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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/24438-8.txt b/24438-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0846fb --- /dev/null +++ b/24438-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7135 @@ +Project Gutenberg's From Fort Henry to Corinth, by Manning Ferguson Force + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: From Fort Henry to Corinth + +Author: Manning Ferguson Force + +Release Date: January 27, 2008 [EBook #24438] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FROM FORT HENRY TO CORINTH *** + + + + +Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + +FROM + +FORT HENRY TO CORINTH + +CAMPAIGNS OF THE CIVIL WAR.--II. + +FROM + +FORT HENRY TO CORINTH + +BY + +M.F. FORCE + +LATE BRIGADIER-GENERAL AND BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL, U.S.V., COMMANDING +FIRST DIVISION, SEVENTEENTH CORPS. + +NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS + +Facsimile Reprint Edition from the original edition of 1881-1883 by The +Archive Society, 1992. Address all inquiries to: + +_The Archive Society_ _130 Locust Street_ _Harrisburg, PA 17101_ + + + + +PREFACE. + + +I have endeavored to prepare the following narrative from authentic +material, contemporaneous, or nearly contemporaneous, with the events +described. + +The main source of information is the official reports of battles and +operations. These reports, both National and Confederate, will appear in +the series of volumes of Military Reports now in preparation under the +supervision of Colonel Scott, Chief of the War Records Office in the War +Department. Executive Document No. 66, printed by resolution of the +Senate at the Second Session of the Thirty-seventh Congress, contains a +number of separate reports of casualties, lists of killed, wounded, and +missing, which do not appear in the volumes of Military Reports as now +printed. Several battle reports are printed in volume IV., and in the +"Companion," or Appendix volume of Moore's Rebellion Record, which are +not contained in the volumes of Military Reports as now printed. The +reports of the Twentieth Ohio and the Fifty-third Ohio, of the battle of +Shiloh, have never been printed. Colonel Trabue's report of his brigade +in the battle of Shiloh has never been officially printed; but it is +given in the history of the Kentucky Brigade from Colonel Trabue's +retained copy, found by his widow among his papers. + +The Reports of the Committee on the Conduct of the War contain original +matter in addition to what appears in reports of battles and operations. + +The reports of the Adjutant-Generals of the different States, printed +during the war, often supplement the official reports on file in +Washington. + +Some regimental histories, printed soon after the close of the war, +contain diaries and letters and narrate incidents which enable us in +some cases to fix dates, the place of camps, and positions in battle, +which could hardly otherwise be determined with precision. Newspaper +correspondents, while narrating what they personally saw, give +descriptions which impart animation to the sedate statements of official +reports. + +Colonel William Preston Johnston's life of his father, General A.S. +Johnston, can be used in some respects as authority. He served first in +the Army of Northern Virginia, and was, most of the war, on the staff of +Jefferson Davis. He thus, after his father's death, became possessed of +a valuable collection of authentic official papers. When he was +preparing the biography, all papers of value in private hands in the +South were open to his use. + +Letters and memoranda preserved by Colonel Charles Whittlesey, and some +of my own, have been of service. + +I am under obligation to Colonel Scott for permission to freely read and +copy, in his office, the reports compiled under his direction. To +Ex-President Hayes for the loan of a set of the series of Military +Reports, both National and Confederate, so far as printed, though not +yet issued. To the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio for the +unrestricted use of its library. To Colonel Charles Whittlesey of +Cleveland, and Major E.C. Dawes, of Cincinnati, for the use of original +manuscripts as well as printed reports. + +M.F. FORCE. + + + + +CONTENTS. + +CHAPTER I. PAGE + +PRELIMINARY, 1 + +CHAPTER II. +FORT HENRY, 24 + +CHAPTER III. +FORT DONELSON, 33 + +CHAPTER IV. +NEW MADRID AND ISLAND NUMBER TEN, 66 + +CHAPTER V. +THE GATHERING OF THE FORCES, 91 + +CHAPTER VI. + +SHILOH--SUNDAY, 122 + +CHAPTER VII. +SHILOH--NIGHT, AND MONDAY, 160 + +CHAPTER VIII. +CORINTH, 183 + + +LIST OF MAPS. + + PAGE + +WESTERN TENNESSEE, facing 1 + +FIELD OF OPERATIONS IN MISSOURI AND NORTHERN ARKANSAS, 3 + +THE LINE FROM COLUMBUS TO BOWLING GREEN, 25 + +FORT HENRY, 29 + +FORT DONELSON, 35 + +NEW MADRID AND ISLAND NUMBER TEN, 73 + +THE FIELD OF SHILOH, 125 + +THE APPROACH TO CORINTH, 185 + +[Illustration: Western Tennessee.] + + + + +FROM FORT HENRY TO CORINTH. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +PRELIMINARY. + + +Missouri did not join the Southern States in their secession from the +Union. A convention called to consider the question passed resolutions +opposed to the movement. But the legislature convened by Governor +Jackson gave him dictatorial power, authorized him especially to +organize the military power of the State, and put into his hands three +millions of dollars, diverted from the funds to which they had been +appropriated, to complete the armament. The governor divided the State +into nine military districts, appointed a brigadier-general to each, and +appointed Sterling Price major-general. + +The convention reassembled in July, 1861, and, by action subject to +disapproval or affirmance of the popular vote, deposed the governor, +lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, and legislature, and appointed +a new executive. This action was approved by a vote of the people. +Jackson, assuming to be an ambulatory government as he chased about with +forces alternately advancing and fleeing, undertook, by his separate +act, to detach Missouri from the Union and annex it to the Confederacy. + +This clash of action stimulated and intensified a real division of +feeling, which existed in every county. A sputtering warfare broke out +all over the State. Armed predatory parties, rebel and national, calling +themselves squadrons, battalions, regiments, springing up as if from the +ground, whirled into conflict and vanished. When a band of men without +uniform, wearing their ordinary dress and carrying their own arms, +dispersed over the country, the separate members could not be +distinguished from other farmers or villagers; and a train, being merely +a collection of country wagons, if scattered among the stables and +barn-yards of the adjoining territory, wholly disappeared. But all +through this eruptive discord flowed a continuous stream of more regular +contests, which constitute the connected beginning of the military +operations of the Mississippi Valley. + +Under countenance of Governor Jackson's proclamation, General D.M. Frost +organized a force and established Camp Jackson, near St. Louis, the site +being now covered by a well-built portion of the city. Jackson had +refused to call out troops in response to President Lincoln's +requisition, but Frank P. Blair had promptly raised one regiment and +stimulated the formation of four others in St. Louis. On May 10, 1861, +Captain Nathaniel Lyon, of the regular army, who commanded at the +arsenal at St. Louis, and had there a garrison of several hundred +regulars, marched with Colonel Blair and the volunteers and a battery to +Camp Jackson, surrounded it, and demanded a surrender. Resistance was +useless. General Frost surrendered his men and stores, including twenty +cannon. St. Louis, and with it Missouri, was thus preserved. Lyon was +made brigadier-general of volunteers. + +Jackson and Price left Jefferson City--Jackson stopping, on June 18th, +at Booneville, one rendezvous for his forces, while Price continued up +the river to Lexington, another rendezvous. General Lyon, leaving St. +Louis on June 13th with an expeditionary force on boats, reached +Booneville almost as soon as Jackson. The unorganized and partially +armed gathering of several thousand men made an impotent attempt at +resistance when Lyon landed, but was quickly routed. Jackson fled, with +his mounted men and such of the infantry as he could hold together, to +the southwest part of the State, gathering accretions of men as he +marched. Lyon set out in pursuit, and Price, abandoning Lexington, +hastened with the force assembled there to join Jackson. Colonel Franz +Sigel had proceeded from St. Louis to Rolla by rail, and marched thence +in pursuit of Jackson to strike him before he could be reinforced. +Sigel, with 1,500 men, encountered Jackson with more than double that +number, on July 5th, near Carthage, in Jasper County. Sigel's +superiority in artillery gave him an advantage in a desultory combat of +some hours. Jackson, greatly outnumbering him in cavalry, proceeded to +envelop his rear, and Sigel was forced to withdraw. Sigel retreated in +perfect order, and managed his artillery so well that the pursuing +cavalry were kept at a distance, while he marched with his train through +Carthage, and fifteen miles beyond, before halting. That night and next +morning Jackson was heavily reinforced by Price, who brought from the +south several thousand Arkansas and Texas troops, under General Ben. +McCulloch and General Pearce. Sigel continued his retreat to +Springfield, where he was joined by General Lyon on July 10th. + +[Illustration: The Field of Operations in Missouri and Northern +Arkansas.] + +Price and McCulloch being continually reinforced, largely with cavalry, +overran Southwestern Missouri. Lyon waited in vain for reinforcements, +and, having but little cavalry, kept closely to the vicinity of +Springfield. Learning that the enemy were marching upon him in two +strong columns, one from the south and one from the west, he moved out +from Springfield with all his force on August 1st, and early next +morning encountered at Dug Springs a portion of the column advancing +from the south under McCulloch. This detachment was shattered and +dispersed, and McCulloch recoiled and moved to the west, to join Price +commanding the other column. Price advanced slowly with the combined +force and went into camp on Wilson Creek, ten miles south of +Springfield, on August 7th. + +Lyon's entire force was, upon the rolls, 5,868. This number included +sick, wounded, and detached on special duty. General Price turned over +his Missouri troops and relinquished command to McCulloch. According to +Price's official report, his Missourians engaged in the battle of the +10th were 5,221. According to the official report of McCulloch, his +entire effective force was 5,300 infantry, 15 pieces of artillery, 6,000 +horsemen armed with flintlock muskets, rifles, and shotguns, and a +number of unarmed horsemen. + +General Lyon, not having sufficient force to retreat across the open +country to supports, resolved to strike a sharp blow that would cripple +his opponent, and thus secure an unmolested retreat. He marched out from +Springfield at five o'clock P.M., on August 9th, leaving 250 men and one +gun as a guard. Colonel Sigel, with 1,200 men and a battery of six +pieces, moved to the left, to get into the rear of McCulloch's right +flank; Lyon, with 3,700 men, including two batteries, Totten's with six +guns, and Dubois with four, and also including two battalions of regular +infantry, inclined to the right so as to come upon the centre of the +enemy's front. The columns came in sight of McCulloch's camp-fires after +midnight, and rested in place till day. At six o'clock on the morning of +the 10th, attack was made almost simultaneously by the two columns at +the points designated. Sigel advanced to the attack with great +gallantry, but soon suffered a disastrous repulse; five of his six guns +were taken and his command scattered. + +McCulloch's entire force, with artillery increased by the five pieces +taken from Sigel, turned upon Lyon's little command. Lyon's men were +well posted and fought with extraordinary steadiness. Infantry and +artillery face to face fired at each other, with occasional +intermissions, nearly six hours. General Lyon, after being twice +wounded, was killed. The opposing lines at times came almost in contact. +Each side at times recoiled. When the conflict reached the hottest, and +McCulloch pushed his men, about eleven o'clock, up almost to the muzzles +of the national line, Captain Granger rushed to the rear, brought up the +supports of Dubois' battery, eight companies in all, being portions of +the First Kansas, First Missouri, and the First Iowa, fell suddenly upon +McCulloch's right flank, and opened a fire that shot away a portion of +McCulloch's line. This cross-fire cleared that portion of the field; +McCulloch's whole line gave way and retired out of view. It was now for +the first time safe for Major Sturgis, who had assumed command on the +death of Lyon, to retreat. Sturgis withdrew in order and fell back to +Springfield unmolested. The entire national loss, according to the +official report, was 223 killed, 721 wounded, and 292 missing. The +missing were nearly all from Sigel's column. Two regiments in General +Lyon's column, the First Missouri and the First Kansas, lost together +153 killed and 395 wounded. General Price reported the loss of his +Missouri troops, 156 killed, 517 wounded, and 30 missing. General +McCulloch reported his entire loss as 265 killed, 800 wounded, and 30 +missing. The death of General Lyon was a severe loss. He was zealous in +the national cause and enterprising in maintaining it; he was ready to +assume responsibility, and prompt in taking initiative; sagacious in +comprehending his antagonist, quick in decision, fertile in resource, +and was as cool as he was bold. On the night of the 10th, the army +stores in Springfield were put into the wagons, and next morning the +national force set out for Rolla, the end of the railroad, where it +arrived in good order on the 15th. Meanwhile, Price and McCulloch, +having some disagreement, withdrew to the Arkansas border. + +General John C. Fremont was, July 9, 1861, assigned to the command of +the Western District, comprising the States of Illinois, Kentucky, +Missouri, and Kansas, and territories west, and arrived in St. Louis +from the East on July 25th. Before arriving he appointed +Brigadier-General John Pope to command the district of Northern +Missouri, being that part of Missouri north of the Missouri River. Pope +arrived at St. Charles, Mo., with three infantry regiments and part of +one cavalry regiment of Illinois volunteers, on July 17th, and assumed +command. On July 21st, General Pope published an order making all +property within five miles of a railway responsible for malicious injury +done to such railway. On July 31st he published another order, making +the property of each county responsible for damage done by, and the cost +of suppressing, predatory outbreaks in such county. For a month the +effect of these orders was to allay disturbance in the district, and +secure the administration of affairs by the ordinary machinery of civil +government; but in about a month the orders were set aside, and in their +place martial law was declared throughout the State. + +General Fremont learned of the battle of Wilson Creek on August 13th, +and resolved at once to fortify St. Louis as his permanent base, and +also fortify and garrison Jefferson City, Rolla, Cape Girardeau, and +Ironton. Price marched leisurely up through the western border of the +State. Unorganized bands springing up in the country attacked +Booneville and Lexington, but were easily repulsed by the little +detachments guarding those places. Colonel Mulligan was sent to +Lexington with additional troops, making the entire force there 2,800 +men and eight field-pieces, and with orders to remain until relieved or +reinforced. + +On September 11th, Price arrived before Lexington. There is no authentic +report of his strength; indeed, a large part of his following was an +unorganized assemblage. He must have numbered 14,000 men at the +beginning of the siege; and reinforcements daily arriving swelled the +number to, at all events, more than 20,000. Colonel Mulligan took +position on a rising ground close to the river, east of the city, +forming a plateau with a surface of about fifteen acres, and fortified. + +Judging by the despatches of General Fremont, he seems to have felt no +apprehension as to the fate of Mulligan, and made no serious effort to +relieve him. The force at Jefferson City remained there. The troops at +St. Louis were not moved. General Pope, who, under orders from General +Fremont, had advanced from Hannibal to St. Joseph along the line of the +railroad, driving off depredators, repairing the road, and stationing +permanent guards, heard on September 16th, at Palmyra on his return, +something of the condition of affairs at Lexington. He had sent his +troops then in the western part of the State toward the Missouri River +in pursuit of a depredating body of the enemy. He immediately despatched +an order to these troops to hasten to Lexington upon completing their +present business. They were not able, however, to arrive in time. + +Price, having organized his command into five divisions, each commanded +by a general officer, did not push his siege vigorously till the 18th. +On that day, a force proceeding through the city of Lexington and under +cover of the river-bank, seized the ferry-boats, cut Mulligan off from +his water-supply, and carried a mansion close to Mulligan's works and +overlooking them. A sortie and a desperate struggle regained possession +of the house. Another assault and another desperate struggle finally +dispossessed the garrison of the house. Price closed in upon the +beleaguered works and firing became continuous and uninterrupted. On the +20th, Price, having a footing on the plateau, carried up numbers of +bales of hemp and used them as a movable entrenchment. By rolling these +forward, he pushed his line close to Mulligan's works. The besieged were +already suffering from want of water, and surrender could be no longer +postponed. + +Fremont, hearing of the surrender on September 22d, began to bestir +himself to look after Price. He left St. Louis for Jefferson City on the +27th, and sent thither the regiments that had been kept at St. Louis. +Price on the same day moved out of Lexington and marched deliberately to +the southwest corner of the State. On September 24th, Fremont published +an order constructing an army for the field of five divisions, entitled +right wing, centre, left wing, advance, and reserve--under the command, +respectively, of Generals Pope, McKinstry, Hunter, Sigel, and Ashboth; +headquarters being respectively at Booneville, Syracuse, Versailles, +Georgetown, and Tipton. The regiments and batteries assigned to the +respective divisions were scattered all over the State, many of them +without wagons, mules, overcoats, cartridge-boxes, or rations. Orders +were issued to advance and concentrate at Springfield. Sigel arrived +there on the evening of October 27th, and Ashboth on the 30th. Fremont +was convinced that Price was on Wilson's Creek, ten or twelve miles from +Springfield. Despatches were sent urging McKinstry, Hunter, and Pope to +hasten. Pope, having marched seventy miles in two days, arrived on +November 1st, and McKinstry arrived close behind him. + +On November 2d an order came from Washington relieving Fremont from +command of the department, and appointing Hunter to the command. Hunter +having not yet come up, Fremont held a council of war, exhibited his +plan of battle at Wilson Creek, and ordered advance and attack to be +made next morning. General Hunter arrived in the night and assumed +command. He sent a reconnoissance next day to Wilson Creek, and learned +that no enemy was there or had been there. It was soon ascertained that +Price was at Cassville, more than sixty miles off. The army being +without rations and imperfectly supplied with transportation, General +Hunter, acting upon his own judgment and also in accordance with the +wish of President Lincoln expressed in a letter to him, refrained from +any attempt to overtake Price, and withdrew his army back to the +railroads. + +On November 9th, General Halleck was appointed commander of the new +Department of the Missouri, including that portion of Kentucky west of +the Cumberland River. One-half of the force which Fremont had assembled +at Springfield was stationed along the railway from Jefferson City to +Sedalia, its western terminus, and General Pope was put in command of +this force, as well as a district designated Central Missouri. General +Price advanced into Missouri as far as Osceola, on the southern bank of +the Osage River, from which point he sent parties in various directions, +and where he received detachments of recruits. On December 15th, Pope +moved out from Sedalia directly to the south, as if he were pushing for +Warsaw, and at the same time sent a cavalry force to the southwest, to +mask his movement from Price's command at and near Osceola. Next day a +forced march took him west to a position south of Warrensburg, and +between the two roads leading from Warrensburg to Osceola. The same +night he captured the pickets, and thereby learned the precise locality +of a body of 3,200 men, moving from Lexington south to join Price. A +flying column under Lieutenant-Colonel Brown, sent out the same night, +came upon the camp, drove out the command, kept up the pursuit all +night, and all the next day and night, pushing the fugitives away from +Price and utterly dispersing them over the country, and rejoined Pope on +the 18th with 150 prisoners, and sixteen wagons loaded with supplies +captured. At the same time Major Hubbard with his detachment pushed +south to the lines of one of Price's divisions, encamped opposite +Osceola, on the north shore of the Osage, and captured pickets and one +entire company of cavalry, with its tents and wagons. On the 18th, Pope +moved to the north, to intercept another body moving south to join +Price, and which he learned from his scouts would camp that night at the +mouth of Clear Creek, just beyond Warrensburg. His dispositions were so +made and carried out that the entire body was surrounded and captured, +comprising parts of two regiments of infantry and three companies of +cavalry--numbering 1,300 officers and men, with complete train and full +supplies. Pope's troops reoccupied their camps at Sedalia and Otterville +just one week after they marched out of them. Price broke up his camp at +Osceola in haste, and fell rapidly back to Springfield. + +General Samuel R. Curtis arrived at Rolla on December 27th, to take +command of a force concentrating there and called the Army of the +Southwest. One division, under the command of Colonel Jefferson C. +Davis, detached from General Pope's district, added to three other +divisions commanded respectively by General Sigel, General Ashboth, and +Colonel E.A. Carr, made together 12,095 men and fifty pieces of +artillery, including four mountain howitzers. Marching out from Rolla on +January 23, 1862, with three divisions, he halted a week at Lebanon, +where he was joined by Colonel Davis, completing organization and +preparation. After some skirmishing with Price's outposts, Curtis +entered Springfield at daylight, February 15th, to find that Price had +abandoned it in the night. Curtis followed with forced marches, his +advance skirmishing every day with Price's rear-guard. In Arkansas, +Price was joined by McCulloch and they retired to Boston Mountains. +Curtis advanced as far as Fayetteville and then fell back to await +attack on ground of his own choice. + +The position selected was where the main road, running north from +Fayetteville into Missouri, crosses Sugar Creek, and goes over a ridge +or rough plateau called Pea Ridge, and was near the Missouri line. For +easier subsistence the divisions were camped separately and some miles +apart. Davis' division was at Sugar Creek, preparing the position for +defence. Sigel, with his own and Ashboth's divisions, was at Cooper's +farm, about fourteen miles west; and Carr's division, with which General +Curtis had his headquarters, was twelve miles south on the main +Fayetteville road, at a place called Cross Hollows. Strong detachments +were sent in various directions, forty miles out, to gather in forage +and subsistence. The strength of the command was somewhat diminished by +the necessity of protecting the long line of communication with the base +of supplies by patrols as well as stationary guards, and the aggregate +present in Arkansas was 10,500 infantry and cavalry, and forty-nine +pieces of artillery. + +To settle the continued dissension between Price and McCulloch, General +A.S. Johnston, the Confederate commander in the West, appointed General +Earl Van Dorn to command west of the Mississippi. Van Dorn assumed +command January 29, 1862, in northeastern Arkansas, and hastened on +February 22d to join McCulloch at Fayetteville, to which place Price was +then retreating before Curtis. Van Dorn says that he led 14,000 men into +action. All other accounts put his force at from thirty to forty +thousand. Perhaps he enumerated only the seasoned regiments, and took no +account of unorganized bands, or of the several thousand Indians under +Albert Pike. + +At two o'clock P.M., March 5th, General Curtis received intelligence +that Van Dorn had begun his march. Orders were immediately sent to the +divisions and detachments to concentrate on Davis' division. Carr moved +at 6 P.M., and arrived at 2 A.M. Sigel deferred moving till two o'clock +A.M., and at Bentonville halted, himself with a regiment of infantry, +the Twelfth Missouri, Elbert's light battery, and five companies of +cavalry, till ten o'clock, two hours after the rear of his train had +passed through the place. By this time Van Dorn's advance guard had +arrived, and before Sigel could form had passed around to his front, at +the same time enveloping his flanks. By the skilful disposition of his +detachment, and the admirable conduct of the men, Sigel was able to +resume and continue his march, an unbroken skirmish, rising at times +into engagement, from half-past ten o'clock till half-past three, when +he was joined by reinforcements which General Curtis had hurried back to +him. The line was formed, facing to the south, on the crest of the +bluffs overlooking the Valley of Sugar Creek, Sigel being on the right, +next to him Ashboth, then Davis, and Carr being the left. The position +was entrenched, and the approaches were obstructed by felled timber. One +foraging party of 250 men and one gun did not return till after the +battle, so that Curtis' force engaged was just 10,250 men and +forty-eight guns. + +Van Dorn did not assault that evening. By dawn next day it was +ascertained that he had made a great detour by the west, and was coming +up on the right and rear. Curtis faced his line to the rear and wheeled +to the left, so that his new line faced nearly west; the original right +flank, now the left, was scarcely moved, and Carr's division had become +the right. Colonel Osterhaus, with three regiments of infantry and two +batteries, was despatched from Sigel's division to aid a regiment of +cavalry and a flying battery that had been quickly sent to retard the +enemy's centre and give Carr's division time to deploy. Osterhaus met +the cavalry returning, and threw his detachment against the advancing +line. The picket posted at Elkhorn tavern, where Carr was to deploy, was +attacked and driven back, and Carr's division had to go into line under +fire. Osterhaus found himself opposed to the corps of McCulloch and +McIntosh, and was about being overwhelmed when Davis' division moved to +his support. Pea Ridge is in places covered with timber and brush, in +places intersected by deep ravines, and a portion of it was a tangle of +fallen timber, marking the path of a hurricane. Manoeuvring was not +easy, and detours were required in reinforcing one part of the line from +another. The contest on the field, where Davis and Osterhaus were +opposed to McCulloch and McIntosh, was fierce and determined until +McCulloch and McIntosh were killed. Their numerous, but partially +disciplined followers lost heart and direction, and before the close of +day gave way before the persistent and orderly attack, and finally broke +and left the field. + +Carr's division was opposed to Price's corps, and Van Dorn gave his +personal attention to that part of the field. Gallantry and +determination could not prevail against gallantry and determination +backed by superior numbers. Bit by bit, first on one flank, then the +other, he receded. Curtis sent his body-guard, then the camp-guard to +reinforce him, and then a small reserve that had been guarding the road +to the rear. Carr had sent word he could not hold out much longer. +Curtis sent word to persevere, and went in person to the left, where +Sigel with his two divisions had not yet been under fire, and hurried +Ashboth over to Carr's relief. Carr had been gradually pushed back +nearly a mile; Van Dorn had been concentrating upon him, resolved to +crush him. Curtis, returning with Ashboth, met the Fourth Iowa marching +to the rear, in good order. Colonel Dodge explained that ammunition was +exhausted, and he was going for cartridges. "Then use your bayonets," +was the reply, and the regiment faced again to the enemy and steadily +advanced. It was about five o'clock P.M. when Ashboth reached Carr's +line and immediately opened fire. The combat continued till dark set in. + +As it was evident that Van Dorn was throwing his whole force upon the +position held by Carr, General Curtis took advantage of the cessation +during the night to re-form his line. Davis and Osterhaus were brought +to join Carr's left, and Sigel was ordered to form on the left of +Osterhaus. When the sun rose, Sigel was not yet in position, but Davis +and Carr began attack without waiting. General Curtis, riding to the +front of Carr's right, found in advance a rising ground which gave a +commanding position for a battery, posted the Dubuque battery there, and +moved forward the right to its support. Sigel, coming up with the +divisions of Osterhaus and Ashboth on Davis' left, first sent a battery +forward, which by its rapid fire repelled the enemy in its front, and +then with its deployed supports wheeled half to the right. Another +battery pushed forward repeated the manoeuvre with its supporting +infantry. The column thus deployed on the right into line, bending back +the enemy's right wing in the execution of the movement--each step in +the deployment gaining space for the next succeeding step. The line as +now formed, from the Dubuque battery on the right to Sigel's left, +formed a curve enclosing Van Dorn's army. Under this concentric fire Van +Dorn's entire force before noon was swept from the field to find refuge +in the deep and tortuous ravines in his rear. Pursuit was fruitless. +McCulloch's command, scattering in all directions, was irretrievably +dispersed. Van Dorn, with Price's corps and other troops, found outlet +by a ravine leading to the south, unobserved by the national troops, +went into camp ten miles off on the prairie, and sent in a flag of truce +to bury his dead. The national loss was 203 killed, 972 wounded, and 176 +missing. Van Dorn reported his loss as 600 killed and wounded and 200 +prisoners, but the dispersion of a large portion of his command +prevented full reports. + +Van Dorn was now ordered to report at Corinth, where A.S. Johnston was +assembling his army. Most of the national forces remaining in Missouri +were sent to General Grant, to aid in his expeditions against Fort Henry +and Fort Donelson. General Curtis made a promenade across Arkansas, +halting at times, and came out on the Mississippi in July, 1862. + +While Price kept Southwest Missouri in a state of alarm, Jefferson +Thompson, appointed by Governor Jackson brigadier-general and commander +of district, marauded over Southeastern Missouri, sometimes raiding far +enough to the north to strike and damage railways. On October 14, 1861, +by a rapid march he passed by Pilot Knob, which Colonel Carlin held with +1,500 men, struck the Iron Mountain Railroad at its crossing of Big +River, destroyed the bridge--the largest bridge on the road--and +immediately fell back to Fredericktown. The news reaching St. Louis on +the 15th, the Eighth Wisconsin infantry and Schofield's battery were +despatched thence to reinforce Colonel Carlin; and General Grant, +commanding at Cape Girardeau, sent Colonel Plummer, of the Eleventh +Missouri, with his own regiment, the Seventeenth and Twentieth Illinois, +a section of artillery and two companies of cavalry, in all 1,500 men, +to join in an attack upon Thompson. Meanwhile a party of cavalry was +sent out from Pilot Knob to Fredericktown, to occupy Thompson by +demonstrations and hold him there. + +Colonel Plummer marched out from Cape Girardeau on the morning of the +18th, and sent a messenger to Colonel Carlin advising him of his +movement; the messenger fell into Thompson's hands. Thompson sent his +train to the south, and, moving a few miles below Fredericktown with his +force numbering 4,000 men, took a strong position and awaited attack. +Carlin with 3,000 men effected a junction with Plummer and his 1,500, +the combined force being under command of Colonel Plummer. Thompson was +attacked as soon as discovered. After a sharp fight of two hours +Thompson gave way, was driven from his position, retreated, and fell +into rout. He was pursued several miles that day, and the pursuing force +returned to Fredericktown for the night. Next day Colonel Plummer +followed in pursuit twenty-two miles without further result, returned to +Fredericktown the 23d, and on the 24th began his march back to Cape +Girardeau. + +Colonel Plummer's loss was 6 killed and 60 wounded. He took 80 +prisoners, 38 of them wounded; captured one iron twelve-pounder gun, a +number of small arms and horses, and buried 158 of Thompson's dead +before leaving Fredericktown. Thompson's following was demoralized by +this defeat, and Southeast Missouri after it enjoyed comparative quiet. + +The State of Kentucky at first undertook to hold the position of armed +neutrality in the civil war. On September 4, 1861, Gen. Leonidas Polk, +moving up from Tennessee with a considerable force into Western +Kentucky, seized Hickman and Columbus on the Mississippi, and threatened +Paducah on the Ohio. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, appointed brigadier-general +of volunteers on August 7, 1861, to date from May 17th, assumed command +on September 1st, by order of General Fremont, of the District of +Southeast Missouri. This district included not only the southeastern +part of Missouri, but also Southern Illinois, and so much of Western +Kentucky and Tennessee as might fall into possession of the national +forces. General Grant arrived at Cairo on September 2d, established his +headquarters there on the 4th, and next day heard of the action of +General Polk. He immediately notified General Fremont, and also the +Legislature of Kentucky, then in session at Frankfort, of the fact. +Getting further information in the day, he telegraphed to General +Fremont he would go to Paducah unless orders to the contrary should be +received. He started in the night with two regiments and a battery, and +arrived at Paducah at half-past six next morning. General L. Tilghman +being in the city with his staff and a single company of recruits, +hurried away by rail, and Grant occupied the city without opposition. +The Legislature passed a resolution "that Kentucky expects the +Confederate or Tennessee troops to be withdrawn from her soil +unconditionally." Polk remained, and Kentucky as a State was ranged in +support of the government. + +General Grant, leaving a sufficient garrison, returned at noon to Cairo +to find there permission from Fremont to take Paducah if he felt strong +enough, and also a reprimand for communicating directly with a +legislature. General C.F. Smith was put in command of Paducah next day +by Fremont, with orders to report directly to Fremont. A few weeks +later, Smith occupied and garrisoned Smithland at the mouth of the +Cumberland. Grant suggested the feasibility of capturing Columbus, and +on September 10th asked permission to make the attempt. No notice was +taken of the request. His command was, however, continually reinforced +by new regiments, and he found occupation in organizing and disciplining +them. General Polk meanwhile was busy fortifying Columbus, where the +river-bank rises to a high bluff, until the bluff was faced and crowned +with massive earthworks, armed with one hundred and forty-two pieces of +artillery, mostly thirty-two and sixty-four pounders. At the same time +heavy defensive works commanding the river were erected below at Island +No. Ten and New Madrid, and still farther below, but above Memphis, at +Fort Pillow. + +On November 1st, General Fremont being on his expedition to Springfield, +his adjutant in charge of headquarters at St. Louis directed General +Grant to make demonstrations on both sides of the Mississippi at +Norfolk, Charleston, and Blandville, points a few miles north of +Columbus and Belmont. Next day he advised Grant that Jeff. Thompson was +at Indian Ford of the St. François River, twenty-five miles below +Greenville, with about three thousand men, and that Colonel Carlin had +started from Pilot Knob in pursuit, and directing Grant to send a force +to assist Carlin in driving Thompson into Arkansas. On the night of the +3d, Grant despatched Colonel Oglesby with 3,000 men from Commerce to +carry out this order. On the 5th, Grant was further advised by telegraph +that General Polk, who commanded at Columbus, was sending reinforcements +to Price, and that it was of vital importance that this movement should +be arrested. General Grant at once sent an additional regiment to +Oglesby, with directions to him to turn his course to the river in the +direction of New Madrid; requested General C. F. Smith to make a +demonstration from Paducah toward Columbus; and also sent parties from +Bird's Point and Fort Holt to move down both sides of the river, so as +to attract attention from Columbus. + +On the evening of the 6th, General Grant started down the river on +transports with five regiments of infantry, the Twenty-second, +Twenty-seventh, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first Illinois, and the Seventh +Iowa, Taylor's Chicago battery, and two companies of cavalry. The +Twenty-seventh, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first Illinois were made into a +brigade commanded by General John A. McClernand; the Twenty-second +Illinois and the Seventh Iowa into a brigade under Colonel H. Dougherty, +of the Twenty-second Illinois. The entire force numbered 3,114 men. +General Grant, in his report, states the number at 2,850. As five +companies were kept at the landing when the force disembarked, the +number given by General Grant represents the number taken into action. +Two gunboats, under the command of Captain Walke of the navy, convoyed +the expedition. A feint was made of landing nine miles below Cairo, on +the Kentucky side, and the expedition lay there till daybreak. Badeau +says that General Grant received intelligence, at two o'clock in the +morning of the 7th, that General Polk was crossing troops from Columbus +to Belmont, with a view of cutting off Oglesby, and that he thereupon +determined to convert what had been intended as a mere demonstration +against Belmont into a real attack. + +Belmont was the lofty name of a settlement of three houses squatted upon +the low river-flat opposite Columbus, and under easy range of its guns. +A regiment and a battery were encamped in a cleared field of seven +hundred acres on the river-bank, and the camp was surrounded on its +landward side by an abattis of felled timber. At six o'clock in the +morning the fleet moved down, and the troops debarked at half-past eight +on the Missouri shore, three miles above Columbus, and protected from +view by an intervening wooded point. About the same time General Polk +sent General Pillow across the river to Belmont with four regiments, +making the force there five regiments and a battery. Pillow estimated +the number of men at about twenty-five hundred. + +General Grant marched his command through the timber and some cleared +fields, and formed in two lines facing the river--McClernand in front, +Dougherty in rear. A depression parallel to the river, making a +connected series of ponds or sloughs, had to be crossed in the advance +in line. These depressions were for the most part dry, but the +Twenty-seventh Illinois, the right of the front line, in passing around +a portion that was yet filled with water, made such distance to the +right that Colonel Dougherty's brigade moved forward, filled the +interval, and the attack was made in a single line. + +The opposing skirmishers encountered in the timber. Pillow's line of +battle was in the open, facing the timber. The engagement was in the +simplest form: two forces equal in number encountered in parallel lines. +Most of the men on both sides were for the first time under fire, and +had yet had but scanty opportunity to become inured to or acquainted +with military discipline. The engagement was hotly contested--the +opposing lines, while for some time alternately advancing and receding, +were steady and unbroken. At length Pillow gave way. When his line was +once really broken it could not rally in the face of pursuit. The +national line pressing on, pushed Pillow back through the camp and over +the upper or secondary bank to the first or lower bottom in disorder. +The Second Tennessee, just arrived across the river, took position under +the secondary bank, for a while checked the pursuit, giving time for +the routed troops to make their way through the timber up the river, and +finally followed them in a more orderly retreat. + +The national troops, having now undisturbed possession of the captured +camp, gave way to their exultation. General McClernand called for three +cheers, that were given with a will. The regiments broke ranks, and the +battery fired upon the massive works and heavy siege-guns crowning the +heights across the river. A plunging fire of great shells from the +fortifications, and the sight of boats loaded with troops leaving the +opposite shore, were impressive warnings that the invaders could not +safely tarry. General Grant directed the camp to be set on fire, and the +command to be assembled and to return. General Polk became convinced +that Columbus was not in danger of present attack, and determined to +reinforce Pillow promptly and effectively. The Eleventh Louisiana and +Fifteenth Tennessee arrived first, and attack was made upon both flanks +of the hastily formed retreating column, encumbered as it was with +spoils. The Seventh Iowa and Twenty-second Illinois, the regiments +mainly attacked, replied with vigor, though thrown into some confusion. +Pillow halted his men to re-form, and drew them off to await the arrival +of reinforcements on the way, under General Polk in person. + +The command embarked. The battery took on board two guns and a wagon +captured and brought off in place of two caissons and a wagon left +behind, and also brought off twenty horses and one mule captured. When +all who were in sight were on board, General Grant, supposing the five +companies who had been left to guard the landing were still on post, +rode out to look for one of the parties that had been sent to bring in +the wounded, and which had not returned. Instead of the guard, which had +gone on board without orders, supposing its duty was done, he saw +approaching a hostile line of battle. He rode back, his horse slid down +the river-bank on its haunches, and trotted on board a transport over a +plank thrust out for him. General Polk had come over with General +Cheatham, bringing two more regiments and a battalion. The entire force +formed in line, approached the river-bank, and opened fire. The +gunboats, as well as the infantry on the transports, returned the fire. +Each side was confident that its fire caused great slaughter; but, in +fact, little damage was done. The fleet, some distance up-stream, +overtook and received on board the Twenty-seventh Illinois, which had +become separated from the column, and, instead of returning with it, +returned by the road over which the advance was made. The national loss +was: in McClernand's brigade, 30 killed, 130 wounded, and 54 missing; in +Dougherty's brigade, 49 killed, 154 wounded, and 63 missing; in Taylor's +battery, 5 wounded. There were no casualties in the cavalry. The +aggregate loss was 79 killed, 289 wounded, and 117 missing; making, in +all, 485. Most of the wounded were left behind and taken prisoners. A +number of the missing made their way to Cairo. The Seventh Iowa suffered +most severely. Among the 26 killed and 80 wounded were the +lieutenant-colonel killed, and the colonel and major wounded. Colonel +Dougherty, of the Twenty-second Illinois, commanding the second brigade, +was wounded and taken prisoner. The Confederate loss was 105 killed, 419 +wounded, and 117 missing; in all, 641. Of this aggregate, 562 were from +the five regiments originally engaged. Besides the loss in men and the +destruction of the camp, forty-five horses were killed. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +FORT HENRY. + + +General A.S. Johnston, on September 17, 1861, sent General S.B. Buckner, +who had left Kentucky and entered the Confederate service, to seize and +occupy Bowling Green, in Kentucky, with a force of 4,000 men. Bowling +Green is at the crossing of the Big Barren River by the Louisville and +Nashville road. A little to the south the Memphis and Ohio branches off +from the Louisville and Nashville. Bowling Green was therefore a gateway +through which all approach to the south from Louisville by rail must +pass. There was no access by rail from the Ohio River to the south, east +of Bowling Green. The road from Paducah led nowhere. The railroads to +the north from Mississippi ended, not on the Ohio, but at Columbus, on +the Mississippi. Defensive earthworks had already been begun at Fort +Donelson, on the left Bank of the Cumberland, Fort Henry, on the right +bank of the Tennessee, twelve miles west of Fort Donelson, and at +Columbus, on the Mississippi. General Johnston, with the aid of his +engineers, Lieutenant Dixon and Major J.F. Gilmer, afterward General and +Chief Engineer of the Confederate army, adopted these sites as places to +be strongly fortified. The line from Columbus to Bowling Green became +the line chosen to bar access from the North to the South, and to serve +as a base for invasion of the North. + +The idea of breaking this line by an expedition up the Tennessee and +Cumberland Rivers seems to have presented itself to many. Colonel +Charles Whittlesy, of the Twentieth Ohio, a graduate of West Point and +formerly in the army, while acting as Chief Engineer on the staff of +General O.M. Mitchell in Cincinnati, wrote to General Halleck, November +20, 1861, suggesting a great movement by land and water up the +Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, on the ground that this was the most +feasible route into Tennessee, and would necessitate the evacuation of +Columbus and the retreat of Buckner from Bowling Green. In December, +1861, General Sherman, conversing with General Halleck, in St. Louis, +suggested that the proper place to break the line was the centre, to +which Halleck assented, pointing on the map to the Tennessee River, and +saying that is the true line of operations. On January 3, 1862, General +D.C. Buell, in a letter to General Halleck, proposed a combined attack +on the centre and flanks of General Johnston's line, and added: "The +attack on the centre should be made by two gunboat expeditions, with, I +should say, 20,000 men on the two rivers." General Halleck, writing to +General McClellan, January 20, 1862, said a movement down the +Mississippi was premature; that a more feasible plan was to move up the +Cumberland and Tennessee, making Nashville the objective point, which +movement would threaten Columbus and force the abandonment of Bowling +Green, adding "but the plan should not be attempted without a large +force--not less than 60,000 men." General McClellan, however, thought +such a movement should be postponed for the present. He wrote on January +6th, to General Buell, Commander of the Department of the Ohio, which +department included all of Kentucky east of the Cumberland River: "My +own general plans for the prosecution of the war make the speedy +occupation of East Tennessee and its lines of railway matters of +absolute necessity. Bowling Green and Nashville are in that connection +of very secondary importance at the present moment." General Grant wrote +no reasoned speculations about it, but throughout January pressed +Halleck for permission to make the attempt. + +[Illustration: The Line from Columbus to Bowling Green.] + +On January 6, 1862, Grant wrote to General Halleck for permission to +visit St. Louis. On the same day General Halleck, in pursuance of orders +received from General McClellan, who was then in Washington in supreme +command of the United States forces, directed General Grant to make a +demonstration on Mayfield, in the direction of Murray. He was directed +to "make a great fuss about moving all your force toward Nashville," and +let it be understood that twenty or thirty thousand men are expected +from Missouri. He was further directed to give this out to the +newspapers, and not let his own men or even his staff know the contrary. +At the same time he was advised that the real object was to prevent +reinforcements being sent to Buckner, and charged not to advance far +enough to expose his flank or rear to an attack from Columbus, and by +all means to avoid a serious engagement. On the 10th, Halleck +telegraphed to delay; but Grant was already gone, with McClernand and +6,000 men from Cairo and Bird's Point, and had sent General C.F. Smith +from Paducah with two brigades. The troops were out more than a week. +The weather was cold, with rain and snow. The excursion was good +practice in campaigning for the new volunteers, and detained +reinforcements at Columbus while General George H. Thomas fought and won +the battle of Mill Springs, in Kentucky. + +General Grant, on his return to Cairo, wrote again on January 20th for +permission to visit St. Louis. Receiving General Smith's report on the +22d, in which Smith said that the capture of Fort Henry was +feasible--that two guns would make short work of it, he at once +forwarded the report to St. Louis, and on the same day obtained the +permission sought. When he began to unfold the object of his visit, to +obtain permission to capture Henry and Donelson, Halleck silenced him so +quickly and sharply that he said no more, and returned to Cairo +believing his commander thought him guilty of proposing a military +blunder. But, persisting still, he telegraphed on the 28th that, if +permitted, he would take Fort Henry and establish and hold a camp there. +Next day he wrote to the same effect in detail. On the 28th, Commodore +A.H. Foote, flag-officer of the gunboat fleet, wrote to General Halleck +that he concurred with General Grant, and asking if they had Halleck's +authority to move when ready. On January 30th, General Halleck +telegraphed to Grant to get ready, and made an order directing him to +proceed. The order was received on February 1st, and next day General +Grant started up the Tennessee with 17,000 men on transports, convoyed +by Commodore Foote with seven gunboats. + +The sites of Forts Henry and Donelson were chosen, and the work of +fortifying them begun, by the State of Tennessee, when Kentucky was +still holding itself neutral. Fort Donelson, immediately below the town +of Dover, was a good position, and was near the Kentucky line. The site +chosen for Fort Henry commanded a straight stretch of the river for some +miles, and was near the State line and near Donelson. But it was low +ground, commanded by higher ground on both sides of the river, and was +washed by high water. Under the supervision of General A.S. Johnston's +engineers, the work had become a well-traced, solidly constructed +fortification of earth, with five bastions mounting twelve guns, facing +the river, and five guns bearing upon the land. Infantry intrenchments +were thrown up on the nearest high land, extending to the river both +above and below the main work, and commanding the road to Fort Donelson. +A work named Fort Heiman was begun on the bluff on the opposite side of +the river, but was incomplete. + +General McClernand, commanding the advance, landed eight miles below the +fort. General Grant made a reconnoissance in one of the gunboats to draw +the fire of the fort and ascertain the range of its guns. Having +accomplished this, he re-embarked the landed troops, and debarked on +February 4th, at Bailey's Ferry, three miles below the fort and just out +of range of its fire. The river overflowed its banks, much of the +country was under water; a heavy rain fell. The entire command did not +get ashore till in the night of the 5th. In the night, General C.F. +Smith was sent across the river to take Fort Heiman, but it was +evacuated while Grant was landing his force at Bailey's Ferry. +McClernand was ordered to move out at eleven o'clock in the morning of +the 6th, and take position on the roads to Fort Donelson and Dover. + +[Illustration: Fort Henry.] + +General Tilghman had telegraphed for reinforcements, and had about +thirty-four hundred men with him, but only one company of artillerists. +At midnight of the 5th he telegraphed to General A.S. Johnston that +Grant was intrenching at Bailey's Ferry. But, on the morning of the 6th, +Tilghman gave up the idea of using his infantry in the defence, ordered +Colonel Heiman to move the command to Fort Donelson, while he remained +with the company of artillerists to engage the fleet and the land force, +if it should appear, with the heavy armament of the fort, and thus +retard pursuit. + +At eleven o'clock in the morning of the 6th, General Grant moved with +his command, and at the same time Commodore Foote steamed up the river +with his fleet in two divisions. The first was of ironclads, the +Cincinnati, flag-ship, the Carondelet, and the St. Louis, each carrying +thirteen guns, and the Essex, carrying nine guns. The second division of +three wooden boats, under command of Lieutenant Phelps, followed half a +mile astern. At a quarter before twelve o'clock the first division +opened fire with their bow-guns at a distance of seventeen hundred +yards, and continued firing while slowly advancing to a distance of six +hundred yards from the fort. Here the four boats took position abreast, +and fired with rapidity. Lieutenant Phelps' division sent shells falling +within the work. The little garrison replied with spirit. Fifty-nine +shots from their guns struck the fleet, but most of them rebounded +without doing harm. One shot exploded the boiler of the Essex, scalding +twenty-eight officers and seamen, including Commander Porter. One seaman +was killed and nine wounded on the flag-ship, and one was killed by a +ball on the Essex. In the fort, the twenty-four pound rifled gun +exploded, disabling every man at the piece; a shell from the fleet, +exploding at the mouth of one of the thirty-two pounders, ruined the +gun, and killed or wounded all the men serving it. A premature +explosion at a forty-two pounder killed three men and wounded others. A +priming-wire accidentally spiked the ten-inch columbiad. Five men were +killed, eleven wounded, and five missing. Four guns were disabled. The +men were discouraged. General Tilghman took personal charge of one of +the guns and worked it, but he could no longer inspirit his men. Colonel +Gilmer, Chief Engineer of the Department, and a few others, not willing +to be included in the surrender, left the fort and proceeded to Fort +Donelson on foot. At five minutes before two o'clock General Tilghman +lowered his flag, and sent his adjutant by boat to report to the +flag-officer of the fleet. Twelve officers and sixty-six men in the +fort, and sixteen men in the hospital-boat, surrendered. Flag-officer +Foote, in his report, says the hospital-boat contained sixty invalids. +All the camp-equipage and stores of the force that retreated to Fort +Donelson were included in the surrender; the troops, having no wagons, +had left everything behind. + +At eleven o'clock, General McClernand moved out with his division, +followed by the third brigade of General C.F. Smith's division. +McClernand had two brigades, the first commanded by Colonel R.J. +Oglesby, the second by Colonel W.H.L. Wallace. With each brigade were +two batteries--Schwartz and Dresser with the first brigade, Taylor and +McAlister with the second. The order to McClernand was to take position +on the road from Fort Henry to Fort Donelson and Dover, prevent all +reinforcements to Fort Henry or escape from it, and be in readiness to +charge and take Fort Henry by storm promptly on the receipt of orders. +The road was everywhere miry, owing to the wet season, and crossed +ridges and wet hollows. McClernand reports that the distance by road, +from the camp to the fort, was eight miles. The troops, pulling through +the mud, cheered the bombardment by the fleet when it opened. At three +o'clock McClernand learned that the enemy were evacuating the fort, and +ordered his cavalry to advance if the report was found to be true. +Captain Stewart, of McClernand's staff, came upon the rear of the +retiring force just as they were leaving the outer line of the +earthworks. Colonel Dickey, of the Fourth Illinois cavalry, coming up, +pursued the retreating column three miles, capturing 38 prisoners, six +pieces of artillery, and a caisson. The head of the infantry column +entered the fort at half-past three o'clock. + +Commodore Foote turned over the prisoners and captured property to +General Grant, sent Lieutenant Phelps with the wooden gunboats on an +expedition up the Tennessee, and returned the same evening to Cairo with +two gunboats. Lieutenant-Commander Phelps proceeded up the river to +Florence, at the foot of the Muscle Shoals, in the State of Alabama. An +account of this expedition and its brilliant success belongs to the +naval history of the war. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +FORT DONELSON. + + +The capture of Fort Henry was important, but it would be of restricted +use unless Fort Donelson should also be taken. At this point the +Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers are only twelve miles apart. The little +town of Dover stood upon a bluff on the left bank of the Cumberland. +Immediately above it, two small brooks empty into the river, making a +valley or bottom overflowed by every high water. Immediately below the +town is Indian Creek. One branch of it, rising close by the head of the +upper one of the two brooks, flowing outwardly from the river toward the +west, then bending to the north and northeast, makes almost the circuit +of the town, about half a mile from it, before emptying into the creek. +Several small brooks, flowing from the north into Indian Creek, make +deep ravines, which leave a series of ridges, very irregular in outline, +but generally parallel to the river. About half a mile below the mouth +of Indian Creek, Hickman Creek, flowing eastwardly, empties into the +river at right angles with it. Small branches running into Hickman Creek +almost interlock with those emptying into Indian Creek, whereby the +series of ridges parallel to the river are made to extend continuously +from the valley of one creek to the valley of the other. + +Fort Donelson, a bastioned earthwork, was erected on the river-bluff, +between the two creeks, its elevation being one hundred feet above the +water. A bend in the river gives the fort command over it as far as its +armament could carry. On the slope of the ridge facing down stream, two +water-batteries were excavated. The lower battery and larger one, was so +excavated as to leave traverses between the guns. A ten-inch columbiad +and nine thirty-two pound guns constituted the armament of the lower +battery; a rifled piece, carrying a conical ball of one hundred and +twenty-eight pounds, with two thirty-two pound carronades, the armament +of the upper. These water-batteries were, according to Colonel J.D. +Webster, General Grant's chief of staff, thirty feet above the +water-level at the time of the attack. Colonel Gilmer, the engineer who +constructed them, reported them as being fifty feet above the +water-level; but it does not appear at what stage of the water. As the +narrow channel of the river allowed an attacking party to present only a +narrow front, the batteries required but little horizontal range for +their guns, and the embrasures were accordingly made quite narrow. Eight +additional guns were in the fort. + +Colonel Gilmer, going from Fort Henry to Fort Donelson, immediately +began the tracing and construction of works for infantry defence. The +river protected the east face of the position, and the valley of Hickman +Creek, filled with back-water from the river, sufficiently guarded the +north. The line traced was two miles and a half long, following the +recessions and salients. The right of the line, occupying a ridge +extending from creek to creek, was nearly parallel with the river, and +distant from it fourteen hundred yards in an air-line. It was somewhat +convex, projecting to the front about its centre, at the point where +Porter's battery was afterward posted. The left, facing to the south and +southwest, beginning just above Dover, on the point of a ridge +extending nearly to the river between the two small brooks, continued +out from the river along this ridge to its western extremity, and thence +across the valley of the small curved stream described as encircling +Dover and emptying into Indian Creek, to a V-shaped eminence in the fork +between this small stream and Indian Creek. This salient termination +was on the continuation of the line of the right or the west face of the +infantry works. This point was assigned to Maney's battery and Heiman's +brigade. The line of infantry defence was what came to be called, during +the war, rifle-pit--a trench with the earth thrown up on the outer side. +Batteries were constructed at nine points in the line, and armed with +the guns of eight field batteries. + +[Illustration: The Line from Columbus to Bowling Green.] + +The valley of Indian Creek made a break in the line; there was an +interval at the creek between the portion occupied by Heiman's line and +the work on the opposite slope, afterward the extreme left of General +Buckner's command. The entire line on both faces, except the portion +crossing the small valley or ravine to Heiman's left, followed the face +of ridges from fifty to eighty feet high, faced by valleys or ravines +filled with forest and underbrush. The trees were cut about breast-high, +and the tops bent over outward, forming a rude abattis extremely +difficult to pass through. The back-water filling the valley of Hickman +Creek was an advantage to the defenders of Donelson, in so far as it +served as a protection to one face of the position, and diminished the +distance to be guarded and fortified. It was quite as great an advantage +to the besiegers as it was to the besieged. They were by it relieved +from a longer, being an exterior, line. Their transports and supplies +could be landed and hauled out in security. Moreover, the back-water +extending up Indian Creek also, within the defensive lines, cut the +position in two, and made communication between the two parts +inconvenient. + +Immediately upon the capture of Fort Henry, work was begun on this line +of infantry defence. The garrison, increased by the force from Fort +Henry, numbered about six thousand effective men, under the command of +Brigadier-General Bushrod R. Johnson. General Pillow, ordered by +General A.S. Johnston, arrived on February 9th from Clarksville with +2,000 men. He was immediately followed by General Clarke, who had been +stationed at Hopkinsville with 2,000 more; and Generals Floyd and +Buckner, who were at Russellville with 8,000 more, followed. General +Johnston began to set them all in motion by telegram from Bowling Green, +before he received news of the surrender of Fort Henry. General Floyd +was so averse to going to Donelson that he continued to remonstrate. +General Buckner, whose division had arrived, proposed on the night of +the 11th to take it back to General Floyd, his commanding officer at +Clarksville; but Pillow, who was senior to Buckner, ordered him to +remain, and repaired himself to Clarksville. Under the combined +influence of Pillow's persuasion and General Johnston's orders, Floyd +finally made up his mind to go, and arrived at Donelson with the last of +his command in the night of the 12th. Meanwhile, Major-General Polk had +sent 1,860 men from Columbus. On the night of February 12th, Donelson +was defended by about 20,000 men. The heavy guns in the water batteries +were manned mostly by details from light batteries and artillery drilled +a short time before the national force appeared, by two artillery +officers, under the supervision of Colonel Milton A. Haynes, Chief of +the Tennessee Corps of Artillery. + +General Grant, in reporting to General Halleck, on February 6th, the +surrender of Fort Henry, added: "I shall take and destroy Fort Donelson +on the 8th, and return to Fort Henry." It was soon clear that he could +not haul wagons over the road, and he proposed to go without wagons and +double-team his artillery. The water continued rising. For two miles +inland from Fort Henry the road was for the greater part under water. On +the 8th he telegraphed: "I contemplated taking Fort Donelson to-day with +infantry and cavalry alone, but all my troops may be kept busily +engaged in saving what we now have from the rapidly rising water." The +cavalry, however, fording the overflow, went to the front of Donelson on +the 7th, skirmished with the pickets, and felt the outposts. + +General Halleck went earnestly to work gathering and forwarding troops +and supplies. Seasoned troops from Missouri, and regiments from the +depots in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio--so freshly formed that they had +hardly changed their civil garb for soldier's uniform before they were +hurried to the front to take their first military lessons in the school +of bivouac and battle--were alike gathered up. General Halleck +telegraphed Grant to use every effort to transform Fort Henry into a +work strong on its landward side, and by all means to destroy the +railroad bridge across the Cumberland at Clarksville, above Fort +Donelson. Grant was urging Commodore Foote to send boats up the +Cumberland to co-operate in an attack on Donelson. + +On February 11th, Foote sailed from Cairo with his fleet. On the same +day Grant sent six regiments, which had arrived at Fort Henry on +transports, down the river on the boats from which they had not landed, +to follow the fleet up the Cumberland. He also on the same day moved the +greater part of his force out several miles from Fort Henry on to solid +ground. On the morning of the 12th, leaving General L. Wallace and 2,500 +men at Fort Henry, he moved by two roads, diverging at Fort Henry, but +coming together again at Dover, with 15,000 men and eight field +batteries. The force was organized in two divisions; the first commanded +by General McClernand, the second by General C.F. Smith. McClernand had +three brigades. The first, commanded by Colonel R.J. Oglesby, comprised +the Eighth, Eighteenth, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first +Illinois, the batteries of Schwartz and Dresser, and four companies of +cavalry. The second, commanded by Colonel W.H.L. Wallace, consisted of +the Eleventh, Twentieth, Forty-fifth, and Forty-eighth Illinois, Colonel +Dickey's Fourth Illinois Cavalry, and Taylor's and McAllister's +batteries. The third, commanded by Colonel W.R. Morrison, comprised the +Seventeenth and Forty-ninth Illinois. Smith's first brigade, commanded +by Colonel John McArthur, was composed of the Ninth, Twelfth, and +Forty-first Illinois. The second brigade was left at Fort Henry. The +third, Colonel John Cook, contained the Fifty-second Indiana, Seventh +and Fiftieth Illinois, Thirteenth Missouri, and Twelfth Iowa; and the +fourth, Colonel John G. Lauman, contained the Twenty-fifth and +Fifty-sixth Indiana, and the Second, Seventh, and Fourteenth Iowa. Major +Cavender's battalion of Missouri artillery was attached to the division. +Some of Major Cavender's guns were twenty-pounders. Three pieces in +McAllister's battery were twenty-four pound howitzers. + +McClernand's division, preceded by the Fourth Illinois cavalry, marched +in advance on both roads. No opposition was encountered before reaching +the pickets in front of Donelson. The advance came in sight of the fort +about noon. McArthur's brigade, forming the rear of the column, halted +about three miles from the fort at 6 P.M., and moved into position at +half-past ten. It was observed by Colonel W.H. L. Wallace, whose brigade +was at the head of the column on the telegraph or direct road between +Forts Henry and Donelson, that the enemy's camps were on the other side +of the creek, which, on examination, was found to be impassable. He +moved up the creek and joined Colonel Oglesby, whose brigade was the +advance on the Ridge road, in a wooded hollow, screened from view from +the works by an intervening ridge. + +The moment that deployment was begun, Oglesby's brigade, which was the +farther to the right, was briskly attacked by cavalry, who, after a +sharp skirmish, retired. McClernand's division was assigned to the +right, C.F. Smith's to the left. The day was spent feeling through the +thick woods and along deep ravines, and high, narrow winding ridges. At +times a distant glimpse was caught, through some opening, of the gleam +of tents crowning a height; at times, a regiment tearing its way through +blinding undergrowth was startled and cut by the sudden discharge from a +battery almost overhead, which it had come upon unawares. The advancing +skirmish-line was in constant desultory conflict with the posted +picket-line. Batteries, occasionally, where an opening through the +timber permitted, took a temporary position and engaged the hostile +batteries. The afternoon passed in thus developing the fire of the line +of works, feeling towards a position and acquiring an idea of the +formation of the ground. Smith's division, by night, was in line in +front of Buckner, and McClernand's right had crossed Indian Creek and +reached the Wynn's Creek road. The column had marched without +transportation. The men had nothing but what they carried in knapsack +and haversack. Shelter-tents had not yet come into use. The danger of +drawing the enemy's fire prevented the lighting of camp-fires. The army +bivouacked in line of battle. The besieged resumed at night their task, +which had been interrupted by the afternoon skirmishing, of completing +and strengthening their works. + +Next morning, Thursday the 13th, arrived, and the fleet had not come. +Fifteen thousand men, without supplies, confronted 20,000 well +intrenched. A party was sent to destroy the railroad bridge over the +Tennessee, above Fort Henry, the trestle approach to which had been +partly destroyed by Lieutenant-Commander Phelps, to prevent effectually +reinforcements reaching Donelson from Columbus. Order was sent to +General Lewis Wallace, who had been left with a brigade in command at +Fort Henry, to join the besieging force. The two divisions on the ground +prosecuted the work of feeling for position and probing the enemy. +Colonel Lauman's brigade, of C.F. Smith's division, bivouacked the night +of the 12th, about a mile from the intrenchments. On the 13th he moved +over the intervening ridges till he came in view of the portion of the +works held by Colonel Hanson, constituting the right of General +Buckner's line. A deep hollow filled with timber filled the space +between Lauman and the works before him. On the farther slope, crowned +by the works, the slashed timber made an extensive abattis. Colonel +Veatch, with the Twenty-fifth Indiana, advanced across the ravine or +hollow, and forced his way partly up the slope. He remained with his +command two hours exposed to a fire to which, from their position, they +could make no effectual reply, and were recalled. The Seventh and +Fourteenth Iowa moved up to the left of the position reached by Colonel +Veatch, and a detachment of sharpshooters was posted so as to reach with +their fire the men in the trenches and divert their fire. At night +Lauman withdrew his command to the place of the previous night's +bivouac. Colonel Cook's brigade advanced, the morning of the 13th, on +the right of Lauman's. The left of his line came also in front of +Hanson's works. The valley was here filled with such an "immensity of +abattis" that he did not feel justified in ordering an attempt to cross +it, but kept up through the day a desultory fire of skirmishers and +sharpshooters over it. The demonstration made by Lauman and Cook +appeared so threatening that General Buckner sent the Eighteenth +Tennessee to reinforce Hanson. The Seventh Illinois, which constituted +the right of Cook's advance moving through the timber where a ridge +leads to a battery at a salient in General Buckner's line, suddenly +found itself under fire and retired. Colonel Cook formed his line with +the other four regiments upon a ridge overlooking the enemy's +intrenchments, about six hundred yards from them, separated from them by +a valley dense with timber, mostly cut so as to form abattis, and +remained in this position for the night. + +McClernand continued pressing all day to his right, following the course +of the ridge along which the Wynn's Ferry road passes. By night his +right nearly or quite reached the point where the Wynn's Ferry road +issued from the intrenchments. His artillery was very active; the +companies acting at times separately, at times uniting and concentrating +their fire on some well-served battery, they silenced temporarily +several batteries, and in the afternoon shelled some camps. A determined +assault was made on the position held by Maney's battery, supported by +Colonel Heiman with the Tenth, Forty-eighth, and Fifty-third Tennessee, +and the Twenty-seventh Alabama. This position was, at the same time, the +most salient and the most elevated in the entire line of intrenchment. +It was so traced that both faces were swept by artillery and infantry +fire from portions of the works to the right and the left. Colonel +Morrison was directed with his brigade, the Seventeenth and Forty-ninth +Illinois, to assault this position. Colonel Haynie, of the Forty-eighth +Illinois, senior to Morrison, was ordered to join him and take the +command. Morrison, on the right, assaulted the left face of the work; +the Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth assaulted the right. Crossing the +valley, they began the ascent, encountered the tangled abattis, and +while striving to tear their way through it, under a plunging fire from +the battery and the infantry above them, they were assailed by artillery +and infantry from a long extent of line beyond. They recoiled from this +toil and this double fire. The Forty-fifth Illinois was sent to +reinforce Morrison. The four regiments started again, forced their way +still farther up the abattis, and were again repelled. Undaunted, they +rushed up the hill-side the third time. Part of the command pierced +through the abattis and reached the rifle-pits. The summit of the +rifle-pits was a blaze of musketry. Maney's guns hurled shrapnel into +their faces. To Morrison's right and to Haynie's left, the long line of +rifle-pits was a line of musketry, and from projecting points the +batteries sent their fire. Morrison was wounded. His men could not climb +over the intrenchment. The regiments recalled, fell back in order out of +fire. The dead leaves on the hill-side were inflamed in some way, in +this close contest, and when artillery and musketry had ceased, helpless +wounded lying on the hill-side were burned to death. Colonel Heiman's +men, leaping over their works, were able to save some. General Buckner +reported his loss in the assault on Hanson's position as thirty-nine +killed and wounded. Ten killed and thirty wounded were reported as +Heiman's loss, most of them in Maney's battery. Nearly every regiment in +the entire line of the intrenchments suffered some casualties from the +National artillery. The national loss was more severe. The pertinacity +of the attack through the day prevented the besieged from suspecting the +inferiority in numbers of the attacking force. + +The Carondelet, a thirteen-gun ironclad, arrived in the morning of the +13th, and fired at the water-batteries at long-range. One shot struck a +thirty-two-pound gun, disabling it, and killed Captain Dixon, of the +engineers, who had assisted Colonel Gilmer in the construction of both +Henry and Donelson. A shot from the one hundred and twenty-eight-pound +gun in the upper battery, entering a porthole, damaged the machinery of +the Carondelet, and she drew out of range. + +The fleet, together with transports bringing reinforcements and +supplies, arrived toward evening. McClernand had moved so far around to +the right as to leave a wide gap between his left and Smith's division. +McArthur's brigade, of Smith's division, was moved to the right. Near +midnight, upon the request of General McClernand, McArthur detached two +regiments and moved them farther to the right, to within a quarter of a +mile of McClernand's left. Severe wind set in with the night. Snow fell +and the ground froze. Fires could not be lighted by either army. Some of +McClernand's regiments, having thrown away their blankets on going into +action, sat up all night. + +General Lewis Wallace arrived from Fort Henry about noon, Friday, the +14th, and was placed in command of a division of troops just arrived on +the transports, styled Third Division. The First Brigade, commanded by +Colonel Charles Cruft, consisted of the Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth +Kentucky, and the Thirty-first and Forty-fourth Indiana. The Third +Brigade, commanded by Colonel John M. Thayer, comprised the Fifty-eighth +and Seventy-sixth Ohio, and the First Nebraska. The Second Brigade was +not organized; but in the course of Saturday, the Forty-sixth, +Fifty-seventh, and Fifty-eighth Illinois and Twentieth Ohio, reported +separately, and were assigned to duty. General Wallace moved into +position on the right of General C.F. Smith, so as to hold the narrow +ridge or spur which faced the right of Buckner's line, and was separated +from McClernand by the valley of Indian Creek. + +The day was quiet along the National lines, and was spent in defining +and adjusting the commands in position. Skirmishers exchanged occasional +shots, and artillerists from time to time tried the range of their +guns. McClernand moved his right still nearer to the river, Oglesby's +brigade reaching nearly to the extreme left of the Confederate works, +and to the head of the back-water up the valley of the small brooks +above Dover; the Eighth, Eighteenth, and Twenty-ninth Illinois were +respectively posted across the three roads, which, leaving the main road +along the ridge, called Wynn's Ferry road, crossed the hollow and +through the enemy's intrenchments into Dover. The cavalry reconnoitered +around the enemy's left, to the muddy and overflowed bottom extending +back from the river immediately above Dover. + +According to the report of General Buckner it was decided, in a council +of general officers held that morning, to cut a way for the garrison out +through the enclosing force at once, before delay would make it +impracticable; that General Pillow was to lead, and Buckner to cover the +retreat of the army if the sortie proved successful. Buckner made the +necessary preparations, but early in the afternoon the order was +countermanded by General Floyd, at the instance of General Pillow, who, +after drawing out his troops for the attack, thought it too late for the +attempt. Though this is not mentioned in the reports of General Floyd, +General Pillow, or Colonel Gilmer, Colonel Baldwin in his report says +that General Buckner formed his division in open ground to the left and +rear of the intrenchments, for the purpose, apparently, of attacking the +National right, Colonel Baldwin's command being the head of the column; +that the column marched out by a road about two hundred yards from the +left of the intrenchments, and approached the right of the National line +by a course nearly perpendicular to it; but, after advancing a quarter +of a mile, General Pillow said it was too late in the day to accomplish +anything, and the troops returned to their quarters. Major Brown, +commanding the Twentieth Mississippi, reports substantially the same, +and adds they were under fire as soon as they began the advance, and one +of his men was shot before they advanced one hundred yards. + +About three o'clock in the afternoon Flag Officer Foote moved his fleet +up the river to attack the fort. The flag-ship St. Louis and three other +ironclads, the Carondelet, Louisville, and Pittsburg, each armed with +thirteen guns, advanced, followed by the wooden gunboats Tyler and +Conestoga. The water-battery attacked was a mere trench twenty feet +wide, sunk in the hill-side. The excavated earth thrown up outside the +ditch made a rampart twelve feet through at the summit. Carefully laid +sand-bags added to the height of the rampart, and left narrow spaces for +embrasures; narrow, but sufficient there, where the channel of the +river, straight and narrow, required the fleet to advance in a straight +line and with a narrow front. Such a work, at an elevation of thirty +feet above the water, was almost unassailable. + +The gunboats opened fire when a mile and a half from the fort, and +continued advancing slowly and firing rapidly till the ironclads were +within four hundred yards of the battery. The boats could use only their +bow-guns, three on each boat. After a severe action of an hour and a +half, a solid shot entering the pilot-house of the flag-ship, carried +away the wheel, and the tiller-ropes of the Louisville were disabled by +a shot. The relieving-tackles being no longer able to steer or control +these boats in the rapid current, they became wholly unmanageable, and +drifted down the river. The other two boats were also damaged, and the +whole fleet withdrew. There were fifty-four, officers and men, killed +and wounded on the fleet--Commodore Foote being one of the wounded. The +flag-ship alone was struck fifty-nine times. One rifled gun on the +Carondelet burst during the action. The terrible pounding by the heavy +navy guns seems to have inflicted no injury upon the earthworks, their +armament, or the men. + +Transports arrived in the course of the day, bringing additional +reinforcements. General McArthur was ordered at 5 P.M. to occupy ground +on the extreme right of the National line, to act as a reserve to +General Oglesby. He reached the assigned position in the dark, about 7 +P.M., and "encamped for the night, without instructions and without +adequate knowledge of the nature of the ground in front and on the +right." The troops, without shelter and without fires, suffered another +night of cold and wind and snow and sleet, after a day without food. + +In the night, General Floyd, in council with General Pillow, General +Buckner, and Colonel Gilmer, determined to make a sortie in the morning, +and, if practicable, cut a way out, and retreat by the Wynn's Ferry road +to Charlotte. Pillow was to begin with an attack on McClernand's right, +assisted by the cavalry. When he should succeed in pushing back the +right, Buckner was to issue from the works and strike the division near +its centre. When the whole of the division should be rolled back onto +Lewis Wallace, leaving a cleared way out into the country over the road, +Pillow's division was to lead, and Buckner to hold the National forces +back and afterward serve as rear-guard on the retreat to Charlotte. The +brigade commanders were sent for and received instructions. No +instructions were given to them, nor was anything said in the council, +as to what supplies the troops should carry, and some regiments took +neither knapsacks nor rations. Before dawn, Saturday, the 15th, Pillow's +division began assembling, as on the previous day, on open ground in +rear of the extreme left of the intrenchments. Colonel Baldwin, who was +posted with two of his regiments, the Twenty-sixth Tennessee and +Twenty-sixth Mississippi, in Pillow's portion of the intrenchments, +while the rest of his brigade was west of Indian Creek, under Buckner, +held the advance, the Twentieth Mississippi being added to his command, +giving him a temporary brigade of three regiments. Colonel Heiman, with +his brigade and Maney's battery, strengthened by the Forty-second +Tennessee, were to remain in position and thence aid the attack while it +was going on. The Thirtieth Tennessee was to occupy the trenches vacated +by Buckner, while the Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Tennessee were to act as +garrison to the main work--the fort. + +Commodore Foote wrote to General Grant desiring an interview with him, +and asking, as he was disabled by wounds, to be excused from going to +see Grant, requested that the interview be held on the flag-ship. The +Twentieth Ohio, which had arrived on transports the evening before and +was ordered to report to General Lewis Wallace the day before, while +marching after breakfast from the boats to the fort, met General Grant +with some of his staff riding down the river road to where the boats +lay. The sally had been made and the attack begun; but there was nothing +in the sound that came through several miles of intervening forest to +indicate anything more serious than McClernand's previous assaults. + +Baldwin's brigade, leaving the intrenchments at 6 A.M., marched by the +right flank out a narrow and obstructed byroad, crossed the valley in +front of the works, and, while ascending the slope beyond, encountered +what they supposed to be a line of pickets. But Oglesby's hungry men had +slept little that cold night, and by simply rising to their feet were in +line of battle. Baldwin's brigade, in attempting to deploy, was thrown +into confusion, repeatedly rallied, and was thrown into disorder and +pushed back before its line was established. Colonel Baldwin, in his +report, says that deployment forward into line would have brought his +men into such an exposed situation that he threw his regiment first into +column of company, then deployed on the right into line, and admits that +practising tactics with new troops under fire is a different thing from +practice on the drill-ground. The movement that Colonel Baldwin +attempted with his leading regiment, the Twenty-sixth Mississippi, is +the same that General Sigel accomplished at Pea Ridge with such +brilliant effect, where he had by artillery fire to drive back the +enemy's line to gain room for each successive deployment. + +The firing sufficiently notified General McArthur where he was, and, +without waiting for orders, he formed his brigade into line on Oglesby's +right. Pillow's division, continually filing out from the intrenchments, +continually extended his line to his left. McArthur, to gain distance to +his right, widened the intervals between his regiments, refused his +right, and prolonged it by a skirmish line. Oglesby brought into action +Schwartz's battery, then commanded by Lieutenant Gumbart, and the +batteries in position in the besieged intrenchments joined in the +combat. A tenacious fight, face to face, ensued--so stationary that its +termination seemed to be a mere question of endurance and ammunition. +General Pillow moved the Twentieth Mississippi by wheeling its left to +the front. In this position the regiment suffered so severely that it +withdrew and took shelter behind a rising ground. A depression was found +by which General B.R. Johnson's brigade could find comparative +protection while moving to their left and gaining distance to their +front. General McArthur found his right flank turned and his ammunition +nearly exhausted, and withdrew his brigade to a new position several +hundred yards to his rear. Oglesby moved the Eighteenth Illinois to the +right, to partially fill the vacated line, and brought up the Thirtieth +Illinois from its position in reserve to take the place left by the +Eighteenth. Colonel Lawler, of the Eighteenth, was wounded early in the +engagement. Captain Brush, who had succeeded to the command, was wounded +while carrying out this movement. The ammunition of the Eighteenth being +now nearly gone, it retired in good order to replenish, leaving 44 of +its number dead, and 170 wounded on the ground where it had stood. + +McClernand, when he found his command heavily pressed, sent to Lewis +Wallace, the adjoining division commander, for aid. Wallace sent to +Grant's headquarters for instructions, but the General was away on the +flag-ship, and his staff did not take the responsibility of acting in +his place. Wallace, having been ordered to act on the defensive, +declined to move without first receiving an order. When McArthur fell +back, Oglesby's right became enveloped, McClernand repeated his request, +and Wallace, seeing the affair was serious, took the responsibility, and +ordered Cruft's brigade to advance. The Twenty-fifth Kentucky, on coming +up, by some mistake fired into the Eighth and Twenty-ninth Illinois. +These regiments and the Thirtieth Illinois broke and retired. The Eighth +had lost 55 killed and 188 wounded; the Twenty-ninth, 25 killed and 60 +wounded; the Thirtieth, 19 killed and 71 wounded. The wounded had been +taken off to a building in the rear, which was turned into a hospital. +Cruft maintained his position stoutly, receiving and making charges, and +firing steadily from line. His men found the same difficulty that is +mentioned in reports of other commanders, of distinguishing the enemy +except when close at hand, or in motion. Their uniform, of the same +color with the dead leaves of dense scrub-oak, uniforms and foliage at a +short distance were undistinguishable. McArthur drew his brigade back +out of the contest, halted, and obtained ammunition and rations. His +men, who had fasted thirty-six hours, had one good meal before they +moved toward night to the extreme left, in support of the troops there +engaged. Cruft's brigade, being isolated, finally retired to the right +and rear, and took position near the hospital. + +When the rest of Oglesby's brigade retreated, the Thirty-first Illinois, +Colonel John A. Logan, the left of the brigade and connecting with the +right of Colonel W.H.L. Wallace's brigade, wheeled so as to have its +line at right angles with the line of the enemy's intrenchments; for, as +McArthur's and Oglesby's commands crumbled away, Pillow's division, +rolling up McClernand's, were now advancing in a course parallel to the +front of their intrenchments. The Thirty-first held its ground; but +yielding was only a question of time. As Pillow's division in deploying +continually increased its front, Colonel Baldwin's brigade was +continually pressed to his right and came in front of W.H.L. Wallace's +brigade. McCausland's brigade, consisting of the Thirty-sixth and +Fiftieth Virginia, formed on Baldwin's right and in front of W.H.L. +Wallace, Their assault was aided by the batteries in position in the +intrenchments, and Wallace's batteries alternately replied to the +artillery and played upon the line of infantry. Wallace held his line, +and Pillow sent to Buckner to advance. Buckner held his command within +the intrenchments massed, waiting for his opportunity. He sent three +regiments, Third Tennessee, Eighteenth Tennessee, and Fourteenth +Mississippi, across the intervening hollow. They attacked with spirit; +but, confused by the missiles flying overhead, broken by pushing through +the snow-covered boughs, and galled by the hot fire they encountered, +they quickly fell back in disorder, and, according to General Buckner, +communicated their depression to the rest of his command. + +Toward noon, as McClernand's right was rolled up and began to crumble, +Buckner, who had cheered his men, now led his division farther to his +right, near to Heiman's position in the intrenchments; there he +approached under cover till near Wallace's line. Three batteries +supported his charge--Maney's, Porter's, and Graves', these three +batteries concentrating their fire on Wallace's artillery. Forrest +brought his cavalry forward. Wallace's brigade, with Taylor's and +McAllister's batteries, and Logan's regiment, with boxes nearly empty, +withstood the combined attack. McAllister fired his last round of +ammunition. Taylor had fired seventeen hundred rounds of ammunition, an +average of two hundred and eighty-three rounds to the piece. The +infantry fired their last cartridge. The batteries of Maney, Graves, and +Porter poured in their fire; the divisions of Pillow and Buckner +aided--some regiments at a halt firing, but Buckner's advancing. +Forrest's cavalry hovered on the outskirts. Wallace gave the command to +fall back. McAllister had not horses left to haul off his three +howitzers, and had to leave two. The order did not reach the Eleventh +Illinois. The rest of the command fell back in regular order, and the +Eleventh and Thirty-first continued fighting. Colonel Logan, of the +Thirty-first, was wounded; the lieutenant-colonel was killed. Thirty +others were killed. The ranks were thinned by the wounded who had fallen +and been carried off the field. Ammunition was gone. Logan told +Lieutenant-Colonel Ransom, of the Eleventh Illinois, who, having had his +wound dressed, had returned to his regiment, that the Thirty-first must +leave, and suggested that the Eleventh should take the position left by +the Thirty-first. The Thirty-first marched steadily from the field, and +the Eleventh, alone now, faced to the rear, wheeled to the left, and +continued the fight. But, assailed on both flanks as well as in front, +and finally charged by the cavalry, it was broken, and fell back in +disorder. The brigade fell back half a mile. + +Fugitives from the front passed by General Lewis Wallace, who was +conversing with Captain Rawlins, General Grant's assistant +adjutant-general. Among them a mounted officer galloped down the road, +shouting, "We are cut to pieces." General Wallace at once ordered +Colonel Thayer's brigade to the front. Marching by the flank, they soon +met portions of Oglesby's and Colonel Wallace's brigades retiring from +the field. They all stated they were out of