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diff --git a/24488-h/24488-h.htm b/24488-h/24488-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..951a36f --- /dev/null +++ b/24488-h/24488-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5511 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Rollo in Naples, by Jacob Abbott + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + div.centered {text-align:center;} /*work around for IE centering with CSS problem part 1 */ + div.centered table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; text-align:left;} /* work around for IE problem part 2 */ + + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .ispace {margin-top: 2em;} + + .centerbox {width: 40%; /* heading box */ + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em;} + .centerbox2 {width: 60%; /* heading box */ + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em;} + .bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + .bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .bold {font-weight: bold;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .right {text-align: right;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + .jpg {border: 1px solid;} + .bookads {font-size: 180%; line-height: 1.5em;} + .bookads2 {font-size: 110%; line-height: 1.5em;} + .bookads3 {font-size: 210%; line-height: 1.75em;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i25 {display: block; margin-left: 25em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + + .smallgap {margin-top: 2em;} + .gap {margin-top: 4em;} + .biggap {margin-top: 6em;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Rollo in Naples, by Jacob Abbott + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Rollo in Naples + +Author: Jacob Abbott + +Release Date: February 2, 2008 [EBook #24488] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROLLO IN NAPLES *** + + + + +Produced by D. Alexander and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p class="smallgap"> </p> + +<h1>ROLLO IN NAPLES,</h1> + +<p class="gap"> </p> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<p class="gap"> </p> + +<h2>JACOB ABBOTT.</h2> + +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> + +<p class="biggap"> </p> + +<p class="center">BOSTON:</p> + +<p class="center">PUBLISHED BY TAGGARD AND THOMPSON.</p> + +<p class="center">M DCCC LXIV. +</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p class="center">Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Jacob Abbott</span>,</p> + +<p class="center">In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of +Massachusetts.</p> + +<p class="biggap"> </p> + +<p class="center">ELECTROTYPED AT THE +BOSTON STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY.</p> + +<p class="center">RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE:</p> + +<p class="center">PRINTED BY H. O. HOUGHTON.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><a name="Frontispiece" id="Frontispiece"></a></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i003.jpg" class="ispace jpg" width="600" height="376" alt="THE ORANGE GARDEN.—See page 218." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE ORANGE GARDEN.—See page <a href="#Page_218">218.</a></span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 277px;"> +<img src="images/i004.jpg" class="ispace jpg" width="277" height="450" alt="ROLLO'S TOUR IN EUROPE. +Taggard & Thompson. Publishers—Boston." title="" /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="centerbox bbox"> +<h4><a name="ROLLOS_TOUR_IN_EUROPE" id="ROLLOS_TOUR_IN_EUROPE"></a>ROLLO'S TOUR IN EUROPE.</h4> + +<p class="center">ORDER OF THE VOLUMES</p> + +<p class="center"> +ROLLO ON THE ATLANTIC.<br /> +ROLLO IN PARIS.<br /> +ROLLO IN SWITZERLAND.<br /> +ROLLO IN LONDON.<br /> +ROLLO ON THE RHINE.<br /> +ROLLO IN SCOTLAND.<br /> +ROLLO IN GENEVA.<br /> +ROLLO IN HOLLAND.<br /> +ROLLO IN NAPLES.<br /> +ROLLO IN ROME.<br /> +</p></div> + +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<h3>PRINCIPAL PERSONS OF THE STORY.</h3> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="PRINCIPAL PERSONS OF THE STORY."> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Rollo</span>; twelve years of age.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Mr.</span> and <span class="smcap">Mrs. Holiday</span>; Rollo's father and mother, travelling in Europe.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Thanny</span>; Rollo's younger brother.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Jane</span>; Rollo's cousin, adopted by Mr. and Mrs. Holiday.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Mr. George</span>; a young gentleman, Rollo's uncle.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" width="55%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" summary="CONTENTS"> + +<tr> +<td align="right">CHAPTER</td> +<td align="left"> </td> +<td align="right">PAGE</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="right">I.—</td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Vetturino,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#ROLLO_IN_NAPLES">13</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="right">II.—</td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Contracts and Agreements,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_II">37</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="right">III.—</td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Journey,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_III">57</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="right">IV.—</td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Situation of Naples,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_IV">76</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="right">V.—</td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Planning the Ascension,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_V">91</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="right">VI.—</td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Going Up,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VI">106</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="right">VII.—</td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Summit,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VII">131</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="right">VIII.—</td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pompeii,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VIII">157</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="right">IX.—</td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Museum,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_IX">174</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="right">X.—</td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Streets,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_X">188</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="right">XI.—</td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">An Excursion,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XI">194</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="right">XII.—</td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Orange Gardens,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XII">213</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h2><a name="ENGRAVINGS" id="ENGRAVINGS"></a>ENGRAVINGS.</h2> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" width="55%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" summary="ENGRAVINGS"> + +<tr> +<td align="left"> </td> +<td align="right">PAGE</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Orange Garden,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Travelling in Italy,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Church at Florence,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Reading the Articles,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Emblems on the Cross,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ascending the Mountains,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Situation of Naples,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">View Through the Glass,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Calash Coming Into Naples,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Ascent,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">View of the Crater,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Coming Down,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Mosaic,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Public Gardens,</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr> + +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i009.jpg" class="ispace jpg" width="600" height="380" alt="TRAVELLING IN ITALY." title="" /> +<span class="caption">TRAVELLING IN ITALY.</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="ROLLO_IN_NAPLES" id="ROLLO_IN_NAPLES"></a>ROLLO IN NAPLES.</h2> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Chapter I.</span></h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Vetturino.</span></h3> + +<p>If ever you make a journey into Italy, there is one thing that you will +like very much indeed; and that is the mode of travelling that prevails +in that country. There are very few railroads there; and though there +are stage coaches on all the principal routes, comparatively few people, +except the inhabitants of the country, travel in them. Almost all who +come from foreign lands to make journeys in Italy for pleasure, take +what is called a <i>vetturino</i>.</p> + +<p>There is no English word for <i>vetturino</i>, because where the English +language is spoken, there is no such thing. The word comes from the +Italian word <i>vettura</i>, which means a travelling carriage, and it +denotes the man that owns the carriage, and drives it wherever the party +that employs him wishes to go. Thus there is somewhat the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>same relation +between the Italian words <i>vettura</i> and <i>vetturino</i> that there is +between the English words <i>chariot</i> and <i>charioteer</i>.</p> + +<p>The Italian <i>vetturino</i>, then, in the simplest English phrase that will +express it, is a <i>travelling carriage man</i>; that is, he is a man who +keeps a carriage and a team of horses, in order to take parties of +travellers with them on long journeys, wherever they wish to go. Our +word <i>coachman</i> does not express the idea at all. A coachman is a man +employed by the owner of a carriage simply to drive it; whereas the +vetturino is the proprietor of his establishment; and though he +generally drives it himself, still the driving is only a small part of +his business. He might employ another man to go with him and drive, but +he would on that account be none the less the vetturino.</p> + +<p>The vetturino usually takes the entire charge of the party, and provides +for them in every respect,—that is, if they make the arrangement with +him in that way, which they generally do, inasmuch as, since they do +not, ordinarily, know the language of the country, it is much more +convenient for them to arrange with him to take care of them than to +attempt to take care of themselves. Accordingly, in making a journey of +several days, as, for example, from Genoa <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>to Florence, from Florence to +Rome, or from Rome to Venice, or to Naples, the vetturino determines the +length of each day's journey; he chooses the hotels where to stop, both +at noon and for the night; he attends to the passports in passing the +frontiers, and also to the examination of the baggage at the custom +houses; and on arriving at the hotels he orders what the travellers +require, and settles the bill the next morning. For all this the +travellers pay him one round sum, which includes every thing. This sum +consists of a certain amount for the carriage and horses, and an +additional amount of about a dollar and a half or a dollar and three +quarters a day, as agreed upon beforehand, for hotel expenses on the +way. Thus, by this mode of travelling, the whole care is taken off from +the traveller's mind, and he has nothing to do during the daytime but to +sit in his carriage and enjoy himself, and at night to eat, drink, +sleep, and take his comfort at the hotel.</p> + +<p>It was at Florence that Mr. George and Rollo first commenced to travel +with a vetturino. They came to Florence by steamer and railway; that is, +by steamer to Leghorn, and thence across the country by railway. +Florence is a very pretty place, with the blue and beautiful River Arno +running through the middle of it, and ancient <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>stone bridges leading +across the river from side to side. The town is filled with magnificent +churches and palaces, built, some of them, a thousand years ago, and all +so richly adorned with sculptures, paintings, bronzes, and mosaics, that +the whole world flock there to see them. People go there chiefly in the +winter. At that season the town is crowded with strangers. A great many +people, too, go there in the winter to avoid the cold weather which +prevails at that time of the year, in all the more northerly countries +of Europe.</p> + +<p>There is so little winter in Florence that few of the houses have any +fireplaces in them except in the kitchen. When there comes a cold day, +the people warm themselves by means of a jug or jar of earthen ware, +with a handle passing over across the top, by which they carry it about. +They fill these jars half full of hot embers, and so carry them with +them wherever they want to go. The women, when they sit down, put the +jar under their dresses on the floor or pavement beneath them, and the +men place it right before them between their feet.</p> + +<p>You will see market women and flower girls sitting in the corners of the +streets in the winter, attending to their business, and keeping +themselves warm all the time with these little fire jars; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>and artists +in the palaces and picture galleries, each with one of them by his side, +or close before him, while he is at work copying the works of the great +masters, or making drawings from the antique statues.</p> + +<p>There is another very curious use that the people of Florence make of +these jars; and that is they warm the beds with them when any body is +sick, so as to require this indulgence. You would think it very +difficult to warm a bed with an open jar filled with burning embers. The +way they do it is this: they hang the jar in the inside of a sort of +wooden cage, shaped like a bushel basket, and about as large. They turn +this cage upside down, and hang the jar up in it by means of a hook +depending inside. They turn down the bed clothes and put the cage in it, +jar of coals and all. They then put back the bed clothes, and cover the +cage all up. They leave it so for a quarter of an hour, and then, +carefully turning the clothes down again, they take the jar out, and the +bed is warmed.</p> + +<p>But to return to Mr. George and Rollo. They engaged a vetturino for the +first time at Florence. Mr. George had gone to Florence chiefly for the +purpose of examining the immense collections of paintings and statuary +which exist there. Rollo went, not on account of the paintings or +statues,—for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>he did not care much about such things,—but because he +liked to go any where where he could see new places, and be entertained +by new scenes. Accordingly, while Mr. George was at work in the +galleries of Florence, studying, by the help of catalogues, the famous +specimens of ancient art, Rollo was usually rambling about the streets, +observing the manners and customs of the people, and watching the +singular and curious scenes that every where met his eye.</p> + +<p>The reason why there are so many paintings and sculptures in Italy is +this: in the middle ages, it was the fashion, in all the central parts +of Europe, for the people to spend almost all their surplus money in +building and decorating churches. Indeed, there was then very little +else that they could do. At the present time, people invest their funds, +as fast as they accumulate them, in building ships and railroads, docks +for the storage of merchandise, houses and stores in cities, to let for +the sake of the rent, and country seats, or pretty private residences of +various kinds, for themselves. But in the middle ages very little could +be done in the way of investments like these. There were no railroads, +and there was very little use for ships. There was no profit to be +gained by building houses and stores, for there were so many wars and +commotions among the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>people of the different towns and kingdoms, that +nothing was stable or safe. For the same reason it was useless for men +to spend their money in building and ornamenting their own houses, for +at the first approach of an enemy, the town in which they lived was +likely to be sacked, and their houses, and all the fine furniture which +they might contain, would be burned or destroyed.</p> + +<p>But the churches were safe. The people of the different countries had so +much veneration for sacred places, and for every thing connected with +religion, that they were afraid to touch or injure any thing that had +been consecrated to a religious use. To plunder a church, or a convent, +or an abbey, or to do any thing to injure or destroy the property that +they contained, was regarded as <i>sacrilege</i>; and sacrilege they deemed a +dreadful crime, abhorred by God and man. Thus, while they would burn and +destroy hundreds of dwellings without any remorse, and turn the wretched +inmates out at midnight into the streets to die of exposure, terror, and +despair, they would stop at once when they came to the church, afraid to +harm it in any way, or to touch the least thing that it contained. +Accordingly, while every thing else in a conquered town was doomed to +the most reckless destruction, all that was in the church,—the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>most +delicate paintings, and the most costly gold and silver images and +utensils—were as safe as if they were surrounded by impregnable castle +walls.</p> + +<p>Of course these notions were very mistaken ones. According to the +teachings of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, it must be a greater sin +to burn down the cottage of a poor widow, and turn her out at midnight +into the streets to die, than to plunder for gain the richest altar in +the world.</p> + +<p>From these and various other similar causes, it happened that, in the +middle ages,—that is, from five hundred to a thousand years +ago,—almost all the great expenditures of money, in all the great +cities and towns of Europe, were made for churches. Sometimes these +churches were so large that they were several hundred years in building. +One generation would begin, another would continue, and a third would +finish the work; that is, provided the finishing work was ever done. +Great numbers of them remain unfinished to the present day, and always +will remain so.</p> + +<p>It is generally, however, the exterior which remains incomplete. Within +they are magnificent beyond description. They are so profusely adorned +with altars, chapels, crucifixes, paintings, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>vessels of gold and +silver, and with sculptures and monuments of every kind, that on +entering them one is quite bewildered with the magnificence of the +scene.</p> + +<p>There are a great many different altars where divine service may be +performed, some arranged along the sides of the church, in the recesses +between the pillars, and others in the transepts, and in various little +chapels opening here and there from the transepts and the aisles; and so +extensive and vast is the interior that sometimes four or five different +congregations are engaged in worship in different parts of the church at +the same time, without at all disturbing one another.</p> + +<p>One of the most celebrated of these great churches is the cathedral at +Florence, where Mr. George and Rollo were now staying. There is a +representation of it on the next page, which will give you some idea of +its form, though it can convey no conception of its immense magnitude.</p> + +<p>The dome that surmounts the centre of the building is the largest in the +world. It was a hundred years after the church was commenced before the +dome was put on. The dome is about a hundred and forty feet wide from +side to side, and almost as high as it is wide. It is more than a +hundred and thirty feet high, which is enough for twelve or fifteen +stories of a good-sized house. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>And this is the dome alone. The whole +height of the church, from the ground to the top of the cross, is nearly +four hundred feet. You will get a better idea of how high this is, if +you ask of your father, or of some one that knows, what the height is of +some tall steeple near where you live.</p> + +<p>When the architect who conceived the idea of finishing the church by +putting this dome upon it first proposed it, the other architects of the +town declared that it could not be done. It was impossible, they said, +to build so large a dome on the top of so lofty a building. But he +insisted that it was not impossible. He could not only build the dome at +that height, but he could first build an octagonal lantern, he said, on +the top of the church, and then build the dome upon that, which would +carry the dome up a great deal higher. At last they consented to let him +make the attempt; and he succeeded. You see the dome in the engraving, +and the octagonal lantern beneath it, on which it rests. The lantern is +the part which has the round windows.</p> + +<p>You see to the left of the church, at the farther end, a tall, square +tower. This is the bell tower. There are six bells in it. It was +designed to have a spire upon it, but the spire has not yet been built, +and perhaps it never will be.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23-24]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i020.jpg" width="600" class="ispace jpg" height="384" alt="A CHURCH AT FLORENCE." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A CHURCH AT FLORENCE.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p><p>This bell tower alone cost an enormous sum of money. It is faced on +every side, as indeed the church itself is, with different colored +marbles, and the four walls of it, on the outside, are so profusely +adorned with sculptures, statues, and other costly and elaborate +architectural decorations, that it would take a week to examine them +fully in detail.</p> + +<p>The part of the church which is presented to view in the engraving is +the end. The front proper is on a line with the farther side of the bell +tower. The engraving does not show us the length of the edifice at all, +except so far as we gain an idea of it by the long procession which we +see at the side. As I have already said, the length is more than five +hundred feet, which is nearly half a quarter of a mile.</p> + +<p>The putting on of the dome was considered the greatest achievement in +the building of the church; and the architect who planned and +superintended the work gained for himself immortal honor. After his +death a statue of him was made, and placed in a niche in the wall of the +houses on one side of the square, opposite the dome. He is represented +as sitting in a chair, holding a plan of the work in his hand, and +looking up to see it as it appeared completed. We <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>can just see this +statue in the foreground of the picture, on the left.</p> + +<p>And now I must return to the story.</p> + +<p>While Mr. George and Rollo were in Florence, Rollo was occupied mainly, +as I have already said, in rambling about the town, and observing the +scenes of real and active life, which every where met his view in the +streets and squares, while Mr. George spent his time chiefly in the +churches, and in the galleries of painting and sculpture, studying the +works of art. One morning after breakfast, Mr. George was going to the +great gallery in the palace of the grand duke, to spend the day there. +Rollo said that he would walk with him a little way. So they walked +together along the street which led by the bank of the river.</p> + +<p>"Uncle George," said Rollo, "how much longer is it going to take for you +to study these paintings and statues till you are satisfied?"</p> + +<p>"Five or ten years," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"O uncle George!" exclaimed Rollo; "I have seen as much of them as <i>I</i> +want to see already."</p> + +<p>"You have not seen one of them yet," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"Not seen one of them!" repeated Rollo.</p> + +<p>"No, not one of them," replied Mr. George.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p><p>"I don't know what you mean by that," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"I'll show you what I mean some time or other," said Mr. George, "when +you are in one of the galleries with me."</p> + +<p>"I should like to have you," said Rollo; "but now I really want to know +when you are going to be ready to go on towards Naples. I'd rather see +Mount Vesuvius than all the paintings in the world, especially if there +is a good blazing eruption coming out of it, and plenty of red-hot +stones."</p> + +<p>"The first question to be settled," said Mr. George, "is, how we shall +go."</p> + +<p>"Are there more ways than one?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Mr. George; "there are three or four ways. We are here at +Florence, in the interior of the country, and Rome is also in the +interior; but there is a seaport on the coast for each city. So we can +go from here to Leghorn, which is the seaport for Florence, by the +railroad, and there we can take a steamboat and go to Civita Vecchia, +which is the seaport for Rome. There we can land and go up to Rome in +some sort of a carriage."</p> + +<p>"I like that way," said Rollo. "I like that best of all. There are a +railroad and a steamboat both in it."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p><p>"Another way," continued Mr. George, "is, we can go by the malle +post."<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p> + +<p>"I should like to go by the malle post," said Rollo; "they keep the +horses on the gallop almost all the way."</p> + +<p>"Then again," continued Mr. George, "if we choose we can engage a +vetturino."</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Rollo; "there are plenty of them always standing out here by +the bridge. They ask me almost, every day, when I go by, whether I want +a carriage. 'Want a carriage, sir,' they say, 'to go to Rome, to Naples, +to Venice, to Genoa?'"</p> + +<p>Here Rollo repeated the words of the vetturini, imitating the peculiar +intonations with which they spoke, in quite a skilful manner: "To Rome! +Naples! Venice! Nice! Genoa!"</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Mr. George, "those are the men."</p> + +<p>"And, come to think of it," said Rollo, "I believe, after all, I would +rather go with a vetturino. We ride along so pleasantly day after day, +and go through all the towns, cracking our whip, and seeing so many +curious things all along the road side!"</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Mr. George; "but there is one <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>difficulty. We are only two, +and the carriages of the vetturini are usually large enough for four or +six."</p> + +<p>"And would not they go for two?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"O, yes," said Mr. George; "they will go for two; but then the men must +have full price for their carriage and horses, and that makes it very +expensive for two."</p> + +<p>"What do people do, then," asked Rollo, "when there are only two to go?"</p> + +<p>"They generally find some other people that want to go," replied Mr. +George, "and make up a party, and so divide the expense."</p> + +<p>"And can't we do that?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"We do not know any body here," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>Rollo did not know what to say to this, and so he was silent, and walked +along, thinking what it was best to do. Presently, after a moment's +pause, he added,—</p> + +<p>"I mean to ask some of the vetturinos if they have not got a carriage +for two."</p> + +<p>"<i>Vetturini</i> is the plural of vetturino, in Italian," said Mr. George, +"and not vetturinos."</p> + +<p>"But I am not speaking Italian," said Rollo; "I am speaking English."</p> + +<p>"True," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p><p>At this stage of the conversation Mr. George and Rollo arrived at the +end of the bridge across the Arno, which Mr. George had to pass over in +going to his gallery. This bridge is a very ancient one, and is quite a +curiosity, as it is built massively of stone, and is lined with a row of +shops on each side, so that in passing over it you would think it was a +street instead of a bridge, were it not that the shops are so small that +you can look directly through them, and see the river through the +windows on the back side.</p> + +<p>These shops are occupied by jewellers, who keep for sale the mosaic +pins, bracelets, and earrings, for which Florence is so famous, and +great numbers of these mosaics, as well as various other kinds of +jewelry, are exposed to view in little show cases that are arranged in a +curious manner, on small counters before the windows, so that any one +can see them all in passing along.</p> + +<p>On reaching this bridge, Rollo concluded to stop, and look at the +mosaics, and so his uncle left him and went on alone.</p> + +<p>As Rollo was standing at one of the little shop windows a few minutes +after his uncle had left him, a man dressed in a blue frock, and with a +sort of woollen comforter of bright colors about his neck, came up to +him, and asked him in French whether the party that he belonged to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>did +not want a carriage to go to Rome. Rollo perceived at once that the man +was a vetturino.</p> + +<p>"I don't know but that we do," said he. "Have you got a carriage?"</p> + +<p>"Yes," replied the vetturino; "I have got a large and very nice +carriage, and four excellent horses."</p> + +<p>"Then it won't do," said Rollo, "for there are only two in our party, +and a large carriage and four horses will be more than we need."</p> + +<p>"O, but that will make no difference," said the vetturino. "You see I'm +a return, and I will take you about as cheap as you can go in a small +carriage."</p> + +<p>"For how much?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"Why, my price is three napoleons a day," said the vetturino, "for a +full party; but as you are only two, I will take you for less. Have you +got a great deal of baggage?"</p> + +<p>"No; very little," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>After some further conversation with the vetturino, Rollo concluded to +make an appointment with him to come to the hotel that evening and see +his uncle George.</p> + +<p>"Come immediately after dinner," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"At what time?" asked the vetturino.</p> + +<p>"Why, we dine at half past six," said Rollo, "and uncle George will be +through at eight."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p><p>"Then I will come at eight," said the vetturino.</p> + +<p>One reason why Rollo concluded to make this appointment was, that he +particularly liked the vetturino's appearance. He had an open and +intelligent countenance, and his air and bearing were such as to give +Rollo the idea that he was a very good-natured and sociable, as well as +capable man. In answer to a question from Rollo, he said that his name +was Vittorio.</p> + +<p>When Mr. George came home that evening, a short time before dinner, +Rollo told him what he had done.</p> + +<p>"Good!" said Mr. George. "We are in luck. I should not be surprised if +we should be able to fill his carriage for him. I have found a party."</p> + +<p>Mr. George further stated to Rollo that, in rambling through the rooms +of the gallery where he had been spending the day, he had met with a +lady of his acquaintance who was travelling with two children and a +maid, and that he had been talking with her about forming a party to +travel together to Naples.</p> + +<p>"Are the children girls or boys?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"One of them is a girl and the other is a boy," said Mr. George; "but +the girl is sick."</p> + +<p>"Is she?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p><p>"At least she has been sick," said Mr. George. "She has had a fever, but +now she is slowly getting well. Her name is Rosalie."