force of the community--backed
+by force sufficient to compel individual man to settle his disputes in
+court instead of by fighting, and if he refused and chose to fight,
+sufficient to compel him to desist and to punish him for his attempt.
+Force, a human Niagara, wild from the beginning, now controlled and
+directed by a higher law. Imagine the modern courts of our cities and
+states without the backing of organized force--courts and judges and
+rules of judicial procedure with no force to support them, and each
+individual in the community vested with the option in case of a dispute
+with a neighbour to settle that dispute by attacking the neighbour! We
+should have anarchy within six months.
+
+What about nations? What has the spirit seen there? For nations are
+merely large collections of individuals. The same law of evolution
+governs both.
+
+The first and primitive method of settling disputes between nations, and
+for a long time the only one, was war; and this the spirit beheld. Then
+gradually evolved the method of voluntary submission to a judicial
+tribunal such as the tribunal now existing at The Hague, each nation
+retaining, however, its right of trial by battle. The next method, the
+vision of the future, the new internationalism of which the living
+Lafayette was the symbol, is the harnessing of the united force of the
+peoples of the world, the union of the democracies to enforce the peace
+of the world. It is a vision of the union to form a modern court backed
+by force trained to obey the higher law, backed by force sufficient to
+compel nations to settle their disputes in court instead of by
+fighting. It is a vision of the war ogre, who has for centuries ravaged
+the world, at last shackled and bound; of the monster who with bloody
+claws and fangs has torn, ripped, and murdered his victims by the
+million, at last overcome; a vision of this evil brute of war conquered,
+and of primeval force trained, civilized, and forging the chains to hold
+this devil of hell.
+
+
+
+
+XVII
+
+
+Did that Indian warrior who met Lafayette in the American wilderness
+speak more wisely than he knew? Were the footsteps of this soldier of
+France directed by the Great Spirit? Who can tell!
+
+This must be the last war. We shall not hand down to our children this
+heritage of calamity. Our Revolutionary War settled for all time the
+independence of these United States of America. The Civil War settled
+for all time the question of slavery in this hemisphere. This war must
+and shall settle for all time the question of military autocratic
+domination of the world. "The time has come to conquer or submit."
+
+And if after we have checked and curbed this natural foe to liberty
+there shall arise a concert of the powers of the world, a world-wide
+union to insure and enforce future peace, a union based not merely on
+treaty obligations which may be avoided, or on a contract which may be
+broken, but on a wide understanding and realization that organized
+democracy must in the future act concertedly as the police of the
+world--then by just so much as we make posterity safe, the awful
+sacrifice will not have been made in vain.
+
+We build for posterity. "_Cur non?_"--"Why not?" It is the spirit of
+Lafayette that calls. And with the call we hear from the heavens the
+chant of a mighty chorus, singing not the hymn of hate but the paean of
+peace on earth, good-will toward men.
+
+Those who do not know us gibe at us and throw our sins in our teeth.
+But this mightiest of democracies is at last awakening, is casting out
+the evil genii of opulence, is girding on its sword for the great work.
+Soldier of freedom, thou camest to us in the time of our greatest need.
+"Now," thou saidst, "is precisely the moment to serve your cause."
+Symbol of the united democracies of the world, symbol of a union which
+will make the earth safe for its peoples, symbol of a union of peace, we
+are led by thy spirit. We fight for democracy; we build for posterity.
+
+    _And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew,
+    and beat upon that house; and it fell not; for it was founded upon a
+    rock._
+
+
+
+
+        [Device]
+ THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS
+   GARDEN CITY, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+    Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Archaic
+    and variant spellings remain as printed.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Spirit of Lafayette, by James Mott  Hallowell
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