ammunition. Thayer's brigade +passed on at a double-quick. Position was taken; a battery, Company A, +Chicago Light Artillery, commanded by Captain Wood, was posted across +the road; to its right, the First Nebraska and Fifty-eighth Illinois; to +the left, the Fifty-eighth Ohio and a company of the Thirty-second +Illinois. The Seventy-sixth Ohio and Forty-sixth and Fifty-seventh +Illinois were posted in reserve. As soon as this line was formed, +interposed between the enemy and the retiring regiments, they halted and +waited for ammunition. The line was scarcely formed before a force, +coming up the road and through the forest, made a fierce attack. The +assault was vigorous. The line remained steady, and, with fire +deliberate and well aimed, quickly drove off the assailants. That closed +the attack made by the sortie. Colonel Cruft's brigade, the position of +which was not then known to General Wallace, was off at the right, near +enough to see the repulsed force retire in the direction of the works. +Cruft's brigade was brought into alignment with Thayer's, and Wallace +held the ground with his division. + +McClernand's division was swept from the ground which it had occupied. +The desired road for retreat was open to the besieged. Buckner was in +the position assigned to him, and halting, awaited his artillery and +reserves from the intrenchments. General Pillow, who now found himself +within the intrenchments at the salient, held by Colonel Heiman, +directed the artillery to remain, and sent reiterated orders to Buckner +to return and resume his position within the works. He was in the act of +returning when he met General Floyd, who seemed surprised at the +movement. After some conversation, in which both agreed that the +original plan should be carried out, Floyd directed Buckner to remain +till he could see Pillow. After consulting with Pillow, Floyd sent +orders to Buckner to retire within the lines, and to repair as rapidly +as possible to his former position on the extreme right, which was in +danger of attack. By order of General B.R. Johnson, Colonel Drake's +brigade and the Twentieth Mississippi remained on the field. + +General Grant, at his interview on the flag-ship, was advised of the +serious injury to the fleet, and informed that Commodore Foote, leaving +his two ironclads least injured to protect the transports at the +landing, would proceed to Cairo with the other two, repair them, hasten +the completion of the Benton and mortar-boats, and return to the +prosecution of the siege. General Grant, upon this, made up his mind to +intrench, and with reinforcements complete the investment of the enemy's +works. Reaching the lines about one o'clock on his return, he learned +the state of affairs, ordered General C.F. Smith to prepare to storm the +works in his front, repaired to the right, inspected the condition of +the troops, and gave orders to be ready to attack when General Smith +should make his assault. + +The Fifty-second Indiana had been detached from Colonel Cook's brigade +to watch a gap in the intrenchments, near the extreme right of the +besieged line. At two o'clock General Smith ordered the assault by +Lauman's brigade; the Fifty-second Indiana was temporarily attached to +the brigade. The assaulting force was formed in column of battalions of +five companies each. The Second Iowa was in advance, with General Smith +in its centre, and followed in order by the Fifty-second Indiana, +Twenty-fifth Indiana, Seventh Iowa, and Fourteenth Iowa. Birge's +sharpshooters, deployed on each flank, opened a skirmishing fire. The +column advanced silently, without firing, crushed down the abattis, +covered the hill-side with battalions, heedless of the fire from the +garrison, pressed on to the works, leaped over, formed in line, and +drove the defending regiment to further shelter. + +Just at this time General Buckner was gaining this, the extreme right of +the line of intrenchments, with Hanson's regiment, which had left it in +the morning for the sortie. Hanson pushed his men forward, but the works +were occupied. The Thirtieth Tennessee, which had been holding that +portion of the works during the day, fell back to another ridge or spur, +between the captured work and the main fort. Lauman's brigade pushed on +to assault that position. Hanson's regiment, the Third, Eighteenth, and +Forty-first Tennessee and Fourteenth Mississippi, came to the aid of the +Thirtieth; portions of Porter's and Graves' batteries were brought up. +The Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Tennessee, the garrison of the fort, +hastened out in support. General Smith sent for Cook's brigade and +artillery. Lieutenant-Colonel McPherson sent up two ten-pound Parrott +guns. Buckner held the inner ridge, to which his men had retired, and +intrenched it in the night. Smith held the works he had gained, an +elevation as high as any within the line. His battery established +there, enfiladed part of the line still held, and took in reverse nearly +the whole of the intrenchments. In the charge, the column, including +Birge's sharpshooters, but excluding the Fifty-second Indiana, lost 61 +killed and 321 wounded; of these, the Second Iowa lost 41 killed and 157 +wounded. General Smith, though sixty years old, spent the night without +shelter, on the captured ridge. + +General Grant, having set in motion C.F. Smith's attack, rode to the +right and ordered the troops there to take the offensive and regain the +ground that had been lost. General Lewis Wallace moved with a brigade +commanded by Colonel Morgan L. Smith, and made of the Eighth Missouri +and Eleventh Indiana, in advance. These two regiments belonged to +Smith's division, and marched from Fort Henry to Donelson with Wallace. +Colonel M.L. Smith, in his report, calls this command the Fifth Brigade, +Third Division. The regimental commanders in their reports style it, +Fifth Brigade, General C.F. Smith's division. Following was Cruft's +brigade. General Wallace says, in his report: "As a support, two Ohio +regiments, under Colonel Ross, were moved up and well advanced on the +left flank of the assailing force, but held in reserve." Colonel Ross, +of the Seventeenth Illinois, arriving at the front that morning and +reporting for duty, was at once assigned to the command of the brigade +composed of the Seventeenth and Forty-ninth Illinois, and, as ordered by +General McClernand, moved with General Wallace in support and reserve, +till recalled about dark by McClernand. An Ohio regiment, the Twentieth, +Colonel Whittlesey, did go out in support and reserve, but it was not +under Colonel Ross, and it remained close to the enemy's works all +night. + +The column approached the ridge held by Drake's brigade and the +Twentieth Mississippi. M.L. Smith's brigade came in front, where the +slope was bare; Cruft had to push up through bushes. General Wallace +speaks with admiration of the advance by Smith. He advanced his line and +ordered it to lie down, and to continue firing while lying down. As soon +as the fire of the enemy on the summit slackened, the regiments rose, +dashed up the hill, and lay down again before the fire from the hill-top +could be made effective. In a short time, with rapid bounds, the summit +was gained. Cruft's brigade pushed up through the bushes. Drake fell +back within the intrenchments. Wallace stationed his picket-line close +to the enemy's works. The retiring Confederate force took with them six +captured pieces of artillery, several thousand small arms, and between +two and three hundred prisoners; but returned to their trenches weary, +disappointed, disheartened. + +In the night General Floyd and General Buckner met with General Pillow +and his staff, at General Pillow's headquarters, to consider the +situation. After some recrimination between Pillow and Buckner whether +the intention and plan had been to commence the retreat directly from +the battlefield, or first to cut a way out and then return to the works, +equip for a march and retreat by night, it was agreed to evacuate that +night and march out by the ground which had been gained. Pillow ordered +the chief quartermaster and the chief commissary to burn the stores at +half-past five in the morning. Precaution was taken, however, before +actually preparing for the movement, to send out scouts to see if the +way were still clear. The scouts returned with report that the National +forces had reoccupied the ground. This being doubted, other scouts were +sent out, who brought the same report in more positive terms. Pillow +proposed to cut a way out. Buckner said that was now impossible, and +Floyd acquiesced. Pillow at last assented to this, but proposed to hold +the fort at least one day longer and take the chances of getting out. +Buckner said that was impossible; a lodgement had been made in the key +of his position; assault would certainly follow as soon as it was light, +and he could not withstand it. It was remarked that no alternative was +left but to surrender. General Floyd said he would never surrender--he +would die first. Pillow said substantially the same. Buckner said, if he +were in command, he would surrender and share the fate of the garrison. +Floyd inquired of Buckner, "If the command should devolve on you, would +you permit me to take out my brigade?" To which Buckner replied, "Yes, +if you leave before the terms of capitulation are agreed on." Forrest +asked, "Gentlemen, have I leave to cut my way out?" Pillow answered, +"Yes, sir, cut your way out," and asked, "Is there anything wrong in my +leaving?" Floyd replied, "Every person must judge for himself of that?" +Whereupon General Pillow said, "Then I shall leave this place." General +Floyd turned to General Pillow and told him, "General Pillow, I turn the +command over, sir." General Pillow said, "And I pass it." General +Buckner said, "And I assume it," and countermanded the order for the +destruction of the commissary and quartermaster stores, and ordered +white flags to be prepared and a bugler to report to him. + +At eleven o'clock that night Floyd telegraphed to General A.S. Johnston +a glorious victory. Four hours later, at the close of the council or +conference, he telegraphed: "We are completely invested by an army many +times our numbers. I regret to say the unanimous opinion of the officers +seems to be that we cannot maintain ourselves against these forces." + +Colonel Forrest reported that upon examination he found that deep mud +and water made an escape by land, between the investing force and the +river, impracticable for infantry. Forrest marched out with all the +cavalry but Gantt's Tennessee battalion and two companies of Helm's +Kentucky cavalry, taking with him the horses of Porter's battery and +about two hundred men of various commands. There was not a steamboat at +the landing; General Floyd had sent all up the river with wounded and +prisoners. Not a skiff or yawl could be found. A little flatboat or scow +was got by some means from the other side of the river, and on this +General Pillow crossed the river with his staff and Colonel Gilmer. Two +steamboats returned at daybreak, one of them bringing "about four +hundred raw troops." The four hundred raw troops were dumped on shore, +and Floyd took possession of the boats. Floyd's brigade, consisting of +four Virginia regiments and the Twentieth Mississippi, had been divided +during the siege. The four Virginia regiments were organized into two +brigades, and the Twentieth Mississippi attached to another command. Two +Virginia regiments were ferried across the river, and the Twentieth +Mississippi, understanding that they were to be taken on board with +Floyd, stood on guard and kept off the growing crowd of clamorous +soldiers while the other two Virginia regiments embarked. The rope was +cut and Floyd steamed up the river, leaving the Twentieth Mississippi +and his aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Breckenridge Drake, behind. It was said +afterward that word was received from General Buckner that the boat must +leave at once, or it would not be allowed to leave. + +Soon after daybreak, Sunday the 16th, the men of Lauman's brigade heard +the notes of a bugle advancing from the fort. It announced an officer, +who bore to General Grant a letter from General Buckner, proposing the +appointment of commissioners to agree upon terms of capitulation, and +also proposing an armistice until noon. General Grant replied, +acknowledging the receipt of the letter, and adding: "No terms except an +unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted. I propose to move +immediately upon your works." Buckner replied: "The distribution of the +forces under my command, incident to an unexpected change of commanders, +and the overwhelming force under your command, compel me, +notwithstanding the brilliant success of the Confederate arms yesterday, +to accept the ungenerous and unchivalrous terms which you propose." +White flags were displayed along the works; the National troops marched +in, and General Grant at once made the following order: "All prisoners +taken at the surrender of Fort Donelson will be collected as rapidly as +practicable near the village of Dover, under their respective company +and regimental commanders, or in such manner as may be deemed best by +Brigadier-General S.B. Buckner, and will receive two days' rations +preparatory to embarking for Cairo. Prisoners are to be allowed their +clothing, blankets, and such private property as may be carried about +the person, and commissioned officers will be allowed their side-arms." + +There is disagreement as to the number of guns captured. There were +thirteen in the water-batteries and eight in the fort. Besides, there +were eight artillery companies, whose field-pieces were disposed in nine +positions along the line of intrenchments. Six of these companies were +those of Maney, Porter, Graves, Green, Guy, Jackson. The other two are +called Ross and Murray in the account in the Nashville _Patriot_, and +called Parker and French on the pen-sketch of the works showing the +position of the light batteries, found among the Confederate records. +The number of pieces in these batteries is not given. Badeau gives the +number of guns surrendered at sixty-five, and no reason is seen why that +is not correct. + +There is no means of determining with any precision the number of the +garrison. General Grant, on the day of the surrender, reported the +number of prisoners taken as twelve to fifteen thousand. Badeau says the +number captured was 14,623; and that rations were issued at Cairo to +that number of prisoners taken at Fort Donelson. According to a report +or estimate made by Major Johnson, of the first Mississippi, and found +among his papers in Mississippi in 1864, the number "engaged" was +15,246, and the number surrendered 11,738. General Floyd gives no +estimate. General Pillow, in his brief to the Secretary of War of the +Confederacy, defending himself from charges, gives thirteen thousand as +about the number engaged in the defence; while General Buckner, in a +report made after he was exchanged, says the aggregate of the army +within the works was never greater than twelve thousand. An estimate +published in the Nashville _Patriot_ soon after the surrender makes the +number engaged 13,829. + +Major Brown's estimate was evidently the most deliberate and careful, +yet it is not free from error. It is not accurate in the number of +casualties. The regimental reports made after the surrender are not +numerous, but they present some means of testing Major Brown's estimate. +According to that estimate, the Eighth Kentucky lost 19 killed and 41 +wounded; according to the official report of Colonel Simonton, +commanding the brigade, the loss of the Eighth Kentucky was 27 killed +and 72 wounded. According to Major Brown's estimate, two of the Virginia +regiments lost none killed or wounded, and the aggregate of the loss of +the four regiments was 13 killed and 113 wounded; according to the +brigade reports, every regiment lost both killed and wounded, the +aggregate being 41 killed and 166 wounded. Major Brown's estimate omits +the Kentucky cavalry battalion of three companies. It names also only +seven artillery companies, while the Nashville _Patriot's_ account and +the memorandum on the manuscript plan of the intrenchments name eight. +This estimate is also incomplete. It gives only the number engaged +belonging to regiments and companies, and thereby excludes brigade and +division commanders, and their staff and enlisted men at their +headquarters; it also excludes the "four hundred raw troops" (the +reports give them no other designation) who arrived too late to be +engaged, but in time to be surrendered; and the estimate being only of +those engaged, excludes sick, special duty men, and all except the +muskets and sabres present for duty in the works. Such an estimate of +"effective" or "engaged" is no basis for a statement of the number +surrendered. The morning report of Colonel Bailey's regiment, the +Forty-ninth Tennessee, for January 14th, was 680 effectives out of an +aggregate of 777. His last morning report before the surrender was 393 +effectives out of an aggregate of 773. Major Brown's estimate gives this +regiment 372 engaged. Colonel Bailey's morning report of those present +with him on the way from Donelson to Cairo, which included none from +hospitals, was, officers and men, 490. + +There is no report of trustworthy accuracy, giving either the aggregate +or the effective strength. Ten thousand five hundred prisoners were put +into the charge of Colonel Whittlesey, of the Twentieth Ohio; of which +number he sent north, guarded by his own regiment, about six thousand +three hundred; another, but much smaller body, was put into the hands of +Colonel Sweeney. Besides these, were the wounded and sick in hospital, +in camp, and some left on the field. Colonel Whittlesey, at the time, +estimated the entire number taken charge of, including sick and wounded, +at 13,000. General Floyd said that the boats which carried across and +up the river his four Virginia regiments, took at the same time about as +many other troops; and he says he took up the river with him 986, +officers and men, of the four Virginia regiments. Pillow reported, on +March 14th, that several thousand infantry had got out in one way or +other, many of whom were at that time with him at Decatur, Ala., and the +rest under orders to rendezvous there. They continued slipping out after +the surrender. General B.R. Johnson, on the Tuesday after the surrender, +not having reported or been enrolled as a prisoner, walked with a +fellow-officer out of the intrenchments at mid-day, and, not being +challenged, continued beyond the National camps and escaped. The +accounts of the escape by boat with Floyd, on horse with Forrest, and by +parties slipping out by day and by night through the forest and +undergrowth and the devious ravines, fairly show that 5,000 must have +escaped. There was scarcely a regiment or battery, if, indeed, there was +a single regiment or battery, from which some did not escape. Eleven +hundred and thirty-four wounded were sent up the river by boat the +evening before the surrender, and General Pillow estimated the killed at +over four hundred and fifty. This accounts for an aggregate of over +nineteen thousand five hundred, sufficiently near the estimate of +nineteen thousand six hundred--the number in the place during the siege, +and the additional four hundred, who arrived only in time to be +surrendered. + +General Floyd surmised the killed and wounded to be fifteen hundred. +Pillow estimated them at two thousand. The National loss was, in +McClernand's division, 1,445 killed and wounded, and 74 missing; in C.F. +Smith's division, 306 killed, 1,045 wounded, and 167 missing; and in +Lewis Wallace's division, 39 killed, 248 wounded, and 5 missing--making +an aggregate of 3,329 killed, wounded, and missing. General Grant sat +down before the place Wednesday the 12th, at noon, with 15,000 men, and +with that number closed in upon the works and made vigorous assaults +next day. Reinforcements began to arrive at the landing Thursday +evening, and when the place surrendered his army had grown by +reinforcements to twenty-seven thousand. Grant had no artillery but the +eight field-batteries which he brought over from Fort Henry to Donelson. +These were not fixed in position and protected by earthworks, but were +moved from place to place and used as batteries in the field. + +The defensive line from Columbus to Bowling Green, broken by the capture +of Fort Henry, was now shattered. General A.S. Johnston evacuated +Bowling Green on February 14th, and on the 17th and 18th moved with the +main body of his troops from Nashville to Murfreesboro. The rear-guard +left Nashville on the night of the 23d, and the advance of Buell's army +appeared next morning on the opposite bank of the river. Columbus was +evacuated shortly after. The National authority was re-established over +the whole of Kentucky, the State of Tennessee was opened to the advance +of both army and fleet, and the Mississippi was cleared down to Island +Number Ten. + +General Halleck telegraphed on February 17th, the day after the +surrender, to General McClellan: "Make Buell, Grant, and Pope +major-generals of volunteers, and give me command in the West. I ask +this in return for Donelson and Henry." Next day, the 18th, he +telegraphed to General Hunter, commanding the Department of Kansas, +thanking him for his aid in sending troops; and to Grant, ordering him +not to let the gunboats go up higher than Clarksville, whence they must +return to Cairo immediately upon the destruction of the bridge and +railroad. On the 19th he telegraphed to Washington: "Smith, by his +coolness and bravery at Fort Donelson, when the battle was against us, +turned the tide and carried the enemy's outworks. Make him a +major-general. You cannot get a better one. Honor him for this victory, +and the whole country will applaud." On the 20th he telegraphed to +McClellan, "I must have command of the armies in the West. Hesitation +and delay are losing us the golden opportunity." Upon the receipt in +Washington of the news of the surrender of Fort Donelson, the President +at once appointed Grant major-general, and the Senate immediately +confirmed the appointment. Buell and Pope shortly after received the +same promotion. Later, in March, C.F. Smith, McClernand, and Lewis +Wallace were confirmed to the same rank. On March 11th, General Halleck +was assigned to the command of the Department of the Mississippi, +embracing all the troops west of a line drawn north and south +indefinitely through Knoxville, Tenn., and east of the western boundary +of Arkansas and Missouri. On February 15th, Grant had been assigned to +the command of the Military District of Tennessee, the limits of which +were not defined, and General W.T. Sherman succeeded to the command of +the District of Cairo. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +NEW MADRID AND ISLAND NUMBER TEN. + + +A division belonging to General Pope's command in Missouri went with +General Curtis to Pea Ridge and Arkansas. A considerable portion of what +was left was sent up the Tennessee and Cumberland to General Grant. On +February 14, 1862, General Pope was summoned to St. Louis by General +Halleck, and on the 18th General Halleck pointed out to him the +situation at New Madrid and Island No. Ten, and directed him to organize +and command a force for their reduction. On the 19th Pope left for Cairo +to defend it from an attack then apprehended from Columbus. This +apprehension being found to be groundless, he proceeded by steamboat, +with a guard of 140 men, thirty miles up the river, and began at once to +organize his expedition. + +Major-General Polk, commanding at Columbus, having received instructions +from the Confederate War Department, through General Beauregard, to +evacuate Columbus and select a defensive position below, adopted that +embracing Madrid Bend on the Tennessee shore, New Madrid on the Missouri +shore, and Island No. Ten between them. The bluffs on the Missouri shore +terminate abruptly at Commerce. Thence to Helena, Arkansas, the west +bank of the Mississippi is everywhere low and flat, and in many places +on the river, and to much greater extent a few miles back from the +river, is a swamp. From Columbus to Fort Pillow, the Tennessee shore is +of the same character. The river flowing almost due south for some miles +to Madrid Bend, curves there to the west of north to New Madrid, and +there making another bend, sweeps to the southeast and then nearly east, +till, reaching Tiptonville, a point nearly due south of Madrid Bend, it +turns again to the south. Island No. Ten begins at Madrid Bend and looks +up the straight stretch of the river. From Island No. Eight, about four +miles above Island No. Ten, the distance across the land to New Madrid +is six miles, while by river it is fifteen. The distance overland from +Island No. Ten to Tiptonville is five miles, while by water it is +twenty-seven. Commencing at Hickman, between Madrid Bend and Columbus, a +great swamp, which for a part of its extent is a sheet of water called +Reelfoot Lake, extends along the left bank of the Mississippi, and +discharges its waters into the Mississippi forty miles below +Tiptonville, leaving between it and the river the peninsula which lies +immediately below Island No. Ten, and opposite New Madrid. Immediately +below Tiptonville the swamp for many miles extends entirely to the +river. The peninsula is, therefore, substantially an island, having the +Mississippi on three sides, and Reelfoot Lake, with its enveloping +swamp, on the other. A good road led from the Tennessee shore, opposite +Island No. Ten, along the west border of the swamp and the lake to +Tiptonville. The only means of supply, therefore, for the forces on +Island No. Ten and this peninsula, were by the river. If the river were +blockaded at New Madrid, supplies must be landed at Tiptonville and +conveyed across the neck of the peninsula by the road. From this +peninsula there was no communication with the interior except by a small +flatboat which plied across Reelfoot Lake, more than a mile across, by a +channel cut through the cypress-trees which cover the lake. Supplies +and reinforcements could not, therefore, be brought to any considerable +extent by the land side; nor could escape, except by small parties, be +made in that direction. A mile below Tiptonville begin the great swamps +on both sides of the Mississippi. If batteries could be planted on the +lowest dry ground, opposite and below Tiptonville, so as to command the +river and effectually intercept navigation, the garrison of Island No. +Ten and its supports would be cut off from reinforcements and from +escape. + +General Polk began the evacuation of Columbus on February 25th. One +hundred and forty pieces of artillery were mounted in the works. All +these, except two thirty-two pounders and several carronades, which were +spiked and left, were taken to Island No. Ten and the works in +connection with it. Brigadier-General McCown with his division went down +the river to Island No. Ten, on February 27th, and General Stewart, with +a brigade, followed to New Madrid on March 1st. The rest of the infantry +marched under General Cheatham, by land, March 1st to Union City. Next +day General Polk, having sent off the bulk of the great stores +accumulated at this place, destroyed the remainder and moved away with +his staff and the cavalry. The force that went from Columbus to Island +No. Ten included General Trudeau's command of ten companies of heavy +artillery and the Southern Guards who acted as heavy artillery. The +light batteries were brigaded with the infantry. + +Some progress had been made in throwing up batteries on the island and +at the bend. Sappers and miners were at once set to work, aided by the +companies of heavy artillery and details from the infantry. By March +12th, four batteries, scarcely above the water-level, were completed on +the island and armed with twenty-three guns, and five batteries on the +main-land, armed with twenty-four guns. Battery No. 1, on the main-land, +called the Redan, armed with six guns, was three thousand yards in an +air-line above the point of the island. A line of infantry +intrenchments, _en crémaillère_, extended from the Redan to the water of +a bayou which connects with Reelfoot Lake. A floating battery, anchored +near the lower end of the island, added ten guns to its defence. Later, +a fifth battery was erected on the island, and the number of guns in +battery on the island and on the main-land, at the bend, was increased +to fifty-four, exclusive of the floating battery. On the Missouri shore +a bastioned redoubt, called Fort Thompson, with fourteen guns, stood +below the town, and an earthwork with seven guns, called Fort Bankhead, +just above the town. Infantry intrenchments extended these forts, and a +field-battery of six pieces was added to the armament of the upper fort. +Commodore Hollins, of the Confederate navy, aided the land-forces with +eight gunboats. General McCown, making an inspecting visit to the +position on February 25th, found there Colonel Gantt, of Arkansas, with +the Eleventh and Twelfth Arkansas, and two artillery companies, acting +as garrison to Fort Thompson, and at once, before returning to Columbus, +ordered Colonel L.M. Walker, with two regiments from Fort Pillow, to +guard the defences just above New Madrid. + +General Pope having landed at Commerce with 140 men, regiments and +batteries rapidly arrived from Cairo, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. With +the assistance of able and experienced officers, Generals Schuyler +Hamilton, Stanley, Palmer, and Granger, the troops were brigaded, +divisions formed, and the command organized. Colonel Plummer being +promoted to brigadier-general after the arrival before New Madrid, the +organization was modified. As finally organized, it comprised five small +infantry divisions. First, commanded by General D.S. Stanley, +comprising First Brigade, Colonel John Groesbeck, Twenty-seventh and +Thirty-ninth Ohio; and Second Brigade, Colonel J.L.K. Smith, Forty-third +and Sixty-third Ohio. Second Division, General Schuyler Hamilton, +comprising First Brigade, Colonel W.H. Worthington, Fifth Iowa and +Fifty-ninth Indiana; and Second Brigade, Colonel N. Perczell, +Twenty-sixth Missouri Infantry and Sands' Eleventh Ohio Battery. Third +Division, General J.N. Palmer, comprising First Brigade, Colonel J.R. +Slack, Thirty-fourth and Forty-seventh Indiana; and Second Brigade, +Colonel G.N. Fitch, Forty-third and Forty-sixth Indiana Infantry, +Seventh Illinois Cavalry, and Company G, First Missouri Light Artillery. +Fourth Division, comprising First Brigade, Colonel J.D. Morgan, Tenth +and Sixteenth Illinois; and Second Brigade, Colonel G.W. Cumming, +Twenty-sixth and Fifty-first Illinois, First Illinois Cavalry, and a +battalion of Yate's sharpshooters. Fifth Division, General J.B. Plummer, +comprising First Brigade, Colonel John Bryner, Forty-seventh Illinois +and Eighth Wisconsin; and Second Brigade, Colonel J.M. Loomis, +Twenty-second Illinois, Eleventh Missouri Infantry, and Company M, First +Missouri Light Artillery. Besides these was a cavalry division, +commanded by General Gordon Granger, comprising the Second and Third +Michigan Cavalry; also an artillery division, commanded by Major W.L. +Lothrop, comprising the following batteries: Second Iowa, Third +Michigan, Company F, Second United States Artillery, Houghtaling's +Ottawa Light Artillery, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Batteries of the First +Wisconsin Artillery, and De Golyer's battery, afterward Company H, of +the First Michigan Artillery. In addition to these was a command under +Colonel J.W. Bissel, called the Engineer's Regiment of the West, +comprising the Fifteenth Wisconsin and Twenty-second Missouri Infantry, +the Second Iowa Cavalry, a company of the Fourth United States Cavalry, +a company of the First United States Infantry, and battalion of the +Second Illinois Cavalry. The army commander, the division commanders, +and other officers, nearly a dozen in all, were graduates of West Point. +The men of this army had, therefore, better opportunity than most others +to learn quickly something of the business of military life, and acquire +habits of military discipline. + +The road from Commerce to New Madrid was, for the most part, a +dilapidated corduroy, tumbling about a broken causeway through a swamp. +M. Jeff. Thompson, "Brigadier-General of the Missouri State Guard," +designed to hold a "very important session of the Missouri Legislature," +at New Madrid, on March 3d--a session which was to last, however, but +one day. When General Pope moved out from Commerce, on February 28th, +Schuyler Hamilton in front, Thompson undertook to oppose the advance +with a detachment of his irregular command and three light pieces of +rifled artillery. The Seventh Illinois Cavalry charged, captured the +three guns, took two officers and several enlisted men prisoners, and +chased Thompson and the rest of his band sixteen miles, almost to the +outskirts of New Madrid. Dragging through the mud by short marches, +Hamilton's division reached New Madrid on the morning of March 3d. +Deploying, with the Twenty-seventh and Thirty-ninth Ohio in front as +skirmishers, Hamilton marched upon the town, pushed the enemy's pickets +back into the intrenchments, developed the line of intrenchment, drew +the fire of its armament--twenty-four, thirty-two, and sixty-four +pounders and field-pieces. The gunboats of Commodore Hollins' fleet took +part in the engagement. The water in the river was so high that it +lifted the guns on the boats above the banks. The reconnoissance +developed the fact that the intrenchments could be carried by assault, +but could not be held so long as the gunboats could lay the muzzles of +their heavy guns upon the river-bank and sweep the whole interior. + +The reconnoissance made by General Hamilton showed the necessity of +having siege-guns. The troops were put into camp about two miles back +from the river; urgent request was sent to Cairo for heavy artillery, +and parties were pushed forward every day to harass the garrison and +keep them occupied. Colonel Plummer (soon after brigadier-general and +commanding a division of his own) was detached from Hamilton's division +and sent with the Eleventh Missouri, Twenty-sixth and Forty-seventh +Illinois Infantry, four guns of the First Missouri Light Artillery, and +one company of engineer troops, together with two companies of cavalry, +to act as outpost toward the interior--to Point Pleasant. The object was +to attempt by field-pieces to stop the passage of transport steamboats +up and down the river. Colonel Plummer, leaving camp at noon, March 5th, +proceeding by a circuitous road to avoid passing along the river-bank, +halted for the night in bivouac, without fires, within three or four +miles of the town. A gunboat prevented his cavalry and artillery from +occupying the town next day, but was driven away by the fire of the +infantry. The infantry and engineers prosecuted the work of digging +rifle-pits, and in the night places were sunk for the field-pieces by +excavating near the edge of the bank. By morning of March 7th the four +guns were in position, planted apart, with lines of rifle-pits +connecting them. When discovered, the gunboats immediately began a +furious assault. Plummer's artillery wasted no ammunition in useless +fire upon the iron-plated boats, and his guns were so shielded by their +position in sunken batteries, back from the edge of the bank, that the +fire of the gunboats passed harmless overhead. The deliberate fire of +sharpshooters from the rifle-pits, however, searching every opened +porthole, pilot-house, and every exposed point, was so annoying that the +fleet withdrew. Every day the gunboats opened upon the position, either +in stationary attack or while passing up and down the river. But, to +avoid the harassing fire from the rifle-pits, they kept, after the first +few attacks, near the opposite shore of the river. The steamboats used +as transports did not venture to pass up or down the river in face of +Plummer's batteries, and the enemy was restricted to the landing at +Tiptonville and boats below for all communication. + +[Illustration: New Madrid and Island Number Ten.] + +On the 6th, General Pope telegraphed that Colonel Plummer had not yet +been able to effect his lodgement at Point Pleasant, but that the +sharpshooters were trying to drive the artillerymen of the gunboats from +their pieces. Next day, the 7th, General Halleck telegraphed to Pope: +"After securing the roads so as to prevent the enemy's advance north, +you will withdraw your remaining forces to Sikeston, and thence to +Bird's Point or Commerce for embarkation. They will proceed up the +Tennessee to reinforce General C. F. Smith. Good luck." On the same day, +the 7th, General Pope reported by telegraph Plummer's success in +establishing himself, and nothing more was heard about abandoning the +expedition. + +General Pope had asked for rifled thirty-twos. General Cullum, Halleck's +chief of staff, who was stationed at Cairo and had immediate charge and +supervision of sending reinforcements and supplies to the armies in +Halleck's department, not finding rifled thirty-twos, obtained three +twenty-four-pounders and one eight-inch howitzer. Colonel Bissell, of +the engineer regiment, who was in Cairo waiting for them, received these +four pieces on March 11th. They were shipped across the river to Bird's +Point, and sent by rail to Sikeston. At Sikeston a detachment from the +company of regular artillery, with horses, as well as the regiment of +engineers, were waiting. The pieces were quickly unshipped and mounted +on carriages. The engineers had such success in repairing the road, and +the artillery in conducting the pieces, that all arrived in good order +about sunset of the 12th. + +Major Lathrop, commanding the artillery, had, on the 11th, reconnoitered +the ground and selected a position about eight hundred yards in front of +Fort Thompson, for batteries to contain the siege-guns. On Colonel +Bissell's arrival, he went again to the front and pointed out the +position selected. About dusk, two companies of the Thirty-ninth Ohio, +deployed as skirmishers, drove back the enemy's pickets toward the +works. At nine o'clock P.M., Colonel Bissell and Major Lathrop arrived +on the ground with Colonel Morgan, who had with him the Tenth and six +companies of the Sixteenth Illinois. The Tenth Illinois, advancing in +open order, pushed the enemy's pickets still farther back and close to +their works. The six companies of the Sixteenth followed with picks and +spades. Two companies of the Tenth, deployed as skirmishers, were pushed +forward, covering the front and flanks of the party, with orders not to +fire even if fired upon. The remaining eight companies of the Tenth +Illinois joined the Sixteenth as a working party. The lines of two +batteries for two guns each, and lines of infantry intrenchments, had +now been traced. The fourteen companies worked with such zeal that the +works were completed by three o'clock A.M. Captain Mower, of the First +United States Infantry, who, with Companies A and H of his regiment, had +been put in command of the siege-artillery, put the four pieces in +position; Colonel Morgan, recalling his pickets, posted his command in +the trenches. General Stanley moved out with his division in support, +and, at daylight, Mower opened fire upon Fort Thompson. + +The force in Forts Thompson and Bankhead numbered about three thousand +effectives, according to General A.P. Stewart, who had general command +of both; thirty-five hundred, according to General Gantt, who commanded +at Fort Thompson, and had been promoted after being assigned to the +command. The fire from Captain Mower's guns was the first notice General +Gantt or his men had of the erection of the batteries. Fort Thompson +replied with all its guns. Fort Bankhead joined with its heavy ordnance +and field-battery. Commodore Hollins brought his fleet close in shore +and aided the bombardment. Captain Mower, by direction of General Pope, +paid little heed to the forts, but directed most of his fire to the +boats. The forts on either side were little injured. One twenty-four +pounder in Mower's battery, and one thirty-two in Fort Thompson, were +disabled. The gunboats were struck, but not seriously injured. + +In the evening, General McCown visited Commodore Hollins on his +flag-ship, and, after a conference, sent for General Stewart. Commodore +Hollins stated that he had been positively assured that heavy artillery +could not be brought over the wet and swampy country, and he was not +prepared to encounter it. General McCown said it was evident to him that +Pope intended, by regular approaches, to cut off Fort Thompson. He told +A.P. Stewart that reinforcements could not be expected within ten days. +Stewart said he could not hold out three days. All agreed, then, that +the forts must be evacuated, and immediately. + +About ten o'clock P.M. a gunboat and two transports reported to Colonel +Walker at Fort Bankhead, and General Stewart proceeded with two gunboats +to Fort Thompson. + +According to Colonel Walker's report, the evacuation and embarkation at +his post was orderly, though impeded by a heavy rain-storm, and +restricted by the very insufficient transportation afforded by the +boats. He was unable to carry off any of the heavy guns, but succeeded +in shipping the guns of Bankhead's field-battery, leaving their limbers +and caissons behind. General Gantt's report represents a like state of +affairs at Fort Thompson. But, according to General Stewart's report, +his directions were imperfectly carried out. One twenty-four pounder was +pulled off its platform into the swamp in its rear, where it sank so +deep in the mud that it was impossible to move it. No attempt was made +to remove more. The storm began at eleven o'clock. "The rain was +unusually violent, and the night became so dark that it was difficult to +see, except by the flashes of lightning. The men became sullen and +indifferent--indisposed to work. I spent some time in collecting +together such of them as were idle and urged them to carry off the boxes +of ammunition from the magazine, and pass them aboard the boat. At +length I learned from Captain Stewart that all the guns had been spiked, +that rat-tail files had been sent up for the purpose from one of the +gunboats, with orders to spike the guns. I replied that no such orders +had been given by me, that the spiking of the guns should have been the +last thing done." "Soon after this an artillery officer informed me that +Gantt's regiment was going aboard the boats, that Captain Carter was +hurrying them, telling them he intended to save his boats, and would +leave them to shift for themselves if the enemy fired." "I directed the +artillery officers, before the boats left, to make an effort to get +their tents on board. They subsequently reported that they could not get +many of the men together in the darkness and rain, nor induce the few +whom they did collect to do anything at it." General Stewart ordered +the pickets who had been sent out to cover the movement to be recalled, +and the tents and quarters to be searched. Thirteen men, however, were +left. One of the gunboats took in tow a wharf-boat at the landing, which +was used as a hospital and contained several hundred sick. Between three +and four o'clock in the morning the boats pulled out and left. + +Morgan's brigade, after constructing the works in the night of the 12th, +remained in the trenches till relieved early in the morning of the 14th. +At two o'clock A.M. of the 14th, General Hamilton advanced with his +division to relieve General Stanley in support, and with Slack's brigade +of Palmer's division to relieve Morgan's brigade in the trenches. "The +darkness was palpable, the rain poured down in torrents, the men were +obliged to wade through pools knee-deep. Silence having been strictly +enjoined, the division, hoping to have the honor of leading in the +assault on the enemy's works, moved steadily forward with cheerful +alacrity; those assigned to that duty taking post in the rifle-pits half +full of water, without a murmur." A heavy fog obscured the dawn. About +six o'clock two deserters reported that the fort had been hastily +abandoned in the night, after a portion of the guns had been spiked. +Captain Mower and Lieutenant Fletcher, commanding the two companies in +charge of the siege-guns, were dispatched into the fort to hoist the +American flag. Two field-batteries, besides the heavy artillery, great +quantities of ammunition for small arms as well as for the artillery, +tents, stores of all sorts, the wagons, horses, and mules of the troops +at Fort Thompson, were found. The wagons and animals at Fort Bankhead +had been sent across the river a few days before. General Beauregard, +whose command included these defences, ordered an inquiry into the facts +of the evacuation of New Madrid. The inspecting officer reported +substantially in accordance with the report of General A.P. Stewart. + +Immediately the evacuation was confirmed, Hamilton's division was moved +into the works and their guns were turned toward the river. Without +delay, batteries were at night sunk at points along the river just back +of the river-bank, and the captured siege-guns, hauled laboriously by +hand down the the strip of more solid ground between the river and +swamp, were placed in position in them. The lowest battery was below +Point Pleasant, and opposite and a little below Tiptonville. This +extended General Pope's line seventeen miles along the river. The lowest +battery commanded the lowest solid ground on the Tennessee shore--all +below was swamp. This battery, if maintained, cut off the enemy alike +from retreat, and from reinforcements and supplies. When the morning of +the 15th disclosed the muzzles of the heavy guns peering over the +river-bank as over a parapet, five gunboats moved up within three +hundred yards, and with furious cannonade strove to destroy them. In an +hour and a half one gunboat was sunk, others damaged, gunners on them +shot from the rifle-pits on shore, and the fleet retired. + +On March 15th, Commodore Foote moved with his fleet of gunboats and +mortar-boats to the neighborhood of Island No. 10, and next day engaged +the batteries on the island and the main-land, at long range, to +ascertain their position and armament. Next day five gunboats and four +mortar-boats moved down to within two thousand yards of the upper +battery or redan, and opened fire. The batteries on main-land and island +replied. One hundred pieces of heavy ordnance rent the quivering air +with their thunder. The rampart of the redan had been constructed +twenty-four feet thick, but the high water beating against it had washed +it, and, by percolation, softened it. The heavy shot from the gunboats +passed though it. Thirteen-inch shells exploding in the ground made +caverns in the soil. Water stood on the ground within, and the +artillerists waded in mud and water. The conflict lasted till evening. +The staff of the signal-flag used in the redan was shattered by a shot; +but the officer, Lieutenant Jones, picking up the flag, and using his +arm as a staff, continued signalling. The rampart of the redan was torn +and ridged, and one sixty-four gun was dismounted and another injured, +an officer killed, and seven enlisted men wounded. On the island a one +hundred and twenty-eight pound gun burst. In the fleet a gun burst on +the Pittsburg, killing and wounding fourteen men. + +The fleet and batteries exchanged fire with greater or less severity +every day. On the 21st, another large gun, called the Belmont, burst on +the island. In the course of these engagements the redan was finally +knocked to pieces and ceased to reply; and, on April 1st, an expedition +from the fleet landed, drove off a detachment of the First Alabama which +was guarding it, and spiked its guns. The work of erecting new batteries +and mounting guns, as well as repairing damages, was continued as long +as the island was occupied. + +On the night of March 17th, General McCown left for Fort Pillow with the +Eleventh, Twelfth, and Colonel Kennedy's Louisiana, Fourth, Fifth, and +Thirty-first Tennessee, Bankhead's and six guns of Captain R.C. +Stewart's batteries, and Neely's and Haywood's cavalry, leaving at +Madrid Bend the First Alabama, Eleventh and Twelfth Arkansas, and +Terry's Arkansas Battalion, three Tennessee regiments, commanded +respectively by Colonels Brown, Clark, and Henderson, Colonel Baker's +regiment of twelve companies called the Tennessee, Alabama, and +Mississippi regiment, five guns of Captain Stewart's field-battery, and +Captain Hudson's and Captain Wheeler's cavalry. Besides these were the +companies of heavy artillery, and what other troops, on the island and +below, the reports do not show. Most, if not all of the troops taken to +Fort Pillow by General McCown, proceeded to Corinth and joined the force +which General A. S. Johnston was gathering there. General McCown on his +return arrived below Tiptonville on March 20th, and established his +headquarters at Madrid Bend next day. + +General Pope had now established his army and batteries on the right +bank of the river, so as to prevent the escape of the enemy until the +river should fall. To capture them he must cross the river. General +Halleck telegraphed to him on March 16th to construct a road, if +possible, through the swamp above the bayou, which comes into the river +just above New Madrid, to a point on the Missouri shore opposite Island +No. Ten, and transfer thither enough of his force to erect batteries and +aid the fleet in the bombardment of the island. Pope despatched Colonel +Bissell to examine the country with this view, directing him at the same +time, if he found it impracticable to build the road, to ascertain if it +were possible to dig a canal across the peninsula, from some point above +the island to New Madrid. The idea of the canal was suggested to General +Pope by General Schuyler Hamilton, an officer whose gentle refinement +veiled his absolute resolution and endurance till they were called into +practice by danger and privation. + +Colonel Bissell found no place where a road could be constructed; but, +by following up the bayou (called John's Bayou in the Confederate +reports, called Wilson's Bayou on the map made by the United States +engineers) which comes into the river immediately above New Madrid, he +traced it into the swamp and found that, in connection with depressions +and sloughs, a continuous, though tortuous water-way could be gained at +that high stage of water, from a point in the river between Islands +Eight and Nine and the river at New Madrid. The length of this channel +was twelve miles. Part of it had to be excavated to get sufficient +depth; for six miles it passed through a thick forest of large trees. + +General Pope immediately sent to Cairo for four light-draught steamers, +and tools, implements, and supplies needed to cut a navigable way. +Colonel Bissell was at once ordered to set his entire command at work, +and to call upon the land force on the fleet for aid if needed. For six +miles Bissell had to cut through the forest a channel fifty feet wide +and four and a half feet deep. Sawing through the trunks of large trees +four and a half feet under the surface of the cold water was a work of +extreme toil and great exposure. The trees when felled had to be +disentangled, cut up, and thrust among the standing trees. Overhanging +boughs of trees, growing outside the channel, had to be lopped off. +Shallow places were excavated. The whole had to be done from the decks +of the little working-boats, or by men standing in the water. The men +were urged to incessant labor; yet they toiled with such ardor that +urging was not needed. General Halleck telegraphed to Pope, Friday, +March 21st, that he would not hamper him with any minute instructions, +but would leave him to accomplish the object according to his own +judgment, and added: "Buell will be with Grant and Smith by Monday." In +nineteen days, April 4th, the way was open and clear; and on the 5th, +steamers and barges were brought through near to the lower mouth, but +not near enough to be in view from the river. + +The Confederate officers on the island were aware of the attempt to +secure this cut-off across the peninsula. Captain Gray, engineer, in a +report or memorandum, dated March 29th, spoke of "the canal being cut by +the enemy," and of heavy guns planted to be used against any boat that +might issue from the bayou, as well as batteries erected along the +shore, from about a mile and a half below New Madrid down to +Tiptonville. But General McCown, when turning over the command to +General W.W. Mackall, who relieved him on March 31st, said to him that +the National troops were endeavoring to cut a canal across the +peninsula, but they would fail, and that Mackall would find the position +safe until the river fell, but no longer. + +The task which General Pope had proposed to himself--to cross a wide, +deep, rapid river, in the face of an enemy holding the farther shore in +force, was sufficiently arduous at first. Now that Captain Gray's +industry had lined the river-shore with batteries armed with +twenty-four, thirty-two, and sixty-four pound guns, and eight-inch +howitzers and columbiads, sufficient to blow out of the water any +unarmed steamer that should venture to cross, the task was impracticable +with his present resources. He applied to Commodore Foote, and urgently +repeated the application, for two gunboats, or even one, to be sent down +the river some dark night to engage these batteries below New Madrid. +But the Commodore was not willing to risk his boats in a voyage along +the front of miles of batteries, and declined. On March 28th Halleck +telegraphed: "I have telegraphed to Commodore Foote to give you all the +aid in his power. You have a difficult problem to solve. I will not +embarrass you with instructions. I leave you to act as your judgment may +deem best." + +Pope set to work to make floating-batteries, to be manned by his troops. +Each battery consisted of three heavy barges, lashed together and bolted +with iron. The middle barge was bulkheaded all around, so as to have +four feet of thickness of solid timber at both the ends and the sides. +Three heavy guns were mounted on it and protected by traverses of +sand-bags. It also carried eighty sharpshooters. The barges outside of +it had a first layer, in the bottom, of empty water-tight barrels, +securely lashed, then layers of dry cotton-wood rails and cotton-bales +packed close. These were floored over at the top to keep everything in +place, so that a shot penetrating the outer barges would have to pass +through twenty feet of rails and cotton before reaching the middle one, +which carried the men and guns. The outer barges, thus bulkheaded with +water-tight barrels and buoyant cotton-bales, could not sink. These +barges, when all was ready, were to be towed by steamers to a point +directly opposite New Madrid. This could be done safely, as the shore at +the point and for a mile and a half below was swamp, and the nearest +battery was necessarily below the swamp. When near the opposite shore +the floating-batteries were to be cut loose from the steamers and +allowed to float down-stream to the point selected for the landing of +the troops. As soon as they arrived within short range they were to drop +anchor and open fire. + +Meanwhile Commander Henry Walke had volunteered to take his boat, the +Carondelet; and, on March 30th, Flag-officer Foote gave him permission +to make the attempt on the first dark night. The morning of April 4th +was a busy time on the Carondelet. The deck was covered with heavy +planks, surplus chains were coiled over the most vulnerable parts of the +boat, an eleven-inch hawser was wound around the pilot-house as high as +the windows; barriers of cordwood were built about the boilers. After +sunset, the atmosphere became hazy and the sky overcast. Guns were run +back, ports closed, and the sailors armed to resist boarders. Directions +were given to sink the boat if it became liable to fall into the enemy's +hands. At dusk, twenty sharpshooters from the Forty-second Illinois came +aboard to be ready to aid the crew in resisting boarders. After dark, a +coal-barge laden with baled hay was fastened to the port side of the +boat. + +At ten o'clock the moon had gone down and a storm was gathering. The +Carondelet cast loose and steamed slowly down the river. The machinery +was adjusted so as to permit the steam to escape through the +wheel-house, and avoid the noise of puffing through the pipes. The boat +glided noiseless and invisible through the darkness. Scarcely had it +advanced half a mile when the soot in the chimneys caught fire, a blaze +shot up five feet above the smoke-stack. The flue-caps were opened, the +blaze subsided, and all was yet silent along the shore. The soot in the +smoke-stacks not being moistened by the steam, which was now escaping +through the wheel-house, became very inflammable. Just as the Carondelet +was passing by the upper battery--the redan--the treacherous flame again +leaped from the chimneys, revealing and proclaiming the mission of the +boat. Sentries on the parapets on shore fired, guards turned out, +rockets darted skyward; the heavy guns opened fire; and the brooding +storm broke forth, the lightning and thunder above drowning the flashes +and war below. The lightning revealed the position of the gunboat, but +it also disclosed the outline of the shore, enabling the pilots to steer +with certainty. The boat was pushed near to the Tennessee shore and to +the island, and put to its greatest speed. Impeded by the barge in tow, +its greatest speed was slow progress, and for half an hour the gunners +in the batteries watched the black night to see the hurrying Carondelet +shot for an instant out of the darkness at every lightning flash. Beyond +the batteries lay the floating battery, carrying nine guns, which had +been driven from its moorings the day before by the heavy fire of the +fleet. A light on the floating battery marked its position. A few shots +left it, but it evinced no eagerness to join in conflict. The +Carondelet, unharmed, untouched, fired the agreed signal, and fleet and +army knew at midnight the passage was a success. + +On the morning of the sixth, Commander Walke, taking on board General +Granger, Colonel Smith, of the Forty-third Ohio, and Captain L.H. +Marshall, of General Pope's staff, steamed down the river under a heavy +fire from the batteries that lined the Tennessee shore, ascertained the +position of the batteries, and, on the return silenced the batteries +opposite Point Pleasant. Captain Marshall landed with a party and spiked +the guns. In the night of the 6th, Commodore Foote, in compliance with +General Pope's earnest request, sent the gunboat Pittsburg down to New +Madrid, where it arrived, like the Carondelet, untouched. + +At the break of day of the 7th, in a heavy rain, Captain Williams, of +the First United States Infantry, opened with his thirty-two pounders +upon the batteries opposite him at Watson's Landing, where General Pope +proposed to land his troops. Commander Walke, with the two gunboats, +silenced the batteries along the shore. Three sixty-four pound guns, +standing half a mile apart, were spiked. A battery of two sixty-four +pound howitzers and one sixty-four pound gun maintained a contest till +two of the pieces were dismounted and the other disabled. The four +steamers came out of the bayou and took on board Paine's division. At +noon, Commander Walke signalled that all the batteries to Watson's +Landing were silenced and the way was clear. A spy in the employment of +General Pope, who had been taken from the Tennessee shore by Commander +Walke and forwarded by him to General Pope, brought the news that the +forces about Madrid Bend were in full retreat to Tiptonville. Paine's +division, sailing by just at that time, was signalled to stop, and the +news was communicated, with orders to land and push in pursuit to +Tiptonville with all dispatch. Colonel Morgan's brigade moved in +advance, followed by Colonel Cumming's brigade and Houghtaling's +battery. Abandoned camps and artillery were passed; prisoners were +gathered up. A detachment of cavalry fled as the column came in sight. +About nine miles from the landing, General Mackall was found well +posted, with infantry, artillery, and cavalry. The leading regiment +deployed in line, and General Mackall retired. Twice again he halted in +line as if to make a stand, and retreated as the National troops +approached. At night Morgan's brigade halted at Tiptonville, and found +shelter from the rain in an abandoned camp. The pickets of the brigade +gathered in 359 prisoners in the night. Cumming's brigade, being ordered +to explore the road coming from the north into the one over which they +were moving, came upon the river shore opposite the island, and learned +from a few prisoners taken there that but few troops were left on the +island. Finding no boats or other means of getting over to the island, +Cumming returned to the south, and marched till he came near the +camp-fires of the enemy, and then went into bivouac and advised General +Paine of his position. General Mackall found himself hemmed in to the +south and east by swamp, and to the north and west by Paine's division. +Two hours after midnight his adjutant-general took to General Paine +General Mackall's unconditional surrender. + +Stanley's division followed Paine's, and was followed by Hamilton's. +These were overtaken by night and went into bivouac about half way +between the crossing and Tiptonville, and learned of the surrender next +morning while on the way to join Paine. Colonel Elliott, of the Second +Iowa Cavalry, sent with two of his companies by General Pope at dawn of +the 8th from Watson's up the river-bank, captured two hundred prisoners, +deck-hands and laborers as well as soldiers, the wharf-boat and +steamers, great quantities of ordnance and other stores, and standing +camps. Turning these over to Colonel Buford, who commanded the land +forces on the fleet, and who came over to shore from the island on a +steamer, he joined the forces at Tiptonville. + +Lieutenant-Colonel Cook, commanding the Twelfth Arkansas, was appointed +commandant of the island by General Mackall on the morning of the 7th. +Lieutenant-Colonel Cook received, simultaneously with the order, +information of Mackall's retreat, and General Pope's landing and +pursuit. In the evening he abandoned the island with his regiment, and +turned over the command of the island to Captain Humes, of the +artillery. Before daylight of the 8th, Commodore Foote was visited by +two officers from the island, who tendered a surrender of it and all on +it. A gunboat was sent to ascertain the state of affairs. Having learned +three hours later of the crossing of the river by Pope, the flight of +General Mackall, and the evacuation of the shore-batteries, he sent +Colonel Buford, with a force of two gunboats, to receive possession of +the island. Seventeen officers and three hundred and sixty-eight +privates surrendered to him, besides the two hundred sick and employees +turned over to him by Colonel Elliott. Lieutenant-Colonel Cook found his +way through the swamp, on the night of the 7th, to the ferry across +Reelfoot Lake. In the course of the night he was joined by about four +hundred fugitives, mostly belonging to his own regiment, many of them +just from the hospital. Hungry, and cold, and drenched with rain, they +stood in the water waiting till they could be carried over the lake, +through the cypress trees, in two small flatboats and on some +extemporized rafts. It was noon of the 9th before the forlorn band were +all over, and, without knapsacks or blankets, many without arms, began +their weary march for Memphis. + +All the troops but Cumming's brigade returned to their camps on the +Missouri shore on the 8th. Colonel Cumming, having charge of the +prisoners, returned on the evening of the 9th. General Pope, in his +final detailed report giving the result of all the operations, states: +"Three generals, two hundred and seventy-three field and company +officers, six thousand seven hundred privates, one hundred and +twenty-three pieces of heavy artillery, thirty-five pieces of field +artillery, all of the very best character and of the latest patterns, +seven thousand stand of small arms, tents for twelve thousand men, +several wharf-boat loads of provisions, an immense quantity of +ammunition of all kinds, many hundred horses and mules, with wagons and +harness, etc., are among the spoils." The capture embraced, besides, six +steamboats--two of them sunk--the gunboat Grampus, carrying two guns, +sunk; and the floating battery, carrying nine guns, which the crew had +ineffectually attempted to scuttle before abandoning it. Two of the +generals captured were brigadier-generals, Mackall and Gantt; the third +was perhaps L.M. Walker. When Major-General McCown was relieved on March +31st by Mackall, McCown and Brigadier-General Trudeau left. +Brigadier-General A.P. Stewart had left previously and reported for duty +at Corinth. Colonels Walker and Gantt were promoted brigadier-generals +after the siege began. General Walker appears, from his report of April +9th, dated St. Francis County, Arkansas, to have left on account of +ill-health some time before the surrender. The prisoners embraced, +including those on the island surrendered to the navy, seven regiments +and one battalion of infantry, one of the regiments having twelve +companies--eleven companies of heavy and one of light artillery, two +companies of cavalry, the officers and crews of the floating battery and +the steamboats, and laborers and employees. + +The Mississippi was now open to Fort Pillow. General Halleck telegraphed +to General Pope: "I congratulate you and your command on your splendid +achievement. It exceeds in boldness and brilliancy all other operations +of the war. It will be memorable in military history, and will be +admired by future generations." On April 12th, General Pope and his +entire command embarked on transports and steamed down the river, in +company with the gunboat fleet. The force arrived in front of Fort +Pillow on the 14th. In a few days, before reconnoitring was completed, +Pope was ordered to report with his whole command, except two regiments +to be left with the gunboats, to General Halleck at Pittsburg Landing. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +THE GATHERING OF THE FORCES. + + +After the surrender of Fort Donelson, the force confronting Halleck was +the command of General Beauregard, stationed at Columbus, Island Number +Ten, at Forts Pillow and Randolph, at Memphis, and at convenient points +on the railroads in Mississippi. The next objective point that presented +itself was Memphis, and, as preliminary, the fortified points on the +river above it. But Memphis had large railway connections. The direct +road to Nashville was cut at its crossing over the Tennessee River, but +at Humboldt it intersected the Mobile and Ohio, which joined Columbus +with Mobile. The Memphis and Charleston, running nearly due east to +Chattanooga, also intersected the Mobile and Ohio at Corinth. The +Mississippi and Tennessee, in connection with the New Orleans, Jackson +and Great Northern, gave a route nearly due south to New Orleans, and +this intersected at Jackson, Mississippi, another road running east, and +which needed only a connecting link between Selma and Montgomery, +Alabama, to make it also a through route to the Atlantic States. To +destroy the junction at Humboldt would cut off railway connection with +Columbus. To destroy the junction at Corinth would cut off connection +with the east. A little eastwardly of Corinth, near Eastport, was a +considerable railroad bridge over Bear Creek. General Halleck's first +step, therefore, was to break these railway connections, and as General +A.S. Johnston was falling back southwardly, it became doubly important +to sever these connections for the purpose of preventing a conjunction +of the forces under Johnston and Beauregard. Lieutenant-Commander Phelps +had gone up to Florence, at the foot of Muscle Shoals, immediately after +the surrender of Fort Henry, without difficulty. An expedition up the +Tennessee, to send out strong, light parties, suggested itself as the +natural means of accomplishing the first step. General Halleck proposed +to accomplish this by his lieutenants before taking the field in person. + +Halleck was sedate, deliberate, cautious. He had written a book on +strategy and logistics, and his attention appeared sometimes to be +distracted from the actual conditions under which the present military +operations were to be conducted by his retrospective reference to the +rules which he had announced. Grant, under his extremely quiet demeanor, +was full of restless activity. His purpose seemed to be to strike and +overcome the enemy without waiting; to use whatever seemed the best +means at hand; ready at all times to change for better means if they +could be found; but never to cease striking. Halleck was worried by +being jogged to new enterprises, but heartily supported them when once +begun. C.F. Smith had a brusque manner, but a warm heart. He was direct +and honest as a child. He seemed impetuous, but his outburst was a rush +of controlled power. He was a thorough soldier, an enthusiast in his +profession, the soul of honor, the type of discipline. His commanding +officer was to him embodied law; it would have been impossible for him +to conceive that his duty and subordination could in any way be affected +by the fact that his pupil in the Military Academy had become his +commander. + +General Grant, being commander of the Military District of Western +Tennessee, with limits undefined, sent General C.F. Smith from Fort +Donelson, fifty miles up the river to Clarksville, to take possession of +the place and the railway bridge over the river there. General Grant +wrote to General Cullum, advising him of this movement and proposing the +capture of Nashville, but adding he was ready for any move the General +Commanding might direct. On the 24th he wrote to General Cullum, General +Halleck's chief of staff, that he had sent four regiments to +Clarksville, and would send no more till he heard from General Halleck. +Next day he wrote that the head of Buell's column had reached Nashville, +and he would go there on the receipt of the next mail, unless it should +contain some orders preventing him. He went to Nashville on the 27th, +and returned to Fort Donelson next day. In his absence there was, among +some of the troops about Fort Donelson, fresh from civil life and +restive under the inactivity and restraint of a winter camp, some +disorder and insubordination. There was, moreover, some marauding in +which officers participated. General Grant, on his return, published +orders repressing such practices, arrested the guilty parties and sent +the arrested officers to St. Louis to report to General Halleck. + +On March 1st General Halleck sent to General Grant, from St. Louis, an +order directing the course of immediate operations: "Transports will be +sent to you as soon as possible to move your column up the Tennessee +River. The main object of this expedition will be to destroy the +railroad bridge over Bear Creek, near Eastport, Miss., and also the +connections at Corinth, Jackson, and Humboldt. It is thought best that +these objects should be attempted in the order named. Strong detachments +of cavalry and light artillery, supported by infantry, may, by rapid +movements, reach these points from the river without very serious +opposition. Avoid any general engagement with strong forces. It will be +better to retreat than to risk a general battle. This should be strongly +impressed upon the officers sent with the expedition from the river. +General C.F. Smith, or some very discreet officer, should be selected +for such commands. Having accomplished these objects, or such of them as +may be practicable, you will return to Danville and move on Paris.... +Competent officers should be left to command the garrisons of Forts +Henry and Donelson in your absence...." General Grant received the order +on March 2d, and repaired at once to Fort Henry. On the 4th the forces +at Fort Donelson marched across to the Tennessee, where they were +speedily joined by Sherman's division and other reinforcements coming by +boat up the river. + +On March 2d General Halleck, having received an anonymous letter +reflecting on General Grant, telegraphed to General McClellan, the +General-in-Chief, at Washington: "I have had no communication with +General Grant for more than a week. He left his command without my +authority, and went to Nashville. His army seems to be as much +demoralized by the victory of Fort Donelson as was that of the Potomac +by the defeat of Bull Run. It is hard to censure a successful general +immediately after a victory, but I think he richly deserves it. I can +get no reports, no returns, no information of any kind from him. +Satisfied with his victory, he sits down and enjoys it without any +regard to the future. I am worn out and tired by this neglect and +inefficiency. C.F. Smith is almost the only officer equal to the +emergency." Next day McClellan answered by telegraph: "The future +success of our cause demands that proceedings such as General Grant's +should at once be checked. Generals must observe discipline as well as +private soldiers. Do not hesitate to arrest him at once if the good of +the service requires it, and place C.F. Smith in command. You are at +liberty to regard this as a positive order, if it will smooth your way." +On the 4th General Halleck telegraphed to Grant: "You will place +Major-General C.F. Smith in command of expedition, and remain yourself +at Fort Henry. Why do you not obey my orders to report strength and +position of your command?" Grant replied next day: "Troops will be sent +under command of Major-General Smith, as directed. I had prepared a +different plan, intending General Smith to command the forces which +should go to Paris and Humboldt, while I would command the expedition +upon Eastport, Corinth, and Jackson in person.... I am not aware of ever +having disobeyed any order from your headquarters--certainly never +intended such a thing. I have reported almost daily the condition of my +command, and reported every position occupied...." An interchange of +telegrams of substantially the same tenor, General Halleck's gradually +losing their asperity, lasted a week longer. On March 10th, the day +before the President, by War Order No. 3, relieved General McClellan +from the supreme command of the armies, General L. Thomas, +Adjutant-General of the Army, wrote to General Halleck: "It has been +reported that, soon after the battle of Fort Donelson, Brigadier-General +Grant left his command without leave. By direction of the President, the +Secretary of War directs you to ascertain and report whether General +Grant left his command at any time without proper authority, and if so, +for how long; whether he has made to you proper reports and returns of +his forces; whether he has committed any acts which were unauthorized or +not in accordance with military subordination or propriety, and if so, +what?" On the 13th Halleck telegraphed to Grant, who had asked to be +relieved if his course was not satisfactory, or until he could be set +right: "You cannot be relieved from your command. There is no good +reason for it. I am certain that all which the authorities at Washington +ask is, that you enforce discipline and punish the disorderly.... +Instead of relieving you, I wish you, as soon as your new army is in the +field, to assume the immediate command and lead it on to new victories." +To this Grant replied next day: "After your letter enclosing copy of an +anonymous letter upon which severe censure was based, I felt as though +it would be impossible for me to serve longer without a court of +inquiry. Your telegram of yesterday, however, places such a different +phase upon my position that I will again assume command, and give every +effort to the success of our cause. Under the worst circumstances I +would do the same." On the 15th General Halleck replied to the +Adjutant-General of the Army, fully exonerating General Grant. General +C.F. Smith felt keenly the injustice done to Grant, and gladly +relinquished command of the expedition when Grant assumed it. + +Meanwhile the army with its stores had been gathering on a fleet of +boats between Fort Henry and the railroad bridge. To the three divisions +of Fort Donelson, First, Second, and Third, commanded by C.F. Smith, +McClernand, and Lewis Wallace, were added a fourth, commanded by +Brigadier-General S.A. Hurlbut, and a fifth by Brigadier-General W. T. +Sherman. While C.F. Smith commanded the expedition, his division was +commanded by W.H.L. Wallace, who had been promoted to brigadier-general. +The steamer Golden State, with one-half of the Fortieth Illinois, +reached Savannah, on the right bank of the river, on March 5th. The +Forty-sixth Ohio arrived the next day. Behind these was the fleet of +more than eighty steamboats, carrying the five divisions and convoyed by +three gunboats, a vast procession extending miles along the winding +river, each boat with its pillar of smoke by day, and of fire by night. +The fleet began arriving at Savannah on the 11th, and lined both shores +of the river. Lewis Wallace's division sent a party to the railroad west +of the river, striking it at Purdy, tearing up a portion, but doing no +permanent injury, and returned. On the 14th, General Smith sent +Sherman's division up the river to strike the railroad near Eastport. +Rain fell in torrents, roads melted into mud, and small streams rose +with dangerous rapidity. The expedition, arrested by an unfordable +torrent, returned just in time to reach the landing by wading through +water waist-deep. The boats left in the night of the 15th, and stopped +at Pittsburg Landing, on the west bank of the river, about nine miles +above Savannah. Hurlbut's division was already on boats at this landing, +having been ordered thither by General C.F. Smith on the evening of the +14th. + +The first step in the programme laid down in General Halleck's order of +March 1st, the destruction of the railroad near Eastport, had failed, +and events had now required a material change in the programme. General +Buell on March 3d telegraphed to Halleck: "What can I do to aid your +operations against Columbus?" Halleck, replying next day that Columbus +was evacuated and destroyed, added: "Why not come to the Tennessee and +operate with me to cut Johnston's line with Memphis, Randolph, and New +Madrid.... Estimated strength of enemy at New Madrid, Randolph and +Memphis is fifty thousand. It is of vital importance to separate them +from Johnston's army. Come over to Savannah or Florence, and we can do +it. We can then operate on Decatur or Memphis, or both, as may appear +best." Buell rejoined on the 5th: "The thing I think of vital importance +is that you seize and hold the bridge at Florence in force." On the 6th +Halleck telegraphed: "News down the Tennessee that Beauregard has +twenty thousand men at Corinth, and is rapidly fortifying it. Smith will +probably not be strong enough to attack it. It is a great misfortune to +lose that point. I shall reinforce Smith as rapidly as possible. If you +can send a division by water around into the Tennessee, it would require +only a small amount of transportation to do it." To this Buell +telegraphed on the 9th, insisting on his suggestions made on the 5th. +Halleck dispatched on the 10th: "My forces are moving up the Tennessee +River as rapidly as we can obtain transportation. Florence was the point +originally designated, but, on account of the enemy's forces at Corinth +and Humboldt, it is deemed best to land at Savannah and establish a +depot. The transportation will serve as ferries. The selection is left +to C.F. Smith, who commands the advance.... You do not say whether we +are to expect any reinforcements from Nashville." On the same day Buell +telegraphed: "... The establishment of your force on this side of the +river, as high up as possible, is evidently judicious.... I can join you +almost, if not quite as soon, by water, in better condition and with +greater security to your operations and mine. I believe you cannot be +too promptly nor too strongly established on the Tennessee. I shall +advance in a very few days, as soon as our transportation is ready." On +the 11th the President issued War Order No. 3. "Major-General McClellan, +having personally taken the field at the head of the Army of the +Potomac, until otherwise ordered, he is relieved from the command of the +other military departments, he retaining command of the Department of +the Potomac. + +"Ordered further, that the two departments now under the respective +commands of Generals Halleck and Hunter, together with so much of that, +under General Buell, as lies west of a north and south line indefinitely +drawn through Knoxville, Tennessee, be consolidated and designated the +Department of the Mississippi; and that, until otherwise ordered, +Major-General Halleck have command of said department." Immediately upon +the receipt of this order, General Halleck ordered Buell to march his +army to Savannah. The forces of the Confederacy were gathering at +Corinth; the forces of Halleck and Buell were massing at Savannah. +Instead of a hurried dash by a flying column, to tear up a section of +railway as ancillary to a real movement elsewhere, the programme now +contemplated a struggle by armies for the retention or for the +destruction of a strategic point deemed almost vital to the Confederacy. + +About the close of February, General Beauregard sent a field-battery, +supported by two regiments of infantry, to occupy the river-bluff at +Pittsburg Landing, twenty-three miles northwest from Corinth, and nine +miles above Savannah. Lieutenant-Commander Gwin, who was stationed at +Savannah with two gunboats, the Tyler and the Lexington, proceeded to +Pittsburg Landing, on March 1st, and, after a brisk skirmish, silenced +the battery and drove it and its supports away. General C.F. Smith, in +pursuance of the authority given him by General Halleck, selected this +as the point of assembly of the army. + +Lick Creek, above the landing, and Snake Creek, below it, empty into the +river about three miles apart, the landing being nearer the mouth of +Snake Creek. Lick Creek, rising in a swamp, flows eleven miles nearly +northeast to the river. Snake Creek flows nearly east to the river. Owl +Creek flows nearly parallel to Lick Creek, at a distance from it varying +from three to five miles, and empties into Snake Creek something more +than a mile from its mouth. The land enclosed between these creeks and +the river is a rolling plateau from eighty to a hundred feet above the +river-level. The riverfront of this plateau is cut by sundry sloughs +and ravines, which were at that time overflowed by back-water. One of +these deep ravines, running back at right angles to the river, is +immediately above the bluff at the landing. About a mile back from the +river, and about a mile above the landing, is a swell in the ground, not +marked enough to be called a ridge. From this higher ground extend the +head ravines of Oak Creek,[1] a rivulet or brook flowing to the west, +passing within a few hundred yards of Shiloh Church, and then turning to +the northwest and flowing into Owl Creek. In the reports of Sherman's +division this rivulet is treated as the main branch of Owl Creek, and +called by that name. From the same rising ground, ravines, wet only +after a rain, extend east and southeast to Lick Creek. From the same +position extend the head ravines of Brier Creek,[1] a deep ravine with +little water, which flows almost due north and empties into Snake Creek +a little below the mouth of Owl Creek. The three principal creeks, Lick, +Snake, and Owl, flow through swampy valleys, bordered by abrupt bluffs. +Oak Creek, from the neighborhood of Shiloh Church to its mouth, flows +through a miry bottom bordered by banks of less height. The land was for +the most part covered with timber, partly with dense undergrowth; in +places were perhaps a dozen open fields containing about eighty acres +each. A road, lying far enough back from the river to avoid the sloughs, +led from the landing to Hamburg Landing, about six miles above. Another +road from the landing crossed Brier Creek and Snake Creek just above +their junction, and continued down the river to Crump's Landing. The +road to Corinth forked near the landing, one branch of it passing by +Shiloh Church, the other keeping nearer to the river, but both +reuniting five or six miles out. The position selected thus, gave ample +room to camp an army, was absolutely protected on the sides of the +river, Snake Creek, and Owl Creek, while from its south face a ridge +gave open way to Corinth. The open way to Corinth was also an open way +from Corinth to the landing. This accessible front could easily have +been turned into a strong defence, by taking advantage of the rolling +ground, felling timber, and throwing up slight earthworks. But the army +had many things yet to learn, and the use of field fortification was one +of them. + +[Footnote 1: The names Oak Creek and Brier Creek are obtained from +Colonel Charles Whittlesey, who made a study of the field every day for +two weeks succeeding the battle.] + +In pursuance of General C.F. Smith's instructions to occupy the landing +strongly, General Sherman ordered General Hurlbut to disembark his +division and encamp it at right angles to the road about a mile out. The +Corinth road designated was the one lying nearer to the river. About +half a mile beyond the position selected for the camp the road forks, +one being the Corinth road running southwest, the other running nearly +due west, passed about four hundred yards north of Shiloh Church, +crossed Oak Creek and Owl Creek immediately above their junction, and +continued to Purdy. General Hurlbut the same day issued a field order in +minute detail, and the First and Second Brigades being all of the +division at hand, marched to the prescribed point, Burrows' battery +being posted at the road; the First Brigade at right angles with the +road, with its left at the battery; the Third Brigade at right angles +with the road, its right at Burrows' battery, and Mann's battery at its +left. The Second Brigade, commanded by Colonel Veatch, subsequently +arriving, camped to the rear and partially to the right of the First +Brigade, so as almost to interlock with the camp of General C.F. Smith's +division. + +On the 18th, Sherman's division of four brigades landed, and moved out +a few days later to permanent camp. The Second Brigade, sent to watch +some fords of Lick Creek, was posted in the fork of a cross-road running +to Purdy from the Hamburg road. The Fourth Brigade, commanded by Colonel +Buckland, camped with its left near Shiloh Church, and its color-line +nearly at right angles with the Corinth road. The First Brigade, +commanded by Colonel McDowell, went into camp to the right of Buckland, +and was separated from him by a lateral ravine running into Oak Creek; +the camp was pitched between the Purdy road and the bluff-banks of Oak +Creek. The Third Brigade, commanded by Colonel Hildebrand, was posted to +the left of Shiloh Church, its right being near the church. Precision in +camping was not exacted, and the left regiment of Colonel Hildebrand's +Brigade, the Fifty-third Ohio, in order to enclose a fine spring of +water within the brigade, pitched its camp about two hundred yards to +the left and front of its next regiment (the Fifty-seventh Ohio), and +was separated from the rest of the brigade by this distance and by a +stream with swampy borders which emptied into Oak Creek. General +Sherman's headquarters were to the rear of Shiloh Church. His batteries, +Taylor's and Waterhouse's, together with his cavalry, were camped in +rear of the infantry. + +General Grant arrived at Savannah on the 17th and assumed command, +reported to General Halleck, and on the same day ordered General C.F. +Smith's division to Pittsburg Landing. His division, the Second, +encamped, not in a line, but in convenient localities on the plateau +between Brier Creek and the river. McClernand with the First Division +was sent a few days later, and selecting the most level ground, laid out +the most regular camp. His front crossed the Corinth road about +two-thirds of a mile in rear of Shiloh Church, the road intersecting his +line near his left flank; the direction of his line was to the +northwest, reaching toward the bluffs of the valley of Snake Creek. +General Prentiss reported to General Grant for assignment to duty, and +about March 25th, six new regiments, not yet assigned, reported to him +and were by him put into two brigades constituting the Sixth Division. +These brigades were subsequently increased by regiments assigned to him +as late as April 5th and 6th. The Fifth Ohio Battery, Captain +Hickenlooper, arriving on April 5th, was assigned to the Sixth Division, +and went into camp. Prentiss' camp faced to the south. It is not easy +now to identify precisely its position. It appears incidentally, from +reports of the battle of April 6th, that a ravine ran along the rear of +the right of the division camp, and another ravine in front of the left. +The left regiment (the Sixteenth Wisconsin) of the right brigade +(Peabody's) lay on the lower or most southern branch of the Corinth +road; the left flank of the division was in sight of Stuart's brigade; +there was a considerable gap between its right flank and Sherman's +division. The divisions were not camped with a view to defence against +an apprehended attack; but they did fulfil General Halleck's +instructions to General C.F. Smith, to select a depot with a view to the +march on to Corinth. Sherman's division lay across one road to Corinth, +with McClernand's in its rear; Prentiss' division lay across the other +road to Corinth, with Hurlbut in his rear, and C.F. Smith was camped so +as to follow either. The divisions did not march to the selected ground +and pitch camp in a forenoon; but, partly from the rain and mud, partly +want of practice, some of the divisions were several days unloading from +the boats, hauling in the great trains then allowed to regiments +(twenty-seven wagons and two ambulances to a regiment in some cases,) +laying out the ground, and putting up tents. General Sherman, before +settling down in his camp, made a reconnoissance out to Monterey, +nearly half way to Corinth, and dislodged a detachment of hostile +cavalry camped there. Every division and many of the brigades found a +separate drill-ground in some neighboring field, and constant drilling +was preparing the command for the march to Corinth. + +Major-General C.F. Smith received an injury to his leg by jumping into a +yawl early in March. This injury, seeming trivial at first, resulted in +his death on April 25th. It became so aggravated by the end of March +that he was obliged to move from Pittsburg Landing to Savannah, leaving +Brigadier-General W.H.L. Wallace in command of his division, and +Major-General McClernand, senior officer present, at Pittsburg. General +Grant--who went up from Savannah every day to visit the camps, and was +requested by General McClernand, by letter on March 27th, to move his +headquarters to Pittsburg Landing--was about to transfer his +headquarters thither on April 4th, when he received a letter from +General Buell saying he would arrive next day at Savannah, and +requesting an interview. The transfer of headquarters was accordingly +postponed till after the interview. + +General L. Wallace's division disembarked at Crump's Landing on the same +side of the river with Pittsburg Landing, and a little above Savannah. +His First Brigade went into camp near the river; the Second at Stony +Lonesome, about two miles out on the road to Purdy; the Third Brigade +immediately beyond Adamsville, on the same road. The Third Brigade went +into camp on the inner slope of a sharp ridge, and cut down the timber +on the exterior slope, to aid the holding of the position in case of an +attack in front. + +While Grant's army was sailing up the river and getting settled at +Pittsburg, General Buell with five divisions of his army was marching +from Nashville to Savannah. Immediately on receiving General Halleck's +order to march, he sent out his cavalry to secure the bridges on his +route, in which they succeeded, except in the cases of the important +bridge over Duck Creek at Columbia, and an unimportant bridge a few +miles north of that. On the 15th, the Fourth Division, commanded by +Brigadier-General A. McD. McCook, moved out, and at intervals, up to +March 20th, it was followed in order by the Fifth, Brigadier-General +T.L. Crittenden, Sixth, Brigadier-General T.J. Wood, and First, +Brigadier-General George H. Thomas--37,000 men in all. Having no +pontoons, General Buell built a bridge over Duck Creek. This would have +caused little delay later in the war; but to fresh troops, who yet had +to learn the business of military service, it was a formidable task, and +was not completed till the 29th. While waiting for the completion of the +bridge, General Buell's command learned that General Grant's army was on +the west bank of the Tennessee. General Nelson at once asked permission +to ford the stream and push rapidly on to Savannah. Permission being +obtained, the division, with Ammen's brigade--the Twenty-fourth Ohio, +Sixth Ohio, and Thirty-sixth Indiana in front--began their march early +on the morning of the 29th, the men stripped of their pantaloons, +carrying their cartridge-boxes on their necks; the ammunition-boxes of +the artillery taken from the limbers and carried over on scows, and +tents packed in the bottom of the wagon-beds, to lift ammunition and +stores above water. + +The bridge was finished and the march resumed the same day. Nelson +having secured the advance, his eagerness gave an impetus to the entire +column. The divisions were ordered to camp at night six miles apart, +making a column thirty miles long. But this prevented the clogging of +the march on the wet and soft roads, the alternate crowding up and +lengthening out of the column, the weary waiting of the crowded rear for +the obstructed front to move, nights spent on the road, and late +bivouacs reached toward morning. It made Buell's advance slow, but it +prevented the new troops from being worn out, and brought them in good +condition onto the field. General Buell intended to take at Waynesboro +the road to Hamburg Landing, instead of the direct road to Savannah, and +put his army there into a separate camp. General Nelson, however, moving +faster than was expected, drew the divisions behind him through +Waynesboro, on the road to Savannah, before General Buell issued the +order, and so