</p> + +<p>"I think that is rather a sentimental name," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"They call her Rosie, sometimes," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"That's a little better," said Rollo, "but not much. And what is her +other name?"</p> + +<p>"Gray," said Mr. George.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Vittorio came at eight o'clock that evening, according to appointment. +The first thing that Mr. George did was to propose to go and see his +carriage. So they all went together to see it. It was in a stable near +by. Mr. George and Rollo were both well pleased with the carriage. It +had four seats inside, like an ordinary coach. Besides these there were +two good seats outside, under a sort of canopy which came forward over +them like a chaise top. In front of these, and a little lower down, was +the driver's seat.</p> + +<p>The inside of such a coach is called the interior.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> The place outside, +under the chaise top, is called the <i>coupé</i>.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> Rollo generally called +it the <i>coop</i>.</p> + +<p>The chaise top in front could be turned back, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>so as to throw the two +seats there entirely open. In the same manner the top of the interior +could be opened, so as to make the carriage a barouche.</p> + +<p>"It is just exactly such a carriage as we want," said Rollo, "if Mrs. +Gray will only let you and me have the coop."</p> + +<p>"We'll see about that," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>Mr. George then proceeded to discuss with Vittorio the terms and +conditions of the agreement which should be made between them, in case +the party should conclude to hire the carriage; and after ascertaining +precisely what they were, he told Vittorio that he would decide the next +morning, and he appointed ten o'clock as the time when Vittorio was to +call to get the decision. Mr. George and Rollo then went back to the +hotel.</p> + +<p>"Why did not you engage him at once?" asked Rollo, as they walked along. +"It was such a good carriage!"</p> + +<p>"Because I want first to see what terms and conditions I can make with +Mrs. Gray," replied Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"Why?" asked Rollo; "don't you think she will be willing to pay her +share?"</p> + +<p>"O, yes," said Mr. George. "She says she is willing to pay the whole, if +I will only let her go with us."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p><p>"And shall you let her pay the whole?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"No, indeed," replied Mr. George. "I shall let her pay her share, which +will be just two thirds, for she has four in her party, and we are two."</p> + +<p>"And so her portion will be four sixths," said Rollo, "and that is the +same as two thirds."</p> + +<p>"Exactly," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"So then it is all settled," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"About the money it is," replied Mr. George; "but that was not what I +referred to. When two parties form a plan for travelling together in the +same carriage for many days, it is necessary to have a very precise +understanding beforehand about every thing, or else in the end they are +very sure to quarrel."</p> + +<p>"To quarrel!" repeated Rollo.</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Mr. George; "and generally the more intimate their +friendship for each other is before they set out, the more sure they are +to quarrel in the end."</p> + +<p>"That's curious," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"They begin by being very polite to each other," continued Mr. George; +"but by and by, a thousand questions begin to come up, and there is +nobody to decide them. For a time each one professes a great readiness +to yield to the other; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>but before long each begins to think that the +other assumes too much of the direction. Mrs. A. thinks that Mrs. B. +keeps the carriage too much shut up, or that she always manages to have +the best seat; and Mrs. B. thinks that Mrs. A. takes the best room too +often at the hotels; or that she is never ready at the proper time; or +that she always manages to have what she likes at the hotels, without +paying enough regard to the wishes of the rest of the party."</p> + +<p>"Is that the way they act?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Mr. George; "that is the way exactly. I have heard the +secret history of a great many travelling parties that began very +brightly, but ended in heart-burnings, miffs, and all sorts of troubles. +The only way to prevent this is to have a very definite and precise +understanding on all these points before we set out. And that is what I +am going to have with Mrs. Gray."</p> + +<p>"And suppose she won't come to any agreement," said Rollo. "She'll say, +'La, it's no matter. We shall not quarrel.'"</p> + +<p>"Then I won't go with her," said Mr. George.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Chapter_II" id="Chapter_II"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter II.</span></h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Contracts and Agreements.</span></h3> + +<p>In arranging for a journey in Italy with a vetturino, there are three +separate classes of expenditure to be provided for. First, the carriage +and horses; secondly, the board at the hotels by the way; and thirdly, +the <i>buono manos</i>.</p> + +<p>As to the carriage and horses, the question, in the case of Mr. George's +party, was soon settled. Vittorio said that his regular price was three +napoleons a day for a full party. This is about twelve dollars, and +includes the keeping of the horses, and all the tolls, tariffs, and way +expenses of every kind. Mr. George had ascertained that this was about +the usual price, and he did not ask Vittorio to take any less.</p> + +<p>For the board of the party by the way, Vittorio said that they could +themselves call for what they wanted at the hotels, and pay their own +bills, or <i>he</i> would provide for them all the way, on their paying him a +certain sum per day for each person. This last is the usual plan adopted +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>when travelling in Italy, for the hotel keepers are very apt to charge +too much when the travellers call for and pay the bills themselves. +Whereas, when the vetturino pays, the hotel keepers are much more +reasonable. They are aware that the vetturino knows what the charges +ought to be, and they are afraid, if they overcharge him for his party, +that then he will take his next party to some other hotel.</p> + +<p>"And what shall you give us," asked Mr. George, in talking with Vittorio +on this subject, "if you provide for us?"</p> + +<p>"In the morning," replied Vittorio, "before we set out, there will be +coffee or tea, and bread and butter, with eggs. Then, when we stop at +noon, you will have a second breakfast of mutton chops, fried potatoes, +fried fish, omelets, and other such things. Then, at night, when the +day's journey is done, you will have dinner."</p> + +<p>"Very well," said Mr. George. "I should think that that might do. And +how much must we pay you?"</p> + +<p>"It used to be eight francs a day," said Vittorio; "but the price of +every thing is raised, and now we cannot do it well for less than nine +francs. I will do it for nine francs apiece all round."</p> + +<p>"But there are two boys," said Mr. George. "Don't you charge any thing +extra for boys?"</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p><p>"No, sir," said Vittorio, smiling. He thought at first that Mr. George +was going to ask for some abatement on account of a portion of the party +being young. "No, sir; we don't charge any thing extra for them."</p> + +<p>"You <i>would</i> charge extra for them, I think," said Mr. George, "if you +only knew how much they can eat."</p> + +<p>Vittorio smiled and said that if the party would pay nine francs apiece +all round, he should be satisfied, without asking for any thing extra on +account of the boys.</p> + +<p>The third item of expense in an Italian journey consists of the <i>buono +manos</i>. In Italy, and indeed generally in Europe, though especially in +Italy, nobody, in rendering you a service, is satisfied with receiving +merely what you agreed to pay for the service. Every one expects +something over at the end, as a token of your satisfaction with him. If +you employ a guide in a town to show you about to the places and things +that are curious there, under an agreement that he is to have a dollar a +day, he is not satisfied at night if you pay him merely a dollar. He +expects twenty cents or a quarter of a dollar over, as a <i>buono mano</i>, +as it is called. This is the understanding on which the bargain is made.</p> + +<p>In the same manner, when you pay your bill at <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>the hotel, the waiter +expects you to give him a <i>buono mano</i>. If any body renders the +vetturino a service along the road, it is the vetturino who pays them, +because it is in the agreement that he is to pay the way expenses; but +then, after getting their pay from him, and also his <i>buono mano</i>, they +generally come to the carriage and ask for another <i>buono mano</i> from the +party of travellers. Some travellers get vexed and out of patience with +this system, and always give, if they give at all, with scowling looks +and moody mutterings. Others, seeing how poor all the people are, and +how hard it is for them to get their living, are very willing to pay, +especially as it is generally only a few cents in each case that is +required. Still, unless the traveller understands the system, and +prepares himself beforehand with a stock of small change, the <i>buono +mano</i> business gives him a good deal of trouble. If he does so provide +himself, and if he falls into the custom good naturedly, as one of the +established usages of the country, which is moreover not without its +advantages, it becomes a source of pleasure to him to pay the poor +fellows their expected fees.</p> + +<p>"Rollo," said Mr. George, "I am going to put the whole business of the +<i>buono manos</i> into your hands."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p><p>"Good!" said Rollo. "I'll take the business if you will only give me the +money."</p> + +<p>"How much will it require, Vittorio, for each day, to do the thing up +handsomely?" asked Mr. George.</p> + +<p>Vittorio immediately began to make a calculation. He reckoned in +<i>pauls</i>, the money which is used most in the central parts of Italy. The +substance of his calculation was, that for the whole party about half a +dollar would be a proper sum to pay to the domestic at the hotel where +they stopped for the night, and a quarter of a dollar or less at noon. +Then there were chambermaids, ostlers, and drivers of extra horses or +oxen to help up the long hills, all of whom would like a small <i>buono +mano</i>. This would bring the amount up to about six francs, or a dollar +and a quarter a day, on the plan of doing the thing up handsomely, as +Mr. George had proposed.</p> + +<p>"You mean to be generous with them, uncle George," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Mr. George. "In travelling in Italy, pay out liberally to +every body that renders you any service, but not a sou to beggars. +That's my rule."</p> + +<p>"Besides," he continued, "it is good policy for us to be generous in +this case, for Mrs. Gray will <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>pay two thirds of the money. So that you +and I, sitting in the coop, as you call it, will have all the pleasure +of the generosity, with only one third of the expense of it."</p> + +<p>While Mr. George was saying this, he took his wallet out of his pocket, +and opened to the compartment of it which contained napoleons.</p> + +<p>"Let us see," said he; "we shall be ten days on the way in going to +Naples, and Sunday makes eleven. Six francs a day for eleven days makes +sixty-six francs."</p> + +<p>So saying, he took out three gold napoleons, for the sixty francs, and +six francs in silver, and handing the whole to Rollo, said, "There's the +money."</p> + +<p>"But, uncle George," said Rollo, "I can't pay the <i>buono manos</i> in +gold."</p> + +<p>"No," said Mr. George; "you must get the money changed, of course."</p> + +<p>"And what shall I get it changed into?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"I don't know, I'm sure," said Mr. George. "That's for you to find out. +We have three different kinds of currency between here and Naples. We +are now in Tuscany. After we get through Tuscany we come into the Roman +states, and after we get through the Roman states we shall come into the +kingdom of the two Sicilies, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>where Naples is. You will require +different money in all these countries, and you must look out and not +have any left over, or at least very little, when you cross the +frontiers."</p> + +<p>"But how shall I manage that?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"<i>I</i> don't know," said Mr. George, "any more than you do. If I had it to +do, I should try to find out. But that is your affair, not mine. You +said that if I would give you the money you would take the whole +business of the <i>buono manos</i> off my hands. I must go now and see about +my arrangement with Mrs. Gray."</p> + +<p>"Well," said Rollo, "I'll find out what to do."</p> + +<p>Thus the <i>buono mano</i> question was disposed of.</p> + +<p>As to the board, Mr. George made a verbal agreement with Vittorio that +he would pay fifty-four francs a day for the whole party, and that, in +consideration of that sum, Vittorio was to provide board and lodging for +them all, at the best hotels, and in the best style. He paid for five +days in advance. At the end of that time, the party were to be at +liberty either to continue the system at the same rate, or to abandon +it, and pay the bills at the hotels themselves.</p> + +<p>In respect to the carriage and horses, Vittorio brought him an +agreement, filled up from a printed form, which he and Vittorio signed +in duplicate. It was as follows. There was a picture <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>of a carriage and +horses at the head of it. I give you the document in the original +French. If you are studying French yourself, you can read it. If not, +you must ask some one to translate it for you, if you wish to know what +it all means.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Vittorio Gonsalvi, Voiturier.</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i041.jpg" class="ispace jpg" width="400" height="325" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">Florence</span>, le 22 Mars, 1857.</span> +</div></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Par la présente écriture, faite à double original, pour valoir et +pour être strictement observée, comme de droit, par les parties +contractantes, a été fixe, et convenu ce qui suit.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>Le propriétaire de voiture, Gonsalvi, domicilié à Rome, promet et +s'oblige de servir Monsieur George Holiday et sa suite dans le +voyage qu'il veut entreprendre de Florence à Napoli, par la voie de +Arezzo, Perugia, Rome, et Terracina, et être conduit par un bon +voiturier, pour le prix convenu de trois cents francs, pour la +voiture et les quatre chevaux.</p> + +<p>Moyennant ce paiement, qui s'effectuera moitié avant de partir, +moitié à Napoli, le propriétaire de voiture, ou son conducteur +délégué, est tenu des obligations ci-après designées.</p> + +<p>Tous les frais occasionnés pour le passage des fleuves, rivières, +ponts, et montagnes, ainsi que ceux des barrières, seront à la +charge du voiturier conducteur.</p> + +<p>L'étrenne d'usage à donner au voiturier conducteur sera selon son +bon service.</p> + +<p>Le dit voyage sera fait dans dix jours complets.</p> + +<p>Le depart de Florence est fixé dans le journée du 23 courant, a +onze heures matin.</p> + +<p>Pour tous les jours en sus, qu'il plairait à dit Monsieur Holiday +de s'arrêter dans une ville, ou qu'il y fut forcé par des +imprévues, il est convenu qu'il payera cinq francs par jour par +cheval pour la nourriture des chevaux.</p> + +<p>Le voiturier devra constamment descendre dans de bonnes auberges, +et partira tous les matins <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>de bonne heure, pour arriver tous les +soirs avant la nuit à l'auberge ou l'on devra coucher.</p> + +<p>Et pour l'observance des conditions ci-dessus mentionnées, les +parties interessées l'ont volontairement signée. +</p></div> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">George Holiday</span>,</span> +<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">Vittorio Gonsalvi</span>.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>The agreement which Mr. George made with Mrs. Gray was not so difficult +to understand. Mrs. Gray did not, as Rollo had predicted, appear +unwilling to make a definite arrangement in respect to the respective +privileges and rights of the various members of the party in the +carriage and at the hotels. She was a very sensible woman, and she saw +the propriety of Mr. George's suggestion at once. Mr. George attributed +the necessity of it, in part, to there being so many children in the +party.</p> + +<p>"When there are children," said he, "we must have system and a routine."</p> + +<p>"That is very true," said Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"And the more formal and precise the arrangement is, the better," said +Mr. George. "It amuses them, and occupies their minds, to watch the +operation of it."</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Mrs. Gray; "I have no doubt of it."</p> + +<p>"Then," said Mr. George, "I will draw up <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>some articles of agreement, +and if you approve of them, Rosie shall make a copy of them. Rosie shall +keep the copy, too, after she has made it, and shall see that the rules +are all observed."</p> + +<p>"But what shall I do," said Rosie, "if any body breaks any of the +rules?"</p> + +<p>"Then they must be punished," said Mr. George. "You shall determine what +the punishment shall be, and I will see that it is inflicted."</p> + +<p>So Mr. George drew up a set of rules; but before proposing them to Mrs. +Gray and her children, he read them to Rollo. He read as follows:—</p> + +<p class="center">I.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The interior of the carriage, all the way, shall belong to Mrs. +Gray and her family, and the <i>coupé</i> to Mr. George and Rollo. Mr. +George or Rollo may, perhaps, sometimes ride inside; but if they do +so, it is to be understood that they ride there as the guests of +Mrs. Gray; and in the same manner, if at any time any of Mrs. +Gray's party ride outside, it will be as the guests of Mr. George +and Rollo.</p></div> + +<p>"Good!" said Rollo. "I like that regulation very much. I shall not want +to get inside very often."</p> + +<p>"You may sometimes wish to invite Rosie to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>take your place outside, +when it is very pleasant, and you take her place inside," suggested Mr. +George.</p> + +<p>"No," said Rollo; "there will be room outside for her and me too. She +can sit right between you and me."</p> + +<p>"And, perhaps, sometimes I may invite Rosie and her brother to come +outside and ride with you, while I go inside with Mrs. Gray," added Mr. +George.</p> + +<p>"<i>That</i> will be a good plan," said Rollo. "But now what is the second +rule?"</p> + +<p class="center">II.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On arriving at a hotel for the night, Mrs. Gray is to take her +choice first of all the rooms shown, for herself and Rosie. Then +from the other rooms Mr. George is to choose the bed that he will +sleep in. Then the two boys are to choose from the beds that are +left, each to have the first choice alternately, beginning with +Josie.</p></div> + +<p>"Why should Josie begin?" asked Rollo. "I am the oldest."</p> + +<p>"True," said Mr. George; "but it is of no consequence at all which +begins, and as <i>we</i> are drawing up the rules, it is polite and proper to +give Josie the precedence in such a point."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p><p>"Very well," said Rollo; "go on. How about Susannah?"</p> + +<p>"O, it is not necessary to make any rule about Susannah," replied Mr. +George. "I suppose that Mrs. Gray will take her into her room, if there +is a spare bed there. If not, they must make some other arrangement for +her."</p> + +<p class="center">III.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Every evening before the party separate for the night, Mrs. Gray +shall decide at what hour we shall set off the next morning, and +also at what hour we shall breakfast, after first hearing what +Vittorio's opinion is as to the best time for setting out.</p></div> + +<p>"Why can't we have a fixed time for setting out every day?" asked Rollo, +"and agree about it once for all beforehand."</p> + +<p>"Because we have different distances to go on different days," said Mr. +George, "so that sometimes we shall have to set out much earlier than +will be necessary at other times."</p> + +<p>"Then why should not we consult together as to the time?" asked Rollo. +"I don't see any reason for leaving it altogether to <i>one</i> of the +party."</p> + +<p>"Why, you see that Mrs. Gray is a lady," replied <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>Mr. George, "and it +takes a lady longer to dress and get ready than men. Besides, she has +two children to look after."</p> + +<p>"And Susannah to help her," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"True," said Mr. George; "still it seems proper that the time for +setting out should be fixed by the lady,—of course, after hearing what +the vetturino has to say."</p> + +<p>"I think so too," said Rollo; "so go on."</p> + +<p class="center">IV.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Any person who is not ready to sit down to breakfast at the time +which shall have been appointed by Mrs. Gray the evening before, or +who shall not be ready to enter the carriage at the time appointed, +shall pay a fine, except in the case hereinafter provided for. If +the person so behindhand is one of the children, the fine shall be +two cents, or the value thereof in the currency of the country +where we may chance to be; and if it is one of the grown persons, +the fine shall be three times that amount, that is, six cents.</p></div> + +<p>"Yes; but suppose we don't wake up?" suggested Rollo.</p> + +<p>"That contingency is provided for in the next article," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> +<p class="center">V.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It shall be Mr. George's duty to knock at all the bedroom doors +every morning, three quarters of an hour before the time fixed for +breakfast; and if he fails to do so, then he shall pay all the +fines for tardiness that may be incurred that morning by any of the +party.</p></div> + +<p>"Very good!" said Rollo.</p> + +<p class="center">VI.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It shall be Rosie's duty to decide whether or not any persons are +tardy any morning; and her mother's watch shall be the standard of +time. Her decisions shall be without appeal; and no excuses +whatever shall be heard, nor shall there be any release from the +fine, except in the case of a failure of Mr. George to knock at the +doors, as hereinbefore provided.</p></div> + +<p>"But we might some of us have a good excuse some time," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"True," said Mr. George; "we doubtless shall. But if we go upon the plan +of admitting excuses, then there will be a long debate every morning, on +the question whether the excuses are good or not, which will cause a +great deal of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>trouble. It is better for us to pay the fine at once. It +is not much, you know."</p> + +<p>"Well," said Rollo, "go on."</p> + +<p class="center">VII.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Josie is hereby appointed treasurer, to collect and keep the fines.</p></div> + +<p>"And what is to be done with the money?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"You will see," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p class="center">VIII.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Any one of the party who shall at any time make complaint of any +thing in respect to the carriage, or the riding during the day, or +in respect to the food provided at the hotels, or the rooms, or the +beds, when we stop for the night, except when such complaint +relates to an evil which may be remedied, and is made with a view +to having it remedied, shall be fined one cent, or the value +thereof in the currency of the country. Rosie is to be the sole +judge of the infractions of this rule, and is to impose the fine, +while Josie, as before, is to collect and keep the money.</p></div> + +<p>"I wish you would make me the treasurer," said Rollo.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p><p>"No," said Mr. George; "you have the care of the <i>buono mano</i> fund. +Josie shall be treasurer for the fines."</p> + +<p>"Very well," said Rollo.</p> + +<p class="center">IX.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On the arrival of the party at Naples, the amount of the fine money +shall be expended in the famous Neapolitan confectionery, and shall +be divided equally among the three children.</p></div> + +<p>"Good!" said Rollo. "But, uncle George, I don't think you ought to call +us <i>children</i> exactly. We are almost all of us twelve or thirteen."</p> + +<p>"True," said Mr. George, "you are not children; but what can I call you +to distinguish you from the grown persons of the party. The regular and +proper designation for persons under age, in a legal document, is +<i>infants</i>."</p> + +<p>"Hoh!" said Rollo, "that is worse than <i>children</i>."</p> + +<p>"I might call you the young persons, or the junior members of the +party."</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Rollo, "that will be better; the junior members of the +party."</p> + +<p>So it was agreed to strike out the word <i>children</i> wherever it occurred +in the document, and insert in lieu of it the phrase <i>junior members of +the party</i>.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p><p>With this correction the document was read to Mrs. Gray in the hearing +of Rosie and Josie. They all approved it in every respect. The draught +was then given to Rosie in order that she might make a fair copy of it. +When the copy was made, the nine rules were read again in the hearing of +the whole party, and all agreed to abide by them.</p> + +<p>Thus the arrangements for the journey were complete; and Mrs. Gray, +after learning from Vittorio that the first day's journey would not be +long, and that it would answer to set out at any time before noon, fixed +the hour for departure at eleven o'clock. Vittorio said he would be at +the door half an hour before, in order to have time to load the baggage.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55-56]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i052.jpg" width="600" class="ispace jpg" height="376" alt="READING THE ARTICLES." title="" /> +<span class="caption">READING THE ARTICLES.</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Chapter_III" id="Chapter_III"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter III.</span></h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Journey.</span></h3> + +<p>The journey from Florence to Naples, as planned and provided for by the +contracts and agreements described in the last chapter, was prosecuted +from day to day, until its completion, in a very successful and +prosperous manner. The various contingencies likely to occur having been +foreseen and provided for by the contract and the rules, every thing +worked smoothly and well, and none of those discussions, disagreements, +and misunderstandings occurred, which so often mar the pleasure of +parties travelling together in one company for many days.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gray was fined for not being ready for breakfast at the time +appointed, on the very first morning after leaving Florence. It was at a +place called Arezzo. The time appointed for the breakfast was at seven +o'clock. Mr. George knocked at all the doors a little before quarter +past six. About quarter before seven the two boys came into the +breakfast room, and soon afterwards <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>Mr. George and Rosie came. The +breakfast was brought in and set upon the table by the waiter a few +minutes before seven. The boys immediately began to set the chairs +round.</p> + +<p>"Quick! quick!" said Josie. "Let us sit down quick, and mother will be +tardy, and have to pay a fine."</p> + +<p>"Ah, but it does not go by our sitting down," said Rollo. "It goes by +Mrs. Gray's watch."</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Rosie; "I have got the watch. It wants a minute of the time +now."</p> + +<p>"I <i>hope</i> she won't come," said Josie.</p> + +<p>"She will come," said Rosie. "She has been almost ready for some time."</p> + +<p>The children all took their seats at the table. Rosie had the watch +before her, and was closely observing the minute hand. Mr. George, who +thought it not polite that he should take his seat before Mrs. Gray +came, stood waiting by the fire. It was a cool morning, and so Mr. +George had made a little fire when he first got up.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding Rosie's prediction, Mrs. Gray did not come. Rosie +watched the second hand, and as soon as it passed the mark she said,—</p> + +<p>"There! it is seven o'clock; now mother is tardy."</p> + +<p>Josie clapped his hands, and even Rollo looked quite pleased. In about +two minutes the door of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>Mrs. Gray's bedroom opened, and Mrs. Gray +appeared.</p> + +<p>"You are too late, mother!" said Josie, in an exulting tone. "You are +too late!"</p> + +<p>"It does not depend on you to decide," said Mrs. Gray; "it depends upon +Rosie."</p> + +<p>"Well, mother, you are really too late," said Rosie. "You are two +minutes beyond the time, or a minute and a half, at the very least, when +you opened the door. So you must pay the fine."</p> + +<p>"Yes; and you must pay it to me," said Josie. "I am the treasurer."</p> + +<p>"But you have not heard my excuse yet," said Mrs. Gray. "You don't know +but that I have got a good excuse."</p> + +<p>"Ah, that makes no difference, mother," said Josie. "Excuses go for +nothing."</p> + +<p>"Indeed!" said Mrs. Gray. "Is that the agreement? Let us see, Rosie."</p> + +<p>So Rosie took the paper out of her pocket, and with Josie's +assistance,—who looked over very eagerly all the time,—she found the +passage, and Josie read as follows, speaking the words in a very +distinct and emphatic manner:—</p> + +<p>"'No excuses shall be heard, nor shall there be any release from the +fine, except,' and so forth, and so forth. So you see, mother, you can't +be excused."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p><p>"I see," said Mrs. Gray. "The language is very plain indeed; so I'll pay +the fine. I pay it very willingly. It would be very dishonorable in any +of us, after having deliberately adopted the rules, to manifest any +unwillingness to abide by them."</p> + +<p>So Mrs. Gray took out of her pocket a small silver coin called a paul, +which Mr. George said was a good deal more than six cents, but which she +said was near enough to the amount of the fine, and paid it into Josie's +hands. Josie put it safely into a certain compartment of his wallet, +which he had set apart for the purpose.</p> + +<p>The truth was, that Mrs. Gray contrived to be tardy that morning on +purpose, in order to set an example of exact and cheerful submission to +the law, and to give a practical illustration, in her own case, of the +strictness with which, when once enacted, such laws ought to be +enforced. She knew very well that if she had once submitted to be fined, +when she was only a minute and a half behind the time, and also to be +refused a hearing for her excuse, nobody could afterwards expect any +indulgence. The effect produced was just what she had intended, and the +whole party were extremely punctual all the way. There were only a few +fines assessed, and they were all paid at once, without any objection.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p><p>The road lay for a day through a small country called Tuscany. The +scenery was very beautiful. Although it was so early in the spring, the +wheat fields were every where very green, and in the hedges, and along +the banks by the road side, multitudes of flowers were blooming. For a +considerable portion of the way, where our travellers passed, the +occupation of the inhabitants was that of braiding straw for bonnets; +and here every body seemed to be braiding. In the streets of the +villages, at the doors of the houses, and all along the roads every +where, men, women, and children were to be seen standing in little +groups, or walking about together in the sun, braiding the straw with a +rapid motion, like that of knitting. They had a little bundle of +prepared straw, at their side, and the braid which they had made hung +rolled up in a coil before them. They looked contented and happy at +their work, so that the scene was a very pleasing, as well as a very +curious one to see.</p> + +<p>After leaving the frontiers of Tuscany, the party entered the Papal +States—a country occupying the centre of Italy, with Rome for the +capital of it. The Papal States are so called because they are under the +dominion of the pope. Of course the Catholic religion reigns here in +absolute supremacy.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p><p>While passing through this country, the children, or rather, as Rollo +would wish to have it expressed, the young people of the party, were +very much interested in observing the crosses which were put up here and +there by the road side, with the various emblems and symbols connected +with our Saviour's death affixed to them. The first time that one of +these crosses attracted their attention, Rosie was riding in the <i>coupé</i> +with Mr. George and Rollo. There was room enough for her to sit very +comfortably between them.</p> + +<p>"See!" said Rosie; "see! Look at that cross, with all those images and +figures upon it!"</p> + +<p>The cross was pretty large, and was made of wood. It was set up by the +road side, like a sign post in America. From the middle of the post out +to the left hand end of the arm of the cross, there was a spear fixed. +This spear, of course, represented the weapon of the Roman soldier, by +which the body of Jesus was pierced in the side. From the same part of +the post out to the end of the opposite arm of the cross was a pole with +two sponges at the end of it, which represented the sponges with which +the soldiers reached the vinegar up for Jesus to drink. Then all along +the cross bar were various other emblems, such as the nails, the hammer, +a pair of pincers, a little ladder, a great key, and on the top a cock, +to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>represent the cock which crowed at the time of Peter's betrayal of +his Lord.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i060.jpg" class="ispace jpg" width="400" height="376" alt="EMBLEMS ON THE CROSS." title="" /> +<span class="caption">EMBLEMS ON THE CROSS.</span></div> + +<p>Rollo and Rosie both looked at these things very eagerly, as the +carriage drove by. Rosie seemed somewhat shocked at the sight.</p> + +<p>"How curious that is!" said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"I suppose it is all idolatry," said Rosie, speaking very seriously.</p> + +<p>"No," said Mr. George, "it is not necessarily idolatry. These kind of +contrivances originated in the middle ages, when the poor people who +lived in all these countries were very ignorant, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>as indeed they are +now; and inasmuch as they could not read, and there were no schools in +which to teach them, they had to be instructed by such contrivances as +these."</p> + +<p>"They are very poor contrivances, I think," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"They would be very poor as a substitute for Sunday schools, and other +such advantages as the children enjoy in America," said Mr. George; "but +not very poor, after all, for the people for whom they were intended. Go +back in imagination five hundred years, and conceive of a little child, +born in one of these peasants' huts. His father and mother probably have +never even seen a book, and are not capable of understanding any thing +that is not perfectly simple and plain. The child, walking along the +road side, sees this cross. He stops to look up at it, and wonders what +all those little objects fastened upon it mean. After a while, when he +grows a little older, he asks his mother, when she is coming by with him +some day, what they mean. Now, she would not have been able, of herself, +and without any aid, to give the child any regular instruction whatever, +but she can explain to him about the cross, and the various emblems that +are upon it."</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Rosie; "I should think she could do that."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p><p>"The child," continued Mr. George, "in looking upon the cross, and +seeing all those curious objects upon it, would ask his mother what they +mean. Then his mother would tell him about the crucifixion of Christ. +'They nailed him to the cross,' she would say, 'by long nails passing +through his hands and feet. Don't you see the nails?' And the child +would say, 'Yes,' and look at the nails very intently. 'The soldiers +climbed up by a ladder,' she would say. 'Don't you see the ladder? And +by and by, when in his fever he called for some drink, they reached +something up to him by a sponge fastened to the end of a long pole. Do +you see the pole?' The child would look at all these things, and would +get a much more clear and vivid idea of the transaction than it would be +possible for so ignorant a mother to communicate to it in any other +way."</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Rosie; "I think she would."</p> + +<p>"Thus you see," continued Mr. George, "there is a right and proper use +of such contrivances as these, as well as a wrong and an idolatrous one. +Unfortunately, however, pretty much all of them, though perhaps +originally well intended, have degenerated, in Catholic countries, into +superstition and idolatry."</p> + +<p>The scenery of the country through which the journey lay was enchanting. +The ground was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>every where cultivated like a garden. There were wheat +fields, and vineyards, and olive orchards, and rows of mulberry trees +for the silk worms, and gardens of vegetables of every kind. Here and +there groups of peasants were to be seen at work, men and women +together, some digging fresh fields, some ploughing, some planting, and +some pruning the trees or the vines. In many places the vines were +trained upon the trees, so that in riding along the road you seemed to +see an immense orchard on each side of you, with a carpet of rich +verdure below, and a monstrous serpent climbing up into every tree, from +the grass beneath it.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67-68]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 313px;"> +<img src="images/i064.jpg" width="313" class="ispace jpg" height="500" alt="ASCENDING THE MOUNTAINS." title="" /> +<span class="caption">ASCENDING THE MOUNTAINS.</span> +</div> + +<p>The scenery was very much varied, too; and the changes were on so grand +a scale that they made the views which were presented on every side +appear extremely imposing. Sometimes the road lay across a wide plain, +many miles in extent, but extremely fertile and luxuriant, and bounded +in the distance by blue and beautiful mountains. After travelling upon +one of these plains for many hours, the road would gradually approach +the mountains, and then at length would enter among them, and begin to +wind, by zigzags, up a broad slope, or into a dark ravine. At such +places Vittorio would stop, usually at a post house at the foot of the +ascent, and take an additional +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p><p>horse, or pair of horses, and sometimes a yoke of oxen, to help his team +draw the carriage up the hill. Many of these ascents were four or live +miles long, and as the road turned upon itself in continual zigzags, +there was presented to Mr. George and Rollo, and also to Mrs. Gray's +party within the carriage, as they ascended, a perpetual succession of +widely-extended views over the vast plain below, with the road which +they had traversed stretching across it in a straight line for ten or +fifteen miles, like a white ribbon.</p> + +<p>Sometimes Mr. George and the two boys descended from the carriage, and +walked for a while, in going up these hills; but generally they remained +in their seats and rode. Indeed the men who came with the extra horses +or oxen often rode themselves. When oxen were employed, the man used to +ride, sometimes sitting on the yoke between them, and facing backward, +so that he could watch them and see how they performed their work. He +kept them up to their work by means of a small whip, which he had in his +hand.</p> + +<p>After reaching the top of the ascent, Vittorio would stop, and the man +would detach his oxen from the team. Vittorio would pay him for his +services, and then the man would come and hold <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>out his hat to Mr. +George and Rollo for a <i>buono mano</i> from them. Rollo always had it +ready.</p> + +<p>The party stopped every day at noon for breakfast, as Vittorio called +it. The coffee, and eggs, and bread and butter, which they had early in +the morning, was not called <i>breakfast</i>; it was called simply <i>coffee</i>. +The <i>breakfast</i>, which came about noon, consisted of fried fish, +beefsteaks, or mutton chops, fried potatoes, all hot, and afterwards +oranges and figs. With this there was always what they called wine set +upon the table, which tasted like a weak mixture of sour cider and +water. Every thing, except the wine, was very good.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gray, however, always called this meal the dinner, and all the rest +of the party were very willing to have it called so; and when they +stopped at night, all that they required was tea and coffee, with bread +and butter.</p> + +<p>The inns where the party stopped were very quaint and queer. They +looked, Josie said, precisely as he had imagined the inns to look which +he had read about in Don Quixote. The entrance was generally under an +arched passage way, where the horses and carriage could go in. From this +passage a flight of broad stone steps led up into the house. The lower +floor was usually occupied for stables, sheds, and other such purposes, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>and the one above for kitchens and the like. Higher up came the good +rooms.</p> + +<p>The apartment which was used by the party for their sitting and eating +room was usually a large hall, with a brick or stone floor, and a +vaulted ceiling above, painted in fresco. The walls of the room were +usually painted too. There was generally a small and very coarse carpet +under the table, and sometimes one before the fireplace. The doors were +massive; and the locks and hinges upon them, and also the andirons and +the shovel and tongs, were of the most ancient and curious construction. +The first thing which the children did, on being ushered into one of +these old halls, was to walk all about, and examine these various +objects in detail. Rollo made drawings of a great many of them in his +drawing book, to bring home and show to people in America.</p> + +<p>The bed rooms opened out from this great hall, on the different sides of +it. There were generally, but not always, two beds in each. According to +the agreement, Mrs. Gray had her first choice of these rooms. She chose +one, if possible, which had one wide bed in it, and one narrow one. The +wide one was for herself and Rosie; the narrow one was for Susannah.</p> + +<p>Mr. George came next in the order of choice, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>and he generally took a +room which had only one bed in it, leaving another room with two single +beds in it for the two boys. They always had a fire in the great hall +every evening. Mrs. Gray usually went to her room with Rosie and +Susannah at half past eight, leaving Mr. George and the two boys in the +hall. The first evening of the journey—that is, the evening of the +night spent at Arezzo—Mr. George told Rollo, as soon as Mrs. Gray had +gone, that he had some bad news to tell him.</p> + +<p>"What is it?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"It is that I am going to make a rule for you, that every night, from +and after the time that Mrs. Gray goes into her room, you are not to +have any conversation with any body."</p> + +<p>"Why not, uncle George?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"Because I want to have the room still, so that I can write. I have +journals and letters to write, and so have you,—and so I suppose has +Josie; and the evening, after Mrs. Gray and Rosie have gone to their +room, will be the best time to appropriate to the work. You can do your +own work of this kind at that time or not, just as you please; but if +you do not do it, you must not interrupt me in doing mine."</p> + +<p>"I suppose that is a rule for me and Josie too," said Rollo.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p><p>"No," said Mr. George, "it is for you alone."</p> + +<p>"Why is it not a rule for Josie," said Rollo, "as much as for me?"</p> + +<p>"Because I have no authority to make any rules for Josie," replied Mr. +George. "I have no authority over him at all, but only over you."</p> + +<p>"But, uncle George," said Rollo, "if you are busy writing, and I am not +allowed to talk, and Mrs. Gray and Rosie have gone to bed, Josie will +not have any body to talk to."</p> + +<p>"True," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"Then I don't see but that you might just as well make the rule for him +too, at once," said Rollo. "You may just as well make a rule that he +shall not talk himself, as to make one that cuts him off from having any +body to talk to."</p> + +<p>"Only," replied Mr. George, "that to do the one comes within my +authority, while to do the other does not."</p> + +<p>Here Rollo was silent a few minutes, and seemed to be musing on what Mr. +George had said. Presently he added,—</p> + +<p>"Besides, uncle George, this is not put down among the rules and +regulations for the journey which you drew up. We all agreed to abide by +those rules, and this is not one of them."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p><p>"True," said Mr. George. "But those rules and regulations are of force +as a compact only between Mrs. Gray and me, as the heads respectively of +the two divisions of the party. They are not at all of the nature of a +compact between Mrs. Gray and her children, nor between you and me. Her +authority over her children in respect to every thing not referred to in +the compact, is left entirely untouched by them, and so is mine over +you."</p> + +<p>"Well," said Rollo, drawing a long breath, "I have no objection at all +to the rule. Indeed, I should like some time every evening to write and +draw. I only wanted to see how you would defend your rule, in the +argument."</p> + +<p>"And how do you think the argument stands?" asked Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"I think it stands pretty strong," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>Rollo further inquired of his uncle whether he and Josie could not talk +in their own room; but Mr. George said no. If boys were allowed to talk +together after they went to bed, he said, they were very apt to get into +a frolic, and disturb those who slept in the adjoining rooms.</p> + +<p>"And besides," said Mr. George, "even if they do not get into a frolic, +they sometimes go on talking to a later hour than they imagine, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>the +sound of their voices is heard like a constant murmuring through the +partitions, and disturbs every body that is near. So you must do all +your talking in the course of the day, and when eight o'clock comes, you +must bring your discourse to a close. You may sit up as long as you +please to read or write; but when you get tired of those employments, +you must go to bed and go to sleep."</p> + +<p>The rule thus made was faithfully observed during the whole journey.</p> + +<p>It was Monday morning when the party left Florence, and on Saturday +afternoon at three o'clock, the carriage drew up at the passport office +just under the great gate called the <i>Porta del Popolo</i>, at Rome. The +party spent the Sabbath at Rome, and on the Monday morning after they +set out again. On the following Thursday they arrived at Naples, and +there they all established themselves in very pleasant quarters at the +Hotel de Rome—a hotel which, being built out over the water from the +busiest part of the town, commands on every side charming views, both of +the town and of the sea.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Chapter_IV" id="Chapter_IV"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter IV.</span></h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Situation of Naples.</span></h3> + +<p>Naples is situated on a bay which has the reputation of being the most +magnificent sheet of water in the world. It is bordered on every side by +romantic cliffs and headlands, or by green and beautiful slopes of land, +which are adorned with vineyards and groves of orange and lemon trees, +and dotted with white villas; while all along the shore, close to the +margin of the water, there extends an almost uninterrupted line of +cities and towns round almost the whole circumference of the bay. The +greatest of these cities is Naples.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77-78]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i074.jpg" width="600" height="385" alt="SITUATION OF NAPLES." title="" /> +<span class="caption">SITUATION OF NAPLES.</span></div> + +<p>But the crowning glory of the scene is the great volcano Vesuvius, which +rises a vast green cone from the midst of the plain, and emits from its +summit a constant stream of smoke. In times of eruption this smoke +becomes very dense and voluminous, and alternates from time to time with +bursts of what seems to be flame, and with explosive ejections of +red-hot stones or molten lava. Besides the cities and towns +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p><p>that are now to be seen along the shore at the foot of the slopes of the +mountain, there are many others buried deep beneath the ground, having +been overwhelmed by currents of lava from the volcano, or by showers of +ashes and stones, in eruptions which took place ages ago.</p> + +<p>Of course there is every probability that there will be more eruptions +in time to come, and that many of the present towns will also be +overwhelmed and destroyed, as their predecessors have been. But these +eruptions occur usually at such distant intervals from each other, that +the people think it is not probable that the town in which they live +will be destroyed in their day; and so they are quiet. Of course, +however, whenever they hear a rumbling in the mountain behind them, or +notice any other sign of an approaching convulsion, they naturally feel +somewhat nervous until the danger passes by.</p> + +<p>Naples is built on the northern shore of the bay You will see by the map +on the preceding page just what the situation of the town is, and where +Vesuvius is in relation to it. Vesuvius, you observe, stands back a +little from the sea, but the slope of land extends quite down to the +margin of the water. You perceive, however, that there is a carriage +road, and also a railroad, passing along the coast between the mountain +and the sea.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p><p>Besides the villages and towns laid down on the map, upon this coast, +there are many little hamlets scattered along the way, so that, as seen +across the water from Naples, there seems to be, as it were, a continued +town, extending along the whole line of the shore.</p> + +<p>Among the places named on the map you see the sites of Herculaneum and +Pompeii marked. Pompeii lies to the south-east from the mountain, and +Herculaneum to the south-west. Of course the lava, in breaking out from +the crater in different eruptions, runs down the mountain, sometimes on +one side and sometimes on another. It is the same with the showers of +stones and ashes, which are carried in different directions, according +to the course of the wind.</p> + +<p>Very near the site of Herculaneum you see a small town laid down, named +Resina. This is the place where people stop when about to make the +ascent of Vesuvius, and leave the carriage in which they came from +Naples. If they come by the railroad, they leave the train at the +Portici station, which, also, you will see upon the map, and thence go +to Resina by a carriage.</p> + +<p>At Resina they take another carriage, or sometimes go on in the same, +until they get up to what is called the Hermitage, the place of which +you also see marked on the map. The Hermitage <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>is so called because the +spot was once the residence of a monk who lived there alone in his cell. +It is now, however, a sort of ruin.</p> + +<p>There is no carriage road at all beyond the Hermitage, and here, +accordingly, the party of travellers take mules or donkeys, to go on +some distance farther. At last they reach a part of the mountain which +is so steep that even mules and donkeys cannot go; and here the people +are accordingly obliged to dismount, and to climb up the last part of +the ascent on foot, or else to be carried up in a chair, which is the +mode usually adopted for ladies. You will see how Mr. George and Rollo +managed, in the next chapter.</p> + +<p>The ruins of Herculaneum can be visited on the same day in which you +make the ascent of Vesuvius; for, as you see by the map, they are very +near the place, Resina, where the ascent of the mountain commences. +Pompeii, however, is much farther on, and usually requires a separate +day.</p> + +<p>Besides, it takes much longer to visit Pompeii than Herculaneum, on +account of there being go much more to see there. The reason for this +is, that the excavations have been carried on much farther at Pompeii +than at Herculaneum. Herculaneum was buried up in lava, and the lava, +when it cooled, became as hard as a stone; whereas <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>Pompeii was only +covered with ashes and cinders, which are very easily dug away.</p> + +<p>Besides, Herculaneum was buried very deep, so that, in order to get to +it, you have to go far down under ground. The fact that there was an +ancient city buried there was discovered about a hundred and fifty years +ago, by a man digging a well in the ground above. In digging this well, +the workmen came upon some statues and other remains of ancient art. +They dug these things out, and afterwards the excavations were continued +for many years; but the difficulties in the way were so great, on +account of the depth below the surface of the ground where the work was +to be done, and also on account of the hardness of the lava, that after +a while it was abandoned. People, however, now go down sometimes through +a shaft made near the well by which the first discovery was made, and +ramble about, by the light of torches, which they carry with them, among +the rubbish in the subterranean chambers.</p> + +<p>The site of Pompeii was discovered in the same way with Herculaneum, +namely, by the digging of a well. Pompeii, however, as has already been +said, was not buried nearly as deep as Herculaneum, and the substances +which covered it were found to be much softer, and more easily removed. +Consequently a great deal more has <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>been done at Pompeii than at +Herculaneum in making excavations. Nearly a third of the whole city has +now been explored, and the work is still going on.</p> + +<p>The chief inducement for continuing to dig out these old ruins, is to +recover the various pictures, sculptures, utensils, and other curious +objects that are found in the houses. These things, as fast as they are +found, are brought to Naples, and deposited in an immense museum, which +has been built there to receive them.</p> + +<p>You will see in a future chapter how Rollo went to see this museum.</p> + +<p>Vesuvius, Herculaneum, and Pompeii are all to the eastward of Naples, +following the shore of the bay. To the westward, at the distance of +about a mile or two from the centre of the town, is a famous passage +through a hill, like the tunnel of a railway, which is considered a +great curiosity. This passage is called the Grotto of Posilipo. You will +see its place marked upon the map. The wonder of this subterranean +passage way is its great antiquity. It has existed at least eighteen +hundred years, and how much longer nobody knows. It is wide enough for a +good broad road. When it was first cut through, it was only high enough +for a carriage to pass; but the floor of it has been cut down at +different <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>times, until now the tunnel is nearly seventy feet high at +the ends, and about twenty-five in the middle. High up on the sides of +it, at different distances, you can see the marks made by the hubs of +the wheels, as they rubbed against the rocks, at the different levels of +the road way, in ancient times.</p> + +<p>On passing through the grotto in a carriage, or on foot, the traveller +comes out to an open country beyond, where he sees a magnificent +prospect spread out before him. The road goes on along the coast, and +comes to several very curious places, which will be described +particularly in future chapters of this volume.</p> + +<p>On the afternoon of the day when Mr. George and his party arrived at the +hotel, just before sundown, Rollo came into Mrs. Gray's parlor, where +Mr. George and all the rest of the party, except Josie, were sitting, +and asked them to go with him and see a place which he and Josie had +found.</p> + +<p>"Where is it, and what is it?" asked Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"You must come and see," said Rollo. "I would rather not tell you till +you come and see."</p> + +<p>But Mrs. Gray, being somewhat fatigued with her ride, and being, +moreover, very comfortably seated on a sofa, seemed not inclined to +move.</p> + +<p>"Rosie may go instead," said Mrs. Gray, "and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>when she has seen it, she +may come back and tell me, and if she thinks it is worth while I will +go."</p> + +<p>"Well," said Rollo; "come, Rosie."</p> + +<p>So Rollo led the way, and Rosie followed out of the parlor into the +hall, and from the hall along a sort of corridor which led to a narrow +and winding stone stair.</p> + +<p>"No," said Rosie, as soon as she began to ascend the stair, "I don't +think mother will like to come. She does not like to go up long stairs, +especially stone stairs, and more especially still, stairs that wind +round and round."</p> + +<p>"Wait and see," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>After going round and round several times,—all the while +ascending,—Rollo came out to a sort of open passage way, paved with +glazed tiles of a very pretty pattern, where there was a door leading +out to a balcony. From this balcony there was a narrow iron stair which +led up on the outside of the house to the roof. Rollo led the way up +this stair, and Rosie followed him, though somewhat timidly. They landed +at length on a sort of platform among the chimneys, from which another +stair led up to another platform, higher still, where Josie was.</p> + +<p>"There!" said Rollo, as soon as he reached the first platform, "don't +you think your mother would like to be here?"</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p><p>Rosie looked around, and saw that a magnificent panorama presented +itself to her view.</p> + +<p>"She would like to <i>be</i> here very much, if she only dared to come," said +Rosie.</p> + +<p>On looking towards the east, Rosie could survey the whole shore of the +bay in that direction, with the continuous line of towns and villages +along the margin of the water, and the immense green slopes of Vesuvius +rising beyond. Among the green fields and groves, far up these slopes, +white hamlets and villas were scattered, and above, the double summit of +Vesuvius was seen, with dense volumes of white smoke ascending from one +of the peaks. The children, too, could look from where they stood far +out over the bay, and see the ships and steamers in the offing, and +great numbers of small boats plying to and fro nearer the shore.</p> + +<p>Rollo had an opera glass in his hand, which he used as a spy-glass. He +let Rosie look through this glass at the mountain, so that she might see +the smoke coming out more distinctly. With the glass, besides the +general column of vapor, she could discern several places, near the +summit, where small, separate puffs of smoke were issuing.</p> + +<p>Farther down the mountain, Rollo directed her attention to a white +building, which was seen very <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>distinctly in the rays of the setting +sun. This building, he said, must be the Hermitage.</p> + +<p>"How do you know it is the Hermitage?" asked Rosie.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i084.jpg" width="400" height="392" alt="VIEW THROUGH THE GLASS." title="" /> +<span class="caption">VIEW THROUGH THE GLASS.</span> +</div> + +<p>"I know by the situation of it," said Rollo. "Look through the glass and +you will see that it is the highest house on the mountain side. Besides, +it stands on the end of a ridge or spur, projecting from the mountain, +just as I know the Hermitage does, with a deep valley on each side of +it."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p><p>"I should have thought that they would have built it in one of the +valleys," said Rosie. "It would have been more sheltered then from the +wind."</p> + +<p>"No," said Rollo. "That would not have been a good plan at all, for then +it would have been in the track of the streams of lava. The lava comes +down through the valleys."</p> + +<p>"I can see the zigzag road leading up to the Hermitage," said Rosie.</p> + +<p>"Yes," replied Rollo; "and I think it probable we could see people going +up or coming down, if there were any there now."</p> + +<p>"I mean to watch," said Rosie.</p> + +<p>Rosie watched, but she did not see any thing moving. The truth was, that +the people who had been up that day had all come down. They usually come +down early in the afternoon. And yet parties sometimes make arrangements +to stay up there until after dark, so as to see the glow of the fires +that are continually smouldering in the chasms and crevices of the +crater, and sometimes breaking out there.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gray was so much pleased with Rosie's report of what she saw on the +roof, that she went up herself immediately after Rosie came down. Mr. +George went up too. As for Josie, he staid up there all the time.</p> + +<p>When Mrs. Gray and Mr. George reached the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>first platform, Josie called +to them. "Mother," said he, "come up here!"</p> + +<p>"No," said Mrs. Gray; "this is high enough for me. I can see very well +here."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gray was very much interested in the view of the mountain, and of +the column of smoke issuing from the summit. She had not seen the summit +before, as all the upper part of the mountain had been enveloped in +clouds during the time while they were approaching the town.</p> + +<p>She was also much pleased with the view of Naples itself, which she +obtained from this platform. The hotel was built out over the water, so +that from the lookout the town was spread out in full view, with all the +great castles and towers which crowned the cliffs and headlands above, +and the various moles, and piers, and fortresses, that extended out into +the water below.</p> + +<p>In coming up the iron stair, on the outside of the building, Mrs. Gray +had been a little afraid; but in coming down she found the steps so firm +and solid under her tread that she said she should not be afraid at all +a second time.</p> + +<p>"Then, mother," said Rosie, "let us come up here this evening after +dark, and then on the top of the mountain, instead of smoke coming out, +we shall see fire."</p> + +<p>"Shall we, Rollo?" asked Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p><p>"I believe so," said Rollo. "At any rate they do sometimes see fire +coming out; and I don't know why we should not to-night."</p> + +<p>It was finally agreed that after it became dark, Rollo and Josie should +go up alone first, to see if there was any fire, and if there was, then +Mrs. Gray and Rosie were to go up.</p> + +<p>Accordingly, about eight o'clock, Rollo and Josie went up. They very +soon came running down again, and reported that there was quite a bright +fire. So Mrs. Gray and Rosie went up. Taking their stations on the +platform, and looking towards the mountain, they could see distinctly a +bright glow playing over the summit, with brighter flashes beaming up +from time to time. The sight impressed them all with an emotion of +solemn awe.