unconsciously defeated the intention. Nelson's brigade +reached Savannah during April 5th, Crittenden's division camped that +night a few miles distant, and General Buell himself reached Savannah or +its outskirts some time in the evening. + +General A.S. Johnston was encamped with his army at Edgefield, opposite +Nashville, on February 15th. A despatch from General Pillow that evening +announced a great victory won by the garrison of Fort Donelson. Just +before daybreak of the 16th another despatch was received, that Buckner +would capitulate at daylight. Immediately staff and orderlies were +aroused, and the troops put in motion across the river to Nashville. The +morning papers were filled with the "victory, glorious and complete," +and the city was ringing with joy. In the forenoon the news spread of +the surrender of Donelson. The people were struck with dismay, the city +was in panic, the populace was delirious with excitement. A wild mob +surrounded Johnston's headquarters and demanded to know whether their +generals intended to fight or not. + +Johnston immediately began the abandonment of Nashville. First were +sent off the fifteen hundred sick brought on from Bowling Green, +together with the tenants of the hospitals at Nashville. The railway was +then taxed to its utmost to carry away the stores of most value. It was +evident that all the stores could not be taken away, and pillage of +commissary stores and quartermaster stores by citizens was permitted. A +regiment of infantry and a battalion of cavalry were put on guard and +patrolled the streets to reduce the riotous to order. Johnston moved out +with his command on February 18th, leaving Floyd and Forrest with a +force in Nashville to preserve order, remove the public stores, and to +destroy what could not be removed. + +Popular excitement always demands a victim, and the outcry was almost +universal that Johnston should be relieved from command. But, to a +deputation that went to Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy, +with this request, he replied: "I know Johnston well. If he is not a +general, we had better give up the war, for we have no general." +Johnston found the Tennessee, running from Alabama and Mississippi up to +the Ohio, in the possession of the National fleets and armies. The force +under his immediate command was therefore separated from the force under +Beauregard that was guarding the Mississippi. Unless they should join, +they would be beaten in detail. To join involved the surrender either of +Central Tennessee or of the Mississippi. Johnston resolved to give up +Central Tennessee until he could regain it, and hold on to the +Mississippi. But to hold the Mississippi required continued possession +of the railroads, and such points especially as Corinth and Humboldt. +Corinth, both from its essential importance and its exposure to attack +by reason of its nearness to the river, was the point for concentration. +Johnston moved from Nashville to Murfreesboro, not on the direct route +to Corinth, to conceal his purpose. At Murfreesboro he added to the +forces brought from Bowling Green between three and four thousand of the +men who escaped from Donelson, and the command of General Crittenden +from Kentucky, quickly raising his force at Murfreesboro to seventeen +thousand men. Leaving Murfreesboro on February 28th, marching through +Shelbyville to Decatur, he arrived at Corinth, on March 24th, with +twenty thousand men. General Bragg, with ten thousand well-drilled +troops from Pensacola, had preceded him. General Ruggles, with a +brigade, came from New Orleans; Major-General Polk, with General +Cheatham's division from Columbus, with the troops that escaped from +Island No. Ten the night before escape was cut off, and various outlying +garrisons under General Beauregard's command, swelled the concourse. Van +Dorn, having failed to drive Curtis back into Missouri, was ordered to +come with his command to Corinth. A regiment arrived before April 6th, +the rest later. Detached commands guarding the line of the Memphis and +Charleston Railroad were called in. The governors of States were called +on and raised new levies. Beauregard made a personal appeal for +volunteers, which brought in several regiments. Johnston had before +called for reinforcements in vain. Now every nerve was strained to aid +him. An inspection of his command satisfied him that if all the soldiers +detailed as cooks and teamsters were relieved, he would have another +brigade of effective men. He sent messengers through the surrounding +country, urging citizens to hire their negroes as cooks and teamsters +for ninety days, or even sixty days. But the messengers returned with +the answer that the planters would freely give their last son, but they +would not part with a negro or a mule. + +General Bragg, on arriving at Corinth, wished to attack the troops as +they were beginning to land at Pittsburg and Crump's landings. General +Beauregard forbade this, writing to Bragg: "I would prefer the +defensive-offensive--that is, to take up such a position as would compel +the enemy to develop his intentions, and to attack us, before he could +penetrate any distance from his base; then, when within striking +distance of us, to take the offensive and crush him wherever we may +happen to strike him, cutting him off, if possible, from his base of +operations or the river." + +On March 25th, Johnston completed the concentration of his troops. Van +Dorn was in person in Corinth, and was ordered to bring forward his +command. Johnston determined to wait as long as practicable for it. +Meanwhile, to hasten the organization and preparation of his army, he +appointed Gen. Bragg chief of staff for the time, but to resume command +of his corps when the movement should begin. Of him, Colonel William +Preston Johnston says, in his life of his father--a valuable book, +prepared with great industry, and written with an evident desire to be +fair: "In Bragg there was so much that was strong marred by most evident +weakness, so many virtues blemished by excess or defect in temper and +education, so near an approach to greatness and so manifest a failure to +attain it, that his worst enemy ought to find something to admire in +him, and his best friend something painful in the attempt to portray him +truly." A thorough disciplinarian and a master of detail, his merits +found full play, and his defects were less apparent in his position on +the staff. + +Johnston was organizing his army; Grant was assembling his twenty-three +miles away. On the other side of the Tennessee, ninety miles from +Savannah, Buell, halted by Duck Creek, was building a bridge for his +troops--a bridge which it required twelve days to construct. Johnston +having completed his concentration, it was his obvious policy to attack +before Grant should be further reinforced. General Beauregard, in his +letter of March 18th to Bragg, said: "While I have guarded you against +an uncertain offensive, I am decidedly of the opinion that we should +endeavor to entice the enemy into an engagement as soon as possible, and +before he shall have further increased his numbers by the large numbers +which he must still have in reserve and available--that is, beat him in +detail." Lee wrote to Johnston, on March 26th: "I need not urge you, +when your army is united, to deal a blow at the enemy in your front, if +possible, before his rear gets up from Nashville. You have him divided, +and keep him so, if you can." It was Johnston's purpose, and expressed, +to attack Grant before Buell should arrive. But he determined to +continue organizing and waiting for Van Dorn as long as that would be +safe. + +At eleven o'clock at night of April 2d, Johnston learned that Buell was +moving "rapidly from Columbia, by Clifton, to Savannah." About one +o'clock in the morning of Thursday, the 3d, preliminary orders were +issued to hold the troops in readiness to move at a moment's notice, +with five days' rations and one hundred rounds of ammunition. The +movement began in the afternoon. The army was arranged in three corps, +commanded respectively by Polk, Bragg, and Hardee, and a reserve under +Breckenridge. Beauregard was second in command, without a specific +command. Major-General Hardee's corps consisted of Brigadier-General +Hindman's division and Brigadier-General Cleburne's brigade. The +division consisted of Hindman's brigade, commanded by Colonel Shaver, +and Brigadier-General Wood's brigade. Wood's brigade comprised five +regiments, and two battalions of infantry and a battery; Cleburne's +brigade was composed of six regiments and two batteries. Major-General +Bragg's corps consisted of two divisions, commanded respectively by +Brigadier-General Ruggles and Brigadier-General Withers. The brigades of +Ruggles' division were commanded by Colonel Gibson, Brigadier-General +Patton Anderson, and Colonel Pond. Withers' brigades were commanded by +Brigadier-Generals Gladden, Chalmers, and Jackson. The brigades of +Chalmers and Gladden contained each five regiments and a battery; the +other brigades contained each four regiments and a battery, with, in +Anderson's and Pond's each, an additional battalion of infantry. +Major-General Polk's corps had two divisions, commanded by +Brigadier-General Clark and Major-General Cheatham. Clark's brigades +were commanded by Colonel Russell and Brigadier-General A.P. Stewart; +Cheatham's brigades were commanded by Brigadier-General B.R. Johnson and +Colonel Stephens. Each brigade was made up of four regiments of infantry +and a battery. Brigadier-General John C. Breckenridge's reserve +comprised three brigades, commanded by Colonel Trabue, Brigadier-General +Bowen, and Colonel Statham. Trabue had five regiments and two +battalions, Bowen four regiments, and Statham six regiments of infantry. +Each brigade had a battery. By the returns, Cleburne's brigade was the +largest, having 2,750 effectives. Besides, were three regiments, two +battalions and one company of cavalry. This force comprised 40,000 of +the 50,000 effectives gathered at Corinth. Different returns vary a few +hundred more and a few hundred less. General Johnston telegraphed to +Jefferson Davis, when the movement began, that the number was 40,000. In +forming for battle, the army was to deploy into three parallel lines, +the distance between the lines to be one thousand yards. Hardee's corps +to be the first; Bragg's the second; and the third to be composed of +Polk on the left and Breckenridge on the right. + +Hardee, moving out in advance, in the afternoon of Thursday, halted +Friday forenoon at Mickey's house, about seventeen miles from Corinth. +Bragg's corps bivouacked Friday night in rear of Hardee. Clark's +division of Polk's corps followed in due order on its road. Cheatham's +division, on outpost on the railroad at Purdy and Bethel, under orders +to defend himself if attacked, otherwise to assemble at Purdy, march +thence to Monterey, and thence to position near Mickey's, did not leave +Purdy till Saturday morning, and reached his position Saturday +afternoon. Breckenridge, who marched from his station at Burnesville +through Farmington without entering Corinth, using a cross-road, could +not pull his wagons through the mud, and failed to get as far as +Monterey Friday night. While Hardee was lying near Mickey's house, his +cavalry felt the National outposts, and a reconnoitring party from the +National camp struck Cleburne's brigade. + +The order issued at Corinth required the columns to be deployed by seven +o'clock, Saturday morning, and the attack to begin at eight o'clock. +Hardee began his movement at daybreak, Saturday, deployed about ten +o'clock, and waited. His line being too short to extend from Owl Creek +to Lick Creek, Gladden's brigade was moved forward from Bragg's corps, +and added to Hardee's right. The rest of Withers' division moved into +position behind Hardee's right; but Ruggles' division, constituting the +right of Bragg's line, did not appear. Successive messengers bringing no +satisfaction, General Johnston rode to the rear with his staff, till he +found Ruggles' division standing still, with its head in an open field. +It was set in motion, Polk followed; Cheatham arrived from Purdy; +Breckenridge extricated his command from the deep mud, and, by four +o'clock in the afternoon, the deployment and formation of the army was +complete. It was too late to attack that day. Beauregard urged that it +was too late to attack at all, that it would now be impossible to +effect a surprise, that the expedition should be abandoned and the +troops march back to Corinth. Johnston directed the troops to bivouac, +and attack to be made next day at daylight. + +Of the five divisions at Pittsburg Landing, the organization of +four--the First, McClernand's; Second, C.F. Smith's, commanded by +Brigadier-General W.H.L. Wallace, General Smith being ill at Savannah; +the Fourth, Hurlbut's; and the Fifth, Sherman's--was completed. The +Sixth, commanded by Prentiss, was still in process of formation. +McClernand's First Brigade, composed of the Eighth and Eighteenth +Illinois, Eleventh and Thirteenth Iowa, was commanded by Colonel Hare, +of the Eleventh Iowa; the Second was composed of the Eleventh, +Twentieth, Forty-fifth, and Forty-eighth Illinois, and commanded by Col. +Marsh, of the Twentieth Illinois; the Third, of the Seventeenth, +Twenty-ninth, Forty-third, and Forty-ninth Illinois. Colonel Ross, of +the Seventeenth Illinois, the senior colonel, being ill and absent, the +command of this brigade devolved on Colonel Reardon, of the +Twenty-ninth. The Second Division comprised three brigades: the First, +commanded by Colonel Tuttle, of the Second Iowa, contained the Second, +Seventh, Twelfth, and Fourteenth Iowa; the Second, commanded by +Brigadier-General McArthur, comprised the Thirteenth and Fourteenth +Missouri, Ninth and Twelfth Illinois, and Eighty-first Ohio. The +Fourteenth Missouri, at that time, went by the name of Birge's +Sharpshooters; the Third, commanded by Colonel Sweeney, of the +Fifty-second Illinois, comprised the Eighth Iowa, and the Seventh, +Fiftieth, Fifty-second, Fifty-seventh, and Fifty-eighth Illinois. The +Fourth Division contained three brigades: the First, commanded by +Colonel Williams, of the Third Iowa, contained the Third Iowa, +Twenty-eighth, Thirty-second, and Forty-first Illinois; the Second, +commanded by Colonel Veatch, of the Twenty-fifth Indiana, contained the +Twenty-fifth Indiana, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Forty-sixth Illinois; +the Third, commanded by Brigadier-General Lauman, who reported for duty +Saturday, April 5th, and was then assigned to this command, comprised +the Thirty-first and Forty-fourth Indiana, and the Seventeenth and +Twenty-fifth Kentucky. The Fifth Division contained four brigades: the +First, commanded by Colonel McDowell, of the Sixth Iowa, was made of the +Sixth Iowa, Forty-sixth Ohio, and the Fortieth Illinois; the Second, +commanded by Colonel Stuart, of the Fifty-fifth Illinois, was made of +the Fifty-fifth Illinois and the Fifty-fourth and Seventy-first Ohio; +the Third, commanded by Colonel Hildebrand, of the Seventy-seventh Ohio, +contained the Fifty-third, Fifty-seventh, and Seventy-seventh Ohio; the +Fourth, commanded by Colonel Buckland, of the Seventy-second Ohio, +contained the Forty-eighth, Seventieth, and Seventy-second Ohio. The +Sixth Division was organized into two brigades: the First Brigade, +commanded by Colonel Peabody, of the Twenty-fifth Missouri, contained +the Twenty-first and Twenty-fifth Missouri, Twelfth Michigan, and +Sixteenth Wisconsin. The Second, commanded by Colonel Miller, of the +Eighteenth Missouri, comprised the Eighteenth Missouri and Sixty-first +Illinois. The Sixteenth Iowa, assigned to this brigade, arriving fresh +from the recruiting depot, without ammunition, on April 5th, reported to +General Prentiss that day, but was sent by him to the landing early in +the morning of the 6th, and was by General Grant assigned to duty that +day in another part of the field. The Eighteenth Wisconsin arrived and +reported on April 5th, and the Twenty-third Missouri arrived in the +morning of the 6th, and reported on the field at nine o'clock.[2] But +these two regiments were not formally assigned to either brigade. The +Fifteenth Iowa, assigned to this division, arrived the morning of April +6th, and was assigned to duty in another part of the field. The +Fourteenth Wisconsin, assigned to the division, arrived late in the +night of April 6th, and served on the 7th with Crittenden's division of +Buell's army. + +[Footnote 2: The Fifteenth Michigan arriving without ammunition, +immediately before the attack began, marched to the rear for ammunition +and, returning to the field, fought through the day between the +Eighteenth Missouri and the Eighteenth Wisconsin.] + +The artillery was not attached to brigades, but was under the direct +command of division commanders. The batteries of Schwartz and +McAllister, and Burrow's Fourteenth Ohio Battery served with +McClernand's division. Willard's Company A, First Illinois Artillery, +commanded by Lieutenant Wood, and Major Cavender's battalion of +Companies D, H, and I, First Missouri Artillery, were attached to W.H.L. +Wallace's division. Mann's four-gun battery, Ross' Second Michigan, and +Myer's Thirteenth Ohio batteries, were attached to Hurlbut's division. +Behr's Sixth Indiana Battery, and Barrett's Company B, and Waterhouse's +Company E, First Illinois Artillery, were attached to Sherman's +division. Barrett's battery had formerly been commanded by Captain Ezra +Taylor, promoted Major of the First Illinois Artillery, and was still +commonly called Taylor's battery, and is so styled in some of the +reports of the battle. Munch's Minnesota and Hickenlooper's Fifth Ohio +Battery were attached to Prentiss' division. There was some change in +the assignment of batteries on April 5th. The above gives their position +as it was on April 6th. Bouton's Company I, First Illinois Artillery, +and Dresser's battery, commanded by Captain Timony, though not assigned, +were given positions on the field by Major Ezra Taylor, Sherman's chief +of artillery, by direction of General Grant. Margraff's Eighth Ohio +Battery served with Sherman, Powell's Company F, Second Illinois +Artillery, served with Prentiss. Madison's Company B, Second Illinois +Artillery, served at the landing. Captain Silversparre's four-gun +battery of twenty-pound Parrotts, though assigned to McClernand, +remained at the landing from lack of horses and equipage to pull them +out to camp. + +The Third Division, commanded by General Lewis Wallace, comprised three +brigades: The First Brigade, commanded by Colonel Morgan L. Smith, of +the Eighth Missouri, comprising the Eleventh and Twenty-fourth Indiana +and the Eighth Missouri, was in camp at Crump's Landing; the Second +Brigade, commanded by Colonel Thayer, of the First Nebraska, comprising +the First Nebraska, Twenty-third Indiana, and Fifty-eighth and +Sixty-eighth Ohio, was camped at Stony Lonesome, two miles out from +Crump's Landing; the Third Brigade, commanded by Colonel Whittlesey, of +the Twentieth Ohio, comprising the Twentieth, Fifty-sixth, +Seventy-sixth, and Seventy-eighth Ohio, was in camp at Adamsville, three +miles out beyond Stony Lonesome, or five miles from Crump's Landing. +Buell's Battery I, First Missouri Artillery, commanded by Lieutenant +Thurber, and Thompson's Ninth Indiana Battery, constituted the artillery +of the division. + +The cavalry consisted of the Fifth Ohio, Fourth and Eleventh Illinois, +Companies A and B, Second Illinois, under Captain Houghtaling, two +companies of regular cavalry under Lieutenant Powell, Stewart's +battalion, and Thielman's battalion. The Third Battalion of the Fifth +Ohio and the Third Battalion of the Eleventh Illinois remained with +Lewis Wallace. The rest of the cavalry was assigned to different +divisions, but the assignment was changed on April 5th. + +The Fifth Ohio Cavalry, attached to Sherman's division till April 5th, +frequently made reconnoitring expeditions some miles to the front, and +frequently encountered parties of hostile cavalry. Thursday, April 3d, +General Sherman sent Buckland's brigade out on a reconnoissance on the +Corinth road, but with strict injunctions, in accordance with General +Halleck's repeated order, not to be drawn into a fight with any +considerable force of the enemy, that would risk bringing on a general +engagement. Buckland marched to the fork of the road about five miles +out, which must have been at Mickey's. General Hardee states that +Mickey's is about eight miles from the landing. Posting the brigade +between the roads, he sent two companies out on each road. Both +encountered hostile cavalry, understood to be pickets, within half a +mile, began skirmishing with them, and saw a larger body of cavalry +beyond. The companies were recalled, and the brigade reached camp a +little before dark and reported. Next day, Friday, the 4th, a cavalry +dash on Buckland's picket-line swooped off a lieutenant and seven men. +General Buckland, who was near, sent information to Sherman, who sent +out 150 cavalry. Major Crockett, who was drilling his regiment near by, +sent a company to scout beyond the picket-line. Major Crockett was sent +by General Buckland with another company, to bring the first one back. +Before long firing was heard, Buckland started with a battalion to the +rescue, found the second company had been attacked and Major Crockett +captured, pushed on a distance estimated at two miles, attacked unseen a +body of cavalry just about to charge upon the first company, was +reinforced by the cavalry sent out by Sherman, pursued the hostile +cavalry a distance estimated another mile, came in view of artillery and +infantry, was fired on by the artillery, returned bringing in ten +prisoners, and found General Sherman at the picket-posts with a brigade +in line. The same evening, in obedience to an order from General +Sherman, Buckland sent him a written report. This advance was the attack +upon Cleburne's brigade reported by General Hardee. + +Saturday the cavalry were moving camps, in obedience to the order of +reassignment. Batteries were moving about under the same order. Buckland +and Hildebrand anxiously visited their picket-lines and observed the +parties of hostile cavalry hovering in the woods beyond. Some of the men +on picket claimed they had seen infantry. Captain Mason of the +Seventy-seventh Ohio, on picket, observed at daylight, Saturday morning, +numbers of rabbits and squirrels scudding from the woods to and across +his picket-line. General Sherman was advised, but he had no cavalry to +send out; the Fifth had gone, and the Fourth not yet reported. He +enjoined Buckland and Hildebrand to be vigilant, strengthen their +pickets, and be prepared for attack. Additional companies were sent out +to increase the pickets, Buckland established a connecting line of +sentries from the picket reserve to camp, to communicate the first alarm +on the picket-line, and instructed his officers to be prepared for a +night attack. + +Saturday afternoon, General Prentiss, in consequence of information +received from his advance guard, sent Colonel Moore, of the Twenty-first +Missouri, with three companies from his regiment, to reconnoitre the +front. The line of his march being oblique to the line of the camp, led +him out beyond the front of Sherman's line. He marched in that direction +three miles, saw nothing, and returned to camp. The oblique direction of +his march prevented his running into Hardee's lines. Prentiss, assured +there was some activity--a cavalry reconnoissance in his front--pushed +his pickets out a mile and a half and reinforced them. McClernand, the +same day, went out with Colonel McPherson and a battalion of cavalry on +a reconnoissance toward Hamburg and a short distance out on the road to +Corinth, and saw a few hostile scouts back of Hamburg. + +General Lewis Wallace's reconnoitring parties developed the presence of +a considerable force at Purdy and Bethel, on the railroad. Getting +information, Friday night, of signs of preparation for movement by this +force, an order was sent to the brigade at Adamsville to form line at +daybreak. The other brigades reached Adamsville at an early hour, and +all remained prepared to repel attack till noon. The activity observed +at Purdy and Bethel was, in fact, Cheatham's preparation for his march, +Saturday, to his position in General Polk's line. General Grant being +advised, Friday, by L. Wallace, of the assembling of the force in his +front, directed W.H.L. Wallace to hold his division in readiness to move +to the support of L. Wallace immediately in case he should be +threatened; and advised Sherman to instruct his pickets to be on the +alert, and to be ready to move in support with his whole division, and +with Hurlbut's if necessary, if an attack on L. Wallace should be +attempted. W.H.L. Wallace and Sherman commanded, by their respective +positions, the bridges across Owl Creek, over which passed the two roads +from the camps at Pittsburg Landing to L. Wallace. + +Saturday, Sherman wrote to Grant: "All is quiet along my lines now. We +are in the act of exchanging cavalry, according to your orders. The +enemy has cavalry in our front, and I think there are two regiments of +infantry and one battery of artillery about six miles out. I will send +you in ten prisoners of war, and a report of last night's affair, in a +few minutes. + +"Your note is just received. I have no doubt that nothing will occur +to-day, more than some picket-firing. The enemy is saucy, but got the +worst of it yesterday, and will not press our pickets far. I will not be +drawn out far, unless with certainty of advantage; and I do not +apprehend anything like an attack upon our position." A little later in +the day, General Sherman wrote to Grant: "I infer that the enemy is in +some considerable force at Pea Ridge [another name for Monterey]; that +yesterday they crossed a bridge with two regiments of infantry, one +regiment of cavalry, and one battery of field-artillery, to the ridge on +which the Corinth road lays. They halted the infantry and artillery at a +point about five miles in my front, and sent a detachment to the house +of General Meeks, on the north of Owl Creek, and the cavalry down toward +our camp. This cavalry captured a part of our advance pickets, and +afterward engaged two companies of Colonel Buckland's regiment, as +described by him in his report herewith enclosed. Our cavalry drove them +back upon their artillery and infantry, killing many and bringing ten +prisoners (all of the First Alabama Cavalry), whom I send you." General +Grant on the same day despatched to General Halleck: "Just as my letter +of yesterday to Captain McLean, Assistant Adjutant-General, was +finished, notes from Generals McClernand's and Sherman's assistant +adjutant-generals were received, stating that our outposts had been +attacked by the enemy, apparently in considerable force. I immediately +went up, but found all quiet. The enemy took two officers and four or +five of our men prisoners, and wounded four. We took eight prisoners and +killed several. Number of the enemy's wounded not known. They had with +them three pieces of artillery, and cavalry and infantry. How much +cannot, of course, be estimated. I have scarcely the faintest idea of an +attack (general one) being made upon us, but will be prepared should +such a thing take place. General Nelson's division has arrived. The +other two, of Buell's column, will arrive to-morrow or next day. It is +my present intention to send them to Hamburg, some four miles above +Pittsburg, when they all get here. From that point to Corinth the road +is good, and a junction can be formed with the troops from Pittsburg at +almost any point. Colonel McPherson has gone with an escort to-day to +examine the defensibility of the ground about Hamburg, and to lay out +the position of the camp, if advisable to occupy that place." Earlier on +the same day General Grant also telegraphed to General Halleck: "The +main force of the enemy is at Corinth, with troops at different points +east. Small garrisons are also at Bethel, Jackson, and Humboldt. The +number at these places seems constantly to change. The number of the +enemy at Corinth, and within supporting distance of it, cannot be far +from eighty thousand men." General Halleck was preparing to leave St. +Louis and come to the front to take immediate command of the combined +army for the march on to Corinth. He advised Buell he would leave in the +beginning of the coming week. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +SHILOH--SUNDAY. + + +Three companies of the Twenty-fifth Missouri, which regiment formed the +right of Colonel Peabody's brigade, Prentiss' division, were sent out on +reconnoissance about three o'clock in the morning of Sunday, April 6th. +Following the road cautiously in a south-westerly direction, oblique to +the line of the camp, they struck the enemy's pickets in front of +General Sherman's division. General Johnston, at breakfast with his +staff, hearing the fire of the encounter, turned to Colonel Preston and +to Captain Munford, and directed them to note the hour in their blank +books. It was just fourteen minutes after five o'clock. + +Order was given to advance. To communicate the order along the line +required time. General Beauregard says the advance began at half-past +five. The three companies struck a battalion under Major Hardcastle, on +Hardee's picket-line. Major Hardcastle was posted on picket with a +battalion of the Third Mississippi, a quarter of a mile in front of +Wood's brigade, Hardee's corps. Lieutenant McNulty was posted with a +small party, one hundred yards, and Lieutenant Hammock with another +small party, two hundred yards, in front of the centre of the battalion. +Cavalry videttes were still farther to the front. The Major reports: +"About dawn, the cavalry videttes fired three shots, wheeled and +galloped back. Lieutenant Hammock suffered the enemy to approach within +ninety yards. Their line seemed to be three hundred and fifty yards +long, and to number about one thousand. He fired upon them and joined +his battalion with his men. Lieutenant McNulty received the enemy with +his fire at about one hundred yards, and then joined his battalion with +his men, when the videttes rode back to my main position. At the first +alarm my men were in line and all ready. I was on a rise of ground, men +kneeling. The enemy opened a heavy fire on us at a distance of about two +hundred yards, but most of the shots passed over us. We returned the +fire immediately and kept it up. Captain Clare, aide to General Wood, +came and encouraged us. We fought the enemy an hour or more, without +giving an inch. Our loss in this engagement was: killed, four privates; +severely wounded, one sergeant, one corporal, and eight privates; +slightly wounded, the color-sergeant and nine privates. At about 6.30 +A.M. I saw the brigade formed in my rear, and I fell back." + +At six o'clock, Colonel Moore, of the Twenty-first Missouri, also of +Peabody's brigade, was directed by General Prentiss to move out with +five companies to support the pickets. About half a mile from camp he +met the three companies of the Twenty-fifth returning. Despatching the +wounded on to camp, and sending for the rest of his regiment, he halted +with the detachment of the Twenty-fifth till joined by his remaining +five companies. So reinforced, he continued his advance three hundred +yards, met the advance of Shaver's brigade, halted on the edge of a +field, and repulsed it. Colonel Moore being wounded, Lieutenant-Colonel +Van Horn took command, and was further reinforced; after an engagement +of half an hour, was overpowered and fell back to the support of the +brigade. + +According to General Bragg's report, Johnston's line of battle, after +marching less than a mile beyond the scene of the first attack made by +the three companies of the Twenty-fifth Missouri, came upon the +strengthened National pickets, which he calls advanced posts. These fell +back fighting. The army advanced steadily another mile, pushing back the +fighting pickets, and then encountered the National troops "in strong +force almost along the entire line. His batteries were posted on +eminences, with strong infantry supports. Finding the first line was now +unequal to the work before it, being weakened by extension, and +necessarily broken by the nature of the ground, I ordered my whole force +to move up steadily and promptly to its support." + +Thus opened the battle of Shiloh. A combat made up of numberless +separate encounters of detached portions of broken lines, continually +shifting position and changing direction in the forest and across +ravines, filling an entire day, is almost incapable of a connected +narrative. As the first shock of the meeting lines of battle was near +the right of the National line, an intelligible account may be given by +describing the action of the divisions of Grant's army separately, +beginning with the right, or Sherman's. + +The direction of General Johnston's advance was such as to bring him +first in contact with Sherman's left and Prentiss's right. To preserve +even an approximate alignment of a line of battle of two miles front, +marching with artillery, through wet forest, over rough, yet soft +ground, with regiments in column doubled on the centre, the advance was +necessarily slow. The reports show that portions of the second line, +instead of keeping the prescribed distance of eight hundred yards in +rear of the first, overtook it, and had to halt to regain the distance. +The National pickets, posted a mile in front of the camps, were struck +about half-past six o'clock Colonel J. Thompson, aide-de-camp to General +Beauregard, in his report to his chief, says: "The first cannon was +discharged on our left at seven o'clock, which was followed by a rapid +discharge of musketry. About 7.30 I rode forward with Colonel Jordan to +the front, to ascertain how the battle was going. Then I learned from +General Johnston that General Hardee's line was within half a mile of +the enemy's camps, and bore from General Johnston a message that he +advised sending forward strong reinforcements to our left. From eight +o'clock to 8.30 the cannonading was very heavy along the whole line, but +especially in the centre, which was in the line of their camps. About +ten o'clock you moved forward with your staff and halted within about +half a mile of the enemy's camps." + +[Illustration: The Field of Shiloh.] + +SHERMAN'S DIVISION. + +The Seventy-seventh Ohio, of Hildebrand's brigade, was ordered the +evening before to go out to See's, Sunday morning, and reinforce the +picket reserve stationed there, and was up early Sunday morning. General +Buckland, having slept little in the night, rose early. While at +breakfast he received word that the pickets were heavily attacked, and +were falling back toward camp. He at once had the long-roll sounded, and +his brigade formed on the color-line. He rode over to General Sherman's +headquarters, a few hundred yards off, and reported the facts. +Meanwhile, the brigades of Hildebrand and McDowell formed on their +respective color-lines. The division was formed--Taylor's battery on a +rising ground in front of Shiloh Church; Hildebrand's brigade to its +left, the Seventy-seventh Ohio being next to the battery, and four guns +of Waterhouse's battery placed between the Fifty-seventh and Fifty-third +Ohio--the Fifty-third detached and forming the extreme left. The other +two guns of Waterhouse's battery were advanced to the front beyond Oak +Creek. Buckland's brigade formed to the right of Taylor's battery, and +McDowell's still farther to the right, on the bluffs of Oak Creek, near +its junction with Owl Creek, and separated from Buckland by a lateral +ravine which opened into Oak Creek. Behr's battery was with McDowell. +One of its guns, with two companies of infantry, was stationed still +farther to the right, commanding the bridges over Oak Creek and Owl +Creek, immediately above their junction. + +The advanced section of Waterhouse's battery fell back before an +approaching skirmish line and took position with the battery. General +Sherman rode to the front of the Fifty-third, to the edge of a ravine, +the continuation or source of Oak Creek, and saw, through the forest +beyond, Johnston's lines sweeping across his front toward his left. At +the same time, General Johnston was, a few hundred yards off, on the +other side of the ravine, putting General Hindman with one of his +brigades into position for attack. Hindman's skirmishers opened fire and +killed Sherman's orderly. Sherman's brigades advanced to the sloping of +the ravine of Oak Creek; Sherman had already sent word to General +McClernand asking for support to his left; to General Prentiss, giving +him notice that the enemy was in force in front; and to General Hurlbut, +asking him to support Prentiss. + +The first line of Johnston's army, commanded by General Hardee, opened, +widening the intervals between brigades as it advanced. The two brigades +commanded by General Hindman, having less rough ground to traverse, +outstripped General Cleburne. Hindman's own brigade, commanded by +Colonel Shaver, inclining to the right, struck Prentiss' right. General +Hindman in person, with Wood's brigade, came to the front of the +Fifty-third Ohio. General Johnston, having put it in position, rode back +to Cleburne and moved his brigade to Buckland's front. The battle +opened. The Fifty-third Ohio, detached by the position of its camp from +the rest of Hildebrand's brigade, being off to the left and farther to +the front, was first engaged. According to the report of +Lieutenant-Colonel Fulton, the advancing line of Wood's brigade having +twice recoiled before the fire of the regiment, Colonel Appler cried out +to his men to fall back and save themselves. The regiment retired in +confusion behind McClernand's Third Brigade, which had come up in +support; but, soon rallied by the Lieutenant-Colonel and Adjutant Dawes, +it returned to the front to the bank of the stream. The colonel +reappeared and again ordered a retreat. The regiment was now fatally +broken. Adjutant Dawes, however, rallied two companies and attached them +to the Seventeenth Illinois, of McClernand's Third Brigade, while a +considerable detachment joined the Seventy-seventh Ohio, then commanded +by Major Fearing. In the afternoon, Lieutenant-Colonel Fulton, with the +greater part of the regiment reunited, acted as support to Bouton's +battery. + +General Patton Anderson, with his brigade, and Captain Hodgson's battery +of the Washington Artillery, pressed forward from Johnston's second +line, commanded by General Bragg, into the gap between Hindman and +Cleburne. Posting his battery on high ground, he advanced his brigade +down into the wet and bushy valley of Oak Creek, and charged up the +slope. Taylor's battery and the Fifty-seventh and Seventy-seventh Ohio +instantly drove him back. His regiments, not discouraged, charged +singly, and when broken, charged by battalion, but could not withstand +the fire, and as often fell back. General Johnston, who had passed on +toward his right, dispatched two brigades, Russell's and Johnson's, from +the third line, commanded by General Polk, to aid the assault. General +Beauregard moved them to his right, beyond Hindman, to attack +McClernand. + +Meanwhile, Cleburne, forming the extreme left of Hardee's line, with his +brigade of six regiments and two batteries engaged Buckland. The valley +of Oak Creek is there wider, deeper, and boggy. The slope, crowned by +Buckland's brigade, was steep and bushy. A bend in its course gave some +companies of the Seventieth Ohio an enfilading fire. Cleburne's +regiments, tangled in the morass, struggled with uneven front up the +wooded ascent, only to be driven back by Buckland's steady fire. +Reforming, they charged again, to meet another repulse. The regiments, +broken, disordered, and commingled, persisted in the vain endeavor, only +to encounter heavier losses. The Sixth Mississippi lost 300 killed and +wounded out of a total of 425. More than one-third of the brigade were +killed and wounded. Pond's brigade, of Bragg's corps, came up in +support, but paused on the wooded bank, and did not attempt to cross +this valley of death. + +McClernand's other brigades, which were to the left of the Third, after +some very sharp fighting, fell back. The long line of Wood's brigade +then largely outreached Colonel Raith's left flank. Raith refused his +left regiments. Wood's brigade wheeled to their left, confronting +Raith's new line. Waterhouse's battery, being taken on the flank, was +limbering up to withdraw, when Major Taylor ordered it into action +again. Raith's regiments gave way. Wood's brigade charged on +Waterhouse's battery, capturing three of its guns. Captain Waterhouse +and two lieutenants being wounded, Lieutenant Fitch, by order of Major +Taylor, retired to the river with the two pieces that were saved sound. +The Fifty-seventh and Seventy-seventh Ohio being now assailed on the +flank by Wood's advance, fell back in disorder. Anderson's brigade then +gathered itself up, emerged from the wet borders of the creek, and +gained the plateau in front of Hildebrand's camps. Buckland's rear was +now commanded by a hostile battery and threatened by Wood's brigade. +General Sherman at ten o'clock ordered his division to take position to +the rear along the Purdy road. Barrett's battery, moving back by the +Corinth road, came into position with McClernand's division in its +second position. McDowell's brigade had not yet been engaged, and to get +into the new position merely shifted his line to the left along the +road. Buckland moved back through his camp in order, his wagons carrying +off his dead and wounded and such baggage as they could hold. The +greater part of the Seventy-seventh Ohio, commanded by Major Fearing, +together with some companies of the Fifty-seventh, held by +Lieutenant-Colonel Rice, and some companies of the Fifty-third, +represented Hildebrand's brigade. Colonel Hildebrand finding his command +so reduced, served part of the day on McClernand's staff, but returned +to General Sherman in the evening. Colonel Crafts Wright, commanding the +Thirteenth Missouri in W.H.L. Wallace's division, was ordered in the +morning to take a designated position on the Purdy road. This brought +him on the left of General Sherman's new line. The remnant of +Hildebrand's brigade formed on Wright's left and operated with him. + +Meanwhile General Grant, at breakfast at Savannah, nine miles below +Pittsburg Landing by river, but six miles in an air-line, heard the +firing. He at once sent an order to General Nelson to march his division +up the river to opposite Pittsburg; and, not aware that General Buell +had arrived the previous evening, sent a letter out to meet him, +advising him of the order given to Nelson and explaining the reason for +not waiting in person for his arrival. Steaming up the river, he +stopped at Crump's Landing at eight o'clock and directed Lewis Wallace +to hold his division in readiness to move. Arrived at Pittsburg Landing, +Colonel Pride, of his staff, at once organized ammunition trains, which +were busy all day supplying the troops at the front. The Twenty-third +Missouri, just arrived by boat, he hurried out to reinforce Prentiss. +The Fifteenth Iowa, just arrived, and the Sixteenth, sent by Prentiss to +the landing for ammunition, he directed to form line, arrest the tide of +stragglers from the front, and organize them to return. Riding to the +front, he found General Sherman a little before ten o'clock in his +hottest engagement, still holding the enemy at bay in front of his camp; +told him that Wallace would come up from Crump's Landing; sent word to +Wallace to move; to Nelson, to hasten his movements; returned to the +landing, dispatched the two Iowa regiments to reinforce McClernand, and +proceeded to visit the other divisions in the field. + +The loaded wagons of McDowell's brigade, hurrying to the rear along the +Purdy road, interfered with the formation of Sherman's new line. Behr's +battery, galloping to the position assigned to it--the centre of the +line--added to the difficulty. This battery was hardly in position and +under fire before Captain Behr was killed, and the men abandoned their +guns, fleeing from the field with the caissons. The line so disordered +and broken was hard pressed by the enemy, and Sherman selected another +line of defence, to his left and rear, connecting with McClernand's +right. McDowell, nearly cut off by the enemy's pressing through the gap +left by Behr's men, brought the remaining gun of this battery from its +position near the bridge, and by a rapid fire pressed back the advance. +His regiments became separated while struggling through dense thickets +to the new position. The Fortieth Illinois found itself marching by the +flank, with a deep ravine along its left, and a confederate regiment +marching in parallel course not far to its right. Thus cut off, the +Fortieth formed with its rear to the ravine, with a desperate effort +drove its dangerous companion out of the way, and, pushing through the +timber, came into a valley in rear of McClernand. + +Not all the force engaged in the two hours' fight in front of Sherman's +camp followed him to his new position. Cleburne had difficulty in +reforming his shattered command. The remnant of the Sixth Mississippi +marched to the rear under command of the senior surviving captain, +disabled for further service. The fragment of the Twenty-Third Tennessee +remaining near Cleburne was sent to the rear to hunt up the portions +that had broken from it in the contest. Cleburne, proceeding for his +other regiments, was stopped by General Hardee about noon, and directed +to collect and bring into action the stragglers who were thronging in +the captured camps. With the aid of cavalry he gathered up an +unorganized multitude; but, finding he could do nothing with them, he +resumed the search for his remaining regiments. About two o'clock he +found the Fifth and Twenty-fourth Tennessee and Fifteenth Arkansas +"halted under the brow of an abrupt hill." The Second Tennessee had +moved to the rear, and did not rejoin the brigade during the battle. +Cleburne was not again severely engaged during the day. Colonel Pond +kept his brigade, in pursuance of General Bragg's order, watching the +crossings of Owl Creek. + +But the brigades of Anderson and Wood pressed on. Trabue's heavy brigade +of five regiments, two battalions and two batteries, had been detached +from the reserve at Beauregard's request for reinforcements, and sent by +Johnston to his extreme left. Skirting Owl Creek, he came in full force +upon Sherman's right flank, at half-past twelve o'clock. McDowell's two +remaining regiments, the Sixth Iowa and Forty-sixth Ohio, were quickly +moved to confront Trabue. The Forty-sixth Ohio was more alert in +movement, and opened a hot fire before Trabue was completely deployed +and in position. A steady combat through the timber and underbrush, and +across the ravines, lasted an hour and a half. The Sixth Iowa lost 51 +killed and 120 wounded; the Forty-sixth Ohio, losing fewer killed, but +more wounded--34 killed, 150 wounded, and 52 taken prisoners--was quite +shattered, and took no further part in the battle. Colonel Trabue's +estimate of the character of the fighting at this point appears from his +statement that his command in this encounter killed and wounded four or +five hundred of the Forty-Sixth Ohio alone. It appears also from his +report, which has never been officially published, but which is printed +in the "History of the First Kentucky Brigade," that, of the 844 +casualties in the brigade in the two days' battle, 534 were in the four +regiments engaged in this encounter. Sherman readjusted his line, +resting his right on a deep ravine running to Owl Creek, and keeping his +left in connection with McClernand. Trabue was reinforced by General +A.P. Stewart and part of his brigade, and a part of Anderson's brigade +which had been resting in a ravine in the rear. The struggle lasted with +varying intensity and alternate success. + +There were charges and countercharges, ground was lost and regained; but +the general result was a recession of the battered division to the left +and rear. About four o'clock, during a lull, Sherman moved his reduced +command still farther in the same direction, and took position so as to +cover the road by which Lewis Wallace was to arrive. Here, with an open +field in front, he was not further molested, and here he bivouacked for +the night. At this point, Captain Hickenlooper, who had been engaged +all day in the sturdy defence made by Prentiss, joined Sherman with his +battery. Buckland, rejoined by the Seventieth Ohio, was ordered, late in +the afternoon, to take his brigade to the bridge over Snake Creek, by +which Lewis Wallace was expected. From this point the Forty-eighth Ohio +marched to the landing for ammunition, and was there detained as a +portion of the force supporting the reserve artillery till next morning. +The bridge appearing free from risk, Buckland returned to the place of +bivouac, constituting the right of Sherman's line. The Thirteenth +Missouri became separated from the division in the last struggle, was +incorporated for the night in Colonel Marsh's collection of regiments, +constituting for the night McClernand's right. The position of the +Thirteenth during the night was close by the headquarter tents of +General McArthur, of W.H.L. Wallace's division. The Fifty-third Ohio +bivouacked with the Eighty-first Ohio, in front of the camp of the +Second Iowa, in Tuttle's brigade of W.H. Wallace's division. McDowell's +brigade had disappeared from the division. Portions of the Fifty-seventh +and Seventy-seventh Ohio, with Lieutenant-Colonel Rice and Major +Fearing, were still with Sherman, and formed the left of his line in the +bivouac. + + +McCLERNAND. + +The Forty-third Illinois, of McClernand's brigade, being out by +permission, Sunday morning, to discharge their pieces, which had been +loaded since they marched to the picket-line, Friday evening, distant +firing was heard. This being reported to General McClernand, he sent an +order to Colonel Reardon to hold the brigade in readiness for action. +Colonel Reardon, being confined to bed by illness, directed Colonel +Raith to assume command. There was some delay in getting the brigade +formed, owing to the sudden change of commanders and to the incredulity +of the officers in some of the regiments as to the reality of an attack. +The brigade being at length formed, advanced, and took position, with +its right near Waterhouse's battery--its line making an angle with +Sherman's line, so as to throw the left of the brigade upon and along +Oak Creek. Colonel Marsh, of the Twentieth Illinois, heard considerable +musketry on the left of the National camp. This continuing without +material interruption for some time, he ordered regimental commanders to +be in readiness to form, and soon after received an order from General +McClernand to form the brigade. Soon after the brigade was formed an +order was received to advance to the support of General Sherman, who was +reported to be heavily attacked. The brigade moved to the left to a +position assigned by General McClernand. The First Brigade was ordered +to form three regiments on the left of the Second, and to post one +regiment, the Eleventh Iowa, in reserve in rear of the right of Colonel +Marsh's brigade. The alignment of the Third Brigade, by Colonel Raith +throwing his left too far to the front, so as to be exposed to a flank +attack and also to cover Colonel Marsh's right, Colonel Raith wheeled +his left to the rear to connect with Marsh. The right of McClernand's +division, as thus formed, connected with Sherman, but the left was +uncovered. + +General Johnston sent two brigades from Polk's corps, Colonel Russell's +and General B.R. Johnson's, to reinforce his extreme left. General +Beauregard, who had taken immediate command on the Confederate left, +sent them farther to his right, and they went into position on the left +of Wood's brigade. Two regiments of Russell's brigade formed on the left +of Wood; the rest were marched by General Clark, the division +commander, still farther to the right. Three of General Johnson's +regiments formed on the right of Russell's two, while General Bragg +moved Johnson's remaining two regiments off to his right, to another +attack. The assault on Colonel Marsh was made with great fury. In five +minutes most of the field officers in the brigade were killed or +wounded. The enemy's fire seemed especially directed at Burrow's +battery, posted in the centre of Marsh's brigade, all the horses of +which were killed or disabled. The colonel and lieutenant-colonel of the +Forty-eighth Illinois being wounded and taken off the field, the +regiment finally became disorganized and retired in disorder. The other +regiments fell back. The battery was lost. The first brigade, which had +not been severely engaged, next retired in some disorder. The Third +Brigade, being now enfiladed and turned on its left flank, Colonel Raith +refused his left regiment, and was himself soon mortally wounded. Wood's +brigade then wheeling to its left and advancing, the Third Brigade fell +back, leaving Waterhouse's battery on the flank of Sherman's division +exposed. + +The division formed again, its right connected with Sherman's left on +the Purdy road. When Sherman fell back from the Purdy road, McClernand +adjusted his right to connect again with Sherman's left. While his right +connected still with Sherman, his left for a while almost joined W.H.L. +Wallace in the position which he had assumed, and, when pushed back +still farther, his left was yet to some extent protected by the +character of the ground, rough, intersected by ravines, and dotted with +impenetrable thickets that intervened between it and W.H.L. Wallace. +McAllister's battery, and Schwartz's battery commanded by Lieutenant +Nispel, were reinforced by Taylor's battery, commanded by Captain +Barrett, brought over from Sherman, and by Dresser's battery, commanded +by Captain Timony. + +A determined and desperate struggle ensued, which lasted, with +occasional intermissions, till late in the afternoon. Shaver's brigade, +which, after a severe and protracted contest, had overcome Peabody's +brigade of Prentiss' division, was ordered to the attack upon the left +of McClernand's line. Advancing across a wide and open field, he +encountered so hot a fire in front and on his right flank, that his +brigade recoiled back to the shelter of timber and halted paralyzed, +till later in the day he was ordered to attack in another quarter. +General B.R. Johnson was wounded, and his brigade so severely handled +that it retreated from the field, leaving its battery, Polk's, behind. +McClernand's whole division advanced in line, pushing the enemy back +half a mile through and beyond his camp. This success was only +temporary. Changing front to meet fresh attacks, refusing first one +flank, then the other, clinging desperately to his camp, but, on the +whole, shifting slowly back from one position to another, he formed, in +the afternoon, in the edge of timber on the border of an open field, and +here, during a pause of half an hour, supplied his command with +ammunition. The respite was followed by a more furious assault. Falling +back from his camp toward the river, to the farther side of a deep +ravine running north and south, being the continuation of the valley or +ravine of Brier Creek, he formed his line, facing west with wings +refused, the centre being the apex, and still connecting on the right +with the remnant of Sherman's division. Several fitful onslaughts at +intervals forced McClernand to refuse his left still farther. + +The swinging around of McClernand's left, while he receded in a general +direction toward the northeast, left a wide interval between his command +and W.H.L. Wallace. The force which had been massed against him and +Sherman had been diminished by detachments sent to aid in the attack +against W.H.L. Wallace and Prentiss. The remainder drifted through the +gap to Wallace's rear. Pond's brigade, to which had been assigned the +special duty of guarding along Owl Creek against any advance around +Johnston's left flank, constituted the extreme Confederate left. This +brigade had been very little under fire during the day. The battery +attached to it, Ketchum's, was now detached to aid in the assault upon +Wallace's front. Pond, with three Louisiana regiments of his brigade, +was directed to move to the left along the deep ravine which McClernand +had crossed, and silence one of McClernand's batteries. Trabue's +brigade, which had been struggling through the tangled forest covering +rough ground, separated by a lateral ravine from the ground in rear of +Wallace and Prentiss, through the dense thickets of which ravine no +command had been able to penetrate, was just emerging from the forest, +and crossing the Brier Creek ravine toward Hurlbut's camp. Trabue's men, +catching sight of the blue uniform of Pond's Louisiana regiments, fired +upon them. This being silenced, Pond's brigade continued down the +ravine, and up a lateral ravine toward the river, Colonel Mouton's +Eighteenth Louisiana in advance. As they neared the position the battery +withdrew, unmasking a line of infantry. A murderous fire was opened by +this line. Pond's brigade faltered, recoiled, withdrew; the Eighteenth +Louisiana, according to Colonel Mouton's report, leaving 207 dead and +wounded in the ravine. + +This was the final attack on the National right. But scarcely was this +over before Hurlbut's command came falling back through his camp, pushed +on by Bragg and Breckenridge. W.H.L. Wallace's regiments, finding the +force which had been contending with Sherman and McClernand closing on +their rear, faced about and fought to their rear; some regiments +succeeded in cutting their way through and streamed toward their camp. +This sudden, tumultuous uproar, far in the rear of the day's conflict, +infected McClernand's command, and a large part of it broke in disorder. +The broken line was partially rallied and moved back to what McClernand +designates as his eighth position taken in the course of the day, and +here he bivouacked for the night, his right joining the left of +Sherman's bivouac; the left swung back so as to make an acute angle with +it. Colonel Marsh formed the right of the line. His "command having been +reduced to a merely nominal one" in the afternoon, he had been sent back +across the Brier Creek ravine before the rest of the division, to form a +new line, arrest all stragglers, and detain all unattached fragments. +Colonel Davis, with the Forty-sixth Illinois, was resting in front of +their camp in Veatch's brigade, Hurlbut's division, but on Colonel +Marsh's request took position on Marsh's right; McClernand, when he fell +back, formed the rest of his command on Marsh's left. The line consisted +of the Forty-sixth, Forty-eighth, Twentieth, Seventeenth, Forty-ninth, +Forty-third, and Forty-fifth Illinois, the Thirteenth Missouri, and the +Fifty-third and Eighty-first Ohio. The Forty-sixth Illinois lay in front +of its camp, being the right of Veatch's brigade camp, Hurlbut's +division. The Forty-eighth and Twentieth lay on its left. The +Seventeenth, Forty-ninth, and Forty-third moved around to connect with +Sherman's left. The position of the Forty-third was between the bivouac +of the Forty-sixth Illinois and the Thirteenth Missouri, and midway +between the camp of the Ninth Illinois of McArthur's brigade, W.H.L. +Wallace's division, and the camp of the Forty-sixth Illinois. The +Fifty-third and Eighty-first Ohio were in front of the camp of the +Second Iowa, Tuttle's Brigade, W.H.L. Wallace's division. Colonel +Crocker, Thirteenth Iowa, who had assumed command of the First Brigade +on the wounding of Colonel Hare, bivouacked with his regiment in front +of the camp of the Fourteenth Iowa, Tuttle's brigade. The Eighth and +Eighteenth Illinois spent the night with the reserve artillery. + +Colonel Veatch, commanding Hurlbut's Second Brigade, formed his command +at half-past seven o'clock in the morning, and was shortly after ordered +to march to the support of Sherman. He reached a point not well defined, +between nine and ten o'clock, and was placed in reserve. He soon became +hotly engaged on McClernand's left. His two right regiments, the +Fifteenth and Forty-sixth Illinois, became separated from Colonel Veatch +with the other two regiments, and then separated from each other. The +Forty-sixth aided the Sixth Iowa and Forty-sixth Ohio in their desperate +struggle with Trabue, and after continual engagements, being forced back +to within half a mile of its camp, repaired thither about two o'clock +and had a comfortable dinner. The Fifteenth suffered severely. The +lieutenant-colonel and the major, the only field-officers with the +regiment, were killed, two captains were killed and one wounded, one +lieutenant was killed and six wounded. Colonel Veatch, with the +Twenty-fifth Indiana and Fourteenth Illinois, continued fighting and +manoeuvring with skill and determination till the retreating division +of Hurlbut passed along his rear. Colonel Veatch then reported to +Hurlbut, and formed part of his line of defence in support of the +reserve artillery at the close of the day. + + +PRENTISS AND W.H.L. WALLACE. + +Prentiss' division in the front line, and W.H.L. Wallace's on the +plateau between the river and Brier Creek, were more widely separated in +camp than any other two divisions; but in the contest of Sunday they +operated together. + +Colonel Moore, of the Twenty-first Missouri, being wounded early in the +encounter with the Confederate advance, Lieutenant-Colonel Woodyard took +command of the regiment, together with the accompanying detachment of +the Twenty-fifth Missouri and four companies of the Sixteenth Wisconsin, +sent out the night before to reinforce the pickets. Pushed by Shaver's +brigade, he fell back after a struggle on the edge of a field to the +farther side of a narrow ridge, about half a mile from camp, where he +was joined by Colonel Peabody with the rest of the brigade. After a +contest of half an hour, Shaver was repulsed and fell back. General A.S. +Johnston observing men dropping out of the ranks of the retreating +brigade, rallied it himself and ordered it to renew the attack. Peabody +recoiled under the fresh onset, and, falling back, took his place, +constituting the right of the line of battle of the division formed a +quarter of a mile in advance of the camp. + +Gladden's brigade, forming part of Bragg's corps, on the second line of +Johnston's army, was moved forward to extend the right of Hardee on the +first line, when, by the divergence of Lick Creek from Owl Creek, +Hardee's line became inadequate to fill the distance between them. The +line of Johnston's advance being oblique to the line of Prentiss' front, +Gladden arrived in front of Prentiss' left after Shaver had become +engaged with Peabody. Colonel Adams, who took command of the brigade +upon the death of General Gladden, and who made the full report of the +brigade, says they arrived in position at eight o'clock. Colonel Deas, +who took command when Adams was wounded, says they arrived a little +after seven. Colonel Loomis, who was in command on the return to +Corinth, says in his report, made April 13th, that the engagement of +this brigade began at half-past seven. Wheeling to the left and +deploying into line, the brigade moved confidently forward. Gladden was +mortally wounded and his command fell back in confusion. General +Johnston ordered it to return to the attack, but, on inspecting its +condition, countermanded the order. + +Chalmers' brigade, coming up from the second line, made an impetuous +charge. Jackson's brigade, which followed in rear of Chalmers, moved +forward and joined in the attack. Prentiss fell back and made a stand +immediately in front of his camp. After a gallant but short struggle, +his division, about nine o'clock, gave way and fell back through his +camp, leaving behind Powell's guns and caissons and two of +Hickenlooper's guns, all the horses of Hickenlooper's two guns being +killed. The line was broken and disordered by the tents. The +Twenty-fifth Missouri, and portions of other regiments drifted to the +rear. On the summit of a slope, covered by dense thicket, not far to the +rear of his camp, Prentiss rallied the Eighteenth and Twenty-first +Missouri, Twelfth Michigan, and Eighteenth Wisconsin. The Sixty-first +Illinois and Sixteenth Wisconsin were also rallied, but detached to form +in reserve to Hurlbut. The Twenty-third Missouri, arriving by boat at +the landing after the battle had begun, moved out at once and took +position in Prentiss' new line. In this position his left was near the +extreme southern head of the ravine of Brier Creek; thence his line +extended along an old, sunk, washed-out road running a little north of +west, and reached nearly to the Corinth road. Prentiss in person put +Hickenlooper's battery in position immediately to the right of the +Corinth road, near the intersection of the roads. Prentiss' men used the +road cut as a defence, lying down in it and firing from it. General +Grant, visiting Prentiss, approved the position and directed him to hold +it at all hazards. The order was obeyed. Continually assaulted by +successive brigades, he repelled every attack and held the position +till the close of the day. + +General W.H.L. Wallace, commanding Smith's division, formed his +regiments at eight o'clock. Some of the regiments loaded their wagons +and received extra ammunition. At half-past eight o'clock the division +moved; McArthur with two of his regiments, the Ninth and Twelfth +Illinois, went to support Stuart's brigade at its isolated camp at the +extreme left of the National line, having sent the Thirteenth Missouri +to Sherman, and left the Fourteenth Missouri and Eighty-first Ohio to +guard the bridge over Snake Creek, on the Crump's Landing road. Wallace +led his other two brigades to the support of Prentiss, placing Tuttle on +Prentiss' right, and Sweeney to the right of Tuttle. Tuttle's left was +about one hundred yards to the right of the Corinth road, and the +division line extending northwestwardly behind a clear field, Sweeney's +right reached the head of a wide, deep ravine--called in some of the +Confederate reports a gorge--which ravine, filled with impenetrable +thickets, extended from his right far to his rear and ran into the +ravine of Brier Creek. Wallace added to the defence of this ravine by +posting sharpshooters along its border. General Wallace detached the +Eighth Iowa from Sweeney's brigade and placed it across the Corinth +road, filling the interval between the two divisions. + +Wallace's line was barely formed when, at ten o'clock, Gladden's +brigade, now commanded by Colonel Adams, moved again against Prentiss. +Advancing slowly up the slight ascent through impeding thickets, against +an unseen foe, it encountered a blaze of fire from the summit, faltered, +wavered, hesitated, retreated, and withdrew out of range. A.P. Stewart +led his brigade against Wallace's front, was driven back, returned to +the assault, and was again hurled back; but still rallied, and moved +once more in vain, to be again sent in retreat. + +The Confederates gave this fatal slope the name "The Hornet's Nest." +General Bragg ordered Gibson with his brigade to carry the position. The +fresh column charged gallantly, but the deadly line of musketry in +front, and an enfilading fire from the well-posted battery, mowed down +his ranks; and Gibson's brigade fell back discomfited. Gibson asked for +artillery. None was at hand. Bragg ordered him to charge again. The +colonels of the four regiments thought it hopeless. The order was given. +The brigade struggled up the tangled ascent; but once more met the +inexorable fire that hurled them back. Four times Gibson charged, and +was four times repulsed. Colonel Allen, of the Fourth Louisiana, one of +Gibson's regiments, rode back to General Bragg to repeat the request for +artillery. Stung by the answer, "Colonel Allen, I want no faltering +now," he returned to his regiment, led it in a desperate dash up the +slope, more persistent, and therefore more destructive, and returned +with the fragment of his command that was not left strewn upon the +hill-side. As the line of Sherman and McClernand continually contracted +as they fell back, the successive reinforcements pushed in toward the +left of the Confederate line gradually pressed Hindman's two +brigades--first wholly against McClernand's front, then against his +left, then beyond his line. These two brigades were then moved to the +front of W.H.L. Wallace. Flushed with victory, they advanced with +confidence. The same resistless fire wounded Hindman and drove back his +command. Led by General A.P. Stewart, the brigades gallantly advanced +again and rushed against the fatal fire, only to be shivered into +fragments that recoiled, to remain out of the contest for the rest of +the day. + +The commander of the Confederate Army was killed farther to the right, +at half-past two o'clock in the afternoon. As the news of this loss +spread, there was a feeling of uncertainty and visible relaxation of +effort in parts of his command. In front of Prentiss and Wallace attack +was suspended about an hour. + +Hickenlooper's four guns, standing at the salient where Prentiss and +Wallace joined, sweeping both fronts, had all day long been reaping +bloody harvests among the lines of assailants that strove to approach. +So near, yet so far; in plain view, yet out of reach, the little battery +exasperated the baffled brigades while it extorted their admiration. +General Ruggles sent his staff officers in all directions to sweep in +all the guns they could reach. He gives the names of eleven batteries +and one section which he planted in a great crescent, pouring in a +concentric fire. From this tornado of missiles Hickenlooper withdrew his +battery complete, and, passing to the rear through Hurlbut's camp, +reported to Sherman for further service. + +The terrible fire of this artillery was supplemented by continued, but +desultory infantry attacks. The Crescent regiment of Louisiana essayed +to charge, but recoiled. Patton Anderson led his brigade up, but was +driven back. About four o'clock, Hurlbut, whose right had joined +Prentiss' left, finally gave way, and Bragg, following him, passed on to +the rear of Prentiss. By half-past four the fighting in front of Sherman +and McClernand had ceased, and Cheatham, Trabue, Johnson, and Russell, +finding that Wallace could not be approached across the dense tangle +filling the great ravine which protected his right, felt their way +unopposed to the plateau in his rear, meeting the combined force under +Bragg in front of Hurlbut's camp. General Polk collected in front of the +steadfast men of Prentiss and Wallace all the other troops within +reach, and at five o'clock, with one mighty effort, surged against their +line, now pounded by Ruggles' batteries. + +When Hurlbut fell back, leaving Prentiss and Wallace entirely isolated, +these two commanders consulted and resolved to hold their position at +all hazards, and keep the enemy from passing on to the landing. But when +they became enveloped, almost encircled, the enemy having passed behind +them toward the landing and were closing upon the Corinth road in their +rear, Wallace ordered his command to retire and cut a way through. +Tuttle gave the order to his brigade, which faced about to the rear and +opened fire on the forces closing behind. The Second and Seventh Iowa, +led by Colonel Tuttle, charged, cut their way through, and marched to +the landing. The Twelfth and Fourteenth Iowa, lingering with the Eighth +Iowa to cover the retreat of Hickenlooper's battery, were too late, and +found themselves walled in. Colonel Baldwin, who had succeeded to the +command of the other brigade when Colonel Sweeney was wounded, brought +off part of his command; but two of his regiments, the Fifty-eighth +Illinois as well as the Eighth Iowa, were securely enclosed. Wallace +fell mortally wounded. Groups and squads of Prentiss' men succeeded in +making their way out before the circle wholly closed. Prentiss, with the +remaining fragments of the two divisions, facing the fire that +surrounded them, made a desperate struggle. But further resistance was +hopeless and was useless. Prentiss, having never swerved from the +position he was ordered to hold, having lost everything but honor, +surrendered the little band. According to his report, made after his +return from captivity, the number from both divisions surrendered with +him was 2,200. The statements vary as to the precise hour of the +surrender, and as to what command surrendered last. Colonel Shaw, of +the Fourteenth Iowa, who fought toward the rear before surrendering, +says that at the time he yielded he compared watches with his captor, +and both agreed it was about a quarter to six; he adds that the Eighth +and Twelfth Iowa and Fifty-eighth Illinois surrendered at about the same +time, and that the ground where they surrendered is about the spot +marked by three black dots in the fork of the Purdy and the Lower +Corinth roads, on Colonel George Thom's map of the field. + + +HURLBUT'S DIVISION. + +It remains to describe the combat on the National left, where Hurlbut +with two of his brigades, supporting Stuart's isolated brigade of +Sherman's division and aided by two regiments of McArthur's brigade of +W.H.L. Wallace's division, resisted a part of Bragg's corps and the +reserves under General Breckenridge. + +Colonel Stuart received word from Prentiss at half-past seven o'clock +that the enemy was advancing in force. Shortly after, his pickets sent +in word that the hostile column was in sight on the Bark road. He sent +his adjutant, Loomis, to General Hurlbut for assistance, but Hurlbut was +already in motion. Hurlbut, receiving notice from General Sherman, sent +Veatch's brigade to his aid. Soon after, getting a request for support +from Prentiss, he marched from his camp at twenty minutes after eight +o'clock, with his first brigade commanded by Colonel Williams, of the +Third Iowa, and his Third Brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General +Lauman. Passing out by the Hamburg road, across the first small field +and through a belt of timber beyond that, and into the large field that +stretched to Stuart's camp, he formed the First Brigade in line near the +southern side of the field, the Forty-first Illinois on the left, and +the Third Iowa on the right. The Third Brigade, Lauman's, the +Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth Kentucky forming the left, and the +Thirty-first and Forty-fourth Indiana the right, connected with +Prentiss' left, and was posted like it, protected in front with dense +thickets. General McArthur's two regiments appear to have operated on +Stuart's right. The Sixteenth Wisconsin and Sixty-first Illinois, from +Prentiss' division, formed in reserve in rear of the centre of Hurlbut's +line. + +Colonel Stuart, finding Mann's battery, supported by the Forty-first +Illinois, coming to his aid and going into position by the headquarters +of one of his regiments, the Seventy-first Ohio, formed his line, the +Seventy-first Ohio and Fifty-fifth Illinois to the left of this battery +and facing nearly west, the Fifty-fourth Ohio at their left and facing +south. He sent four companies as skirmishers across the ravine to the +south of his camp, which discharges eastwardly into Lick Creek. His +skirmishers were unable to prevent the establishment of a hostile +battery on the heights beyond the ravine. While he was on the bank of +the ravine observing the enemy with his glass, Mann's battery, after +firing a few rounds at the hostile battery at a range of eleven hundred +yards, withdrew with the Forty-first Illinois back into the field, to +connect with their brigade. The Seventy-first Ohio, without orders, at +the same time retired. The Seventy-first Ohio was engaged in supporting +distance of the brigade in its first combat, though without the +knowledge of Colonel Stuart; but it was not with the brigade during the +rest of the day. The adjutant, however, returned with a score of men +after the regiment disappeared. + +General Johnston, having personally seen the battle begun on his left +and centre, proceeded to reconnoitre the National right and try the +feasibility of turning it. Chalmers, called from his attack on Prentiss, +retired a short distance and halted half an hour, waiting for a guide +and further orders. He then marched directly south across the ravine +which runs eastwardly and debouches into Lick Run near the site of +Stuart's camp, and, advancing along the high land beyond, eastwardly +toward the river, arrived opposite Stuart's camp. Here the fire of the +skirmishers sent across the ravine by Stuart threw the Fifty-second +Tennessee into disorder. Chalmers, finding it impossible to rally more +than two companies of the regiment, ordered the remaining eight +companies out of the line, and they took no further part in the battle. + +Here Chalmers halted half an hour while Clanton's cavalry reconnoitered +along the river. About ten o'clock, or a little later, Stuart having +withdrawn his two remaining regiments, the Fifty-fourth Ohio and +Fifth-fifth Illinois, back across the eastern extremity of the field to +the summit of a short, abrupt ascent in timber, Chalmers deployed his +brigade and advanced. The advantage of position partially compensated +Stuart for his inferiority in numbers. A contest with musketry across +the open field lasted some time without effect. Stuart reports it lasted +two hours. Clanton moved his cavalry forward along the river bluffs +toward Stuart's rear, around his left flank; Chalmers charged across the +field, and Stuart retreated to another ridge in his rear, and again +formed. Chalmers, being out of ammunition, and the wagons being far to +the rear, halted till ammunition could be brought up. + +Meanwhile, Jackson's brigade, the Third Brigade of Withers' division, +marched to attack McArthur. The assault was gallantly made; but the +troops, unable to stand the steady fire which they encountered, fell +back. Being rallied after a rest, they renewed the attack. For a long +time the fate of the obstinate struggle was undecided. At length +McArthur's two regiments, pounded by well-posted batteries, yielded to +Jackson's persistent attack, after the Ninth Illinois had lost 61 killed +and 287 wounded, and withdrew, steadily and in order, to a new position. + +Withers' First Brigade--Gladden's having been disordered in its first +attack on Prentiss, when General Gladden was killed--remained an hour at +halt in Prentiss' camp. After its sharp repulse in the later attack, the +brigade drifted to its right, following the course of preceding +brigades, came in front of Hurlbut's line, and moved to the attack. +Lauman's brigade, of Hurlbut's division, had remained undisturbed for an +hour after taking position. A skirmish line which he had posted in front +reported an advance of the enemy. Artillery from a distance in front +opened fire. At the first shot which fell in the Thirteenth Ohio +Battery, posted in the field to Lauman's left, with the right of +Williams' brigade, the entire battery deserted their guns and fled. +Shortly after the battle the men were, by order, distributed among other +batteries; the Thirteenth was blotted out, and on Ohio's roster its +place remained a blank throughout the war. + +Soon, a line of gleaming steel was seen above the dense undergrowth in +Lauman's front. It advanced steadily till about one hundred yards from +his line. A sheet of fire blazed from the front of the brigade. The men, +restrained till then, fired rapidly but coolly. The fire could not be +resisted or endured. Gladden's brigade, now commanded by Colonel Adams, +was arrested in its march, broken, and fell back. Three times the +brigade rallied and returned to the assault. Once, a portion advanced to +within a few paces of the Thirty-first Indiana. But every charge was +vain, and Colonel Adams, the commander, being wounded, the brigade, +discomfited, withdrew. + +After the termination of this engagement, several regiments--either the +Gladden brigade, now commanded by Colonel Deas, or one of the brigades +of Breckenridge's reserve--moved into the field to the left of Lauman. +Colonel Williams, commanding Hurlbut's first brigade, had been killed in +an artillery duel across the field, and the brigade, now commanded by +Colonel Pugh, had been drawn back from the field, behind a fence along +its northern boundary. The force that moved into the field was not only +confronted by the brigade under Colonel Pugh, but its flank was +commanded by the Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth Kentucky, which General +Lauman promptly wheeled to the left, against the fence bounding the +westerly face of the field. The assault made in this field was gallant +and deliberate, but brief and sanguinary. Pugh's command remained still +until the lines, advancing over the open field, were near. Then rising, +they poured in a volley, and continued firing into the smoke until no +bullets were heard whistling back from the front. The two Kentucky +regiments poured in their fire upon the flank, and when the smoke +cleared away, the field was so thickly strewn with bodies, that the +Third Iowa, supposing it was the hostile force lying down, began to +reopen fire upon them. + +Before Withers' division became thus engaged with Hurlbut, McArthur, and +Stuart, General Johnston had dispatched Trabue's brigade, of +Breckenridge's reserve, off to his extreme left, to report to General +Beauregard, who, stationed at Shiloh Church, was superintending +operations in that quarter. The three brigades, Bowen, Statham, Trabue, +composing the reserve, had marched in rear of General Johnston's right +in echelon, at intervals of eight hundred yards. Johnston, observing +with anxiety the stubborn resistance opposed to Withers' division, and +eager to crush the National right, called up the remaining brigades of +the reserve, Bowen and Statham, and pushed them forward. Bowen was first +engaged, and the National left, in a series of encounters with the +increased force in its front, gradually but slowly receded, always +forming and rallying on the next ridge in rear of the one abandoned. + +The Forty-first Illinois, constituting the left of Hurlbut's division, +held its position, and the Thirty-second Illinois was moved from its +place to support the Forty-first. The afternoon was come. Johnston +directed Statham's brigade against this position. Statham deployed under +cover of a ridge, facing and commanded by the higher ridge held by the +Illinois regiments, and marched in line up the slope. On reaching the +summit, coming into view and range, he was received by a fire that broke +his command, and his regiments fell back behind the slope in confusion. +Battle's Tennessee regiment on the right alone maintained its position +and advanced. Lytle's Tennessee regiment three times rallied and +advanced; but, unable to stand the fire, fell back. Every time it fell +back, the Thirty-second Illinois threw an oblique fire into Battle's +regiment, aiding the direct fire of the Forty-first, and preventing +Battle's further advance. The Forty-fifth Tennessee could not be urged +up the slope. Squads would leave the ranks, run up to a fence, fire, and +fall back to place; but the regiment would not advance. General +Breckenridge, foiled and irritated, rode to General Johnston and +complained he had a Tennessee regiment that would not fight. Governor +Harris, of Tennessee, who was with Johnston, remonstrated, and riding to +the Forty-fifth, appealed to it, but in vain. General Johnston moved to +the front of the brigade, now standing in line, rode slowly along the +front, promised to lead them himself, and appealed to them to follow. +The halting soldiers were roused to enthusiasm. Johnston, Breckenridge, +and Governor Harris in front, followed by the brigade, charged up the +slope and down the hollow beyond. Unchecked by the hot fire of the +Illinois regiments, they pushed up the higher slope, and the position +was gained. + +The Illinois regiments fell back slowly, halting at intervals to turn +and fire, and were not pursued. One of those Parthian shots struck +General Johnston, cut an artery, and, no surgeon being at hand, he bled +to death in a few minutes. His body was carried at once by his staff +back to Corinth. General Beauregard, at his station at Shiloh Church, +was notified of the death, and assumed command. Albert Sydney Johnston +was a man of pure life, and, like McPherson, full of the traits that +call out genuine and devoted friendships. He was esteemed by many the +ablest general in the Confederate service. His death was deplored in the +South as a fatal loss. It was half-past two when Johnston fell. The loss +paralyzed operations in that part of the field, and for an hour there +was here a lull. The two Illinois regiments, though not followed, failed +to rally, and fell back to a bluff near the landing, where Colonel +Webster was putting batteries into position. + +General Bragg, hearing of the death of General Johnston while he was +superintending operations in front of Prentiss and W.H.L. Wallace, rode +to the Confederate right. He there found a strong force, consisting of +three parts, without a common head: General Breckenridge, with two +brigades of his reserve division, pressing forward; General Withers, +with his division greatly exhausted and taking a temporary rest; and +General Cheatham, with his division of Polk's corps, to their left and +rear. Bragg at once assumed command, and began to assemble these +divisions and form them for a general advance. Hurlbut, observing these +preparations, moved Lauman's brigade, which had already twice +replenished its boxes and expended one hundred rounds of cartridges--to +his left to fill the gap made by the retreat of the Thirty-second and +Forty-first Illinois. Willard's battery, that accompanied McArthur's +brigade, was posted near the road from the landing to Hamburg. Hurlbut +brought up two twenty-pound guns of Major Cavender's artillery, which +were served by Surgeon Cornine and Lieutenant Edwards. A little after +four, according to Bragg, about half-past three according to Hurlbut, +Bragg moved forward. The artillery, aided by the rapid fire of Hurlbut's +infantry, checked the first impulse and made the advancing line pause. +Hurlbut, taking advantage of the lull, and first notifying Prentiss, +withdrew Lauman's brigade and the artillery. Bragg's line advanced +again. Hurlbut attempted to make another stand in front of his camp, but +the attempt was ineffectual. He fell back to the height behind Webster's +batteries. + +The Third Iowa and Twenty-eighth Illinois, under Colonel Pugh, made a +desperate effort to maintain their position, but were ordered by General +Hurlbut to fall back when Lauman retired. These two regiments fell back +fighting, forming wherever the ground gave vantage, and turning upon +their pursuers. In the little field they halted and replenished their +cartridge-boxes. Here the Twenty-second Alabama attacked them, but was +so roughly handled that it took no further part in the contest that day. +As these two regiments fell back thus slowly, from time to time turning +at bay, portions of Bragg's command were pushing behind them and the +troops of Hardee, coming from the front of Sherman and McClernand, were +reaching toward their front. A narrow gap was left, and through a +gauntlet of fire, still fighting, the little band pressed on and joined +Hurlbut behind Webster's artillery. + +The gunboat Tyler, commanded by Lieutenant Gwin, fired from ten minutes +to three o'clock until ten minutes to four upon Breckenridge's brigades, +and, joined by the Lexington, commanded by Lieutenant Shirk, fired later +upon the portion of Bragg's command close to the river-bank, for +thirty-five minutes. This fire drove a battery from its position, threw +Gibson's brigade and a portion of Trabue's brigade into disorder, killed +ten and wounded many of Wood's brigade, killed and wounded a number of +Anderson's brigade, and compelled it to seek shelter in a ravine. + +As the National lines were drifting back toward the landing, Colonel +Webster, of General Grant's staff, gathered all the artillery within +reach--Major Cavender's six twenty-pounders, Silversparre's twenty-pound +Parrotts, and some light batteries--on a commanding position from a +quarter to half a mile from the landing. Immediately above the landing a +wide and deep ravine opens to the river. For some distance back from the +river its bottom was filled with back-water and was impassable. Half a +mile back it was still deep, abrupt, and wet, though passable for +infantry. Here Colonel Webster gathered from thirty-five to fifty guns. +Two of Hurlbut's batteries--Mann's, commanded by Lieutenant Brotzman, +and Ross'--had done brilliant service; Brotzman's battery of four pieces +had fired off one hundred and ninety-four rounds per gun. Ross' battery +was lost in the retreat. Brotzman lost so many horses that he was able +to bring off only three guns. These took place in Webster's frowning +line. Hurlbut was joined at this position by half of Veatch's brigade, +which had been with McClernand through the day, and reformed his +division in support of the artillery. General Grant directed him to +assume command of all regiments and coherent fragments near. The +Forty-eighth Ohio, of Buckland's brigade, being then at the landing, +some of W.H. L. Wallace's regiments, that succeeded in breaking through +the encircling force, and other detachments, reported to him. Squads of +men, separated from their commands, fell in. Hurlbut thus gathered in +support of the artillery a force in line which he estimated at four +thousand men. + +General Bragg proposed to push his success and attempted to withdraw his +two divisions, Ruggles' and Withers', from the tumult which accompanied +the surrender, and ordered them to press forward and assault the +position to which Hurlbut had fallen back. When Ruggles received Bragg's +order for farther advance, one of his brigades, Pond's, was on the +extreme Confederate left, near Owl Creek; Gibson's brigade was in +confusion, caused by the fire of the gunboats; Anderson's was apart in a +ravine, taking shelter from the same fire. But Ruggles began at once to +assemble what force he could. Of Withers' division, the First Brigade +was scattered. The brigades of Jackson and Chalmers received the order +while they were resting in the field where the Third Iowa had rested and +filled their cartridge-boxes, and where Jackson was about to replenish +the empty boxes of his men. Withers immediately moved these two brigades +forward to the deep ravine whose farther bank was crowned with the grim +line of artillery, behind and to the right of which stood Hurlbut's +command. + +While there was this activity at the front, the aspect at the rear, +about Shiloh Church, where General Beauregard kept his position, was +very different. As the Confederate lines advanced, men dropping out of +the ranks filled the woods with a penumbra of stragglers. Hunger and +fatigue, stimulated by the remembrance of abandoned camps passed +through, later in the day led squads--Beauregard and some of his staff +say, led regiments--to straggle back from the fighting front to the +restful and attractive rear. Language cannot be stronger than that used +by General Beauregard. The fire of the gunboats, many of the shells +passing over the high river-bank and exploding far inland, appeared even +more formidable than it really was; and Beauregard was assured by a +despatch, which he received that day on the field, that Buell, instead +of being near Pittsburg, was, in fact, before Florence, and could not +effect a junction. It must have been about five o'clock or a little +later when Beauregard sent an order to his command to retire and go into +bivouac. The order was delivered by his staff not only to corps +commanders, but directly to commanders of divisions and brigades. +General Ruggles, while attempting to assemble a force in pursuance of +Bragg's order, received the command to retire. + +According to Withers' report, he moved his division forward and just +entered a steep and precipitous ravine when he was met by a terrific +fire. He sent to the rear for reinforcements and ordered his brigade +commanders to charge the batteries in front. The orders were about being +obeyed, when, to his astonishment, he observed a large portion of his +command move rapidly by the left flank away from under the fire. He then +learned that this was in accordance with General Beauregard's orders, +delivered directly to the brigade commanders. Jackson reports that he +began a charge, but his men, being without ammunition, could not be +urged up the height in face of the fire of Hurlbut and the batteries. +Leaving his men lying down, he rode to the rear to get an order to +withdraw, when he met a staff officer bearing such an order from General +Beauregard. General Chalmers plunged into the ravine, and the order to +retire did not reach him. He was not aware that his brigade alone, of +all the Confederate Army, was continuing the battle. He brought Gage's +battery up to his aid, but this battery was soon knocked to pieces by +the fire of the heavier National artillery. The gunboats, having +previously taken position opposite the mouth of the ravine, opened fire +as soon as the assault began. They opened fire at thirty-five minutes +past five. + +Chalmers had not ended his useless attempt when the boats bearing +Ammen's brigade of Nelson's division of Buell's army crossed the river +and landed. General Nelson, when ordered by General Grant, early in the +morning, to move up the river, sent out a party to discover a route. No +practicable way was found near the river; one, a little inland, was +ascertained, practicable for infantry, but not for wheels. The division +moved at one o'clock. General Ammen's brigade, composed of the +Thirty-sixth Indiana and the Sixth and Twenty-fourth Ohio, being in +advance, crossed the river first. The Thirty-sixth Indiana, landing +first, pushed up the bluff through a great mob of fugitives from the +field, some thousands in number, and, by direction of General Grant, +General Ammen sent it forward to the support of the batteries. One +soldier was killed while the regiment was forming; one was killed and +one wounded after it reached its position. The Sixth Ohio marched up +under like order in reserve to the Thirty-sixth Indiana. The +Twenty-fourth Ohio marched half a mile to the right of the batteries, +scoured the country half a mile out to the front without finding any +enemy, and there went into bivouac. The day's battle was over. + +Prentiss was driven back through his camp about nine o'clock; Sherman +was forced from his about ten o'clock; at the same time, Stuart took +position in rear of his. McClernand was compelled finally to abandon his +camp about half-past two, and at half-past four Hurlbut fell back +through his. When night came, the National troops held W.H.L. Wallace's +camp and an adjoining portion of Hurlbut's, while Beauregard's army +occupied Sherman's, McClernand's, and Prentiss'. + +When Prentiss and Sherman were attacked, there was a wide gap between +their lines. A little after ten o'clock the National line was connected, +Sherman on the right, McClernand next, then W.H.L. Wallace, and next, on +his left, Prentiss, and Hurlbut and McArthur filling the space between +Prentiss and Stuart. The right was gradually forced back on a curve +till, at half-past four o'clock, there was a gap between McClernand and +Wallace. Hurlbut held his ground till four o'clock, but by half-past +four he retreated, leaving Prentiss' left in air. Through the two gaps +thus made the Confederate left and right poured in and encircled +Prentiss and Wallace. After their surrender there was no fighting, +except Chalmers' bold, but idle assault. + +In this day's battle the National loss was nearly ten thousand killed, +wounded, and captured. The Confederate loss was as great in killed and +wounded, but the loss in prisoners was small. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +SHILOH--NIGHT, AND MONDAY. + + +The vice of the formation of Johnston's army into three long, thin, +parallel lines, together with the broken character of the ground and the +variable obstinacy of resistance encountered, produced a complete and +inextricable commingling of commands. General Beauregard left it to the +discretion of the different commanders to select the place for bivouac +for the night. + +Colonel Pond, retiring from his disastrous repulse toward the close of +the afternoon, found himself wholly separated by an interval of more +than a quarter of a mile from the nearest support, the whole of the +Confederate left having drifted from him toward the southeast. +Assembling all his brigade, except the Crescent Regiment, which had +become detached, and recalling his battery--Ketchum's--he remembered +that the special duty had been assigned to him, by General Bragg, of +guarding the flank along Owl Creek. When night fell, he moved to his +rear and then to his left, and bivouacked in line facing to the east, on +the high land west of Brier Creek. Ketchum's battery was placed in a +field a little back from the ravine. He posted pickets to his rear as +well as to his front. The other two brigades of Ruggles' division spent +the night to the east of Shiloh Church. + +Jackson's brigade, of Withers' division, when it recoiled from its +fatal attack on Hurlbut and the reserve artillery, went to pieces. +Jackson with the battery marched to Shiloh Church and reported to +General Beauregard. He saw nothing more of his brigade till he rejoined +it at Corinth. Chalmers, abandoning his vain assault, was astonished to +find that the army had fallen back, leaving him alone. He fell back to +the field where Prentiss surrendered, and there rested. Of the remaining +brigade, Gladden's, the merest fragment cohered; this little band, or +detachment, bivouacked near the Hamburg road. Trabue's brigade, except +one regiment which had become separated, spent the night in the tents of +McDowell's brigade camp; Breckenridge's other two brigades were between +Shiloh Church and the river. + +Of General Polk's command, Clark's division, though partially scattered, +rested, the greater portion of it, between Breckenridge and Shiloh +Church. The other division, Cheatham's, which remained the freshest and +least disordered command in Beauregard's army, moved off the field; and, +accompanied by General Polk and one regiment of Clark's division, +marched back to its camp of Saturday night. + +Of Hardee's corps, so much of Cleburne's brigade as remained with him, +slept in Prentiss' camp; Wood's brigade slept in McClernand's camp; +Shaver's brigade was disintegrated and dissipated. + +In the National army, what men were left of Prentiss' division were +gathered about the landing and with Hurlbut. The regiments of W.H.L. +Wallace that had escaped capture returned to their division camp. +Hurlbut after dark moved his division out to the front of the reserve +artillery. Being relieved by General Nelson, he formed his line with its +left near the reserve artillery and the right near McClernand. +McClernand's command bivouacked along the eastern face of the +camp-ground of W.H.L. Wallace's division. Sherman's left joined +McClernand; his right, Buckland's brigade, lay along the field at the +south flank of McArthur's brigade camp, and along the east bank of the +ravine of Brier Creek. Stuart's brigade, the Fortieth Illinois of +McDowell's brigade, and the Forty-eighth Ohio of Buckland's brigade +spent the night near the reserve artillery. + +Captain Baxter, of General Grant's staff, brought to Lewis Wallace at +eleven or half-past eleven, a verbal order to move his division. The +First Brigade had already moved out to Stony Lonesome, and the division +was ready to march. General Wallace believed the attack at Pittsburg was +a feint, and that the real attack was to be made at Crump's Landing, on +account of the great accumulation of stores at that point, and desired +the order requiring him to move away from Crump's Landing should be in +writing. Captain Baxter wrote and gave him an order to march to the +Purdy road, form there on Sherman's right, and then act as circumstances +should require. The two brigades at Stony Lonesome were at once put in +motion. When the head of the division had just reached Snake Creek, not +much more than a mile in an air-line from the right of Sherman's camp, +Captain Rowley came up and informed Wallace of the state of affairs, and +that the National line had fallen back. Wallace countermarched the two +brigades to keep his right in front, retraced his steps (being joined on +the way by Major Rawlins, Grant's adjutant, and by Colonel McPherson) +the greater part of the way to Stony Lonesome, and there took a rude +cross-road which came into the river road from Crump's to Pittsburg +Landing, about a mile from the bridge which had been guarded for his +approach. McPherson and Rawlins confirmed Captain Rowley's statement of +the disastrous falling back of the National lines toward the river. The +wagons were not allowed to accompany the column, but continued on +through Stony Lonesome to Crump's Landing, and the Fifty-sixth Ohio, and +one gun from Thurber's battery were detached to guard them. Whittlesey's +brigade, at Adamsville, received at two o'clock the order to march. +Sending the wagons with the Sixty-eighth Ohio as guard to Crump's +Landing, the remaining three regiments pushed through the mud, the field +officers dismounting to let broken-down men ride, and overtook the other +brigades as they were beginning to cross Snake Creek. The Twenty-fourth +Indiana in advance, crossing the bridge just after sunset, deployed +skirmishers in front, marched along the road along the east bank of +Brier Creek, and halted in front of the camp of the Fourteenth Missouri, +which regiment was occupying its camp. The Twentieth Ohio, the rear +regiment of the division, halted on the bank of Brier Creek ravine, in +front of the camp of the Eighty-first Ohio, at eight o'clock. The +division facing to the right, making a front to the west, along the +ravine, brought the Twenty-fourth Indiana to the left and the Twentieth +Ohio to the right of the division. The batteries having been left at the +junction of the cross-road and the river road, till all the infantry had +crossed, followed in their rear, and were posted near the bank. + +The remainder of Nelson's division followed Ammen's brigade late in the +evening. Crittenden's division arrived in the night. McCook receiving +orders to hasten forward in the morning, while twelve miles out from +Savannah, halted at the outskirts of the village at seven o'clock P.M., +rested his men two hours, marched to the landing, seized such boats as +were there and such as arrived, and reached Pittsburg Landing at five +o'clock Monday morning with Rousseau's brigade and one regiment of +Kirk's brigade. + +General Grant and General Buell met at Sherman's headquarters in the +evening; it was there agreed that Buell with his army should in the +morning attack on the left, and Grant's immediate command should attack +on the right. Buell formed Nelson's division about two hundred yards in +front of the reserve artillery, with his left near the river, facing +south. Crittenden, when he arrived, was placed in rear of Nelson, half a +mile from the landing, where his command stood at arms all night. At +eleven o'clock a heavy rain began to pour. All the National troops and +most of the Confederate lay on the ground without shelter. The gunboats +every fifteen minutes through the night fired a shell over the woods, to +explode far inland and banish sleep. + +Early Monday morning, Nelson on the extreme left, on the Hamburg road, +and Lewis Wallace on the extreme right, by Snake Creek, moved to the +attack. Beauregard knew then that Buell had arrived and the junction of +the two National armies had been effected. The opening of the battle +proclaimed what the conclusion would be. + +Nelson moved in line with Ammen's brigade on the left, Bruce's in the +centre, and Hazen's on the right, his left extending a little beyond the +Hamburg road towards the river. A remnant of Gladden's brigade, between +two and three hundred men, under Colonel Deas, some fragments of some of +the regiments of Jackson's brigade, with some regiments that had strayed +from their proper commands, the Fourth Kentucky from Trabue's brigade, +the First Tennessee from Stephens' brigade, the One Hundred and +Fifty-fourth Tennessee from General B.R. Johnson's brigade, and the +Crescent Regiment from Pond's brigade, scattered about, were roused by +Nelson's advance and retired before it. At six o'clock Nelson was halted +by Buell to allow Crittenden's division to complete its deployment and +form on Nelson's right. Nelson again advanced. General Withers +meanwhile had thrown the heterogeneous fragments into an organized +force, added Chalmers' brigade to it, and strengthened it by the +addition of three batteries. Nelson, when he again advanced, came upon +this consolidated line, which drove him back. Nelson was without +artillery. His batteries, unable to get through the soft mud which the +infantry traversed, remained behind at Savannah. General Buell sent to +his aid Mendenhall's battery from Crittenden's division. The rapid and +accurate fire of Mendenhall's guns silenced the central opposing +battery. Hazen's brigade charged upon it, captured the guns and drove in +retreat the cannoneers and their support. Bowen's brigade of +Breckenridge's reserve corps, commanded by Colonel Martin since General +Bowen was wounded Sunday afternoon, was coming up in support. Colonel +Martin made his brigade lie down in a ravine till the torrent of +fugitives passed over, then rising, charged the pursuers. Hazen's +brigade, torn by the fire of two batteries, one on each flank, and now +charged by a fresh brigade, suffered in a short time more than half the +whole loss suffered by the division in the entire day. The loss of the +division in killed and wounded, was 90 killed and 558 wounded. The +Forty-first Ohio, in Hazen's brigade, out of a total engaged of 371, +lost 140 killed and wounded. The shattered regiments streamed back in +confusion, leaving a gap in the division line. + +Ammen's brigade was sorely pressed. Constituting the left of the army, +it was in constant risk of being turned. Bruce's brigade, now put in +hazard by the recession of Hazen, could give only indirect assistance to +Ammen. Just then, Terrill's regular battery, of four twelve-pounders +(Napoleons) and two ten-pound Parrotts, having arrived from Savannah, +and missed its way to McCook's division, was ordered by General Buell to +Nelson's relief. Dashing out to the skirmish line in front of Colonel +Ammen, in order to get the range of the enemy's batteries, Terrill's +guns became the target of the concentrated fire of the opposing +batteries and the line of infantry. He was compelled to retire; but, +firing as he retired, he kept at a distance the long line that followed +and essayed to charge. Colonel Tuttle, who had been marching what was +left of W.H.L. Wallace's division in reserve, in rear of Nelson and +Crittenden, sent the Second Iowa forward in aid of Terrill. At the same +time the Fortieth Illinois, of McDowell's brigade, Sherman's division, +which had been marching in reserve to Nelson, filed to the front around +Ammen's left flank, and the Confederate line retired to their position +in the timber. Ammen's line, which fell back under the galling fire +called out by Terrill's artillery charge, now returned to the front and +occupied the timber where the enemy had been. It was now nearly two +o'clock. There was no more fighting in Nelson's front. Terrill's battery +suffered so severely that the Sixth Ohio was detailed as its special +support, and supplied artillerists from its ranks. From an advanced +position in Nelson's front, upon his skirmish line, this battery +succeeded in opening an enfilading fire upon the troops in front of +McCook, and one section advanced far enough to take in reverse the +batteries that were engaged with Crittenden and McCook. + +General Crittenden's division moved a little after five o'clock to +Nelson's right. Colonel W.S. Smith's brigade connected with Nelson and +continued his line. General J. T. Boyle's brigade was formed in rear of +the left wing of Smith's brigade. A little after six o'clock McCook +marched to the front with Rousseau's brigade, and formed on Crittenden's +right, but facing to the west. The Fourteenth Wisconsin, assigned to +Prentiss' division, not arriving at Pittsburg till Monday morning, +reported to General Crittenden, and acted during the day as a part of +Colonel Smith's brigade. General Buell describes the line thus formed as +follows; "The force under my command occupied a line of about a mile and +a half. In front of Nelson's division was an open field, partially +screened toward his right by a skirt of woods, which extended beyond the +enemy's line, with a thick undergrowth in front of the left brigade of +Crittenden's division; then an open field in front of Crittenden's right +and McCook's left, and in front of McCook's right woods again, with a +dense undergrowth. The ground, nearly level in front of Nelson, formed a +hollow in front of Crittenden, and fell into a small creek or ravine, +which empties into Owl Creek, in front of McCook. What I afterward +learned was the Hamburg road (which crosses Lick Creek a mile from its +mouth) passed perpendicularly through the line of battle near Nelson's +left. A short distance in rear of the enemy's left, on high, open +ground, were the encampments of McClernand's and Sherman's divisions, +which the enemy held." This line is almost identical with the line held +by McArthur, Hurlbut, Prentiss, and Wallace, Sunday afternoon. Buell's +cavalry was not brought up, and, from want of transportation, only three +batteries--Bartlett's and Mendenhall's of Crittenden's division, and +Terrill's of McCook's division. But these were served with remarkable +efficiency. + +When Crittenden took position, his skirmishers were advanced across the +open field to the edge of the timber in front. This dense growth, called +in the reports "chapparal" and "jungle," covered both slopes of a +hollow, which was threaded by a rivulet with muddy borders, and was the +scene of many a bloody repulse the day before, in the repeated assaults +upon Prentiss. The skirmishers soon became engaged, and a battery +concealed in woods on rising ground beyond, played upon the troops in +line. The skirmishers retired to the line, but were sent back to their +original position, while Bartlett's battery silenced the hostile +battery, and, by accurate fire, compelled it several times to shift its +position. A line of battle appearing in the timber preparing to charge, +the skirmishers were called back, Bartlett swept the bushes with +canister and shrapnell, Boyle's brigade charged into the brush, +encountered the fire of the Confederate line at close quarters, replied, +charged, and drove the enemy through the timber to an open field beyond. +The enemy rapidly crossed the field and took position in woods on its +farther side. A line of cavalry appearing at one end of the field, which +was also commanded by the enemy's battery, Boyle withdrew his regiments +to their original position. Bartlett's battery, aided by Mendenhall's, +was in constant activity. The infantry, with intervening pauses of +cessation, met and made charges into the chapparal. Mendenhall's +battery, in the course of the day, expended five hundred and twenty-six +rounds of ammunition, or about eighty-eight to the gun. Bartlett, by +noon, had fired his entire supply, six hundred rounds, and took his +battery to the landing to replenish. When he returned, the fighting had +ceased. After an hour of quiet, a furious attack was made on Smith's +brigade. The contest that ensued is described in Colonel Smith's report: +"The enemy soon yielded, when a running fight commenced, which extended +about a mile to our front, where we captured a battery and shot the +horses and many of the cannoneers. Owing to the obstructed nature of the +ground, the enthusiastic courage of the majority of our men, the laggard +discharge of their duty by many, and the disgraceful cowardice of some, +our line had been transformed into a column of attack, representing the +various grades of courage, from reckless daring to ignominious fear. At +the head of this column stood a few heroic men, not adequately +supported, when the enemy returned to the attack with three fresh +regiments in good order. We were driven back by these nearly to the +first position occupied by our line, when we again rallied and moved +forward toward the battery. Reaching a ravine to the right, and about +six hundred paces from the battery, we halted and awaited the assistance +of Mendenhall's battery, which was brought into action on a knoll within +half a mile of the enemy's battery, which it immediately silenced. We +then advanced and captured it the second time, and succeeded in holding +it despite the efforts of the enemy to repulse us." This charge entirely +shattered Cleburne's brigade, and it disappeared from the contest. This +ended the battle in Crittenden's front, and Mendenhall's battery +advanced and fired on the flank of the column, by that time retiring +before McCook's division. The force which General Crittenden engaged was +commanded by General Breckenridge, and consisted of one of +Breckenridge's brigades--Statham's--aided by the brigades of Russell and +A.P. Stewart, from Polk's corps. These two brigades constituted Clark's +division, but General Clark having been wounded the previous day, the +brigades were under Breckenridge's immediate command. To these was added +Cleburne's brigade, reduced to one-third of its numbers. One-third was +killed and wounded before Buckland's brigade, Sunday morning; one-third +had straggled to the rear; the remaining third rallied to enter into +Monday's battle. + +In accordance with the direction of General Buell, McCook deployed +Rousseau's brigade into line facing toward Shiloh Church. The Fifteenth +Michigan, intended for Prentiss' division, being now without assignment, +reported to McCook, and was by him attached for the day to Rousseau's +brigade. General Beauregard still held his own position near the +church, and as the line of inevitable retreat was by the road passing by +the church, it was necessary that his force should hold this position to +the last. It was a centre to which stragglers and fragments of commands +had drifted during the night. Monday morning the greater part of +Beauregard's army reported there, and, though much was despatched thence +to other quarters, portions so despatched returned to take part in the +final conflict. Pond's brigade, after its rapid retreat from Lewis +Wallace's front, had a fatiguing march before finally settling into +position. He says in his report: "I was ordered by General Ruggles to +form on the extreme left and rest my left on Owl Creek. While proceeding +to execute this order, I was ordered to move by the rear of the main +line to support the extreme right of General Hardee's line. Having taken +my position to support General Hardee's right, I was again ordered by +General Beauregard to advance and occupy the crest of a ridge in the +edge of an old field. My line was just formed in this position when +General Polk ordered me forward to support his line. While moving to the +support of General Polk, an order reached me from General Beauregard to +report to him with my command at his headquarters." Ruggles' division +and Cheatham's division, with one regiment of Clark's, were put on the +Confederate left of Shiloh Church; Wood's brigade and Trabue's brigade +to the right. Russell and A.P. Stewart were first sent to oppose +Crittenden, but were afterward shifted toward the Confederate left, to +McCook's front. The report of Colonel Thompson, Beauregard's +aide-de-camp, to General Beauregard, states: "About 11.30 o'clock it was +apparent that the enemy's main attack was on our left, and our forces +began to yield to the vigor of his attack." + +When Rousseau's brigade was formed, his right was in the air. McCook +held it in place till Kirk's brigade arrived from Savannah, and +occupied the time exploring the ground to his front and right. Kirk +having arrived, McCook moved Rousseau's brigade across a ravine to a +rising ground a few hundred yards in advance, and placed Kirk's brigade +in reserve of Rousseau's right, to protect the exposed flank. A company +of regulars (there were three battalions of regulars in Rousseau's +command) was sent into the woods as skirmishers. In less than an hour +the skirmishers were driven back and followed by the Fourth Kentucky +Regiment and Fourth Alabama Battalion belonging to Trabue's brigade. +After a fierce attack for twenty minutes, the assailants fell back +before the rapid and well-directed fire of Rousseau's men and retired +out of sight in the timber. Trabue's regiments rallied and quickly +returned to the assault with greater vigor than before. The steady fire +of Rousseau's men again drove them to retreat; Rousseau advanced into +the timber, passed through it to an open field, when Trabue, who, with +three regiments was engaged with McClernand, united the two portions of +his brigade and charged furiously upon Rousseau. After a desperate +struggle Trabue gave way; Rousseau captured two guns and repossessed +McClernand's headquarters. + +This advance drew Rousseau away from Crittenden, while it connected him +with McClernand; exposed his left, while it covered his right. Colonel +Willich, who had arrived with the Thirty-second Indiana, passed around +to the left, and, with regiment in column doubled on the centre, charged +upon the enemy in that quarter, drove him into the timber, then +deploying in line opened fire. Willich became subject to so hot a +fire--mainly, he reports, from the National troops--that he was +compelled to retire. Dressing his lines he charged again. Observing +undue excitement in his men, he halted the regiment, and in the midst of +the battle exercised the men in the manual of arms. Having thus steadied +them, he resumed the charge and again drove the enemy into the timber. +Rousseau's command having exhausted their cartridges, Kirk's brigade +took place in the line, while Rousseau, behind them, replenished from +the supply which General McCook had already procured. Gibson's brigade +having now arrived, was deployed, about two o'clock, on the left. The +two armies were concentrating about Shiloh Church. Gibson's left flank +being twice threatened and partially turned, the Forty-ninth Ohio twice, +under fire, changed front to the rear on the right company with +precision. Veatch's brigade, of Hurlbut's division, which had been +acting in reserve, was moved forward by McCook and extended his left. +The division being now sorely pressed by the enemy's artillery, Major +Taylor, Sherman's chief of artillery, brought forward Bouton's battery +and assigned part to each brigade. The section assigned to Gibson +quickly silenced the batteries in his front. McCook was now connected +with the forces to his right. + +McClernand's command consisted--Monday morning--of the Forty-sixth +Illinois, of Hurlbut's division, constituting his right; the Twentieth, +Seventeenth, Forty-third, Forty-fifth, Forty-eighth, and Forty-ninth +Illinois, of his own division, being his First and Second Brigades, and, +on his left, the Fifty-third Ohio, of Sherman's division, and the +Eighty-first Ohio, of W.H.L. Wallace's division. Except the two flanking +regiments, the Forty-sixth Illinois and the Eighty-first Ohio, the +regiments were extremely reduced. After firing had opened by Nelson and +by Lewis Wallace, McClernand moved across the ravine of Brier Creek to +the large open field, where his line was dressed; McAllister's battery +was brought up and engaged a battery posted beyond, or in the proper +front of, McClernand's First Brigade camp. Lewis Wallace's batteries +beyond the timber to the northwest, and a battery with Sherman in the +same direction, joined in the artillery combat. The Confederate battery +becoming silent, McClernand moved forward and entered the camp of his +First Brigade, being the northwestern extremity of his camp, without +having encountered opposing infantry. It was discovered that a body of +the enemy was advancing beyond the left of the line. McClernand moved by +the flank to the left till the left regiments came to a field in rear of +his camp, and charged across it against a battery and its supports on +the farther side. The Fifty-third and Eighty-first Ohio recoiled, were +ordered back, fell to the rear in some disorder, and the whole line +retired. The Twenty-eighth Illinois was moved forward from Hurlbut's +reserve and added to McClernand's left. The line again advanced, pushed +the enemy back through McClernand's camp, where he made a stand, and +McClernand was again compelled to yield. General McCook now extended his +right by throwing forward the Louisville Legion. The two divisions +connected, and the Twenty-eighth Illinois returned to the reserve. + +Sherman, being ordered by General Grant early in the morning to advance +and recapture his camps, sent his staff out to gather in the members of +his command. Colonel Sullivan marched the Forty-eighth Ohio, at dawn, +out from the reserve artillery, and Buckland's brigade was complete. +Colonel Stuart was found near the landing with two regiments of his +brigade, and a small detachment of the Third, the Seventy-first Ohio. +The Thirteenth Missouri, temporarily attached to Sherman, which had +become entangled with McClernand's command the previous afternoon, and +bivouacked at night in his line, was regained. Portions of the +Fifty-seventh and Seventy-seventh Ohio still adhered. Major Taylor, +chief of artillery, brought Lieutenant Wood's battery. The column being +formed, he marched by the flank toward the west to the bluffs of Owl +Creek, and along them to an open field at the extreme right of +McClernand's camp, and awaited the approach of McCook on the Corinth +road. Hearing heavy firing in front of Rousseau, about ten o'clock, and +observing it gradually gaining ground toward Shiloh Church, he moved the +head of his column to General McClernand's right, formed line of battle, +facing south, with Buckland next to McClernand and Stuart on his right, +and advanced slowly and steadily under a heavy fire of musketry and +artillery. + +General Lewis Wallace discovered at dawn, on the bluff on the opposite +side of Brier Creek, and just facing Thompson's battery, a hostile +battery. The Twentieth Ohio discharging their rifles to clear them, were +answered by a volley that disclosed the presence of a hostile line of +battle. At the same time Pond's brigade and Ketchum's battery became +aware of the fact that only the valley of Brier Creek separated them +from troops that had arrived in the night. Colonel Pond was dismayed by +the further discovery that he was nearly a mile in advance of his +nearest support. After a short engagement he withdrew his infantry, +leaving Wharton's regiment of mounted Texas Rangers to support the +battery. After a sharp artillery duel, Ketchum drew off his battery, +covered by the mounted regiment. General Grant directing Wallace to push +his line of attack to the west, directly from the river, the division +advanced, the brigades in echelon, the First to the front and left, the +Third to the right and rear, sweeping the bluffs facing Snake Creek and +Owl Creek, and coming out in the fields in rear of Sherman's camps. +Wheeling the division to the left, he soon became hotly engaged, first +Thompson's battery with another battery, then infantry with opposing +infantry. + +There was yet a gap between Sherman and Wallace, but the conflict now +raged about Shiloh Church with a fury surpassing any portion of the +battle of Sunday. McCook, with his well closed division, McClernand and +Sherman with their attenuated but persistent commands, Wallace with his +fresh and compact division, with the batteries of Bouton, McAllister, +Wood, Thompson, and Thurber, formed a curved line concentrating upon the +convex line comprised of part of Clark's division, Wood's brigade, +Trabue's brigade, Cheatham's division, and Ruggles' division, with the +batteries of Ketchum, Byrne, Bankhead, and others. McClernand, Sherman, +and Wallace all speak with admiration of the splendid fighting of +McCook's division. Ammunition was becoming exhausted. Buckland withdrew +his regiments to fill their boxes. Stuart's brigade, now commanded by +Colonel Kilby Smith, plunged forward to make up with renewed vigor for +diminished numbers. Wallace's left flank was exposed. The Eleventh +Indiana, changing front, faced the danger on its flank. The First +Nebraska having used its last cartridge, the Seventy-sixth Ohio leaped +to its place. Thompson's battery having expended its last round, +Thurber's guns took their place so quickly that there was no +intermission in the fire. The Twentieth Ohio, sent off to the right to +meet a force springing up in that quarter, met with a sudden discharge +at close range, dashed through a fringe of bushes, and drove a battery +from the field beyond. + +Wood's brigade, charging on Rousseau, was knocked to pieces and retired +to the rear, where General Wood with the aid of cavalry gathered up +1,500 stragglers into an ineffective reserve. McCook pushed his line +forward to Sherman's camp. The lines were pressed closer and the fire +was hotter than ever. General Grant called two regiments, and in person +led them in a charge in McCook's front, and broke the enemy's line. +Endurance has its limits. The intense strain of two days was telling. +Beauregard saw his men were beginning to flag; exhausted regiments were +dropping out of line. It was now three o'clock. Two hours before, +General Beauregard had sent word to his extreme right in Nelson's front, +to retire slowly in alternate lines. Breckenridge, put in command of the +movement, had drawn Statham's brigade from Crittenden's front. +Beauregard was fighting to secure his retreat. + +Colonel Thompson, aide-de-camp to Beauregard, says in his report: "While +I was engaged in rallying our disorganized troops to the left and rear +of the church, you seized the banners of two different regiments and led +them forward to the assault in face of the fire of the enemy; but from +the feebleness of the response I became convinced that our troops were +too much exhausted to make a vigorous resistance. I rode up to you and +advised that you should expose yourself no further, but should dispose +your troops so as to retire from Shiloh Church in good order." Colonel +Whittlesey, in his report, states: "There being signs of a retreat +farther to the south, Lieutenant Thurber was directed to sweep the +ground in front, which he did with his two howitzers and three +smooth-bores in fine style. Two prisoners captured near there, one of +them an officer of the Creole Guard, state that General Beauregard was +endeavoring to form a line for a final and desperate charge on our right +when Lieutenant Thurber opened upon him, and the result was a disorderly +retreat." + +The battle was over. General Beauregard posted a battery and a brigade +on the rising ground south of Oak Creek, commanding the ground about +Shiloh Church, and withdrew his worn troops behind them. General +Beauregard says this was at two o'clock. Cheatham fixes the hour when he +retired at half-past two. The National commanders fix the close of the +contest at about three o'clock. At Woods', about two miles beyond, a +rear-guard took position again. At Mickey's, where Breckenridge had +already arrived, he was detailed with his command as rear-guard, and the +rest of the army passed on to Monterey. + +There was no pursuit of the retreating army. All advance by the National +troops ceased about four o'clock. McCook went into bivouac near the camp +of Peabody's brigade, Prentiss' division. Wood's division, arriving too +late to take part in the battle, pushed to the front and engaged his +skirmishers with the light troops covering the retreat. Mendenhall's +battery, far off toward Crittenden's left, catching some glimpses of the +retiring column through openings in the forest, sent some parting +rounds. Wood and Crittenden went into bivouac in front of Prentiss' +camp. General Buell pushed Nelson forward on the Hamburg road, near to +the crossing of Lick Creek, and the division bivouacked near Stuart's +camp. The divisions, or what was present of them, of McClernand, +Sherman, Hurlbut, and W.H.L. Wallace, returned to their camps. Lewis +Wallace advanced his division across Oak Creek to the large field. +Company A, of the Twentieth Ohio, obtaining permission to proceed +farther, advanced to the Confederate hospital and was deploying to drive +off a detachment of cavalry that was burning a commissary train, when it +was recalled to rejoin the division, then returning across Oak Creek, to +bivouac in front of the camp of McDowell's brigade. + +McClernand and Sherman formed part of the line of battle. Prentiss' +division was gone. The other two divisions, what was left of them, acted +in reserve. Hurlbut formed his division in the morning complete, with +the exception of the Forty-sixth Illinois, which served for the day with +McClernand. It was a skeleton division. The Third Iowa was 140 men +under the command of a lieutenant. In the forenoon, General Grant sent +Hurlbut out to act as reserve to McClernand. The Twenty-eighth Illinois +took place for a while on McClernand's left, and Veatch with his three +regiments took place on McCook's left, when he diverged from Crittenden. +Colonel Tuttle, senior officer in the Second Division, by the death of +W.H.L. Wallace and the wounding of McArthur, gathered the remaining +regiments of his division, except the Fourteenth Missouri and the +Eighty-first Ohio, added to them Colonel Crocker and three regiments of +McClernand's First Brigade, and marched in reserve to Crittenden. He +sent the Second Iowa to Nelson, when Nelson's line was broken by the +gallant but disastrous charge of Hazen; the Eighth and Eighteenth +Illinois moved out to the left of Crittenden when he diverged from +Nelson, and the Seventh Iowa, moved into the front line later in the +day. + +The number of Johnston's army has already been given as 40,000 men. +Badeau says the effective force present in the National camps Sunday +morning was 33,000 men. General Sherman makes the number 32,000. William +Preston Johnston, in the Life of his father, makes the number of the +National troops, the "grand total in Sunday's battle," 41,543. These +various statements arise from the different ways of making and reading +returns. Forty thousand does not represent the total force which A.S. +Johnston led to Shiloh. Forty thousand "present for duty" is exclusive +not only of the brigade of detailed teamsters and cooks that General +Johnston complained of, but of all regular and permanent details. It +appears from some reports which give numbers, that it was also exclusive +of temporary details made for the occasion of the battle--hospital men, +train guards, ammunition guards, sappers and miners, infantry detailed +to act with batteries, etc. It appears from some of the reports, which +state numbers, that the "enlisted men" "present for duty," in the "Field +Returns of the Confederate Forces that marched from Corinth to the +Tennessee River," comprised only non-commissioned officers and privates, +and was therefore exclusive of musicians, buglers, artificers, etc., +though enlisted as such. The 40,000, therefore, is the number of the +combatants engaged in the battle. The field return is susceptible of +further explanations, the character of which does not appear. The field +return, for example, gives the "present for duty," in the artillery in +Polk's corps, as 20 officers and 331 enlisted men--351 in all; while the +official report of the chief of artillery of the corps, of casualties in +the battle, giving each battery separately, states the number actually +engaged in the battle as 21 officers, 56 non-commissioned officers, and +369 privates, making a total of 446. It is clear, therefore, that the +40,000 is intended as the number of officers, non-commissioned officers, +and privates actually engaged in the battle, and a comparison of the +reports of General Polk's chief of artillery with the returns suggests +that in some way it may not be the full number of combatants engaged. + +The aggregation of returns making 41,153 present for duty in Grant's +army at Pittsburg Landing, Sunday morning, is not a consolidated return, +but a collection of footings of regimental returns, the nearest in date +attainable to April 6th, for the most part furnished by the War +Department to Colonel Johnson, the rest either taken from reports of +State adjutant-generals, or else estimated. The statement includes the +Fourteenth Wisconsin and the Fifteenth Michigan, neither of which +arrived till after the close of Sunday's battle.[3] Deducting the +"present for duty" given for these, 1,488, leaves, in round numbers, as +in General Johnston's army, 40,000. But "present for duty" in the +returns of the National forces, includes musicians, buglers, artificers, +etc.; all men present for the duty for which they were enlisted. The +army was clothed with music. There were 72 regiments present, including +those which arrived Sunday morning. The field music of 720 companies, +with the buglers of cavalry and artillery, made about three thousand +men. Besides these there were bands so numerous that an order was +shortly afterward made, restricting the number of bands to one to each +brigade. Where the battle reports give the number taken into action, the +difference in the number given and the number of "present for duty," as +given by the War Department to Colonel Johnston, suggests that many had +gone on to the sick list, or been detailed, between the date of the +return and April 6th; or that many men present for duty were left behind +in camp. Probably all were true, and thirty-three thousand or thirty-two +thousand is the number of officers, non-commissioned officers, and +privates actually engaged in Sunday's battle on the National side. The +reinforcements of Monday numbered, of Buell's army, about twenty +thousand; Lewis Wallace, sixty-five hundred; other regiments, about +fourteen hundred. + +[Footnote 3: This is a mistake as to the Fifteenth Michigan, which lost, +Sunday, 33 killed, 64 wounded, and 7 missing.] + +There ought to be no uncertainty in the reports of casualties. Yet, +while the general result is clear, precision in detail is now hardly +attainable. General Beauregard's report gives his loss as 1,728 killed, +8,012 wounded, and 959 missing; making an aggregate of 10,699. Of the +reported missing, many were killed or wounded. These numbers are the +aggregate of losses reported by brigades. They cannot include casualties +at division, corps, or army headquarters, happening either to the +generals commanding, or to the officers on their staff, or to enlisted +men on duty there. And while batteries were attached to brigades, the +cavalry was a wholly independent command, not attached or reporting to +brigades or divisions; two regiments were not attached to any corps. +Their casualties cannot be included in brigade reports. Colonel +Johnston, after much examination, "finds a possible variation of 218 +more casualties, principally in missing, that might be added to General +Beauregard's report." + +The generally accepted official report of the National loss is: in +Grant's army, 1,437 killed, 5,679 wounded, and 2,934 missing, making a +total of 10,050; in Buell's army, 263 killed, 1,816 wounded, and 88 +missing--making a total of 2,167. The two armies aggregated 1,700 +killed, 7,495 wounded, and 3,022 captured--making total, 12,217. The War +Department, in the printed collection of battle reports, does not give +the casualties of the two armies separately, but gives the aggregate, +1,574 killed, 7,795 wounded, and 2,794 missing--making a total of +12,163. The "Medical and Surgical History of the War" makes the loss +1,735 killed, 7,882 wounded, 3,956 missing--making a total of 13,573. +The loss of the Army of the Ohio, as given above, is the report of +General Buell on April 15th. Six days later, the Medical Director of +that army made to General Buell a tabulated statement of killed and +wounded in each regiment, brigade, and division engaged, which makes the +number 236 killed and 1,728 wounded. All these estimates are based upon +the same material--upon the field reports. As the revisers of the +reports for publication have had the best opportunity for deliberate +examination and for comparison of the reports with muster-rolls, their +estimate of casualties is perhaps the most trustworthy. + +The loss in artillery on each side was about equal. General Sherman lost +seven guns and captured seven. General McClernand lost six guns and +captured three. Prentiss lost eight guns. Hurlbut lost two batteries. +The Army of the Ohio captured about twenty guns, many of them being +recaptured guns, lost on Sunday. One of Breckenridge's brigades threw +away their arms, taking in place better arms picked up on the field. +There was a great destruction of camp equipage and stores. The +quartermaster of the Third Iowa, in Hurlbut's division, packed +everything in wagons, safely carried stores and baggage to the landing, +and let down the tents to save them from damage by shot. Before the +wagons of Prentiss' division went to the rear, while the division was +still engaged at the front, Colonel Miller's servant gathered everything +in the Colonel's tent, packed it in one of the wagons, carried it safely +off, and kept all in good order till Miller returned from captivity. But +such thoughtfulness was the exception, and the returning troops found +much missing and more destroyed. + +Heavy rain fell again Monday night. Next morning General Grant sent +General Sherman with his two brigades, and General Wood with his +division and the Fourth Illinois Cavalry, in pursuit. The miry road was +lined with abandoned wagons, limber-boxes, and with hospitals filled +with wounded. The advance was suddenly fallen upon by Forrest and his +cavalry, and driven back in confusion. Forrest coming upon the main +column retired, and was pursued in turn. General Sherman advanced about +a mile farther, and returned to camp. Breckenridge remained at Mickey's +three days, guarding the rear, and by the end of the week Beauregard's +army was again in Corinth. The battle sobered both armies. The force at +Pittsburg Landing saw rudely dashed aside the expectation of speedy +entry into Corinth. The force at Corinth, that marched out to drive +Grant into the river, to scatter Buell's force in detail, and return in +triumph to Nashville, was back in the old quarters, foiled, +disheartened. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +CORINTH. + + +When news of the two days' fighting was received at the North, the +people of the Ohio Valley and St. Louis were stirred to active sympathy. +Steamboats bearing physicians, nurses, sisters of charity, and freighted +with hospital supplies were at once despatched and soon crowded the +shore of Pittsburg Landing. There was need for all the aid that was +brought. Besides the thousands of wounded, were other thousands of sick. +The springs of surface water used in the camps, always unwholesome, were +now poisonous. The well lost their strength; of the sick many died every +day. Hospital camps spread over the hills about the landing, and the +little town of Savannah was turned into a hospital. Fleets descended the +river bearing invalids to purer air and water. + +General Halleck arrived at the landing on April 11th, established his +headquarters near the river bluff, and assumed personal command. General +Pope, with the Army of the Mississippi, summoned from the operations +just begun before Fort Pillow, arrived on the 21st, and went into camp +at Hamburg. Seasoned troops from Missouri and fresh regiments from +recruiting depots arrived. The camps were pushed out farther from the +river, and Halleck found 100,000 effective men under his command. The +army was organized into right wing, centre, left wing, and reserve. The +right wing comprised all the army of the Tennessee except the divisions +of McClernand and Lewis Wallace, together with the division of General +Thomas from the army of the Ohio, and was commanded by General Thomas. +The remnants of the commands of Prentiss and W.H.L. Wallace were +incorporated in two new divisions. The centre, composed of the Army of +the Ohio, except Thomas' division, was commanded by General Buell. The +left wing, the Army of the Mississippi, to which General Granger's +cavalry division was still attached, was commanded by General Pope. +General Pope, General Rosecrans having been assigned to him for duty, +divided his command on May 29th into two wings, the right commanded by +General Rosecrans, the left by General Hamilton. The reserve, under +General McClernand, comprised his division and that of Lewis Wallace. +General Grant was appointed second in command, without command or duty +attached to that position, though he still remained commander of the +District of West Tennessee. + +Beauregard was reinforced, almost immediately after his return, by Van +Dorn with 17,000 troops seasoned by campaigns in Missouri and Arkansas, +raising his effective strength to 50,000. The Confederate Government at +Richmond and the State governments in the Southwest strained every +resource to increase his force. Unimportant posts were denuded of their +garrisons, new regiments were recruited, and Price, of Missouri, whom +the Government at Richmond had refused to recognize, was appointed +major-general. Beauregard found his force amount on the muster-rolls to +an aggregate of more than 112,000. But sickness and absence were so +prevalent that the return of effectives never quite reached 53,000. The +position at Corinth was naturally strong. Standing on a long ridge in +the fork of two streams, which run parallel to each other nearly to +their junction, protected on the front and both flanks by swampy valleys +traversed by the streams and obstructed by dense thickets, a line of +earthworks running along the crest of the highland bordering the +valleys, it could be approached with difficulty. The difficulty was +enhanced by a belt of timber which screened the works from view. +Railroads coming into the town facilitated reinforcement and supply. + +[Illustration: Approach to Corinth.] + +Beauregard kept strong parties well advanced to his front, while the +National force at the river, absorbed in the work of organization and +supply, made little effort to ascertain his position. As late as April +27th, a reconnoitering party sent out by McClernand discovered that +Monterey, twelve miles from the landing, was held in some force. Next +day General Stanley, of Pope's command, sent out a detachment that drove +this force beyond Monterey. General Halleck began his march about the +close of April, moving slowly, keeping his army compact, intrenching at +every halt, and ordering his subordinate commanders strictly to refuse +to be drawn into a general engagement. The right wing halted and +intrenched immediately beyond and to the west of Monterey on May 4th. +The enemy's outposts kept close in front of Halleck's army and opposed +every advance. + +General Pope, moving out on the left from Hamburg, stretched in advance +of the adjoining part of the line. On May 3d, his command being encamped +with Seven Mile Creek in his front, General Paine, with his division, +pushed forward to Farmington, within four miles of Corinth, attacked a +considerable force and drove them from their intrenchments, compelling +them to leave their dead, as well as their tents and baggage, behind. +Next day Pope advanced his entire force within a mile and a half of +Farmington, but had to return next day to his former position behind +Seven Mile Creek, to keep up his connection with Buell. On the 8th, he +again moved his whole force to Farmington, and pushed two divisions on +separate roads almost up the intrenchments at Corinth; but was again +informed that the army to his right was not ready to advance. One +brigade was still kept as advanced guard at Farmington. On the 9th, a +heavy force from Corinth emerged from the timber just as Plummer's +brigade, then on post, was being relieved by Palmer's. The two brigades +met the attack briskly and a severe combat ensued. Pope's army was +within a mile and a half behind the creek, but forbidden by Halleck's +order to cross. To prevent a general engagement, the two brigades were +withdrawn. It was not till after May 20th that Pope finally occupied +Farmington with Buell's line. + +Observing indications on the night of the 26th, he next day advanced, +and connecting with his right, sent Colonel W.L. Elliot, of the Second +Iowa Cavalry, with his own regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel E. +Hatch, and the Second Michigan Cavalry, commanded by Colonel P.H. +Sheridan, who was only assigned to the regiment that day, to make a +circuit around Corinth and strike the railroad forty miles in its rear, +doing all practicable destruction to it. Next day, the 28th, Stanley's +division was pushed far forward and after a sharp skirmish secured +possession of a ridge directly upon the creek, in front of the enemy's +works, which he at once fortified. Paine's division was moved out the +same day and occupied on Stanley's left. The same day Buell advanced +Nelson and Crittenden to the front on a line with Stanley. + +General Thomas held Sherman on his extreme right, with his skirmishers +extended out to sweep the Mobile & Ohio Railway. + +After several successive advances, meeting more or less opposition, on +May 17th, Sherman moved with his division--supported by Hurlbut--and +with batteries, against a commanding position in his front, called +Russell's, just two miles from the main entrenchments, held by a +brigade. It was some time before he could get a position for his +batteries. Resistance was more obstinate than at any previous +encounter. But, finally, the point was carried, and was found to cover +a sweep of open ground to the south, the direction toward Corinth, and +the division entrenched. Beyond the open land--stretching southward from +Russell's--and intervening woods was other open land, and still beyond, +a rising ground, with a high wooded ridge behind it. On this rising +ground was a loop-holed, double loghouse, having complete command of the +open ground north of it. A force stationed here exceedingly annoyed +Sherman's pickets. On the morning of the 27th he moved with his division +and batteries, supported by Veatch's brigade, from Hurlbut, and John A. +Logan's brigade, from McClernand, quietly and unseen through the timber +as near as practicable. Two of Silversparre's twenty-pounder Parrott +guns were moved silently through the forest to a point behind a hill, +from the top of which could be seen the house and ground to be +contested. The guns were unlimbered, loaded, and moved by hand to the +crest. A quick rapid fire demolished the house. The infantry dashed +forward, drove the enemy from the ridge across a field and into a thick +forest beyond. In the afternoon the repulsed troops suddenly reappeared, +but after a short contest they were again driven. The advanced position +thus carried was at once intrenched. The intervening forest concealed +from Sherman the fact that, though he was more than three miles from the +town, he was now less than a mile from the main defences of Corinth, +that he was between the creeks, and there was no obstruction but the +forest between him and the works. Next day General Thomas advanced the +rest of his command, wheeling it to the right so as to bring the whole +upon the bank of the creek, which flowed between him and Corinth. This +advance brought his left division, T.W. Sherman, within half a mile of +the main entrenchments, but separated from them by the swampy valley. +The same day Buell advanced McCook to connect with T.W. Sherman. Halleck +had been a month gaining with his 100,000 men a few miles, but he was +now closing in upon Corinth. + +Beauregard, though contesting pertinaciously every advance, had already +began his evacuation. Detailed instructions, regulating the evacuation +and the subsequent march of the troops, were issued on the 26th and +27th, and three o'clock A.M. of the 29th was appointed for the time. On +the 28th an order was issued postponing the movement till the morning of +the 30th, to gain more time for removing stores. On the 29th the final +order was issued, which required, among other precautions to hide the +movement, "whenever the railroad-engine whistles during the night, near +the intrenchments, the troops in the vicinity will cheer repeatedly, as +though reinforcements had been received." The sick and wounded were sent +off by railway, as was the heavy artillery. All valuable stores were +carried off; though considerable quantities of stores of all +kinds--commissary, quartermaster, and ordnance--were neither removed nor +destroyed. Elliot, with his cavalry, struck the railroad at Booneville +before daylight of the 30th, destroyed there a locomotive, twenty-five +box-cars loaded with ordnance, ammunition, and quartermaster stores, one +or two platform-cars with field-pieces, a depot building filled with +ordnance stores, tore up the track and destroyed two culverts, and +returned to Farmington, having prevented the further use of that railway +for the purposes of evacuation. + +General Pope, hearing the engines whistling and men cheering after +midnight, understood it as Beauregard intended--to show the arrival of +reinforcements. But skirmishers were sent forward to ascertain, if +practicable, the fact. Trains were heard leaving, and, at six o'clock, +explosions, followed by clouds of smoke, satisfied both him and Sherman +that Beauregard was leaving. By eight o'clock, his advance had felt +their way through the intrenchments and marched into town. Sherman, +having farther to go, was but little later in entering. + +Pope's army moved at once in pursuit along the roads leading +south--Rosecrans in front, Hamilton following, and Granger with the +cavalry keeping in advance. Two divisions from Thomas' command, Davies +and T.W. Sherman, were added to the pursuing column. The pursuit +developed the fact that Beauregard, or a large part of his force, halted +at Baldwin, fifty miles south of Corinth, in an inaccessible position +behind swamp and jungle, while his line extended to the northwest, to +Blackland, an approachable point west of the railroad. Pope had made all +preparations to attack at Blackland and issued the order, when Buell +arrived at the front and suspended the attack. Beauregard retreated +farther and the pursuing force returned to Corinth. + +General Pope, while detained a few days at Danville, by illness, was +continually receiving despatches from his officers at the front, and +telegraphing them or their substance to General Halleck, at Corinth, a +few miles off. General Granger said in one despatch there were ten +thousand stragglers from the retreating army in the woods, all of whom +would come in and surrender. All knew the woods were full of stragglers, +and it was generally believed that General Granger's estimate of their +number and intentions was reasonable. Pope, condensing into one, +despatches received from Rosecrans, Hamilton, and Granger, telegraphed +to Halleck, "The two divisions in the advance under Rosecrans are slowly +and cautiously advancing on Baldwin this morning, with the cavalry on +both flanks. Hamilton, with two divisions, is at Rienzi, and between +there and Booneville, ready to move forward, should they be needed. One +brigade from the reserve occupies Danville. Rosecrans reports this +morning that the enemy has retreated from Baldwin, but he is advancing +cautiously. The woods, for miles, are full of stragglers from the enemy, +who are coming in in squads. Not less than ten thousand men are thus +scattered about, who will come in within a day or two." General Halleck +despatched to the War Department "General Pope, with 40,000 men, is +thirty miles south of Corinth, pushing the enemy hard. He already +reports 10,000 prisoners and deserters from the enemy, and 15,000 stand +of arms captured." This despatch of General Halleck's made a great +sensation. The expectation that the stragglers would come into the +National camp was disappointed; the prisoners taken were few, and Pope +was censured for making a statement of fact which he neither made nor +authorized. + +Fort Pillow was abandoned June 1st. On June 6th, Admiral Davis, who had +succeeded Commodore Foote, destroyed the Confederate fleet in front of +Memphis after an engagement of an hour and a half. The same day, the two +regiments that Pope left with the fleet, entered the city. The objects +proposed in the spring were accomplished, though not in the manner +designed. The railway connection at Corinth was broken, though not by a +mere dash from the river. Fort Pillow was possessed, Memphis was +occupied, and the Mississippi open to Vicksburg. The volunteers had been +through a hard military school. After their experience in fighting, they +had practice in the slow advance to Corinth, in picket duty and field +fortification. They had learned something of the business of war and +were now ready for campaign, battle, and siege. + + +END. + + + + +INDEX. + + +NOTE.--_Regiments, batteries, etc., are indexed under the names of their +States, excepting batteries called by their captain's or by some other +special name. These are indexed under_ BATTERIES. + +Adams, Colonel, 141-143 + +Alabama, troops of. Regiments: First, 80, 120; + Fourth, 171; + Twenty-second, 154; + Twenty-seventh, 42; + Colonel Baker's, 80 + +Allen, Colonel, 144 + +Ammen, Colonel, 163, 164, 165, 166 + +Anderson, General Patton, 128, 129 + +Appler, Colonel, 128 + +Arkansas, troops of. Regiments: + Eleventh, 69, 80; + Twelfth, 69, 80, 88; + Fifteenth, 132 + +Ashboth, General, 9, 11 et seq. + + +Badeau, General Adam, his work on General Grant cited, 20, 60, 61, 178 + +Bailey, Colonel, 62 + +Bailey's Ferry, 28, 29 + +Baker, Colonel, 80 + +Baldwin, Colonel, report of, 45, 146 + +Baldwin, Miss., position of, 190, 191 + +Bankhead, Captain, 80 + +Bankhead, Fort, 76 + +Bark road, 147 + +Barrett, Captain, 130, 136 + +Bartlett, 168 + +Batteries: + Bankhead's battery, 175; + Barrett's battery, 115, 130; + Bartlett's battery, 167, 168; + Bouton's battery, 175; + Bratzman's batteries, 155; + Burrows' battery, 101, 115, 136; + Byrne's battery, 175; + Cavender's, Major, artillery, 154; + Crittenden's battery, 169, 177; + DeGolyer's battery, 70; + Dresser's battery, 39, 136; + Dubuque battery, 16; + Graves' battery, 52, 55, 60; + Green's battery, 60; + Guy's battery, 60; + Hickenlooper's battery, 145, 146; + Hodgson's, Captain, battery, 128; + Houghtaling's Ottawa Light Artillery, 70, 87; + Hurlbut's batteries, 155, 181; + Jackson's battery, 60; + Ketchum's battery, 138, 160, 174, 175; + Maney's battery, 42, 43, 48,52, 60; + Mann's battery, 101, 115, 148; + McAllister's, 39, 52, 115, 136, 172, 175; + Mendenhall's battery, 165, 167, 168, 169, 177; + Munch's Minnesota, 115; + Plummer's battery, 73, 74; + Porter's battery, 52, 55, 59, 60; + Schofield's battery, 17; + Schwartz's battery, 39, 115, 136; + Sherman's battery, 102; + Stewart's, R.C., battery, 80; + Terrill's battery, 165, 166, 167; + Thurber's battery, 163, 175, 176; + Washington Artillery, 128; + Waterhouse's battery, 102, 126, 127, 129, 135, 136; + Webster's battery, 154, 155 + +Battle, Colonel, 152 + +Baxter, Captain, 162 + +Bear Creek, 91 + +Beauregard, General G.P.T., 78; + number and character of his command in the Southwest, 91; + sends force to Pittsburg Landing, 99, 128; + assumes Johnston's command, 153; + referred to, 156, 157, 160, 161, 164, 169, 170, 175, 176; + losses of, 180; + reinforced, 184, 186; + begins an evacuation, 189; + halts at Baldwin, 190 + +Behr, Captain, 131 + +Belmont, Mo., 19, 20; + engagement at, 21 + +Bentonville, Mo., 13 + +Big Barren River, 24 + +Bird's Point, Mo., 20, 74 + +Birge, Colonel, 55 + +Bissel, Colonel J.W., 70 et seq. + +Blair, General Frank P., 2 + +Blandville, Ky., 19 + +Boonville, Mo., 2, 4, 8, 9, 190 + +Boston Mountains, Ark., 12 + +Bowen, General, 151 + +Bowling Green, Ky., occupied by Buckner, 24 + +Bowling Green, Ky., rebel evacuation of, 64 + +Boyle, General J.T., 166, 168 + +Bragg, General, 128, 138, 153 et seq. + +Breckenridge, General, 138, 135, 155, 169, 176, 177, 181, 182 + +Brier Creek, 100, 137, 160, 161, 163, 172, 174 + +Brotzman, 155 + +Brown, Lieutenant-Colonel, 11 + +Brown Major, 45; + report of, cited, 61 + +Brown, Colonel, 80 + +Bruce, 164, 165 + +Brush, Captain, 50 + +Bryner, Colonel John, 70 + +Buckland, Colonel, 102 + +Buckland, General, 126, 129, 173, 174 + +Buckner, General S.B., 24; + at Fort Donelson, 37 et seq.; + plans of, for sortie, 47, 48; + his advice in the council at Fort Donelson, 57; + offers to surrender Fort Donelson, 59 + +Buell, General D. C, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 177; + suggestions of, as to attack on General Johnston's line, 26; + made major-general, 65; + correspondence with Halleck, 97, 98, 130; + loss in his army, 181; + commands centre of the Army of the Ohio, 184, 186, 187, 188 + +Burrows, Captain, 101 + + +Cairo, Ill., 18; + district of, 65 + +Camp Jackson, 2 + +Cape Girardeau, Mo., 7, 17 + +Carlin, Colonel, 16 + +Carondelet, the, 30, 43, 46; + her passage of the batteries, 84 et seq. + +Carr, Colonel E.A., 12 + +Carthage, Mo., engagement near, 4 + +Cavender, Major, 39 + +Chalmers, General, 142, 148, 157 et seq., 161 + +Charleston, Ky., 19 + +Chattanooga, Tenn., 91 + +Cheatham, General B.F., 23, 68 + +Cincinnati, the, 30 + +Clanton, 149 + +Clare, Captain, 123 + +Clark, Colonel, 80 + +Clark, General, 169 + +Clarke, General, 37, 136 + +Clarksville, Tenn., 37 + +Clear Creek, Mo., engagement near, 11 + +Cleburne, General, 127, 129 + +Columbus, Ky., 18, 19; works at, 24; + rebel evacuation of, 64 + +Commerce, 19, 66 + +Conestoga, the, 46 + +Cook, Colonel John, 39, 55 + +Cooper's Farm, Ark., 12 + +Corinth, Miss., 91, 141; + map of, 181 + +Crittenden, General, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169, 170, 177, 178, 187 + +Crocker, Colonel, 139, 178 + +Cross Hollows, Ark., 12 + +Cruft, Colonel Charles, 44, 50, 57 + +Crump's Landing, 100, 130 + +Crump's Landing Road, 143, 162, 163 + +Cullum, General, 74, 93 + +Cumming, Colonel G.W., 70 + +Curtis, General Samuel R., 11, 12 et seq. + + +Danville, 190, 191 + +Davis, Admiral, 191 + +Davis, Colonel, 139 + +Davis, General Jefferson C., 11, 12 + +Dawes, Adjutant, 128 + +Deas, Colonel, 141 + +De Golyer, Captain, 70 + +Department of the Missouri, 10 + +Dickey, Colonel, 32, 39 + +Dixon, Lieutenant (afterward Captain), 24, 43 + +Dodge, Colonel, 15 + +Donelson, Fort, situation of, 24, 28, 33; + description of, 34 et seq.; + surrender of, 60; + number of its garrison, 61 et seq. + +Dougherty, Colonel H., 20 + +Dover, Tenn., 33 + +Drake, Colonel, 54 + +Drake, Lieutenant Breckenridge, 159 + +Dresser's Battery, 136 + +Dresser, Captain, 31 + +Dubois, Captain, 5 + +Dug Springs, Mo., engagement at, 5 + + +Eastport, 91 + +Elbert, Captain, 13 + +Elliot, Colonel, 87, 189 + +Essex, the, 30 + + +Farmington, 186-189 + +Fayetteville, Ark., 12 + +Fearing, Major, 128, 130 + +Fitch, Colonel G.N., 70 + +Fitch, Lieutenant, 129 + +Fletcher, Lieutenant, 78 + +Florence, Ala., 32 + +Floyd, General J.B., 37, 45 et seq.; + his advice in the council at Fort Donelson, 59; + leaves Fort Donelson, 59 + +Foote, Commodore A.H., concurs in Grant's plans as to Forts Henry + and Donelson, 27; + his part in the campaign, 28 et seq.; + report of, 31; + at Fort Donelson, 38, 43, 46; + wounded, 46; + returns to Cairo, 54; + at Island No. Ten, 79 et seq., 191 + +Forrest, Colonel, 58, 152 + +Fort Donelson (see Donelson, Fort) + +Fort Heiman, 28 + +Fort Henry, situation of, 24, 28; + expedition against, 27 et seq.; + surrender of, 31 + +Fort Holt, 20 + +Fort Pillow, 19; + abandoned, 19 + +Frankfort, Ky., 18 + +Frederickstown, Mo., 16 + +Fremont, General John C., appointment of, 7; + early measures and orders of, 8, 9; + relieved from command, 10; + correspondence with General Grant, 18 + +Frost, General D.M., 2 + +Fulton, Lieutenant-Colonel, 128 + + +Gantt, Colonel, 59, 69 + +Georgetown, Mo., 9 + +Gibson, General, 144, 172 + +Gilmer, General J.F., constructs Confederate works in Kentucky + and Tennessee, 24, 31, 34; leaves Fort Donelson, 59 + +Gladden, General, 141, 164 + +"Golden State," the, 96 + +Granger, Captain, 6 + +Granger, General Gordon, 69, 70, 86 et seq., 190 + +Grant, General Ulysses S., commanding at Cape Girardeau, 17; + commanding District of Southeast Missouri, 18; + his plans as to Columbus, etc., 19, 20; + at Belmont, 21 et seq.; + plans for expedition against Forts Henry and Donelson, 26, 27; + his conduct of the campaign, 28 et seq.; + at Fort Donelson, 37 et seq.; + his despatch demanding its surrender, 60; + made Major-General, 65; + assigned to command military department of Tennessee, 65; + traits of, 92; + his proposed movement up the Tennessee, 93; + in disfavor with General Halleck, 94 et seq., 130; + arrival at Savannah, 102; + his directions to McClernand at Shiloh, 155; + orders to Nelson, 158; + directions to Thirty-Sixth Indiana, 158; + consultation with Buell, 164; + orders to Sherman, 173; + orders to Wallace, 174; + sends out Hurlbut, 177; + size of his army at Pittsburg Landing, 179; + loss in his army, 181; + sends Sherman and Wood in pursuit, 182; + appointed second in command, 184 + +Graves, Captain, 60 + +Gray, Captain, 82 + +Green, Captain, 60 + +Greenville, Ark., 19 + +Groesbeck, Colonel John, 70 + +Gumbart, Lieutenant, 49 + +Guy, Captain, 60 + + +Halleck, General H.W., appointed Commander of the Department of the + Missouri, 10; + his views as to movements in Tennessee, 25, 26; + orders to Grant, 27, 28, 38; + despatch after Donelson, 64; + assigned to command Department of the Mississippi, 67, 99; + instructions to Pope, 74, 82 et seq.; + congratulations to Pope, 90; + his plans against Corinth, etc., 91 et seq.; + traits of, 92; + orders to Grant, 93 et seq.; + instructions to Buell, 97; + arrives at Pittsburg Landing, 183-186; + closes in on Corinth, 189; + despatches to, 190; + despatch from, 191 + +Hamburg Landing, 100 + +Hamilton, General Schuyler, 69, 70 et seq., 184, 190 + +Hammock, Lieutenant, 122 + +Hannibal, Mo., 8 + +Hanson, Colonel, 41, 55 + +Hardcastle, Major, 122 + +Hardee, General, 127, 132, 161, 170 + +Hare, Colonel, 140 + +Harris, Governor, 152 + +Haynes, Colonel Milton A., 37, 42 + +Haywood, Colonel, 80 + +Hazen, General, 164, 178 + +Heiman, Colonel, 30, 42, 48 et seq. + +Heiman, Fort, 28 + +Helena, Ark., 66 + +Helm, Colonel, 59 + +Henderson, Colonel, 80 + +Henry, Fort, see Fort Henry + +Hickenlooper, Captain, 103, 134 + +Hickman Creek, 33 + +Hickman, Ky., 18 + +Hildebrand, 102, 130 + +Hindman, General, 127, 144 + +Hodgson, Captain, 128 + +Hollins, Commodore, 69, 76 et seq. + +"Hornet's Nest," the, 144 + +Hopkinsville, 37 + +Houghtaling, Captain, 70 + +Hubbard, Major, 11 + +Hudson, Captain, 80 + +Humboldt, 91 + +Hunter, General David, 9; + appointed to command the Department of the West, 10, 64 + +Hurlbut, General S.A., 96; + at Shiloh, 101 et seq.; 127, 138, 153 et seq., 158, 161, 172, 173, + 177, 181, 187, 188 + + +Illinois, troops of. Regiments: + First, 70; + Second, 71, 116; + Fourth, 32, 39, 182; + Seventh, 39, 41, 56, 70, 71, 113; + Eighth, 38, 45, 50, 113, 140, 178; + Ninth, 39, 113, 139, 143, 150; + Tenth, 70, 75; + Eleventh, 39, 52, 53, 113, 116; + Twelfth, 39, 113; + Thirteenth, 50; + Fourteenth, 113, 140; + Fifteenth, 113, 140; + Sixteenth, 70, 75; + Seventeenth, 17, 42, 56, 113, 128, 139, 172; + Eighteenth, 38, 45, 50, 113, 140, 178; + Twentieth, 17, 39, 113, 135, 139, 172; + Twenty-second, 20, 22, 23; + Twenty-fifth, 42; + Twenty-sixth, 70, 72; + Twenty-seventh, 20, 21, 23; + Twenty-eighth, 113, 154, 173, 178; + Twenty-ninth, 38, 45, 50, 113; + Thirtieth, 20, 38, 50; + Thirty-first, 20, 38, 51, 52, 53; + Thirty-second, 53, 113, 152, 154; + Fortieth, 96, 114, 131, 132, 162, 166; + Forty-first, 39, 113, 147, 148, 152, 154; + Forty-second, 84, 172; + Forty-third, 113, 134, 139; + Forty-fifth, 39, 42, 113, 139, 172; + Forty-sixth, 44, 113, 139, 140, 172, 177; + Forty-seventh, 70, 72; + Forty-eighth, 39, 42, 113, 136, 139, 172; + Forty-ninth, 42, 56, 113, 139, 172; + Fiftieth, 39, 113; + Fifty-first, 70; + Fifty-second, 113; + Fifty-fifth, 114, 148, 149; + Fifty-seventh, 44, 113; + Fifty-eighth, 44, 53, 113, 146, 147; + Sixty-first, 114, 142, 148. + Batteries: + First, 20, 23, 39, 52, 53, 102, 115, 126, 127, 128, 136, 175; + Second, 115 + +Indiana, troops of. Regiments: + Eleventh, 56, 115, 175; + Seventeenth, 148; + Twenty-third, 116; + Twenty-fourth, 115, 163; + Twenty-fifth, 39, 41, 55, 113, 140, 148; + Thirty-first, 44, 113, 148, 150; + Thirty-second, 171; + Thirty-fourth, 70; + Thirty-sixth, 105, 158; + Forty-third, 70; + Forty-fourth, 44, 113, 148; + Forty-sixth, 70; + Forty-seventh, 70; + Fifty-second, 39, 54, 55, 56; + Fifty-sixth, 39; + Fifty-ninth, 70. + Batteries: + Sixth (Behr), 115, 127, 131; + Ninth (Thompson), 116, 175 + +Indian Creek, 33 + +Indian Ford, St. François River, Ark., 19 + +Iowa, troops of. Regiments: + First, 6; + Second, 39, 55, 56,70, 87, 113, 134, 139, 146, 166, 178, 187; + Third, 113, 147, 148, 151, 154, 156, 177; + Fifth, 70; + Sixth, 114, 133, 140; + Seventh, 20, 22, 23, 39, 41, 55, 113, 146, 178; + Eighth, 113, 143, 146, 147; + Eleventh, 113, 135; + Twelfth, 39, 113, 146, 147; + Thirteenth, 113, 139; + Fourteenth,39, 43, 55, 111, 139,146, 147; + Fifteenth, 114, 131; + Sixteenth, 114, 131 + +Ironton, Mo., 7 + +Island Number Eight, 67 + +Island Number Ten, 19, 64; + situation and description of, 66 et seq.; + canal at, 81, 82; + capture of, 87, 88 + + +Jackson, Camp, 2 + +Jackson, Captain, 60 + +Jackson, General, 142, 157 + +Jackson, Governor, powers conferred on, by the State Legislature, 1; + proclamation by, 2; + movements of, 4 + +Jefferson City, Mo., 2, 7 + +John's Bayou, 81 + +Johnson, Major, 61 + +Johnson, General Bushrod R., 36, 49; + escape of, 63, 135 + +Johnston, General Albert Sydney, 12; + evacuates Bowling Green, 64; + at Corinth, 81; + his movements to join Beauregard, 92, 122, 141; + death of, 153; + army of, 178 + +Johnston, Preston, 122 + +Jones, Lieutenant, 80 + +Jordan, Colonel, 126 + + +Kansas, troops of. Regiments: First, 6 + +Kennedy, Colonel, 80 + +Kentucky, attitude of, with regard to the Rebellion, 18 + +Kentucky, troops of. Regiments: + Fourth, 164, 171; + Eighth, 61; + Seventeenth, 44, 113, 151; + Twenty-fifth, 44, 50, 113, 151 + +Kirk, 163, 170, 171, 172 + + +Lauman, Colonel J.G., 39, 55, 147 + +Lawler, Colonel, 50 + +Lebanon, Mo., 12 + +Lexington, Mo., 4, 8; + surrender of, 9 + +"Lexington," gunboat, 155 + +Lick Creek, 99, 141, 177 + +Lincoln, Abraham, President of the United States, 10; + his War Order No. 3, 98 + +Logan, Colonel (afterward General) John A., 50, 188 + +Loomis, Colonel J.W., 70, 141 + +Loss, Confederate, 180; National, 181 + +Lothrop, Major W.L., 70 et seq. + +Louisiana, troops of. Regiments: + Fourth, 144; + Eleventh, 22, 80; + Twelfth, 80; + Eighteenth, 138 + +Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 24 + +Louisville, the, 46 + +Lyon, General Nathaniel, 2, 4, 5; + death of, at the battle of Wilson Creek, 6 + +Lytle, Colonel, 152 + + +Mackall, General W.W., 83, 87, 88 + +Madrid Bend, 66 et seq. + +Maney, Captain, 42 et seq., 60 + +Mann, Captain, 101 + +Mann's battery, 148 (see Artillery) + +Marsh, Colonel, 134, 139 + +Marshal, Captain L.H., 86 + +Martin, Colonel, 165 + +Mayfield, Ky., 26 + +McAlister, Captain, 31 + +McArthur, Colonel John, 39, 47 + +McArthur, General, 134, 139, 178 + +McClellan, General G.B., his despatch as to Grant, 94; + relieved from general command, 95, 98 + +McClernand, General J., at Pittsburg Landing, 102 et seq. + +McClernand, General J.A., 130, 158, 159, 161, 167, 171 et seq., 177, 178; + at Belmont, 20 et seq.; + march of, toward Mayfield, Ky., 27; + commands the advance in expedition against Fort Henry, 28; + at Fort Donelson, 38 et seq.; + made Major-General, 65; + his loss in guns, 181; + mentioned, 184, 186, 188 + +McCook, 163, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 189 + +McCoun, General, 68, 76 et seq. + +McCulloch, General Ben., 4 et seq., 12, 13, 14 + +McDowell, Colonel, 102 + +McDowell, General, 131 + +McIntosh, General, 14 + +McKingstry, General, 9 + +McNulty, Lieutenant, 122 + +McPherson, Lieutenant-Colonel, 55 + +Memphis & Charleston Railroad, 91 + +Memphis & Ohio Railroad, 24 + +Memphis, Tenn., 91, 191 + +Mendenhall, 165, 167, 168, 169 + +Michigan, troops of. Regiments: + Second, 70, 187; + Third, 70; + Twelfth, 114, 142; + Fifteenth, 169, 179. + Batteries: + First, 70; + Second (Ross), 70; + Third, 70 + +Miller, Colonel, 182 + +Mill Spring, Ky., engagement at, 27 + +Mississippi & Tennessee Railroad, 91 + +Mississippi, Department of, defined, 65 + +Mississippi River, description of the shores of, 66 et seq. + +Mississippi, troops of. Regiments: + Third, 122; + Sixth, 129, 132; + Fourteenth, 51, 59; + Twentieth, 45, 48, 49, 54, 57, 59; + Twenty-sixth, 48, 49; + Colonel Baker's, 80 + +Missouri, course of, as to secession, 1 + +Missouri, Department of the, 10 + +Missouri, troops of. Regiments: + First, 6; + Eighth, 56, 115, 116; + Eleventh, 17, 70, 72; + Twelfth, 13; + Thirteenth, 39, 113, 130, 134, 139, 143, 173; + Fourteenth, 113, 143, 163, 178; + Eighteenth, 114, 142; + Twenty-first, 114, 118, 123, 141, 142; + Twenty-second, 70; + Twenty-third, 114, 131, 142; + Twenty-fifth, 114, 122, 123, 124, 141, 142; + Twenty-sixth, 70. + Batteries: + First (Buell's), 70, 72, 115, 116 + +Mitchell, General O.M., 25 + +Mobile & Ohio R.R., 91 + +Monterey, Tenn., 177, 186 + +Montgomery, Ala., 91 + +Moore, Colonel, 123, 141 + +Morgan, Colonel J.D., 70 + +Morrison, Colonel W.R., 39, 42 + +Mouton, Colonel, 138 + +Mower, Captain, 75 + +Mulligan, Colonel, 8, 9 + +Munford, Captain, 122 + +Murray, Ky., 26 + +Mussel Shoals, Tennessee River, 32 + + +Nashville, Tenn., contemplated movement against, 26 + +Nebraska, troops of. Regiments: + First, 44, 53, 116, 175 + +Neely, Colonel, 80 + +Nelson, General, 130, 158, 161, 163 et seq., 172, 176 et seq., 187 + +New Madrid, Mo., 19; + situation of, 66; + evacuation, 77, 78 + +New Orleans, Jackson, & Great Northern R.R., 91 + +Nispel, Lieutenant, 136 + +Norfolk, Ky., 19 + + +Oak Creek, 100, 129, 135, 176, 177 + +Oglesby, Colonel R.J., 19, 31, 38, et seq. + +Ohio, troops of. Regiments: + Third, 173; + Fourth, 116; + Fifth, 116; + Sixth, 105, 158, 166; + Twentieth, 44, 48, 56, 62, 116, 163, 174, 175, 177; + Twenty-fourth, 105, 158; + Twenty-seventh, 70, 71; + Thirty-ninth, 70, 71, 75; + Forty-first, 165; + Forty-third, 70, 86; + Forty-sixth, 53, 96, 114, 133, 140; + Forty-seventh, 53; + Forty-eighth, 114, 134, 155, 162, 173; + Forty-ninth, 172; + Fifty-third, 102, 114, 126, 127, 128, 130, 134, 139, 172, 173; + Fifty-fourth, 114, 148, 149; + Fifty-sixth, 116, 163; + Fifty-seventh, 102, 114, 126, 128, 129, 130, 134, 173; + Fifty-eighth, 44, 53, 116; + Sixty-third, 70; + Sixty-eighth, 116, 163; + Seventieth, 114, 129, 134; + Seventy-first, 114, 148, 173; + Seventy-second, 114; + Seventy-sixth, 44, 53, 113, 175; + Seventy-seventh, 114, 117, 126, 128, 129, 130, 134, 173; + Seventy-eighth, 116; + Eighty-first, 113, 134, 139, 143, 163, 172, 173, 178. + Batteries: + Fifth, 103, 115; + Eighth (Margraff's), 115; + Eleventh (Sands'), 70; + Thirteenth (Myers'), 115, 150 + +Osage River, the, 10 + +Osceola, Mo., 10 + +Osterhaus, Colonel, 14 + +Otterville, Mo., 11 + +Owl Creek, 99, 132, 160, 167, 170, 174 + + +Paducah, Ky., 18 + +Paine, General, 86 + +Palmer, General J.N., 69, 70 + +Palmyra, Mo., 8 + +_Patriot_, the Nashville, cited, 60, 61 + +Peabody, Colonel, 122, 141 + +Pearce, General, 4 + +Pea Ridge, battle of, 12, 13 et seq. + +Perczell, Colonel N., 70 + +Phelps, Lieutenant, 30 + +Pillow, Fort, 19, 66, 80 (see Artillery) + +Pillow, General G.H., 21; + at Fort Donelson, 36, 45 et seq.; + his advice in the Council at Fort Donelson, 57; + leaves Fort Donelson, 59 + +Pilot Knob, Mo., 16 + +"Pittsburg," the, 46 + +Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., 130 et seq., 162, 163, 181; + selected as the place of assembly of the army in West Tennessee, 99 + +Pleasant Point, Tenn., 79 + +Plummer, Colonel J.B. (afterward General), 17, 69, 70 + +Polk, General Leonidas, 18, 19, 128, 161, 169, 170; + evacuates Columbus, 66; + occupies Island Number Ten, 68 + +Pond, Colonel, 160, 169, 174 + +Pond, General, 129 + +Pope, General John, 7, 9, 10; + made Major-General, 65; + appointed to command the force against New Madrid and Island Number Ten, 66; + lands at Commerce, 69; + his conduct of the New Madrid campaign, 74 et seq.; + goes into camp at Hamburg, 183; + commands left wing of the Army of the Mississippi, 184; + advances from Hamburg, 186; + occupies Farmington, 187, 189, 190; + pushes on to Corinth, 191 + +Porter, Captain (afterward Commodore and Admiral), at Fort Henry, 30, 60 + +Powell, General, 142 + +Prentiss, General, at Pittsburg Landing, 102 et seq.; + referred to, 158, 159; + his loss in guns, 181 + +Price, General Sterling, 1, 2 et seq.; 7, 8, 10 et seq., 184 + +Pride, Colonel, 131 + +Pugh, Colonel, 151, 154 + +Purdy road, 136 + +Purdy, Tenn., 101 + + +Raith, Colonel, 129 + +Rawlins, Captain (afterward General), 53 + +Reardon, Colonel, 134 + +Reelfoot, Lake, 67 + +Rice, Lieutenant-Colonel, 130 + +Rienzi, 190 + +Rolla, Mo., 4, 7, 12 + +Rosecrans, General, 184, 190, 191 + +Ross, Colonel, 56 + +Rousseau, 163-169, 170-171, 172-174, 175 + +Ruggles, General, 145, 154, 157, 170 + +Russell, Colonel, 135, 169, 170 + +"Russell's," position of, 187 + +Russellville, Ky., 37 + + +Savannah, Tenn., 97 + +Schofield, Captain, 17 + +Schwartz, Captain, 31, 49 + +Schwartz's battery, 136 (see Artillery) + +Sedalia, Mo., 10 + +Selma, Ala., 91 + +Shaver, Colonel, 123, 127 + +Shaw, Colonel, 147 + +Sheridan, Colonel P.H., assigned to Second Michigan Cavalry, 187 + +Sherman, General W.T., suggestions of, to General Halleck, 25; + assigned to command Military District of Cairo, 65; + at Pittsburg Landing, 101 et seq.; + in the expedition up the Tennessee, 96, 122 et seq.; + referred to, 158, 174, 175, 177; + his loss in guns, 181; + mentioned, 182, 187, 188, 190 + +Shiloh, battlefield of, described, 99 et seq.; + the battle of, 122 et seq.; + loss on Sunday, 159 + +Shiloh church, 100, 169, 172, 174, 175, 176 + +Sigel, General Franz, 4, 9, 11 et seq. + +Sikeston, 74 + +Slack, Colonel J.R., 70 + +Smith, Colonel I.L.K., 70 + +Smith, Colonel M.L., 56 + +Smith, Colonel W.S., 166, 167, 168 + +Smith, General C.F., in command at Paducah, 18; + march of, toward Mayfield, and report, 27; + in the Henry and Donelson campaign, 28 et seq.; + at Fort Donelson, 38 et seq.; + storms the works at Donelson, 55; + made Major-General, 65; + traits of, 92; + sent to Clarksville, 93; + death of, 104 + +Smith, General, 143 + +Smithland, Ky., 19 + +Snake Creek, 99, 134, 143, 162 et seq.; 174 + +Springfield, Mo., 4, 7, 12 + +Stanley, General D.S., 69, 76 et seq.; 186, 187 + +Statham, General, 151 + +St. Charles, Mo., 7 + +Stewart, Captain R. C, 32, 80 + +Stewart, General A.P., 76; report of, 77, 133, 169, 170 + +Stewart, General, 68 + +St. Joseph, Mo., 8 + +St. Louis, events at, in the spring of 1861, 2 + +St. Louis, the, 30, 46 + +Stony Lonesome, 162, 163 + +Stuart, Colonel, 173, 174 + +Stuart, General, 143, 158, 159 + +Sturgis, Major, 6 + +Sugar Creek, Ark., 12 + +Sullivan, Colonel, 173 + +Sweeney, Colonel, 146 + +Sweeney, General, 143 + +Syracuse, Mo., 9 + + +Taylor, Captain, 31, 102 + +Taylor, Major, 129, 172, 173 + +Taylor's battery, 136 (see Artillery) + +Tennessee, troops of. Regiments: + First, 164; + Second, 21, 132; + Third, 51, 55; + Fourth, 80; + Fifth, 80, 132; + Tenth, 42; + Fifteenth, 22; + Eighteenth, 41, 51, 55; + Twenty-third, 132; + Twenty-fourth, 132; + Twenty-sixth, 48; + Thirtieth, 48, 55; + Thirty-first, 80; + Forty-first, 55; + Forty-second, 48; + Forty-fifth, 152; + Forty-eighth, 42; + Forty-ninth, 48, 55, 62; + Fiftieth, 48, 55; + Fifty-second, 149; + Fifty-third, 42; + One Hundred and Fifty-fourth, 164; + Colonel Baker's, 80 + +Terrill, 165, 166 + +Terry, Major, 80 + +Thayer, Colonel John M., 44 + +Thomas, General, 184, 187, 188 + +Thomas, General G.H., wins battle of Mill Springs, Ky., 27 + +Thomas, General L., 95 + +Thompson, Colonel J., 124 + +Thompson, Colonel, report of, 176 + +Thompson, Fort, 69, 76 + +Thompson, General Jefferson, 16, 71 + +Thorn, Lieutenant, 147 + +Thurber, Lieutenant, 176 + +Tilghman, General L., at Paducah, 18; + at Fort Henry, 29 et seq. + +Timony, Captain, 136 + +Tipton, Mo., 9 + +Tiptonville, Tenn., 67 + +Totten, Captain, 5 + +Trabue, General, 132, 170, 171 + +Trubeau, General, 68 + +Tuttle, Colonel, 166, 178 + +Tuttle, General, 134, 139 + +Tyler, gunboat, Lieutenant Gwin, 46, 154 + + +Union City, Tenn., 68 + +United States, troops of. Regiments: + First, 71, 75, 86; + Fourth, 71 + + +Van Dorn, General Earl, 12 et seq., 184 + +Van Horn, Lieutenant-Colonel, 123 + +Veatch, Colonel, 41, 101 + +Veatch, General, 139, 172, 178 + +Versailles, Mo., 9 + +Vicksburg, Miss., 191 + +Virginia, troops of. Regiments: + Thirty-sixth, 51; + Fiftieth, 51 + + +Wallace, Colonel (afterward General) Lewis, 38 et seq., 44 et seq.; + made major-general, 65; + in the Tennessee expedition, 97, 131, 164, 170, 172, 175, 177, 184 + +Wallace, Colonel (afterward General) W.H.L., 31, 39; + in the Tennessee expedition, 96; + at Pittsburg Landing, 104 et seq., 130, 153, 155, 158, 159, 161, 162, + 166, 172, 177; + death of, 178 + +Walke, Commander Henry, 20, 84 et seq. + +Walker, Colonel L.M., 69 + +Walker, General, 89 + +Warrensburg, Mo., 11 + +Warsaw, Mo., 10 + +Waterhouse, 129 + +Watson's Landing, 86 + +Webster, Colonel J.D., 34, 155 + +Western District, limits of, 7 + +Wheeler, Captain, 80 + +Whittlesy, Colonel Charles, 25, 56, 62; + report of, 176 + +Williams, Colonel, 147 + +Willich, Colonel, 171 + +Wilson Creek, Mo., engagement at, 5 et seq.; + reconnoissance at, 10 + +Wilson's Bayou, 81 + +Wisconsin, troops of. Regiments: + Eighth, 17, 70; + Fourteenth, 114, 166, 179; + Fifteenth, 70; + Sixteenth, 103, 114, 141, 142, 148; + Eighteenth, 114, 142. + Batteries: + Fifth, 70; + Sixth, 70; + Seventh, 70 + +Withers, General, 149, 156, 157, 165 + +Wood, Captain, 53 + +Wood, General, 129, 135, 175, 177, 182 + +Woodyard, Lieutenant-Colonel, 141 + +Worthington, Colonel W.H., 70 + +Wright, Colonel Crafts, 130 + +Wynn's Ferry Road, 42 + + +Yate, Major, 70 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of From Fort Henry to Corinth, by +Manning Ferguson Force + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FROM FORT HENRY TO CORINTH *** + +***** This file should be named 24438-8.txt or 24438-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/4/3/24438/ + +Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: From Fort Henry to Corinth + +Author: Manning Ferguson Force + +Release Date: January 27, 2008 [EBook #24438] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FROM FORT HENRY TO CORINTH *** + + + + +Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h3>FROM</h3> + +<h1>FORT HENRY TO CORINTH</h1> + +<p class='center'>CAMPAIGNS OF THE CIVIL WAR.—II.</p> + +<h3>FROM</h3> + +<h1>FORT HENRY TO CORINTH</h1> + +<h4>BY</h4> + +<h2>M.F. FORCE</h2> + +<p class='center'>LATE BRIGADIER-GENERAL AND BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL, U.S.V., COMMANDING +FIRST DIVISION, SEVENTEENTH CORPS.</p> + +<p class='center' style="margin-top: 10em;">NEW YORK<br /> +CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS</p> + +<p class='center'>Facsimile Reprint Edition from +the original edition of 1881-1883 +by The Archive Society, 1992. +Address all inquiries to:</p> + +<p class='center' ><i>The Archive Society<br /> +130 Locust Street<br /> +Harrisburg, PA 17101</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>I have endeavored to prepare the following narrative from authentic +material, contemporaneous, or nearly contemporaneous, with the events +described.</p> + +<p>The main source of information is the official reports of battles and +operations. These reports, both National and Confederate, will appear in +the series of volumes of Military Reports now in preparation under the +supervision of Colonel Scott, Chief of the War Records Office in the War +Department. Executive Document No. 66, printed by resolution of the +Senate at the Second Session of the Thirty-seventh Congress, contains a +number of separate reports of casualties, lists of killed, wounded, and +missing, which do not appear in the volumes of Military Reports as now +printed. Several battle reports are printed in volume IV., and in the +"Companion," or Appendix volume of Moore's Rebellion Record, which are +not contained in the volumes of Military Reports as now printed. The +reports of the Twentieth Ohio and the Fifty-third Ohio, of the battle of +Shiloh, have never been printed. Colonel Trabue's report of his brigade +in the battle of Shiloh has never been officially printed; but it is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> +given in the history of the Kentucky Brigade from Colonel Trabue's +retained copy, found by his widow among his papers.</p> + +<p>The Reports of the Committee on the Conduct of the War contain original +matter in addition to what appears in reports of battles and operations.</p> + +<p>The reports of the Adjutant-Generals of the different States, printed +during the war, often supplement the official reports on file in +Washington.</p> + +<p>Some regimental histories, printed soon after the close of the war, +contain diaries and letters and narrate incidents which enable us in +some cases to fix dates, the place of camps, and positions in battle, +which could hardly otherwise be determined with precision. Newspaper +correspondents, while narrating what they personally saw, give +descriptions which impart animation to the sedate statements of official +reports.</p> + +<p>Colonel William Preston Johnston's life of his father, General A.S. +Johnston, can be used in some respects as authority. He served first in +the Army of Northern Virginia, and was, most of the war, on the staff of +Jefferson Davis. He thus, after his father's death, became possessed of +a valuable collection of authentic official papers. When he was +preparing the biography, all papers of value in private hands in the +South were open to his use.</p> + +<p>Letters and memoranda preserved by Colonel Charles Whittlesey, and some +of my own, have been of service.</p> + +<p>I am under obligation to Colonel Scott for permission to freely read and +copy, in his office, the reports compiled under his direction. To +Ex-President Hayes for the loan of a set<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span> of the series of Military +Reports, both National and Confederate, so far as printed, though not +yet issued. To the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio for the +unrestricted use of its library. To Colonel Charles Whittlesey of +Cleveland, and Major E.C. Dawes, of Cincinnati, for the use of original +manuscripts as well as printed reports.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 35em;">M.F. FORCE.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + + + + +<p class='center'> +<a href="#CHAPTER_I"><b>CHAPTER I.</b></a> </p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +<span class="smcap">Preliminary</span>, </p> +<p class='center'> +<a href="#CHAPTER_II"><b>CHAPTER II.</b></a></p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"><span class="smcap">Fort Henry</span>, </p> +<p class='center'> +<a href="#CHAPTER_III"><b>CHAPTER III.</b></a></p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"><span class="smcap">Fort Donelson</span>, </p> +<p class='center'> +<a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><b>CHAPTER IV.</b></a></p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"><span class="smcap">New Madrid and Island Number Ten</span>, </p> +<p class='center'> +<a href="#CHAPTER_V"><b>CHAPTER V.</b></a></p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"><span class="smcap">The Gathering of the Forces</span>, </p> +<p class='center'> +<a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><b>CHAPTER VI.</b></a></p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +<span class="smcap">Shiloh—Sunday</span>, </p> +<p class='center'> +<a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><b>CHAPTER VII.</b></a></p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"><span class="smcap">Shiloh—Night, and Monday</span>, </p> +<p class='center'> +<a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><b>CHAPTER VIII.</b></a></p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em; margin-bottom: 5em;"><span class="smcap">Corinth</span>, +</p> + + +<h2>LIST OF MAPS.</h2> + + + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +<a href='#illus01'> <span class="smcap">Western Tennessee</span>,</a> </p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +<a href='#illus02'> <span class="smcap">Field of Operations in Missouri and Northern Arkansas</span>, </a> </p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +<a href='#illus03'><span class="smcap">The Line from Columbus to Bowling Green</span>, </a> </p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +<a href='#illus04'><span class="smcap">Fort Henry</span>, </a> </p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +<a href='#illus05'><span class="smcap">Fort Donelson</span>, </a> </p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +<a href='#illus06'><span class="smcap">New Madrid and Island Number Ten</span>,</a> </p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +<a href='#illus07'><span class="smcap">The Field of Shiloh</span>,</a> </p> +<p style="margin-left: 15em; margin-bottom: 5em;"> +<a href='#illus08'><span class="smcap">The Approach to Corinth</span>,</a> +</p> + + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus01.jpg" alt="Tennessee" /> +<a id="illus01" name="illus01"></a> +</p> + +<p class='center'> Western Tennessee.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>FROM FORT HENRY TO CORINTH.</h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<p class='center'>PRELIMINARY.</p> + + +<p>Missouri did not join the Southern States in their secession from the +Union. A convention called to consider the question passed resolutions +opposed to the movement. But the legislature convened by Governor +Jackson gave him dictatorial power, authorized him especially to +organize the military power of the State, and put into his hands three +millions of dollars, diverted from the funds to which they had been +appropriated, to complete the armament. The governor divided the State +into nine military districts, appointed a brigadier-general to each, and +appointed Sterling Price major-general.</p> + +<p>The convention reassembled in July, 1861, and, by action subject to +disapproval or affirmance of the popular vote, deposed the governor, +lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, and legislature, and appointed +a new executive. This action was approved by a vote of the people. +Jackson, assuming to be an ambulatory government as he chased about with +forces alternately advancing and fleeing, undertook, by his separate +act, to detach Missouri from the Union and annex it to the Confederacy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + +<p>This clash of action stimulated and intensified a real division of +feeling, which existed in every county. A sputtering warfare broke out +all over the State. Armed predatory parties, rebel and national, calling +themselves squadrons, battalions, regiments, springing up as if from the +ground, whirled into conflict and vanished. When a band of men without +uniform, wearing their ordinary dress and carrying their own arms, +dispersed over the country, the separate members could not be +distinguished from other farmers or villagers; and a train, being merely +a collection of country wagons, if scattered among the stables and +barn-yards of the adjoining territory, wholly disappeared. But all +through this eruptive discord flowed a continuous stream of more regular +contests, which constitute the connected beginning of the military +operations of the Mississippi Valley.</p> + +<p>Under countenance of Governor Jackson's proclamation, General D.M. Frost +organized a force and established Camp Jackson, near St. Louis, the site +being now covered by a well-built portion of the city. Jackson had +refused to call out troops in response to President Lincoln's +requisition, but Frank P. Blair had promptly raised one regiment and +stimulated the formation of four others in St. Louis. On May 10, 1861, +Captain Nathaniel Lyon, of the regular army, who commanded at the +arsenal at St. Louis, and had there a garrison of several hundred +regulars, marched with Colonel Blair and the volunteers and a battery to +Camp Jackson, surrounded it, and demanded a surrender. Resistance was +useless. General Frost surrendered his men and stores, including twenty +cannon. St. Louis, and with it Missouri, was thus preserved. Lyon was +made brigadier-general of volunteers.