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Chapter_V" id="Chapter_V"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter V.</span></h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Planning the Ascension.</span></h3> + +<p>Rollo was very impatient for the time to come for the ascent of +Vesuvius; but several days elapsed before Mr. George was ready. Then, +after that, for two or three days, the weather was not favorable. The +sky was filled with showery-looking clouds, and great caps of fog hung +over the summits of the mountains.</p> + +<p>"If we get up there when there are mists and fogs hanging about the +mountain," said Mr. George, "we shall not be able to see the fire at +all."</p> + +<p>"Then I would rather wait for a fair day," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>Rollo repeatedly asked Rosie if she was not going up.</p> + +<p>"I don't know," said Rosie; "it depends upon my mother. I shall not go +unless she goes, and she says she has not decided."</p> + +<p>At last, after several days of uncertain weather, the wind came round to +the westward, the clouds <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>passed off, and the whole sky became serene. +This was in the afternoon. Mr. George had been rambling with Rollo about +the town that day; but when he found that the weather promised now to be +good, he said he would go home and talk with Mrs. Gray about making the +ascent. So he and Rollo returned to the hotel, and went up together to +Mrs. Gray's room.</p> + +<p>Mr. George told Mrs. Gray that the weather promised to be favorable the +next day for the ascent of the mountain.</p> + +<p>"And Rollo and I," said he, "think of going up. If you would like to go, +we should be very happy to have you join our party."</p> + +<p>"<i>Can</i> I go, do you think?" asked Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"O, yes," said Mr. George; "you certainly can go, for you can be carried +up in a <i>portantina</i> from the place where we leave the carriage. But if +you please, I will send for a commissioner, and he can tell us all about +it."</p> + +<p>"Very well," said Mrs. Gray, "I should like to have you do that."</p> + +<p>"Ring the bell, then, Rollo," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>So Rollo rang the bell; a servant man soon came in. He was what Rollo +called the chamberman. His business was to make the beds and take care +of the rooms. This work, in Italy, is done by men generally, instead of +by women.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p><p>"Is there a commissioner attached to this hotel," asked Mr. George, +addressing the servant, and speaking in French, "who accompanies parties +to Vesuvius?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, sir, certainly," said the servant.</p> + +<p>"What is his name?" asked Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"Philippe," replied the man.</p> + +<p>"Where is he?" asked Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"He is below," said the man.</p> + +<p>"Please ask him to come up," said Mr. George. "I want to talk with him +about an excursion to the mountain."</p> + +<p>The servant man went down, and pretty soon Philippe appeared. He was a +very intelligent looking young man, neatly dressed, and with a frank and +agreeable countenance.</p> + +<p>"This is Philippe, I suppose," said Mr. George, speaking in French.</p> + +<p>"Yes, sir," said Philippe.</p> + +<p>"Take a seat," said Mr. George. "This lady wishes me to make some +inquiries of you about going up the mountain. Do you speak English?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, sir," said Philippe, "a little."</p> + +<p>On hearing this Mr. George changed the conversation into the English +language, so that Mrs. Gray might understand what was said, without the +inconvenience and delay of having it interpreted.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p><p>"In the first place," said Mr. George, "when ladies ascend the Mountain, +how far do they go in a carriage?"</p> + +<p>"To the Hermitage," said Philippe.</p> + +<p>"Can you go in a good, comfortable carriage all the way to the +Hermitage?" asked Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"O, yes, sir," said Philippe. "We take an excellent carriage from town. +The road is very winding to go up the mountain, but it is perfectly +good. A lady can go up there as comfortably as she can ride about town."</p> + +<p>Philippe further said that ladies often went up with parties as far as +the Hermitage, and then, if they did not wish to go any farther, they +remained there until their friends came down.</p> + +<p>"What sort of a place is the Hermitage?" asked Mrs. Gray. "Is it an +inn?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, madam," said Philippe. "It is an inn. It is a very plain and +homely place, but a lady can stay there very well a few hours."</p> + +<p>"Is there a family there?" asked Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"No, madam," said Philippe; "it is kept by a monk."</p> + +<p>"Let us go, mother," said Josie. "We can go up <i>there</i> as well as not."</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Mrs. Gray, "I think I should like to go up at least as far +as there. I can take a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>book to read, to while away the time while you +are up the mountain; or I can ramble about, I suppose. Is it a pleasant +place to ramble about, around the Hermitage?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, madam; it is a <i>very</i> pleasant place," replied Philippe. "You have +an exceedingly fine view of the bay, and of Naples, and of the islands, +and of the whole Campagna. Then the observatory is near, and that is a +very pleasant place, with gardens and plantations of trees all around +it. Perhaps the beggars might be a little troublesome if you walked out, +but I think I could manage about that."</p> + +<p>"What <i>is</i> the observatory that you speak of?" asked Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"It is a government establishment that is kept there for making +observations on the state of the mountain," replied Philippe. "It is a +fine building, and it has very pretty gardens and grounds around it."</p> + +<p>"I should think it would be a very pleasant place," said Mrs. Gray. +"Indeed, it looks like a pleasant place seen from this hotel with +Rollo's opera glass."</p> + +<p>"Well, now for the next stage of the journey," said Mr. George; "that +is, from the Hermitage to the foot of the cone. How far is that, and how +do we go?"</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p><p>"It is about three quarters of an hour's walk," replied Philippe. "There +is no carriage road, but only a mule path, and in some places the road +is very rough."</p> + +<p>"Is it steep?" asked Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"No, sir," said Philippe; "the steep part comes afterwards. The mule +path is nearly on a level, but it is rough and rocky. There are three +ways of going. You can walk, you can ride upon a mule or a donkey, or +finally, you can be carried in a chair. Ladies that do not like to walk +so far usually ride on a donkey, or else are carried. It is easier to be +carried, but it costs a little more."</p> + +<p>"How much more?" asked Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"A dollar," said Philippe.</p> + +<p>"I think I should rather be carried if I were to go," said Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"I'd rather ride on a donkey," said Rosie.</p> + +<p>"And I on a mule," said Josie.</p> + +<p>"You and I might walk, Rollo," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Rollo, "I would rather walk."</p> + +<p>Rollo always preferred to go on foot when on any of these mountain +excursions, because then he could ramble about this way and that, +wherever he pleased, and climb up upon the rocks, and gather plants and +specimens.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p><p>"Very well," said Mr. George; "and this brings us to the foot of the +steep part of the mountain. How far is it up this last steep part?"</p> + +<p>"About an hour's work, hard climbing," said Philippe.</p> + +<p>"Is it very hard climbing?" asked Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"Yes, sir," said Philippe; "it is right up a steep slope of rocks."</p> + +<p>"Is there good footing," asked Mr. George, "or are the rocks loose, or +slippery?"</p> + +<p>"It is very good footing," said Philippe. "In one sense the rocks are +loose, for the whole side of the mountain where we go up is formed of +slag and scoriæ. But then the pieces are wedged together, so as not to +move much, and the foot clings to them, so that you don't slip. On the +whole, it is good footing. The only difficulty is, it is so steep. It is +a thousand feet up rough rocks, as steep as you can go."</p> + +<p>"<i>I</i> could not get up, I am sure," said Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"Nor I," said Rosie.</p> + +<p>"O, you can be carried up," said Mr. George, "in a portantina."</p> + +<p>"What kind of a thing is it?" asked Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p><p>"It is a common arm chair," said Philippe, "with two stout poles lashed +to the sides of it. Two men take hold of the ends of the poles before, +and two others behind, and they lift the poles,—chair, passenger, and +all,—up upon their shoulders. They carry you, in this way, right up the +mountain."</p> + +<p>"I should be afraid," said Rosie.</p> + +<p>"You would feel a little afraid at first," said Philippe, "when the men +were lifting you up upon their shoulders—but afterwards, you would not +be afraid at all. You ride as easy as if two persons were to take you in +a chair and carry you about the room."</p> + +<p>"But I should pity the poor men so much," said Rosie, "in having such a +heavy load to carry!"</p> + +<p>"Ah!" said Philippe, "instead of pitying them, you ought to rejoice for +them. They are so glad when they get any body to carry up! They are paid +about three quarters of a dollar apiece, and that is a great deal of +money for them. There will be a great many of them up there to-morrow, +waiting, and hoping that somebody will come for them to carry up."</p> + +<p>"Ah, that makes it different," said Rosie.</p> + +<p>"Besides," said Josie, "<i>you</i> are nothing to carry, you are so little +and light. Rollo and I <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>could carry you. I suppose that they would carry +Rosie for half price—would not they, Philippe?"</p> + +<p>Rosie looked a little troubled to hear her brother speak of her in this +way. She did not like to be called little and light. Philippe saw that +she was troubled.</p> + +<p>"No," said he; "they will ask the same for carrying Miss Rosie that they +would for any other lady."</p> + +<p>This answer removed in an instant the cloud which had appeared upon +Rosie's face, and replaced it with a smile which had something of the +expression of triumph in it. In fact, Philippe shaped his answer as he +did on purpose to please her. It was strange that a guide, whose life +had been spent among the roughest of men, on the mountains, should know +better how to be polite than a boy who had been brought up tenderly in +the midst of refinement and elegance; but so it often is.</p> + +<p>"How long does it take to go up the steep part?" asked Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"About an hour," said Philippe. "They stop two or three times on the +way, to rest the bearers, and change them."</p> + +<p>"Then they change the bearers," said Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p><p>"Yes, madam," replied Philippe. "We take eight bearers to each chair, +and four of them carry it at a time; so we have two sets."</p> + +<p>"I'm glad of that," said Rosie.</p> + +<p>"And what do we see when we get to the top?" asked Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"We walk along over the sand and lava," replied Philippe, "until we come +to the edge of the crater, and then we look down."</p> + +<p>"And do we see the fire coming out?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Philippe, "plenty of fire."</p> + +<p>"And lava, and red-hot stones?" asked Josie.</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Philippe, "all the time."</p> + +<p>"I hope you don't go too near," said Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"No, madam," said Philippe; "we are careful not to go too near. There is +a mountain guide who goes up with the party from the Hermitage, and it +is his business to know all the time what the state of the mountain is, +and where it is safe to go. There are two craters now. One of them they +cannot go down into, for the sides have caved in all around, and formed +perpendicular cliffs. But at the other crater there is on one side a +slope of sand and slag, where people can go down, and walk over the lava +on the floor of the crater."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p><p>"Why, I should think they would sink into it," said Rosie.</p> + +<p>"No," said Philippe; "the lava that lies spread out over the bottom of +the crater has cooled so as to be hard enough to walk upon, though you +can see that it is red hot in the cracks."</p> + +<p>"I should not dare to walk over it," said Rosie.</p> + +<p>"Ladies go down very often," said Philippe, "and there is no danger, +only the sulphurous smoke, if it happens to blow over upon you, is bad +to breathe."</p> + +<p>After some further conversation with Philippe, and some consultation +with each other, the party formed the plan as follows: They were all to +go together in a carriage to the Hermitage. Then Philippe was to provide +chairs and bearers for Mrs. Gray and Rosie, to take them to the foot of +the cone, and animals, either mules or donkeys, for "the three +gentlemen," as Philippe called them. On arriving at the foot of the +cone, Mrs. Gray was to decide whether she would let Rosie continue and +go to the top. For herself, she concluded that she would not go, but +after seeing the party commence their ascent, she would go back to the +Hermitage, and wait there till they returned.</p> + +<p>"And now, Philippe," said Mr. George, "I wish you to calculate exactly +what the expense <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>will be for the whole expedition, including carriage +hire, guides, bearers, mules, <i>buono manos</i>, and every thing. Then I +will give you money enough, before we set out, to pay the whole. I don't +wish to have any thing to do in the way of paying, from the time we +leave the hotel until we get back again."</p> + +<p>"Yes, sir," said Philippe; "that is the best way. If you undertake to +pay the men on the mountain yourself, they will never be satisfied. They +clamor continually for more, as long as the party will give any thing. I +know just what is their due."</p> + +<p>So Philippe drew his chair up to the table where Mr. George had placed a +sheet of paper and a pen and ink, and began to make out his account. +After writing a few minutes, he looked up from his work, and asked if +the gentlemen wished to have any assistance in going up the cone. "What +assistance <i>can</i> we have?" asked Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"There are men who put straps over their shoulders to pull by, and let +you take hold of the end of them. It helps you a great deal."</p> + +<p>"Yes, uncle George," said Rollo, "let us have them. I should like to be +pulled up in that way."</p> + +<p>"So should I," said Josie.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p><p>"You boys may have strapmen, then," said Mr. George. "I think I can get +along without one myself."</p> + +<p>Philippe then asked if the party would stop on the way and go down into +Herculaneum. Mr. George said that they would. Philippe then went on with +his calculation, and when it was finished he presented it to Mr. George. +Mr. George wrote a heading to it, and then read it as follows, except +that I give the amounts in American money:—</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Ascent of Vesuvius.</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Estimate of Expenses</i>—<i>Party of Five.</i></p> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" width="40%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" summary="expenses"> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Carriage to the Hermitage,</td> +<td align="right">$5.00</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Fees at Herculaneum,</td> +<td align="right">.25</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Portantina to the foot of the cone for madame,</td> +<td align="right">2.00</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Portantina to the summit for mademoiselle,</td> +<td align="right">6.00</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Two mules for the young gentlemen,</td> +<td align="right">2.00</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Two strapmen up the cone,</td> +<td align="right">1.00</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Refreshments,</td> +<td align="right">.50</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Mountain guide,</td> +<td align="right">1.00</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Buono manos,</td> +<td align="right">1.00</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Valet de place,</td> +<td align="right">1.00</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"> </td> +<td align="right">______</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"> </td> +<td align="right">$19.75</td></tr> + +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p><p>"Very well," said Mr. George. "That is satisfactory. Now I will give you +gold enough to cover that amount. You must get it changed into such a +form as you want it, and you must not call upon me or any of the party +for any money whatever, from the time that we set out till we get back +again to the hotel."</p> + +<p>"Very well, sir," said Philippe; "that is much the best way. The men +will gather around you from time to time on the way, and clamor for +<i>buono manos</i>, but you must not pay any attention to them; say simply, +'Philippe will pay.'"</p> + +<p>"And now," said Mr. George, "it is all arranged except the time for +setting out. What is the best time?"</p> + +<p>"We ought to set out at eight or nine o'clock," said Philippe. "It takes +about ten hours."</p> + +<p>"Let us set out at eight, then," said Mrs. Gray. "We can have breakfast +at seven, I suppose."</p> + +<p>"Certainly," said Philippe. "And will you have it in your own room?"</p> + +<p>"No," said Mrs. Gray; "let us all breakfast together in the dining room. +That will be more interesting. We may meet some other parties there who +are going to the mountain."</p> + +<p>"Then I will order breakfast for you at seven o'clock," said Philippe.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p><p>"Provided you find, to-morrow morning, that the weather is going to be +good," said Mr. George. "We won't go unless you are convinced that it is +going to be a fine day."</p> + +<p>"Yes, sir," said Philippe; "we judge a great deal by the smoke on the +mountain. If it comes down the mountain on this side, then the weather +is going to be bad. But if it goes away on the other side, off towards +the sea, then we can generally depend upon a fine day."</p> + +<p>So it was agreed that Philippe should make an observation early in the +morning, and if he concluded that the day would be a good one for the +excursion, he was to come to Mr. George's room and let him know the +decision. He was then to order the breakfast for seven o'clock, and the +carriage for eight, while Mr. George was to call the rest of the party.</p> + +<p>The plan being thus formed, the party separated for the night. Rollo +said that he meant to get up at half past five; or as soon as it was +light, and go up to the top of the house, and see which way the smoke of +Vesuvius was going.</p> + +<p>"Call for me, and I will go with you," said Josie.</p> + +<p>"I will," said Rollo.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Chapter_VI" id="Chapter_VI"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VI.</span></h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Going Up.</span></h3> + +<p>Rollo slept in the same room with Mr. George. He got up as soon as it +was light, dressed himself in a hurried manner, and went out. In about +ten minutes he returned.</p> + +<p>"Well, Rollo," said Mr. George, "what is the report?"</p> + +<p>"The smoke is not going either way," said Rollo. "It mounts +right straight up into the air; but Philippe says he thinks it is going +to be a fine day, and he has ordered breakfast. So I think you had +better get up."</p> + +<p>At seven o'clock precisely the whole party were assembled in the dining +room for breakfast. They ate their breakfast together at the end of one +of the long tables. There were already two other parties in the room. +There was one consisting of two gentlemen that were going to Vesuvius. +There was another larger party that were about setting out for Rome. +Their carriage was at the door, and the vetturino and his men <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>were at +work putting on the trunks and baggage.</p> + +<p>At eight o'clock precisely, the carriage for Mr. George's party came to +the door. All were ready, and they all immediately got in. Philippe put +in a basket containing provisions. Mrs. Gray had a small book, formed +with leaves of blotting paper, to press the flowers in, which she meant +to gather around the Hermitage while the rest of the party were gone up +the mountain. Mr. George took his knapsack, though there seemed to be +nothing in it.</p> + +<p>"What are you carrying up an empty knapsack for, uncle George?" asked +Rollo.</p> + +<p>"To bring down specimens in," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"Ah," said Rollo, "I wish I had thought to take mine."</p> + +<p>"I'll let you have part of mine," said Mr. George. "It is big enough to +hold the specimens for all of us."</p> + +<p>Philippe, when he found that the company were well seated in the +carriage, shut the door, mounted the box with the coachman, and gave the +order to drive on.</p> + +<p>The carriage was entirely open, and the party, as they drove along, +enjoyed an uninterrupted view of every thing around them. They passed +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>through one or two beautiful public squares, with palaces and churches +on either hand, and lines of troops parading before them. Then they came +to a long and exceedingly busy street, with the port and the shipping on +one side, and stores, shops, hotels, and establishments of every kind, +on the other. The street was crowded with people going to and fro, some +on foot and some in carriages. A great many persons were carrying +burdens on their heads. Some had jars, or pails, or little tubs of +water; some had baskets heaped up with oranges, or other fruit. Some had +long boards with a row of loaves of dough upon them, which they were +taking to the bakers to be baked.</p> + +<p>The sidewalks, especially on the side towards the harbor, were thronged +with people living in the open air, and practising their various trades +there. There were cooks, cooking all sorts of provisions; and +blacksmiths, working with hammers and anvils; and cabinet makers, sawing +or planing, or gluing together the parts of tables or chairs. Then there +were a great many family groups, some sitting in the sun around a boat +drawn up, or upon and around a great chain cable, or an anchor; and +others gathering about a fire made in a brazier, for the morning was +cool. These families were engaged in all the usual domestic avocations +of a household. The mothers <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>were dressing the children, or getting the +breakfast, while the grandmothers and aunts were knitting, or spinning +thread with a distaff and spindle. The men were often employed in making +nets.</p> + +<p>The carriage, which was drawn by three horses abreast, went on very +rapidly through these scenes—so rapidly, in fact, that Mrs. Gray had +not time to look at the various groups as much as she wished.</p> + +<p>"I mean to come and take a walk here some day," said Mrs. Gray, "and +then I can look at all these things at my leisure."</p> + +<p>"O mother," said Josie, "you can't do that very well, on account of the +beggars. If a gentleman and lady attempt to walk together in any of +these streets of Naples, the beggars come and gather around them at +every step."</p> + +<p>"Then I'll come some day in a carriage, and tell the coachman to drive +slowly."</p> + +<p>"That will be just as bad," said Josie. "They'll come then around the +carriage. The only way is to drive so fast that they cannot keep up."</p> + +<p>The carriage went on. It followed the road which led along the shore, as +shown in the map given in a former chapter to illustrate the situation +of Naples; but the shore was occupied with such a succession of hamlets +and villages that the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>road seemed to form a continued street all the +way. After getting a little beyond the confines of Naples, the road was +thronged with people coming into town, some on foot, with loads of +produce on their heads, some driving donkeys, with immense burdens of +vegetables loaded in panniers on their backs, or drawn in carts behind +them. There were omnibuses too, of a peculiar kind, filled with people, +and a kind of carriage called a <i>calash</i>, which consisted of a sort of +chaise, with an extended frame for people to stand upon all around it. +The first class passengers in these calashes had seats in the chaise +itself. The others stood up all around, and clung on as best they could +to the back of the seat before them.</p> + +<p>Our party met a great many of these calashes coming into town, and +bringing in loads of country people.</p> + +<p>"It is astonishing," said Rollo, "that one horse can draw so many +people."</p> + +<p>"It is because the road is so level and smooth," said Mr. George. "The +wheels run almost as easy upon it as they would upon a railroad."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111-112]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i108.jpg" class="ispace jpg" width="600" height="379" alt="CALASH COMING INTO NAPLES." title="" /> +<span class="caption">CALASH COMING INTO NAPLES.</span> +</div> + +<p>After going on in this manner for about an hour,—all the time gently +ascending, and passing through what seemed to be a continued succession +of villages and towns,—the carriage stopped before the door of a kind +of inn in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>midst of a crowded street. The moment that the carriage stopped, it +seemed to be surrounded by a crowd of ostlers, donkeys and donkey +drivers, ragged boys and beggars; and such a clamor arose from the crowd +as was quite appalling to hear, the more so as nothing could be +understood of what was said, since it was all in Italian.</p> + +<p>"What is here?" said Mr. George to Philippe, when he saw that Philippe +was getting down from the box.</p> + +<p>"This is Herculaneum," said Philippe, quietly.</p> + +<p>"Herculaneum!" repeated Rosie, amazed. "Why, I thought Herculaneum was +all under ground."</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Mr. George, "it is. He means that this is where we go down."</p> + +<p>By this time Philippe had opened the carriage door. Mr. George got out, +and then helped Mrs. Gray to descend. A half a dozen beggars, some lame, +some blind, some old and paralytic, hovered about the steps, and held +out tattered hats to Mrs. Gray, moaning all the time in piteous tones, +and begging for alms. Mrs. Gray and Mr. George paid no attention to +them, but passed directly on, followed by the children, through a door +in a high wall, which led into a little court, and thence they passed +into a sort of entrance hall, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>leading into a building. Philippe, who +had preceded them, opened a closet, and took out some small candles. He +lighted these candles by means of a lamp hanging against the wall, and +gave one to each of the party. There was an open door near, with a broad +flight of stone steps leading down, like stairs going down cellar. As +soon as the candles were all lighted, the children heard somebody coming +up these stairs. It was a party of visitors that had been down, and were +now coming up. There were eight or ten of them, and the appearance of +them as they came up, following each other in a long line, each carrying +his candle in his hand, produced a very strange and picturesque effect.</p> + +<p>The guide who came up at the head of them exchanged a few words with +Philippe in Italian, and then Philippe went on, leading his own party +down the stairs. The stairs were wide, so that there was abundant room +for the two parties to pass each other.</p> + +<p>After going down some way, and making one or two turnings, suddenly a +light began to appear. It was a light like the light of day. It grew +brighter and brighter, until at length Mr. George and Rollo, who were at +the head of the party, after Philippe, came out under a large circular +opening cut in the rock, through which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>they could look up to the open +air, and to the sky.</p> + +<p>"This is the well," said Philippe; "the well that they were digging when +they first came upon the ruins."</p> + +<p>The sides of the well were of solid lava, smooth and hard, just as they +had been left by the workmen in digging down.</p> + +<p>The light which came down through the well shone upon a sort of +platform, which, as well as the walls around it, was covered with moss +and other green plants, which had been induced to vegetate there by the +rain and the sunlight that had come down through the well. Mrs. Gray +gathered some of these plants, and put them into her book.</p> + +<p>The party then went on down another flight of steps, which led into a +series of dark, vaulted chambers, all hewn out of the rock. By holding +the candles up to the sides of these chambers, the party could see here +and there the remains of old arches, columns, and walls, which had been +buried up in the lava, but were now partially disinterred.</p> + +<p>These remains were part of an ancient theatre; and after passing through +several gloomy passages, the party came to a large chamber, where the +whole front of the stage had been brought to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>view. Before it, in a +range, were the seats for the musicians. On each side there was a +massive pedestal. The guide said that there were two bronze statues on +these pedestals when the place was first excavated, but that they had +been taken away, and were now deposited in the museum at Naples.</p> + +<p>"We shall see them there, I suppose," said Mr. George, "when we go to +visit the museum."</p> + +<p>"I shall take great interest in seeing them," said Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>In some places the old pavement of the theatre had been laid bare, and +was plainly to be seen by holding the candles down close to the ground. +In other places the painting on the walls had been found, with the +colors quite fresh.</p> + +<p>"These must be places that the hot lava did not come to," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"I suppose so," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>It was not possible to obtain any information from the guide, for he +could speak no language but the Italian, with the exception of a few +English words and phrases, which he pronounced in so outlandish a +manner, and mingled them up so much with his Neapolitan dialect, that it +was very difficult to recognize them.</p> + +<p>"Questa vindow; vindow orizhinalle," he would say, meaning that the +opening that he was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>pointing to was one of the original windows of the +edifice. And then he would go on with a long sentence in the Neapolitan +dialect, which was perfectly unintelligible from beginning to end.</p> + +<p>At length the exploration was ended, and the whole party ascended again +to the surface of the ground. The guide took the candles from their +hands as they came up, and Philippe paid him his fee. Mr. George led the +way to the carriage, which was still waiting at the door. It was +surrounded, as before, with poor children and beggars, who set up a loud +clamor for alms as soon as the party made their appearance.</p> + +<p>Mr. George took no notice of them, but opened the door for Mrs. Gray and +Rosie to get in. They got in, and Mrs. Gray took her place on the +forward seat of the carriage,—that is, with her back to the +horses,—and Rosie sat down by the side of her.</p> + +<p>"The other is your seat, Mrs. Gray," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"No," said Mrs. Gray; "we are going to ride here now, and let you and +the boys have the back seat."