</p> + +<p>Jackson and Price left Jefferson City—Jackson stopping, on June 18th, +at Booneville, one rendezvous for his forces,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> while Price continued up +the river to Lexington, another rendezvous. General Lyon, leaving St. +Louis on June 13th with an expeditionary force on boats, reached +Booneville almost as soon as Jackson. The unorganized and partially +armed gathering of several thousand men made an impotent attempt at +resistance when Lyon landed, but was quickly routed. Jackson fled, with +his mounted men and such of the infantry as he could hold together, to +the southwest part of the State, gathering accretions of men as he +marched. Lyon set out in pursuit, and Price, abandoning Lexington, +hastened with the force assembled there to join Jackson. Colonel Franz +Sigel had proceeded from St. Louis to Rolla by rail, and marched thence +in pursuit of Jackson to strike him before he could be reinforced. +Sigel, with 1,500 men, encountered Jackson with more than double that +number, on July 5th, near Carthage, in Jasper County. Sigel's +superiority in artillery gave him an advantage in a desultory combat of +some hours. Jackson, greatly outnumbering him in cavalry, proceeded to +envelop his rear, and Sigel was forced to withdraw. Sigel retreated in +perfect order, and managed his artillery so well that the pursuing +cavalry were kept at a distance, while he marched with his train through +Carthage, and fifteen miles beyond, before halting. That night and next +morning Jackson was heavily reinforced by Price, who brought from the +south several thousand Arkansas and Texas troops, under General Ben. +McCulloch and General Pearce. Sigel continued his retreat to +Springfield, where he was joined by General Lyon on July 10th.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus02.jpg" alt="operations" /> +<a id="illus02" name="illus02"></a> +</p> +<p class='center'> The Field of Operations in Missouri and Northern +Arkansas.</p> + +<p>Price and McCulloch being continually reinforced, largely with cavalry, +overran Southwestern Missouri. Lyon waited in vain for reinforcements, +and, having but little cavalry, kept closely to the vicinity of +Springfield. Learning that the enemy were marching upon him in two +strong columns,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> one from the south and one from the west, he moved out +from Springfield with all his force on August 1st, and early next +morning encountered at Dug Springs a portion of the column advancing +from the south under McCulloch. This detachment was shattered and +dispersed, and McCulloch recoiled and moved to the west, to join Price +commanding the other column. Price advanced slowly with the combined +force and went into camp on Wilson Creek, ten miles south of +Springfield, on August 7th.</p> + +<p>Lyon's entire force was, upon the rolls, 5,868. This number included +sick, wounded, and detached on special duty. General Price turned over +his Missouri troops and relinquished command to McCulloch. According to +Price's official report, his Missourians engaged in the battle of the +10th were 5,221. According to the official report of McCulloch, his +entire effective force was 5,300 infantry, 15 pieces of artillery, 6,000 +horsemen armed with flintlock muskets, rifles, and shotguns, and a +number of unarmed horsemen.</p> + +<p>General Lyon, not having sufficient force to retreat across the open +country to supports, resolved to strike a sharp blow that would cripple +his opponent, and thus secure an unmolested retreat. He marched out from +Springfield at five o'clock <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, on August 9th, leaving 250 +men and one gun as a guard. Colonel Sigel, with 1,200 men and a battery +of six pieces, moved to the left, to get into the rear of McCulloch's +right flank; Lyon, with 3,700 men, including two batteries, Totten's +with six guns, and Dubois with four, and also including two battalions +of regular infantry, inclined to the right so as to come upon the centre +of the enemy's front. The columns came in sight of McCulloch's +camp-fires after midnight, and rested in place till day. At six o'clock +on the morning of the 10th, attack was made almost simultaneously by the +two columns at the points designated. Sigel advanced<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> to the attack with +great gallantry, but soon suffered a disastrous repulse; five of his six +guns were taken and his command scattered.</p> + +<p>McCulloch's entire force, with artillery increased by the five pieces +taken from Sigel, turned upon Lyon's little command. Lyon's men were +well posted and fought with extraordinary steadiness. Infantry and +artillery face to face fired at each other, with occasional +intermissions, nearly six hours. General Lyon, after being twice +wounded, was killed. The opposing lines at times came almost in contact. +Each side at times recoiled. When the conflict reached the hottest, and +McCulloch pushed his men, about eleven o'clock, up almost to the muzzles +of the national line, Captain Granger rushed to the rear, brought up the +supports of Dubois' battery, eight companies in all, being portions of +the First Kansas, First Missouri, and the First Iowa, fell suddenly upon +McCulloch's right flank, and opened a fire that shot away a portion of +McCulloch's line. This cross-fire cleared that portion of the field; +McCulloch's whole line gave way and retired out of view. It was now for +the first time safe for Major Sturgis, who had assumed command on the +death of Lyon, to retreat. Sturgis withdrew in order and fell back to +Springfield unmolested. The entire national loss, according to the +official report, was 223 killed, 721 wounded, and 292 missing. The +missing were nearly all from Sigel's column. Two regiments in General +Lyon's column, the First Missouri and the First Kansas, lost together +153 killed and 395 wounded. General Price reported the loss of his +Missouri troops, 156 killed, 517 wounded, and 30 missing. General +McCulloch reported his entire loss as 265 killed, 800 wounded, and 30 +missing. The death of General Lyon was a severe loss. He was zealous in +the national cause and enterprising in maintaining it; he was ready to +assume responsibility, and prompt in taking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> initiative; sagacious in +comprehending his antagonist, quick in decision, fertile in resource, +and was as cool as he was bold. On the night of the 10th, the army +stores in Springfield were put into the wagons, and next morning the +national force set out for Rolla, the end of the railroad, where it +arrived in good order on the 15th. Meanwhile, Price and McCulloch, +having some disagreement, withdrew to the Arkansas border.</p> + +<p>General John C. Fremont was, July 9, 1861, assigned to the command of +the Western District, comprising the States of Illinois, Kentucky, +Missouri, and Kansas, and territories west, and arrived in St. Louis +from the East on July 25th. Before arriving he appointed +Brigadier-General John Pope to command the district of Northern +Missouri, being that part of Missouri north of the Missouri River. Pope +arrived at St. Charles, Mo., with three infantry regiments and part of +one cavalry regiment of Illinois volunteers, on July 17th, and assumed +command. On July 21st, General Pope published an order making all +property within five miles of a railway responsible for malicious injury +done to such railway. On July 31st he published another order, making +the property of each county responsible for damage done by, and the cost +of suppressing, predatory outbreaks in such county. For a month the +effect of these orders was to allay disturbance in the district, and +secure the administration of affairs by the ordinary machinery of civil +government; but in about a month the orders were set aside, and in their +place martial law was declared throughout the State.</p> + +<p>General Fremont learned of the battle of Wilson Creek on August 13th, +and resolved at once to fortify St. Louis as his permanent base, and +also fortify and garrison Jefferson City, Rolla, Cape Girardeau, and +Ironton. Price marched leisurely up through the western border of the +State. Unorganized<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> bands springing up in the country attacked +Booneville and Lexington, but were easily repulsed by the little +detachments guarding those places. Colonel Mulligan was sent to +Lexington with additional troops, making the entire force there 2,800 +men and eight field-pieces, and with orders to remain until relieved or +reinforced.</p> + +<p>On September 11th, Price arrived before Lexington. There is no authentic +report of his strength; indeed, a large part of his following was an +unorganized assemblage. He must have numbered 14,000 men at the +beginning of the siege; and reinforcements daily arriving swelled the +number to, at all events, more than 20,000. Colonel Mulligan took +position on a rising ground close to the river, east of the city, +forming a plateau with a surface of about fifteen acres, and fortified.</p> + +<p>Judging by the despatches of General Fremont, he seems to have felt no +apprehension as to the fate of Mulligan, and made no serious effort to +relieve him. The force at Jefferson City remained there. The troops at +St. Louis were not moved. General Pope, who, under orders from General +Fremont, had advanced from Hannibal to St. Joseph along the line of the +railroad, driving off depredators, repairing the road, and stationing +permanent guards, heard on September 16th, at Palmyra on his return, +something of the condition of affairs at Lexington. He had sent his +troops then in the western part of the State toward the Missouri River +in pursuit of a depredating body of the enemy. He immediately despatched +an order to these troops to hasten to Lexington upon completing their +present business. They were not able, however, to arrive in time.</p> + +<p>Price, having organized his command into five divisions, each commanded +by a general officer, did not push his siege vigorously till the 18th. +On that day, a force proceeding<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> through the city of Lexington and under +cover of the river-bank, seized the ferry-boats, cut Mulligan off from +his water-supply, and carried a mansion close to Mulligan's works and +overlooking them. A sortie and a desperate struggle regained possession +of the house. Another assault and another desperate struggle finally +dispossessed the garrison of the house. Price closed in upon the +beleaguered works and firing became continuous and uninterrupted. On the +20th, Price, having a footing on the plateau, carried up numbers of +bales of hemp and used them as a movable entrenchment. By rolling these +forward, he pushed his line close to Mulligan's works. The besieged were +already suffering from want of water, and surrender could be no longer +postponed.</p> + +<p>Fremont, hearing of the surrender on September 22d, began to bestir +himself to look after Price. He left St. Louis for Jefferson City on the +27th, and sent thither the regiments that had been kept at St. Louis. +Price on the same day moved out of Lexington and marched deliberately to +the southwest corner of the State. On September 24th, Fremont published +an order constructing an army for the field of five divisions, entitled +right wing, centre, left wing, advance, and reserve—under the command, +respectively, of Generals Pope, McKinstry, Hunter, Sigel, and Ashboth; +headquarters being respectively at Booneville, Syracuse, Versailles, +Georgetown, and Tipton. The regiments and batteries assigned to the +respective divisions were scattered all over the State, many of them +without wagons, mules, overcoats, cartridge-boxes, or rations. Orders +were issued to advance and concentrate at Springfield. Sigel arrived +there on the evening of October 27th, and Ashboth on the 30th. Fremont +was convinced that Price was on Wilson's Creek, ten or twelve miles from +Springfield. Despatches were sent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> urging McKinstry, Hunter, and Pope to +hasten. Pope, having marched seventy miles in two days, arrived on +November 1st, and McKinstry arrived close behind him.</p> + +<p>On November 2d an order came from Washington relieving Fremont from +command of the department, and appointing Hunter to the command. Hunter +having not yet come up, Fremont held a council of war, exhibited his +plan of battle at Wilson Creek, and ordered advance and attack to be +made next morning. General Hunter arrived in the night and assumed +command. He sent a reconnoissance next day to Wilson Creek, and learned +that no enemy was there or had been there. It was soon ascertained that +Price was at Cassville, more than sixty miles off. The army being +without rations and imperfectly supplied with transportation, General +Hunter, acting upon his own judgment and also in accordance with the +wish of President Lincoln expressed in a letter to him, refrained from +any attempt to overtake Price, and withdrew his army back to the +railroads.</p> + +<p>On November 9th, General Halleck was appointed commander of the new +Department of the Missouri, including that portion of Kentucky west of +the Cumberland River. One-half of the force which Fremont had assembled +at Springfield was stationed along the railway from Jefferson City to +Sedalia, its western terminus, and General Pope was put in command of +this force, as well as a district designated Central Missouri. General +Price advanced into Missouri as far as Osceola, on the southern bank of +the Osage River, from which point he sent parties in various directions, +and where he received detachments of recruits. On December 15th, Pope +moved out from Sedalia directly to the south, as if he were pushing for +Warsaw, and at the same time sent a cavalry force to the southwest, to +mask his movement from Price's command at and near Osceola. Next day a +forced<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> march took him west to a position south of Warrensburg, and +between the two roads leading from Warrensburg to Osceola. The same +night he captured the pickets, and thereby learned the precise locality +of a body of 3,200 men, moving from Lexington south to join Price. A +flying column under Lieutenant-Colonel Brown, sent out the same night, +came upon the camp, drove out the command, kept up the pursuit all +night, and all the next day and night, pushing the fugitives away from +Price and utterly dispersing them over the country, and rejoined Pope on +the 18th with 150 prisoners, and sixteen wagons loaded with supplies +captured. At the same time Major Hubbard with his detachment pushed +south to the lines of one of Price's divisions, encamped opposite +Osceola, on the north shore of the Osage, and captured pickets and one +entire company of cavalry, with its tents and wagons. On the 18th, Pope +moved to the north, to intercept another body moving south to join +Price, and which he learned from his scouts would camp that night at the +mouth of Clear Creek, just beyond Warrensburg. His dispositions were so +made and carried out that the entire body was surrounded and captured, +comprising parts of two regiments of infantry and three companies of +cavalry—numbering 1,300 officers and men, with complete train and full +supplies. Pope's troops reoccupied their camps at Sedalia and Otterville +just one week after they marched out of them. Price broke up his camp at +Osceola in haste, and fell rapidly back to Springfield.</p> + +<p>General Samuel R. Curtis arrived at Rolla on December 27th, to take +command of a force concentrating there and called the Army of the +Southwest. One division, under the command of Colonel Jefferson C. +Davis, detached from General Pope's district, added to three other +divisions commanded respectively by General Sigel, General Ashboth, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +Colonel E.A. Carr, made together 12,095 men and fifty pieces of +artillery, including four mountain howitzers. Marching out from Rolla on +January 23, 1862, with three divisions, he halted a week at Lebanon, +where he was joined by Colonel Davis, completing organization and +preparation. After some skirmishing with Price's outposts, Curtis +entered Springfield at daylight, February 15th, to find that Price had +abandoned it in the night. Curtis followed with forced marches, his +advance skirmishing every day with Price's rear-guard. In Arkansas, +Price was joined by McCulloch and they retired to Boston Mountains. +Curtis advanced as far as Fayetteville and then fell back to await +attack on ground of his own choice.</p> + +<p>The position selected was where the main road, running north from +Fayetteville into Missouri, crosses Sugar Creek, and goes over a ridge +or rough plateau called Pea Ridge, and was near the Missouri line. For +easier subsistence the divisions were camped separately and some miles +apart. Davis' division was at Sugar Creek, preparing the position for +defence. Sigel, with his own and Ashboth's divisions, was at Cooper's +farm, about fourteen miles west; and Carr's division, with which General +Curtis had his headquarters, was twelve miles south on the main +Fayetteville road, at a place called Cross Hollows. Strong detachments +were sent in various directions, forty miles out, to gather in forage +and subsistence. The strength of the command was somewhat diminished by +the necessity of protecting the long line of communication with the base +of supplies by patrols as well as stationary guards, and the aggregate +present in Arkansas was 10,500 infantry and cavalry, and forty-nine +pieces of artillery.</p> + +<p>To settle the continued dissension between Price and McCulloch, General +A.S. Johnston, the Confederate commander in the West, appointed General +Earl Van Dorn to command<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> west of the Mississippi. Van Dorn assumed +command January 29, 1862, in northeastern Arkansas, and hastened on +February 22d to join McCulloch at Fayetteville, to which place Price was +then retreating before Curtis. Van Dorn says that he led 14,000 men into +action. All other accounts put his force at from thirty to forty +thousand. Perhaps he enumerated only the seasoned regiments, and took no +account of unorganized bands, or of the several thousand Indians under +Albert Pike.</p> + +<p>At two o'clock <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, March 5th, General Curtis received +intelligence that Van Dorn had begun his march. Orders were immediately +sent to the divisions and detachments to concentrate on Davis' division. +Carr moved at 6 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, and arrived at 2 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span> Sigel +deferred moving till two o'clock <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, and at Bentonville +halted, himself with a regiment of infantry, the Twelfth Missouri, +Elbert's light battery, and five companies of cavalry, till ten o'clock, +two hours after the rear of his train had passed through the place. By +this time Van Dorn's advance guard had arrived, and before Sigel could +form had passed around to his front, at the same time enveloping his +flanks. By the skilful disposition of his detachment, and the admirable +conduct of the men, Sigel was able to resume and continue his march, an +unbroken skirmish, rising at times into engagement, from half-past ten +o'clock till half-past three, when he was joined by reinforcements which +General Curtis had hurried back to him. The line was formed, facing to +the south, on the crest of the bluffs overlooking the Valley of Sugar +Creek, Sigel being on the right, next to him Ashboth, then Davis, and +Carr being the left. The position was entrenched, and the approaches +were obstructed by felled timber. One foraging party of 250 men and one +gun did not return till after the battle, so that Curtis' force engaged +was just 10,250 men and forty-eight guns.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + +<p>Van Dorn did not assault that evening. By dawn next day it was +ascertained that he had made a great detour by the west, and was coming +up on the right and rear. Curtis faced his line to the rear and wheeled +to the left, so that his new line faced nearly west; the original right +flank, now the left, was scarcely moved, and Carr's division had become +the right. Colonel Osterhaus, with three regiments of infantry and two +batteries, was despatched from Sigel's division to aid a regiment of +cavalry and a flying battery that had been quickly sent to retard the +enemy's centre and give Carr's division time to deploy. Osterhaus met +the cavalry returning, and threw his detachment against the advancing +line. The picket posted at Elkhorn tavern, where Carr was to deploy, was +attacked and driven back, and Carr's division had to go into line under +fire. Osterhaus found himself opposed to the corps of McCulloch and +McIntosh, and was about being overwhelmed when Davis' division moved to +his support. Pea Ridge is in places covered with timber and brush, in +places intersected by deep ravines, and a portion of it was a tangle of +fallen timber, marking the path of a hurricane. Manœuvring was not +easy, and detours were required in reinforcing one part of the line from +another. The contest on the field, where Davis and Osterhaus were +opposed to McCulloch and McIntosh, was fierce and determined until +McCulloch and McIntosh were killed. Their numerous, but partially +disciplined followers lost heart and direction, and before the close of +day gave way before the persistent and orderly attack, and finally broke +and left the field.</p> + +<p>Carr's division was opposed to Price's corps, and Van Dorn gave his +personal attention to that part of the field. Gallantry and +determination could not prevail against gallantry and determination +backed by superior numbers. Bit by bit, first on one flank, then the +other, he receded. Curtis sent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> his body-guard, then the camp-guard to +reinforce him, and then a small reserve that had been guarding the road +to the rear. Carr had sent word he could not hold out much longer. +Curtis sent word to persevere, and went in person to the left, where +Sigel with his two divisions had not yet been under fire, and hurried +Ashboth over to Carr's relief. Carr had been gradually pushed back +nearly a mile; Van Dorn had been concentrating upon him, resolved to +crush him. Curtis, returning with Ashboth, met the Fourth Iowa marching +to the rear, in good order. Colonel Dodge explained that ammunition was +exhausted, and he was going for cartridges. "Then use your bayonets," +was the reply, and the regiment faced again to the enemy and steadily +advanced. It was about five o'clock <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> when Ashboth reached +Carr's line and immediately opened fire. The combat continued till dark +set in.</p> + +<p>As it was evident that Van Dorn was throwing his whole force upon the +position held by Carr, General Curtis took advantage of the cessation +during the night to re-form his line. Davis and Osterhaus were brought +to join Carr's left, and Sigel was ordered to form on the left of +Osterhaus. When the sun rose, Sigel was not yet in position, but Davis +and Carr began attack without waiting. General Curtis, riding to the +front of Carr's right, found in advance a rising ground which gave a +commanding position for a battery, posted the Dubuque battery there, and +moved forward the right to its support. Sigel, coming up with the +divisions of Osterhaus and Ashboth on Davis' left, first sent a battery +forward, which by its rapid fire repelled the enemy in its front, and +then with its deployed supports wheeled half to the right. Another +battery pushed forward repeated the manœuvre with its supporting +infantry. The column thus deployed on the right into line, bending back +the enemy's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> right wing in the execution of the movement—each step in +the deployment gaining space for the next succeeding step. The line as +now formed, from the Dubuque battery on the right to Sigel's left, +formed a curve enclosing Van Dorn's army. Under this concentric fire Van +Dorn's entire force before noon was swept from the field to find refuge +in the deep and tortuous ravines in his rear. Pursuit was fruitless. +McCulloch's command, scattering in all directions, was irretrievably +dispersed. Van Dorn, with Price's corps and other troops, found outlet +by a ravine leading to the south, unobserved by the national troops, +went into camp ten miles off on the prairie, and sent in a flag of truce +to bury his dead. The national loss was 203 killed, 972 wounded, and 176 +missing. Van Dorn reported his loss as 600 killed and wounded and 200 +prisoners, but the dispersion of a large portion of his command +prevented full reports.</p> + +<p>Van Dorn was now ordered to report at Corinth, where A.S. Johnston was +assembling his army. Most of the national forces remaining in Missouri +were sent to General Grant, to aid in his expeditions against Fort Henry +and Fort Donelson. General Curtis made a promenade across Arkansas, +halting at times, and came out on the Mississippi in July, 1862.</p> + +<p>While Price kept Southwest Missouri in a state of alarm, Jefferson +Thompson, appointed by Governor Jackson brigadier-general and commander +of district, marauded over Southeastern Missouri, sometimes raiding far +enough to the north to strike and damage railways. On October 14, 1861, +by a rapid march he passed by Pilot Knob, which Colonel Carlin held with +1,500 men, struck the Iron Mountain Railroad at its crossing of Big +River, destroyed the bridge—the largest bridge on the road—and +immediately fell back to Fredericktown. The news reaching St. Louis on +the 15th,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> the Eighth Wisconsin infantry and Schofield's battery were +despatched thence to reinforce Colonel Carlin; and General Grant, +commanding at Cape Girardeau, sent Colonel Plummer, of the Eleventh +Missouri, with his own regiment, the Seventeenth and Twentieth Illinois, +a section of artillery and two companies of cavalry, in all 1,500 men, +to join in an attack upon Thompson. Meanwhile a party of cavalry was +sent out from Pilot Knob to Fredericktown, to occupy Thompson by +demonstrations and hold him there.</p> + +<p>Colonel Plummer marched out from Cape Girardeau on the morning of the +18th, and sent a messenger to Colonel Carlin advising him of his +movement; the messenger fell into Thompson's hands. Thompson sent his +train to the south, and, moving a few miles below Fredericktown with his +force numbering 4,000 men, took a strong position and awaited attack. +Carlin with 3,000 men effected a junction with Plummer and his 1,500, +the combined force being under command of Colonel Plummer. Thompson was +attacked as soon as discovered. After a sharp fight of two hours +Thompson gave way, was driven from his position, retreated, and fell +into rout. He was pursued several miles that day, and the pursuing force +returned to Fredericktown for the night. Next day Colonel Plummer +followed in pursuit twenty-two miles without further result, returned to +Fredericktown the 23d, and on the 24th began his march back to Cape +Girardeau.</p> + +<p>Colonel Plummer's loss was 6 killed and 60 wounded. He took 80 +prisoners, 38 of them wounded; captured one iron twelve-pounder gun, a +number of small arms and horses, and buried 158 of Thompson's dead +before leaving Fredericktown. Thompson's following was demoralized by +this defeat, and Southeast Missouri after it enjoyed comparative quiet.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> + +<p>The State of Kentucky at first undertook to hold the position of armed +neutrality in the civil war. On September 4, 1861, Gen. Leonidas Polk, +moving up from Tennessee with a considerable force into Western +Kentucky, seized Hickman and Columbus on the Mississippi, and threatened +Paducah on the Ohio. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, appointed brigadier-general +of volunteers on August 7, 1861, to date from May 17th, assumed command +on September 1st, by order of General Fremont, of the District of +Southeast Missouri. This district included not only the southeastern +part of Missouri, but also Southern Illinois, and so much of Western +Kentucky and Tennessee as might fall into possession of the national +forces. General Grant arrived at Cairo on September 2d, established his +headquarters there on the 4th, and next day heard of the action of +General Polk. He immediately notified General Fremont, and also the +Legislature of Kentucky, then in session at Frankfort, of the fact. +Getting further information in the day, he telegraphed to General +Fremont he would go to Paducah unless orders to the contrary should be +received. He started in the night with two regiments and a battery, and +arrived at Paducah at half-past six next morning. General L. Tilghman +being in the city with his staff and a single company of recruits, +hurried away by rail, and Grant occupied the city without opposition. +The Legislature passed a resolution "that Kentucky expects the +Confederate or Tennessee troops to be withdrawn from her soil +unconditionally." Polk remained, and Kentucky as a State was ranged in +support of the government.</p> + +<p>General Grant, leaving a sufficient garrison, returned at noon to Cairo +to find there permission from Fremont to take Paducah if he felt strong +enough, and also a reprimand for communicating directly with a +legislature. General C.F. Smith was put in command of Paducah next day +by Fre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>mont, with orders to report directly to Fremont. A few weeks +later, Smith occupied and garrisoned Smithland at the mouth of the +Cumberland. Grant suggested the feasibility of capturing Columbus, and +on September 10th asked permission to make the attempt. No notice was +taken of the request. His command was, however, continually reinforced +by new regiments, and he found occupation in organizing and disciplining +them. General Polk meanwhile was busy fortifying Columbus, where the +river-bank rises to a high bluff, until the bluff was faced and crowned +with massive earthworks, armed with one hundred and forty-two pieces of +artillery, mostly thirty-two and sixty-four pounders. At the same time +heavy defensive works commanding the river were erected below at Island +No. Ten and New Madrid, and still farther below, but above Memphis, at +Fort Pillow.</p> + +<p>On November 1st, General Fremont being on his expedition to Springfield, +his adjutant in charge of headquarters at St. Louis directed General +Grant to make demonstrations on both sides of the Mississippi at +Norfolk, Charleston, and Blandville, points a few miles north of +Columbus and Belmont. Next day he advised Grant that Jeff. Thompson was +at Indian Ford of the St. François River, twenty-five miles below +Greenville, with about three thousand men, and that Colonel Carlin had +started from Pilot Knob in pursuit, and directing Grant to send a force +to assist Carlin in driving Thompson into Arkansas. On the night of the +3d, Grant despatched Colonel Oglesby with 3,000 men from Commerce to +carry out this order. On the 5th, Grant was further advised by telegraph +that General Polk, who commanded at Columbus, was sending reinforcements +to Price, and that it was of vital importance that this movement should +be arrested. General Grant at once sent an additional regiment to +Oglesby, with directions to him to turn his course to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> river in the +direction of New Madrid; requested General C. F. Smith to make a +demonstration from Paducah toward Columbus; and also sent parties from +Bird's Point and Fort Holt to move down both sides of the river, so as +to attract attention from Columbus.</p> + +<p>On the evening of the 6th, General Grant started down the river on +transports with five regiments of infantry, the Twenty-second, +Twenty-seventh, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first Illinois, and the Seventh +Iowa, Taylor's Chicago battery, and two companies of cavalry. The +Twenty-seventh, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first Illinois were made into a +brigade commanded by General John A. McClernand; the Twenty-second +Illinois and the Seventh Iowa into a brigade under Colonel H. Dougherty, +of the Twenty-second Illinois. The entire force numbered 3,114 men. +General Grant, in his report, states the number at 2,850. As five +companies were kept at the landing when the force disembarked, the +number given by General Grant represents the number taken into action. +Two gunboats, under the command of Captain Walke of the navy, convoyed +the expedition. A feint was made of landing nine miles below Cairo, on +the Kentucky side, and the expedition lay there till daybreak. Badeau +says that General Grant received intelligence, at two o'clock in the +morning of the 7th, that General Polk was crossing troops from Columbus +to Belmont, with a view of cutting off Oglesby, and that he thereupon +determined to convert what had been intended as a mere demonstration +against Belmont into a real attack.</p> + +<p>Belmont was the lofty name of a settlement of three houses squatted upon +the low river-flat opposite Columbus, and under easy range of its guns. +A regiment and a battery were encamped in a cleared field of seven +hundred acres on the river-bank, and the camp was surrounded on its +land<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>ward side by an abattis of felled timber. At six o'clock in the +morning the fleet moved down, and the troops debarked at half-past eight +on the Missouri shore, three miles above Columbus, and protected from +view by an intervening wooded point. About the same time General Polk +sent General Pillow across the river to Belmont with four regiments, +making the force there five regiments and a battery. Pillow estimated +the number of men at about twenty-five hundred.</p> + +<p>General Grant marched his command through the timber and some cleared +fields, and formed in two lines facing the river—McClernand in front, +Dougherty in rear. A depression parallel to the river, making a +connected series of ponds or sloughs, had to be crossed in the advance +in line. These depressions were for the most part dry, but the +Twenty-seventh Illinois, the right of the front line, in passing around +a portion that was yet filled with water, made such distance to the +right that Colonel Dougherty's brigade moved forward, filled the +interval, and the attack was made in a single line.</p> + +<p>The opposing skirmishers encountered in the timber. Pillow's line of +battle was in the open, facing the timber. The engagement was in the +simplest form: two forces equal in number encountered in parallel lines. +Most of the men on both sides were for the first time under fire, and +had yet had but scanty opportunity to become inured to or acquainted +with military discipline. The engagement was hotly contested—the +opposing lines, while for some time alternately advancing and receding, +were steady and unbroken. At length Pillow gave way. When his line was +once really broken it could not rally in the face of pursuit. The +national line pressing on, pushed Pillow back through the camp and over +the upper or secondary bank to the first or lower bottom in disorder. +The Second Tennessee, just arrived across the river, took position under +the secondary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> bank, for a while checked the pursuit, giving time for +the routed troops to make their way through the timber up the river, and +finally followed them in a more orderly retreat.</p> + +<p>The national troops, having now undisturbed possession of the captured +camp, gave way to their exultation. General McClernand called for three +cheers, that were given with a will. The regiments broke ranks, and the +battery fired upon the massive works and heavy siege-guns crowning the +heights across the river. A plunging fire of great shells from the +fortifications, and the sight of boats loaded with troops leaving the +opposite shore, were impressive warnings that the invaders could not +safely tarry. General Grant directed the camp to be set on fire, and the +command to be assembled and to return. General Polk became convinced +that Columbus was not in danger of present attack, and determined to +reinforce Pillow promptly and effectively. The Eleventh Louisiana and +Fifteenth Tennessee arrived first, and attack was made upon both flanks +of the hastily formed retreating column, encumbered as it was with +spoils. The Seventh Iowa and Twenty-second Illinois, the regiments +mainly attacked, replied with vigor, though thrown into some confusion. +Pillow halted his men to re-form, and drew them off to await the arrival +of reinforcements on the way, under General Polk in person.</p> + +<p>The command embarked. The battery took on board two guns and a wagon +captured and brought off in place of two caissons and a wagon left +behind, and also brought off twenty horses and one mule captured. When +all who were in sight were on board, General Grant, supposing the five +companies who had been left to guard the landing were still on post, +rode out to look for one of the parties that had been sent to bring in +the wounded, and which had not returned. Instead of the guard, which had +gone on board without or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>ders, supposing its duty was done, he saw +approaching a hostile line of battle. He rode back, his horse slid down +the river-bank on its haunches, and trotted on board a transport over a +plank thrust out for him. General Polk had come over with General +Cheatham, bringing two more regiments and a battalion. The entire force +formed in line, approached the river-bank, and opened fire. The +gunboats, as well as the infantry on the transports, returned the fire. +Each side was confident that its fire caused great slaughter; but, in +fact, little damage was done. The fleet, some distance up-stream, +overtook and received on board the Twenty-seventh Illinois, which had +become separated from the column, and, instead of returning with it, +returned by the road over which the advance was made. The national loss +was: in McClernand's brigade, 30 killed, 130 wounded, and 54 missing; in +Dougherty's brigade, 49 killed, 154 wounded, and 63 missing; in Taylor's +battery, 5 wounded. There were no casualties in the cavalry. The +aggregate loss was 79 killed, 289 wounded, and 117 missing; making, in +all, 485. Most of the wounded were left behind and taken prisoners. A +number of the missing made their way to Cairo. The Seventh Iowa suffered +most severely. Among the 26 killed and 80 wounded were the +lieutenant-colonel killed, and the colonel and major wounded. Colonel +Dougherty, of the Twenty-second Illinois, commanding the second brigade, +was wounded and taken prisoner. The Confederate loss was 105 killed, 419 +wounded, and 117 missing; in all, 641. Of this aggregate, 562 were from +the five regiments originally engaged. Besides the loss in men and the +destruction of the camp, forty-five horses were killed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<p class='center'>FORT HENRY.</p> + + +<p>General A.S. Johnston, on September 17, 1861, sent General S.B. Buckner, +who had left Kentucky and entered the Confederate service, to seize and +occupy Bowling Green, in Kentucky, with a force of 4,000 men. Bowling +Green is at the crossing of the Big Barren River by the Louisville and +Nashville road. A little to the south the Memphis and Ohio branches off +from the Louisville and Nashville. Bowling Green was therefore a gateway +through which all approach to the south from Louisville by rail must +pass. There was no access by rail from the Ohio River to the south, east +of Bowling Green. The road from Paducah led nowhere. The railroads to +the north from Mississippi ended, not on the Ohio, but at Columbus, on +the Mississippi. Defensive earthworks had already been begun at Fort +Donelson, on the left Bank of the Cumberland, Fort Henry, on the right +bank of the Tennessee, twelve miles west of Fort Donelson, and at +Columbus, on the Mississippi. General Johnston, with the aid of his +engineers, Lieutenant Dixon and Major J.F. Gilmer, afterward General and +Chief Engineer of the Confederate army, adopted these sites as places to +be strongly fortified. The line from Columbus to Bowling Green became +the line chosen to bar access from the North to the South, and to serve +as a base for invasion of the North.</p> + +<p>The idea of breaking this line by an expedition up the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> Tennessee and +Cumberland Rivers seems to have presented itself to many. Colonel +Charles Whittlesy, of the Twentieth Ohio, a graduate of West Point and +formerly in the army, while acting as Chief Engineer on the staff of +General O.M. Mitchell in Cincinnati, wrote to General Halleck, November +20, 1861, suggesting a great movement by land and water up the +Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, on the ground that this was the most +feasible route into Tennessee, and would necessitate the evacuation of +Columbus and the retreat of Buckner from Bowling Green. In December, +1861, General Sherman, conversing with General Halleck, in St. Louis, +suggested that the proper place to break the line was the centre, to +which Halleck assented, pointing on the map to the Tennessee River, and +saying that is the true line of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> operations. On January 3, 1862, General +D.C. Buell, in a letter to General Halleck, proposed a combined attack +on the centre and flanks of General Johnston's line, and added: "The +attack on the centre should be made by two gunboat expeditions, with, I +should say, 20,000 men on the two rivers." General Halleck, writing to +General McClellan, January 20, 1862, said a movement down the +Mississippi was premature; that a more feasible plan was to move up the +Cumberland and Tennessee, making Nashville the objective point, which +movement would threaten Columbus and force the abandonment of Bowling +Green, adding "but the plan should not be attempted without a large +force—not less than 60,000 men." General McClellan, however, thought +such a movement should be postponed for the present. He wrote on January +6th, to General Buell, Commander of the Department of the Ohio, which +department included all of Kentucky east of the Cumberland River: "My +own general plans for the prosecution of the war make the speedy +occupation of East Tennessee and its lines of railway matters of +absolute necessity. Bowling Green and Nashville are in that connection +of very secondary importance at the present moment." General Grant wrote +no reasoned speculations about it, but throughout January pressed +Halleck for permission to make the attempt.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus03.jpg" alt="line" /> +<a id="illus03" name="illus03"></a> +</p> +<p class='center'> The Line from Columbus to Bowling Green.</p> + +<p>On January 6, 1862, Grant wrote to General Halleck for permission to +visit St. Louis. On the same day General Halleck, in pursuance of orders +received from General McClellan, who was then in Washington in supreme +command of the United States forces, directed General Grant to make a +demonstration on Mayfield, in the direction of Murray. He was directed +to "make a great fuss about moving all your force toward Nashville," and +let it be understood that twenty or thirty thousand men are expected +from Missouri. He was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> further directed to give this out to the +newspapers, and not let his own men or even his staff know the contrary. +At the same time he was advised that the real object was to prevent +reinforcements being sent to Buckner, and charged not to advance far +enough to expose his flank or rear to an attack from Columbus, and by +all means to avoid a serious engagement. On the 10th, Halleck +telegraphed to delay; but Grant was already gone, with McClernand and +6,000 men from Cairo and Bird's Point, and had sent General C.F. Smith +from Paducah with two brigades. The troops were out more than a week. +The weather was cold, with rain and snow. The excursion was good +practice in campaigning for the new volunteers, and detained +reinforcements at Columbus while General George H. Thomas fought and won +the battle of Mill Springs, in Kentucky.</p> + +<p>General Grant, on his return to Cairo, wrote again on January 20th for +permission to visit St. Louis. Receiving General Smith's report on the +22d, in which Smith said that the capture of Fort Henry was +feasible—that two guns would make short work of it, he at once +forwarded the report to St. Louis, and on the same day obtained the +permission sought. When he began to unfold the object of his visit, to +obtain permission to capture Henry and Donelson, Halleck silenced him so +quickly and sharply that he said no more, and returned to Cairo +believing his commander thought him guilty of proposing a military +blunder. But, persisting still, he telegraphed on the 28th that, if +permitted, he would take Fort Henry and establish and hold a camp there. +Next day he wrote to the same effect in detail. On the 28th, Commodore +A.H. Foote, flag-officer of the gunboat fleet, wrote to General Halleck +that he concurred with General Grant, and asking if they had Halleck's +authority to move when ready. On January 30th, General Halleck +telegraphed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> to Grant to get ready, and made an order directing him to +proceed. The order was received on February 1st, and next day General +Grant started up the Tennessee with 17,000 men on transports, convoyed +by Commodore Foote with seven gunboats.</p> + +<p>The sites of Forts Henry and Donelson were chosen, and the work of +fortifying them begun, by the State of Tennessee, when Kentucky was +still holding itself neutral. Fort Donelson, immediately below the town +of Dover, was a good position, and was near the Kentucky line. The site +chosen for Fort Henry commanded a straight stretch of the river for some +miles, and was near the State line and near Donelson. But it was low +ground, commanded by higher ground on both sides of the river, and was +washed by high water. Under the supervision of General A.S. Johnston's +engineers, the work had become a well-traced, solidly constructed +fortification of earth, with five bastions mounting twelve guns, facing +the river, and five guns bearing upon the land. Infantry intrenchments +were thrown up on the nearest high land, extending to the river both +above and below the main work, and commanding the road to Fort Donelson. +A work named Fort Heiman was begun on the bluff on the opposite side of +the river, but was incomplete.</p> + +<p>General McClernand, commanding the advance, landed eight miles below the +fort. General Grant made a reconnoissance in one of the gunboats to draw +the fire of the fort and ascertain the range of its guns. Having +accomplished this, he re-embarked the landed troops, and debarked on +February 4th, at Bailey's Ferry, three miles below the fort and just out +of range of its fire. The river overflowed its banks, much of the +country was under water; a heavy rain fell. The entire command did not +get ashore till in the night of the 5th. In the night, General C.F. +Smith was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> sent across the river to take Fort Heiman, but it was +evacuated while Grant was landing his force at Bailey's Ferry. +McClernand was ordered to move out at eleven o'clock in the morning of +the 6th, and take position on the roads to Fort Donelson and Dover.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus04.jpg" alt="henry" /> +<a id="illus04" name="illus04"></a> +</p> +<p class='center'> Fort Henry.</p> + +<p>General Tilghman had telegraphed for reinforcements,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> and had about +thirty-four hundred men with him, but only one company of artillerists. +At midnight of the 5th he telegraphed to General A.S. Johnston that +Grant was intrenching at Bailey's Ferry. But, on the morning of the 6th, +Tilghman gave up the idea of using his infantry in the defence, ordered +Colonel Heiman to move the command to Fort Donelson, while he remained +with the company of artillerists to engage the fleet and the land force, +if it should appear, with the heavy armament of the fort, and thus +retard pursuit.</p> + +<p>At eleven o'clock in the morning of the 6th, General Grant moved with +his command, and at the same time Commodore Foote steamed up the river +with his fleet in two divisions. The first was of ironclads, the +Cincinnati, flag-ship, the Carondelet, and the St. Louis, each carrying +thirteen guns, and the Essex, carrying nine guns. The second division of +three wooden boats, under command of Lieutenant Phelps, followed half a +mile astern. At a quarter before twelve o'clock the first division +opened fire with their bow-guns at a distance of seventeen hundred +yards, and continued firing while slowly advancing to a distance of six +hundred yards from the fort. Here the four boats took position abreast, +and fired with rapidity. Lieutenant Phelps' division sent shells falling +within the work. The little garrison replied with spirit. Fifty-nine +shots from their guns struck the fleet, but most of them rebounded +without doing harm. One shot exploded the boiler of the Essex, scalding +twenty-eight officers and seamen, including Commander Porter. One seaman +was killed and nine wounded on the flag-ship, and one was killed by a +ball on the Essex. In the fort, the twenty-four pound rifled gun +exploded, disabling every man at the piece; a shell from the fleet, +exploding at the mouth of one of the thirty-two pounders, ruined the +gun, and killed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> or wounded all the men serving it. A premature +explosion at a forty-two pounder killed three men and wounded others. A +priming-wire accidentally spiked the ten-inch columbiad. Five men were +killed, eleven wounded, and five missing. Four guns were disabled. The +men were discouraged. General Tilghman took personal charge of one of +the guns and worked it, but he could no longer inspirit his men. Colonel +Gilmer, Chief Engineer of the Department, and a few others, not willing +to be included in the surrender, left the fort and proceeded to Fort +Donelson on foot. At five minutes before two o'clock General Tilghman +lowered his flag, and sent his adjutant by boat to report to the +flag-officer of the fleet. Twelve officers and sixty-six men in the +fort, and sixteen men in the hospital-boat, surrendered. Flag-officer +Foote, in his report, says the hospital-boat contained sixty invalids. +All the camp-equipage and stores of the force that retreated to Fort +Donelson were included in the surrender; the troops, having no wagons, +had left everything behind.</p> + +<p>At eleven o'clock, General McClernand moved out with his division, +followed by the third brigade of General C.F. Smith's division. +McClernand had two brigades, the first commanded by Colonel R.J. +Oglesby, the second by Colonel W.H.L. Wallace. With each brigade were +two batteries—Schwartz and Dresser with the first brigade, Taylor and +McAlister with the second. The order to McClernand was to take position +on the road from Fort Henry to Fort Donelson and Dover, prevent all +reinforcements to Fort Henry or escape from it, and be in readiness to +charge and take Fort Henry by storm promptly on the receipt of orders. +The road was everywhere miry, owing to the wet season, and crossed +ridges and wet hollows. McClernand reports that the distance by road, +from the camp to the fort, was eight<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> miles. The troops, pulling through +the mud, cheered the bombardment by the fleet when it opened. At three +o'clock McClernand learned that the enemy were evacuating the fort, and +ordered his cavalry to advance if the report was found to be true. +Captain Stewart, of McClernand's staff, came upon the rear of the +retiring force just as they were leaving the outer line of the +earthworks. Colonel Dickey, of the Fourth Illinois cavalry, coming up, +pursued the retreating column three miles, capturing 38 prisoners, six +pieces of artillery, and a caisson. The head of the infantry column +entered the fort at half-past three o'clock.</p> + +<p>Commodore Foote turned over the prisoners and captured property to +General Grant, sent Lieutenant Phelps with the wooden gunboats on an +expedition up the Tennessee, and returned the same evening to Cairo with +two gunboats. Lieutenant-Commander Phelps proceeded up the river to +Florence, at the foot of the Muscle Shoals, in the State of Alabama. An +account of this expedition and its brilliant success belongs to the +naval history of the war.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<p class='center'>FORT DONELSON.</p> + + +<p>The capture of Fort Henry was important, but it would be of restricted +use unless Fort Donelson should also be taken. At this point the +Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers are only twelve miles apart. The little +town of Dover stood upon a bluff on the left bank of the Cumberland. +Immediately above it, two small brooks empty into the river, making a +valley or bottom overflowed by every high water. Immediately below the +town is Indian Creek. One branch of it, rising close by the head of the +upper one of the two brooks, flowing outwardly from the river toward the +west, then bending to the north and northeast, makes almost the circuit +of the town, about half a mile from it, before emptying into the creek. +Several small brooks, flowing from the north into Indian Creek, make +deep ravines, which leave a series of ridges, very irregular in outline, +but generally parallel to the river. About half a mile below the mouth +of Indian Creek, Hickman Creek, flowing eastwardly, empties into the +river at right angles with it. Small branches running into Hickman Creek +almost interlock with those emptying into Indian Creek, whereby the +series of ridges parallel to the river are made to extend continuously +from the valley of one creek to the valley of the other.</p> + +<p>Fort Donelson, a bastioned earthwork, was erected on the river-bluff, +between the two creeks, its elevation being one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> hundred feet above the +water. A bend in the river gives the fort command over it as far as its +armament could carry. On the slope of the ridge facing down stream, two +water-batteries were excavated. The lower battery and larger one, was so +excavated as to leave traverses between the guns. A ten-inch columbiad +and nine thirty-two pound guns constituted the armament of the lower +battery; a rifled piece, carrying a conical ball of one hundred and +twenty-eight pounds, with two thirty-two pound carronades, the armament +of the upper. These water-batteries were, according to Colonel J.D. +Webster, General Grant's chief of staff, thirty feet above the +water-level at the time of the attack. Colonel Gilmer, the engineer who +constructed them, reported them as being fifty feet above the +water-level; but it does not appear at what stage of the water. As the +narrow channel of the river allowed an attacking party to present only a +narrow front, the batteries required but little horizontal range for +their guns, and the embrasures were accordingly made quite narrow. Eight +additional guns were in the fort.</p> + +<p>Colonel Gilmer, going from Fort Henry to Fort Donelson, immediately +began the tracing and construction of works for infantry defence. The +river protected the east face of the position, and the valley of Hickman +Creek, filled with back-water from the river, sufficiently guarded the +north. The line traced was two miles and a half long, following the +recessions and salients. The right of the line, occupying a ridge +extending from creek to creek, was nearly parallel with the river, and +distant from it fourteen hundred yards in an air-line. It was somewhat +convex, projecting to the front about its centre, at the point where +Porter's battery was afterward posted. The left, facing to the south and +southwest, beginning just above Dover, on the point of a ridge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +extending nearly to the river between the two small brooks, continued +out from the river along this ridge to its western extremity, and thence +across the valley of the small curved stream described as encircling +Dover and emptying into Indian Creek, to a V-shaped eminence in the fork +between this small stream and Indian Creek. This salient termination<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +was on the continuation of the line of the right or the west face of the +infantry works. This point was assigned to Maney's battery and Heiman's +brigade. The line of infantry defence was what came to be called, during +the war, rifle-pit—a trench with the earth thrown up on the outer side. +Batteries were constructed at nine points in the line, and armed with +the guns of eight field batteries.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus05.jpg" alt="line" /> +<a id="illus05" name="illus05"></a> +</p> +<p class='center'> The Line from Columbus to Bowling Green.</p> + +<p>The valley of Indian Creek made a break in the line; there was an +interval at the creek between the portion occupied by Heiman's line and +the work on the opposite slope, afterward the extreme left of General +Buckner's command. The entire line on both faces, except the portion +crossing the small valley or ravine to Heiman's left, followed the face +of ridges from fifty to eighty feet high, faced by valleys or ravines +filled with forest and underbrush. The trees were cut about breast-high, +and the tops bent over outward, forming a rude abattis extremely +difficult to pass through. The back-water filling the valley of Hickman +Creek was an advantage to the defenders of Donelson, in so far as it +served as a protection to one face of the position, and diminished the +distance to be guarded and fortified. It was quite as great an advantage +to the besiegers as it was to the besieged. They were by it relieved +from a longer, being an exterior, line. Their transports and supplies +could be landed and hauled out in security. Moreover, the back-water +extending up Indian Creek also, within the defensive lines, cut the +position in two, and made communication between the two parts +inconvenient.</p> + +<p>Immediately upon the capture of Fort Henry, work was begun on this line +of infantry defence. The garrison, increased by the force from Fort +Henry, numbered about six thousand effective men, under the command of +Brigadier-General Bushrod R. Johnson. General Pillow, ordered by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +General A.S. Johnston, arrived on February 9th from Clarksville with +2,000 men. He was immediately followed by General Clarke, who had been +stationed at Hopkinsville with 2,000 more; and Generals Floyd and +Buckner, who were at Russellville with 8,000 more, followed. General +Johnston began to set them all in motion by telegram from Bowling Green, +before he received news of the surrender of Fort Henry. General Floyd +was so averse to going to Donelson that he continued to remonstrate. +General Buckner, whose division had arrived, proposed on the night of +the 11th to take it back to General Floyd, his commanding officer at +Clarksville; but Pillow, who was senior to Buckner, ordered him to +remain, and repaired himself to Clarksville. Under the combined +influence of Pillow's persuasion and General Johnston's orders, Floyd +finally made up his mind to go, and arrived at Donelson with the last of +his command in the night of the 12th. Meanwhile, Major-General Polk had +sent 1,860 men from Columbus. On the night of February 12th, Donelson +was defended by about 20,000 men. The heavy guns in the water batteries +were manned mostly by details from light batteries and artillery drilled +a short time before the national force appeared, by two artillery +officers, under the supervision of Colonel Milton A. Haynes, Chief of +the Tennessee Corps of Artillery.</p> + +<p>General Grant, in reporting to General Halleck, on February 6th, the +surrender of Fort Henry, added: "I shall take and destroy Fort Donelson +on the 8th, and return to Fort Henry." It was soon clear that he could +not haul wagons over the road, and he proposed to go without wagons and +double-team his artillery. The water continued rising. For two miles +inland from Fort Henry the road was for the greater part under water. On +the 8th he telegraphed: "I contemplated taking Fort Donelson to-day with +infantry and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> cavalry alone, but all my troops may be kept busily +engaged in saving what we now have from the rapidly rising water." The +cavalry, however, fording the overflow, went to the front of Donelson on +the 7th, skirmished with the pickets, and felt the outposts.</p> + +<p>General Halleck went earnestly to work gathering and forwarding troops +and supplies. Seasoned troops from Missouri, and regiments from the +depots in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio—so freshly formed that they had +hardly changed their civil garb for soldier's uniform before they were +hurried to the front to take their first military lessons in the school +of bivouac and battle—were alike gathered up. General Halleck +telegraphed Grant to use every effort to transform Fort Henry into a +work strong on its landward side, and by all means to destroy the +railroad bridge across the Cumberland at Clarksville, above Fort +Donelson. Grant was urging Commodore Foote to send boats up the +Cumberland to co-operate in an attack on Donelson.</p> + +<p>On February 11th, Foote sailed from Cairo with his fleet. On the same +day Grant sent six regiments, which had arrived at Fort Henry on +transports, down the river on the boats from which they had not landed, +to follow the fleet up the Cumberland. He also on the same day moved the +greater part of his force out several miles from Fort Henry on to solid +ground. On the morning of the 12th, leaving General L. Wallace and 2,500 +men at Fort Henry, he moved by two roads, diverging at Fort Henry, but +coming together again at Dover, with 15,000 men and eight field +batteries. The force was organized in two divisions; the first commanded +by General McClernand, the second by General C.F. Smith. McClernand had +three brigades. The first, commanded by Colonel R.J. Oglesby, comprised +the Eighth, Eighteenth, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first +Illinois, the bat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>teries of Schwartz and Dresser, and four companies of +cavalry. The second, commanded by Colonel W.H.L. Wallace, consisted of +the Eleventh, Twentieth, Forty-fifth, and Forty-eighth Illinois, Colonel +Dickey's Fourth Illinois Cavalry, and Taylor's and McAllister's +batteries. The third, commanded by Colonel W.R. Morrison, comprised the +Seventeenth and Forty-ninth Illinois. Smith's first brigade, commanded +by Colonel John McArthur, was composed of the Ninth, Twelfth, and +Forty-first Illinois. The second brigade was left at Fort Henry. The +third, Colonel John Cook, contained the Fifty-second Indiana, Seventh +and Fiftieth Illinois, Thirteenth Missouri, and Twelfth Iowa; and the +fourth, Colonel John G. Lauman, contained the Twenty-fifth and +Fifty-sixth Indiana, and the Second, Seventh, and Fourteenth Iowa. Major +Cavender's battalion of Missouri artillery was attached to the division. +Some of Major Cavender's guns were twenty-pounders. Three pieces in +McAllister's battery were twenty-four pound howitzers.</p> + +<p>McClernand's division, preceded by the Fourth Illinois cavalry, marched +in advance on both roads. No opposition was encountered before reaching +the pickets in front of Donelson. The advance came in sight of the fort +about noon. McArthur's brigade, forming the rear of the column, halted +about three miles from the fort at 6 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, and moved into +position at half-past ten. It was observed by Colonel W.H. L. Wallace, +whose brigade was at the head of the column on the telegraph or direct +road between Forts Henry and Donelson, that the enemy's camps were on +the other side of the creek, which, on examination, was found to be +impassable. He moved up the creek and joined Colonel Oglesby, whose +brigade was the advance on the Ridge road, in a wooded hollow, screened +from view from the works by an intervening ridge.</p> + +<p>The moment that deployment was begun, Oglesby's brig<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>ade, which was the +farther to the right, was briskly attacked by cavalry, who, after a +sharp skirmish, retired. McClernand's division was assigned to the +right, C.F. Smith's to the left. The day was spent feeling through the +thick woods and along deep ravines, and high, narrow winding ridges. At +times a distant glimpse was caught, through some opening, of the gleam +of tents crowning a height; at times, a regiment tearing its way through +blinding undergrowth was startled and cut by the sudden discharge from a +battery almost overhead, which it had come upon unawares. The advancing +skirmish-line was in constant desultory conflict with the posted +picket-line. Batteries, occasionally, where an opening through the +timber permitted, took a temporary position and engaged the hostile +batteries. The afternoon passed in thus developing the fire of the line +of works, feeling towards a position and acquiring an idea of the +formation of the ground. Smith's division, by night, was in line in +front of Buckner, and McClernand's right had crossed Indian Creek and +reached the Wynn's Creek road. The column had marched without +transportation. The men had nothing but what they carried in knapsack +and haversack. Shelter-tents had not yet come into use. The danger of +drawing the enemy's fire prevented the lighting of camp-fires. The army +bivouacked in line of battle. The besieged resumed at night their task, +which had been interrupted by the afternoon skirmishing, of completing +and strengthening their works.</p> + +<p>Next morning, Thursday the 13th, arrived, and the fleet had not come. +Fifteen thousand men, without supplies, confronted 20,000 well +intrenched. A party was sent to destroy the railroad bridge over the +Tennessee, above Fort Henry, the trestle approach to which had been +partly destroyed by Lieutenant-Commander Phelps, to prevent effectually +rein<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>forcements reaching Donelson from Columbus. Order was sent to +General Lewis Wallace, who had been left with a brigade in command at +Fort Henry, to join the besieging force. The two divisions on the ground +prosecuted the work of feeling for position and probing the enemy. +Colonel Lauman's brigade, of C.F. Smith's division, bivouacked the night +of the 12th, about a mile from the intrenchments. On the 13th he moved +over the intervening ridges till he came in view of the portion of the +works held by Colonel Hanson, constituting the right of General +Buckner's line. A deep hollow filled with timber filled the space +between Lauman and the works before him. On the farther slope, crowned +by the works, the slashed timber made an extensive abattis. Colonel +Veatch, with the Twenty-fifth Indiana, advanced across the ravine or +hollow, and forced his way partly up the slope. He remained with his +command two hours exposed to a fire to which, from their position, they +could make no effectual reply, and were recalled. The Seventh and +Fourteenth Iowa moved up to the left of the position reached by Colonel +Veatch, and a detachment of sharpshooters was posted so as to reach with +their fire the men in the trenches and divert their fire. At night +Lauman withdrew his command to the place of the previous night's +bivouac. Colonel Cook's brigade advanced, the morning of the 13th, on +the right of Lauman's. The left of his line came also in front of +Hanson's works. The valley was here filled with such an "immensity of +abattis" that he did not feel justified in ordering an attempt to cross +it, but kept up through the day a desultory fire of skirmishers and +sharpshooters over it. The demonstration made by Lauman and Cook +appeared so threatening that General Buckner sent the Eighteenth +Tennessee to reinforce Hanson. The Seventh Illinois, which constituted +the right of Cook's advance moving through the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> timber where a ridge +leads to a battery at a salient in General Buckner's line, suddenly +found itself under fire and retired. Colonel Cook formed his line with +the other four regiments upon a ridge overlooking the enemy's +intrenchments, about six hundred yards from them, separated from them by +a valley dense with timber, mostly cut so as to form abattis, and +remained in this position for the night.</p> + +<p>McClernand continued pressing all day to his right, following the course +of the ridge along which the Wynn's Ferry road passes. By night his +right nearly or quite reached the point where the Wynn's Ferry road +issued from the intrenchments. His artillery was very active; the +companies acting at times separately, at times uniting and concentrating +their fire on some well-served battery, they silenced temporarily +several batteries, and in the afternoon shelled some camps. A determined +assault was made on the position held by Maney's battery, supported by +Colonel Heiman with the Tenth, Forty-eighth, and Fifty-third Tennessee, +and the Twenty-seventh Alabama. This position was, at the same time, the +most salient and the most elevated in the entire line of intrenchment. +It was so traced that both faces were swept by artillery and infantry +fire from portions of the works to the right and the left. Colonel +Morrison was directed with his brigade, the Seventeenth and Forty-ninth +Illinois, to assault this position. Colonel Haynie, of the Forty-eighth +Illinois, senior to Morrison, was ordered to join him and take the +command. Morrison, on the right, assaulted the left face of the work; +the Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth assaulted the right. Crossing the +valley, they began the ascent, encountered the tangled abattis, and +while striving to tear their way through it, under a plunging fire from +the battery and the infantry above them, they were assailed by artillery +and infantry from a long extent of line<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> beyond. They recoiled from this +toil and this double fire. The Forty-fifth Illinois was sent to +reinforce Morrison. The four regiments started again, forced their way +still farther up the abattis, and were again repelled. Undaunted, they +rushed up the hill-side the third time. Part of the command pierced +through the abattis and reached the rifle-pits. The summit of the +rifle-pits was a blaze of musketry. Maney's guns hurled shrapnel into +their faces. To Morrison's right and to Haynie's left, the long line of +rifle-pits was a line of musketry, and from projecting points the +batteries sent their fire. Morrison was wounded. His men could not climb +over the intrenchment. The regiments recalled, fell back in order out of +fire. The dead leaves on the hill-side were inflamed in some way, in +this close contest, and when artillery and musketry had ceased, helpless +wounded lying on the hill-side were burned to death. Colonel Heiman's +men, leaping over their works, were able to save some. General Buckner +reported his loss in the assault on Hanson's position as thirty-nine +killed and wounded. Ten killed and thirty wounded were reported as +Heiman's loss, most of them in Maney's battery. Nearly every regiment in +the entire line of the intrenchments suffered some casualties from the +National artillery. The national loss was more severe. The pertinacity +of the attack through the day prevented the besieged from suspecting the +inferiority in numbers of the attacking force.</p> + +<p>The Carondelet, a thirteen-gun ironclad, arrived in the morning of the +13th, and fired at the water-batteries at long-range. One shot struck a +thirty-two-pound gun, disabling it, and killed Captain Dixon, of the +engineers, who had assisted Colonel Gilmer in the construction of both +Henry and Donelson. A shot from the one hundred and twenty-eight-pound +gun in the upper battery, entering a porthole,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> damaged the machinery of +the Carondelet, and she drew out of range.</p> + +<p>The fleet, together with transports bringing reinforcements and +supplies, arrived toward evening. McClernand had moved so far around to +the right as to leave a wide gap between his left and Smith's division. +McArthur's brigade, of Smith's division, was moved to the right. Near +midnight, upon the request of General McClernand, McArthur detached two +regiments and moved them farther to the right, to within a quarter of a +mile of McClernand's left. Severe wind set in with the night. Snow fell +and the ground froze. Fires could not be lighted by either army. Some of +McClernand's regiments, having thrown away their blankets on going into +action, sat up all night.</p> + +<p>General Lewis Wallace arrived from Fort Henry about noon, Friday, the +14th, and was placed in command of a division of troops just arrived on +the transports, styled Third Division. The First Brigade, commanded by +Colonel Charles Cruft, consisted of the Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth +Kentucky, and the Thirty-first and Forty-fourth Indiana. The Third +Brigade, commanded by Colonel John M. Thayer, comprised the Fifty-eighth +and Seventy-sixth Ohio, and the First Nebraska. The Second Brigade was +not organized; but in the course of Saturday, the Forty-sixth, +Fifty-seventh, and Fifty-eighth Illinois and Twentieth Ohio, reported +separately, and were assigned to duty. General Wallace moved into +position on the right of General C.F. Smith, so as to hold the narrow +ridge or spur which faced the right of Buckner's line, and was separated +from McClernand by the valley of Indian Creek.</p> + +<p>The day was quiet along the National lines, and was spent in defining +and adjusting the commands in position. Skirmishers exchanged occasional +shots, and artillerists from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> time to time tried the range of their +guns. McClernand moved his right still nearer to the river, Oglesby's +brigade reaching nearly to the extreme left of the Confederate works, +and to the head of the back-water up the valley of the small brooks +above Dover; the Eighth, Eighteenth, and Twenty-ninth Illinois were +respectively posted across the three roads, which, leaving the main road +along the ridge, called Wynn's Ferry road, crossed the hollow and +through the enemy's intrenchments into Dover. The cavalry reconnoitered +around the enemy's left, to the muddy and overflowed bottom extending +back from the river immediately above Dover.</p> + +<p>According to the report of General Buckner it was decided, in a council +of general officers held that morning, to cut a way for the garrison out +through the enclosing force at once, before delay would make it +impracticable; that General Pillow was to lead, and Buckner to cover the +retreat of the army if the sortie proved successful. Buckner made the +necessary preparations, but early in the afternoon the order was +countermanded by General Floyd, at the instance of General Pillow, who, +after drawing out his troops for the attack, thought it too late for the +attempt. Though this is not mentioned in the reports of General Floyd, +General Pillow, or Colonel Gilmer, Colonel Baldwin in his report says +that General Buckner formed his division in open ground to the left and +rear of the intrenchments, for the purpose, apparently, of attacking the +National right, Colonel Baldwin's command being the head of the column; +that the column marched out by a road about two hundred yards from the +left of the intrenchments, and approached the right of the National line +by a course nearly perpendicular to it; but, after advancing a quarter +of a mile, General Pillow said it was too late in the day to accomplish +anything, and the troops returned to their quarters. Major Brown, +com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>manding the Twentieth Mississippi, reports substantially the same, +and adds they were under fire as soon as they began the advance, and one +of his men was shot before they advanced one hundred yards.</p> + +<p>About three o'clock in the afternoon Flag Officer Foote moved his fleet +up the river to attack the fort. The flag-ship St. Louis and three other +ironclads, the Carondelet, Louisville, and Pittsburg, each armed with +thirteen guns, advanced, followed by the wooden gunboats Tyler and +Conestoga. The water-battery attacked was a mere trench twenty feet +wide, sunk in the hill-side. The excavated earth thrown up outside the +ditch made a rampart twelve feet through at the summit. Carefully laid +sand-bags added to the height of the rampart, and left narrow spaces for +embrasures; narrow, but sufficient there, where the channel of the +river, straight and narrow, required the fleet to advance in a straight +line and with a narrow front. Such a work, at an elevation of thirty +feet above the water, was almost unassailable.</p> + +<p>The gunboats opened fire when a mile and a half from the fort, and +continued advancing slowly and firing rapidly till the ironclads were +within four hundred yards of the battery. The boats could use only their +bow-guns, three on each boat. After a severe action of an hour and a +half, a solid shot entering the pilot-house of the flag-ship, carried +away the wheel, and the tiller-ropes of the Louisville were disabled by +a shot. The relieving-tackles being no longer able to steer or control +these boats in the rapid current, they became wholly unmanageable, and +drifted down the river. The other two boats were also damaged, and the +whole fleet withdrew. There were fifty-four, officers and men, killed +and wounded on the fleet—Commodore Foote being one of the wounded. The +flag-ship alone was struck fifty-nine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> times. One rifled gun on the +Carondelet burst during the action. The terrible pounding by the heavy +navy guns seems to have inflicted no injury upon the earthworks, their +armament, or the men.</p> + +<p>Transports arrived in the course of the day, bringing additional +reinforcements. General McArthur was ordered at 5 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> to +occupy ground on the extreme right of the National line, to act as a +reserve to General Oglesby. He reached the assigned position in the +dark, about 7 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, and "encamped for the night, without +instructions and without adequate knowledge of the nature of the ground +in front and on the right." The troops, without shelter and without +fires, suffered another night of cold and wind and snow and sleet, after +a day without food.</p> + +<p>In the night, General Floyd, in council with General Pillow, General +Buckner, and Colonel Gilmer, determined to make a sortie in the morning, +and, if practicable, cut a way out, and retreat by the Wynn's Ferry road +to Charlotte. Pillow was to begin with an attack on McClernand's right, +assisted by the cavalry. When he should succeed in pushing back the +right, Buckner was to issue from the works and strike the division near +its centre. When the whole of the division should be rolled back onto +Lewis Wallace, leaving a cleared way out into the country over the road, +Pillow's division was to lead, and Buckner to hold the National forces +back and afterward serve as rear-guard on the retreat to Charlotte. The +brigade commanders were sent for and received instructions. No +instructions were given to them, nor was anything said in the council, +as to what supplies the troops should carry, and some regiments took +neither knapsacks nor rations. Before dawn, Saturday, the 15th, Pillow's +division began assembling, as on the previous day, on open ground in +rear of the extreme left of the intrenchments.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> Colonel Baldwin, who was +posted with two of his regiments, the Twenty-sixth Tennessee and +Twenty-sixth Mississippi, in Pillow's portion of the intrenchments, +while the rest of his brigade was west of Indian Creek, under Buckner, +held the advance, the Twentieth Mississippi being added to his command, +giving him a temporary brigade of three regiments. Colonel Heiman, with +his brigade and Maney's battery, strengthened by the Forty-second +Tennessee, were to remain in position and thence aid the attack while it +was going on. The Thirtieth Tennessee was to occupy the trenches vacated +by Buckner, while the Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Tennessee were to act as +garrison to the main work—the fort.</p> + +<p>Commodore Foote wrote to General Grant desiring an interview with him, +and asking, as he was disabled by wounds, to be excused from going to +see Grant, requested that the interview be held on the flag-ship. The +Twentieth Ohio, which had arrived on transports the evening before and +was ordered to report to General Lewis Wallace the day before, while +marching after breakfast from the boats to the fort, met General Grant +with some of his staff riding down the river road to where the boats +lay. The sally had been made and the attack begun; but there was nothing +in the sound that came through several miles of intervening forest to +indicate anything more serious than McClernand's previous assaults.</p> + +<p>Baldwin's brigade, leaving the intrenchments at 6 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, marched +by the right flank out a narrow and obstructed byroad, crossed the +valley in front of the works, and, while ascending the slope beyond, +encountered what they supposed to be a line of pickets. But Oglesby's +hungry men had slept little that cold night, and by simply rising to +their feet were in line of battle. Baldwin's brigade, in attempting to +deploy, was thrown into confusion, repeatedly rallied,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> and was thrown +into disorder and pushed back before its line was established. Colonel +Baldwin, in his report, says that deployment forward into line would +have brought his men into such an exposed situation that he threw his +regiment first into column of company, then deployed on the right into +line, and admits that practising tactics with new troops under fire is a +different thing from practice on the drill-ground. The movement that +Colonel Baldwin attempted with his leading regiment, the Twenty-sixth +Mississippi, is the same that General Sigel accomplished at Pea Ridge +with such brilliant effect, where he had by artillery fire to drive back +the enemy's line to gain room for each successive deployment.</p> + +<p>The firing sufficiently notified General McArthur where he was, and, +without waiting for orders, he formed his brigade into line on Oglesby's +right. Pillow's division, continually filing out from the intrenchments, +continually extended his line to his left. McArthur, to gain distance to +his right, widened the intervals between his regiments, refused his +right, and prolonged it by a skirmish line. Oglesby brought into action +Schwartz's battery, then commanded by Lieutenant Gumbart, and the +batteries in position in the besieged intrenchments joined in the +combat. A tenacious fight, face to face, ensued—so stationary that its +termination seemed to be a mere question of endurance and ammunition. +General Pillow moved the Twentieth Mississippi by wheeling its left to +the front. In this position the regiment suffered so severely that it +withdrew and took shelter behind a rising ground. A depression was found +by which General B.R. Johnson's brigade could find comparative +protection while moving to their left and gaining distance to their +front. General McArthur found his right flank turned and his ammunition +nearly exhausted, and withdrew his brigade<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> to a new position several +hundred yards to his rear. Oglesby moved the Eighteenth Illinois to the +right, to partially fill the vacated line, and brought up the Thirtieth +Illinois from its position in reserve to take the place left by the +Eighteenth. Colonel Lawler, of the Eighteenth, was wounded early in the +engagement. Captain Brush, who had succeeded to the command, was wounded +while carrying out this movement. The ammunition of the Eighteenth being +now nearly gone, it retired in good order to replenish, leaving 44 of +its number dead, and 170 wounded on the ground where it had stood.</p> + +<p>McClernand, when he found his command heavily pressed, sent to Lewis +Wallace, the adjoining division commander, for aid. Wallace sent to +Grant's headquarters for instructions, but the General was away on the +flag-ship, and his staff did not take the responsibility of acting in +his place. Wallace, having been ordered to act on the defensive, +declined to move without first receiving an order. When McArthur fell +back, Oglesby's right became enveloped, McClernand repeated his request, +and Wallace, seeing the affair was serious, took the responsibility, and +ordered Cruft's brigade to advance. The Twenty-fifth Kentucky, on coming +up, by some mistake fired into the Eighth and Twenty-ninth Illinois. +These regiments and the Thirtieth Illinois broke and retired. The Eighth +had lost 55 killed and 188 wounded; the Twenty-ninth, 25 killed and 60 +wounded; the Thirtieth, 19 killed and 71 wounded. The wounded had been +taken off to a building in the rear, which was turned into a hospital. +Cruft maintained his position stoutly, receiving and making charges, and +firing steadily from line. His men found the same difficulty that is +mentioned in reports of other commanders, of distinguishing the enemy +except when close at hand, or in motion. Their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> uniform, of the same +color with the dead leaves of dense scrub-oak, uniforms and foliage at a +short distance were undistinguishable. McArthur drew his brigade back +out of the contest, halted, and obtained ammunition and rations. His +men, who had fasted thirty-six hours, had one good meal before they +moved toward night to the extreme left, in support of the troops there +engaged. Cruft's brigade, being isolated, finally retired to the right +and rear, and took position near the hospital.</p> + +<p>When the rest of Oglesby's brigade retreated, the Thirty-first Illinois, +Colonel John A. Logan, the left of the brigade and connecting with the +right of Colonel W.H.L. Wallace's brigade, wheeled so as to have its +line at right angles with the line of the enemy's intrenchments; for, as +McArthur's and Oglesby's commands crumbled away, Pillow's division, +rolling up McClernand's, were now advancing in a course parallel to the +front of their intrenchments. The Thirty-first held its ground; but +yielding was only a question of time. As Pillow's division in deploying +continually increased its front, Colonel Baldwin's brigade was +continually pressed to his right and came in front of W.H.L. Wallace's +brigade. McCausland's brigade, consisting of the Thirty-sixth and +Fiftieth Virginia, formed on Baldwin's right and in front of W.H.L. +Wallace, Their assault was aided by the batteries in position in the +intrenchments, and Wallace's batteries alternately replied to the +artillery and played upon the line of infantry. Wallace held his line, +and Pillow sent to Buckner to advance. Buckner held his command within +the intrenchments massed, waiting for his opportunity. He sent three +regiments, Third Tennessee, Eighteenth Tennessee, and Fourteenth +Mississippi, across the intervening hollow. They attacked with spirit; +but, confused by the missiles flying overhead, broken by pushing through +the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> snow-covered boughs, and galled by the hot fire they encountered, +they quickly fell back in disorder, and, according to General Buckner, +communicated their depression to the rest of his command.</p> + +<p>Toward noon, as McClernand's right was rolled up and began to crumble, +Buckner, who had cheered his men, now led his division farther to his +right, near to Heiman's position in the intrenchments; there he +approached under cover till near Wallace's line. Three batteries +supported his charge—Maney's, Porter's, and Graves', these three +batteries concentrating their fire on Wallace's artillery. Forrest +brought his cavalry forward. Wallace's brigade, with Taylor's and +McAllister's batteries, and Logan's regiment, with boxes nearly empty, +withstood the combined attack. McAllister fired his last round of +ammunition. Taylor had fired seventeen hundred rounds of ammunition, an +average of two hundred and eighty-three rounds to the piece. The +infantry fired their last cartridge. The batteries of Maney, Graves, and +Porter poured in their fire; the divisions of Pillow and Buckner +aided—some regiments at a halt firing, but Buckner's advancing. +Forrest's cavalry hovered on the outskirts. Wallace gave the command to +fall back. McAllister had not horses left to haul off his three +howitzers, and had to leave two. The order did not reach the Eleventh +Illinois. The rest of the command fell back in regular order, and the +Eleventh and Thirty-first continued fighting. Colonel Logan, of the +Thirty-first, was wounded; the lieutenant-colonel was killed. Thirty +others were killed. The ranks were thinned by the wounded who had fallen +and been carried off the field. Ammunition was gone. Logan told +Lieutenant-Colonel Ransom, of the Eleventh Illinois, who, having had his +wound dressed, had returned to his regiment, that the Thirty-first must +leave, and suggested that the Eleventh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> should take the position left by +the Thirty-first. The Thirty-first marched steadily from the field, and +the Eleventh, alone now, faced to the rear, wheeled to the left, and +continued the fight. But, assailed on both flanks as well as in front, +and finally charged by the cavalry, it was broken, and fell back in +disorder. The brigade fell back half a mile.</p> + +<p>Fugitives from the front passed by General Lewis Wallace, who was +conversing with Captain Rawlins, General Grant's assistant +adjutant-general. Among them a mounted officer galloped down the road, +shouting, "We are cut to pieces." General Wallace at once ordered +Colonel Thayer's brigade to the front. Marching by the flank, they soon +met portions of Oglesby's and Colonel Wallace's brigades retiring from +the field. They all stated they were out of ammunition. Thayer's brigade +passed on at a double-quick. Position was taken; a battery, Company A, +Chicago Light Artillery, commanded by Captain Wood, was posted across +the road; to its right, the First Nebraska and Fifty-eighth Illinois; to +the left, the Fifty-eighth Ohio and a company of the Thirty-second +Illinois. The Seventy-sixth Ohio and Forty-sixth and Fifty-seventh +Illinois were posted in reserve. As soon as this line was formed, +interposed between the enemy and the retiring regiments, they halted and +waited for ammunition. The line was scarcely formed before a force, +coming up the road and through the forest, made a fierce attack. The +assault was vigorous. The line remained steady, and, with fire +deliberate and well aimed, quickly drove off the assailants. That closed +the attack made by the sortie. Colonel Cruft's brigade, the position of +which was not then known to General Wallace, was off at the right, near +enough to see the repulsed force retire in the direction of the works. +Cruft's brigade was brought into alignment with Thayer's, and Wallace +held the ground with his division.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> + +<p>McClernand's division was swept from the ground which it had occupied. +The desired road for retreat was open to the besieged. Buckner was in +the position assigned to him, and halting, awaited his artillery and +reserves from the intrenchments. General Pillow, who now found himself +within the intrenchments at the salient, held by Colonel Heiman, +directed the artillery to remain, and sent reiterated orders to Buckner +to return and resume his position within the works. He was in the act of +returning when he met General Floyd, who seemed surprised at the +movement. After some conversation, in which both agreed that the +original plan should be carried out, Floyd directed Buckner to remain +till he could see Pillow. After consulting with Pillow, Floyd sent +orders to Buckner to retire within the lines, and to repair as rapidly +as possible to his former position on the extreme right, which was in +danger of attack. By order of General B.R. Johnson, Colonel Drake's +brigade and the Twentieth Mississippi remained on the field.</p> + +<p>General Grant, at his interview on the flag-ship, was advised of the +serious injury to the fleet, and informed that Commodore Foote, leaving +his two ironclads least injured to protect the transports at the +landing, would proceed to Cairo with the other two, repair them, hasten +the completion of the Benton and mortar-boats, and return to the +prosecution of the siege. General Grant, upon this, made up his mind to +intrench, and with reinforcements complete the investment of the enemy's +works. Reaching the lines about one o'clock on his return, he learned +the state of affairs, ordered General C.F. Smith to prepare to storm the +works in his front, repaired to the right, inspected the condition of +the troops, and gave orders to be ready to attack when General Smith +should make his assault.</p> + +<p>The Fifty-second Indiana had been detached from Colonel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> Cook's brigade +to watch a gap in the intrenchments, near the extreme right of the +besieged line. At two o'clock General Smith ordered the assault by +Lauman's brigade; the Fifty-second Indiana was temporarily attached to +the brigade. The assaulting force was formed in column of battalions of +five companies each. The Second Iowa was in advance, with General Smith +in its centre, and followed in order by the Fifty-second Indiana, +Twenty-fifth Indiana, Seventh Iowa, and Fourteenth Iowa. Birge's +sharpshooters, deployed on each flank, opened a skirmishing fire. The +column advanced silently, without firing, crushed down the abattis, +covered the hill-side with battalions, heedless of the fire from the +garrison, pressed on to the works, leaped over, formed in line, and +drove the defending regiment to further shelter.