</p> + +<p>"O, no, Mrs. Gray," said Mr. George; "please take the back seat."</p> + +<p>"By and by I will," said Mrs. Gray, "but not now."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p><p>So Mr. George and the two boys got in and took the back seat, which was +a great deal better than the forward seat, as it afforded so much better +opportunity to see.</p> + +<p>All this was done in a moment, and Philippe, after shutting the door and +mounting the box with the coachman, gave the order to drive on.</p> + +<p>"I think you and Rosie ought to have this seat, Mrs. Gray," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"I have had that seat already for an hour," said Mrs. Gray. "There is no +reason why I should have it all the time."</p> + +<p>"Why, yes," said Rollo; "because you are a lady."</p> + +<p>"My being a lady is a very good reason why the gentlemen should always +offer me the best seat," said Mrs. Gray; "but it is no reason why I +should always take it. Indeed, it is a very good reason why I should +not; for it is not at all ladylike to be monopolizing and selfish in +respect to good seats and good places when there is any thing to see."</p> + +<p>Mr. George did not care a great deal about the difference in the seats, +but he was so much pleased with the disinterested and considerate spirit +which Mrs. Gray manifested in this case, that he secretly resolved that +he would invite her and Rosie to accompany him on every excursion that +he made.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p><p>The road now left the shore, and soon began to ascend the mountain, +winding this way and that in long zigzags, through rich vineyards and +groves of mulberry trees, all planted on soil which had been formed +during the lapse of ages from the disintegration and decay of the lava +which had come down from the volcano above. This land was very fertile; +and as both the soil itself and the rocks from which it was formed were +of a rich brown color, the country looked even more fertile than it +really was. The road was excellent. Indeed, as Philippe had said, it was +as hard and smooth as a floor. It was macadamized all the way, being +made of lava, broken small, and so compacted together, and worn so hard +and smooth by the wheels that had gone over it, and by the feet of the +horses and mules, that it seemed one continuous surface of stone.</p> + +<p>The views on every side were of course continually enlarging and +expanding the higher the carriage ascended, and as, in the long windings +and zigzags of the road, the heads of the horses were turning +continually into different directions, each person in the carriage, +without changing his seat, or even turning his head, had all the +different views presented successively before him.</p> + +<p>The whole expanse of the Bay of Naples was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>coming continually more and +more fully into view, with the mountainous islands in the offing, which +border it towards the sea, and a long line of hamlets, villages, and +towns, extending, like a white fringe upon a green mantle, along the +curve of the shore. Naples was seen in the distance, with the great +Castle of St. Elmo on a rocky summit above it.</p> + +<p>Towards the mountain the travellers could see lofty peaks, with immense +valleys between them. These valleys were extremely fertile and +beautiful, except where recent streams of lava had flowed through them; +that is, lava which had issued from the mountain within a few hundred +years. From the road where the carriage was now moving, the party could +look down upon the beds of these streams, and as the lava had already +become partially decomposed, they looked like immense fields of rich +brown soil turned up by the plough. These valleys, by which the mountain +sides were furrowed, were so large, and the streams of lava in the beds +of them were comparatively so small, that Mr. George said he did not +wonder that the people in the towns along the sea shore were not more +afraid of living so near the mountain.</p> + +<p>"There is room enough in these valleys," said he, "to hold the lava of a +thousand eruptions, before they would be filled up."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p><p>At length the carriage arrived at the Hermitage. The building stood, as +Rollo had seen with his opera glass from the balcony of the hotel, at +the outer extremity of a spur of the mountain, a mile or two from the +foot of the great cone. The road to the foot of the great cone lay along +the crest of the ridge. The observatory, which was a larger and +handsomer building, stood just above and beyond it, and was surrounded +with very pretty gardens.</p> + +<p>The grounds around the Hermitage were very fertile, and though they were +steep and broken, they were so laid out in vineyards and groves of +mulberry trees, and the sun shone upon them so pleasantly, that they +presented a very attractive appearance. The Hermitage was a plain, but +neat stone building, massive and white, with a broad area before it, +where a great many carriages, and also a great many donkeys and mules, +all saddled and bridled, were standing. The carriage drove up rapidly, +and stopped before the door.</p> + +<p>Here followed another noise and uproar, from beggars, musicians, mule +and donkey men, guides, and boys, who gathered about the carriage in a +crowd as soon as it stopped, all clamoring for money or employment. Mr. +George paid no attention to them, but assisting Mrs. Gray and Rosie <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>to +descend, he led the way into the house. There was a boy at the door to +receive him. The boy led the way up a narrow flight of stone stairs to a +sort of hall, surrounded on every side by massive walls of stone. There +were two or three desolate-looking rooms opening from this hall. The +room doors were open. The floors were all of stone. There were tables +set in these rooms, and different parties were seated at them, partaking +of refreshments that they had brought up with them in their +carriages—the bags and baskets in which they had brought them up lying +at their feet.</p> + +<p>These parties were waited upon by the monk, who walked about among the +guests, bringing them glasses, knives and forks, bottles of wine, and +any thing else that they required. He was dressed in the costume of his +order, and looked, as Rosie said, precisely like the pictures of monks +which she had seen in books in America.</p> + +<p>Philippe came up almost immediately after his party, bringing with him +his basket of refreshments. He soon found a table that was unoccupied, +and having placed chairs around it, he asked the monk to bring some +glasses and some knives and forks.</p> + +<p>"And now," said he, addressing Mr. George, "if you will take some +refreshment here, I will <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>go and make the preparations for continuing +the ascent. I will come up again as soon as we are ready."</p> + +<p>So Philippe went away. Mrs. Gray and Rosie sat down at the table, but +the boys began to ramble about in the hall and in the rooms, to see what +was to be seen, taking care, however, to go now and then to the table to +get fresh pieces of bread and butter, and oranges, so as to keep +themselves well supplied with provisions all the time.</p> + +<p>In about fifteen minutes Philippe came up, and said that the +arrangements were made, and then the whole party went down stairs. There +were two portantinas at the door, all ready. The men—an extremely +rough-looking set—stood beside them.</p> + +<p>"Now, Rosie," said Mrs. Gray, "you may get into yours first, so that I +may see how you do it."</p> + +<p>Philippe spread a shawl over the chair which Rosie was to go in, and +Rosie took her seat. Four of the men then took hold of the ends of the +poles, and first with a lift, and then a gentle toss, they raised it up +to their shoulders. Rosie was a little frightened when she found herself +going up so high into the air; but when the ends of the poles came down +gently upon the men's shoulders and rested there, she felt reassured, +and she looked down upon her mother with a smile.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p><p>"How do you feel?" asked Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"Beautifully," said Rosie.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gray then took her seat in her chair, and the bearers lifted her up +upon their shoulders in the same way. Both sets of bearers set off +immediately.</p> + +<p>Rollo and Josie then mounted two donkeys, which Philippe had provided +for them, while Mr. George set out on foot. In this order the party +moved in quite a long procession from the area before the Hermitage, and +began to follow the winding path which led along the crest of the ridge +towards the foot of the cone. There were in all nearly thirty persons, +thus:—</p> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" width="40%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" summary="ascent"> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Travellers,</td> +<td align="right">5</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Portantina bearers, 8 to each chair,</td> +<td align="right">16</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Donkey drivers,</td> +<td align="right">2</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Strapmen,</td> +<td align="right">2</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Refreshment man,</td> +<td align="right">1</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left">Guide,</td> +<td align="right">1</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"> </td> +<td align="right">__</td></tr> + +<tr> +<td align="left"> </td> +<td align="right">27</td></tr> + +</table></div> + +<p>The refreshment man carried the provisions, which he hoped to sell to +the party by the way, in a basket poised upon his head.</p> + +<p>The procession moved on in this order, along a rough and narrow mule +path, for nearly an hour. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>In some parts of the way the road was pretty +nearly level; in others it was extremely broken and steep, where it +passed across old streams of lava. Before them the travellers could see, +all the way, the immense cone, which formed the summit of the mountain, +rising into the sky. They saw that they were gradually drawing nearer +and nearer to the foot of it, and on looking up they could see another +party, which had preceded them in making the ascent, slowly toiling +their way up the rocky steep, while, at a little distance on one side, +another party were seen descending by a different path, which was seen +winding down circuitously at a part of the mountain where the slope was +formed of sand.</p> + +<p>At length Rollo saw at a distance before him a level place among the +trees, very near the foot of the great cone. This he knew at once must +be the halting place.</p> + +<p>"Uncle George," said he, "we are coming to the end of our ride."</p> + +<p>"Are we?" asked Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Rollo. "Do you see all those mules and donkeys there, +standing together among the rocks and trees? That must be the halting +place at the foot of the cone."</p> + +<p>Rollo was right. As soon as he and Josie arrived at this place, the +donkey boys stopped the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>donkeys, and held them by the head for the +riders to dismount. The bearers of the portantinas stopped too, to +change hands.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gray got out of her chair as soon as the men put it down, and went +to Rosie's chair to ask Rosie how she had got along.</p> + +<p>"Very well indeed," said Rosie. "I like it very much."</p> + +<p>"Does your courage hold out to go up the cone?" asked Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"O, yes, mother," said Rosie; "and I wish you would go up too."</p> + +<p>"No," replied Mrs. Gray; "I will go back to the Hermitage, and wait +there until you come down. But you may go up if you wish, and if Mr. +George is willing to take you."</p> + +<p>Mr. George said that he should like to have Rosie go very much, and he +promised to take special care of her. So the new bearers lifted her up +upon their shoulders again, and the strapmen that Philippe had provided +came with their straps to Rollo and Josie. Mr. George took a cane which +one of the boys provided him with, and thus the party began the ascent +of the cone.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127-128]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i124.jpg" class="ispace jpg" width="600" height="375" alt="THE ASCENT." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE ASCENT.</span> +</div> + +<p>Rollo found, after a while, that he did not need the strapmen; so he let +Josie have them both. Josie put his staff through the loops of the +straps, and took hold of the ends of it, while the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p><p>men walked before him, and pulled him up the rocks.</p> + +<p>Rollo kept ahead. He climbed faster than the rest of the train, but he +stopped now and then on some projecting mass of lava to wait for them to +come up. Next to Rollo came Josie, with the two strapmen pulling him up +by their straps. Then the refreshment man, with his basket of provisions +on his head. Last of all came the bearers of the portantina, with Rosie +in the chair. Mr. George followed immediately after. He kept close to +Rosie all the way, for he thought she would be afraid to be left alone +with such wild and rough-looking men.</p> + +<p>Indeed, she doubtless would have been afraid, for the men were rough and +wild in their demeanor, as well as in their looks. They made a great +deal of noise, shouting and scolding all the way. Every now and then +they would stop to rest, and then they would clamor for <i>buono manos</i>, +sometimes begging for the money in very earnest and noisy, but suppliant +tones, and sometimes demanding it in a very loud and threatening manner. +Mr. George, however, paid no heed to these requests, but steadily +refused to give the men any money, saying simply that Philippe would +pay. At length the men, finding that Mr. George was cool and collected, +and that he <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>did not seem to be at all intimidated by their violent and +boisterous demeanor, became quiet, and performed their duty in a more +steady and orderly manner.</p> + +<p>The party went on climbing in this way for nearly an hour, and finally +reached the summit.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Chapter_VII" id="Chapter_VII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VII.</span></h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Summit.</span></h3> + +<p>On coming out upon the brow of the mountain, Rollo saw at a short +distance before him an immense column of dense white vapor pouring up +into the air. His first impulse was to run forward up the sandy slope +that still remained between the place where he stood and the margin of +the crater; but he checked himself, and stopped where he was, to wait +for the rest of the party. As soon as the portantina bearers reached the +place where he stood, they set down the chair, and immediately the whole +set crowded around Mr. George, and again demanded <i>buono manos</i>.</p> + +<p>"<i>Philippe payera</i>," said Mr. George, pointing down the mountain to the +Hermitage—"<i>Philippe payera, là bas</i>," which means, "Philippe will pay +when you go down."</p> + +<p>Mr. George said this in a very quiet manner, and then proceeded to help +Rosie out of her chair. The guide who had come up the mountain <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>with +them then led the way, and Mr. George, Rollo, Rosie and Josie followed, +towards the crater.</p> + +<p>And here I must stop a moment in my story to explain a little what a +crater is, and how it is formed. A crater is a great circular pit or +depression in the top of a volcano, formed by the sinking of the ground +in that part. This sinking of the ground is caused apparently by the +cooling and shrinking of the melted matter below, after a time when it +has been unusually heated.</p> + +<p>Most boys have observed an effect similar to this in casting lead. When +you attempt to cast any thing of lead,—a cannon, for example, or +anchor, or even a bullet,—you will observe that as the lead cools, the +portion of it which comes at the top of the mould shrinks and falls in, +forming a little pit or depression, which you have to fill up by pouring +in a little more lead. The reason is, that lead, as well as most other +melted substances, shrinks when it cools. In the case of the bullet, for +instance, all the lead which forms the mass of the bullet within the +mould shrinks. The effect of this would be to collapse the sides, were +it not that the sides have already become solid by contact with the cold +mould. But the lead at the top, having been poured in last, is still +fluid; and so that settles down as the lead cools <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>below, and forms the +little pit or depression, which the boy presently fills up by pouring in +a little more lead.</p> + +<p>It is much the same with a volcano. For some reason or other,—no one as +yet knows what it is,—the interior of a volcano changes its temperature +very much at different times. Sometimes for a period of several months, +or years, it seems to be all the time growing hotter and hotter. The +substances below become more and more melted, and formed into lava. The +water, which is all the time filtering in through the crevices and +openings, in the rocks around the sides of the mountain, is forced down +under this molten mass by the immense pressure given to it by the height +of the mountain. There it is turned into steam. For a time it is kept +down by the vast weight of the lava which is over it, but after a time +the elastic force of it gets so great that a bubble of it bursts up, and +comes out at the top of the mountain in a great, thundering puff, +bringing up some portion of the melted lava with it, and throwing it +high into the air.</p> + +<p>The lava thus thrown up falls down again, and when there is no wind it +falls down close around the opening. Some of it falls <i>into</i> the +opening, where it is melted again. The rest falls on the sides, and in +process of time it begins to build <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>up a small hill, as it were, all +around the opening, though the puffs and explosions of steam that are +continually coming out keep a mouth open at the top.</p> + +<p>Things go on in this way for some time, until at length, for some +mysterious reason which nobody understands, the interior of the mountain +begins to moderate its heat, and finally to grow cool—not entirely +cool, but cooler than it has been. The puffs and explosions gradually +cease. The lava within the bowels of the mountain shrinks as it cools. +The sides of the mountain being firm and solid, do not collapse; but the +top, being still more or less soft, falls in, not suddenly, but by a +slow and gradual motion, corresponding with the progress of the cooling +below. So slow, indeed, is this progress, that sometimes the ground +continues sinking slowly in this way for several years before the crater +is fully formed.</p> + +<p>All this time, although the puffs and explosions have in a great measure +ceased, the steam continues to blow out, more or less steadily, from a +great many small openings, some of them in the bottom of the crater, and +some, perhaps, in the sides. This steam is changed into visible vapor +when it comes out where the air is cool, and the several streams, +mingling together as they rise into the air, form a cloudy column, which +is often <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>called <i>smoke</i>. Strictly speaking, however, it is not smoke. +It is almost entirely composed of steam.</p> + +<p>After continuing in this state for some time, the interior of the +mountain begins to grow hot again. Then the steam and hot lava begin to +puff out at some one or other of the vents in the bottom of the crater. +If the heating goes on, the lava comes out hotter and hotter from the +opening, and by melting away the sides of it and blowing it out, it +gradually enlarges it. The lava that is blown out, too, falls down all +around the hole, and gradually builds up a mound around it, like a +little dome, while the successive blasts keep the outlet open all the +time at the top. This small cone, rising up gradually thus, in the +bottom of the crater formed by the sinking in of the mountain before, +and the chimney opening up through the centre of it, gives vent to all +the steam from below, while a great many of the other orifices are +stopped up by the lava which comes up out of the great opening falling +into them. After a time, the lava that is thrown out spreads over the +whole floor of the crater in a mass of black, corrugated slag, with the +small cone rising from the centre of it, and the opening at the top +glowing like the mouth of a fiery furnace, and bursting out every now +and then, with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>explosions of steam, and red-hot stones, and melted +lava.</p> + +<p>This was precisely the condition of Vesuvius at the time that Rollo +visited it. The top of the mountain had fallen in, in two places, some +time before, on account of the cooling below, and two great craters had +been formed. Now, the furnace had been for some time heating up again, +and in each crater a black cone, with a fiery mouth open at the apex of +it, was gradually growing up, and covering the whole floor of the crater +with the black and molten matter which it was ejecting.</p> + +<p>It was to the edge of one of these craters that the party now advanced, +and the engraving will give you some idea of the view which it +presented.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137-138]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i134.jpg" class="ispace jpg" width="600" height="383" alt="VIEW OF THE CRATER." title="" /> +<span class="caption">VIEW OF THE CRATER.</span> +</div> + +<p>There were several persons, both ladies and gentlemen, standing on the +margin of the crater when our party arrived. Mr. George led Rosie to the +place, and looked down with her into the abyss. The sides of it were +formed of precipitous cliffs of rocks and sand, all beautifully colored, +in every shade of red and yellow, by the deposits of sulphur which had +accumulated upon them from the fumes of the volcano. The floor of the +crater was black as jet, being covered by the molten lava, which had +gradually spread over <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p><p>it. The surface of this lava lay in wave-like corrugations, like the +hide of a rhinoceros, showing that it was or had been semi-fluid. In the +centre rose a great, black, rounded cone, like the cupola of an immense +blast furnace. This cone was about fifty feet high, and there was an +opening at the top eight or ten feet in diameter, which glowed with a +furious heat, and emitted quietly, but continually, a red-hot breath of +sulphurous vapor.</p> + +<p>After remaining thus quiet for a few moments, suddenly it would give a +gasp, and immediately afterwards there would burst forth a thundering +explosion, which seemed to come up from a great depth below, and threw +into the air a shower of stones and scraps of molten lava, which, after +ascending to a great height, came down again, and fell, with a dripping +sound, upon and around the cone. Similar explosions occurred at +intervals of a few minutes, all the time that the party remained.</p> + +<p>Rosie was at first very much afraid of these explosions, and she wished +to go back. Mr. George himself was also afraid at first to stand very +near the edge of the crater; but it was not on account of the +explosions, but for fear that the cliff might cave in. Indeed, the +cliffs all around were cracked off, and in some places leaning over, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>apparently ready to fall; and even at the spot where the spectators +stood looking into the crater, there was a fissure running along +parallel to the cliff, some feet behind them. At first Mr. George was +afraid to step over this crack.</p> + +<p>"How do they know," said he to himself, "but that the whole mass will +fall and carry them all down into the gulf below?"</p> + +<p>He found, however, after waiting a little while, that it did not fall, +and there were besides other masses a little farther along, as seen in +the engraving, which had become separated entirely from the cliff behind +them, leaving a chasm open two or three feet wide; and yet they did not +fall. So Mr. George gradually acquired more confidence, and at length +went cautiously forward, and looked over the brink.</p> + +<p>Rosie, however, hung back. She was alarmed to see Rollo and Josie go so +near.</p> + +<p>"Come back, Josie," said she; "come back. You <i>must not</i> go so near."</p> + +<p>So Mr. George called the boys back, and they obeyed.</p> + +<p>The walls of this crater were on every side almost perpendicular. As the +central part had gradually sunk, the sides had caved off and fallen in, +and then afterwards the lava that had been thrown up had spread over the +floor, and covered <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>it with a bed of a half-fluid looking substance, +that was as black as pitch, and which, though it was really now pretty +hard, looked as if a stone thrown down upon it would sink immediately +into it, out of sight.</p> + +<p>The crater seemed to be four or five hundred feet across, and the walls +of it were eighty or a hundred feet high.</p> + +<p>After Mr. George and the children had been standing upon the brink of +this abyss some time, watching the explosions, the guide who had come up +with them from the Hermitage beckoned to Mr. George, and saying +something at the same time in Italian, made signs as if he wished the +party to go with him to some other place.</p> + +<p>"Come, boys," said Mr. George; "he wants us to go with him."</p> + +<p>"Where does he want us to go?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"I don't know," said Mr. George. "I cannot understand what he says; but +let us go and see."</p> + +<p>So the whole party followed the guide, Mr. George leading Rosie by the +hand. The guide conducted them along a narrow path through the sand, +which led away from the crater behind a hill which formed one of the +sides of it at a place where it was so steep below the path down the +mountain side, that Rosie was almost afraid to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>go. Mr. George, however, +held her firmly by the hand, and he charged Rollo and Josie to follow +very carefully. After going on in this way for some distance, they came +to another crater very similar to the first, only the sides of it, +instead of being formed, like the first, of perpendicular cliffs, +consisted of steep, sloping banks of volcanic sand and gravel. There +was, however, the same pitchy bed of lava spread out all over the bottom +of it below, and in the centre a black cone thirty feet high, with a +fiery furnace mouth at the top, glowing with heat, and throwing out +continually the same thundering puffs of steam, and projecting the same +masses of melted lava and hot stones into the air.</p> + +<p>"Ah, here is another crater!" said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Rollo; "only it is smaller than the first. I like the first +the best."</p> + +<p>While they were standing on the narrow ridge which formed the brink of +the crater, looking down, their guide by their side, another guide came +by, conducting two young men; and they, instead of stopping on the +brink, as Mr. George and his party had done, began at once to go down. +There was a sort of track in the sand down the slope, and in this track +the young men, half walking, half sliding, descended.</p> + +<p>"Why, uncle George!" exclaimed Rollo, "they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>are going down into the +crater. Let Josie and me go too."</p> + +<p>Mr. George saw by a glance that the descent into the crater must be +safe, for the young men were led by one of the regular mountain guides; +and besides, there was a track in the sand, showing that other parties +had gone down before. So he said that Rollo and Josie might go.</p> + +<p>"You may go down with this party," said Mr. George, "and then you can +come up and take care of Rosie while I go down with <i>our</i> guide."</p> + +<p>So Rollo and Josie followed the two young men down. Mr. George watched +them from above. They went down very easily, for the sand was soft, and +the track turned this way and that, so as to avoid the steepest places. +The black lava covered the whole floor of the crater, and Mr. George and +Rosie supposed that those who had gone down would be able only to go to +the edge of it; but, to their great surprise, they found that the guide, +as soon as he reached it, stepped upon it, and walked boldly out, +followed by the young men and by Rollo and Josie, like a party of boys +walking out upon the ice on a pond.</p> + +<p>"Why, uncle George!" exclaimed Rosie, "they are walking over the lava. +Why don't they sink in?"</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p><p>"I cannot imagine," said Mr. George. "I supposed it was soft."</p> + +<p>In fact, it <i>was</i> soft; that is, it was soft enough to flow if it had +been on a slope, but yet it was hard enough to walk upon. A current of +lava, when it is coming down the mountain side, can often be walked upon +while it is still in motion. Its fluidity at the best is very imperfect, +and its motion is very slow. The lava which Rollo was upon in the floor +of the crater, though pretty nearly cool and hard on the surface, was +hot below. Rollo could see the redness of the heat in the holes and +crevices. Probably, if a heavy stone were laid upon the bed of lava, it +would gradually have sunk into it. And yet persons could walk over it +without any difficulty.</p> + +<p>Rollo and Josie followed the young men over the lava until they came so +near the cone in the centre that if they were to advance farther they +would be in danger of having the lava which was thrown up from it fall +upon their heads. Here they found some boys, who belonged to the +mountain, engaged in getting out small pieces of the lava, where it was +hot and soft, and pressing coins into it, to sell to the people above. +Rollo and Josie bought some of these specimens of the boys, and put them +hot in their pockets.</p> + +<p>While the boys were thus near the cone in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>centre of the crater, +they were sometimes lost to view from Mr. George and Rosie, on account +of the puffs of vapor which the wind blew over them. Rosie was very much +afraid whenever this happened. She thought that Josie and Rollo were +lost; but Mr. George assured her that there was no danger.</p> + +<p>"I should think there would be a great deal of danger," said she.</p> + +<p>"So should I," said Mr. George, "of my own judgment. But I do not go by +my own judgment in such cases."</p> + +<p>"Whose judgment do you go by?" asked Rosie.</p> + +<p>"By the guides'," replied Mr. George. "The guides know all about the +mountain. They are up here every day. They have been watching it for +years, and they can tell where it is safe to go, and where it is +dangerous, better than any stranger. So I give up my judgment entirely, +and go altogether by theirs. You will see Rollo and Josie coming back +out of the smoke pretty soon, as safe as they went in."</p> + +<p>This prediction proved to be true. In a few minutes, on account of some +change in the gusts of wind, the masses of vapor in the crater broke +into openings, and rolled off towards the other side, and in the +openings Rosie could see the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>boys coming back over the black surface of +the lava, their footsteps making a curious sound upon it, as if they +were walking over clinkers. Very soon they reached the side, and then +came toiling up the path which ascended the slope of sand.</p> + +<p>Rollo and Josie were both full of enthusiasm in describing what they had +seen at the bottom of the crater, and near the cone, and they strongly +recommended to Rosie to go down too.</p> + +<p>"I'll go with you, Rosie," said Josie, "and show you the way."</p> + +<p>But Rosie declined the adventure, and Mr. George told her that she did +right to do so.</p> + +<p>"Why, what is there to be afraid of?" asked Josie. "There is no +danger—not the least in the world."</p> + +<p>"True," said Mr. George; "but going into such places does not give so +much pleasure to young ladies as it does to such courageous young +gentlemen as you. But I wish to go down myself, and I will leave Rosie +under your care here while I am gone."</p> + +<p>Pretty near where the party stood while engaged in this conversation, +several persons were gathered about what seemed to be a fire. A sort of +smoke came up from the ground in the centre of the group, and by the +side of it were one or two baskets containing eggs, bread, bottles of +wine, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>other refreshments. Mr. George led the way to this place, and +then he found that what seemed to be a fire was really a jet of hot +steam and sulphurous gases that was issuing from a cleft among the +rocks. The place was very near the crest of the crater, and the people +that stood around it were watching to see men cook in the jets of steam. +There was a little level place inside the crevice, just beneath the +ground, where they could put eggs and other such things, and after +leaving them there a short time, they were found to be nicely cooked. As +fast as they were done, the men took them out and sold them to the +bystanders.</p> + +<p>Mr. George left Rosie and the two boys here while he went down into the +crater. The guide went with him to show him the way. In about ten +minutes Mr. George returned, and found the three children standing round +the <i>cuisine</i>, as the men called the place where they cooked. Rollo had +been buying some of the eggs, and he and Josie and Rosie were eating +them.</p> + +<p>"Mr. George," said Josie, "are these boiled eggs, or baked eggs, or +roasted eggs, or what?"</p> + +<p>"They seem to be steamed eggs," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"I suppose," said Rollo, "that by digging about here in the sand, we +might find a place where it would be just warm enough to <i>hatch</i> eggs."</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p><p>"No doubt," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>Just then Rollo observed that the two young men whom he and Josie had +followed down into the crater were standing at a little distance, and +attentively regarding some sort of instrument which they had in their +hands.</p> + +<p>"I mean to go and see what they are doing," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>So saying, he looked into Mr. George's face, and waited to see if Mr. +George had any objection to his going.</p> + +<p>"Very well," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>So Rollo went off to the place where the young men were standing, and +soon afterwards Mr. George and the others of the party could see that +the strangers were showing him the instrument, and apparently explaining +it to him. Pretty soon Rollo returned and reported that the two young +men were students, and that the instrument which they had was a metallic +barometer, and that they were measuring the height of the mountain with +it.</p> + +<p>This metallic barometer is quite a curious instrument. You will often +read, in books, of measuring the height of a mountain, or other lofty +place, <i>by the barometer</i>; and to most people this is quite a mystery. +The explanation of it is, however, very simple. It is this: The earth is +surrounded on all sides by the atmosphere, which, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>though very light, +has a certain weight, and it presses with considerable force upon the +ground, and upon every thing that is exposed to it. If, however, you go +up from the ground, as, for instance, when you ascend a mountain, the +higher you go, the less the pressure is. This is naturally to be +expected, for the higher you go in such a case, the less air there is +above you to press. Now, a barometer is an instrument to measure the +pressure of the air, just as a thermometer measures the heat or coldness +of it. A metallic barometer is a new kind, in which the air presses on a +curiously contrived ring or band of brass, and according as it presses +more or less, it moves an index like the hand of a watch, which is +placed on the face of it. It was such an instrument as this that the two +students had, on Vesuvius.</p> + +<p>The way in which you use such an instrument to measure the height of a +mountain is this: You look at the instrument when you are at the bottom +of the mountain, before you begin your ascent, and see how it stands. +There is a little index like the hour hand of a watch, which is movable. +This you set at the point where the other index stands when you are at +the foot of the mountain. Then you begin your ascent. You shut up your +barometer if you please, and put it in your knapsack, or in the chaise +box, or <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>any where else you please. Wherever you put it, the pressure of +the air will find it out, and penetrate to it, and as you gradually rise +from the surface of the earth, the index, which is connected with the +curious brass ring, moves slowly backward as the pressure diminishes. +This motion continues as long as you continue ascending. If you come to +a level place, it remains stationary as long as the level continues. If +you descend, it goes forward a little, and then begins to go back again +as soon as you once more begin to ascend. Then, when you get to the top +of the mountain, you look at it, and you see at once how much the +pressure of the air has diminished. From this, by an easy calculation, +you tell at once how high you have come.</p> + +<p>Mr. George knew all about the barometer, and the means of measuring +heights with it, though he had never seen an instrument of this +particular kind. He was accordingly very much interested in Rollo's +account of it, and he said he had a great mind to go and see it himself.</p> + +<p>"I wish you would," said Rollo. "I told them that I thought you would +like to see it, and they said that they should be very happy to show it +to you."</p> + +<p>Mr. George accordingly went to see the instrument, and the students gave +him so cordial a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>reception, that he formed at once quite an intimate +acquaintance with them. Indeed they were quite pleased to find a person +on the mountain who sympathized with them in their scientific inquiries +and pursuits, and was capable of understanding and appreciating them. +They told Mr. George that they were going to remain on the mountain +until after dark, in order to see it in its night aspects, and they +invited him to remain with them.</p> + +<p>"Then to-morrow," said they, "we are going across the mountain down +through the back ravines, to study the geological structure of the old +lava beds, and so come out at Pompeii."</p> + +<p>Mr. George said there could be nothing that he should enjoy more, were +it not that he had ladies under his charge, and that he felt bound to +accompany them back to Naples.</p> + +<p>Rollo, when he heard this invitation, immediately felt a strong desire +that Mr. George should go, and that he might go too. He instantly +perceived, however, that this was out of the question; but he thought +that by cordially falling in with the plan of allowing Mr. George to go, +he might, perhaps, be the means of accomplishing it. Many boys, in such +a case, when they find that a plan of enjoyment that is proposed is one +which they cannot themselves share, do all they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>can to hinder and +oppose it altogether. But Rollo had now travelled about the world so +much, and had acquired so much experience, that he was above such folly +as this.</p> + +<p>"Uncle George," said he, "you can go just as well as not. I can take +care of Rosie down the mountain to the Hermitage, and then we shall have +nothing to do but to get into the carriage and ride home."</p> + +<p>Mr. George saw at once how generous it was in Rollo to make this offer, +and he said he would so far accept it as to let Rollo take charge of the +party going home from the Hermitage in the carriage; but he felt bound, +he said, not to leave Rosie until he had returned her safe to her +mother's hands. So he said to the students,—</p> + +<p>"I will go down the cone with Rosie and the two boys, and accompany them +as far as the Hermitage. There I shall find Mrs. Gray and the carriage. +If Mrs. Gray seems cordially willing to go home with the children alone, +I will come back here and join you; but if I find she does not seem +entirely willing,—if she looks sober about it,—then I will go back to +Naples; though in that case I shall come to Pompeii to-morrow, and shall +hope to meet you there."</p> + +<p>"I hope the lady will be willing to release you," said one of the +students.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153-154]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 315px;"> +<img src="images/i150.jpg" class="ispace jpg" width="315" height="500" alt="COMING DOWN." title="" /> +<span class="caption">COMING DOWN.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p><p>"I have but little doubt that she will," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>Accordingly, after rambling about on the margin of the crater a little +time longer, and gathering all the specimens which they required, Mr. +George and the children commenced their descent. One of the students +went down with them, in order to accompany Mr. George back. The descent +was very easy, for the path led down a slope, where, instead of being +rocky as it was where they came up, there was little else but loose +sand, so that at every step they took they slid down a great way, and +thus went, very fast and very easily, from the top to the bottom.</p> + +<p>When they reached the foot of the slope, they found the mules and +donkeys there. Rollo and Josie insisted that Mr. George and the student +should ride, because they had got to ascend the cone again.</p> + +<p>"Besides," said Rollo, "if you ride you can get there quicker, and +arrange the business with Mrs. Gray."</p> + +<p>Mr. George was right in anticipating that Mrs. Gray would give her +cordial consent to have him leave the party.</p> + +<p>"I shall miss your company," said she, "but I feel perfectly safe in +going home in the carriage with Philippe and the boys. Besides, I shall +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>want to hear an account of your adventures on the mountain in the +night, and in crossing over by the ravines to-morrow. And then if you +are willing," she added, "we will all come and meet you at Pompeii +to-morrow."</p> + +<p>"I should like that very much indeed," said Mr. George. "Philippe will +arrange every thing for you."</p> + +<p>This being all settled, Mrs. Gray and the children entered the carriage +and set out for Naples, while Mr. George and the student turned their +faces towards the mountain again.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Chapter_VIII" id="Chapter_VIII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VIII.</span></h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Pompeii.</span></h3> + +<p>On the evening of the day on which the excursion to Vesuvius was made, +Rollo came into Mrs. Gray's room, wearing a somewhat disturbed +countenance. He told Mrs. Gray that he had got some bad news for her.</p> + +<p>"Ah," said Mrs. Gray, "I'm sorry to hear that. What is the bad news?"</p> + +<p>"Philippe is engaged for to-morrow," said Rollo, "and so he cannot go +with us to Pompeii."</p> + +<p>"O, how sorry I am!" said Josie. "What shall we do?"</p> + +<p>"How is he engaged?" asked Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"He is going with a party to Baiæ."</p> + +<p>"Where is Baiæ?" asked Josie. "Is it any where near Pompeii?"</p> + +<p>"No," said Rollo; "it is exactly in the opposite direction. It is on the +sea coast to the west, and Pompeii is on the sea coast to the east."</p> + +<p>"What is there to be seen at Baiæ?" asked Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p><p>"Nothing but old ruins," said Rollo, contemptuously. "I don't see why +people should want to go so far, and take away our guide, just to see +old ruins. Besides, there are plenty of old ruins at Pompeii.</p> + +<p>"But, Mrs. Gray," continued Rollo, "I don't think we need any guide at +all to go to Pompeii. We can go by ourselves."</p> + +<p>"Do you think so?" said Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"Why, you see I can engage a carriage to take us there myself," said +Rollo. "I shall say 'Pompeii!' to the coachman, and point that way. And +when we get to Pompeii, we shall find uncle George there, and then we +shall get along well enough."</p> + +<p>"True," said Mrs. Gray. "But then," she added, after thinking a moment, +"perhaps we might miss Mr. George, after all. I don't know how large a +place it is. If it is a large place, we might miss him in some of the +streets."</p> + +<p>Here Rosie opened a guide book which lay upon the table, and turned to a +map of Pompeii which she recollected to have seen there. Her hope was to +find that there were not many streets, and thus to show that there would +not be much danger of missing Mr. George. She found, however, that the +plan of the town looked quite complicated. There was a long street, +called the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>Street of the Tombs, leading into it; and then within the +walls there were a great many other streets, crossing each other, and +running in all directions. So she shut the book, and did not say a word, +thinking that the sight of the plan would impede, rather than promote, +the acceptance of Rollo's proposal.</p> + +<p>"I don't think there are a great many streets," said Rollo. "There were +none at all at Herculaneum."</p> + +<p>"Ah, but Herculaneum is a very different thing," said Mrs. Gray. +"Herculaneum was buried up very deep with solid lava, and only a very +small portion of it has been explored, and that you go down into as you +would into a cellar or a mine. Pompeii was but just covered, and that +only with sand and ashes; and the sand and ashes have all been dug out +and carted off from a large part of the city, so as to bring the whole +out in the open day."</p> + +<p>"Then it will be a great deal pleasanter place to visit," said Rosie.</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Mrs. Gray; "and I don't think that there will be much danger +in our going by ourselves. If we don't find Mr. George, we can walk +about a while, and then come back in the carriage again."</p> + +<p>"We might go by the railroad if we chose," <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>said Rollo. "There is a +railroad that runs along the coast, and passes very near Pompeii."</p> + +<p>"I think we had better take a carriage," said Mrs. Gray, "because a +carriage will take us and leave us wherever we wish. There will be more +changes if we go by the railroad, and we should need to speak more."</p> + +<p>It was finally agreed that the party should go, and Rollo and Josie were +to have a carriage ready at nine o'clock the next morning. They were all +to breakfast at eight o'clock.</p> + +<p>Now it happens there is no difficulty in getting a carriage at Naples. +The streets are full of them. They are very pretty carriages too, as +they are seen standing in pleasant weather, with the tops turned back, +showing the soft cushions on the seats that look so inviting. The +coachmen who drive these carriages are very eager to get customers. They +watch at the doors of the hotels, and every where, indeed, along the +streets, and whenever they see a lady and gentleman coming, they drive +forward to meet them, and call out to offer them the carriage; and +sometimes they go along for some distance by the side of the strangers, +trying to induce them to get in.</p> + +<p>Some of these carriages have two horses, and contain a front and a back +seat. Others have only one horse, and only a back seat; but they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>all +look very nice and tidy, and the price to be paid for them is quite low.</p> + +<p>The party all breakfasted together the next morning, and they went down +into the dining room for their breakfast, instead of taking it in Mrs. +Gray's room. They did this at the request of the boys, who said it was +more amusing to go into the public room and see the different parties +that came in for early breakfasts, and hear them talk, in various +languages, of the different excursions that they are going to make that +day.</p> + +<p>At about a quarter before nine, Rollo and Josie went out to look for a +carriage. Rollo stopped at the office of the hotel in going out, and +inquired of the secretary how much ought to be paid for a carriage with +two horses to go to Pompeii. The secretary told him three dollars.</p> + +<p>He and Josie then went out into the street. There was a long row of +carriages, some with two horses and some with one, standing in the +middle of the street opposite to the hotel. The coachmen of all these +carriages, as soon as they saw the boys come out, began immediately to +call out to them, and crack their whips, and make other such +demonstrations to attract their attention.</p> + +<p>"Now," said Rollo to Josie, "we must walk along carelessly, and not +appear to look at the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>carriages as if we wanted one; for if we do, they +will come driving towards us in a body. We will walk along quietly till +we come to a nice carriage and a first rate pair of horses, and then +we'll go right up to the coachman and engage him."</p> + +<p>This the boys did. They sauntered along with a careless air, concealing +the desire they had to engage a carriage, until at last they came to one +which Rollo thought would do. The instant the boys stopped before this +carriage, the coachman jumped down from his box, and began to open the +carriage door for them, and at the same time all the other coachmen in +the line began cracking their whips, and calling out to the boys again +to come and take their carriages. Rollo paid no attention to them, but +addressed the coachman of the carriage which he had selected, and said +in French, "To Pompeii."</p> + +<p>"<i>Si, signore, si, signore,</i>" said the coachman, which Rollo knew very +well meant "Yes, sir, yes, sir." At the same time the coachman made +eager gestures for the boys to get in.</p> + +<p>But Rollo would not get in, but waited to make his bargain about the +price.</p> + +<p>"<i>Quanto?</i>" said he. Quanto is the Italian word for <i>how much</i>. In +saying <i>Quanto</i>, Rollo held up the fingers of his right hand, to denote +to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>the coachman that he was to show him by his fingers how many +piastres.</p> + +<p>The coachman said four, speaking in Italian, and at the same time held +up four fingers.</p> + +<p>"No," said Rollo, "three." And Rollo held up three fingers.</p> + +<p>The coachman seemed to hesitate a moment; but when he saw that the boys +were ready to go away and apply for another carriage unless he would +take them for the regular and proper price, he said, "<i>Si, signore,</i>" +again, and once more motioned for the boys to get in. So they got in, +and the coachman drove to the hotel door.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gray and Rosie were all ready, and when they came to see the +carriage which the boys had chosen for them, they were very much pleased +with it.</p> + +<p>"I don't see but that you can manage the business, Rollo," said Mrs. +Gray, "as well as any courier or valet de place that we could have."</p> + +<p>"How could you make him understand what you wanted, without speaking +Italian?" asked Rosie.</p> + +<p>"I did it partly by signs," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>The road to Pompeii, for the first few miles, was the same with the one +to Vesuvius, which they had taken the day before. It led first through +the busiest part of Naples, along by the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>docks and the shipping, and +then through the series of towns and villages which line the shore of +the bay, at the foot of the slopes of Vesuvius. After passing in this +manner through one continued street for five or six miles, the road came +out more into the open country, where fine views were had of the +mountain on one side, and of the bay on the other. The mountain sides +were generally extremely fertile, being covered with vineyards and +groves, though here and there were to be seen the streams of lava which +had come down within a few hundred years, and which had not yet become +disintegrated and converted into soil. These streams of lava looked like +torrents of brown water suddenly turned into stone, as they came +streaming down the mountain side.</p> + +<p>In one place, one of these streams of lava passed under a town. That is +to say, such was the appearance. The fact was, really, that the lava had +destroyed the part of the town that came in its way, and the people had +built up their houses again on the top of it. The lava was cut down a +little in making the road, so that you could see at the road side a +portion of the stream, with the houses upon it.</p> + +<p>After riding on in this way two or three hours, the carriage stopped at +a very pleasant place, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>among vineyards and mulberry groves, at the +entrance of a pretty lane, which led to the gates of Pompeii.</p> + +<p>"Now," said Rosie, "our difficulties are going to begin. I don't see how +we are going to know where to look for Mr. George."</p> + +<p>"We will see," said Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>The coachman opened the door, and all the party got out. Just then they +saw at a short distance before them, where there was a sort of gate, +several men in a species of uniform, which denoted that they were the +persons appointed by the government to take charge of the place, and to +show it to visitors. One of these men, as soon as he saw the party, +seemed to look very much pleased, and he advanced to meet them with a +smiling face. At the same time he said something to a boy who was near +by, and the boy ran off into the town. The young man in uniform, when he +came near to Mrs. Gray, said something which at first she could not +understand, but which she soon perceived was an attempt to pronounce the +words, <i>Il Signore Holiday</i>.</p> + +<p>"Ah! he has seen Mr. George," said Mrs. Gray. "Mr. George has been here, +and has told him to watch for us."</p> + +<p>This supposition on the part of Mrs. Gray was correct. Mr. George had +come early with the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>students to Pompeii, in order to be ready there to +receive Mrs. Gray and her party, and he had stationed this man at the +gate to watch for them, with directions to send the boy in for him at an +appointed place, as soon as they should arrive. The boy soon found Mr. +George, and he came immediately back to the gate. Of course the whole +party were very much pleased to see him.</p> + +<p>"And yet," said Mrs. Gray, "Rollo has managed so well that I should not +have felt any anxiety if we had continued under his sole charge all +day."</p> + +<p>The party now commenced their exploration of Pompeii. They found it, as +they had expected, all open to the day. A great many of the streets, +with all the houses bordering them, had been cleared, and all the sand +and gravel under which they had been buried had been carted away. +Immense heaps of this rubbish were lying outside the entrance, and the +party had passed them in the carriage on their approach to the town. +They had been lying there so long, however, that they were covered with +grass and small trees, and they looked like great railroad embankments.</p> + +<p>Indeed, the appearance which Pompeii presents now is that of a large +open village of ruined and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>roofless one-storied houses. Many of the +houses were originally two stories high, it is true; but the upper +stories have been destroyed or shaken down, and in general it is the +lower story only that now remains.</p> + +<p>The structure of the houses, in respect to plan and general arrangement, +is very different from that of the dwellings built in our towns at the +present day. The chief reasons for the difference arise from the absence +of windows and chimneys in the houses of the ancients, and of course the +leaving out of windows and chimneys in a house makes it necessary to +change every thing.</p> + +<p>The inhabitants of Pompeii had no chimneys, because the climate there is +so mild that they seldom needed a fire; and when they did need one, it +was easier to make a small one in an open vessel, and let it stand in +the middle of the room, or wherever it was required, than to make a +chimney and a fireplace. The open pan in which the fires were made in +those days stood on legs, and could be moved about any where. The fire +was made of small twigs cut from the trees. The people would let the pan +stand in the open air until the twigs were burnt to coal, and then they +would carry the pan, with the embers still glowing, into the room which +they wished <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>to warm, and place it wherever it was required.</p> + +<p>The same contrivance is used at the present day in Naples, and in all +the towns of that region. In going along the streets in a cool evening +or morning, you will often see one of these brass pans before a door, +with a little fire blazing in it, and children or other persons before +it, warming their hands. Afterwards, if you watch, you will see that the +people take it into the house.</p> + +<p>The ancient inhabitants of Pompeii depended entirely on arrangements +like these for warming their rooms. There is not a chimney to be found +in the whole town.</p> + +<p>In respect to windows, the reason why they did not have them was because +they had no glass to put into them. They could not make glass in those +days well enough and easily enough to use it for windows. Of course they +had openings in their houses to admit the air and the light, and these +openings might perhaps be called windows. But in order to prevent the +wind and rain from coming in, it was necessary to have them placed in +sheltered situations, as, for example, under porticos and piazzas. The +custom therefore arose of having a great many porticos in the houses, +with rooms opening from them; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>and in order that they might not be too +much exposed, they were generally made so as to have the open side of +them inwards, towards the centre of the house, where a small, square +place was left, without a roof over it, to admit the light and air.</p> + +<p>Of course the rain would come in through this open space, and the floor +of it was generally formed into a square marble basin, to receive the +water. This was called the <i>impluvium</i>. Sometimes there was a fountain +in the centre of the impluvium, and all around it were the porticos, +within and under which were the doors opening into the different rooms.</p> + +<p>The guide, who conducted Mr. George and his party, led them into several +of these houses, and every one was much interested in examining the +arrangement of the rooms, and in imagining how the people looked in +going in and out, and in living in them. The bed rooms were extremely +small. The walls of some of them were beautifully painted, but the rooms +themselves were often not much bigger than a state room in a steamship. +The bedstead was a sort of berth, formed upon a marble shelf built +across from wall to wall.</p> + +<p>In some of the houses there were more rooms than could be arranged +around one court; and in such cases there were two, and sometimes three +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>courts. In one case, the third court was a garden, with a beautiful +portico formed of ornamental columns all around it. Beneath this portico +the ladies of the house, in rainy weather, could walk at their ease, and +see the flowers growing in the garden, just as well as if the weather +were fair.</p> + +<p>Under this portico, all around, was a subterranean chamber, which seemed +to be used as a sort of cellar. And yet it was very neatly finished, and +the walls of it were ornamented in such a way as to lead people to +suppose that it might have been used as a cool walk in warm weather. +This passage way was first discovered by means of the steps leading down +to it. It was almost full of earth, which earth consisted of volcanic +sand and ashes, which had flowed into it in the form of mud.</p> + +<p>On one side of this subterranean passage way, near the entrance, there +were a number of skeletons found. These skeletons were in a standing +position against the wall, where the persons had been stopped and buried +up by the mud as it flowed in. The marks left by the bodies against the +wall remain to this day, and Rollo and all the party saw them.</p> + +<p>One of the skeletons was that of a female, and there were a great many +rings on the fingers of the hands, and bracelets, necklaces, and other +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>ornaments on the other bones. From this circumstance it is supposed +that this person was the wife of the owner of the house, and that in +trying to save herself and her jewelry upon her, she had fled with the +servants to this cellar, and there had been overwhelmed.</p> + +<p>There were very few skeletons found in the houses of Pompeii; from which +circumstance it is supposed that the inhabitants generally had time to +escape. There was, however, one remarkable case. It was that of a +sentinel in his sentry box, at the gate of the city. He would not leave +his post, as it would seem, and so perished at the station where he had +been placed. His head, with the helmet still upon it, was carried to the +museum at Naples, where it is now seen by all the world, and every one +who sees it utters some expression of praise for the courage and +fidelity which the poor fellow displayed in fulfilling his trust.</p> + +<p>The streets of the town were narrow, but they were paved substantially +with large and solid stones, flat at the top. Along these streets there +were a great many very curious shops, such as barbers' shops, painters' +shops, wine shops, and the like. The wine shops were furnished with deep +jars set in a sort of stone counter. The jars were open-mouthed, and the +men who kept <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>the shops were accustomed apparently to dip the wine out +of them, in selling to their customers.</p> + +<p>After passing through a number of these streets, the party came at +length to a great public square called the <i>Forum</i>. This square was +surrounded with the ruins of temples, and other great public edifices. +The columns and porticos which bordered the square are all now more or +less in ruins; but there are still so many of them standing as to show +exactly what the forms of the buildings must have been when they were +complete, and how the square must have appeared.</p> + +<p>In another part of the town were the remains of two theatres, and +outside the walls an immense amphitheatre, where were exhibited the +combats of wild beasts, and those of the gladiators. There are a great +many ruins of amphitheatres like this scattered over Italy. They are of +an oval form, and the seats extend all around. The place where the +combats took place was a level spot in the centre, called the <i>arena</i>.</p> + +<p>In viewing these various ruins, Mr. George and the two students seemed +most interested in the theatres, and temples, and other great public +edifices, while Mrs. Gray and the children seemed to think a great deal +more of the houses and the shops. There was one baker's shop with the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>oven entire, and three stone hand mills, in which the baker used to +grind his corn. There were a great many curious utensils and implements +found in this shop, when it was first excavated; but Mr. George said +that they had all been removed.</p> + +<p>"I wish they had let them stay here," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"It would be a great deal more interesting to us to see them here," said +Mr. George, "but they would not have been safe. The government has +therefore built an immense museum at Naples, and every thing that is +movable has been carried there. So we come here first to see the town +and the remains of the shops and the houses, and then afterwards we go +to the museum at Naples to see the things that were found in them."</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>After rambling about in Pompeii for several hours, the party went out by +another gate, where they found the carriage waiting for them, and so +returned home.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Chapter_IX" id="Chapter_IX"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter IX.</span></h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Museum.</span></h3> + +<p>The great museum at Naples is one of the most wonderful collections of +curiosities in the world. It is contained in an immense building, which +is divided into numerous galleries and halls, each of which is devoted +to some special department of art.