</p> + +<p>Just at this time General Buckner was gaining this, the extreme right of +the line of intrenchments, with Hanson's regiment, which had left it in +the morning for the sortie. Hanson pushed his men forward, but the works +were occupied. The Thirtieth Tennessee, which had been holding that +portion of the works during the day, fell back to another ridge or spur, +between the captured work and the main fort. Lauman's brigade pushed on +to assault that position. Hanson's regiment, the Third, Eighteenth, and +Forty-first Tennessee and Fourteenth Mississippi, came to the aid of the +Thirtieth; portions of Porter's and Graves' batteries were brought up. +The Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Tennessee, the garrison of the fort, +hastened out in support. General Smith sent for Cook's brigade and +artillery. Lieutenant-Colonel McPherson sent up two ten-pound Parrott +guns. Buckner held the inner ridge, to which his men had retired, and +intrenched it in the night. Smith held the works he had gained, an +elevation as high as any within the line. His<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> battery established +there, enfiladed part of the line still held, and took in reverse nearly +the whole of the intrenchments. In the charge, the column, including +Birge's sharpshooters, but excluding the Fifty-second Indiana, lost 61 +killed and 321 wounded; of these, the Second Iowa lost 41 killed and 157 +wounded. General Smith, though sixty years old, spent the night without +shelter, on the captured ridge.</p> + +<p>General Grant, having set in motion C.F. Smith's attack, rode to the +right and ordered the troops there to take the offensive and regain the +ground that had been lost. General Lewis Wallace moved with a brigade +commanded by Colonel Morgan L. Smith, and made of the Eighth Missouri +and Eleventh Indiana, in advance. These two regiments belonged to +Smith's division, and marched from Fort Henry to Donelson with Wallace. +Colonel M.L. Smith, in his report, calls this command the Fifth Brigade, +Third Division. The regimental commanders in their reports style it, +Fifth Brigade, General C.F. Smith's division. Following was Cruft's +brigade. General Wallace says, in his report: "As a support, two Ohio +regiments, under Colonel Ross, were moved up and well advanced on the +left flank of the assailing force, but held in reserve." Colonel Ross, +of the Seventeenth Illinois, arriving at the front that morning and +reporting for duty, was at once assigned to the command of the brigade +composed of the Seventeenth and Forty-ninth Illinois, and, as ordered by +General McClernand, moved with General Wallace in support and reserve, +till recalled about dark by McClernand. An Ohio regiment, the Twentieth, +Colonel Whittlesey, did go out in support and reserve, but it was not +under Colonel Ross, and it remained close to the enemy's works all +night.</p> + +<p>The column approached the ridge held by Drake's bri<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>gade and the +Twentieth Mississippi. M.L. Smith's brigade came in front, where the +slope was bare; Cruft had to push up through bushes. General Wallace +speaks with admiration of the advance by Smith. He advanced his line and +ordered it to lie down, and to continue firing while lying down. As soon +as the fire of the enemy on the summit slackened, the regiments rose, +dashed up the hill, and lay down again before the fire from the hill-top +could be made effective. In a short time, with rapid bounds, the summit +was gained. Cruft's brigade pushed up through the bushes. Drake fell +back within the intrenchments. Wallace stationed his picket-line close +to the enemy's works. The retiring Confederate force took with them six +captured pieces of artillery, several thousand small arms, and between +two and three hundred prisoners; but returned to their trenches weary, +disappointed, disheartened.</p> + +<p>In the night General Floyd and General Buckner met with General Pillow +and his staff, at General Pillow's headquarters, to consider the +situation. After some recrimination between Pillow and Buckner whether +the intention and plan had been to commence the retreat directly from +the battlefield, or first to cut a way out and then return to the works, +equip for a march and retreat by night, it was agreed to evacuate that +night and march out by the ground which had been gained. Pillow ordered +the chief quartermaster and the chief commissary to burn the stores at +half-past five in the morning. Precaution was taken, however, before +actually preparing for the movement, to send out scouts to see if the +way were still clear. The scouts returned with report that the National +forces had reoccupied the ground. This being doubted, other scouts were +sent out, who brought the same report in more positive terms. Pillow +proposed to cut a way out. Buckner said that was now impossible,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> and +Floyd acquiesced. Pillow at last assented to this, but proposed to hold +the fort at least one day longer and take the chances of getting out. +Buckner said that was impossible; a lodgement had been made in the key +of his position; assault would certainly follow as soon as it was light, +and he could not withstand it. It was remarked that no alternative was +left but to surrender. General Floyd said he would never surrender—he +would die first. Pillow said substantially the same. Buckner said, if he +were in command, he would surrender and share the fate of the garrison. +Floyd inquired of Buckner, "If the command should devolve on you, would +you permit me to take out my brigade?" To which Buckner replied, "Yes, +if you leave before the terms of capitulation are agreed on." Forrest +asked, "Gentlemen, have I leave to cut my way out?" Pillow answered, +"Yes, sir, cut your way out," and asked, "Is there anything wrong in my +leaving?" Floyd replied, "Every person must judge for himself of that?" +Whereupon General Pillow said, "Then I shall leave this place." General +Floyd turned to General Pillow and told him, "General Pillow, I turn the +command over, sir." General Pillow said, "And I pass it." General +Buckner said, "And I assume it," and countermanded the order for the +destruction of the commissary and quartermaster stores, and ordered +white flags to be prepared and a bugler to report to him.</p> + +<p>At eleven o'clock that night Floyd telegraphed to General A.S. Johnston +a glorious victory. Four hours later, at the close of the council or +conference, he telegraphed: "We are completely invested by an army many +times our numbers. I regret to say the unanimous opinion of the officers +seems to be that we cannot maintain ourselves against these forces."</p> + +<p>Colonel Forrest reported that upon examination he found<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> that deep mud +and water made an escape by land, between the investing force and the +river, impracticable for infantry. Forrest marched out with all the +cavalry but Gantt's Tennessee battalion and two companies of Helm's +Kentucky cavalry, taking with him the horses of Porter's battery and +about two hundred men of various commands. There was not a steamboat at +the landing; General Floyd had sent all up the river with wounded and +prisoners. Not a skiff or yawl could be found. A little flatboat or scow +was got by some means from the other side of the river, and on this +General Pillow crossed the river with his staff and Colonel Gilmer. Two +steamboats returned at daybreak, one of them bringing "about four +hundred raw troops." The four hundred raw troops were dumped on shore, +and Floyd took possession of the boats. Floyd's brigade, consisting of +four Virginia regiments and the Twentieth Mississippi, had been divided +during the siege. The four Virginia regiments were organized into two +brigades, and the Twentieth Mississippi attached to another command. Two +Virginia regiments were ferried across the river, and the Twentieth +Mississippi, understanding that they were to be taken on board with +Floyd, stood on guard and kept off the growing crowd of clamorous +soldiers while the other two Virginia regiments embarked. The rope was +cut and Floyd steamed up the river, leaving the Twentieth Mississippi +and his aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Breckenridge Drake, behind. It was said +afterward that word was received from General Buckner that the boat must +leave at once, or it would not be allowed to leave.</p> + +<p>Soon after daybreak, Sunday the 16th, the men of Lauman's brigade heard +the notes of a bugle advancing from the fort. It announced an officer, +who bore to General Grant a letter from General Buckner, proposing the +appointment of commissioners to agree upon terms of capitulation, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +also proposing an armistice until noon. General Grant replied, +acknowledging the receipt of the letter, and adding: "No terms except an +unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted. I propose to move +immediately upon your works." Buckner replied: "The distribution of the +forces under my command, incident to an unexpected change of commanders, +and the overwhelming force under your command, compel me, +notwithstanding the brilliant success of the Confederate arms yesterday, +to accept the ungenerous and unchivalrous terms which you propose." +White flags were displayed along the works; the National troops marched +in, and General Grant at once made the following order: "All prisoners +taken at the surrender of Fort Donelson will be collected as rapidly as +practicable near the village of Dover, under their respective company +and regimental commanders, or in such manner as may be deemed best by +Brigadier-General S.B. Buckner, and will receive two days' rations +preparatory to embarking for Cairo. Prisoners are to be allowed their +clothing, blankets, and such private property as may be carried about +the person, and commissioned officers will be allowed their side-arms."</p> + +<p>There is disagreement as to the number of guns captured. There were +thirteen in the water-batteries and eight in the fort. Besides, there +were eight artillery companies, whose field-pieces were disposed in nine +positions along the line of intrenchments. Six of these companies were +those of Maney, Porter, Graves, Green, Guy, Jackson. The other two are +called Ross and Murray in the account in the Nashville <i>Patriot</i>, and +called Parker and French on the pen-sketch of the works showing the +position of the light batteries, found among the Confederate records. +The number of pieces in these batteries is not given. Badeau gives the +number of guns surrendered at sixty-five, and no reason is seen why that +is not correct.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> + +<p>There is no means of determining with any precision the number of the +garrison. General Grant, on the day of the surrender, reported the +number of prisoners taken as twelve to fifteen thousand. Badeau says the +number captured was 14,623; and that rations were issued at Cairo to +that number of prisoners taken at Fort Donelson. According to a report +or estimate made by Major Johnson, of the first Mississippi, and found +among his papers in Mississippi in 1864, the number "engaged" was +15,246, and the number surrendered 11,738. General Floyd gives no +estimate. General Pillow, in his brief to the Secretary of War of the +Confederacy, defending himself from charges, gives thirteen thousand as +about the number engaged in the defence; while General Buckner, in a +report made after he was exchanged, says the aggregate of the army +within the works was never greater than twelve thousand. An estimate +published in the Nashville <i>Patriot</i> soon after the surrender makes the +number engaged 13,829.</p> + +<p>Major Brown's estimate was evidently the most deliberate and careful, +yet it is not free from error. It is not accurate in the number of +casualties. The regimental reports made after the surrender are not +numerous, but they present some means of testing Major Brown's estimate. +According to that estimate, the Eighth Kentucky lost 19 killed and 41 +wounded; according to the official report of Colonel Simonton, +commanding the brigade, the loss of the Eighth Kentucky was 27 killed +and 72 wounded. According to Major Brown's estimate, two of the Virginia +regiments lost none killed or wounded, and the aggregate of the loss of +the four regiments was 13 killed and 113 wounded; according to the +brigade reports, every regiment lost both killed and wounded, the +aggregate being 41 killed and 166 wounded. Major Brown's estimate omits +the Kentucky cavalry bat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>talion of three companies. It names also only +seven artillery companies, while the Nashville <i>Patriot's</i> account and +the memorandum on the manuscript plan of the intrenchments name eight. +This estimate is also incomplete. It gives only the number engaged +belonging to regiments and companies, and thereby excludes brigade and +division commanders, and their staff and enlisted men at their +headquarters; it also excludes the "four hundred raw troops" (the +reports give them no other designation) who arrived too late to be +engaged, but in time to be surrendered; and the estimate being only of +those engaged, excludes sick, special duty men, and all except the +muskets and sabres present for duty in the works. Such an estimate of +"effective" or "engaged" is no basis for a statement of the number +surrendered. The morning report of Colonel Bailey's regiment, the +Forty-ninth Tennessee, for January 14th, was 680 effectives out of an +aggregate of 777. His last morning report before the surrender was 393 +effectives out of an aggregate of 773. Major Brown's estimate gives this +regiment 372 engaged. Colonel Bailey's morning report of those present +with him on the way from Donelson to Cairo, which included none from +hospitals, was, officers and men, 490.</p> + +<p>There is no report of trustworthy accuracy, giving either the aggregate +or the effective strength. Ten thousand five hundred prisoners were put +into the charge of Colonel Whittlesey, of the Twentieth Ohio; of which +number he sent north, guarded by his own regiment, about six thousand +three hundred; another, but much smaller body, was put into the hands of +Colonel Sweeney. Besides these, were the wounded and sick in hospital, +in camp, and some left on the field. Colonel Whittlesey, at the time, +estimated the entire number taken charge of, including sick and wounded, +at 13,000. General Floyd said that the boats which carried across and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +up the river his four Virginia regiments, took at the same time about as +many other troops; and he says he took up the river with him 986, +officers and men, of the four Virginia regiments. Pillow reported, on +March 14th, that several thousand infantry had got out in one way or +other, many of whom were at that time with him at Decatur, Ala., and the +rest under orders to rendezvous there. They continued slipping out after +the surrender. General B.R. Johnson, on the Tuesday after the surrender, +not having reported or been enrolled as a prisoner, walked with a +fellow-officer out of the intrenchments at mid-day, and, not being +challenged, continued beyond the National camps and escaped. The +accounts of the escape by boat with Floyd, on horse with Forrest, and by +parties slipping out by day and by night through the forest and +undergrowth and the devious ravines, fairly show that 5,000 must have +escaped. There was scarcely a regiment or battery, if, indeed, there was +a single regiment or battery, from which some did not escape. Eleven +hundred and thirty-four wounded were sent up the river by boat the +evening before the surrender, and General Pillow estimated the killed at +over four hundred and fifty. This accounts for an aggregate of over +nineteen thousand five hundred, sufficiently near the estimate of +nineteen thousand six hundred—the number in the place during the siege, +and the additional four hundred, who arrived only in time to be +surrendered.</p> + +<p>General Floyd surmised the killed and wounded to be fifteen hundred. +Pillow estimated them at two thousand. The National loss was, in +McClernand's division, 1,445 killed and wounded, and 74 missing; in C.F. +Smith's division, 306 killed, 1,045 wounded, and 167 missing; and in +Lewis Wallace's division, 39 killed, 248 wounded, and 5 missing—making +an aggregate of 3,329 killed, wounded, and missing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> General Grant sat +down before the place Wednesday the 12th, at noon, with 15,000 men, and +with that number closed in upon the works and made vigorous assaults +next day. Reinforcements began to arrive at the landing Thursday +evening, and when the place surrendered his army had grown by +reinforcements to twenty-seven thousand. Grant had no artillery but the +eight field-batteries which he brought over from Fort Henry to Donelson. +These were not fixed in position and protected by earthworks, but were +moved from place to place and used as batteries in the field.</p> + +<p>The defensive line from Columbus to Bowling Green, broken by the capture +of Fort Henry, was now shattered. General A.S. Johnston evacuated +Bowling Green on February 14th, and on the 17th and 18th moved with the +main body of his troops from Nashville to Murfreesboro. The rear-guard +left Nashville on the night of the 23d, and the advance of Buell's army +appeared next morning on the opposite bank of the river. Columbus was +evacuated shortly after. The National authority was re-established over +the whole of Kentucky, the State of Tennessee was opened to the advance +of both army and fleet, and the Mississippi was cleared down to Island +Number Ten.</p> + +<p>General Halleck telegraphed on February 17th, the day after the +surrender, to General McClellan: "Make Buell, Grant, and Pope +major-generals of volunteers, and give me command in the West. I ask +this in return for Donelson and Henry." Next day, the 18th, he +telegraphed to General Hunter, commanding the Department of Kansas, +thanking him for his aid in sending troops; and to Grant, ordering him +not to let the gunboats go up higher than Clarksville, whence they must +return to Cairo immediately upon the destruction of the bridge and +railroad. On the 19th he telegraphed to Washington: "Smith, by his +cool<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>ness and bravery at Fort Donelson, when the battle was against us, +turned the tide and carried the enemy's outworks. Make him a +major-general. You cannot get a better one. Honor him for this victory, +and the whole country will applaud." On the 20th he telegraphed to +McClellan, "I must have command of the armies in the West. Hesitation +and delay are losing us the golden opportunity." Upon the receipt in +Washington of the news of the surrender of Fort Donelson, the President +at once appointed Grant major-general, and the Senate immediately +confirmed the appointment. Buell and Pope shortly after received the +same promotion. Later, in March, C.F. Smith, McClernand, and Lewis +Wallace were confirmed to the same rank. On March 11th, General Halleck +was assigned to the command of the Department of the Mississippi, +embracing all the troops west of a line drawn north and south +indefinitely through Knoxville, Tenn., and east of the western boundary +of Arkansas and Missouri. On February 15th, Grant had been assigned to +the command of the Military District of Tennessee, the limits of which +were not defined, and General W.T. Sherman succeeded to the command of +the District of Cairo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<p class='center'>NEW MADRID AND ISLAND NUMBER TEN.</p> + + +<p>A division belonging to General Pope's command in Missouri went with +General Curtis to Pea Ridge and Arkansas. A considerable portion of what +was left was sent up the Tennessee and Cumberland to General Grant. On +February 14, 1862, General Pope was summoned to St. Louis by General +Halleck, and on the 18th General Halleck pointed out to him the +situation at New Madrid and Island No. Ten, and directed him to organize +and command a force for their reduction. On the 19th Pope left for Cairo +to defend it from an attack then apprehended from Columbus. This +apprehension being found to be groundless, he proceeded by steamboat, +with a guard of 140 men, thirty miles up the river, and began at once to +organize his expedition.</p> + +<p>Major-General Polk, commanding at Columbus, having received instructions +from the Confederate War Department, through General Beauregard, to +evacuate Columbus and select a defensive position below, adopted that +embracing Madrid Bend on the Tennessee shore, New Madrid on the Missouri +shore, and Island No. Ten between them. The bluffs on the Missouri shore +terminate abruptly at Commerce. Thence to Helena, Arkansas, the west +bank of the Mississippi is everywhere low and flat, and in many places +on the river, and to much greater extent a few miles back from the +river, is a swamp. From Columbus to Fort Pillow,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> the Tennessee shore is +of the same character. The river flowing almost due south for some miles +to Madrid Bend, curves there to the west of north to New Madrid, and +there making another bend, sweeps to the southeast and then nearly east, +till, reaching Tiptonville, a point nearly due south of Madrid Bend, it +turns again to the south. Island No. Ten begins at Madrid Bend and looks +up the straight stretch of the river. From Island No. Eight, about four +miles above Island No. Ten, the distance across the land to New Madrid +is six miles, while by river it is fifteen. The distance overland from +Island No. Ten to Tiptonville is five miles, while by water it is +twenty-seven. Commencing at Hickman, between Madrid Bend and Columbus, a +great swamp, which for a part of its extent is a sheet of water called +Reelfoot Lake, extends along the left bank of the Mississippi, and +discharges its waters into the Mississippi forty miles below +Tiptonville, leaving between it and the river the peninsula which lies +immediately below Island No. Ten, and opposite New Madrid. Immediately +below Tiptonville the swamp for many miles extends entirely to the +river. The peninsula is, therefore, substantially an island, having the +Mississippi on three sides, and Reelfoot Lake, with its enveloping +swamp, on the other. A good road led from the Tennessee shore, opposite +Island No. Ten, along the west border of the swamp and the lake to +Tiptonville. The only means of supply, therefore, for the forces on +Island No. Ten and this peninsula, were by the river. If the river were +blockaded at New Madrid, supplies must be landed at Tiptonville and +conveyed across the neck of the peninsula by the road. From this +peninsula there was no communication with the interior except by a small +flatboat which plied across Reelfoot Lake, more than a mile across, by a +channel cut through the cypress-trees which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> cover the lake. Supplies +and reinforcements could not, therefore, be brought to any considerable +extent by the land side; nor could escape, except by small parties, be +made in that direction. A mile below Tiptonville begin the great swamps +on both sides of the Mississippi. If batteries could be planted on the +lowest dry ground, opposite and below Tiptonville, so as to command the +river and effectually intercept navigation, the garrison of Island No. +Ten and its supports would be cut off from reinforcements and from +escape.</p> + +<p>General Polk began the evacuation of Columbus on February 25th. One +hundred and forty pieces of artillery were mounted in the works. All +these, except two thirty-two pounders and several carronades, which were +spiked and left, were taken to Island No. Ten and the works in +connection with it. Brigadier-General McCown with his division went down +the river to Island No. Ten, on February 27th, and General Stewart, with +a brigade, followed to New Madrid on March 1st. The rest of the infantry +marched under General Cheatham, by land, March 1st to Union City. Next +day General Polk, having sent off the bulk of the great stores +accumulated at this place, destroyed the remainder and moved away with +his staff and the cavalry. The force that went from Columbus to Island +No. Ten included General Trudeau's command of ten companies of heavy +artillery and the Southern Guards who acted as heavy artillery. The +light batteries were brigaded with the infantry.</p> + +<p>Some progress had been made in throwing up batteries on the island and +at the bend. Sappers and miners were at once set to work, aided by the +companies of heavy artillery and details from the infantry. By March +12th, four batteries, scarcely above the water-level, were completed on +the island and armed with twenty-three guns, and five batteries on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +main-land, armed with twenty-four guns. Battery No. 1, on the main-land, +called the Redan, armed with six guns, was three thousand yards in an +air-line above the point of the island. A line of infantry +intrenchments, <i>en crémaillère</i>, extended from the Redan to the water of +a bayou which connects with Reelfoot Lake. A floating battery, anchored +near the lower end of the island, added ten guns to its defence. Later, +a fifth battery was erected on the island, and the number of guns in +battery on the island and on the main-land, at the bend, was increased +to fifty-four, exclusive of the floating battery. On the Missouri shore +a bastioned redoubt, called Fort Thompson, with fourteen guns, stood +below the town, and an earthwork with seven guns, called Fort Bankhead, +just above the town. Infantry intrenchments extended these forts, and a +field-battery of six pieces was added to the armament of the upper fort. +Commodore Hollins, of the Confederate navy, aided the land-forces with +eight gunboats. General McCown, making an inspecting visit to the +position on February 25th, found there Colonel Gantt, of Arkansas, with +the Eleventh and Twelfth Arkansas, and two artillery companies, acting +as garrison to Fort Thompson, and at once, before returning to Columbus, +ordered Colonel L.M. Walker, with two regiments from Fort Pillow, to +guard the defences just above New Madrid.</p> + +<p>General Pope having landed at Commerce with 140 men, regiments and +batteries rapidly arrived from Cairo, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. With +the assistance of able and experienced officers, Generals Schuyler +Hamilton, Stanley, Palmer, and Granger, the troops were brigaded, +divisions formed, and the command organized. Colonel Plummer being +promoted to brigadier-general after the arrival before New Madrid, the +organization was modified. As finally organized, it comprised five small +infantry divisions. First, commanded by General<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> D.S. Stanley, +comprising First Brigade, Colonel John Groesbeck, Twenty-seventh and +Thirty-ninth Ohio; and Second Brigade, Colonel J.L.K. Smith, Forty-third +and Sixty-third Ohio. Second Division, General Schuyler Hamilton, +comprising First Brigade, Colonel W.H. Worthington, Fifth Iowa and +Fifty-ninth Indiana; and Second Brigade, Colonel N. Perczell, +Twenty-sixth Missouri Infantry and Sands' Eleventh Ohio Battery. Third +Division, General J.N. Palmer, comprising First Brigade, Colonel J.R. +Slack, Thirty-fourth and Forty-seventh Indiana; and Second Brigade, +Colonel G.N. Fitch, Forty-third and Forty-sixth Indiana Infantry, +Seventh Illinois Cavalry, and Company G, First Missouri Light Artillery. +Fourth Division, comprising First Brigade, Colonel J.D. Morgan, Tenth +and Sixteenth Illinois; and Second Brigade, Colonel G.W. Cumming, +Twenty-sixth and Fifty-first Illinois, First Illinois Cavalry, and a +battalion of Yate's sharpshooters. Fifth Division, General J.B. Plummer, +comprising First Brigade, Colonel John Bryner, Forty-seventh Illinois +and Eighth Wisconsin; and Second Brigade, Colonel J.M. Loomis, +Twenty-second Illinois, Eleventh Missouri Infantry, and Company M, First +Missouri Light Artillery. Besides these was a cavalry division, +commanded by General Gordon Granger, comprising the Second and Third +Michigan Cavalry; also an artillery division, commanded by Major W.L. +Lothrop, comprising the following batteries: Second Iowa, Third +Michigan, Company F, Second United States Artillery, Houghtaling's +Ottawa Light Artillery, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Batteries of the First +Wisconsin Artillery, and De Golyer's battery, afterward Company H, of +the First Michigan Artillery. In addition to these was a command under +Colonel J.W. Bissel, called the Engineer's Regiment of the West, +comprising the Fifteenth Wisconsin and Twenty-second Missouri Infantry, +the Second Iowa Cavalry, a com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>pany of the Fourth United States Cavalry, +a company of the First United States Infantry, and battalion of the +Second Illinois Cavalry. The army commander, the division commanders, +and other officers, nearly a dozen in all, were graduates of West Point. +The men of this army had, therefore, better opportunity than most others +to learn quickly something of the business of military life, and acquire +habits of military discipline.</p> + +<p>The road from Commerce to New Madrid was, for the most part, a +dilapidated corduroy, tumbling about a broken causeway through a swamp. +M. Jeff. Thompson, "Brigadier-General of the Missouri State Guard," +designed to hold a "very important session of the Missouri Legislature," +at New Madrid, on March 3d—a session which was to last, however, but +one day. When General Pope moved out from Commerce, on February 28th, +Schuyler Hamilton in front, Thompson undertook to oppose the advance +with a detachment of his irregular command and three light pieces of +rifled artillery. The Seventh Illinois Cavalry charged, captured the +three guns, took two officers and several enlisted men prisoners, and +chased Thompson and the rest of his band sixteen miles, almost to the +outskirts of New Madrid. Dragging through the mud by short marches, +Hamilton's division reached New Madrid on the morning of March 3d. +Deploying, with the Twenty-seventh and Thirty-ninth Ohio in front as +skirmishers, Hamilton marched upon the town, pushed the enemy's pickets +back into the intrenchments, developed the line of intrenchment, drew +the fire of its armament—twenty-four, thirty-two, and sixty-four +pounders and field-pieces. The gunboats of Commodore Hollins' fleet took +part in the engagement. The water in the river was so high that it +lifted the guns on the boats above the banks. The reconnoissance +developed the fact that the in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>trenchments could be carried by assault, +but could not be held so long as the gunboats could lay the muzzles of +their heavy guns upon the river-bank and sweep the whole interior.</p> + +<p>The reconnoissance made by General Hamilton showed the necessity of +having siege-guns. The troops were put into camp about two miles back +from the river; urgent request was sent to Cairo for heavy artillery, +and parties were pushed forward every day to harass the garrison and +keep them occupied. Colonel Plummer (soon after brigadier-general and +commanding a division of his own) was detached from Hamilton's division +and sent with the Eleventh Missouri, Twenty-sixth and Forty-seventh +Illinois Infantry, four guns of the First Missouri Light Artillery, and +one company of engineer troops, together with two companies of cavalry, +to act as outpost toward the interior—to Point Pleasant. The object was +to attempt by field-pieces to stop the passage of transport steamboats +up and down the river. Colonel Plummer, leaving camp at noon, March 5th, +proceeding by a circuitous road to avoid passing along the river-bank, +halted for the night in bivouac, without fires, within three or four +miles of the town. A gunboat prevented his cavalry and artillery from +occupying the town next day, but was driven away by the fire of the +infantry. The infantry and engineers prosecuted the work of digging +rifle-pits, and in the night places were sunk for the field-pieces by +excavating near the edge of the bank. By morning of March 7th the four +guns were in position, planted apart, with lines of rifle-pits +connecting them. When discovered, the gunboats immediately began a +furious assault. Plummer's artillery wasted no ammunition in useless +fire upon the iron-plated boats, and his guns were so shielded by their +position in sunken batteries, back from the edge of the bank, that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +fire of the gunboats passed harmless overhead. The deliberate fire of +sharpshooters from the rifle-pits, however, searching every opened +porthole, pilot-house, and every exposed point, was so annoying that the +fleet withdrew. Every day the gunboats opened upon the position, either +in stationary attack or while passing up and down the river. But, to +avoid the harassing fire from the rifle-pits, they kept, after the first +few attacks, near the opposite shore of the river. The steamboats used +as transports did not venture to pass up or down the river in face of +Plummer's batteries, and the enemy was restricted to the landing at +Tiptonville and boats below for all communication.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus06.jpg" alt="madrid" /> +<a id="illus06" name="illus06"></a> +</p> +<p class='center'> New Madrid and Island Number Ten.</p> + +<p>On the 6th, General Pope telegraphed that Colonel Plummer had not yet +been able to effect his lodgement at Point Pleasant, but that the +sharpshooters were trying to drive the artillerymen of the gunboats from +their pieces. Next day, the 7th, General Halleck telegraphed to Pope: +"After securing the roads so as to prevent the enemy's advance north, +you will withdraw your remaining forces to Sikeston, and thence to +Bird's Point or Commerce for embarkation. They will proceed up the +Tennessee to reinforce General C. F. Smith. Good luck." On the same day, +the 7th, General Pope reported by telegraph Plummer's success in +establishing himself, and nothing more was heard about abandoning the +expedition.</p> + +<p>General Pope had asked for rifled thirty-twos. General Cullum, Halleck's +chief of staff, who was stationed at Cairo and had immediate charge and +supervision of sending reinforcements and supplies to the armies in +Halleck's department, not finding rifled thirty-twos, obtained three +twenty-four-pounders and one eight-inch howitzer. Colonel Bissell, of +the engineer regiment, who was in Cairo waiting for them, received these +four pieces on March 11th. They were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> shipped across the river to Bird's +Point, and sent by rail to Sikeston. At Sikeston a detachment from the +company of regular artillery, with horses, as well as the regiment of +engineers, were waiting. The pieces were quickly unshipped and mounted +on carriages. The engineers had such success in repairing the road, and +the artillery in conducting the pieces, that all arrived in good order +about sunset of the 12th.</p> + +<p>Major Lathrop, commanding the artillery, had, on the 11th, reconnoitered +the ground and selected a position about eight hundred yards in front of +Fort Thompson, for batteries to contain the siege-guns. On Colonel +Bissell's arrival, he went again to the front and pointed out the +position selected. About dusk, two companies of the Thirty-ninth Ohio, +deployed as skirmishers, drove back the enemy's pickets toward the +works. At nine o'clock <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, Colonel Bissell and Major Lathrop +arrived on the ground with Colonel Morgan, who had with him the Tenth +and six companies of the Sixteenth Illinois. The Tenth Illinois, +advancing in open order, pushed the enemy's pickets still farther back +and close to their works. The six companies of the Sixteenth followed +with picks and spades. Two companies of the Tenth, deployed as +skirmishers, were pushed forward, covering the front and flanks of the +party, with orders not to fire even if fired upon. The remaining eight +companies of the Tenth Illinois joined the Sixteenth as a working party. +The lines of two batteries for two guns each, and lines of infantry +intrenchments, had now been traced. The fourteen companies worked with +such zeal that the works were completed by three o'clock <span class="smcap">A.M.</span> +Captain Mower, of the First United States Infantry, who, with Companies +A and H of his regiment, had been put in command of the siege-artillery, +put the four pieces in position; Colonel Morgan, recalling his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> pickets, +posted his command in the trenches. General Stanley moved out with his +division in support, and, at daylight, Mower opened fire upon Fort +Thompson.</p> + +<p>The force in Forts Thompson and Bankhead numbered about three thousand +effectives, according to General A.P. Stewart, who had general command +of both; thirty-five hundred, according to General Gantt, who commanded +at Fort Thompson, and had been promoted after being assigned to the +command. The fire from Captain Mower's guns was the first notice General +Gantt or his men had of the erection of the batteries. Fort Thompson +replied with all its guns. Fort Bankhead joined with its heavy ordnance +and field-battery. Commodore Hollins brought his fleet close in shore +and aided the bombardment. Captain Mower, by direction of General Pope, +paid little heed to the forts, but directed most of his fire to the +boats. The forts on either side were little injured. One twenty-four +pounder in Mower's battery, and one thirty-two in Fort Thompson, were +disabled. The gunboats were struck, but not seriously injured.</p> + +<p>In the evening, General McCown visited Commodore Hollins on his +flag-ship, and, after a conference, sent for General Stewart. Commodore +Hollins stated that he had been positively assured that heavy artillery +could not be brought over the wet and swampy country, and he was not +prepared to encounter it. General McCown said it was evident to him that +Pope intended, by regular approaches, to cut off Fort Thompson. He told +A.P. Stewart that reinforcements could not be expected within ten days. +Stewart said he could not hold out three days. All agreed, then, that +the forts must be evacuated, and immediately.</p> + +<p>About ten o'clock <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> a gunboat and two transports reported to +Colonel Walker at Fort Bankhead, and General Stewart proceeded with two +gunboats to Fort Thompson.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> + +<p>According to Colonel Walker's report, the evacuation and embarkation at +his post was orderly, though impeded by a heavy rain-storm, and +restricted by the very insufficient transportation afforded by the +boats. He was unable to carry off any of the heavy guns, but succeeded +in shipping the guns of Bankhead's field-battery, leaving their limbers +and caissons behind. General Gantt's report represents a like state of +affairs at Fort Thompson. But, according to General Stewart's report, +his directions were imperfectly carried out. One twenty-four pounder was +pulled off its platform into the swamp in its rear, where it sank so +deep in the mud that it was impossible to move it. No attempt was made +to remove more. The storm began at eleven o'clock. "The rain was +unusually violent, and the night became so dark that it was difficult to +see, except by the flashes of lightning. The men became sullen and +indifferent—indisposed to work. I spent some time in collecting +together such of them as were idle and urged them to carry off the boxes +of ammunition from the magazine, and pass them aboard the boat. At +length I learned from Captain Stewart that all the guns had been spiked, +that rat-tail files had been sent up for the purpose from one of the +gunboats, with orders to spike the guns. I replied that no such orders +had been given by me, that the spiking of the guns should have been the +last thing done." "Soon after this an artillery officer informed me that +Gantt's regiment was going aboard the boats, that Captain Carter was +hurrying them, telling them he intended to save his boats, and would +leave them to shift for themselves if the enemy fired." "I directed the +artillery officers, before the boats left, to make an effort to get +their tents on board. They subsequently reported that they could not get +many of the men together in the darkness and rain, nor induce the few +whom they did collect to do anything at it." General<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> Stewart ordered +the pickets who had been sent out to cover the movement to be recalled, +and the tents and quarters to be searched. Thirteen men, however, were +left. One of the gunboats took in tow a wharf-boat at the landing, which +was used as a hospital and contained several hundred sick. Between three +and four o'clock in the morning the boats pulled out and left.</p> + +<p>Morgan's brigade, after constructing the works in the night of the 12th, +remained in the trenches till relieved early in the morning of the 14th. +At two o'clock <span class="smcap">A.M.</span> of the 14th, General Hamilton advanced with +his division to relieve General Stanley in support, and with Slack's +brigade of Palmer's division to relieve Morgan's brigade in the +trenches. "The darkness was palpable, the rain poured down in torrents, +the men were obliged to wade through pools knee-deep. Silence having +been strictly enjoined, the division, hoping to have the honor of +leading in the assault on the enemy's works, moved steadily forward with +cheerful alacrity; those assigned to that duty taking post in the +rifle-pits half full of water, without a murmur." A heavy fog obscured +the dawn. About six o'clock two deserters reported that the fort had +been hastily abandoned in the night, after a portion of the guns had +been spiked. Captain Mower and Lieutenant Fletcher, commanding the two +companies in charge of the siege-guns, were dispatched into the fort to +hoist the American flag. Two field-batteries, besides the heavy +artillery, great quantities of ammunition for small arms as well as for +the artillery, tents, stores of all sorts, the wagons, horses, and mules +of the troops at Fort Thompson, were found. The wagons and animals at +Fort Bankhead had been sent across the river a few days before. General +Beauregard, whose command included these defences, ordered an inquiry +into the facts of the evacuation of New Madrid. The inspecting officer +re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>ported substantially in accordance with the report of General A.P. +Stewart.</p> + +<p>Immediately the evacuation was confirmed, Hamilton's division was moved +into the works and their guns were turned toward the river. Without +delay, batteries were at night sunk at points along the river just back +of the river-bank, and the captured siege-guns, hauled laboriously by +hand down the the strip of more solid ground between the river and +swamp, were placed in position in them. The lowest battery was below +Point Pleasant, and opposite and a little below Tiptonville. This +extended General Pope's line seventeen miles along the river. The lowest +battery commanded the lowest solid ground on the Tennessee shore—all +below was swamp. This battery, if maintained, cut off the enemy alike +from retreat, and from reinforcements and supplies. When the morning of +the 15th disclosed the muzzles of the heavy guns peering over the +river-bank as over a parapet, five gunboats moved up within three +hundred yards, and with furious cannonade strove to destroy them. In an +hour and a half one gunboat was sunk, others damaged, gunners on them +shot from the rifle-pits on shore, and the fleet retired.</p> + +<p>On March 15th, Commodore Foote moved with his fleet of gunboats and +mortar-boats to the neighborhood of Island No. 10, and next day engaged +the batteries on the island and the main-land, at long range, to +ascertain their position and armament. Next day five gunboats and four +mortar-boats moved down to within two thousand yards of the upper +battery or redan, and opened fire. The batteries on main-land and island +replied. One hundred pieces of heavy ordnance rent the quivering air +with their thunder. The rampart of the redan had been constructed +twenty-four feet thick, but the high water beating against it had washed +it, and, by percolation, softened it. The heavy shot from the gunboats<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +passed though it. Thirteen-inch shells exploding in the ground made +caverns in the soil. Water stood on the ground within, and the +artillerists waded in mud and water. The conflict lasted till evening. +The staff of the signal-flag used in the redan was shattered by a shot; +but the officer, Lieutenant Jones, picking up the flag, and using his +arm as a staff, continued signalling. The rampart of the redan was torn +and ridged, and one sixty-four gun was dismounted and another injured, +an officer killed, and seven enlisted men wounded. On the island a one +hundred and twenty-eight pound gun burst. In the fleet a gun burst on +the Pittsburg, killing and wounding fourteen men.</p> + +<p>The fleet and batteries exchanged fire with greater or less severity +every day. On the 21st, another large gun, called the Belmont, burst on +the island. In the course of these engagements the redan was finally +knocked to pieces and ceased to reply; and, on April 1st, an expedition +from the fleet landed, drove off a detachment of the First Alabama which +was guarding it, and spiked its guns. The work of erecting new batteries +and mounting guns, as well as repairing damages, was continued as long +as the island was occupied.</p> + +<p>On the night of March 17th, General McCown left for Fort Pillow with the +Eleventh, Twelfth, and Colonel Kennedy's Louisiana, Fourth, Fifth, and +Thirty-first Tennessee, Bankhead's and six guns of Captain R.C. +Stewart's batteries, and Neely's and Haywood's cavalry, leaving at +Madrid Bend the First Alabama, Eleventh and Twelfth Arkansas, and +Terry's Arkansas Battalion, three Tennessee regiments, commanded +respectively by Colonels Brown, Clark, and Henderson, Colonel Baker's +regiment of twelve companies called the Tennessee, Alabama, and +Mississippi regiment, five guns of Captain Stewart's field-battery, and +Captain Hud<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>son's and Captain Wheeler's cavalry. Besides these were the +companies of heavy artillery, and what other troops, on the island and +below, the reports do not show. Most, if not all of the troops taken to +Fort Pillow by General McCown, proceeded to Corinth and joined the force +which General A. S. Johnston was gathering there. General McCown on his +return arrived below Tiptonville on March 20th, and established his +headquarters at Madrid Bend next day.</p> + +<p>General Pope had now established his army and batteries on the right +bank of the river, so as to prevent the escape of the enemy until the +river should fall. To capture them he must cross the river. General +Halleck telegraphed to him on March 16th to construct a road, if +possible, through the swamp above the bayou, which comes into the river +just above New Madrid, to a point on the Missouri shore opposite Island +No. Ten, and transfer thither enough of his force to erect batteries and +aid the fleet in the bombardment of the island. Pope despatched Colonel +Bissell to examine the country with this view, directing him at the same +time, if he found it impracticable to build the road, to ascertain if it +were possible to dig a canal across the peninsula, from some point above +the island to New Madrid. The idea of the canal was suggested to General +Pope by General Schuyler Hamilton, an officer whose gentle refinement +veiled his absolute resolution and endurance till they were called into +practice by danger and privation.</p> + +<p>Colonel Bissell found no place where a road could be constructed; but, +by following up the bayou (called John's Bayou in the Confederate +reports, called Wilson's Bayou on the map made by the United States +engineers) which comes into the river immediately above New Madrid, he +traced it into the swamp and found that, in connection with depressions +and sloughs, a continuous, though tortuous water-way<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> could be gained at +that high stage of water, from a point in the river between Islands +Eight and Nine and the river at New Madrid. The length of this channel +was twelve miles. Part of it had to be excavated to get sufficient +depth; for six miles it passed through a thick forest of large trees.</p> + +<p>General Pope immediately sent to Cairo for four light-draught steamers, +and tools, implements, and supplies needed to cut a navigable way. +Colonel Bissell was at once ordered to set his entire command at work, +and to call upon the land force on the fleet for aid if needed. For six +miles Bissell had to cut through the forest a channel fifty feet wide +and four and a half feet deep. Sawing through the trunks of large trees +four and a half feet under the surface of the cold water was a work of +extreme toil and great exposure. The trees when felled had to be +disentangled, cut up, and thrust among the standing trees. Overhanging +boughs of trees, growing outside the channel, had to be lopped off. +Shallow places were excavated. The whole had to be done from the decks +of the little working-boats, or by men standing in the water. The men +were urged to incessant labor; yet they toiled with such ardor that +urging was not needed. General Halleck telegraphed to Pope, Friday, +March 21st, that he would not hamper him with any minute instructions, +but would leave him to accomplish the object according to his own +judgment, and added: "Buell will be with Grant and Smith by Monday." In +nineteen days, April 4th, the way was open and clear; and on the 5th, +steamers and barges were brought through near to the lower mouth, but +not near enough to be in view from the river.</p> + +<p>The Confederate officers on the island were aware of the attempt to +secure this cut-off across the peninsula. Captain Gray, engineer, in a +report or memorandum, dated March 29th, spoke of "the canal being cut by +the enemy," and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> of heavy guns planted to be used against any boat that +might issue from the bayou, as well as batteries erected along the +shore, from about a mile and a half below New Madrid down to +Tiptonville. But General McCown, when turning over the command to +General W.W. Mackall, who relieved him on March 31st, said to him that +the National troops were endeavoring to cut a canal across the +peninsula, but they would fail, and that Mackall would find the position +safe until the river fell, but no longer.</p> + +<p>The task which General Pope had proposed to himself—to cross a wide, +deep, rapid river, in the face of an enemy holding the farther shore in +force, was sufficiently arduous at first. Now that Captain Gray's +industry had lined the river-shore with batteries armed with +twenty-four, thirty-two, and sixty-four pound guns, and eight-inch +howitzers and columbiads, sufficient to blow out of the water any +unarmed steamer that should venture to cross, the task was impracticable +with his present resources. He applied to Commodore Foote, and urgently +repeated the application, for two gunboats, or even one, to be sent down +the river some dark night to engage these batteries below New Madrid. +But the Commodore was not willing to risk his boats in a voyage along +the front of miles of batteries, and declined. On March 28th Halleck +telegraphed: "I have telegraphed to Commodore Foote to give you all the +aid in his power. You have a difficult problem to solve. I will not +embarrass you with instructions. I leave you to act as your judgment may +deem best."</p> + +<p>Pope set to work to make floating-batteries, to be manned by his troops. +Each battery consisted of three heavy barges, lashed together and bolted +with iron. The middle barge was bulkheaded all around, so as to have +four feet of thickness of solid timber at both the ends and the sides. +Three heavy guns were mounted on it and protected by traverses<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> of +sand-bags. It also carried eighty sharpshooters. The barges outside of +it had a first layer, in the bottom, of empty water-tight barrels, +securely lashed, then layers of dry cotton-wood rails and cotton-bales +packed close. These were floored over at the top to keep everything in +place, so that a shot penetrating the outer barges would have to pass +through twenty feet of rails and cotton before reaching the middle one, +which carried the men and guns. The outer barges, thus bulkheaded with +water-tight barrels and buoyant cotton-bales, could not sink. These +barges, when all was ready, were to be towed by steamers to a point +directly opposite New Madrid. This could be done safely, as the shore at +the point and for a mile and a half below was swamp, and the nearest +battery was necessarily below the swamp. When near the opposite shore +the floating-batteries were to be cut loose from the steamers and +allowed to float down-stream to the point selected for the landing of +the troops. As soon as they arrived within short range they were to drop +anchor and open fire.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Commander Henry Walke had volunteered to take his boat, the +Carondelet; and, on March 30th, Flag-officer Foote gave him permission +to make the attempt on the first dark night. The morning of April 4th +was a busy time on the Carondelet. The deck was covered with heavy +planks, surplus chains were coiled over the most vulnerable parts of the +boat, an eleven-inch hawser was wound around the pilot-house as high as +the windows; barriers of cordwood were built about the boilers. After +sunset, the atmosphere became hazy and the sky overcast. Guns were run +back, ports closed, and the sailors armed to resist boarders. Directions +were given to sink the boat if it became liable to fall into the enemy's +hands. At dusk, twenty sharpshooters from the Forty-second Illinois came +aboard to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> be ready to aid the crew in resisting boarders. After dark, a +coal-barge laden with baled hay was fastened to the port side of the +boat.</p> + +<p>At ten o'clock the moon had gone down and a storm was gathering. The +Carondelet cast loose and steamed slowly down the river. The machinery +was adjusted so as to permit the steam to escape through the +wheel-house, and avoid the noise of puffing through the pipes. The boat +glided noiseless and invisible through the darkness. Scarcely had it +advanced half a mile when the soot in the chimneys caught fire, a blaze +shot up five feet above the smoke-stack. The flue-caps were opened, the +blaze subsided, and all was yet silent along the shore. The soot in the +smoke-stacks not being moistened by the steam, which was now escaping +through the wheel-house, became very inflammable. Just as the Carondelet +was passing by the upper battery—the redan—the treacherous flame again +leaped from the chimneys, revealing and proclaiming the mission of the +boat. Sentries on the parapets on shore fired, guards turned out, +rockets darted skyward; the heavy guns opened fire; and the brooding +storm broke forth, the lightning and thunder above drowning the flashes +and war below. The lightning revealed the position of the gunboat, but +it also disclosed the outline of the shore, enabling the pilots to steer +with certainty. The boat was pushed near to the Tennessee shore and to +the island, and put to its greatest speed. Impeded by the barge in tow, +its greatest speed was slow progress, and for half an hour the gunners +in the batteries watched the black night to see the hurrying Carondelet +shot for an instant out of the darkness at every lightning flash. Beyond +the batteries lay the floating battery, carrying nine guns, which had +been driven from its moorings the day before by the heavy fire of the +fleet. A light on the floating battery marked its position.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> A few shots +left it, but it evinced no eagerness to join in conflict. The +Carondelet, unharmed, untouched, fired the agreed signal, and fleet and +army knew at midnight the passage was a success.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the sixth, Commander Walke, taking on board General +Granger, Colonel Smith, of the Forty-third Ohio, and Captain L.H. +Marshall, of General Pope's staff, steamed down the river under a heavy +fire from the batteries that lined the Tennessee shore, ascertained the +position of the batteries, and, on the return silenced the batteries +opposite Point Pleasant. Captain Marshall landed with a party and spiked +the guns. In the night of the 6th, Commodore Foote, in compliance with +General Pope's earnest request, sent the gunboat Pittsburg down to New +Madrid, where it arrived, like the Carondelet, untouched.</p> + +<p>At the break of day of the 7th, in a heavy rain, Captain Williams, of +the First United States Infantry, opened with his thirty-two pounders +upon the batteries opposite him at Watson's Landing, where General Pope +proposed to land his troops. Commander Walke, with the two gunboats, +silenced the batteries along the shore. Three sixty-four pound guns, +standing half a mile apart, were spiked. A battery of two sixty-four +pound howitzers and one sixty-four pound gun maintained a contest till +two of the pieces were dismounted and the other disabled. The four +steamers came out of the bayou and took on board Paine's division. At +noon, Commander Walke signalled that all the batteries to Watson's +Landing were silenced and the way was clear. A spy in the employment of +General Pope, who had been taken from the Tennessee shore by Commander +Walke and forwarded by him to General Pope, brought the news that the +forces about Madrid Bend were in full retreat to Tiptonville. Paine's +division, sailing by just at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> that time, was signalled to stop, and the +news was communicated, with orders to land and push in pursuit to +Tiptonville with all dispatch. Colonel Morgan's brigade moved in +advance, followed by Colonel Cumming's brigade and Houghtaling's +battery. Abandoned camps and artillery were passed; prisoners were +gathered up. A detachment of cavalry fled as the column came in sight. +About nine miles from the landing, General Mackall was found well +posted, with infantry, artillery, and cavalry. The leading regiment +deployed in line, and General Mackall retired. Twice again he halted in +line as if to make a stand, and retreated as the National troops +approached. At night Morgan's brigade halted at Tiptonville, and found +shelter from the rain in an abandoned camp. The pickets of the brigade +gathered in 359 prisoners in the night. Cumming's brigade, being ordered +to explore the road coming from the north into the one over which they +were moving, came upon the river shore opposite the island, and learned +from a few prisoners taken there that but few troops were left on the +island. Finding no boats or other means of getting over to the island, +Cumming returned to the south, and marched till he came near the +camp-fires of the enemy, and then went into bivouac and advised General +Paine of his position. General Mackall found himself hemmed in to the +south and east by swamp, and to the north and west by Paine's division. +Two hours after midnight his adjutant-general took to General Paine +General Mackall's unconditional surrender.</p> + +<p>Stanley's division followed Paine's, and was followed by Hamilton's. +These were overtaken by night and went into bivouac about half way +between the crossing and Tiptonville, and learned of the surrender next +morning while on the way to join Paine. Colonel Elliott, of the Second +Iowa Cavalry, sent with two of his companies by General Pope at dawn of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> +the 8th from Watson's up the river-bank, captured two hundred prisoners, +deck-hands and laborers as well as soldiers, the wharf-boat and +steamers, great quantities of ordnance and other stores, and standing +camps. Turning these over to Colonel Buford, who commanded the land +forces on the fleet, and who came over to shore from the island on a +steamer, he joined the forces at Tiptonville.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Cook, commanding the Twelfth Arkansas, was appointed +commandant of the island by General Mackall on the morning of the 7th. +Lieutenant-Colonel Cook received, simultaneously with the order, +information of Mackall's retreat, and General Pope's landing and +pursuit. In the evening he abandoned the island with his regiment, and +turned over the command of the island to Captain Humes, of the +artillery. Before daylight of the 8th, Commodore Foote was visited by +two officers from the island, who tendered a surrender of it and all on +it. A gunboat was sent to ascertain the state of affairs. Having learned +three hours later of the crossing of the river by Pope, the flight of +General Mackall, and the evacuation of the shore-batteries, he sent +Colonel Buford, with a force of two gunboats, to receive possession of +the island. Seventeen officers and three hundred and sixty-eight +privates surrendered to him, besides the two hundred sick and employees +turned over to him by Colonel Elliott. Lieutenant-Colonel Cook found his +way through the swamp, on the night of the 7th, to the ferry across +Reelfoot Lake. In the course of the night he was joined by about four +hundred fugitives, mostly belonging to his own regiment, many of them +just from the hospital. Hungry, and cold, and drenched with rain, they +stood in the water waiting till they could be carried over the lake, +through the cypress trees, in two small flatboats and on some +extemporized rafts. It was noon of the 9th before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> the forlorn band were +all over, and, without knapsacks or blankets, many without arms, began +their weary march for Memphis.</p> + +<p>All the troops but Cumming's brigade returned to their camps on the +Missouri shore on the 8th. Colonel Cumming, having charge of the +prisoners, returned on the evening of the 9th. General Pope, in his +final detailed report giving the result of all the operations, states: +"Three generals, two hundred and seventy-three field and company +officers, six thousand seven hundred privates, one hundred and +twenty-three pieces of heavy artillery, thirty-five pieces of field +artillery, all of the very best character and of the latest patterns, +seven thousand stand of small arms, tents for twelve thousand men, +several wharf-boat loads of provisions, an immense quantity of +ammunition of all kinds, many hundred horses and mules, with wagons and +harness, etc., are among the spoils." The capture embraced, besides, six +steamboats—two of them sunk—the gunboat Grampus, carrying two guns, +sunk; and the floating battery, carrying nine guns, which the crew had +ineffectually attempted to scuttle before abandoning it. Two of the +generals captured were brigadier-generals, Mackall and Gantt; the third +was perhaps L.M. Walker. When Major-General McCown was relieved on March +31st by Mackall, McCown and Brigadier-General Trudeau left. +Brigadier-General A.P. Stewart had left previously and reported for duty +at Corinth. Colonels Walker and Gantt were promoted brigadier-generals +after the siege began. General Walker appears, from his report of April +9th, dated St. Francis County, Arkansas, to have left on account of +ill-health some time before the surrender. The prisoners embraced, +including those on the island surrendered to the navy, seven regiments +and one battalion of infantry, one of the regiments having twelve +companies—eleven com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>panies of heavy and one of light artillery, two +companies of cavalry, the officers and crews of the floating battery and +the steamboats, and laborers and employees.</p> + +<p>The Mississippi was now open to Fort Pillow. General Halleck telegraphed +to General Pope: "I congratulate you and your command on your splendid +achievement. It exceeds in boldness and brilliancy all other operations +of the war. It will be memorable in military history, and will be +admired by future generations." On April 12th, General Pope and his +entire command embarked on transports and steamed down the river, in +company with the gunboat fleet. The force arrived in front of Fort +Pillow on the 14th. In a few days, before reconnoitring was completed, +Pope was ordered to report with his whole command, except two regiments +to be left with the gunboats, to General Halleck at Pittsburg Landing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<p class='center'>THE GATHERING OF THE FORCES.</p> + + +<p>After the surrender of Fort Donelson, the force confronting Halleck was +the command of General Beauregard, stationed at Columbus, Island Number +Ten, at Forts Pillow and Randolph, at Memphis, and at convenient points +on the railroads in Mississippi. The next objective point that presented +itself was Memphis, and, as preliminary, the fortified points on the +river above it. But Memphis had large railway connections. The direct +road to Nashville was cut at its crossing over the Tennessee River, but +at Humboldt it intersected the Mobile and Ohio, which joined Columbus +with Mobile. The Memphis and Charleston, running nearly due east to +Chattanooga, also intersected the Mobile and Ohio at Corinth. The +Mississippi and Tennessee, in connection with the New Orleans, Jackson +and Great Northern, gave a route nearly due south to New Orleans, and +this intersected at Jackson, Mississippi, another road running east, and +which needed only a connecting link between Selma and Montgomery, +Alabama, to make it also a through route to the Atlantic States. To +destroy the junction at Humboldt would cut off railway connection with +Columbus. To destroy the junction at Corinth would cut off connection +with the east. A little eastwardly of Corinth, near Eastport, was a +considerable railroad bridge over Bear Creek. General Halleck's first +step, therefore, was to break these railway connections, and as General +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>A.S. Johnston was falling back southwardly, it became doubly important +to sever these connections for the purpose of preventing a conjunction +of the forces under Johnston and Beauregard. Lieutenant-Commander Phelps +had gone up to Florence, at the foot of Muscle Shoals, immediately after +the surrender of Fort Henry, without difficulty. An expedition up the +Tennessee, to send out strong, light parties, suggested itself as the +natural means of accomplishing the first step. General Halleck proposed +to accomplish this by his lieutenants before taking the field in person.</p> + +<p>Halleck was sedate, deliberate, cautious. He had written a book on +strategy and logistics, and his attention appeared sometimes to be +distracted from the actual conditions under which the present military +operations were to be conducted by his retrospective reference to the +rules which he had announced. Grant, under his extremely quiet demeanor, +was full of restless activity. His purpose seemed to be to strike and +overcome the enemy without waiting; to use whatever seemed the best +means at hand; ready at all times to change for better means if they +could be found; but never to cease striking. Halleck was worried by +being jogged to new enterprises, but heartily supported them when once +begun. C.F. Smith had a brusque manner, but a warm heart. He was direct +and honest as a child. He seemed impetuous, but his outburst was a rush +of controlled power. He was a thorough soldier, an enthusiast in his +profession, the soul of honor, the type of discipline. His commanding +officer was to him embodied law; it would have been impossible for him +to conceive that his duty and subordination could in any way be affected +by the fact that his pupil in the Military Academy had become his +commander.</p> + +<p>General Grant, being commander of the Military District of Western +Tennessee, with limits undefined, sent General<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> C.F. Smith from Fort +Donelson, fifty miles up the river to Clarksville, to take possession of +the place and the railway bridge over the river there. General Grant +wrote to General Cullum, advising him of this movement and proposing the +capture of Nashville, but adding he was ready for any move the General +Commanding might direct. On the 24th he wrote to General Cullum, General +Halleck's chief of staff, that he had sent four regiments to +Clarksville, and would send no more till he heard from General Halleck. +Next day he wrote that the head of Buell's column had reached Nashville, +and he would go there on the receipt of the next mail, unless it should +contain some orders preventing him. He went to Nashville on the 27th, +and returned to Fort Donelson next day. In his absence there was, among +some of the troops about Fort Donelson, fresh from civil life and +restive under the inactivity and restraint of a winter camp, some +disorder and insubordination. There was, moreover, some marauding in +which officers participated. General Grant, on his return, published +orders repressing such practices, arrested the guilty parties and sent +the arrested officers to St. Louis to report to General Halleck.</p> + +<p>On March 1st General Halleck sent to General Grant, from St. Louis, an +order directing the course of immediate operations: "Transports will be +sent to you as soon as possible to move your column up the Tennessee +River. The main object of this expedition will be to destroy the +railroad bridge over Bear Creek, near Eastport, Miss., and also the +connections at Corinth, Jackson, and Humboldt. It is thought best that +these objects should be attempted in the order named. Strong detachments +of cavalry and light artillery, supported by infantry, may, by rapid +movements, reach these points from the river without very serious +opposition. Avoid any general engagement with strong forces.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> It will be +better to retreat than to risk a general battle. This should be strongly +impressed upon the officers sent with the expedition from the river. +General C.F. Smith, or some very discreet officer, should be selected +for such commands. Having accomplished these objects, or such of them as +may be practicable, you will return to Danville and move on Paris.... +Competent officers should be left to command the garrisons of Forts +Henry and Donelson in your absence...." General Grant received the order +on March 2d, and repaired at once to Fort Henry. On the 4th the forces +at Fort Donelson marched across to the Tennessee, where they were +speedily joined by Sherman's division and other reinforcements coming by +boat up the river.</p> + +<p>On March 2d General Halleck, having received an anonymous letter +reflecting on General Grant, telegraphed to General McClellan, the +General-in-Chief, at Washington: "I have had no communication with +General Grant for more than a week. He left his command without my +authority, and went to Nashville. His army seems to be as much +demoralized by the victory of Fort Donelson as was that of the Potomac +by the defeat of Bull Run. It is hard to censure a successful general +immediately after a victory, but I think he richly deserves it. I can +get no reports, no returns, no information of any kind from him. +Satisfied with his victory, he sits down and enjoys it without any +regard to the future. I am worn out and tired by this neglect and +inefficiency. C.F. Smith is almost the only officer equal to the +emergency." Next day McClellan answered by telegraph: "The future +success of our cause demands that proceedings such as General Grant's +should at once be checked. Generals must observe discipline as well as +private soldiers. Do not hesitate to arrest him at once if the good of +the service requires it, and place C.F. Smith in command. You are at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +liberty to regard this as a positive order, if it will smooth your way." +On the 4th General Halleck telegraphed to Grant: "You will place +Major-General C.F. Smith in command of expedition, and remain yourself +at Fort Henry. Why do you not obey my orders to report strength and +position of your command?" Grant replied next day: "Troops will be sent +under command of Major-General Smith, as directed. I had prepared a +different plan, intending General Smith to command the forces which +should go to Paris and Humboldt, while I would command the expedition +upon Eastport, Corinth, and Jackson in person.... I am not aware of ever +having disobeyed any order from your headquarters—certainly never +intended such a thing. I have reported almost daily the condition of my +command, and reported every position occupied...." An interchange of +telegrams of substantially the same tenor, General Halleck's gradually +losing their asperity, lasted a week longer. On March 10th, the day +before the President, by War Order No. 3, relieved General McClellan +from the supreme command of the armies, General L. Thomas, +Adjutant-General of the Army, wrote to General Halleck: "It has been +reported that, soon after the battle of Fort Donelson, Brigadier-General +Grant left his command without leave. By direction of the President, the +Secretary of War directs you to ascertain and report whether General +Grant left his command at any time without proper authority, and if so, +for how long; whether he has made to you proper reports and returns of +his forces; whether he has committed any acts which were unauthorized or +not in accordance with military subordination or propriety, and if so, +what?" On the 13th Halleck telegraphed to Grant, who had asked to be +relieved if his course was not satisfactory, or until he could be set +right: "You cannot be relieved from your command.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> There is no good +reason for it. I am certain that all which the authorities at Washington +ask is, that you enforce discipline and punish the disorderly.... +Instead of relieving you, I wish you, as soon as your new army is in the +field, to assume the immediate command and lead it on to new victories." +To this Grant replied next day: "After your letter enclosing copy of an +anonymous letter upon which severe censure was based, I felt as though +it would be impossible for me to serve longer without a court of +inquiry. Your telegram of yesterday, however, places such a different +phase upon my position that I will again assume command, and give every +effort to the success of our cause. Under the worst circumstances I +would do the same." On the 15th General Halleck replied to the +Adjutant-General of the Army, fully exonerating General Grant. General +C.F. Smith felt keenly the injustice done to Grant, and gladly +relinquished command of the expedition when Grant assumed it.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the army with its stores had been gathering on a fleet of +boats between Fort Henry and the railroad bridge. To the three divisions +of Fort Donelson, First, Second, and Third, commanded by C.F. Smith, +McClernand, and Lewis Wallace, were added a fourth, commanded by +Brigadier-General S.A. Hurlbut, and a fifth by Brigadier-General W. T. +Sherman. While C.F. Smith commanded the expedition, his division was +commanded by W.H.L. Wallace, who had been promoted to brigadier-general. +The steamer Golden State, with one-half of the Fortieth Illinois, +reached Savannah, on the right bank of the river, on March 5th. The +Forty-sixth Ohio arrived the next day. Behind these was the fleet of +more than eighty steamboats, carrying the five divisions and convoyed by +three gunboats, a vast procession extending miles along the winding +river, each boat with its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> pillar of smoke by day, and of fire by night. +The fleet began arriving at Savannah on the 11th, and lined both shores +of the river. Lewis Wallace's division sent a party to the railroad west +of the river, striking it at Purdy, tearing up a portion, but doing no +permanent injury, and returned. On the 14th, General Smith sent +Sherman's division up the river to strike the railroad near Eastport. +Rain fell in torrents, roads melted into mud, and small streams rose +with dangerous rapidity. The expedition, arrested by an unfordable +torrent, returned just in time to reach the landing by wading through +water waist-deep. The boats left in the night of the 15th, and stopped +at Pittsburg Landing, on the west bank of the river, about nine miles +above Savannah. Hurlbut's division was already on boats at this landing, +having been ordered thither by General C.F. Smith on the evening of the +14th.</p> + +<p>The first step in the programme laid down in General Halleck's order of +March 1st, the destruction of the railroad near Eastport, had failed, +and events had now required a material change in the programme. General +Buell on March 3d telegraphed to Halleck: "What can I do to aid your +operations against Columbus?" Halleck, replying next day that Columbus +was evacuated and destroyed, added: "Why not come to the Tennessee and +operate with me to cut Johnston's line with Memphis, Randolph, and New +Madrid.... Estimated strength of enemy at New Madrid, Randolph and +Memphis is fifty thousand. It is of vital importance to separate them +from Johnston's army. Come over to Savannah or Florence, and we can do +it. We can then operate on Decatur or Memphis, or both, as may appear +best." Buell rejoined on the 5th: "The thing I think of vital importance +is that you seize and hold the bridge at Florence in force." On the 6th +Halleck telegraphed: "News<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> down the Tennessee that Beauregard has +twenty thousand men at Corinth, and is rapidly fortifying it. Smith will +probably not be strong enough to attack it. It is a great misfortune to +lose that point. I shall reinforce Smith as rapidly as possible. If you +can send a division by water around into the Tennessee, it would require +only a small amount of transportation to do it." To this Buell +telegraphed on the 9th, insisting on his suggestions made on the 5th. +Halleck dispatched on the 10th: "My forces are moving up the Tennessee +River as rapidly as we can obtain transportation. Florence was the point +originally designated, but, on account of the enemy's forces at Corinth +and Humboldt, it is deemed best to land at Savannah and establish a +depot. The transportation will serve as ferries. The selection is left +to C.F. Smith, who commands the advance.... You do not say whether we +are to expect any reinforcements from Nashville." On the same day Buell +telegraphed: "... The establishment of your force on this side of the +river, as high up as possible, is evidently judicious.... I can join you +almost, if not quite as soon, by water, in better condition and with +greater security to your operations and mine. I believe you cannot be +too promptly nor too strongly established on the Tennessee. I shall +advance in a very few days, as soon as our transportation is ready." On +the 11th the President issued War Order No. 3. "Major-General McClellan, +having personally taken the field at the head of the Army of the +Potomac, until otherwise ordered, he is relieved from the command of the +other military departments, he retaining command of the Department of +the Potomac.</p> + +<p>"Ordered further, that the two departments now under the respective +commands of Generals Halleck and Hunter, together with so much of that, +under General Buell, as lies west of a north and south line indefinitely +drawn through<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> Knoxville, Tennessee, be consolidated and designated the +Department of the Mississippi; and that, until otherwise ordered, +Major-General Halleck have command of said department." Immediately upon +the receipt of this order, General Halleck ordered Buell to march his +army to Savannah. The forces of the Confederacy were gathering at +Corinth; the forces of Halleck and Buell were massing at Savannah. +Instead of a hurried dash by a flying column, to tear up a section of +railway as ancillary to a real movement elsewhere, the programme now +contemplated a struggle by armies for the retention or for the +destruction of a strategic point deemed almost vital to the Confederacy.</p> + +<p>About the close of February, General Beauregard sent a field-battery, +supported by two regiments of infantry, to occupy the river-bluff at +Pittsburg Landing, twenty-three miles northwest from Corinth, and nine +miles above Savannah. Lieutenant-Commander Gwin, who was stationed at +Savannah with two gunboats, the Tyler and the Lexington, proceeded to +Pittsburg Landing, on March 1st, and, after a brisk skirmish, silenced +the battery and drove it and its supports away. General C.F. Smith, in +pursuance of the authority given him by General Halleck, selected this +as the point of assembly of the army.</p> + +<p>Lick Creek, above the landing, and Snake Creek, below it, empty into the +river about three miles apart, the landing being nearer the mouth of +Snake Creek. Lick Creek, rising in a swamp, flows eleven miles nearly +northeast to the river. Snake Creek flows nearly east to the river. Owl +Creek flows nearly parallel to Lick Creek, at a distance from it varying +from three to five miles, and empties into Snake Creek something more +than a mile from its mouth. The land enclosed between these creeks and +the river is a rolling plateau from eighty to a hundred feet above the +river-level. The river<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>front of this plateau is cut by sundry sloughs +and ravines, which were at that time overflowed by back-water. One of +these deep ravines, running back at right angles to the river, is +immediately above the bluff at the landing. About a mile back from the +river, and about a mile above the landing, is a swell in the ground, not +marked enough to be called a ridge. From this higher ground extend the +head ravines of Oak Creek,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> a rivulet or brook flowing to the west, +passing within a few hundred yards of Shiloh Church, and then turning to +the northwest and flowing into Owl Creek. In the reports of Sherman's +division this rivulet is treated as the main branch of Owl Creek, and +called by that name. From the same rising ground, ravines, wet only +after a rain, extend east and southeast to Lick Creek. From the same +position extend the head ravines of Brier Creek,<a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>a deep ravine with +little water, which flows almost due north and empties into Snake Creek +a little below the mouth of Owl Creek. The three principal creeks, Lick, +Snake, and Owl, flow through swampy valleys, bordered by abrupt bluffs. +Oak Creek, from the neighborhood of Shiloh Church to its mouth, flows +through a miry bottom bordered by banks of less height. The land was for +the most part covered with timber, partly with dense undergrowth; in +places were perhaps a dozen open fields containing about eighty acres +each. A road, lying far enough back from the river to avoid the sloughs, +led from the landing to Hamburg Landing, about six miles above. Another +road from the landing crossed Brier Creek and Snake Creek just above +their junction, and continued down the river to Crump's Landing. The +road to Corinth forked near the landing, one branch of it passing by +Shiloh Church, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> other keeping nearer to the river, but both +reuniting five or six miles out. The position selected thus, gave ample +room to camp an army, was absolutely protected on the sides of the +river, Snake Creek, and Owl Creek, while from its south face a ridge +gave open way to Corinth. The open way to Corinth was also an open way +from Corinth to the landing. This accessible front could easily have +been turned into a strong defence, by taking advantage of the rolling +ground, felling timber, and throwing up slight earthworks. But the army +had many things yet to learn, and the use of field fortification was one +of them.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The names Oak Creek and Brier Creek are obtained from +Colonel Charles Whittlesey, who made a study of the field every day for +two weeks succeeding the battle.</p></div> + +<p>In pursuance of General C.F. Smith's instructions to occupy the landing +strongly, General Sherman ordered General Hurlbut to disembark his +division and encamp it at right angles to the road about a mile out. The +Corinth road designated was the one lying nearer to the river. About +half a mile beyond the position selected for the camp the road forks, +one being the Corinth road running southwest, the other running nearly +due west, passed about four hundred yards north of Shiloh Church, +crossed Oak Creek and Owl Creek immediately above their junction, and +continued to Purdy. General Hurlbut the same day issued a field order in +minute detail, and the First and Second Brigades being all of the +division at hand, marched to the prescribed point, Burrows' battery +being posted at the road; the First Brigade at right angles with the +road, with its left at the battery; the Third Brigade at right angles +with the road, its right at Burrows' battery, and Mann's battery at its +left. The Second Brigade, commanded by Colonel Veatch, subsequently +arriving, camped to the rear and partially to the right of the First +Brigade, so as almost to interlock with the camp of General C.F. Smith's +division.</p> + +<p>On the 18th, Sherman's division of four brigades landed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> and moved out +a few days later to permanent camp. The Second Brigade, sent to watch +some fords of Lick Creek, was posted in the fork of a cross-road running +to Purdy from the Hamburg road. The Fourth Brigade, commanded by Colonel +Buckland, camped with its left near Shiloh Church, and its color-line +nearly at right angles with the Corinth road. The First Brigade, +commanded by Colonel McDowell, went into camp to the right of Buckland, +and was separated from him by a lateral ravine running into Oak Creek; +the camp was pitched between the Purdy road and the bluff-banks of Oak +Creek. The Third Brigade, commanded by Colonel Hildebrand, was posted to +the left of Shiloh Church, its right being near the church. Precision in +camping was not exacted, and the left regiment of Colonel Hildebrand's +Brigade, the Fifty-third Ohio, in order to enclose a fine spring of +water within the brigade, pitched its camp about two hundred yards to +the left and front of its next regiment (the Fifty-seventh Ohio), and +was separated from the rest of the brigade by this distance and by a +stream with swampy borders which emptied into Oak Creek. General +Sherman's headquarters were to the rear of Shiloh Church. His batteries, +Taylor's and Waterhouse's, together with his cavalry, were camped in +rear of the infantry.</p> + +<p>General Grant arrived at Savannah on the 17th and assumed command, +reported to General Halleck, and on the same day ordered General C.F. +Smith's division to Pittsburg Landing. His division, the Second, +encamped, not in a line, but in convenient localities on the plateau +between Brier Creek and the river. McClernand with the First Division +was sent a few days later, and selecting the most level ground, laid out +the most regular camp. His front crossed the Corinth road about +two-thirds of a mile in rear of Shiloh Church, the road intersecting his +line near his left flank;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> the direction of his line was to the +northwest, reaching toward the bluffs of the valley of Snake Creek. +General Prentiss reported to General Grant for assignment to duty, and +about March 25th, six new regiments, not yet assigned, reported to him +and were by him put into two brigades constituting the Sixth Division. +These brigades were subsequently increased by regiments assigned to him +as late as April 5th and 6th. The Fifth Ohio Battery, Captain +Hickenlooper, arriving on April 5th, was assigned to the Sixth Division, +and went into camp. Prentiss' camp faced to the south. It is not easy +now to identify precisely its position. It appears incidentally, from +reports of the battle of April 6th, that a ravine ran along the rear of +the right of the division camp, and another ravine in front of the left. +The left regiment (the Sixteenth Wisconsin) of the right brigade +(Peabody's) lay on the lower or most southern branch of the Corinth +road; the left flank of the division was in sight of Stuart's brigade; +there was a considerable gap between its right flank and Sherman's +division. The divisions were not camped with a view to defence against +an apprehended attack; but they did fulfil General Halleck's +instructions to General C.F. Smith, to select a depot with a view to the +march on to Corinth. Sherman's division lay across one road to Corinth, +with McClernand's in its rear; Prentiss' division lay across the other +road to Corinth, with Hurlbut in his rear, and C.F. Smith was camped so +as to follow either. The divisions did not march to the selected ground +and pitch camp in a forenoon; but, partly from the rain and mud, partly +want of practice, some of the divisions were several days unloading from +the boats, hauling in the great trains then allowed to regiments +(twenty-seven wagons and two ambulances to a regiment in some cases,) +laying out the ground, and putting up tents. General Sherman, before +set<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>tling down in his camp, made a reconnoissance out to Monterey, +nearly half way to Corinth, and dislodged a detachment of hostile +cavalry camped there. Every division and many of the brigades found a +separate drill-ground in some neighboring field, and constant drilling +was preparing the command for the march to Corinth.</p> + +<p>Major-General C.F. Smith received an injury to his leg by jumping into a +yawl early in March. This injury, seeming trivial at first, resulted in +his death on April 25th. It became so aggravated by the end of March +that he was obliged to move from Pittsburg Landing to Savannah, leaving +Brigadier-General W.H.L. Wallace in command of his division, and +Major-General McClernand, senior officer present, at Pittsburg. General +Grant—who went up from Savannah every day to visit the camps, and was +requested by General McClernand, by letter on March 27th, to move his +headquarters to Pittsburg Landing—was about to transfer his +headquarters thither on April 4th, when he received a letter from +General Buell saying he would arrive next day at Savannah, and +requesting an interview. The transfer of headquarters was accordingly +postponed till after the interview.</p> + +<p>General L. Wallace's division disembarked at Crump's Landing on the same +side of the river with Pittsburg Landing, and a little above Savannah. +His First Brigade went into camp near the river; the Second at Stony +Lonesome, about two miles out on the road to Purdy; the Third Brigade +immediately beyond Adamsville, on the same road. The Third Brigade went +into camp on the inner slope of a sharp ridge, and cut down the timber +on the exterior slope, to aid the holding of the position in case of an +attack in front.</p> + +<p>While Grant's army was sailing up the river and getting settled at +Pittsburg, General Buell with five divisions of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> army was marching +from Nashville to Savannah. Immediately on receiving General Halleck's +order to march, he sent out his cavalry to secure the bridges on his +route, in which they succeeded, except in the cases of the important +bridge over Duck Creek at Columbia, and an unimportant bridge a few +miles north of that. On the 15th, the Fourth Division, commanded by +Brigadier-General A. McD. McCook, moved out, and at intervals, up to +March 20th, it was followed in order by the Fifth, Brigadier-General +T.L. Crittenden, Sixth, Brigadier-General T.J. Wood, and First, +Brigadier-General George H. Thomas—37,000 men in all. Having no +pontoons, General Buell built a bridge over Duck Creek. This would have +caused little delay later in the war; but to fresh troops, who yet had +to learn the business of military service, it was a formidable task, and +was not completed till the 29th. While waiting for the completion of the +bridge, General Buell's command learned that General Grant's army was on +the west bank of the Tennessee. General Nelson at once asked permission +to ford the stream and push rapidly on to Savannah. Permission being +obtained, the division, with Ammen's brigade—the Twenty-fourth Ohio, +Sixth Ohio, and Thirty-sixth Indiana in front—began their march early +on the morning of the 29th, the men stripped of their pantaloons, +carrying their cartridge-boxes on their necks; the ammunition-boxes of +the artillery taken from the limbers and carried over on scows, and +tents packed in the bottom of the wagon-beds, to lift ammunition and +stores above water.</p> + +<p>The bridge was finished and the march resumed the same day. Nelson +having secured the advance, his eagerness gave an impetus to the entire +column. The divisions were ordered to camp at night six miles apart, +making a column thirty miles long. But this prevented the clogging<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> of +the march on the wet and soft roads, the alternate crowding up and +lengthening out of the column, the weary waiting of the crowded rear for +the obstructed front to move, nights spent on the road, and late +bivouacs reached toward morning. It made Buell's advance slow, but it +prevented the new troops from being worn out, and brought them in good +condition onto the field. General Buell intended to take at Waynesboro +the road to Hamburg Landing, instead of the direct road to Savannah, and +put his army there into a separate camp. General Nelson, however, moving +faster than was expected, drew the divisions behind him through +Waynesboro, on the road to Savannah, before General Buell issued the +order, and so unconsciously defeated the intention. Nelson's brigade +reached Savannah during April 5th, Crittenden's division camped that +night a few miles distant, and General Buell himself reached Savannah or +its outskirts some time in the evening.</p> + +<p>General A.S. Johnston was encamped with his army at Edgefield, opposite +Nashville, on February 15th. A despatch from General Pillow that evening +announced a great victory won by the garrison of Fort Donelson. Just +before daybreak of the 16th another despatch was received, that Buckner +would capitulate at daylight. Immediately staff and orderlies were +aroused, and the troops put in motion across the river to Nashville. The +morning papers were filled with the "victory, glorious and complete," +and the city was ringing with joy. In the forenoon the news spread of +the surrender of Donelson. The people were struck with dismay, the city +was in panic, the populace was delirious with excitement. A wild mob +surrounded Johnston's headquarters and demanded to know whether their +generals intended to fight or not.