</p> + +<p>It was the plan of our party to go and see the museum on the day after +their visit to Pompeii,—or rather to begin to see it; for it requires a +great deal more than one day even to walk cursorily through the rooms.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the day in question, Mrs. Gray said to Mr. George, at +breakfast, that she had a plan to propose.</p> + +<p>"What is it?" asked Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"I am afraid that you will not think it very polite in me to propose +it," said Mrs. Gray, "but it is this: that when we get into the museum, +we should divide into two parties. Let Rollo go with me and the +children, while you join your <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>friends the students, and accompany them. +Then we can go through the rooms in our way, and you can go in yours."</p> + +<p>Mr. George hesitated. For a moment he seemed not to know what to reply +to this proposal.</p> + +<p>"The reason is," said Mrs. Gray, "that the objects which you and the +students will have in view in the visit, may very likely be different +from ours. You will want to study the antiquities, and the old Latin and +Greek inscriptions, and the monuments illustrating ancient history; but +we should not understand such things. We shall be interested in the +paintings, and the rings, and jewels, and ornaments found in Pompeii, +and in the household implements and utensils."</p> + +<p>"But we shall want to see all those things, too," said Mr. George.</p> + +<p>"True," replied Mrs. Gray; "but you will not wish to devote so great a +portion of time to them. You will wish to devote most of your time to +the learned things, and will pass rapidly over the pretty things and the +curious things, while with us it will be just the other way."</p> + +<p>"Yes, uncle George," said Rollo, "that will be the best plan. Josie and +I can take care of Mrs. Gray, and you can go where you please."</p> + +<p>Mr. George seemed at first quite unwilling to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>accept this proposal. He +said he would go with Mrs. Gray to any part of the museum that she +pleased, and remain there with her as long as she desired; and that, far +from being any inconvenience to him to do so, it would be a pleasure. +But Mrs. Gray said that it was on her account more than on his, that she +made the proposal.</p> + +<p>"Because," said she, "if you are with us I shall be thinking all the +time that perhaps it would be better for you to be somewhere else; +whereas, with Rollo and the children, I can stroll about wherever I +please."</p> + +<p>In this view of the case, Mr. George consented to her proposal. +Accordingly, after breakfast, he left Rollo to engage a carriage and +take Mrs. Gray and the others to the museum, while he went to find his +two friends, the students, at another hotel, where they were lodging. +They were all to meet in the hall of the museum at ten o'clock.</p> + +<p>At half past nine Rollo had a nice carriage at the door. Josie sat in +the carriage while Rollo went up to Mrs. Gray's room to tell her that it +was ready. Rosie, who was still far from being strong, leaned on Rollo's +arm coming down stairs.</p> + +<p>"I am very glad that you are going to have the care of us to-day, +instead of Mr. George," said she.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p><p>"So am I," said Rollo. "I am very glad indeed."</p> + +<p>"I don't care any thing at all about his old learned inscriptions," said +Rosie.</p> + +<p>"Nor do I much," said Rollo. "Still they are very curious, when once we +understand them."</p> + +<p>"Perhaps they may be," said Rosie, "but I don't care about them. What I +want is, to see the pretty things."</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Rollo, "and I will show you all the pretty things I can +find."</p> + +<p>Rollo assisted the two ladies into the carriage, and then, after getting +in himself, he ordered the coachman to drive to the museum. The way lay +first through one or two open squares, bordered with churches, porticos, +and palaces, and then through a long, straight street, called the +<i>Toledo</i>. This is the principal street of shops in Naples, and is said +to be the most populous and crowded street in Europe. It was so thronged +with people every where, in the middle of the street as well as upon the +sidewalks, that the carriage could scarcely pass along.</p> + +<p>At length, however, it arrived at the museum. There was a spacious stone +platform before the building, with a broad flight of stone steps +ascending to it. Rollo assisted his party to descend from the carriage, +and then he stopped to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>pay the coachman, while they went up the steps. +Rollo joined them on the platform.</p> + +<p>The doors of the museum building, which were immensely large, were open, +but they were guarded by a soldier, who walked back and forth before the +entrance, carrying his gun with the bayonet set. Rollo paid no attention +to him, but walked directly in. Josie walked by his side, and Mrs. Gray +and Rosie followed them.</p> + +<p>"Now," said Rollo, "we must wait here until uncle George comes."</p> + +<p>The hall into which they had entered was very large and very lofty, and +the columns and staircases that were to be seen here and there adorning +it were very grand. On different sides were various passages, with doors +leading to the several apartments and ranges of apartments of the +museum. These doors were all open, but the entrance to each was closed +by an iron gate, and each gate had a man standing near it to guard it. +Over each of these doors was an inscription containing the name of the +particular department of the museum to which it led.</p> + +<p>By the side of the great door of entrance was a small room in a corner, +kept by two men in uniform. This was the place for the visitors to +deposit their canes and umbrellas in. It is not safe to allow people in +general to take such <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>things into cabinets of curiosities, for there are +many who have so little discretion, that, in pointing to the objects +around them, they would often touch them with the iron end of the +umbrella or the cane, and so scratch or otherwise injure them.</p> + +<p>Rollo took Mrs. Gray's parasol from her hand and gave it to one of the +men. The man put a strap around it. The strap had a ticket with the +number 49 upon it. He gave another ticket, also marked 49, to Rollo, and +Rollo put it in his pocket.</p> + +<p>At this moment Rollo saw Mr. George and the two students coming in at +the door. The three gentlemen deposited their canes at the little office +just as Mrs. Gray had done with her parasol, and then the whole party +advanced into the great hall.</p> + +<p>Mr. George and the students went with Mrs. Gray and the children into +the first room, but they soon left them, and after that Rollo was the +sole guide.</p> + +<p>Each department of the museum was contained in a separate suit of +apartments, at the entrance to which, as I have already said, there was +a small iron gate across the doorway. This little gate was kept shut and +locked; but there was a man who stood by it, inside, always ready to +open <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>it whenever he saw any visitors coming. He always shut and locked +the door again when the visitors went in. Then, finally, when they were +ready to come out, he unlocked the gate for them, and it was then that +they were expected to pay the fee for visiting that part of the museum. +Rollo had taken care to inquire about this beforehand, and he had +provided himself with a sufficient number of pieces of money of the +right value, so as not to have any trouble in making change.</p> + +<p>In most of the rooms there were men who had pictures for sale, +illustrating the objects contained there, for visitors to buy, in order +to carry them home as souvenirs of their visit, and to show to their +friends at home. Mrs. Gray bought quite a number of these pictures, and +Rollo himself bought several.</p> + +<p>The rooms that interested the young persons most were those which +contained the tools and household implements, and the various utensils +found at Pompeii. In general these things were much more similar to the +corresponding articles of the present day than one would have expected +to find. But yet there were many differences, both of form and +structure, which made them extremely curious to see.</p> + +<p>For instance, there was a <i>bell</i> found in one of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>the houses; but +instead of being hollow, and having a clapper inside, as is the custom +at the present day, it consisted simply of a large, flat ring, like a +plate, with a hole through the centre of it. This ring was hung up by +means of a short chain, and by the side of it there was hung a sort of +hammer. To ring the bell it was necessary to strike it with this hammer. +An attendant in the room did this while Mrs. Gray and Rollo were there, +to let them hear how the bell sounded.</p> + +<p>"It sounds very well indeed," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"Yes," replied Rosie; "but I don't think it is quite so musical as one +of our bells."</p> + +<p>There were several pairs of steelyards in the room, too, which were very +much like the steelyards of the present day, only they were made of a +more ornamental form. The weights were quite pretty little pieces of +sculpture and statuary.</p> + +<p>There were some very curious and pretty little cooking fireplaces, one +of which, in particular, the young people admired very much indeed. +Rosie said that she should have liked it very much herself, when she was +a child, to play with. In the centre was a sort of pan for the coals, or +embers, and all around was a raised border, made double, with a space +between to contain <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>water. In one corner there was a raised part, with +an opening to pour in the water, and in front, below, there was a small +faucet for the purpose of drawing the water out. Of course the embers or +coals in the centre of the pan kept the water in the reservoir around it +always warm.</p> + +<p>There was also a little place on one side where a kettle or a saucepan +could stand on two supports, with an opening below to put the coals +under.</p> + +<p>A great many of the floors in Pompeii were found to be in mosaic; that +is, they were formed of various colored stones, arranged together in a +sort of bed of cement, in such a manner as to show a picture, or some +other ornamental design. In many cases there were only two kinds of +stones used, black and white; and these were arranged so as to form +borders, scrolls, and pattern work,—as it is called,—of various kinds. +In some places a border was formed around the room, and the figure of +some animal was placed in the centre. In other cases groups of animals, +or of men, were represented, in a very perfect manner. It has always +been considered wonderful that such spirited and beautiful designs could +be so well represented by a method apparently so rude as the arrangement +on a floor of bits of different colored stones.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p><p>The best of these mosaics were taken up and removed to the museum. You +would think at first that it would be impossible to remove them in any +other way than by taking them all to pieces and putting them together +again, each little stone in its proper place, on the floor of the +museum, where the mosaic was intended to go. But the artists contrived a +way to take them up without all this labor, and thus several of the best +ones have been removed without disturbing the arrangement of the stones, +and have been laid down on the floors of the museum.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i180.jpg" class="jpg ispace" width="400" height="405" alt="THE MOSAIC." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE MOSAIC.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p><p>One of the most curious of these mosaics is a representation of a dog, +which was placed just <i>within</i> the entrance of a house, and just <i>at</i> +the entrance were the words, also in mosaic, <span class="smcap">Cave canem</span>, which is the +Latin for <span class="smcap">look out for the dog</span>. On the preceding page is a +representation of this mosaic.</p> + +<p>This mosaic was curious rather than wonderful; but in another house +there was one which has always been considered a most marvellous +production, on account of the complicated character of the design, and +the immense number of stones composing it. It represents a battle scene, +and contains a great number of men and horses, all mingled together in +great confusion on the field of battle. The number of pieces of stone +used in making this mosaic is almost incalculable.</p> + +<p>Although it was originally made as part of a floor, it is now very +carefully guarded, and no one is allowed to walk upon it. It is +surrounded by a railing, and along one side of it there is a raised +platform for visitors to stand upon in order to see it to advantage.</p> + +<p>There were one or two large rooms that were filled with +beautifully-formed jars and vases, of a brownish color, and ornamented +upon the outside with figures and devices of all kinds. These <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>devices +represented all sorts of scenes, and they are considered extremely +valuable on account of the light they throw on the manners and customs, +and the modes of life, which prevailed in those ancient days. Some of +these vases are of very great value. They are very large, and to enable +the visitor to see them on all sides, without danger of breaking them, a +great many of them are mounted in the museum on stands fitted with a +revolving top, so that they can be turned round, and made to present all +the sides successively to the spectator. In addition to this, some of +the finest specimens are protected by a large glass bell placed over +them.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gray and the children found Mr. George and the two students in this +room, when they first came into it. Mr. George said that they were going +to stay there nearly all that day. They wished to examine the drawings +on the vases in detail. Rollo looked at a few of them, but he could not +understand them very well.</p> + +<p>"You will understand them better," said Mr. George, "when you have +learned more about the ancient mythology."</p> + +<p>"But then I shall not be here to see them," rejoined Rollo.</p> + +<p>"True," replied Mr. George, "but they have all been copied and engraved, +and you will find <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>them exactly reproduced in books in all the great +libraries of the world. All that you can do now is to take a general +view of them, and of the room containing them, and to examine one or two +in detail, and then, by and by, when you wish to study them more +particularly, you must do it from the drawings. You will find that the +interest that you will take in the drawings will be greatly increased by +your having had this opportunity to see the originals."</p> + +<p>Mr. George conducted Mrs. Gray and Rosie to one of the vases which stood +near a window, on one of the revolving stands; and while an attendant +turned it slowly round, so as to exhibit the successive sides to view, +he explained to them the meaning of the figures, and showed them what +the different people were doing.</p> + +<p>After remaining a short time in this department, Rollo and his party +went on, leaving Mr. George and the two students still there.</p> + +<p>But the room which interested Mrs. Gray and Rosie most, was what is +called the <i>Gem Room</i>. It contains all the gems and jewelry, and other +personal ornaments, that were found at Herculaneum and Pompeii, as well +as a great many other very curious things. There were rings, bracelets, +and necklaces, made of gold, and adorned with precious stones; and there +were a great many <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>signets and other gems engraved in the most delicate +and exquisite manner. These things were all arranged in glass cases, so +that they could be seen to great advantage, but they could not be +touched. There were a great many other curious things in this room; and +there were also a great many other very curious rooms, all of which Mrs. +Gray and the children walked through, though there were so many things +to be seen in them, that, in the end, they became quite bewildered. In +the mean time the hours passed away, and at length Mrs. Gray, looking at +her watch, said it was nearly four o'clock, which was the hour for the +museum to be closed. So they did not go into any more rooms, but +concluded to go home. They went down the great staircase, towards the +entrance door, and then, after stopping to get Mrs. Gray's parasol, they +took a carriage and drove home. Mrs. Gray said that she had seen the +museum, but not the things that were in it.</p> + +<p>"We have scarcely seen one in a thousand of them," said she.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Chapter_X" id="Chapter_X"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter X.</span></h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Streets.</span></h3> + +<p>Mr. George continued for many days wholly engrossed with his studies in +the museum, so that Rollo saw very little of him, and had no help from +him in respect to finding occupation and amusement.</p> + +<p>"Indeed," said Rollo to Rosie one evening, "I have lost the use of him +altogether."</p> + +<p>Rollo was, however, not at all at a loss for the means of spending his +time. It was an endless amusement for him and Josie to ramble about the +streets, and observe the countless variety of scenes and incidents which +were going on there. It is the custom at Naples, among all the lower +classes of the people, to do every thing in the street, and all the +sidewalks and open spaces, especially along the quays, were occupied by +hundreds of families, engaged in every species of trade and manufacture, +and in all sorts of domestic occupations. Here, in a wide place by the +side of the street, cabinet makers would be at <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>work, polishing tables, +or making veneers, or putting together the frames of bureaus. A little +farther on, a large space would be occupied with the manufacture of iron +bedsteads, with all the operations of forging, filing, polishing, and +gilding going on in the open air. Next, a turner would be seen, either +out upon the sidewalk, or close to his door, turning with a bow lathe; +and next a range of families all along the street, the women knitting or +sewing, or spinning yarn, and the children playing about on the +pavements near. Perhaps one of the oldest of the children would be +tending the baby, either holding it in her arms, or rocking it to sleep +in a round-bottomed basket on the pavement. These round-bottomed baskets +were all the cradles they seemed to have.</p> + +<p>But what pleased Rollo and Josie most was to stroll along a street in a +part of the town where the sailors lived. It was at a place where there +was a wide beach, which was entirely covered with fishing boats, that +had been drawn up there on the sand. Between the boats and the street +there was a level place, where the fishermen's families had established +themselves. Some were making or mending nets. Some were frying fish in +the open air. Some were gathered around a big stone with a flat top, +which they were using for a table, and were eating their breakfast or +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>their dinner there. Some were lying stretched out upon the ground, or +curled up in corners, fast asleep.</p> + +<p>It was a very curious sight to see, and it would have been a very pretty +one, had it not been that almost all these people were clothed in rags, +and looked like so many beggars. Indeed, there were a great many real +beggars every where about,—so many, in fact, that no lady could have +any peace at all in walking about the streets of Naples, on account of +their importunity. Mrs. Gray and Rosie would have liked very much to +have walked about with Rollo and Josie, in the excursions which they +made in this way; but they could not do it, for every where they went, +such a number of poor, diseased, crippled, and wretched-looking objects +came up to them, and gathered around them, as to destroy all the +pleasure.</p> + +<p>There is no need of this at all; for Naples is a very thrifty place, and +the people that live in it are abundantly able to take care of their +poor. They have, in fact, built hospitals and endowed them, and the poor +people who have no friends to take care of them might go to the +hospitals if they chose. But as the climate in that country is mild, and +they can live well enough in the open air, they prefer to ramble about +the streets and beg, and there are enough inconsiderate people among +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>the visitors always at Naples, from foreign countries, to give them +money sufficient to keep up the system.</p> + +<p>Thus every person among the lower classes in Naples, who has any +disease, or infirmity, or malformation of any kind, considers it a +treasure, and comes out into the street to exhibit it to all beholders, +as a means of gaining money. No imagination can conceive more shocking +and disgusting spectacles than those which the police of Naples allow to +be brought up right before every lady or gentleman who attempts to take +a walk in the streets. These sights meet you at every turn. Even if you +take a carriage, you do not escape from them; for the beggars crowd +around the carriage when you get into it, at the door of the hotel, and +watch for it there when you come back. And when you stop on the way to +go into a shop, all that are in that street at the time gather up and +wait at the door till you come out; and while you are getting into the +carriage, and the coachman is shutting the door and mounting upon his +box, they implore, and moan, and beg, and entreat you to give them a +little money. They are so wretched, they say, they are dying of hunger.</p> + +<p>A great many of these people are really poor, no doubt; but they have no +right thus to force <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>their poverty and their diseases upon the attention +of the public, when other modes, and far better modes, are provided for +their relief. A great many of them, however, are impostors. Indeed, one +of the greatest objections to the system of allowing the poor to get +their living by begging in the streets, is the direct tendency of it to +encourage and train impostors. No one can possibly know from hearing the +complaint of a poor person by the wayside, or from the appearance which +he presents, either how much he needs help, or how much help he may have +already received; and of course, by this mode of dispensing charity, the +best possible facilities are afforded for every species of deceit and +imposture.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gray understood all this, and she saw that if every body would +firmly and perseveringly refuse to give money to applicants in the +public streets, the system of making an ostentatious parade of misery, +real and counterfeited, that now prevails in Naples, would soon come to +an end. She accordingly never gave any thing, neither did Mr. George or +Rollo. Indeed Rollo and Josie were seldom molested when they were +walking by themselves, for the beggars—considering them as only two +boys—did not expect to get any thing from them.</p> + +<p>"The only beggar that I ever gave any thing to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>in Naples," said Rollo, +"was a poor black dog. I gave him half of a fried cake that I bought at +a stall. He swallowed it in an instant. I call him a beggar because he +looked up into my face so piteously, though he did not ask for any +thing. He did not speak a word."</p> + +<p>"And what did he do after you gave him the cake?" asked Rosie.</p> + +<p>"He looked up a moment to see if I was going to give him any more," said +Rollo, "and then he walked away."</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Chapter_XI" id="Chapter_XI"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XI.</span></h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">An Excursion.</span></h3> + +<p>"Uncle George," said Rollo one morning, while he and Mr. George were +eating their breakfast in the dining room, or, as they call it in +Europe, the <i>salle à manger</i>, of the hotel, "how much longer are you +going to be in studying out those things in the museum?"</p> + +<p>"Why?" asked Mr. George. "Does your comfort or enjoyment depend in any +way on the decision of that question?"</p> + +<p>"Only we want you to go about with us, somewhere," said Rollo.</p> + +<p>"Why, you don't need me to go about with you," said Mr. George. +"Contrive some sort of excursion yourself, and take the ladies out and +amuse them. You might take them out to see Pozzuoli and the Solfatara. +Besides, you would be doing me a great service if you would go."</p> + +<p>"How?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"Why, I shall want to go by and by myself," said Mr. George, "and I +don't want to have any <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>trouble in finding the way. But you like finding +your way about. Now, I wish you would take a carriage, and go and take +the ladies on an excursion along the bay to the westward, and show them +Virgil's Tomb, and the Grotto of Posilipo, and Pozzuoli, where the +apostle Paul landed on his famous journey to Rome, and the temple of +Serapis, half under water, and the great amphitheatre, and the +Solfatara, which is the crater of a volcano almost extinct. All these +things lie pretty near together along the shores of the bay to the +westward of Naples, and you can go and see them in one afternoon, they +say. If you go first, you will find out all about the excursion, and +what we do about guides and custodians at the different places; and +then, when I get ready, you can go again and take me, and I shall not +have any trouble about it."</p> + +<p>"Just give me a list of all those places," said Rollo, eagerly.</p> + +<p>As he spoke he handed Mr. George a pencil and a piece of paper, which he +took out of his pocket. Mr. George wrote down the list, and Rollo, +taking it, went up to Mrs. Gray's room.</p> + +<p>Rollo proposed the plan to Mrs. Gray of making the excursion which Mr. +George had indicated, and she was very much pleased with it.</p> + +<p>"We'll study it all out in the guide books <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>this evening," said Rollo, +"and then to-morrow we will go."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gray approved of this plan, and so Rollo looked out in the guide +book the account which was given there of the several places and objects +of interest on Mr. George's list, and read the passages aloud to the +whole party. Rosie sat beside him on the sofa, and helped him find the +places, and also looked over him while he read. The account which was +given of the places was very interesting indeed.</p> + +<p>The next morning, about ten o'clock, after Mr. George had gone to the +museum, Rollo and Josie went out to find a carriage. They inquired at +the hotel, before they went, how much they ought to pay. When they +reached the stand, they looked along the line, and finally chose one +with a nice and pretty blue lining, and two jet black horses. They made +their bargain with the coachman, and then drove to the door.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197-198]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i194.jpg" width="600" class="ispace jpg" height="377" alt="THE PUBLIC GARDENS." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE PUBLIC GARDENS.</span></div> + +<p>Mrs. Gray and Rosie were ready, and soon the party were driving rapidly +along on their way out of town, passing by the gates of the public +gardens, which lie in a beautiful situation along the shore, in the +western part of the city. You have a view of these gardens in the +engraving; and in the distance, over the tops of the houses, you see a +long ridge of high land running down <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>towards the sea. It was through this ridge of high land that the famous +subterranean passage way, called the <i>Grotto of Posilipo</i>, was cut, to +open a way for the road into the country without going over the hill.</p> + +<p>After driving along the street which lies between the gardens and the +houses on the right, as seen in the engraving, the carriage turned into +another street, which runs behind the houses, and thence gradually +ascended towards the entrance to the grotto. Just before reaching the +entrance, the land seemed to rise to a very lofty height before and on +each side of the road; and it was so built up in terraces, and garden +walls, and platforms, and staircases of villas, that there seemed to be +no way out. Rosie could not imagine, she said, where they could possibly +be going, until at length, at a sudden turn between two lofty walls, +they saw the immense mouth of the grotto opening before them.</p> + +<p>The grotto was wide enough for two carriages to pass, and very high. It +was lighted with lamps, and was full of people and of carriages going +and coming. Here and there along the walls of rock on each side, near +the entrance, there were a great many curious structures to be seen, and +openings cut in the rock. On one side was a chapel excavated in the +rock, with an iron railing <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>in front of it, to separate it from the +road. Within this railing there was an altar, with lamps burning before +it, and a priest begging money of the people passing by. On the other +side was an ancient monument, with a long Latin inscription upon it. +Above were a great many different openings cut in the rock.</p> + +<p>Rollo had ordered the coachman to stop at the entrance to Virgil's Tomb, +and the carriage accordingly drew up before a gate which seemed to be +set in the solid wall of rock which formed one side of the entrance to +the grotto. There was a man standing at this gate, and as soon as he saw +the carriage stop, he unlocked it. They all got out of the carriage, and +went in. The way led up a long and narrow, and very steep flight of +stone steps, which brought the party out at last into a sort of +vineyard, or garden, on the surface of the ground above.</p> + +<p>Here there was a path which ascended some distance higher, among grape +vines and fruit trees, until at last it came to a place where there was +a beautiful view of Naples and Vesuvius, and all the bay. After stopping +a little time to admire this view, the party went on, following the +path, which now began to descend again, and to go back towards the mouth +of the grotto. Here, after climbing up and down among a great <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>number of +caverns and excavations of all kinds cut in the rock, they came down to +a place just over the top of the mouth of the great grotto, where the +structure which is called <i>Virgil's Tomb</i> is situated. It was a very +strange place. Rosie said that it was the strangest place that ever she +was in. Far beneath them they could hear the sound of the carriages, and +the voices of men who were going in and coming out, at the mouth of the +great grotto below.</p> + +<p>After remaining here a few minutes, the party all went back down the +path through the vineyard to the carriage again.</p> + +<p>The coachman then drove on through the grotto. It was full of carts, +carriages, loaded donkeys, and foot passengers, all going to or +returning from Naples. The floor of it was paved with stone, and at +different distances up the sides could be seen the marks made by the +hubs of wheels in former ages, when the roadway was at a higher level +than it is now. The natural rock is so soft that the wheel hubs cut into +it very easily. This is the reason why the floor is paved too, for the +rock itself would not stand the wear.</p> + +<p>After passing through the grotto, the party emerged into a wide and open +country, which presented beautiful views on every side. The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>road was +excellent, being as hard and smooth as a floor, and the coachman drove +on at great speed.</p> + +<p>The party came at length in sight of a town, which stood on a promontory +jutting out into the sea, at a short distance before them. This was the +town called in ancient times <i>Puteoli</i>. It was in those days the great +seaport of the whole bay, for Naples had not then been built. It was +also the nearest good port to Rome, in coming from the south, and it was +accordingly here that the apostle Paul landed when he was sent to Rome +by Festus, in consequence of his having appealed unto Cæsar, when +accused and persecuted by the Jews. There are the ruins of an old mole +still to be seen stretching out into the sea, opposite to the port, and +Rollo said he thought that it must have been on that mole that Paul +landed.<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p> + +<p>"Puteoli was a great place in old times," said Rollo; "and that's the +reason why they had such an immense amphitheatre here. We are going to +see the ruins of it presently; but first, we are going to see +Solfatara."</p> + +<p>Just at the entrance to Puteoli, or Pozzuoli, as it is now called, the +party came to a bridge where there was a small ascent, that made it +necessary for the carriage to go slowly; and here a great <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>number of +men, women, and children were assembled, some guides, but most of them +beggars; and as soon as the carriage arrived, they all broke out at once +with such a noise and clamor, that Rosie was for a moment quite alarmed.</p> + +<p>"Never fear, Rosie," said Rollo; "I know how to manage them."</p> + +<p>Ever so many old ragged hats and caps were stretched out towards the +carriage, and three or four men and boys, who all wanted to be employed +as guides, began struggling together to climb up upon the carriage, to +get the seat with the driver. Rollo looked at them all, with a view of +making a selection among them. He chose an intelligent-looking boy of +about his own age, that the men had pushed back.</p> + +<p>"Do you speak French?" said Rollo to the boy, of course speaking in +French himself in asking the question.</p> + +<p>"A little, sir," said the boy.</p> + +<p>"Then I engage <i>you</i>," said Rollo. Then touching the coachman, he +pointed to the boy, and said, "<i>Questo</i>," which means "<i>this one</i>."</p> + +<p>So the coachman pushed the other men back, and made room for the boy to +get up on the seat with him. He then whipped up the horses, and soon the +other guides and the beggars, with all their noise and clamor, were left +behind.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p><p>"You managed it very well, Rollo," said Mrs. Gray.</p> + +<p>"Yes, Rollo," said Rosie, "you did it very well indeed. Next time I +shall not be at all afraid."</p> + +<p>After riding a little farther, the coachman turned into a sort of lane, +and after going on for some way in the lane, he stopped. The boy got +down, and said that it would be necessary for them to walk the rest of +the way. So the whole party descended from the carriage, and began their +walk.</p> + +<p>After going on for nearly a quarter of a mile, they passed through a +gate which seemed to be connected with some rude sort of manufactory, +and then, walking on a little farther, they found themselves within the +crater. It was a small, circular valley, surrounded on all sides by a +ridge of earth, apparently one or two hundred feet high. The valley +might have been about a third or a quarter of a mile in diameter. The +bottom of it was level, and was covered with a scanty vegetation. The +soil was very white, as if it were formed of substances calcined by +exposure to the fire.</p> + +<p>An old man met them at the gate, and led the way in towards the middle +of the crater, along a sort of cart road. After a while he stopped, and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>took up a large stone—as large as a man's head. This stone he threw +down with great force upon the ground two or three times, to show how +hollow the ground sounded. It did sound very hollow indeed, and the +peculiar resonance which is produced here by this experiment is +generally considered as proving that there is a great void space below +the surface, and that the bottom of the crater may some day or other +fall in.</p> + +<p>At a little distance farther on, on the other side of the crater, and +close at the foot of the ridge of earth that surrounds it, there was to +be seen a column of dense smoke, or rather of vapor, coming up out of +the ground.</p> + +<p>The guide led the way towards this place, and all the party followed +him. As they approached it, they heard a roaring sound, which grew +louder and louder as they drew near. When they arrived at the spot, they +saw that the steam was issuing from the mouth of a cavern that opened +there; and as it came out, it made a noise like the roaring of a steam +pipe when the engineer is blowing off steam.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gray and the three children stood gazing at this phenomenon for +some time in silence. At length Rollo said, "What an astonishing blast +that is, to be coming up out of the earth, day and night, continually +and forever!"</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p><p>"The ground is very hot all about here," said the boy. "See!"</p> + +<p>So saying, he pointed to the old man, who was at work not far from the +mouth of the cave, digging into the ground a little way with a sharp +hoe. He dug down a few inches, and then took up a hoe full of the earth, +and held it out to Rollo to try it with his fingers, that he might feel +how hot it was. Rollo put his fingers upon the earth, but he could not +hold them there an instant.</p> + +<p>It seemed to Mrs. Gray that it must be dangerous to remain long in such +a place; and so she prepared to move away, and Rollo and Josie, as they +had now seen all that there was to be seen at this place, followed her. +They went on by the road, round to another part of the crater, where +there was some sort of manufactory of alum. The alum was made from the +saline earth which was found there, and the evaporating basins used in +the process, instead of being placed over a fire, were simply set in the +ground, so that the process of evaporation was carried on by the natural +heat of the soil.</p> + +<p>After leaving this place, the party followed the circuit of the road +still farther, until at last it brought them back to the place where +they had entered the crater; and here, after paying the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>old man who had +conducted them around, they passed out through the gate, and went down +the lane to their carriage.</p> + +<p>"Now to the amphitheatre," said Rollo, addressing the coachman.</p> + +<p>So they all got into the carriage again, and the coachman drove down the +lane; and after going back towards the town a little way, and making +various turns, he stopped at last before a great wooden gate. A man in a +certain uniform appeared at the gate and unlocked it, and they all went +in.</p> + +<p>They saw before them the walls of an immense ruin. The wall was of a +curved form, and there were vast openings in it, like arches, below. The +man in uniform, who was the custodian, as they call him, of the ruin, +led the way along a path into one of these arches, and thence ascended a +massive flight of old stone steps, to a place which commanded a view of +the interior.</p> + +<p>They saw that the amphitheatre was of an oval form, and was built with +seats rising one above another, all around, to a great height. The seats +were all of stone, and at regular intervals between them were flights of +steps for going up and down. In the centre, below, was a large level +space, called the <i>arena</i>. All around the arena, and under the seats, +were immense <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>galleries or passage ways among the arches, some of which +were below the level of the ground. Some of these galleries were for the +spectators to use in passing from one part of the building to another, +and others were used for the dens and cages of the wild beasts that were +kept there to fight in the arena, for the amusement of the people.</p> + +<p>The guide led the way through all these places, and it was not until +after walking about through them for some time that Mrs. Gray and the +children obtained a full conception of the magnitude of the structure. +The guide told them that it contained room for forty thousand people.</p> + +<p>"What a dreadful place it must have been!" said Rosie, as she followed +the guide round through the subterranean chambers.</p> + +<p>"They used to hoist the cages that contained the wild beasts up through +these openings," said the guide, pointing to some large circular +openings in the masonry above, "and then open the gates, and let them +out into the arena. The cages were so contrived that when the keeper +opened the door to let the beast out, by the same motion he shut himself +in, so as to be safe out of his way. He then, afterwards, got out +behind, by another door."</p> + +<p>There was a very wide and deep canal open <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>in the centre of the arena, +with a communication for water connected with a vast reservoir a little +way off. By means of this canal the whole of the arena could be flooded +with water, so as to form a little lake for naval battles. The guide +took the party down to the bottom of this canal, and showed them a +large, circular opening in the masonry below, for drawing off water. +This opening connected with a conduit, which ran off towards the sea.</p> + +<p>The spectacles which were exhibited by the ancients in such buildings as +these were real combats of beasts with one another, or of beasts with +men, and sometimes of men with one another. At first, the men who were +compelled to maintain these combats were convicts, who were condemned to +them as a punishment for their crimes. The beasts were lions, tigers, +and other ferocious animals that were caught in the forests in Africa, +or in other remote parts of the Roman empire, and brought to the great +cities for this special purpose.</p> + +<p>A great many of the early Christians were compelled to meet these beasts +in such conflicts, in the persecutions which they endured. The rulers of +the country chose to consider them as criminals for being believers in +Jesus, and so doomed them to this dreadful punishment.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p><p>It was shocking to think of the scenes that had probably been enacted in +this very amphitheatre; and Mrs. Gray and Rosie, after they had examined +it in every part, were not sorry to go away.</p> + +<p>Rollo next directed the coachman to drive to the Temple of Serapis. The +curiosity of the Temple of Serapis, which stands on the shore, just at +the entrance of the town, is, that it is partly under water. It seems +that from the effects of earthquakes, or from some other similar agency, +the whole coast in this region rises and falls in the course of ages, +and that at the present time it is several feet lower than it was in the +days of the Romans. The consequence is, that many structures which were +originally built upon the land, are now partly or wholly submerged in +the sea. In passing along the coast in a boat, you can see a great many +of these ruins in the water. There is one, however, which can be seen +without going out in a boat at all. It is a temple called the <i>Temple of +Serapis</i>.</p> + +<p>It stands on the margin of the shore, and the floor of it is now about a +foot or two under water. This floor is very extensive, and a great many +columns and other superstructures are still standing upon it, the whole +of which can be easily explored by the visitor, by means of a raised +stone <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>pathway, made by the government, which traverses it in all +directions. It is a very curious place indeed.</p> + +<p>Rollo and his party were admitted to the ruin through a gate, kept as +usual by the custodian appointed by the government; and then they walked +all over the ruin upon the raised stone path. They looked down through +the water, and saw the marble floor of the temple below, and the columns +rising up from it with their bases submerged. There is proof that at one +time these ruins were fifteen or twenty feet lower than they are now, +and that they have since come up again. The next earthquake may depress +the whole coast again, in which case the floor of the temple will be +once more deep under water; or it may raise it so as to bring the ruins +all up once more, high and dry.</p> + +<p>Rollo wished very much to take a boat, and go out and see the ruins that +lie under water along the coast; but he knew very well that Mrs. Gray +would not like to go out in a boat, nor to have Rosie go, at least +unless Mr. George were with them, and so he did not propose the plan. +He, however, only reserved it for the time when he should come again to +see the ruins, in company with his uncle.</p> + +<p>After concluding the visit to the Temple of Serapis, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>Rollo paid the boy +whom he had taken for the guide when he first arrived at Pozzuoli, and +then the party drove home.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gray insisted on paying the whole expense of this excursion; and +she was so much pleased with Rollo's management of it, that she said she +wished that he would plan another excursion as soon as possible.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Chapter_XII" id="Chapter_XII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XII.</span></h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Orange Gardens.</span></h3> + +<p>The last excursion which Rollo made in the environs of Naples, was to a +beautiful valley which was situated some miles to the south of the city, +on the shores of the bay, which was full of groves of lemons and +oranges. The place was called <i>Sorrento</i>. The town of Sorrento and its +environs occupy a broad plain, which is elevated somewhat from the sea, +and yet, being surrounded, on all sides towards the land, with ranges of +very elevated land, it is really a valley. The reason why the oranges +and lemons grow so well there is, partly because the soil is very rich, +and partly because the valley opens towards the south, and is sheltered +by the mountains towards the north, and this makes the climate of the +spot very warm.</p> + +<p>Rollo himself formed the plan of this excursion. One evening his uncle +came home from the museum looking very tired. He laid his note book upon +the table, threw himself down upon the sofa, and said,—</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p><p>"Rollo, I am tired out."</p> + +<p>"What makes you so tired?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"Hard work in the museum," said Mr. George; "but I have got through. +To-morrow I mean to rest, and I wish you would take me off to-morrow, +somewhere on an excursion. I don't care where it is, provided I have +nothing to think or to say about it. I don't want even to know where I +am going."</p> + +<p>"Shall I invite Mrs. Gray and Rosie to go too?" asked Rollo.</p> + +<p>"I don't care whether you do or not," said Mr. George. "Do as you +please, provided I have nothing to say about it. Make all the +arrangements, and call me to-morrow morning when you are ready."</p> + +<p>Accordingly, the next morning, about half an hour after breakfast, Rollo +went into Mr. George's room, and told him that he was ready. So Mr. +George followed Rollo down stairs. He found a carriage at the door, with +Mrs. Gray and Rosie sitting in it. Josie was there, too, on the box with +the driver.</p> + +<p>Mr. George got in, and Rollo directed the coachman to go on.</p> + +<p>The coachman drove for half an hour through the busiest part of the +city, and at length stopped at the railway station.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p><p>"Now, uncle George," said Rollo, "you must go into the waiting room with +Mrs. Gray and Rosie, while I get the tickets."</p> + +<p>Rollo bought tickets for a place called <i>Castellamare</i>, which is a +romantic town built on the shore of the bay at the foot of Vesuvius. It +is famous, among other things, for the hot springs of medicinal water +which come up out of the ground there, I suppose from under the volcano, +or from so near the neighborhood of it that the water is heated by the +volcanic fires. Castellamare is a great naval station for the government +of the country, and for this reason, as well as on account of the +springs, they have made a railroad to it from Naples.</p> + +<p>On coming out into the street at the station at Castellamare, Rollo and +his party were greeted by a sudden burst of clamor from a crowd of +coachmen and guides, all wanting to be hired.</p> + +<p>"Pay no attention to all these people, uncle George," said Rollo, "but +follow me."</p> + +<p>So saying, Rollo pushed forward, followed by his party, until he reached +a place where he could see the carriages. There were a great number of +them. They were harnessed with three horses to each. They were there to +take travellers on excursions along the coast, and among the neighboring +mountains. They were <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>ready to go to Sorrento, or to Pæstum, or to +Amalfi, or wherever any travellers wished to go.</p> + +<p>Rollo paid no attention to the clamor, but quietly surveyed the +carriages which were standing in the street before him. The coachmen of +some of them were on the sidewalk; those of others stood up in their +carriages, shouting all the time to Rollo, and cracking their whips. +Rollo at last selected the one which he thought would be best for the +purpose, and went quietly to it. Partly by signs, and partly by +disconnected words in Italian, he made a bargain with the man to take +them to Sorrento and back; and then the carriage drove up to the +sidewalk, and all the party got in. Rollo also selected a guide. The +guide mounted on the box with the coachman. Josie took a seat inside.</p> + +<p>The party enjoyed a magnificent ride along the coast for eight or ten +miles. The road was excellent. It was built on the declivities of the +mountains, which here crowd close upon the sea. It was very smooth and +hard, and was finished with a sidewalk, and with avenues of trees, +almost all the way. On one side it looked down upon the blue and +beautiful bay, and on the other upon the mountains, which were almost +every where terraced up to form vineyards and olive groves, and +presented to view a perpetual succession <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>of villas, convents, churches, +summer houses, and gardens.</p> + +<p>At length they came in sight of the valley of Sorrento. It lay broadly +expanded before them, full of groves of orange and lemon trees, among +which were to be seen every where lofty walls of enclosure running in +all directions, and roofs of houses, and villas, without number, rising +among the trees. Towards the sea the ground terminated in a range of +cliffs that were almost as smooth and perpendicular as a wall.</p> + +<p>The carriage gradually descended into this valley, and then went on +across it. Rollo and his party, in thus riding along, had the lofty +walls of the orange gardens on each side of the way, while here and +there there appeared a house, a shop, a church, or a hotel. After +traversing this region for nearly half an hour, the carriage stopped in +the stable yard of an inn, and the party descended. The guide was going +to show them the way to a garden where they could go in.</p> + +<p>They walked along some way, still between lofty walls, with branches of +orange and lemon trees, full of fruit, seen every where above them, +until at length the guide stopped before a massive gateway, where he +knocked loud and long, by means of an ancient-looking iron knocker. +Presently <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>a man came down a sort of road, which led through the garden, +and unlocking the gate, let the party in.</p> + +<p>The road led to a house which was in the centre of the garden. The man +who opened the gate, however, knew very well that the visitors came, not +to see the people in the house, but to gather and eat some oranges. So +he led the way towards the part of the garden where the fruit was the +most abundant and the sweetest. After a while he came to a place where +there was a seat. The party took their places on this seat, while the +guide brought them oranges from the neighboring trees.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p> + +<p>He supplied them very abundantly. He brought them not only all that they +wanted to eat, but gathered also a large number in clusters on the +branches, for them to carry to the carriage and take home.</p> + +<p>The party remained in this garden for more than an hour, and then giving +the gardener a small piece of money,—the guide told them how much it +was proper to give,—they went away. They rambled about some time longer +in Sorrento, and visited the brow of the cliffs which overhung the sea.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p><p>At length they went back to the carriage, and set out on their return +to Naples, with all the vacant spaces in the carriage filled with the +clusters of oranges which they had gathered in the garden.</p> + +<p>The next day after this, Mr. George and Rollo closed their visit in +Naples, and set out in the diligence for Rome.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="centerbox2 bbox"> +<p class="center"><span class="bookads3 bold">TAGGARD & THOMPSON</span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="bookads2 bold">PUBLISH THE FOLLOWING</span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="bookads bold">POPULAR JUVENILE BOOKS.</span></p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rollo's Tour in Europe.</span></p> + +<p>Ten volumes, 16mo, cloth. Being a new series of Rollo Books. By <span class="smcap">Rev. +Jacob Abbott</span>. Beautifully illustrated. Rollo on the Atlantic—Rollo in +Paris—Rollo in Switzerland—Rollo on the Rhine—Rollo in London—Rollo +in Scotland—Rollo in Geneva—Rollo in Holland—Rollo in Naples—Rollo +in Rome. Price per vol. 50 cts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Uncle Toby's Library.</span></p> + +<p>By <span class="smcap">Francis Forrester, Esq.</span>, consisting of twelve volumes, elegantly +bound, and illustrated with upwards of <span class="smcap">SIXTY</span> beautiful engravings. Each +book is printed in large and splendid type, upon superior paper. Price +per vol. 25 cts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Summer House Stories.</span></p> + +<p>By the author of "Daisy," "Violet," &c. Elegantly illustrated by +Billings. Six volumes. Price per vol. 63 cts.</p> + +<p>This series is designed to sketch attractively and simply the wonders of +reptile and insect existences, the changes of trees, rocks, rivers, +clouds, and winds. This is done by a family of children writing letters, +both playful and serious, which are addressed to all children whom the +books may reach.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Martin and Nellie Stories.</span></p> + +<p>By <span class="smcap">Josephine Franklin</span>. Twelve volumes, 16mo, cloth. Illustrated by +Billings and others. Price per vol. 50 cts.</p> + +<p>The object of these stories is the inculcation, in a quiet, simple way, +of the principles of good nature, kindness, and integrity among +children. They consist of the usual pathetic and mirthful incidents that +constitute boy and girl life.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Glen Morris Stories.</span></p> + +<p>By <span class="smcap">Francis Forrester</span>, author of "My Uncle Toby's Library." Five vols. +16mo, cloth. Beautifully illustrated. Price per vol. 63 cts.</p> + +<p>The purpose of the "Glen Morris Stories" is to sow the seed of pure, +noble, manly character in the mind of our great nation's childhood. They +exhibit the virtues and vices of childhood, not in prosy, unreadable +precepts, but in a series of characters which move before the +imagination, as living beings do before the senses.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pictures From the History of the Swiss.</span></p> + +<p>One volume, 16mo. Price 67 cts.</p> + +<p>A very instructive and entertaining Juvenile, designed for children from +ten to fifteen years of age.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pictures From the History of Spain.</span></p> + +<p>By the author of "Pictures from the History of the Swiss." A new volume +just published. Price 67 cts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Life and Adventures of Whitenose Woodchuck.</span></p> + +<p>One volume, 16mo. Price 38 cts.</p> + +<p>Intended especially for younger children, and illustrated with numerous +engravings, by Billings.</p> + +<p>In addition to the above. B. & T. publish a great variety of Toy and +Juvenile Books, suited to the wants of children of all ages.</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="centerbox2 bbox"> +<p class="center">AN INTERESTING BOOK FOR SCHOLARS.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="bold">The Boys have long desired such a Book.</span></p> + +<h2>THE UNIVERSAL SPEAKER:</h2> + +<p class="center">CONTAINING A COLLECTION OF</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="bold">SPEECHES, DIALOGUES, AND RECITATIONS,</span><br /> +ADAPTED TO THE USE OF SCHOOLS, +ACADEMIES, AND<br /> +SOCIAL CIRCLES.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="bold">Edited by N. A. Calkins and W. T. Adams.</span></p> + +<p>The excellences of this work consist, in part, of its entire +originality, of its more than usual adaptation to the wants of our High +Schools and Academies, and of the systematic arrangement of its +selections for declamation and for elocutionary practice. Those in Part +Second were prepared by Prof. <span class="smcap">Wm. Russell</span>, the eminent elocutionist, +expressly for this work. The publishers feel assured that in presenting +this work to Teachers and Scholars, they are offering them no revision +of old matter with which they have long been familiar, but an original +work, full of new, interesting, and instructive pieces, for the varied +purposes for which it is designed.</p> + +<p class="center">In 1 vol. 12mo. Price $1.</p> + +<p>The instructions in declamation are so complete and accompanied by such +ample illustrations relative to position and gestures of the student, +that the "Universal Speaker" needs only to be seen to become what its +name indicates—universal.—Rochester Repository.</p> + +<p>The pieces are judiciously selected, and the book is very attractive in +its appearance.—Connecticut School Journal.</p> + +<p>We find, upon close inspection, that the work contains much fresh +matter, which will be acceptable to schools and students, particularly +in the department of dialogues of which there is a great dearth of +really good and FIT matter in most speakers.—United States Journal.</p> + +<p>They are all school-like, the dialogues being illustrative of scenes in +common life, including some first-rate conversations pertinent to +school-room duties and trials. The speeches are brief and energetic. It +will meet with favor.—R. I. Schoolmaster.</p> + +<p>The selection has been made with a great deal of foresight and taste, by +men who are highly esteemed as elocutionists, writers, or teachers. The +notation, the directions and cuts appended to the pieces, will be found +useful to those who use them.—Mass. Teacher.</p> + +<p>Looking it over hastily, we notice many admirable selections from the +best authors, and as the book is entirely fresh, the matter never having +appeared in previous readers or speakers, it cannot fail to be a welcome +addition to the books of its class.—Springfield Republican.</p> + +<p>In this they have succeeded, and have also been fortunate in the +selection. The book contains a larger number of dialogues than any we +have seen, and they are mostly relative to school children and school +affairs.—Penn. School Journal.</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="centerbox2 bbox"> +<p class="center"><span class="bold">INSTRUCTION AND AMUSEMENT.</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="bold bookads">PICTURES</span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="bold bookads2">FROM THE</span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="bold bookads">HISTORY OF THE SWISS.</span></p> + +<p class="center">In 1 vol. 16mo. 262 pages. Price 75 cents.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="bookads2">WITH CHARACTERISTIC ILLUSTRATIONS,</span></p> + +<p class="center">DESIGNED BY HAMMETT BILLINGS.</p> + +<p>It is not generally known that the early history of the Swiss abounds in +the most thrilling and interesting stories, of which that of Wm. Tell +shooting the apple from the head of his son, by order of the tyrant +Gessler, so familiar to every child, is but a specimen. The present +volume, while it introduces the youthful reader to many of the scenes +through which the brave Swiss passed in recovering their liberty, also +narrates many stories of peculiar interest and romance, every way equal +to that of Tell. Among these we may name,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>The Thievish Raven, and the Mischief he caused.<br /> +How the Wives and Daughters of Zurich saved the City.<br /> +How the City of Lucerne was saved by a Boy.<br /> +The Baker's Apprentice.<br /> +How a Wooden Figure raised Troops in the Valois.<br /> +Little Roza's Offering.<br /> +A Little Theft, and what happened in consequence.<br /> +The Angel of the Camp.<br /> +</p></div> + +<p>With twenty-one other similar stories.</p> +</div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="centerbox2 bbox"> +<p class="center">A NEW SERIES OF JUVENILES.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="bold"><span class="bookads">THE SUMMER-HOUSE SERIES.</span></span></p> + +<p class="center">BY THE AUTHOR Of "VIOLET," "DAISY," ETC.</p> + +<p>The first volume of what the publishers sincerely believe will be the +most popular series of Juvenile Books yet issued, is now ready, entitled</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="bookads2"><span class="bold">OUR SUMMER-HOUSE, AND WHAT WAS SAID AND DONE IN IT.</span></span></p> + +<p class="center">In 1 vol. 16mo. Price 62 cents.</p> + +<p class="center">Handsomely Illustrated by HAMMETT BILLINGS.</p> + +<p>From the author's Preface:—</p> + +<p>"The Summer-House Series of children's books, of which the present +volume is the first, is an attempt to sketch attractively and simply the +wonders of reptile and insect existence, the changes of trees, rocks, +rivers, clouds and winds.</p> + +<p>"To this end a family of intelligent children, of various ages, +collected in a garden summer-house, are supposed to write letters and +stories, sometimes playful, sometimes serious, addressing them to all +children whom the books may reach.</p> + +<p>"The author has hoped, by thus awakening the quick imagination and ready +sympathies of the young, to lead them to use their own eyes, and hearts, +and hands, in that plentiful harvest-field of life, where 'the reapers +indeed are few.'"</p> + +<p>Among the stories in the present volume are the following:—</p> + +<p class="center">Bessie's Garden.</p> + +<p>One of the most touching and affecting stories we have read for many a +day.</p> + +<p class="center">The Lancers.</p> + +<p>A most humorous story, with a never-to-be-forgotten moral, inculcating +contentment.</p> + +<p class="center">The Working Fairies.</p> + +<p>In this story Industry is held up for attainment, and Idleness receives +a severe rebuke. The style and language, though perfectly intelligible +to children, are worthy of a Beecher.</p> + +<p class="center">The Princess.</p> + +<p>A story of wrong and suffering.</p> + +<p class="center">Little Red-Head.</p> + +<p>A true story of a bird.</p> + +<p class="center">The Little Preacher.</p> + +<p>A sweet story, introducing bird and insect life, and conveying more +truth and instruction to children, than can be found in a dozen ordinary +sermons.</p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Taggard & Thompson</span>, Publishers,</h3> + +<p class="right">29 CORNHILL, BOSTON.</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> + +<h3>FOOTNOTES</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The malle post is a sort of despatch carriage, that takes +the mails. It can take also two or three passengers. They change horses +very often with the malle post, and drive very fast.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> In French, <i>l'interieur</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Pronounced <i>coopay</i>, only the last syllable is spoken +rather short.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> See Acts xxv, 9-12; also Acts xxviii, 13, 14.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> See Frontispiece.</p></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Rollo in Naples, by Jacob Abbott + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROLLO IN NAPLES *** + +***** This file should be named 24488-h.htm or 24488-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/4/8/24488/ + +Produced by D. 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