</p> + +<p>Johnston immediately began the abandonment of Nash<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>ville. First were +sent off the fifteen hundred sick brought on from Bowling Green, +together with the tenants of the hospitals at Nashville. The railway was +then taxed to its utmost to carry away the stores of most value. It was +evident that all the stores could not be taken away, and pillage of +commissary stores and quartermaster stores by citizens was permitted. A +regiment of infantry and a battalion of cavalry were put on guard and +patrolled the streets to reduce the riotous to order. Johnston moved out +with his command on February 18th, leaving Floyd and Forrest with a +force in Nashville to preserve order, remove the public stores, and to +destroy what could not be removed.</p> + +<p>Popular excitement always demands a victim, and the outcry was almost +universal that Johnston should be relieved from command. But, to a +deputation that went to Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy, +with this request, he replied: "I know Johnston well. If he is not a +general, we had better give up the war, for we have no general." +Johnston found the Tennessee, running from Alabama and Mississippi up to +the Ohio, in the possession of the National fleets and armies. The force +under his immediate command was therefore separated from the force under +Beauregard that was guarding the Mississippi. Unless they should join, +they would be beaten in detail. To join involved the surrender either of +Central Tennessee or of the Mississippi. Johnston resolved to give up +Central Tennessee until he could regain it, and hold on to the +Mississippi. But to hold the Mississippi required continued possession +of the railroads, and such points especially as Corinth and Humboldt. +Corinth, both from its essential importance and its exposure to attack +by reason of its nearness to the river, was the point for concentration. +Johnston moved from Nashville to Murfreesboro, not on the direct route +to Corinth, to conceal his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> purpose. At Murfreesboro he added to the +forces brought from Bowling Green between three and four thousand of the +men who escaped from Donelson, and the command of General Crittenden +from Kentucky, quickly raising his force at Murfreesboro to seventeen +thousand men. Leaving Murfreesboro on February 28th, marching through +Shelbyville to Decatur, he arrived at Corinth, on March 24th, with +twenty thousand men. General Bragg, with ten thousand well-drilled +troops from Pensacola, had preceded him. General Ruggles, with a +brigade, came from New Orleans; Major-General Polk, with General +Cheatham's division from Columbus, with the troops that escaped from +Island No. Ten the night before escape was cut off, and various outlying +garrisons under General Beauregard's command, swelled the concourse. Van +Dorn, having failed to drive Curtis back into Missouri, was ordered to +come with his command to Corinth. A regiment arrived before April 6th, +the rest later. Detached commands guarding the line of the Memphis and +Charleston Railroad were called in. The governors of States were called +on and raised new levies. Beauregard made a personal appeal for +volunteers, which brought in several regiments. Johnston had before +called for reinforcements in vain. Now every nerve was strained to aid +him. An inspection of his command satisfied him that if all the soldiers +detailed as cooks and teamsters were relieved, he would have another +brigade of effective men. He sent messengers through the surrounding +country, urging citizens to hire their negroes as cooks and teamsters +for ninety days, or even sixty days. But the messengers returned with +the answer that the planters would freely give their last son, but they +would not part with a negro or a mule.</p> + +<p>General Bragg, on arriving at Corinth, wished to attack the troops as +they were beginning to land at Pittsburg and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> Crump's landings. General +Beauregard forbade this, writing to Bragg: "I would prefer the +defensive-offensive—that is, to take up such a position as would compel +the enemy to develop his intentions, and to attack us, before he could +penetrate any distance from his base; then, when within striking +distance of us, to take the offensive and crush him wherever we may +happen to strike him, cutting him off, if possible, from his base of +operations or the river."</p> + +<p>On March 25th, Johnston completed the concentration of his troops. Van +Dorn was in person in Corinth, and was ordered to bring forward his +command. Johnston determined to wait as long as practicable for it. +Meanwhile, to hasten the organization and preparation of his army, he +appointed Gen. Bragg chief of staff for the time, but to resume command +of his corps when the movement should begin. Of him, Colonel William +Preston Johnston says, in his life of his father—a valuable book, +prepared with great industry, and written with an evident desire to be +fair: "In Bragg there was so much that was strong marred by most evident +weakness, so many virtues blemished by excess or defect in temper and +education, so near an approach to greatness and so manifest a failure to +attain it, that his worst enemy ought to find something to admire in +him, and his best friend something painful in the attempt to portray him +truly." A thorough disciplinarian and a master of detail, his merits +found full play, and his defects were less apparent in his position on +the staff.</p> + +<p>Johnston was organizing his army; Grant was assembling his twenty-three +miles away. On the other side of the Tennessee, ninety miles from +Savannah, Buell, halted by Duck Creek, was building a bridge for his +troops—a bridge which it required twelve days to construct. Johnston +having completed his concentration, it was his obvious policy to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> attack +before Grant should be further reinforced. General Beauregard, in his +letter of March 18th to Bragg, said: "While I have guarded you against +an uncertain offensive, I am decidedly of the opinion that we should +endeavor to entice the enemy into an engagement as soon as possible, and +before he shall have further increased his numbers by the large numbers +which he must still have in reserve and available—that is, beat him in +detail." Lee wrote to Johnston, on March 26th: "I need not urge you, +when your army is united, to deal a blow at the enemy in your front, if +possible, before his rear gets up from Nashville. You have him divided, +and keep him so, if you can." It was Johnston's purpose, and expressed, +to attack Grant before Buell should arrive. But he determined to +continue organizing and waiting for Van Dorn as long as that would be +safe.</p> + +<p>At eleven o'clock at night of April 2d, Johnston learned that Buell was +moving "rapidly from Columbia, by Clifton, to Savannah." About one +o'clock in the morning of Thursday, the 3d, preliminary orders were +issued to hold the troops in readiness to move at a moment's notice, +with five days' rations and one hundred rounds of ammunition. The +movement began in the afternoon. The army was arranged in three corps, +commanded respectively by Polk, Bragg, and Hardee, and a reserve under +Breckenridge. Beauregard was second in command, without a specific +command. Major-General Hardee's corps consisted of Brigadier-General +Hindman's division and Brigadier-General Cleburne's brigade. The +division consisted of Hindman's brigade, commanded by Colonel Shaver, +and Brigadier-General Wood's brigade. Wood's brigade comprised five +regiments, and two battalions of infantry and a battery; Cleburne's +brigade was composed of six regiments and two batteries. Major-General +Bragg's corps consisted of two divisions, commanded respectively by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +Brigadier-General Ruggles and Brigadier-General Withers. The brigades of +Ruggles' division were commanded by Colonel Gibson, Brigadier-General +Patton Anderson, and Colonel Pond. Withers' brigades were commanded by +Brigadier-Generals Gladden, Chalmers, and Jackson. The brigades of +Chalmers and Gladden contained each five regiments and a battery; the +other brigades contained each four regiments and a battery, with, in +Anderson's and Pond's each, an additional battalion of infantry. +Major-General Polk's corps had two divisions, commanded by +Brigadier-General Clark and Major-General Cheatham. Clark's brigades +were commanded by Colonel Russell and Brigadier-General A.P. Stewart; +Cheatham's brigades were commanded by Brigadier-General B.R. Johnson and +Colonel Stephens. Each brigade was made up of four regiments of infantry +and a battery. Brigadier-General John C. Breckenridge's reserve +comprised three brigades, commanded by Colonel Trabue, Brigadier-General +Bowen, and Colonel Statham. Trabue had five regiments and two +battalions, Bowen four regiments, and Statham six regiments of infantry. +Each brigade had a battery. By the returns, Cleburne's brigade was the +largest, having 2,750 effectives. Besides, were three regiments, two +battalions and one company of cavalry. This force comprised 40,000 of +the 50,000 effectives gathered at Corinth. Different returns vary a few +hundred more and a few hundred less. General Johnston telegraphed to +Jefferson Davis, when the movement began, that the number was 40,000. In +forming for battle, the army was to deploy into three parallel lines, +the distance between the lines to be one thousand yards. Hardee's corps +to be the first; Bragg's the second; and the third to be composed of +Polk on the left and Breckenridge on the right.</p> + +<p>Hardee, moving out in advance, in the afternoon of Thurs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>day, halted +Friday forenoon at Mickey's house, about seventeen miles from Corinth. +Bragg's corps bivouacked Friday night in rear of Hardee. Clark's +division of Polk's corps followed in due order on its road. Cheatham's +division, on outpost on the railroad at Purdy and Bethel, under orders +to defend himself if attacked, otherwise to assemble at Purdy, march +thence to Monterey, and thence to position near Mickey's, did not leave +Purdy till Saturday morning, and reached his position Saturday +afternoon. Breckenridge, who marched from his station at Burnesville +through Farmington without entering Corinth, using a cross-road, could +not pull his wagons through the mud, and failed to get as far as +Monterey Friday night. While Hardee was lying near Mickey's house, his +cavalry felt the National outposts, and a reconnoitring party from the +National camp struck Cleburne's brigade.</p> + +<p>The order issued at Corinth required the columns to be deployed by seven +o'clock, Saturday morning, and the attack to begin at eight o'clock. +Hardee began his movement at daybreak, Saturday, deployed about ten +o'clock, and waited. His line being too short to extend from Owl Creek +to Lick Creek, Gladden's brigade was moved forward from Bragg's corps, +and added to Hardee's right. The rest of Withers' division moved into +position behind Hardee's right; but Ruggles' division, constituting the +right of Bragg's line, did not appear. Successive messengers bringing no +satisfaction, General Johnston rode to the rear with his staff, till he +found Ruggles' division standing still, with its head in an open field. +It was set in motion, Polk followed; Cheatham arrived from Purdy; +Breckenridge extricated his command from the deep mud, and, by four +o'clock in the afternoon, the deployment and formation of the army was +complete. It was too late to attack that day. Beauregard urged that it +was too<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> late to attack at all, that it would now be impossible to +effect a surprise, that the expedition should be abandoned and the +troops march back to Corinth. Johnston directed the troops to bivouac, +and attack to be made next day at daylight.</p> + +<p>Of the five divisions at Pittsburg Landing, the organization of +four—the First, McClernand's; Second, C.F. Smith's, commanded by +Brigadier-General W.H.L. Wallace, General Smith being ill at Savannah; +the Fourth, Hurlbut's; and the Fifth, Sherman's—was completed. The +Sixth, commanded by Prentiss, was still in process of formation. +McClernand's First Brigade, composed of the Eighth and Eighteenth +Illinois, Eleventh and Thirteenth Iowa, was commanded by Colonel Hare, +of the Eleventh Iowa; the Second was composed of the Eleventh, +Twentieth, Forty-fifth, and Forty-eighth Illinois, and commanded by Col. +Marsh, of the Twentieth Illinois; the Third, of the Seventeenth, +Twenty-ninth, Forty-third, and Forty-ninth Illinois. Colonel Ross, of +the Seventeenth Illinois, the senior colonel, being ill and absent, the +command of this brigade devolved on Colonel Reardon, of the +Twenty-ninth. The Second Division comprised three brigades: the First, +commanded by Colonel Tuttle, of the Second Iowa, contained the Second, +Seventh, Twelfth, and Fourteenth Iowa; the Second, commanded by +Brigadier-General McArthur, comprised the Thirteenth and Fourteenth +Missouri, Ninth and Twelfth Illinois, and Eighty-first Ohio. The +Fourteenth Missouri, at that time, went by the name of Birge's +Sharpshooters; the Third, commanded by Colonel Sweeney, of the +Fifty-second Illinois, comprised the Eighth Iowa, and the Seventh, +Fiftieth, Fifty-second, Fifty-seventh, and Fifty-eighth Illinois. The +Fourth Division contained three brigades: the First, commanded by +Colonel Williams, of the Third Iowa, contained the Third Iowa, +Twenty-eighth, Thirty-second, and Forty-first Illinois; the Second, +commanded by Colonel Veatch, of the Twenty-fifth Indiana, con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>tained the +Twenty-fifth Indiana, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Forty-sixth Illinois; +the Third, commanded by Brigadier-General Lauman, who reported for duty +Saturday, April 5th, and was then assigned to this command, comprised +the Thirty-first and Forty-fourth Indiana, and the Seventeenth and +Twenty-fifth Kentucky. The Fifth Division contained four brigades: the +First, commanded by Colonel McDowell, of the Sixth Iowa, was made of the +Sixth Iowa, Forty-sixth Ohio, and the Fortieth Illinois; the Second, +commanded by Colonel Stuart, of the Fifty-fifth Illinois, was made of +the Fifty-fifth Illinois and the Fifty-fourth and Seventy-first Ohio; +the Third, commanded by Colonel Hildebrand, of the Seventy-seventh Ohio, +contained the Fifty-third, Fifty-seventh, and Seventy-seventh Ohio; the +Fourth, commanded by Colonel Buckland, of the Seventy-second Ohio, +contained the Forty-eighth, Seventieth, and Seventy-second Ohio. The +Sixth Division was organized into two brigades: the First Brigade, +commanded by Colonel Peabody, of the Twenty-fifth Missouri, contained +the Twenty-first and Twenty-fifth Missouri, Twelfth Michigan, and +Sixteenth Wisconsin. The Second, commanded by Colonel Miller, of the +Eighteenth Missouri, comprised the Eighteenth Missouri and Sixty-first +Illinois. The Sixteenth Iowa, assigned to this brigade, arriving fresh +from the recruiting depot, without ammunition, on April 5th, reported to +General Prentiss that day, but was sent by him to the landing early in +the morning of the 6th, and was by General Grant assigned to duty that +day in another part of the field. The Eighteenth Wisconsin arrived and +reported on April 5th, and the Twenty-third Missouri arrived in the +morning of the 6th, and reported on the field at nine o'clock.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> But +these two regiments were not formally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> assigned to either brigade. The +Fifteenth Iowa, assigned to this division, arrived the morning of April +6th, and was assigned to duty in another part of the field. The +Fourteenth Wisconsin, assigned to the division, arrived late in the +night of April 6th, and served on the 7th with Crittenden's division of +Buell's army.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The Fifteenth Michigan arriving without ammunition, +immediately before the attack began, marched to the rear for ammunition +and, returning to the field, fought through the day between the +Eighteenth Missouri and the Eighteenth Wisconsin.</p></div> + +<p>The artillery was not attached to brigades, but was under the direct +command of division commanders. The batteries of Schwartz and +McAllister, and Burrow's Fourteenth Ohio Battery served with +McClernand's division. Willard's Company A, First Illinois Artillery, +commanded by Lieutenant Wood, and Major Cavender's battalion of +Companies D, H, and I, First Missouri Artillery, were attached to W.H.L. +Wallace's division. Mann's four-gun battery, Ross' Second Michigan, and +Myer's Thirteenth Ohio batteries, were attached to Hurlbut's division. +Behr's Sixth Indiana Battery, and Barrett's Company B, and Waterhouse's +Company E, First Illinois Artillery, were attached to Sherman's +division. Barrett's battery had formerly been commanded by Captain Ezra +Taylor, promoted Major of the First Illinois Artillery, and was still +commonly called Taylor's battery, and is so styled in some of the +reports of the battle. Munch's Minnesota and Hickenlooper's Fifth Ohio +Battery were attached to Prentiss' division. There was some change in +the assignment of batteries on April 5th. The above gives their position +as it was on April 6th. Bouton's Company I, First Illinois Artillery, +and Dresser's battery, commanded by Captain Timony, though not assigned, +were given positions on the field by Major Ezra Taylor, Sherman's chief +of artillery, by direction of General Grant. Margraff's Eighth Ohio +Battery served with Sherman, Powell's Company F, Second Illinois +Artillery, served with Prentiss. Madison's Company B, Second Illinois +Artillery, served at the landing. Captain Silversparre's four-gun +battery of twenty-pound<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> Parrotts, though assigned to McClernand, +remained at the landing from lack of horses and equipage to pull them +out to camp.</p> + +<p>The Third Division, commanded by General Lewis Wallace, comprised three +brigades: The First Brigade, commanded by Colonel Morgan L. Smith, of +the Eighth Missouri, comprising the Eleventh and Twenty-fourth Indiana +and the Eighth Missouri, was in camp at Crump's Landing; the Second +Brigade, commanded by Colonel Thayer, of the First Nebraska, comprising +the First Nebraska, Twenty-third Indiana, and Fifty-eighth and +Sixty-eighth Ohio, was camped at Stony Lonesome, two miles out from +Crump's Landing; the Third Brigade, commanded by Colonel Whittlesey, of +the Twentieth Ohio, comprising the Twentieth, Fifty-sixth, +Seventy-sixth, and Seventy-eighth Ohio, was in camp at Adamsville, three +miles out beyond Stony Lonesome, or five miles from Crump's Landing. +Buell's Battery I, First Missouri Artillery, commanded by Lieutenant +Thurber, and Thompson's Ninth Indiana Battery, constituted the artillery +of the division.</p> + +<p>The cavalry consisted of the Fifth Ohio, Fourth and Eleventh Illinois, +Companies A and B, Second Illinois, under Captain Houghtaling, two +companies of regular cavalry under Lieutenant Powell, Stewart's +battalion, and Thielman's battalion. The Third Battalion of the Fifth +Ohio and the Third Battalion of the Eleventh Illinois remained with +Lewis Wallace. The rest of the cavalry was assigned to different +divisions, but the assignment was changed on April 5th.</p> + +<p>The Fifth Ohio Cavalry, attached to Sherman's division till April 5th, +frequently made reconnoitring expeditions some miles to the front, and +frequently encountered parties of hostile cavalry. Thursday, April 3d, +General Sherman sent Buckland's brigade out on a reconnoissance on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +Corinth road, but with strict injunctions, in accordance with General +Halleck's repeated order, not to be drawn into a fight with any +considerable force of the enemy, that would risk bringing on a general +engagement. Buckland marched to the fork of the road about five miles +out, which must have been at Mickey's. General Hardee states that +Mickey's is about eight miles from the landing. Posting the brigade +between the roads, he sent two companies out on each road. Both +encountered hostile cavalry, understood to be pickets, within half a +mile, began skirmishing with them, and saw a larger body of cavalry +beyond. The companies were recalled, and the brigade reached camp a +little before dark and reported. Next day, Friday, the 4th, a cavalry +dash on Buckland's picket-line swooped off a lieutenant and seven men. +General Buckland, who was near, sent information to Sherman, who sent +out 150 cavalry. Major Crockett, who was drilling his regiment near by, +sent a company to scout beyond the picket-line. Major Crockett was sent +by General Buckland with another company, to bring the first one back. +Before long firing was heard, Buckland started with a battalion to the +rescue, found the second company had been attacked and Major Crockett +captured, pushed on a distance estimated at two miles, attacked unseen a +body of cavalry just about to charge upon the first company, was +reinforced by the cavalry sent out by Sherman, pursued the hostile +cavalry a distance estimated another mile, came in view of artillery and +infantry, was fired on by the artillery, returned bringing in ten +prisoners, and found General Sherman at the picket-posts with a brigade +in line. The same evening, in obedience to an order from General +Sherman, Buckland sent him a written report. This advance was the attack +upon Cleburne's brigade reported by General Hardee.</p> + +<p>Saturday the cavalry were moving camps, in obedience<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> to the order of +reassignment. Batteries were moving about under the same order. Buckland +and Hildebrand anxiously visited their picket-lines and observed the +parties of hostile cavalry hovering in the woods beyond. Some of the men +on picket claimed they had seen infantry. Captain Mason of the +Seventy-seventh Ohio, on picket, observed at daylight, Saturday morning, +numbers of rabbits and squirrels scudding from the woods to and across +his picket-line. General Sherman was advised, but he had no cavalry to +send out; the Fifth had gone, and the Fourth not yet reported. He +enjoined Buckland and Hildebrand to be vigilant, strengthen their +pickets, and be prepared for attack. Additional companies were sent out +to increase the pickets, Buckland established a connecting line of +sentries from the picket reserve to camp, to communicate the first alarm +on the picket-line, and instructed his officers to be prepared for a +night attack.</p> + +<p>Saturday afternoon, General Prentiss, in consequence of information +received from his advance guard, sent Colonel Moore, of the Twenty-first +Missouri, with three companies from his regiment, to reconnoitre the +front. The line of his march being oblique to the line of the camp, led +him out beyond the front of Sherman's line. He marched in that direction +three miles, saw nothing, and returned to camp. The oblique direction of +his march prevented his running into Hardee's lines. Prentiss, assured +there was some activity—a cavalry reconnoissance in his front—pushed +his pickets out a mile and a half and reinforced them. McClernand, the +same day, went out with Colonel McPherson and a battalion of cavalry on +a reconnoissance toward Hamburg and a short distance out on the road to +Corinth, and saw a few hostile scouts back of Hamburg.</p> + +<p>General Lewis Wallace's reconnoitring parties developed the presence of +a considerable force at Purdy and Bethel,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> on the railroad. Getting +information, Friday night, of signs of preparation for movement by this +force, an order was sent to the brigade at Adamsville to form line at +daybreak. The other brigades reached Adamsville at an early hour, and +all remained prepared to repel attack till noon. The activity observed +at Purdy and Bethel was, in fact, Cheatham's preparation for his march, +Saturday, to his position in General Polk's line. General Grant being +advised, Friday, by L. Wallace, of the assembling of the force in his +front, directed W.H.L. Wallace to hold his division in readiness to move +to the support of L. Wallace immediately in case he should be +threatened; and advised Sherman to instruct his pickets to be on the +alert, and to be ready to move in support with his whole division, and +with Hurlbut's if necessary, if an attack on L. Wallace should be +attempted. W.H.L. Wallace and Sherman commanded, by their respective +positions, the bridges across Owl Creek, over which passed the two roads +from the camps at Pittsburg Landing to L. Wallace.</p> + +<p>Saturday, Sherman wrote to Grant: "All is quiet along my lines now. We +are in the act of exchanging cavalry, according to your orders. The +enemy has cavalry in our front, and I think there are two regiments of +infantry and one battery of artillery about six miles out. I will send +you in ten prisoners of war, and a report of last night's affair, in a +few minutes.</p> + +<p>"Your note is just received. I have no doubt that nothing will occur +to-day, more than some picket-firing. The enemy is saucy, but got the +worst of it yesterday, and will not press our pickets far. I will not be +drawn out far, unless with certainty of advantage; and I do not +apprehend anything like an attack upon our position." A little later in +the day, General Sherman wrote to Grant: "I infer that the enemy is in +some considerable force at Pea Ridge [another name for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> Monterey]; that +yesterday they crossed a bridge with two regiments of infantry, one +regiment of cavalry, and one battery of field-artillery, to the ridge on +which the Corinth road lays. They halted the infantry and artillery at a +point about five miles in my front, and sent a detachment to the house +of General Meeks, on the north of Owl Creek, and the cavalry down toward +our camp. This cavalry captured a part of our advance pickets, and +afterward engaged two companies of Colonel Buckland's regiment, as +described by him in his report herewith enclosed. Our cavalry drove them +back upon their artillery and infantry, killing many and bringing ten +prisoners (all of the First Alabama Cavalry), whom I send you." General +Grant on the same day despatched to General Halleck: "Just as my letter +of yesterday to Captain McLean, Assistant Adjutant-General, was +finished, notes from Generals McClernand's and Sherman's assistant +adjutant-generals were received, stating that our outposts had been +attacked by the enemy, apparently in considerable force. I immediately +went up, but found all quiet. The enemy took two officers and four or +five of our men prisoners, and wounded four. We took eight prisoners and +killed several. Number of the enemy's wounded not known. They had with +them three pieces of artillery, and cavalry and infantry. How much +cannot, of course, be estimated. I have scarcely the faintest idea of an +attack (general one) being made upon us, but will be prepared should +such a thing take place. General Nelson's division has arrived. The +other two, of Buell's column, will arrive to-morrow or next day. It is +my present intention to send them to Hamburg, some four miles above +Pittsburg, when they all get here. From that point to Corinth the road +is good, and a junction can be formed with the troops from Pittsburg at +almost any point. Colonel McPherson has gone with an escort to-day<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> to +examine the defensibility of the ground about Hamburg, and to lay out +the position of the camp, if advisable to occupy that place." Earlier on +the same day General Grant also telegraphed to General Halleck: "The +main force of the enemy is at Corinth, with troops at different points +east. Small garrisons are also at Bethel, Jackson, and Humboldt. The +number at these places seems constantly to change. The number of the +enemy at Corinth, and within supporting distance of it, cannot be far +from eighty thousand men." General Halleck was preparing to leave St. +Louis and come to the front to take immediate command of the combined +army for the march on to Corinth. He advised Buell he would leave in the +beginning of the coming week.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<p class='center'>SHILOH—SUNDAY.</p> + + +<p>Three companies of the Twenty-fifth Missouri, which regiment formed the +right of Colonel Peabody's brigade, Prentiss' division, were sent out on +reconnoissance about three o'clock in the morning of Sunday, April 6th. +Following the road cautiously in a south-westerly direction, oblique to +the line of the camp, they struck the enemy's pickets in front of +General Sherman's division. General Johnston, at breakfast with his +staff, hearing the fire of the encounter, turned to Colonel Preston and +to Captain Munford, and directed them to note the hour in their blank +books. It was just fourteen minutes after five o'clock.</p> + +<p>Order was given to advance. To communicate the order along the line +required time. General Beauregard says the advance began at half-past +five. The three companies struck a battalion under Major Hardcastle, on +Hardee's picket-line. Major Hardcastle was posted on picket with a +battalion of the Third Mississippi, a quarter of a mile in front of +Wood's brigade, Hardee's corps. Lieutenant McNulty was posted with a +small party, one hundred yards, and Lieutenant Hammock with another +small party, two hundred yards, in front of the centre of the battalion. +Cavalry videttes were still farther to the front. The Major reports: +"About dawn, the cavalry videttes fired three shots, wheeled and +galloped back. Lieutenant Hammock suffered the enemy to approach within<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> +ninety yards. Their line seemed to be three hundred and fifty yards +long, and to number about one thousand. He fired upon them and joined +his battalion with his men. Lieutenant McNulty received the enemy with +his fire at about one hundred yards, and then joined his battalion with +his men, when the videttes rode back to my main position. At the first +alarm my men were in line and all ready. I was on a rise of ground, men +kneeling. The enemy opened a heavy fire on us at a distance of about two +hundred yards, but most of the shots passed over us. We returned the +fire immediately and kept it up. Captain Clare, aide to General Wood, +came and encouraged us. We fought the enemy an hour or more, without +giving an inch. Our loss in this engagement was: killed, four privates; +severely wounded, one sergeant, one corporal, and eight privates; +slightly wounded, the color-sergeant and nine privates. At about 6.30 +<span class="smcap">A.M.</span> I saw the brigade formed in my rear, and I fell back."</p> + +<p>At six o'clock, Colonel Moore, of the Twenty-first Missouri, also of +Peabody's brigade, was directed by General Prentiss to move out with +five companies to support the pickets. About half a mile from camp he +met the three companies of the Twenty-fifth returning. Despatching the +wounded on to camp, and sending for the rest of his regiment, he halted +with the detachment of the Twenty-fifth till joined by his remaining +five companies. So reinforced, he continued his advance three hundred +yards, met the advance of Shaver's brigade, halted on the edge of a +field, and repulsed it. Colonel Moore being wounded, Lieutenant-Colonel +Van Horn took command, and was further reinforced; after an engagement +of half an hour, was overpowered and fell back to the support of the +brigade.</p> + +<p>According to General Bragg's report, Johnston's line of battle, after +marching less than a mile beyond the scene of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> the first attack made by +the three companies of the Twenty-fifth Missouri, came upon the +strengthened National pickets, which he calls advanced posts. These fell +back fighting. The army advanced steadily another mile, pushing back the +fighting pickets, and then encountered the National troops "in strong +force almost along the entire line. His batteries were posted on +eminences, with strong infantry supports. Finding the first line was now +unequal to the work before it, being weakened by extension, and +necessarily broken by the nature of the ground, I ordered my whole force +to move up steadily and promptly to its support."</p> + +<p>Thus opened the battle of Shiloh. A combat made up of numberless +separate encounters of detached portions of broken lines, continually +shifting position and changing direction in the forest and across +ravines, filling an entire day, is almost incapable of a connected +narrative. As the first shock of the meeting lines of battle was near +the right of the National line, an intelligible account may be given by +describing the action of the divisions of Grant's army separately, +beginning with the right, or Sherman's.</p> + +<p>The direction of General Johnston's advance was such as to bring him +first in contact with Sherman's left and Prentiss's right. To preserve +even an approximate alignment of a line of battle of two miles front, +marching with artillery, through wet forest, over rough, yet soft +ground, with regiments in column doubled on the centre, the advance was +necessarily slow. The reports show that portions of the second line, +instead of keeping the prescribed distance of eight hundred yards in +rear of the first, overtook it, and had to halt to regain the distance. +The National pickets, posted a mile in front of the camps, were struck +about half-past six o'clock Colonel J. Thompson, aide-de-camp to General +Beauregard, in his report to his chief, says: "The first can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>non was +discharged on our left at seven o'clock, which was followed by a rapid +discharge of musketry. About 7.30 I rode forward with Colonel Jordan to +the front, to ascertain how the battle was going. Then I learned from +General Johnston that General Hardee's line was within half a mile of +the enemy's camps, and bore from General Johnston a message that he +advised sending forward strong reinforcements to our left. From eight +o'clock to 8.30 the cannonading was very heavy along the whole line, but +especially in the centre, which was in the line of their camps. About +ten o'clock you moved forward with your staff and halted within about +half a mile of the enemy's camps."</p> + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus07.jpg" alt="shiloh" /> +<a id="illus07" name="illus07"></a> +</p> +<p class='center'> The Field of Shiloh.</p> + +<p class='center'>SHERMAN'S DIVISION.</p> + +<p>The Seventy-seventh Ohio, of Hildebrand's brigade, was ordered the +evening before to go out to See's, Sunday morning, and reinforce the +picket reserve stationed there, and was up early Sunday morning. General +Buckland, having slept little in the night, rose early. While at +breakfast he received word that the pickets were heavily attacked, and +were falling back toward camp. He at once had the long-roll sounded, and +his brigade formed on the color-line. He rode over to General Sherman's +headquarters, a few hundred yards off, and reported the facts. +Meanwhile, the brigades of Hildebrand and McDowell formed on their +respective color-lines. The division was formed—Taylor's battery on a +rising ground in front of Shiloh Church; Hildebrand's brigade to its +left, the Seventy-seventh Ohio being next to the battery, and four guns +of Waterhouse's battery placed between the Fifty-seventh and Fifty-third +Ohio—the Fifty-third detached and forming the extreme left. The other +two guns of Waterhouse's battery were advanced to the front<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> beyond Oak +Creek. Buckland's brigade formed to the right of Taylor's battery, and +McDowell's still farther to the right, on the bluffs of Oak Creek, near +its junction with Owl Creek, and separated from Buckland by a lateral +ravine which opened into Oak Creek. Behr's battery was with McDowell. +One of its guns, with two companies of infantry, was stationed still +farther to the right, commanding the bridges over Oak Creek and Owl +Creek, immediately above their junction.</p> + +<p>The advanced section of Waterhouse's battery fell back before an +approaching skirmish line and took position with the battery. General +Sherman rode to the front of the Fifty-third, to the edge of a ravine, +the continuation or source of Oak Creek, and saw, through the forest +beyond, Johnston's lines sweeping across his front toward his left. At +the same time, General Johnston was, a few hundred yards off, on the +other side of the ravine, putting General Hindman with one of his +brigades into position for attack. Hindman's skirmishers opened fire and +killed Sherman's orderly. Sherman's brigades advanced to the sloping of +the ravine of Oak Creek; Sherman had already sent word to General +McClernand asking for support to his left; to General Prentiss, giving +him notice that the enemy was in force in front; and to General Hurlbut, +asking him to support Prentiss.</p> + +<p>The first line of Johnston's army, commanded by General Hardee, opened, +widening the intervals between brigades as it advanced. The two brigades +commanded by General Hindman, having less rough ground to traverse, +outstripped General Cleburne. Hindman's own brigade, commanded by +Colonel Shaver, inclining to the right, struck Prentiss' right. General +Hindman in person, with Wood's brigade, came to the front of the +Fifty-third Ohio. General Johnston, having put it in position, rode back +to Cleburne and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> moved his brigade to Buckland's front. The battle +opened. The Fifty-third Ohio, detached by the position of its camp from +the rest of Hildebrand's brigade, being off to the left and farther to +the front, was first engaged. According to the report of +Lieutenant-Colonel Fulton, the advancing line of Wood's brigade having +twice recoiled before the fire of the regiment, Colonel Appler cried out +to his men to fall back and save themselves. The regiment retired in +confusion behind McClernand's Third Brigade, which had come up in +support; but, soon rallied by the Lieutenant-Colonel and Adjutant Dawes, +it returned to the front to the bank of the stream. The colonel +reappeared and again ordered a retreat. The regiment was now fatally +broken. Adjutant Dawes, however, rallied two companies and attached them +to the Seventeenth Illinois, of McClernand's Third Brigade, while a +considerable detachment joined the Seventy-seventh Ohio, then commanded +by Major Fearing. In the afternoon, Lieutenant-Colonel Fulton, with the +greater part of the regiment reunited, acted as support to Bouton's +battery.</p> + +<p>General Patton Anderson, with his brigade, and Captain Hodgson's battery +of the Washington Artillery, pressed forward from Johnston's second +line, commanded by General Bragg, into the gap between Hindman and +Cleburne. Posting his battery on high ground, he advanced his brigade +down into the wet and bushy valley of Oak Creek, and charged up the +slope. Taylor's battery and the Fifty-seventh and Seventy-seventh Ohio +instantly drove him back. His regiments, not discouraged, charged +singly, and when broken, charged by battalion, but could not withstand +the fire, and as often fell back. General Johnston, who had passed on +toward his right, dispatched two brigades, Russell's and Johnson's, from +the third line, commanded by General Polk, to aid the assault. General +Beauregard<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> moved them to his right, beyond Hindman, to attack +McClernand.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, Cleburne, forming the extreme left of Hardee's line, with his +brigade of six regiments and two batteries engaged Buckland. The valley +of Oak Creek is there wider, deeper, and boggy. The slope, crowned by +Buckland's brigade, was steep and bushy. A bend in its course gave some +companies of the Seventieth Ohio an enfilading fire. Cleburne's +regiments, tangled in the morass, struggled with uneven front up the +wooded ascent, only to be driven back by Buckland's steady fire. +Reforming, they charged again, to meet another repulse. The regiments, +broken, disordered, and commingled, persisted in the vain endeavor, only +to encounter heavier losses. The Sixth Mississippi lost 300 killed and +wounded out of a total of 425. More than one-third of the brigade were +killed and wounded. Pond's brigade, of Bragg's corps, came up in +support, but paused on the wooded bank, and did not attempt to cross +this valley of death.</p> + +<p>McClernand's other brigades, which were to the left of the Third, after +some very sharp fighting, fell back. The long line of Wood's brigade +then largely outreached Colonel Raith's left flank. Raith refused his +left regiments. Wood's brigade wheeled to their left, confronting +Raith's new line. Waterhouse's battery, being taken on the flank, was +limbering up to withdraw, when Major Taylor ordered it into action +again. Raith's regiments gave way. Wood's brigade charged on +Waterhouse's battery, capturing three of its guns. Captain Waterhouse +and two lieutenants being wounded, Lieutenant Fitch, by order of Major +Taylor, retired to the river with the two pieces that were saved sound. +The Fifty-seventh and Seventy-seventh Ohio being now assailed on the +flank by Wood's advance, fell back in disorder. Anderson's brigade<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> then +gathered itself up, emerged from the wet borders of the creek, and +gained the plateau in front of Hildebrand's camps. Buckland's rear was +now commanded by a hostile battery and threatened by Wood's brigade. +General Sherman at ten o'clock ordered his division to take position to +the rear along the Purdy road. Barrett's battery, moving back by the +Corinth road, came into position with McClernand's division in its +second position. McDowell's brigade had not yet been engaged, and to get +into the new position merely shifted his line to the left along the +road. Buckland moved back through his camp in order, his wagons carrying +off his dead and wounded and such baggage as they could hold. The +greater part of the Seventy-seventh Ohio, commanded by Major Fearing, +together with some companies of the Fifty-seventh, held by +Lieutenant-Colonel Rice, and some companies of the Fifty-third, +represented Hildebrand's brigade. Colonel Hildebrand finding his command +so reduced, served part of the day on McClernand's staff, but returned +to General Sherman in the evening. Colonel Crafts Wright, commanding the +Thirteenth Missouri in W.H.L. Wallace's division, was ordered in the +morning to take a designated position on the Purdy road. This brought +him on the left of General Sherman's new line. The remnant of +Hildebrand's brigade formed on Wright's left and operated with him.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile General Grant, at breakfast at Savannah, nine miles below +Pittsburg Landing by river, but six miles in an air-line, heard the +firing. He at once sent an order to General Nelson to march his division +up the river to opposite Pittsburg; and, not aware that General Buell +had arrived the previous evening, sent a letter out to meet him, +advising him of the order given to Nelson and explaining the reason for +not waiting in person for his arrival. Steaming up the river, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> +stopped at Crump's Landing at eight o'clock and directed Lewis Wallace +to hold his division in readiness to move. Arrived at Pittsburg Landing, +Colonel Pride, of his staff, at once organized ammunition trains, which +were busy all day supplying the troops at the front. The Twenty-third +Missouri, just arrived by boat, he hurried out to reinforce Prentiss. +The Fifteenth Iowa, just arrived, and the Sixteenth, sent by Prentiss to +the landing for ammunition, he directed to form line, arrest the tide of +stragglers from the front, and organize them to return. Riding to the +front, he found General Sherman a little before ten o'clock in his +hottest engagement, still holding the enemy at bay in front of his camp; +told him that Wallace would come up from Crump's Landing; sent word to +Wallace to move; to Nelson, to hasten his movements; returned to the +landing, dispatched the two Iowa regiments to reinforce McClernand, and +proceeded to visit the other divisions in the field.</p> + +<p>The loaded wagons of McDowell's brigade, hurrying to the rear along the +Purdy road, interfered with the formation of Sherman's new line. Behr's +battery, galloping to the position assigned to it—the centre of the +line—added to the difficulty. This battery was hardly in position and +under fire before Captain Behr was killed, and the men abandoned their +guns, fleeing from the field with the caissons. The line so disordered +and broken was hard pressed by the enemy, and Sherman selected another +line of defence, to his left and rear, connecting with McClernand's +right. McDowell, nearly cut off by the enemy's pressing through the gap +left by Behr's men, brought the remaining gun of this battery from its +position near the bridge, and by a rapid fire pressed back the advance. +His regiments became separated while struggling through dense thickets +to the new position. The Fortieth Illinois found itself marching by the +flank,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> with a deep ravine along its left, and a confederate regiment +marching in parallel course not far to its right. Thus cut off, the +Fortieth formed with its rear to the ravine, with a desperate effort +drove its dangerous companion out of the way, and, pushing through the +timber, came into a valley in rear of McClernand.</p> + +<p>Not all the force engaged in the two hours' fight in front of Sherman's +camp followed him to his new position. Cleburne had difficulty in +reforming his shattered command. The remnant of the Sixth Mississippi +marched to the rear under command of the senior surviving captain, +disabled for further service. The fragment of the Twenty-Third Tennessee +remaining near Cleburne was sent to the rear to hunt up the portions +that had broken from it in the contest. Cleburne, proceeding for his +other regiments, was stopped by General Hardee about noon, and directed +to collect and bring into action the stragglers who were thronging in +the captured camps. With the aid of cavalry he gathered up an +unorganized multitude; but, finding he could do nothing with them, he +resumed the search for his remaining regiments. About two o'clock he +found the Fifth and Twenty-fourth Tennessee and Fifteenth Arkansas +"halted under the brow of an abrupt hill." The Second Tennessee had +moved to the rear, and did not rejoin the brigade during the battle. +Cleburne was not again severely engaged during the day. Colonel Pond +kept his brigade, in pursuance of General Bragg's order, watching the +crossings of Owl Creek.</p> + +<p>But the brigades of Anderson and Wood pressed on. Trabue's heavy brigade +of five regiments, two battalions and two batteries, had been detached +from the reserve at Beauregard's request for reinforcements, and sent by +Johnston to his extreme left. Skirting Owl Creek, he came in full force +upon Sherman's right flank, at half-past twelve<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> o'clock. McDowell's two +remaining regiments, the Sixth Iowa and Forty-sixth Ohio, were quickly +moved to confront Trabue. The Forty-sixth Ohio was more alert in +movement, and opened a hot fire before Trabue was completely deployed +and in position. A steady combat through the timber and underbrush, and +across the ravines, lasted an hour and a half. The Sixth Iowa lost 51 +killed and 120 wounded; the Forty-sixth Ohio, losing fewer killed, but +more wounded—34 killed, 150 wounded, and 52 taken prisoners—was quite +shattered, and took no further part in the battle. Colonel Trabue's +estimate of the character of the fighting at this point appears from his +statement that his command in this encounter killed and wounded four or +five hundred of the Forty-Sixth Ohio alone. It appears also from his +report, which has never been officially published, but which is printed +in the "History of the First Kentucky Brigade," that, of the 844 +casualties in the brigade in the two days' battle, 534 were in the four +regiments engaged in this encounter. Sherman readjusted his line, +resting his right on a deep ravine running to Owl Creek, and keeping his +left in connection with McClernand. Trabue was reinforced by General +A.P. Stewart and part of his brigade, and a part of Anderson's brigade +which had been resting in a ravine in the rear. The struggle lasted with +varying intensity and alternate success.</p> + +<p>There were charges and countercharges, ground was lost and regained; but +the general result was a recession of the battered division to the left +and rear. About four o'clock, during a lull, Sherman moved his reduced +command still farther in the same direction, and took position so as to +cover the road by which Lewis Wallace was to arrive. Here, with an open +field in front, he was not further molested, and here he bivouacked for +the night. At this point, Captain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> Hickenlooper, who had been engaged +all day in the sturdy defence made by Prentiss, joined Sherman with his +battery. Buckland, rejoined by the Seventieth Ohio, was ordered, late in +the afternoon, to take his brigade to the bridge over Snake Creek, by +which Lewis Wallace was expected. From this point the Forty-eighth Ohio +marched to the landing for ammunition, and was there detained as a +portion of the force supporting the reserve artillery till next morning. +The bridge appearing free from risk, Buckland returned to the place of +bivouac, constituting the right of Sherman's line. The Thirteenth +Missouri became separated from the division in the last struggle, was +incorporated for the night in Colonel Marsh's collection of regiments, +constituting for the night McClernand's right. The position of the +Thirteenth during the night was close by the headquarter tents of +General McArthur, of W.H.L. Wallace's division. The Fifty-third Ohio +bivouacked with the Eighty-first Ohio, in front of the camp of the +Second Iowa, in Tuttle's brigade of W.H. Wallace's division. McDowell's +brigade had disappeared from the division. Portions of the Fifty-seventh +and Seventy-seventh Ohio, with Lieutenant-Colonel Rice and Major +Fearing, were still with Sherman, and formed the left of his line in the +bivouac.</p> + + +<p class='center'>McCLERNAND.</p> + +<p>The Forty-third Illinois, of McClernand's brigade, being out by +permission, Sunday morning, to discharge their pieces, which had been +loaded since they marched to the picket-line, Friday evening, distant +firing was heard. This being reported to General McClernand, he sent an +order to Colonel Reardon to hold the brigade in readiness for action. +Colonel Reardon, being confined to bed by illness, directed Colonel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> +Raith to assume command. There was some delay in getting the brigade +formed, owing to the sudden change of commanders and to the incredulity +of the officers in some of the regiments as to the reality of an attack. +The brigade being at length formed, advanced, and took position, with +its right near Waterhouse's battery—its line making an angle with +Sherman's line, so as to throw the left of the brigade upon and along +Oak Creek. Colonel Marsh, of the Twentieth Illinois, heard considerable +musketry on the left of the National camp. This continuing without +material interruption for some time, he ordered regimental commanders to +be in readiness to form, and soon after received an order from General +McClernand to form the brigade. Soon after the brigade was formed an +order was received to advance to the support of General Sherman, who was +reported to be heavily attacked. The brigade moved to the left to a +position assigned by General McClernand. The First Brigade was ordered +to form three regiments on the left of the Second, and to post one +regiment, the Eleventh Iowa, in reserve in rear of the right of Colonel +Marsh's brigade. The alignment of the Third Brigade, by Colonel Raith +throwing his left too far to the front, so as to be exposed to a flank +attack and also to cover Colonel Marsh's right, Colonel Raith wheeled +his left to the rear to connect with Marsh. The right of McClernand's +division, as thus formed, connected with Sherman, but the left was +uncovered.</p> + +<p>General Johnston sent two brigades from Polk's corps, Colonel Russell's +and General B.R. Johnson's, to reinforce his extreme left. General +Beauregard, who had taken immediate command on the Confederate left, +sent them farther to his right, and they went into position on the left +of Wood's brigade. Two regiments of Russell's brigade formed on the left +of Wood; the rest were marched by General<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> Clark, the division +commander, still farther to the right. Three of General Johnson's +regiments formed on the right of Russell's two, while General Bragg +moved Johnson's remaining two regiments off to his right, to another +attack. The assault on Colonel Marsh was made with great fury. In five +minutes most of the field officers in the brigade were killed or +wounded. The enemy's fire seemed especially directed at Burrow's +battery, posted in the centre of Marsh's brigade, all the horses of +which were killed or disabled. The colonel and lieutenant-colonel of the +Forty-eighth Illinois being wounded and taken off the field, the +regiment finally became disorganized and retired in disorder. The other +regiments fell back. The battery was lost. The first brigade, which had +not been severely engaged, next retired in some disorder. The Third +Brigade, being now enfiladed and turned on its left flank, Colonel Raith +refused his left regiment, and was himself soon mortally wounded. Wood's +brigade then wheeling to its left and advancing, the Third Brigade fell +back, leaving Waterhouse's battery on the flank of Sherman's division +exposed.</p> + +<p>The division formed again, its right connected with Sherman's left on +the Purdy road. When Sherman fell back from the Purdy road, McClernand +adjusted his right to connect again with Sherman's left. While his right +connected still with Sherman, his left for a while almost joined W.H.L. +Wallace in the position which he had assumed, and, when pushed back +still farther, his left was yet to some extent protected by the +character of the ground, rough, intersected by ravines, and dotted with +impenetrable thickets that intervened between it and W.H.L. Wallace. +McAllister's battery, and Schwartz's battery commanded by Lieutenant +Nispel, were reinforced by Taylor's battery, commanded by Captain +Barrett, brought over from Sherman, and by Dresser's battery, commanded +by Captain Timony.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + +<p>A determined and desperate struggle ensued, which lasted, with +occasional intermissions, till late in the afternoon. Shaver's brigade, +which, after a severe and protracted contest, had overcome Peabody's +brigade of Prentiss' division, was ordered to the attack upon the left +of McClernand's line. Advancing across a wide and open field, he +encountered so hot a fire in front and on his right flank, that his +brigade recoiled back to the shelter of timber and halted paralyzed, +till later in the day he was ordered to attack in another quarter. +General B.R. Johnson was wounded, and his brigade so severely handled +that it retreated from the field, leaving its battery, Polk's, behind. +McClernand's whole division advanced in line, pushing the enemy back +half a mile through and beyond his camp. This success was only +temporary. Changing front to meet fresh attacks, refusing first one +flank, then the other, clinging desperately to his camp, but, on the +whole, shifting slowly back from one position to another, he formed, in +the afternoon, in the edge of timber on the border of an open field, and +here, during a pause of half an hour, supplied his command with +ammunition. The respite was followed by a more furious assault. Falling +back from his camp toward the river, to the farther side of a deep +ravine running north and south, being the continuation of the valley or +ravine of Brier Creek, he formed his line, facing west with wings +refused, the centre being the apex, and still connecting on the right +with the remnant of Sherman's division. Several fitful onslaughts at +intervals forced McClernand to refuse his left still farther.</p> + +<p>The swinging around of McClernand's left, while he receded in a general +direction toward the northeast, left a wide interval between his command +and W.H.L. Wallace. The force which had been massed against him and +Sherman had been diminished by detachments sent to aid in the attack<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> +against W.H.L. Wallace and Prentiss. The remainder drifted through the +gap to Wallace's rear. Pond's brigade, to which had been assigned the +special duty of guarding along Owl Creek against any advance around +Johnston's left flank, constituted the extreme Confederate left. This +brigade had been very little under fire during the day. The battery +attached to it, Ketchum's, was now detached to aid in the assault upon +Wallace's front. Pond, with three Louisiana regiments of his brigade, +was directed to move to the left along the deep ravine which McClernand +had crossed, and silence one of McClernand's batteries. Trabue's +brigade, which had been struggling through the tangled forest covering +rough ground, separated by a lateral ravine from the ground in rear of +Wallace and Prentiss, through the dense thickets of which ravine no +command had been able to penetrate, was just emerging from the forest, +and crossing the Brier Creek ravine toward Hurlbut's camp. Trabue's men, +catching sight of the blue uniform of Pond's Louisiana regiments, fired +upon them. This being silenced, Pond's brigade continued down the +ravine, and up a lateral ravine toward the river, Colonel Mouton's +Eighteenth Louisiana in advance. As they neared the position the battery +withdrew, unmasking a line of infantry. A murderous fire was opened by +this line. Pond's brigade faltered, recoiled, withdrew; the Eighteenth +Louisiana, according to Colonel Mouton's report, leaving 207 dead and +wounded in the ravine.</p> + +<p>This was the final attack on the National right. But scarcely was this +over before Hurlbut's command came falling back through his camp, pushed +on by Bragg and Breckenridge. W.H.L. Wallace's regiments, finding the +force which had been contending with Sherman and McClernand closing on +their rear, faced about and fought to their rear; some regiments +succeeded in cutting their way through and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> streamed toward their camp. +This sudden, tumultuous uproar, far in the rear of the day's conflict, +infected McClernand's command, and a large part of it broke in disorder. +The broken line was partially rallied and moved back to what McClernand +designates as his eighth position taken in the course of the day, and +here he bivouacked for the night, his right joining the left of +Sherman's bivouac; the left swung back so as to make an acute angle with +it. Colonel Marsh formed the right of the line. His "command having been +reduced to a merely nominal one" in the afternoon, he had been sent back +across the Brier Creek ravine before the rest of the division, to form a +new line, arrest all stragglers, and detain all unattached fragments. +Colonel Davis, with the Forty-sixth Illinois, was resting in front of +their camp in Veatch's brigade, Hurlbut's division, but on Colonel +Marsh's request took position on Marsh's right; McClernand, when he fell +back, formed the rest of his command on Marsh's left. The line consisted +of the Forty-sixth, Forty-eighth, Twentieth, Seventeenth, Forty-ninth, +Forty-third, and Forty-fifth Illinois, the Thirteenth Missouri, and the +Fifty-third and Eighty-first Ohio. The Forty-sixth Illinois lay in front +of its camp, being the right of Veatch's brigade camp, Hurlbut's +division. The Forty-eighth and Twentieth lay on its left. The +Seventeenth, Forty-ninth, and Forty-third moved around to connect with +Sherman's left. The position of the Forty-third was between the bivouac +of the Forty-sixth Illinois and the Thirteenth Missouri, and midway +between the camp of the Ninth Illinois of McArthur's brigade, W.H.L. +Wallace's division, and the camp of the Forty-sixth Illinois. The +Fifty-third and Eighty-first Ohio were in front of the camp of the +Second Iowa, Tuttle's Brigade, W.H.L. Wallace's division. Colonel +Crocker, Thirteenth Iowa, who had assumed command of the First Bri<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>gade +on the wounding of Colonel Hare, bivouacked with his regiment in front +of the camp of the Fourteenth Iowa, Tuttle's brigade. The Eighth and +Eighteenth Illinois spent the night with the reserve artillery.</p> + +<p>Colonel Veatch, commanding Hurlbut's Second Brigade, formed his command +at half-past seven o'clock in the morning, and was shortly after ordered +to march to the support of Sherman. He reached a point not well defined, +between nine and ten o'clock, and was placed in reserve. He soon became +hotly engaged on McClernand's left. His two right regiments, the +Fifteenth and Forty-sixth Illinois, became separated from Colonel Veatch +with the other two regiments, and then separated from each other. The +Forty-sixth aided the Sixth Iowa and Forty-sixth Ohio in their desperate +struggle with Trabue, and after continual engagements, being forced back +to within half a mile of its camp, repaired thither about two o'clock +and had a comfortable dinner. The Fifteenth suffered severely. The +lieutenant-colonel and the major, the only field-officers with the +regiment, were killed, two captains were killed and one wounded, one +lieutenant was killed and six wounded. Colonel Veatch, with the +Twenty-fifth Indiana and Fourteenth Illinois, continued fighting and +manœuvring with skill and determination till the retreating division +of Hurlbut passed along his rear. Colonel Veatch then reported to +Hurlbut, and formed part of his line of defence in support of the +reserve artillery at the close of the day.</p> + + +<p class='center'>PRENTISS AND W.H.L. WALLACE.</p> + +<p>Prentiss' division in the front line, and W.H.L. Wallace's on the +plateau between the river and Brier Creek, were more widely separated in +camp than any other two divisions; but in the contest of Sunday they +operated together.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + +<p>Colonel Moore, of the Twenty-first Missouri, being wounded early in the +encounter with the Confederate advance, Lieutenant-Colonel Woodyard took +command of the regiment, together with the accompanying detachment of +the Twenty-fifth Missouri and four companies of the Sixteenth Wisconsin, +sent out the night before to reinforce the pickets. Pushed by Shaver's +brigade, he fell back after a struggle on the edge of a field to the +farther side of a narrow ridge, about half a mile from camp, where he +was joined by Colonel Peabody with the rest of the brigade. After a +contest of half an hour, Shaver was repulsed and fell back. General A.S. +Johnston observing men dropping out of the ranks of the retreating +brigade, rallied it himself and ordered it to renew the attack. Peabody +recoiled under the fresh onset, and, falling back, took his place, +constituting the right of the line of battle of the division formed a +quarter of a mile in advance of the camp.</p> + +<p>Gladden's brigade, forming part of Bragg's corps, on the second line of +Johnston's army, was moved forward to extend the right of Hardee on the +first line, when, by the divergence of Lick Creek from Owl Creek, +Hardee's line became inadequate to fill the distance between them. The +line of Johnston's advance being oblique to the line of Prentiss' front, +Gladden arrived in front of Prentiss' left after Shaver had become +engaged with Peabody. Colonel Adams, who took command of the brigade +upon the death of General Gladden, and who made the full report of the +brigade, says they arrived in position at eight o'clock. Colonel Deas, +who took command when Adams was wounded, says they arrived a little +after seven. Colonel Loomis, who was in command on the return to +Corinth, says in his report, made April 13th, that the engagement of +this brigade began at half-past seven. Wheeling to the left and +deploying into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> line, the brigade moved confidently forward. Gladden was +mortally wounded and his command fell back in confusion. General +Johnston ordered it to return to the attack, but, on inspecting its +condition, countermanded the order.</p> + +<p>Chalmers' brigade, coming up from the second line, made an impetuous +charge. Jackson's brigade, which followed in rear of Chalmers, moved +forward and joined in the attack. Prentiss fell back and made a stand +immediately in front of his camp. After a gallant but short struggle, +his division, about nine o'clock, gave way and fell back through his +camp, leaving behind Powell's guns and caissons and two of +Hickenlooper's guns, all the horses of Hickenlooper's two guns being +killed. The line was broken and disordered by the tents. The +Twenty-fifth Missouri, and portions of other regiments drifted to the +rear. On the summit of a slope, covered by dense thicket, not far to the +rear of his camp, Prentiss rallied the Eighteenth and Twenty-first +Missouri, Twelfth Michigan, and Eighteenth Wisconsin. The Sixty-first +Illinois and Sixteenth Wisconsin were also rallied, but detached to form +in reserve to Hurlbut. The Twenty-third Missouri, arriving by boat at +the landing after the battle had begun, moved out at once and took +position in Prentiss' new line. In this position his left was near the +extreme southern head of the ravine of Brier Creek; thence his line +extended along an old, sunk, washed-out road running a little north of +west, and reached nearly to the Corinth road. Prentiss in person put +Hickenlooper's battery in position immediately to the right of the +Corinth road, near the intersection of the roads. Prentiss' men used the +road cut as a defence, lying down in it and firing from it. General +Grant, visiting Prentiss, approved the position and directed him to hold +it at all hazards. The order was obeyed. Continually assaulted by +successive brigades, he repelled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> every attack and held the position +till the close of the day.</p> + +<p>General W.H.L. Wallace, commanding Smith's division, formed his +regiments at eight o'clock. Some of the regiments loaded their wagons +and received extra ammunition. At half-past eight o'clock the division +moved; McArthur with two of his regiments, the Ninth and Twelfth +Illinois, went to support Stuart's brigade at its isolated camp at the +extreme left of the National line, having sent the Thirteenth Missouri +to Sherman, and left the Fourteenth Missouri and Eighty-first Ohio to +guard the bridge over Snake Creek, on the Crump's Landing road. Wallace +led his other two brigades to the support of Prentiss, placing Tuttle on +Prentiss' right, and Sweeney to the right of Tuttle. Tuttle's left was +about one hundred yards to the right of the Corinth road, and the +division line extending northwestwardly behind a clear field, Sweeney's +right reached the head of a wide, deep ravine—called in some of the +Confederate reports a gorge—which ravine, filled with impenetrable +thickets, extended from his right far to his rear and ran into the +ravine of Brier Creek. Wallace added to the defence of this ravine by +posting sharpshooters along its border. General Wallace detached the +Eighth Iowa from Sweeney's brigade and placed it across the Corinth +road, filling the interval between the two divisions.</p> + +<p>Wallace's line was barely formed when, at ten o'clock, Gladden's +brigade, now commanded by Colonel Adams, moved again against Prentiss. +Advancing slowly up the slight ascent through impeding thickets, against +an unseen foe, it encountered a blaze of fire from the summit, faltered, +wavered, hesitated, retreated, and withdrew out of range. A.P. Stewart +led his brigade against Wallace's front, was driven back, returned to +the assault, and was again hurled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> back; but still rallied, and moved +once more in vain, to be again sent in retreat.</p> + +<p>The Confederates gave this fatal slope the name "The Hornet's Nest." +General Bragg ordered Gibson with his brigade to carry the position. The +fresh column charged gallantly, but the deadly line of musketry in +front, and an enfilading fire from the well-posted battery, mowed down +his ranks; and Gibson's brigade fell back discomfited. Gibson asked for +artillery. None was at hand. Bragg ordered him to charge again. The +colonels of the four regiments thought it hopeless. The order was given. +The brigade struggled up the tangled ascent; but once more met the +inexorable fire that hurled them back. Four times Gibson charged, and +was four times repulsed. Colonel Allen, of the Fourth Louisiana, one of +Gibson's regiments, rode back to General Bragg to repeat the request for +artillery. Stung by the answer, "Colonel Allen, I want no faltering +now," he returned to his regiment, led it in a desperate dash up the +slope, more persistent, and therefore more destructive, and returned +with the fragment of his command that was not left strewn upon the +hill-side. As the line of Sherman and McClernand continually contracted +as they fell back, the successive reinforcements pushed in toward the +left of the Confederate line gradually pressed Hindman's two +brigades—first wholly against McClernand's front, then against his +left, then beyond his line. These two brigades were then moved to the +front of W.H.L. Wallace. Flushed with victory, they advanced with +confidence. The same resistless fire wounded Hindman and drove back his +command. Led by General A.P. Stewart, the brigades gallantly advanced +again and rushed against the fatal fire, only to be shivered into +fragments that recoiled, to remain out of the contest for the rest of +the day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p> + +<p>The commander of the Confederate Army was killed farther to the right, +at half-past two o'clock in the afternoon. As the news of this loss +spread, there was a feeling of uncertainty and visible relaxation of +effort in parts of his command. In front of Prentiss and Wallace attack +was suspended about an hour.</p> + +<p>Hickenlooper's four guns, standing at the salient where Prentiss and +Wallace joined, sweeping both fronts, had all day long been reaping +bloody harvests among the lines of assailants that strove to approach. +So near, yet so far; in plain view, yet out of reach, the little battery +exasperated the baffled brigades while it extorted their admiration. +General Ruggles sent his staff officers in all directions to sweep in +all the guns they could reach. He gives the names of eleven batteries +and one section which he planted in a great crescent, pouring in a +concentric fire. From this tornado of missiles Hickenlooper withdrew his +battery complete, and, passing to the rear through Hurlbut's camp, +reported to Sherman for further service.</p> + +<p>The terrible fire of this artillery was supplemented by continued, but +desultory infantry attacks. The Crescent regiment of Louisiana essayed +to charge, but recoiled. Patton Anderson led his brigade up, but was +driven back. About four o'clock, Hurlbut, whose right had joined +Prentiss' left, finally gave way, and Bragg, following him, passed on to +the rear of Prentiss. By half-past four the fighting in front of Sherman +and McClernand had ceased, and Cheatham, Trabue, Johnson, and Russell, +finding that Wallace could not be approached across the dense tangle +filling the great ravine which protected his right, felt their way +unopposed to the plateau in his rear, meeting the combined force under +Bragg in front of Hurlbut's camp. General Polk collected in front of the +steadfast men of Prentiss and Wallace all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> other troops within +reach, and at five o'clock, with one mighty effort, surged against their +line, now pounded by Ruggles' batteries.</p> + +<p>When Hurlbut fell back, leaving Prentiss and Wallace entirely isolated, +these two commanders consulted and resolved to hold their position at +all hazards, and keep the enemy from passing on to the landing. But when +they became enveloped, almost encircled, the enemy having passed behind +them toward the landing and were closing upon the Corinth road in their +rear, Wallace ordered his command to retire and cut a way through. +Tuttle gave the order to his brigade, which faced about to the rear and +opened fire on the forces closing behind. The Second and Seventh Iowa, +led by Colonel Tuttle, charged, cut their way through, and marched to +the landing. The Twelfth and Fourteenth Iowa, lingering with the Eighth +Iowa to cover the retreat of Hickenlooper's battery, were too late, and +found themselves walled in. Colonel Baldwin, who had succeeded to the +command of the other brigade when Colonel Sweeney was wounded, brought +off part of his command; but two of his regiments, the Fifty-eighth +Illinois as well as the Eighth Iowa, were securely enclosed. Wallace +fell mortally wounded. Groups and squads of Prentiss' men succeeded in +making their way out before the circle wholly closed. Prentiss, with the +remaining fragments of the two divisions, facing the fire that +surrounded them, made a desperate struggle. But further resistance was +hopeless and was useless. Prentiss, having never swerved from the +position he was ordered to hold, having lost everything but honor, +surrendered the little band. According to his report, made after his +return from captivity, the number from both divisions surrendered with +him was 2,200. The statements vary as to the precise hour of the +surrender, and as to what command<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> surrendered last. Colonel Shaw, of +the Fourteenth Iowa, who fought toward the rear before surrendering, +says that at the time he yielded he compared watches with his captor, +and both agreed it was about a quarter to six; he adds that the Eighth +and Twelfth Iowa and Fifty-eighth Illinois surrendered at about the same +time, and that the ground where they surrendered is about the spot +marked by three black dots in the fork of the Purdy and the Lower +Corinth roads, on Colonel George Thom's map of the field.</p> + + +<p class='center'>HURLBUT'S DIVISION.</p> + +<p>It remains to describe the combat on the National left, where Hurlbut +with two of his brigades, supporting Stuart's isolated brigade of +Sherman's division and aided by two regiments of McArthur's brigade of +W.H.L. Wallace's division, resisted a part of Bragg's corps and the +reserves under General Breckenridge.</p> + +<p>Colonel Stuart received word from Prentiss at half-past seven o'clock +that the enemy was advancing in force. Shortly after, his pickets sent +in word that the hostile column was in sight on the Bark road. He sent +his adjutant, Loomis, to General Hurlbut for assistance, but Hurlbut was +already in motion. Hurlbut, receiving notice from General Sherman, sent +Veatch's brigade to his aid. Soon after, getting a request for support +from Prentiss, he marched from his camp at twenty minutes after eight +o'clock, with his first brigade commanded by Colonel Williams, of the +Third Iowa, and his Third Brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General +Lauman. Passing out by the Hamburg road, across the first small field +and through a belt of timber beyond that, and into the large field that +stretched to Stuart's camp, he formed the First Brigade in line near the +southern side of the field, the Forty-first Illinois on the left, and +the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> Third Iowa on the right. The Third Brigade, Lauman's, the +Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth Kentucky forming the left, and the +Thirty-first and Forty-fourth Indiana the right, connected with +Prentiss' left, and was posted like it, protected in front with dense +thickets. General McArthur's two regiments appear to have operated on +Stuart's right. The Sixteenth Wisconsin and Sixty-first Illinois, from +Prentiss' division, formed in reserve in rear of the centre of Hurlbut's +line.</p> + +<p>Colonel Stuart, finding Mann's battery, supported by the Forty-first +Illinois, coming to his aid and going into position by the headquarters +of one of his regiments, the Seventy-first Ohio, formed his line, the +Seventy-first Ohio and Fifty-fifth Illinois to the left of this battery +and facing nearly west, the Fifty-fourth Ohio at their left and facing +south. He sent four companies as skirmishers across the ravine to the +south of his camp, which discharges eastwardly into Lick Creek. His +skirmishers were unable to prevent the establishment of a hostile +battery on the heights beyond the ravine. While he was on the bank of +the ravine observing the enemy with his glass, Mann's battery, after +firing a few rounds at the hostile battery at a range of eleven hundred +yards, withdrew with the Forty-first Illinois back into the field, to +connect with their brigade. The Seventy-first Ohio, without orders, at +the same time retired. The Seventy-first Ohio was engaged in supporting +distance of the brigade in its first combat, though without the +knowledge of Colonel Stuart; but it was not with the brigade during the +rest of the day. The adjutant, however, returned with a score of men +after the regiment disappeared.</p> + +<p>General Johnston, having personally seen the battle begun on his left +and centre, proceeded to reconnoitre the National right and try the +feasibility of turning it. Chalmers, called from his attack on Prentiss, +retired a short distance and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> halted half an hour, waiting for a guide +and further orders. He then marched directly south across the ravine +which runs eastwardly and debouches into Lick Run near the site of +Stuart's camp, and, advancing along the high land beyond, eastwardly +toward the river, arrived opposite Stuart's camp. Here the fire of the +skirmishers sent across the ravine by Stuart threw the Fifty-second +Tennessee into disorder. Chalmers, finding it impossible to rally more +than two companies of the regiment, ordered the remaining eight +companies out of the line, and they took no further part in the battle.</p> + +<p>Here Chalmers halted half an hour while Clanton's cavalry reconnoitered +along the river. About ten o'clock, or a little later, Stuart having +withdrawn his two remaining regiments, the Fifty-fourth Ohio and +Fifth-fifth Illinois, back across the eastern extremity of the field to +the summit of a short, abrupt ascent in timber, Chalmers deployed his +brigade and advanced. The advantage of position partially compensated +Stuart for his inferiority in numbers. A contest with musketry across +the open field lasted some time without effect. Stuart reports it lasted +two hours. Clanton moved his cavalry forward along the river bluffs +toward Stuart's rear, around his left flank; Chalmers charged across the +field, and Stuart retreated to another ridge in his rear, and again +formed. Chalmers, being out of ammunition, and the wagons being far to +the rear, halted till ammunition could be brought up.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, Jackson's brigade, the Third Brigade of Withers' division, +marched to attack McArthur. The assault was gallantly made; but the +troops, unable to stand the steady fire which they encountered, fell +back. Being rallied after a rest, they renewed the attack. For a long +time the fate of the obstinate struggle was undecided. At length<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> +McArthur's two regiments, pounded by well-posted batteries, yielded to +Jackson's persistent attack, after the Ninth Illinois had lost 61 killed +and 287 wounded, and withdrew, steadily and in order, to a new position.</p> + +<p>Withers' First Brigade—Gladden's having been disordered in its first +attack on Prentiss, when General Gladden was killed—remained an hour at +halt in Prentiss' camp. After its sharp repulse in the later attack, the +brigade drifted to its right, following the course of preceding +brigades, came in front of Hurlbut's line, and moved to the attack. +Lauman's brigade, of Hurlbut's division, had remained undisturbed for an +hour after taking position. A skirmish line which he had posted in front +reported an advance of the enemy. Artillery from a distance in front +opened fire. At the first shot which fell in the Thirteenth Ohio +Battery, posted in the field to Lauman's left, with the right of +Williams' brigade, the entire battery deserted their guns and fled. +Shortly after the battle the men were, by order, distributed among other +batteries; the Thirteenth was blotted out, and on Ohio's roster its +place remained a blank throughout the war.</p> + +<p>Soon, a line of gleaming steel was seen above the dense undergrowth in +Lauman's front. It advanced steadily till about one hundred yards from +his line. A sheet of fire blazed from the front of the brigade. The men, +restrained till then, fired rapidly but coolly. The fire could not be +resisted or endured. Gladden's brigade, now commanded by Colonel Adams, +was arrested in its march, broken, and fell back. Three times the +brigade rallied and returned to the assault. Once, a portion advanced to +within a few paces of the Thirty-first Indiana. But every charge was +vain, and Colonel Adams, the commander, being wounded, the brigade, +discomfited, withdrew.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> + +<p>After the termination of this engagement, several regiments—either the +Gladden brigade, now commanded by Colonel Deas, or one of the brigades +of Breckenridge's reserve—moved into the field to the left of Lauman. +Colonel Williams, commanding Hurlbut's first brigade, had been killed in +an artillery duel across the field, and the brigade, now commanded by +Colonel Pugh, had been drawn back from the field, behind a fence along +its northern boundary. The force that moved into the field was not only +confronted by the brigade under Colonel Pugh, but its flank was +commanded by the Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth Kentucky, which General +Lauman promptly wheeled to the left, against the fence bounding the +westerly face of the field. The assault made in this field was gallant +and deliberate, but brief and sanguinary. Pugh's command remained still +until the lines, advancing over the open field, were near. Then rising, +they poured in a volley, and continued firing into the smoke until no +bullets were heard whistling back from the front. The two Kentucky +regiments poured in their fire upon the flank, and when the smoke +cleared away, the field was so thickly strewn with bodies, that the +Third Iowa, supposing it was the hostile force lying down, began to +reopen fire upon them.</p> + +<p>Before Withers' division became thus engaged with Hurlbut, McArthur, and +Stuart, General Johnston had dispatched Trabue's brigade, of +Breckenridge's reserve, off to his extreme left, to report to General +Beauregard, who, stationed at Shiloh Church, was superintending +operations in that quarter. The three brigades, Bowen, Statham, Trabue, +composing the reserve, had marched in rear of General Johnston's right +in echelon, at intervals of eight hundred yards. Johnston, observing +with anxiety the stubborn resistance opposed to Withers' division, and +eager to crush<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> the National right, called up the remaining brigades of +the reserve, Bowen and Statham, and pushed them forward. Bowen was first +engaged, and the National left, in a series of encounters with the +increased force in its front, gradually but slowly receded, always +forming and rallying on the next ridge in rear of the one abandoned.</p> + +<p>The Forty-first Illinois, constituting the left of Hurlbut's division, +held its position, and the Thirty-second Illinois was moved from its +place to support the Forty-first. The afternoon was come. Johnston +directed Statham's brigade against this position. Statham deployed under +cover of a ridge, facing and commanded by the higher ridge held by the +Illinois regiments, and marched in line up the slope. On reaching the +summit, coming into view and range, he was received by a fire that broke +his command, and his regiments fell back behind the slope in confusion. +Battle's Tennessee regiment on the right alone maintained its position +and advanced. Lytle's Tennessee regiment three times rallied and +advanced; but, unable to stand the fire, fell back. Every time it fell +back, the Thirty-second Illinois threw an oblique fire into Battle's +regiment, aiding the direct fire of the Forty-first, and preventing +Battle's further advance. The Forty-fifth Tennessee could not be urged +up the slope. Squads would leave the ranks, run up to a fence, fire, and +fall back to place; but the regiment would not advance. General +Breckenridge, foiled and irritated, rode to General Johnston and +complained he had a Tennessee regiment that would not fight. Governor +Harris, of Tennessee, who was with Johnston, remonstrated, and riding to +the Forty-fifth, appealed to it, but in vain. General Johnston moved to +the front of the brigade, now standing in line, rode slowly along the +front, promised to lead them himself, and appealed to them to follow. +The halting soldiers were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> roused to enthusiasm. Johnston, Breckenridge, +and Governor Harris in front, followed by the brigade, charged up the +slope and down the hollow beyond. Unchecked by the hot fire of the +Illinois regiments, they pushed up the higher slope, and the position +was gained.</p> + +<p>The Illinois regiments fell back slowly, halting at intervals to turn +and fire, and were not pursued. One of those Parthian shots struck +General Johnston, cut an artery, and, no surgeon being at hand, he bled +to death in a few minutes. His body was carried at once by his staff +back to Corinth. General Beauregard, at his station at Shiloh Church, +was notified of the death, and assumed command. Albert Sydney Johnston +was a man of pure life, and, like McPherson, full of the traits that +call out genuine and devoted friendships. He was esteemed by many the +ablest general in the Confederate service. His death was deplored in the +South as a fatal loss. It was half-past two when Johnston fell. The loss +paralyzed operations in that part of the field, and for an hour there +was here a lull. The two Illinois regiments, though not followed, failed +to rally, and fell back to a bluff near the landing, where Colonel +Webster was putting batteries into position.</p> + +<p>General Bragg, hearing of the death of General Johnston while he was +superintending operations in front of Prentiss and W.H.L. Wallace, rode +to the Confederate right. He there found a strong force, consisting of +three parts, without a common head: General Breckenridge, with two +brigades of his reserve division, pressing forward; General Withers, +with his division greatly exhausted and taking a temporary rest; and +General Cheatham, with his division of Polk's corps, to their left and +rear. Bragg at once assumed command, and began to assemble these +divisions and form them for a general advance. Hurlbut, observing these +preparations, moved Lauman's bri<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>gade, which had already twice +replenished its boxes and expended one hundred rounds of cartridges—to +his left to fill the gap made by the retreat of the Thirty-second and +Forty-first Illinois. Willard's battery, that accompanied McArthur's +brigade, was posted near the road from the landing to Hamburg. Hurlbut +brought up two twenty-pound guns of Major Cavender's artillery, which +were served by Surgeon Cornine and Lieutenant Edwards. A little after +four, according to Bragg, about half-past three according to Hurlbut, +Bragg moved forward. The artillery, aided by the rapid fire of Hurlbut's +infantry, checked the first impulse and made the advancing line pause. +Hurlbut, taking advantage of the lull, and first notifying Prentiss, +withdrew Lauman's brigade and the artillery. Bragg's line advanced +again. Hurlbut attempted to make another stand in front of his camp, but +the attempt was ineffectual. He fell back to the height behind Webster's +batteries.</p> + +<p>The Third Iowa and Twenty-eighth Illinois, under Colonel Pugh, made a +desperate effort to maintain their position, but were ordered by General +Hurlbut to fall back when Lauman retired. These two regiments fell back +fighting, forming wherever the ground gave vantage, and turning upon +their pursuers. In the little field they halted and replenished their +cartridge-boxes. Here the Twenty-second Alabama attacked them, but was +so roughly handled that it took no further part in the contest that day. +As these two regiments fell back thus slowly, from time to time turning +at bay, portions of Bragg's command were pushing behind them and the +troops of Hardee, coming from the front of Sherman and McClernand, were +reaching toward their front. A narrow gap was left, and through a +gauntlet of fire, still fighting, the little band pressed on and joined +Hurlbut behind Webster's artillery.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> + +<p>The gunboat Tyler, commanded by Lieutenant Gwin, fired from ten minutes +to three o'clock until ten minutes to four upon Breckenridge's brigades, +and, joined by the Lexington, commanded by Lieutenant Shirk, fired later +upon the portion of Bragg's command close to the river-bank, for +thirty-five minutes. This fire drove a battery from its position, threw +Gibson's brigade and a portion of Trabue's brigade into disorder, killed +ten and wounded many of Wood's brigade, killed and wounded a number of +Anderson's brigade, and compelled it to seek shelter in a ravine.</p> + +<p>As the National lines were drifting back toward the landing, Colonel +Webster, of General Grant's staff, gathered all the artillery within +reach—Major Cavender's six twenty-pounders, Silversparre's twenty-pound +Parrotts, and some light batteries—on a commanding position from a +quarter to half a mile from the landing. Immediately above the landing a +wide and deep ravine opens to the river. For some distance back from the +river its bottom was filled with back-water and was impassable. Half a +mile back it was still deep, abrupt, and wet, though passable for +infantry. Here Colonel Webster gathered from thirty-five to fifty guns. +Two of Hurlbut's batteries—Mann's, commanded by Lieutenant Brotzman, +and Ross'—had done brilliant service; Brotzman's battery of four pieces +had fired off one hundred and ninety-four rounds per gun. Ross' battery +was lost in the retreat. Brotzman lost so many horses that he was able +to bring off only three guns. These took place in Webster's frowning +line. Hurlbut was joined at this position by half of Veatch's brigade, +which had been with McClernand through the day, and reformed his +division in support of the artillery. General Grant directed him to +assume command of all regiments and coherent fragments near. The +Forty-eighth Ohio, of Buckland's brigade, being then at the landing, +some of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>W.H. L. Wallace's regiments, that succeeded in breaking through +the encircling force, and other detachments, reported to him. Squads of +men, separated from their commands, fell in. Hurlbut thus gathered in +support of the artillery a force in line which he estimated at four +thousand men.</p> + +<p>General Bragg proposed to push his success and attempted to withdraw his +two divisions, Ruggles' and Withers', from the tumult which accompanied +the surrender, and ordered them to press forward and assault the +position to which Hurlbut had fallen back. When Ruggles received Bragg's +order for farther advance, one of his brigades, Pond's, was on the +extreme Confederate left, near Owl Creek; Gibson's brigade was in +confusion, caused by the fire of the gunboats; Anderson's was apart in a +ravine, taking shelter from the same fire. But Ruggles began at once to +assemble what force he could. Of Withers' division, the First Brigade +was scattered. The brigades of Jackson and Chalmers received the order +while they were resting in the field where the Third Iowa had rested and +filled their cartridge-boxes, and where Jackson was about to replenish +the empty boxes of his men. Withers immediately moved these two brigades +forward to the deep ravine whose farther bank was crowned with the grim +line of artillery, behind and to the right of which stood Hurlbut's +command.</p> + +<p>While there was this activity at the front, the aspect at the rear, +about Shiloh Church, where General Beauregard kept his position, was +very different. As the Confederate lines advanced, men dropping out of +the ranks filled the woods with a penumbra of stragglers. Hunger and +fatigue, stimulated by the remembrance of abandoned camps passed +through, later in the day led squads—Beauregard and some of his staff +say, led regiments—to straggle back from the fighting front to the +restful and attractive rear. Language<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> cannot be stronger than that used +by General Beauregard. The fire of the gunboats, many of the shells +passing over the high river-bank and exploding far inland, appeared even +more formidable than it really was; and Beauregard was assured by a +despatch, which he received that day on the field, that Buell, instead +of being near Pittsburg, was, in fact, before Florence, and could not +effect a junction. It must have been about five o'clock or a little +later when Beauregard sent an order to his command to retire and go into +bivouac. The order was delivered by his staff not only to corps +commanders, but directly to commanders of divisions and brigades. +General Ruggles, while attempting to assemble a force in pursuance of +Bragg's order, received the command to retire.</p> + +<p>According to Withers' report, he moved his division forward and just +entered a steep and precipitous ravine when he was met by a terrific +fire. He sent to the rear for reinforcements and ordered his brigade +commanders to charge the batteries in front. The orders were about being +obeyed, when, to his astonishment, he observed a large portion of his +command move rapidly by the left flank away from under the fire. He then +learned that this was in accordance with General Beauregard's orders, +delivered directly to the brigade commanders. Jackson reports that he +began a charge, but his men, being without ammunition, could not be +urged up the height in face of the fire of Hurlbut and the batteries. +Leaving his men lying down, he rode to the rear to get an order to +withdraw, when he met a staff officer bearing such an order from General +Beauregard. General Chalmers plunged into the ravine, and the order to +retire did not reach him. He was not aware that his brigade alone, of +all the Confederate Army, was continuing the battle. He brought Gage's +battery up to his aid, but this battery was soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> knocked to pieces by +the fire of the heavier National artillery. The gunboats, having +previously taken position opposite the mouth of the ravine, opened fire +as soon as the assault began. They opened fire at thirty-five minutes +past five.</p> + +<p>Chalmers had not ended his useless attempt when the boats bearing +Ammen's brigade of Nelson's division of Buell's army crossed the river +and landed. General Nelson, when ordered by General Grant, early in the +morning, to move up the river, sent out a party to discover a route. No +practicable way was found near the river; one, a little inland, was +ascertained, practicable for infantry, but not for wheels. The division +moved at one o'clock. General Ammen's brigade, composed of the +Thirty-sixth Indiana and the Sixth and Twenty-fourth Ohio, being in +advance, crossed the river first. The Thirty-sixth Indiana, landing +first, pushed up the bluff through a great mob of fugitives from the +field, some thousands in number, and, by direction of General Grant, +General Ammen sent it forward to the support of the batteries. One +soldier was killed while the regiment was forming; one was killed and +one wounded after it reached its position. The Sixth Ohio marched up +under like order in reserve to the Thirty-sixth Indiana. The +Twenty-fourth Ohio marched half a mile to the right of the batteries, +scoured the country half a mile out to the front without finding any +enemy, and there went into bivouac. The day's battle was over.</p> + +<p>Prentiss was driven back through his camp about nine o'clock; Sherman +was forced from his about ten o'clock; at the same time, Stuart took +position in rear of his. McClernand was compelled finally to abandon his +camp about half-past two, and at half-past four Hurlbut fell back +through his. When night came, the National troops held<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> W.H.L. Wallace's +camp and an adjoining portion of Hurlbut's, while Beauregard's army +occupied Sherman's, McClernand's, and Prentiss'.</p> + +<p>When Prentiss and Sherman were attacked, there was a wide gap between +their lines. A little after ten o'clock the National line was connected, +Sherman on the right, McClernand next, then W.H.L. Wallace, and next, on +his left, Prentiss, and Hurlbut and McArthur filling the space between +Prentiss and Stuart. The right was gradually forced back on a curve +till, at half-past four o'clock, there was a gap between McClernand and +Wallace. Hurlbut held his ground till four o'clock, but by half-past +four he retreated, leaving Prentiss' left in air. Through the two gaps +thus made the Confederate left and right poured in and encircled +Prentiss and Wallace. After their surrender there was no fighting, +except Chalmers' bold, but idle assault.</p> + +<p>In this day's battle the National loss was nearly ten thousand killed, +wounded, and captured. The Confederate loss was as great in killed and +wounded, but the loss in prisoners was small.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<p class='center'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>SHILOH—NIGHT, AND MONDAY.</p> + + +<p>The vice of the formation of Johnston's army into three long, thin, +parallel lines, together with the broken character of the ground and the +variable obstinacy of resistance encountered, produced a complete and +inextricable commingling of commands. General Beauregard left it to the +discretion of the different commanders to select the place for bivouac +for the night.</p> + +<p>Colonel Pond, retiring from his disastrous repulse toward the close of +the afternoon, found himself wholly separated by an interval of more +than a quarter of a mile from the nearest support, the whole of the +Confederate left having drifted from him toward the southeast. +Assembling all his brigade, except the Crescent Regiment, which had +become detached, and recalling his battery—Ketchum's—he remembered +that the special duty had been assigned to him, by General Bragg, of +guarding the flank along Owl Creek. When night fell, he moved to his +rear and then to his left, and bivouacked in line facing to the east, on +the high land west of Brier Creek. Ketchum's battery was placed in a +field a little back from the ravine. He posted pickets to his rear as +well as to his front. The other two brigades of Ruggles' division spent +the night to the east of Shiloh Church.</p> + +<p>Jackson's brigade, of Withers' division, when it recoiled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> from its +fatal attack on Hurlbut and the reserve artillery, went to pieces. +Jackson with the battery marched to Shiloh Church and reported to +General Beauregard. He saw nothing more of his brigade till he rejoined +it at Corinth. Chalmers, abandoning his vain assault, was astonished to +find that the army had fallen back, leaving him alone. He fell back to +the field where Prentiss surrendered, and there rested. Of the remaining +brigade, Gladden's, the merest fragment cohered; this little band, or +detachment, bivouacked near the Hamburg road. Trabue's brigade, except +one regiment which had become separated, spent the night in the tents of +McDowell's brigade camp; Breckenridge's other two brigades were between +Shiloh Church and the river.</p> + +<p>Of General Polk's command, Clark's division, though partially scattered, +rested, the greater portion of it, between Breckenridge and Shiloh +Church. The other division, Cheatham's, which remained the freshest and +least disordered command in Beauregard's army, moved off the field; and, +accompanied by General Polk and one regiment of Clark's division, +marched back to its camp of Saturday night.</p> + +<p>Of Hardee's corps, so much of Cleburne's brigade as remained with him, +slept in Prentiss' camp; Wood's brigade slept in McClernand's camp; +Shaver's brigade was disintegrated and dissipated.</p> + +<p>In the National army, what men were left of Prentiss' division were +gathered about the landing and with Hurlbut. The regiments of W.H.L. +Wallace that had escaped capture returned to their division camp. +Hurlbut after dark moved his division out to the front of the reserve +artillery. Being relieved by General Nelson, he formed his line with its +left near the reserve artillery and the right near McClernand. +McClernand's command bivouacked along the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> eastern face of the +camp-ground of W.H.L. Wallace's division. Sherman's left joined +McClernand; his right, Buckland's brigade, lay along the field at the +south flank of McArthur's brigade camp, and along the east bank of the +ravine of Brier Creek. Stuart's brigade, the Fortieth Illinois of +McDowell's brigade, and the Forty-eighth Ohio of Buckland's brigade +spent the night near the reserve artillery.</p> + +<p>Captain Baxter, of General Grant's staff, brought to Lewis Wallace at +eleven or half-past eleven, a verbal order to move his division. The +First Brigade had already moved out to Stony Lonesome, and the division +was ready to march. General Wallace believed the attack at Pittsburg was +a feint, and that the real attack was to be made at Crump's Landing, on +account of the great accumulation of stores at that point, and desired +the order requiring him to move away from Crump's Landing should be in +writing. Captain Baxter wrote and gave him an order to march to the +Purdy road, form there on Sherman's right, and then act as circumstances +should require. The two brigades at Stony Lonesome were at once put in +motion. When the head of the division had just reached Snake Creek, not +much more than a mile in an air-line from the right of Sherman's camp, +Captain Rowley came up and informed Wallace of the state of affairs, and +that the National line had fallen back. Wallace countermarched the two +brigades to keep his right in front, retraced his steps (being joined on +the way by Major Rawlins, Grant's adjutant, and by Colonel McPherson) +the greater part of the way to Stony Lonesome, and there took a rude +cross-road which came into the river road from Crump's to Pittsburg +Landing, about a mile from the bridge which had been guarded for his +approach. McPherson and Rawlins confirmed Captain Rowley's statement of +the disastrous falling back of the National lines toward the river.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> The +wagons were not allowed to accompany the column, but continued on +through Stony Lonesome to Crump's Landing, and the Fifty-sixth Ohio, and +one gun from Thurber's battery were detached to guard them. Whittlesey's +brigade, at Adamsville, received at two o'clock the order to march. +Sending the wagons with the Sixty-eighth Ohio as guard to Crump's +Landing, the remaining three regiments pushed through the mud, the field +officers dismounting to let broken-down men ride, and overtook the other +brigades as they were beginning to cross Snake Creek. The Twenty-fourth +Indiana in advance, crossing the bridge just after sunset, deployed +skirmishers in front, marched along the road along the east bank of +Brier Creek, and halted in front of the camp of the Fourteenth Missouri, +which regiment was occupying its camp. The Twentieth Ohio, the rear +regiment of the division, halted on the bank of Brier Creek ravine, in +front of the camp of the Eighty-first Ohio, at eight o'clock. The +division facing to the right, making a front to the west, along the +ravine, brought the Twenty-fourth Indiana to the left and the Twentieth +Ohio to the right of the division. The batteries having been left at the +junction of the cross-road and the river road, till all the infantry had +crossed, followed in their rear, and were posted near the bank.</p> + +<p>The remainder of Nelson's division followed Ammen's brigade late in the +evening. Crittenden's division arrived in the night. McCook receiving +orders to hasten forward in the morning, while twelve miles out from +Savannah, halted at the outskirts of the village at seven o'clock +<span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, rested his men two hours, marched to the landing, seized +such boats as were there and such as arrived, and reached Pittsburg +Landing at five o'clock Monday morning with Rousseau's brigade and one +regiment of Kirk's brigade.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> + +<p>General Grant and General Buell met at Sherman's headquarters in the +evening; it was there agreed that Buell with his army should in the +morning attack on the left, and Grant's immediate command should attack +on the right. Buell formed Nelson's division about two hundred yards in +front of the reserve artillery, with his left near the river, facing +south. Crittenden, when he arrived, was placed in rear of Nelson, half a +mile from the landing, where his command stood at arms all night. At +eleven o'clock a heavy rain began to pour. All the National troops and +most of the Confederate lay on the ground without shelter. The gunboats +every fifteen minutes through the night fired a shell over the woods, to +explode far inland and banish sleep.</p> + +<p>Early Monday morning, Nelson on the extreme left, on the Hamburg road, +and Lewis Wallace on the extreme right, by Snake Creek, moved to the +attack. Beauregard knew then that Buell had arrived and the junction of +the two National armies had been effected. The opening of the battle +proclaimed what the conclusion would be.</p> + +<p>Nelson moved in line with Ammen's brigade on the left, Bruce's in the +centre, and Hazen's on the right, his left extending a little beyond the +Hamburg road towards the river. A remnant of Gladden's brigade, between +two and three hundred men, under Colonel Deas, some fragments of some of +the regiments of Jackson's brigade, with some regiments that had strayed +from their proper commands, the Fourth Kentucky from Trabue's brigade, +the First Tennessee from Stephens' brigade, the One Hundred and +Fifty-fourth Tennessee from General B.R. Johnson's brigade, and the +Crescent Regiment from Pond's brigade, scattered about, were roused by +Nelson's advance and retired before it. At six o'clock Nelson was halted +by Buell to allow Crittenden's division to complete its deployment and +form on Nelson's right. Nelson<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> again advanced. General Withers +meanwhile had thrown the heterogeneous fragments into an organized +force, added Chalmers' brigade to it, and strengthened it by the +addition of three batteries. Nelson, when he again advanced, came upon +this consolidated line, which drove him back. Nelson was without +artillery. His batteries, unable to get through the soft mud which the +infantry traversed, remained behind at Savannah. General Buell sent to +his aid Mendenhall's battery from Crittenden's division. The rapid and +accurate fire of Mendenhall's guns silenced the central opposing +battery. Hazen's brigade charged upon it, captured the guns and drove in +retreat the cannoneers and their support. Bowen's brigade of +Breckenridge's reserve corps, commanded by Colonel Martin since General +Bowen was wounded Sunday afternoon, was coming up in support. Colonel +Martin made his brigade lie down in a ravine till the torrent of +fugitives passed over, then rising, charged the pursuers. Hazen's +brigade, torn by the fire of two batteries, one on each flank, and now +charged by a fresh brigade, suffered in a short time more than half the +whole loss suffered by the division in the entire day. The loss of the +division in killed and wounded, was 90 killed and 558 wounded. The +Forty-first Ohio, in Hazen's brigade, out of a total engaged of 371, +lost 140 killed and wounded. The shattered regiments streamed back in +confusion, leaving a gap in the division line.</p> + +<p>Ammen's brigade was sorely pressed. Constituting the left of the army, +it was in constant risk of being turned. Bruce's brigade, now put in +hazard by the recession of Hazen, could give only indirect assistance to +Ammen. Just then, Terrill's regular battery, of four twelve-pounders +(Napoleons) and two ten-pound Parrotts, having arrived from Savannah, +and missed its way to McCook's division, was ordered by General Buell to +Nelson's relief. Dashing out to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> the skirmish line in front of Colonel +Ammen, in order to get the range of the enemy's batteries, Terrill's +guns became the target of the concentrated fire of the opposing +batteries and the line of infantry. He was compelled to retire; but, +firing as he retired, he kept at a distance the long line that followed +and essayed to charge. Colonel Tuttle, who had been marching what was +left of W.H.L. Wallace's division in reserve, in rear of Nelson and +Crittenden, sent the Second Iowa forward in aid of Terrill. At the same +time the Fortieth Illinois, of McDowell's brigade, Sherman's division, +which had been marching in reserve to Nelson, filed to the front around +Ammen's left flank, and the Confederate line retired to their position +in the timber. Ammen's line, which fell back under the galling fire +called out by Terrill's artillery charge, now returned to the front and +occupied the timber where the enemy had been. It was now nearly two +o'clock. There was no more fighting in Nelson's front. Terrill's battery +suffered so severely that the Sixth Ohio was detailed as its special +support, and supplied artillerists from its ranks. From an advanced +position in Nelson's front, upon his skirmish line, this battery +succeeded in opening an enfilading fire upon the troops in front of +McCook, and one section advanced far enough to take in reverse the +batteries that were engaged with Crittenden and McCook.</p> + +<p>General Crittenden's division moved a little after five o'clock to +Nelson's right. Colonel W.S. Smith's brigade connected with Nelson and +continued his line. General J. T. Boyle's brigade was formed in rear of +the left wing of Smith's brigade. A little after six o'clock McCook +marched to the front with Rousseau's brigade, and formed on Crittenden's +right, but facing to the west. The Fourteenth Wisconsin, assigned to +Prentiss' division, not arriving at Pittsburg till Monday morning, +reported to General Crittenden, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> acted during the day as a part of +Colonel Smith's brigade. General Buell describes the line thus formed as +follows; "The force under my command occupied a line of about a mile and +a half. In front of Nelson's division was an open field, partially +screened toward his right by a skirt of woods, which extended beyond the +enemy's line, with a thick undergrowth in front of the left brigade of +Crittenden's division; then an open field in front of Crittenden's right +and McCook's left, and in front of McCook's right woods again, with a +dense undergrowth. The ground, nearly level in front of Nelson, formed a +hollow in front of Crittenden, and fell into a small creek or ravine, +which empties into Owl Creek, in front of McCook. What I afterward +learned was the Hamburg road (which crosses Lick Creek a mile from its +mouth) passed perpendicularly through the line of battle near Nelson's +left. A short distance in rear of the enemy's left, on high, open +ground, were the encampments of McClernand's and Sherman's divisions, +which the enemy held." This line is almost identical with the line held +by McArthur, Hurlbut, Prentiss, and Wallace, Sunday afternoon. Buell's +cavalry was not brought up, and, from want of transportation, only three +batteries—Bartlett's and Mendenhall's of Crittenden's division, and +Terrill's of McCook's division. But these were served with remarkable +efficiency.</p> + +<p>When Crittenden took position, his skirmishers were advanced across the +open field to the edge of the timber in front. This dense growth, called +in the reports "chapparal" and "jungle," covered both slopes of a +hollow, which was threaded by a rivulet with muddy borders, and was the +scene of many a bloody repulse the day before, in the repeated assaults +upon Prentiss. The skirmishers soon became engaged, and a battery +concealed in woods on rising ground be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>yond, played upon the troops in +line. The skirmishers retired to the line, but were sent back to their +original position, while Bartlett's battery silenced the hostile +battery, and, by accurate fire, compelled it several times to shift its +position. A line of battle appearing in the timber preparing to charge, +the skirmishers were called back, Bartlett swept the bushes with +canister and shrapnell, Boyle's brigade charged into the brush, +encountered the fire of the Confederate line at close quarters, replied, +charged, and drove the enemy through the timber to an open field beyond. +The enemy rapidly crossed the field and took position in woods on its +farther side. A line of cavalry appearing at one end of the field, which +was also commanded by the enemy's battery, Boyle withdrew his regiments +to their original position. Bartlett's battery, aided by Mendenhall's, +was in constant activity. The infantry, with intervening pauses of +cessation, met and made charges into the chapparal. Mendenhall's +battery, in the course of the day, expended five hundred and twenty-six +rounds of ammunition, or about eighty-eight to the gun. Bartlett, by +noon, had fired his entire supply, six hundred rounds, and took his +battery to the landing to replenish. When he returned, the fighting had +ceased. After an hour of quiet, a furious attack was made on Smith's +brigade. The contest that ensued is described in Colonel Smith's report: +"The enemy soon yielded, when a running fight commenced, which extended +about a mile to our front, where we captured a battery and shot the +horses and many of the cannoneers. Owing to the obstructed nature of the +ground, the enthusiastic courage of the majority of our men, the laggard +discharge of their duty by many, and the disgraceful cowardice of some, +our line had been transformed into a column of attack, representing the +various grades of courage, from reckless daring to ignominious fear. At +the head of this column stood<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> a few heroic men, not adequately +supported, when the enemy returned to the attack with three fresh +regiments in good order. We were driven back by these nearly to the +first position occupied by our line, when we again rallied and moved +forward toward the battery. Reaching a ravine to the right, and about +six hundred paces from the battery, we halted and awaited the assistance +of Mendenhall's battery, which was brought into action on a knoll within +half a mile of the enemy's battery, which it immediately silenced. We +then advanced and captured it the second time, and succeeded in holding +it despite the efforts of the enemy to repulse us." This charge entirely +shattered Cleburne's brigade, and it disappeared from the contest. This +ended the battle in Crittenden's front, and Mendenhall's battery +advanced and fired on the flank of the column, by that time retiring +before McCook's division. The force which General Crittenden engaged was +commanded by General Breckenridge, and consisted of one of +Breckenridge's brigades—Statham's—aided by the brigades of Russell and +A.P. Stewart, from Polk's corps. These two brigades constituted Clark's +division, but General Clark having been wounded the previous day, the +brigades were under Breckenridge's immediate command. To these was added +Cleburne's brigade, reduced to one-third of its numbers. One-third was +killed and wounded before Buckland's brigade, Sunday morning; one-third +had straggled to the rear; the remaining third rallied to enter into +Monday's battle.</p> + +<p>In accordance with the direction of General Buell, McCook deployed +Rousseau's brigade into line facing toward Shiloh Church. The Fifteenth +Michigan, intended for Prentiss' division, being now without assignment, +reported to McCook, and was by him attached for the day to Rousseau's +brigade. General Beauregard still held his own position near the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> +church, and as the line of inevitable retreat was by the road passing by +the church, it was necessary that his force should hold this position to +the last. It was a centre to which stragglers and fragments of commands +had drifted during the night. Monday morning the greater part of +Beauregard's army reported there, and, though much was despatched thence +to other quarters, portions so despatched returned to take part in the +final conflict. Pond's brigade, after its rapid retreat from Lewis +Wallace's front, had a fatiguing march before finally settling into +position. He says in his report: "I was ordered by General Ruggles to +form on the extreme left and rest my left on Owl Creek. While proceeding +to execute this order, I was ordered to move by the rear of the main +line to support the extreme right of General Hardee's line. Having taken +my position to support General Hardee's right, I was again ordered by +General Beauregard to advance and occupy the crest of a ridge in the +edge of an old field. My line was just formed in this position when +General Polk ordered me forward to support his line. While moving to the +support of General Polk, an order reached me from General Beauregard to +report to him with my command at his headquarters." Ruggles' division +and Cheatham's division, with one regiment of Clark's, were put on the +Confederate left of Shiloh Church; Wood's brigade and Trabue's brigade +to the right. Russell and A.P. Stewart were first sent to oppose +Crittenden, but were afterward shifted toward the Confederate left, to +McCook's front. The report of Colonel Thompson, Beauregard's +aide-de-camp, to General Beauregard, states: "About 11.30 o'clock it was +apparent that the enemy's main attack was on our left, and our forces +began to yield to the vigor of his attack."</p> + +<p>When Rousseau's brigade was formed, his right was in the air. McCook +held it in place till Kirk's brigade arrived<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> from Savannah, and +occupied the time exploring the ground to his front and right. Kirk +having arrived, McCook moved Rousseau's brigade across a ravine to a +rising ground a few hundred yards in advance, and placed Kirk's brigade +in reserve of Rousseau's right, to protect the exposed flank. A company +of regulars (there were three battalions of regulars in Rousseau's +command) was sent into the woods as skirmishers. In less than an hour +the skirmishers were driven back and followed by the Fourth Kentucky +Regiment and Fourth Alabama Battalion belonging to Trabue's brigade. +After a fierce attack for twenty minutes, the assailants fell back +before the rapid and well-directed fire of Rousseau's men and retired +out of sight in the timber. Trabue's regiments rallied and quickly +returned to the assault with greater vigor than before. The steady fire +of Rousseau's men again drove them to retreat; Rousseau advanced into +the timber, passed through it to an open field, when Trabue, who, with +three regiments was engaged with McClernand, united the two portions of +his brigade and charged furiously upon Rousseau. After a desperate +struggle Trabue gave way; Rousseau captured two guns and repossessed +McClernand's headquarters.</p> + +<p>This advance drew Rousseau away from Crittenden, while it connected him +with McClernand; exposed his left, while it covered his right. Colonel +Willich, who had arrived with the Thirty-second Indiana, passed around +to the left, and, with regiment in column doubled on the centre, charged +upon the enemy in that quarter, drove him into the timber, then +deploying in line opened fire. Willich became subject to so hot a +fire—mainly, he reports, from the National troops—that he was +compelled to retire. Dressing his lines he charged again. Observing +undue excitement in his men, he halted the regiment, and in the midst of +the battle exercised the men in the manual of arms. Having thus steadied +them,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> he resumed the charge and again drove the enemy into the timber. +Rousseau's command having exhausted their cartridges, Kirk's brigade +took place in the line, while Rousseau, behind them, replenished from +the supply which General McCook had already procured. Gibson's brigade +having now arrived, was deployed, about two o'clock, on the left. The +two armies were concentrating about Shiloh Church. Gibson's left flank +being twice threatened and partially turned, the Forty-ninth Ohio twice, +under fire, changed front to the rear on the right company with +precision. Veatch's brigade, of Hurlbut's division, which had been +acting in reserve, was moved forward by McCook and extended his left. +The division being now sorely pressed by the enemy's artillery, Major +Taylor, Sherman's chief of artillery, brought forward Bouton's battery +and assigned part to each brigade. The section assigned to Gibson +quickly silenced the batteries in his front. McCook was now connected +with the forces to his right.</p> + +<p>McClernand's command consisted—Monday morning—of the Forty-sixth +Illinois, of Hurlbut's division, constituting his right; the Twentieth, +Seventeenth, Forty-third, Forty-fifth, Forty-eighth, and Forty-ninth +Illinois, of his own division, being his First and Second Brigades, and, +on his left, the Fifty-third Ohio, of Sherman's division, and the +Eighty-first Ohio, of W.H.L. Wallace's division. Except the two flanking +regiments, the Forty-sixth Illinois and the Eighty-first Ohio, the +regiments were extremely reduced. After firing had opened by Nelson and +by Lewis Wallace, McClernand moved across the ravine of Brier Creek to +the large open field, where his line was dressed; McAllister's battery +was brought up and engaged a battery posted beyond, or in the proper +front of, McClernand's First Brigade camp. Lewis Wallace's batteries +beyond the timber to the northwest,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> and a battery with Sherman in the +same direction, joined in the artillery combat. The Confederate battery +becoming silent, McClernand moved forward and entered the camp of his +First Brigade, being the northwestern extremity of his camp, without +having encountered opposing infantry. It was discovered that a body of +the enemy was advancing beyond the left of the line. McClernand moved by +the flank to the left till the left regiments came to a field in rear of +his camp, and charged across it against a battery and its supports on +the farther side. The Fifty-third and Eighty-first Ohio recoiled, were +ordered back, fell to the rear in some disorder, and the whole line +retired. The Twenty-eighth Illinois was moved forward from Hurlbut's +reserve and added to McClernand's left. The line again advanced, pushed +the enemy back through McClernand's camp, where he made a stand, and +McClernand was again compelled to yield. General McCook now extended his +right by throwing forward the Louisville Legion. The two divisions +connected, and the Twenty-eighth Illinois returned to the reserve.</p> + +<p>Sherman, being ordered by General Grant early in the morning to advance +and recapture his camps, sent his staff out to gather in the members of +his command. Colonel Sullivan marched the Forty-eighth Ohio, at dawn, +out from the reserve artillery, and Buckland's brigade was complete. +Colonel Stuart was found near the landing with two regiments of his +brigade, and a small detachment of the Third, the Seventy-first Ohio. +The Thirteenth Missouri, temporarily attached to Sherman, which had +become entangled with McClernand's command the previous afternoon, and +bivouacked at night in his line, was regained. Portions of the +Fifty-seventh and Seventy-seventh Ohio still adhered. Major Taylor, +chief of artillery, brought Lieutenant Wood's battery. The column being +formed, he marched by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> flank toward the west to the bluffs of Owl +Creek, and along them to an open field at the extreme right of +McClernand's camp, and awaited the approach of McCook on the Corinth +road. Hearing heavy firing in front of Rousseau, about ten o'clock, and +observing it gradually gaining ground toward Shiloh Church, he moved the +head of his column to General McClernand's right, formed line of battle, +facing south, with Buckland next to McClernand and Stuart on his right, +and advanced slowly and steadily under a heavy fire of musketry and +artillery.</p> + +<p>General Lewis Wallace discovered at dawn, on the bluff on the opposite +side of Brier Creek, and just facing Thompson's battery, a hostile +battery. The Twentieth Ohio discharging their rifles to clear them, were +answered by a volley that disclosed the presence of a hostile line of +battle. At the same time Pond's brigade and Ketchum's battery became +aware of the fact that only the valley of Brier Creek separated them +from troops that had arrived in the night. Colonel Pond was dismayed by +the further discovery that he was nearly a mile in advance of his +nearest support. After a short engagement he withdrew his infantry, +leaving Wharton's regiment of mounted Texas Rangers to support the +battery. After a sharp artillery duel, Ketchum drew off his battery, +covered by the mounted regiment. General Grant directing Wallace to push +his line of attack to the west, directly from the river, the division +advanced, the brigades in echelon, the First to the front and left, the +Third to the right and rear, sweeping the bluffs facing Snake Creek and +Owl Creek, and coming out in the fields in rear of Sherman's camps. +Wheeling the division to the left, he soon became hotly engaged, first +Thompson's battery with another battery, then infantry with opposing +infantry.</p> + +<p>There was yet a gap between Sherman and Wallace, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> the conflict now +raged about Shiloh Church with a fury surpassing any portion of the +battle of Sunday. McCook, with his well closed division, McClernand and +Sherman with their attenuated but persistent commands, Wallace with his +fresh and compact division, with the batteries of Bouton, McAllister, +Wood, Thompson, and Thurber, formed a curved line concentrating upon the +convex line comprised of part of Clark's division, Wood's brigade, +Trabue's brigade, Cheatham's division, and Ruggles' division, with the +batteries of Ketchum, Byrne, Bankhead, and others. McClernand, Sherman, +and Wallace all speak with admiration of the splendid fighting of +McCook's division. Ammunition was becoming exhausted. Buckland withdrew +his regiments to fill their boxes. Stuart's brigade, now commanded by +Colonel Kilby Smith, plunged forward to make up with renewed vigor for +diminished numbers. Wallace's left flank was exposed. The Eleventh +Indiana, changing front, faced the danger on its flank. The First +Nebraska having used its last cartridge, the Seventy-sixth Ohio leaped +to its place. Thompson's battery having expended its last round, +Thurber's guns took their place so quickly that there was no +intermission in the fire. The Twentieth Ohio, sent off to the right to +meet a force springing up in that quarter, met with a sudden discharge +at close range, dashed through a fringe of bushes, and drove a battery +from the field beyond.</p> + +<p>Wood's brigade, charging on Rousseau, was knocked to pieces and retired +to the rear, where General Wood with the aid of cavalry gathered up +1,500 stragglers into an ineffective reserve. McCook pushed his line +forward to Sherman's camp. The lines were pressed closer and the fire +was hotter than ever. General Grant called two regiments, and in person +led them in a charge in McCook's front, and broke the enemy's line. +Endurance has its limits. The intense<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> strain of two days was telling. +Beauregard saw his men were beginning to flag; exhausted regiments were +dropping out of line. It was now three o'clock. Two hours before, +General Beauregard had sent word to his extreme right in Nelson's front, +to retire slowly in alternate lines. Breckenridge, put in command of the +movement, had drawn Statham's brigade from Crittenden's front. +Beauregard was fighting to secure his retreat.</p> + +<p>Colonel Thompson, aide-de-camp to Beauregard, says in his report: "While +I was engaged in rallying our disorganized troops to the left and rear +of the church, you seized the banners of two different regiments and led +them forward to the assault in face of the fire of the enemy; but from +the feebleness of the response I became convinced that our troops were +too much exhausted to make a vigorous resistance. I rode up to you and +advised that you should expose yourself no further, but should dispose +your troops so as to retire from Shiloh Church in good order." Colonel +Whittlesey, in his report, states: "There being signs of a retreat +farther to the south, Lieutenant Thurber was directed to sweep the +ground in front, which he did with his two howitzers and three +smooth-bores in fine style. Two prisoners captured near there, one of +them an officer of the Creole Guard, state that General Beauregard was +endeavoring to form a line for a final and desperate charge on our right +when Lieutenant Thurber opened upon him, and the result was a disorderly +retreat."</p> + +<p>The battle was over. General Beauregard posted a battery and a brigade +on the rising ground south of Oak Creek, commanding the ground about +Shiloh Church, and withdrew his worn troops behind them. General +Beauregard says this was at two o'clock. Cheatham fixes the hour when he +retired at half-past two. The National commanders fix<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> the close of the +contest at about three o'clock. At Woods', about two miles beyond, a +rear-guard took position again. At Mickey's, where Breckenridge had +already arrived, he was detailed with his command as rear-guard, and the +rest of the army passed on to Monterey.</p> + +<p>There was no pursuit of the retreating army. All advance by the National +troops ceased about four o'clock. McCook went into bivouac near the camp +of Peabody's brigade, Prentiss' division. Wood's division, arriving too +late to take part in the battle, pushed to the front and engaged his +skirmishers with the light troops covering the retreat. Mendenhall's +battery, far off toward Crittenden's left, catching some glimpses of the +retiring column through openings in the forest, sent some parting +rounds. Wood and Crittenden went into bivouac in front of Prentiss' +camp. General Buell pushed Nelson forward on the Hamburg road, near to +the crossing of Lick Creek, and the division bivouacked near Stuart's +camp. The divisions, or what was present of them, of McClernand, +Sherman, Hurlbut, and W.H.L. Wallace, returned to their camps. Lewis +Wallace advanced his division across Oak Creek to the large field. +Company A, of the Twentieth Ohio, obtaining permission to proceed +farther, advanced to the Confederate hospital and was deploying to drive +off a detachment of cavalry that was burning a commissary train, when it +was recalled to rejoin the division, then returning across Oak Creek, to +bivouac in front of the camp of McDowell's brigade.</p> + +<p>McClernand and Sherman formed part of the line of battle. Prentiss' +division was gone. The other two divisions, what was left of them, acted +in reserve. Hurlbut formed his division in the morning complete, with +the exception of the Forty-sixth Illinois, which served for the day with +McClernand. It was a skeleton division. The Third Iowa was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> 140 men +under the command of a lieutenant. In the forenoon, General Grant sent +Hurlbut out to act as reserve to McClernand. The Twenty-eighth Illinois +took place for a while on McClernand's left, and Veatch with his three +regiments took place on McCook's left, when he diverged from Crittenden. +Colonel Tuttle, senior officer in the Second Division, by the death of +W.H.L. Wallace and the wounding of McArthur, gathered the remaining +regiments of his division, except the Fourteenth Missouri and the +Eighty-first Ohio, added to them Colonel Crocker and three regiments of +McClernand's First Brigade, and marched in reserve to Crittenden. He +sent the Second Iowa to Nelson, when Nelson's line was broken by the +gallant but disastrous charge of Hazen; the Eighth and Eighteenth +Illinois moved out to the left of Crittenden when he diverged from +Nelson, and the Seventh Iowa, moved into the front line later in the +day.</p> + +<p>The number of Johnston's army has already been given as 40,000 men. +Badeau says the effective force present in the National camps Sunday +morning was 33,000 men. General Sherman makes the number 32,000. William +Preston Johnston, in the Life of his father, makes the number of the +National troops, the "grand total in Sunday's battle," 41,543. These +various statements arise from the different ways of making and reading +returns. Forty thousand does not represent the total force which A.S. +Johnston led to Shiloh. Forty thousand "present for duty" is exclusive +not only of the brigade of detailed teamsters and cooks that General +Johnston complained of, but of all regular and permanent details. It +appears from some reports which give numbers, that it was also exclusive +of temporary details made for the occasion of the battle—hospital men, +train guards, ammunition guards, sappers and miners, infantry detailed +to act with batteries, etc. It appears from some of the reports,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> which +state numbers, that the "enlisted men" "present for duty," in the "Field +Returns of the Confederate Forces that marched from Corinth to the +Tennessee River," comprised only non-commissioned officers and privates, +and was therefore exclusive of musicians, buglers, artificers, etc., +though enlisted as such. The 40,000, therefore, is the number of the +combatants engaged in the battle. The field return is susceptible of +further explanations, the character of which does not appear. The field +return, for example, gives the "present for duty," in the artillery in +Polk's corps, as 20 officers and 331 enlisted men—351 in all; while the +official report of the chief of artillery of the corps, of casualties in +the battle, giving each battery separately, states the number actually +engaged in the battle as 21 officers, 56 non-commissioned officers, and +369 privates, making a total of 446. It is clear, therefore, that the +40,000 is intended as the number of officers, non-commissioned officers, +and privates actually engaged in the battle, and a comparison of the +reports of General Polk's chief of artillery with the returns suggests +that in some way it may not be the full number of combatants engaged.</p> + +<p>The aggregation of returns making 41,153 present for duty in Grant's +army at Pittsburg Landing, Sunday morning, is not a consolidated return, +but a collection of footings of regimental returns, the nearest in date +attainable to April 6th, for the most part furnished by the War +Department to Colonel Johnson, the rest either taken from reports of +State adjutant-generals, or else estimated. The statement includes the +Fourteenth Wisconsin and the Fifteenth Michigan, neither of which +arrived till after the close of Sunday's battle.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Deducting the +"present for duty" given for these, 1,488, leaves, in round numbers, as +in General Johnston's army,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> 40,000. But "present for duty" in the +returns of the National forces, includes musicians, buglers, artificers, +etc.; all men present for the duty for which they were enlisted. The +army was clothed with music. There were 72 regiments present, including +those which arrived Sunday morning. The field music of 720 companies, +with the buglers of cavalry and artillery, made about three thousand +men. Besides these there were bands so numerous that an order was +shortly afterward made, restricting the number of bands to one to each +brigade. Where the battle reports give the number taken into action, the +difference in the number given and the number of "present for duty," as +given by the War Department to Colonel Johnston, suggests that many had +gone on to the sick list, or been detailed, between the date of the +return and April 6th; or that many men present for duty were left behind +in camp. Probably all were true, and thirty-three thousand or thirty-two +thousand is the number of officers, non-commissioned officers, and +privates actually engaged in Sunday's battle on the National side. The +reinforcements of Monday numbered, of Buell's army, about twenty +thousand; Lewis Wallace, sixty-five hundred; other regiments, about +fourteen hundred.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> This is a mistake as to the Fifteenth Michigan, which lost, +Sunday, 33 killed, 64 wounded, and 7 missing.</p></div> + +<p>There ought to be no uncertainty in the reports of casualties. Yet, +while the general result is clear, precision in detail is now hardly +attainable. General Beauregard's report gives his loss as 1,728 killed, +8,012 wounded, and 959 missing; making an aggregate of 10,699. Of the +reported missing, many were killed or wounded. These numbers are the +aggregate of losses reported by brigades. They cannot include casualties +at division, corps, or army headquarters, happening either to the +generals commanding, or to the officers on their staff, or to enlisted +men on duty there. And while batteries were attached to brigades, the +cavalry was a wholly independent command, not attached or reporting to +bri<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>gades or divisions; two regiments were not attached to any corps. +Their casualties cannot be included in brigade reports. Colonel +Johnston, after much examination, "finds a possible variation of 218 +more casualties, principally in missing, that might be added to General +Beauregard's report."</p> + +<p>The generally accepted official report of the National loss is: in +Grant's army, 1,437 killed, 5,679 wounded, and 2,934 missing, making a +total of 10,050; in Buell's army, 263 killed, 1,816 wounded, and 88 +missing—making a total of 2,167. The two armies aggregated 1,700 +killed, 7,495 wounded, and 3,022 captured—making total, 12,217. The War +Department, in the printed collection of battle reports, does not give +the casualties of the two armies separately, but gives the aggregate, +1,574 killed, 7,795 wounded, and 2,794 missing—making a total of +12,163. The "Medical and Surgical History of the War" makes the loss +1,735 killed, 7,882 wounded, 3,956 missing—making a total of 13,573. +The loss of the Army of the Ohio, as given above, is the report of +General Buell on April 15th. Six days later, the Medical Director of +that army made to General Buell a tabulated statement of killed and +wounded in each regiment, brigade, and division engaged, which makes the +number 236 killed and 1,728 wounded. All these estimates are based upon +the same material—upon the field reports. As the revisers of the +reports for publication have had the best opportunity for deliberate +examination and for comparison of the reports with muster-rolls, their +estimate of casualties is perhaps the most trustworthy.</p> + +<p>The loss in artillery on each side was about equal. General Sherman lost +seven guns and captured seven. General McClernand lost six guns and +captured three. Prentiss lost eight guns. Hurlbut lost two batteries. +The Army of the Ohio captured about twenty guns, many of them being +re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>captured guns, lost on Sunday. One of Breckenridge's brigades threw +away their arms, taking in place better arms picked up on the field. +There was a great destruction of camp equipage and stores. The +quartermaster of the Third Iowa, in Hurlbut's division, packed +everything in wagons, safely carried stores and baggage to the landing, +and let down the tents to save them from damage by shot. Before the +wagons of Prentiss' division went to the rear, while the division was +still engaged at the front, Colonel Miller's servant gathered everything +in the Colonel's tent, packed it in one of the wagons, carried it safely +off, and kept all in good order till Miller returned from captivity. But +such thoughtfulness was the exception, and the returning troops found +much missing and more destroyed.</p> + +<p>Heavy rain fell again Monday night. Next morning General Grant sent +General Sherman with his two brigades, and General Wood with his +division and the Fourth Illinois Cavalry, in pursuit. The miry road was +lined with abandoned wagons, limber-boxes, and with hospitals filled +with wounded. The advance was suddenly fallen upon by Forrest and his +cavalry, and driven back in confusion. Forrest coming upon the main +column retired, and was pursued in turn. General Sherman advanced about +a mile farther, and returned to camp. Breckenridge remained at Mickey's +three days, guarding the rear, and by the end of the week Beauregard's +army was again in Corinth. The battle sobered both armies. The force at +Pittsburg Landing saw rudely dashed aside the expectation of speedy +entry into Corinth. The force at Corinth, that marched out to drive +Grant into the river, to scatter Buell's force in detail, and return in +triumph to Nashville, was back in the old quarters, foiled, +disheartened.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<p class='center'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>CORINTH.</p> + + +<p>When news of the two days' fighting was received at the North, the +people of the Ohio Valley and St. Louis were stirred to active sympathy. +Steamboats bearing physicians, nurses, sisters of charity, and freighted +with hospital supplies were at once despatched and soon crowded the +shore of Pittsburg Landing. There was need for all the aid that was +brought. Besides the thousands of wounded, were other thousands of sick. +The springs of surface water used in the camps, always unwholesome, were +now poisonous. The well lost their strength; of the sick many died every +day. Hospital camps spread over the hills about the landing, and the +little town of Savannah was turned into a hospital. Fleets descended the +river bearing invalids to purer air and water.</p> + +<p>General Halleck arrived at the landing on April 11th, established his +headquarters near the river bluff, and assumed personal command. General +Pope, with the Army of the Mississippi, summoned from the operations +just begun before Fort Pillow, arrived on the 21st, and went into camp +at Hamburg. Seasoned troops from Missouri and fresh regiments from +recruiting depots arrived. The camps were pushed out farther from the +river, and Halleck found 100,000 effective men under his command. The +army was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> organized into right wing, centre, left wing, and reserve. The +right wing comprised all the army of the Tennessee except the divisions +of McClernand and Lewis Wallace, together with the division of General +Thomas from the army of the Ohio, and was commanded by General Thomas. +The remnants of the commands of Prentiss and W.H.L. Wallace were +incorporated in two new divisions. The centre, composed of the Army of +the Ohio, except Thomas' division, was commanded by General Buell. The +left wing, the Army of the Mississippi, to which General Granger's +cavalry division was still attached, was commanded by General Pope. +General Pope, General Rosecrans having been assigned to him for duty, +divided his command on May 29th into two wings, the right commanded by +General Rosecrans, the left by General Hamilton. The reserve, under +General McClernand, comprised his division and that of Lewis Wallace. +General Grant was appointed second in command, without command or duty +attached to that position, though he still remained commander of the +District of West Tennessee.</p> + +<p>Beauregard was reinforced, almost immediately after his return, by Van +Dorn with 17,000 troops seasoned by campaigns in Missouri and Arkansas, +raising his effective strength to 50,000. The Confederate Government at +Richmond and the State governments in the Southwest strained every +resource to increase his force. Unimportant posts were denuded of their +garrisons, new regiments were recruited, and Price, of Missouri, whom +the Government at Richmond had refused to recognize, was appointed +major-general. Beauregard found his force amount on the muster-rolls to +an aggregate of more than 112,000. But sickness and absence were so +prevalent that the return of effectives never quite reached 53,000. The +position at Corinth was naturally strong.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> Standing on a long ridge in +the fork of two streams, which run parallel to each other nearly to +their junction, protected on the front and both flanks by swampy valleys +traversed by the streams and obstructed by dense thickets, a line of +earthworks running along the crest of the highland bordering the +valleys, it could be approached with difficulty. The difficulty was +enhanced by a belt of timber which screened the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> works from view. +Railroads coming into the town facilitated reinforcement and supply.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<img src="images/illus08.jpg" alt="corinth" /> +<a id="illus08" name="illus08"></a> +</p> +<p class='center'> Approach to Corinth.</p> + +<p>Beauregard kept strong parties well advanced to his front, while the +National force at the river, absorbed in the work of organization and +supply, made little effort to ascertain his position. As late as April +27th, a reconnoitering party sent out by McClernand discovered that +Monterey, twelve miles from the landing, was held in some force. Next +day General Stanley, of Pope's command, sent out a detachment that drove +this force beyond Monterey. General Halleck began his march about the +close of April, moving slowly, keeping his army compact, intrenching at +every halt, and ordering his subordinate commanders strictly to refuse +to be drawn into a general engagement. The right wing halted and +intrenched immediately beyond and to the west of Monterey on May 4th. +The enemy's outposts kept close in front of Halleck's army and opposed +every advance.</p> + +<p>General Pope, moving out on the left from Hamburg, stretched in advance +of the adjoining part of the line. On May 3d, his command being encamped +with Seven Mile Creek in his front, General Paine, with his division, +pushed forward to Farmington, within four miles of Corinth, attacked a +considerable force and drove them from their intrenchments, compelling +them to leave their dead, as well as their tents and baggage, behind. +Next day Pope advanced his entire force within a mile and a half of +Farmington, but had to return next day to his former position behind +Seven Mile Creek, to keep up his connection with Buell. On the 8th, he +again moved his whole force to Farmington, and pushed two divisions on +separate roads almost up the intrenchments at Corinth; but was again +informed that the army to his right was not ready to advance. One +brigade was still kept as advanced guard at Farmington. On the 9th,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> a +heavy force from Corinth emerged from the timber just as Plummer's +brigade, then on post, was being relieved by Palmer's. The two brigades +met the attack briskly and a severe combat ensued. Pope's army was +within a mile and a half behind the creek, but forbidden by Halleck's +order to cross. To prevent a general engagement, the two brigades were +withdrawn. It was not till after May 20th that Pope finally occupied +Farmington with Buell's line.</p> + +<p>Observing indications on the night of the 26th, he next day advanced, +and connecting with his right, sent Colonel W.L. Elliot, of the Second +Iowa Cavalry, with his own regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel E. +Hatch, and the Second Michigan Cavalry, commanded by Colonel P.H. +Sheridan, who was only assigned to the regiment that day, to make a +circuit around Corinth and strike the railroad forty miles in its rear, +doing all practicable destruction to it. Next day, the 28th, Stanley's +division was pushed far forward and after a sharp skirmish secured +possession of a ridge directly upon the creek, in front of the enemy's +works, which he at once fortified. Paine's division was moved out the +same day and occupied on Stanley's left. The same day Buell advanced +Nelson and Crittenden to the front on a line with Stanley.</p> + +<p>General Thomas held Sherman on his extreme right, with his skirmishers +extended out to sweep the Mobile & Ohio Railway.</p> + +<p>After several successive advances, meeting more or less opposition, on +May 17th, Sherman moved with his division—supported by Hurlbut—and +with batteries, against a commanding position in his front, called +Russell's, just two miles from the main entrenchments, held by a +brigade. It was some time before he could get a position for his +batteries. Resistance was more obstinate than at any previous +en<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>counter. But, finally, the point was carried, and was found to cover +a sweep of open ground to the south, the direction toward Corinth, and +the division entrenched. Beyond the open land—stretching southward from +Russell's—and intervening woods was other open land, and still beyond, +a rising ground, with a high wooded ridge behind it. On this rising +ground was a loop-holed, double loghouse, having complete command of the +open ground north of it. A force stationed here exceedingly annoyed +Sherman's pickets. On the morning of the 27th he moved with his division +and batteries, supported by Veatch's brigade, from Hurlbut, and John A. +Logan's brigade, from McClernand, quietly and unseen through the timber +as near as practicable. Two of Silversparre's twenty-pounder Parrott +guns were moved silently through the forest to a point behind a hill, +from the top of which could be seen the house and ground to be +contested. The guns were unlimbered, loaded, and moved by hand to the +crest. A quick rapid fire demolished the house. The infantry dashed +forward, drove the enemy from the ridge across a field and into a thick +forest beyond. In the afternoon the repulsed troops suddenly reappeared, +but after a short contest they were again driven. The advanced position +thus carried was at once intrenched. The intervening forest concealed +from Sherman the fact that, though he was more than three miles from the +town, he was now less than a mile from the main defences of Corinth, +that he was between the creeks, and there was no obstruction but the +forest between him and the works. Next day General Thomas advanced the +rest of his command, wheeling it to the right so as to bring the whole +upon the bank of the creek, which flowed between him and Corinth. This +advance brought his left division, T.W. Sherman, within half a mile of +the main entrenchments, but separated from them by the swampy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> valley. +The same day Buell advanced McCook to connect with T.W. Sherman. Halleck +had been a month gaining with his 100,000 men a few miles, but he was +now closing in upon Corinth.</p> + +<p>Beauregard, though contesting pertinaciously every advance, had already +began his evacuation. Detailed instructions, regulating the evacuation +and the subsequent march of the troops, were issued on the 26th and +27th, and three o'clock <span class="smcap">A.M.</span> of the 29th was appointed for the +time. On the 28th an order was issued postponing the movement till the +morning of the 30th, to gain more time for removing stores. On the 29th +the final order was issued, which required, among other precautions to +hide the movement, "whenever the railroad-engine whistles during the +night, near the intrenchments, the troops in the vicinity will cheer +repeatedly, as though reinforcements had been received." The sick and +wounded were sent off by railway, as was the heavy artillery. All +valuable stores were carried off; though considerable quantities of +stores of all kinds—commissary, quartermaster, and ordnance—were +neither removed nor destroyed. Elliot, with his cavalry, struck the +railroad at Booneville before daylight of the 30th, destroyed there a +locomotive, twenty-five box-cars loaded with ordnance, ammunition, and +quartermaster stores, one or two platform-cars with field-pieces, a +depot building filled with ordnance stores, tore up the track and +destroyed two culverts, and returned to Farmington, having prevented the +further use of that railway for the purposes of evacuation.</p> + +<p>General Pope, hearing the engines whistling and men cheering after +midnight, understood it as Beauregard intended—to show the arrival of +reinforcements. But skirmishers were sent forward to ascertain, if +practicable, the fact. Trains were heard leaving, and, at six o'clock, +explosions, fol<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>lowed by clouds of smoke, satisfied both him and Sherman +that Beauregard was leaving. By eight o'clock, his advance had felt +their way through the intrenchments and marched into town. Sherman, +having farther to go, was but little later in entering.</p> + +<p>Pope's army moved at once in pursuit along the roads leading +south—Rosecrans in front, Hamilton following, and Granger with the +cavalry keeping in advance. Two divisions from Thomas' command, Davies +and T.W. Sherman, were added to the pursuing column. The pursuit +developed the fact that Beauregard, or a large part of his force, halted +at Baldwin, fifty miles south of Corinth, in an inaccessible position +behind swamp and jungle, while his line extended to the northwest, to +Blackland, an approachable point west of the railroad. Pope had made all +preparations to attack at Blackland and issued the order, when Buell +arrived at the front and suspended the attack. Beauregard retreated +farther and the pursuing force returned to Corinth.</p> + +<p>General Pope, while detained a few days at Danville, by illness, was +continually receiving despatches from his officers at the front, and +telegraphing them or their substance to General Halleck, at Corinth, a +few miles off. General Granger said in one despatch there were ten +thousand stragglers from the retreating army in the woods, all of whom +would come in and surrender. All knew the woods were full of stragglers, +and it was generally believed that General Granger's estimate of their +number and intentions was reasonable. Pope, condensing into one, +despatches received from Rosecrans, Hamilton, and Granger, telegraphed +to Halleck, "The two divisions in the advance under Rosecrans are slowly +and cautiously advancing on Baldwin this morning, with the cavalry on +both flanks. Hamilton, with two divisions, is at Rienzi, and between +there and Booneville,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> ready to move forward, should they be needed. One +brigade from the reserve occupies Danville. Rosecrans reports this +morning that the enemy has retreated from Baldwin, but he is advancing +cautiously. The woods, for miles, are full of stragglers from the enemy, +who are coming in in squads. Not less than ten thousand men are thus +scattered about, who will come in within a day or two." General Halleck +despatched to the War Department "General Pope, with 40,000 men, is +thirty miles south of Corinth, pushing the enemy hard. He already +reports 10,000 prisoners and deserters from the enemy, and 15,000 stand +of arms captured." This despatch of General Halleck's made a great +sensation. The expectation that the stragglers would come into the +National camp was disappointed; the prisoners taken were few, and Pope +was censured for making a statement of fact which he neither made nor +authorized.</p> + +<p>Fort Pillow was abandoned June 1st. On June 6th, Admiral Davis, who had +succeeded Commodore Foote, destroyed the Confederate fleet in front of +Memphis after an engagement of an hour and a half. The same day, the two +regiments that Pope left with the fleet, entered the city. The objects +proposed in the spring were accomplished, though not in the manner +designed. The railway connection at Corinth was broken, though not by a +mere dash from the river. Fort Pillow was possessed, Memphis was +occupied, and the Mississippi open to Vicksburg. The volunteers had been +through a hard military school. After their experience in fighting, they +had practice in the slow advance to Corinth, in picket duty and field +fortification. They had learned something of the business of war and +were now ready for campaign, battle, and siege.</p> + + +<p class='center'>END.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INDEX.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Note</span>.—<i>Regiments, batteries, etc., are indexed under the names +of their States, excepting batteries called by their captain's or by +some other special name. These are indexed under</i> <span class="smcap">Batteries</span>.</p> + +<p> +Adams, Colonel, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-<a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +Alabama, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"> First, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourth, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-second, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-seventh, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colonel Baker's, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Allen, Colonel, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> +<br /> +Ammen, Colonel, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Anderson, General Patton, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Appler, Colonel, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Arkansas, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"> Eleventh, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twelfth, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifteenth, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ashboth, General, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Badeau, General Adam, his work on General Grant cited, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Bailey, Colonel, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Bailey's Ferry, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> +<br /> +Baker, Colonel, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Baldwin, Colonel, report of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Baldwin, Miss., position of, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Bankhead, Captain, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Bankhead, Fort, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Bark road, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /> +<br /> +Barrett, Captain, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Bartlett, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name='link_2' id='link_2'>Batteries:</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"> Bankhead's battery, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barrett's battery, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bartlett's battery, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bouton's battery, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bratzman's batteries, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burrows' battery, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Byrne's battery, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cavender's, Major, artillery, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crittenden's battery, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">DeGolyer's battery, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dresser's battery, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dubuque battery, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Graves' battery, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Green's battery, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guy's battery, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hickenlooper's battery, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hodgson's, Captain, battery, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Houghtaling's Ottawa Light Artillery, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hurlbut's batteries, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jackson's battery, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ketchum's battery, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maney's battery, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>,<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mann's battery, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McAllister's, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mendenhall's battery, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Munch's Minnesota, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plummer's battery, <a href="#Page_74">74</a> ;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porter's battery, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schofield's battery, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schwartz's battery, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sherman's battery, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stewart's, R.C., battery, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Terrill's battery, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thurber's battery, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington Artillery, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Waterhouse's battery, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Webster's battery, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Battle, Colonel, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> +<br /> +Baxter, Captain, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /> +<br /> +Bear Creek, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Beauregard, General G.P.T., <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">number and character of his command in the Southwest, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends force to Pittsburg Landing, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assumes Johnston's command, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">referred to, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">losses of, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reinforced, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">begins an evacuation, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">halts at Baldwin, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Behr, Captain, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Belmont, Mo., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">engagement at, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Bentonville, Mo., <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Big Barren River, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Bird's Point, Mo., <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> +<br /> +Birge, Colonel, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Bissel, Colonel J.W., <a href="#Page_70">70</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Blair, General Frank P., <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Blandville, Ky., <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Boonville, Mo., <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> +<br /> +Boston Mountains, Ark., <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Bowen, General, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +Bowling Green, Ky., occupied by Buckner, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Bowling Green, Ky., rebel evacuation of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Boyle, General J.T., <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Bragg, General, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Breckenridge, General, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br /> +<br /> +Brier Creek, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, 137, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Brotzman, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /> +<br /> +Brown, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Brown Major, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report of, cited, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Brown, Colonel, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Bruce, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Brush, Captain, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Bryner, Colonel John, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Buckland, Colonel, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +Buckland, General, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Buckner, General S.B., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_37">37</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plans of, for sortie, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his advice in the council at Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers to surrender Fort Donelson, 59</span><br /> +<br /> +Buell, General D. C, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggestions of, as to attack on General Johnston's line, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made major-general, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with Halleck, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">loss in his army, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands centre of the Army of the Ohio, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Burrows, Captain, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Cairo, Ill., <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">district of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Camp Jackson, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Cape Girardeau, Mo., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +Carlin, Colonel, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Carondelet, the, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her passage of the batteries, <a href="#Page_84">84</a> et seq.</span><br /> +<br /> +Carr, Colonel E.A., <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Carthage, Mo., engagement near, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +Cavender, Major, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Chalmers, General, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br /> +<br /> +Charleston, Ky., <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Chattanooga, Tenn., <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Cheatham, General B.F., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +Cincinnati, the, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Clanton, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Clare, Captain, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Clark, Colonel, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Clark, General, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Clarke, General, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Clarksville, Tenn., <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> +<br /> +Clear Creek, Mo., engagement near, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Cleburne, General, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Columbus, Ky., <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"> works at, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rebel evacuation of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Commerce, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Conestoga, the, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Cook, Colonel John, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Cooper's Farm, Ark., <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Corinth, Miss., <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">map of, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Crittenden, General, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Crocker, Colonel, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Cross Hollows, Ark., <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Cruft, Colonel Charles, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Crump's Landing, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Crump's Landing Road, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +Cullum, General, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br /> +<br /> +Cumming, Colonel G.W., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Curtis, General Samuel R., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Danville, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Davis, Admiral, <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Davis, Colonel, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Davis, General Jefferson C., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Dawes, Adjutant, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Deas, Colonel, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +De Golyer, Captain, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Department of the Missouri, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Dickey, Colonel, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Dixon, Lieutenant (afterward Captain), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Dodge, Colonel, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name='link_1' id="link_1"> Donelson, Fort</a>, situation of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">description of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrender of, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">number of its garrison, <a href="#Page_61">61</a> et seq.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dougherty, Colonel H., <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Dover, Tenn., <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Drake, Colonel, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Drake, Lieutenant Breckenridge, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +Dresser's Battery, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Dresser, Captain, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +Dubois, Captain, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Dug Springs, Mo., engagement at, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Eastport, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Elbert, Captain, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Elliot, Colonel, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a><br /> +<br /> +Essex, the, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Farmington, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-<a href="#Page_189">189</a><br /> +<br /> +Fayetteville, Ark., <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Fearing, Major, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Fitch, Colonel G.N., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Fitch, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Fletcher, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Florence, Ala., <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> +<br /> +Floyd, General J.B., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a> et seq.;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his advice in the council at Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Foote, Commodore A.H., concurs in Grant's plans as to Forts Henry +and Donelson, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his part in the campaign, <a href="#Page_28">28</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to Cairo, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Island No. Ten, <a href="#Page_79">79</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Forrest, Colonel, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Donelson <a href="#link_1">(see Donelson, Fort)</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Heiman, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Henry, situation of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expedition against, <a href="#Page_27">27</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrender of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Holt, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Pillow, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">abandoned, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Frankfort, Ky., <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Frederickstown, Mo., <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Fremont, General John C., appointment of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early measures and orders of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relieved from command, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with General Grant, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Frost, General D.M., <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Fulton, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Gantt, Colonel, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Georgetown, Mo., <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Gibson, General, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> +<br /> +Gilmer, General J.F., constructs Confederate works in Kentucky +and Tennessee, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; <br /><span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Gladden, General, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +"Golden State," the, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Granger, Captain, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Granger, General Gordon, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> +<br /> +Grant, General Ulysses S., commanding at Cape Girardeau, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commanding District of Southeast Missouri, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his plans as to Columbus, etc., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Belmont, <a href="#Page_21">21</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plans for expedition against Forts Henry and Donelson, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his conduct of the campaign, <a href="#Page_28">28</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_37">37</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his despatch demanding its surrender, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made Major-General, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assigned to command military department of Tennessee, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">traits of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his proposed movement up the Tennessee, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in disfavor with General Halleck, <a href="#Page_94">94</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrival at Savannah, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his directions to McClernand at Shiloh, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders to Nelson, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">directions to Thirty-Sixth Indiana, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">consultation with Buell, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders to Sherman, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders to Wallace, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends out Hurlbut, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">size of his army at Pittsburg Landing, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">loss in his army, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends Sherman and Wood in pursuit, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed second in command, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Graves, Captain, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Gray, Captain, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +Green, Captain, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Greenville, Ark., <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Groesbeck, Colonel John, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Gumbart, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Guy, Captain, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Halleck, General H.W., appointed Commander of the Department of the Missouri, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his views as to movements in Tennessee, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders to Grant, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">despatch after Donelson, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assigned to command Department of the Mississippi, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instructions to Pope, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">congratulations to Pope, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his plans against Corinth, etc., <a href="#Page_91">91</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">traits of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders to Grant, <a href="#Page_93">93</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instructions to Buell, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrives at Pittsburg Landing, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">closes in on Corinth, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">despatches to, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">despatch from, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hamburg Landing, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +Hamilton, General Schuyler, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> +<br /> +Hammock, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> +<br /> +Hannibal, Mo., <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +Hanson, Colonel, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Hardcastle, Major, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> +<br /> +Hardee, General, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Hare, Colonel, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Harris, Governor, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> +<br /> +Haynes, Colonel Milton A., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Haywood, Colonel, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Hazen, General, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Heiman, Colonel, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Heiman, Fort, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Helena, Ark., <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Helm, Colonel, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Henderson, Colonel, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Henry, Fort, see Fort Henry<br /> +<br /> +Hickenlooper, Captain, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Hickman Creek, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Hickman, Ky., <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Hildebrand, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Hindman, General, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> +<br /> +Hodgson, Captain, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Hollins, Commodore, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +"Hornet's Nest," the, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> +<br /> +Hopkinsville, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> +<br /> +Houghtaling, Captain, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Hubbard, Major, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Hudson, Captain, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Humboldt, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Hunter, General David, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed to command the Department of the West, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hurlbut, General S.A., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Shiloh, <a href="#Page_101">101</a> et seq.; <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>,</span> +<a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Illinois, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"> First, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourth, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventh, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eighth, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ninth, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tenth, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eleventh, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twelfth, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirteenth, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourteenth, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifteenth, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sixteenth, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventeenth, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eighteenth, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twentieth, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, 172;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-second, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-fifth, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-sixth, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-seventh, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-eighth, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-ninth, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirtieth, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirty-first, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirty-second, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fortieth, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-first, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-second, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-third, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-fifth, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-sixth, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-seventh, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-eighth, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-ninth, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fiftieth, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-first, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-second, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-fifth, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-seventh, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-eighth, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sixty-first, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Batteries:</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"> First, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>,<a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"> Second, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Indiana, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eleventh, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventeenth, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-third, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-fourth, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-fifth, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirty-first, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirty-second, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirty-fourth, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirty-sixth, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-third, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-fourth, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-sixth, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-seventh, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-second, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-sixth, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-ninth, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Batteries:</span><br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;"> Sixth (Behr), <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span> <br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ninth (Thompson), <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Indian Creek, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Ford, St. François River, Ark., <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Iowa, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>,<a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Third, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifth, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sixth, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventh, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eighth, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eleventh, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twelfth, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirteenth, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourteenth,<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>,<a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifteenth, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sixteenth, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ironton, Mo., <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Island Number Eight, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Island Number Ten, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">situation and description of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">canal at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">capture of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Camp, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Captain, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Jackson, General, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Governor, powers conferred on, by the State Legislature, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proclamation by, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">movements of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jefferson City, Mo., <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +John's Bayou, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Major, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, General Bushrod R., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">escape of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Johnston, General Albert Sydney, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evacuates Bowling Green, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Corinth, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his movements to join Beauregard, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">army of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Johnston, Preston, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> +<br /> +Jones, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Jordan, Colonel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Kansas, troops of. Regiments: First, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Kennedy, Colonel, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Kentucky, attitude of, with regard to the Rebellion, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Kentucky, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourth, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eighth, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventeenth, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-fifth, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Kirk, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Lauman, Colonel J.G., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /> +<br /> +Lawler, Colonel, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Lebanon, Mo., <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Lexington, Mo., <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>; surrender of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +"Lexington," gunboat, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /> +<br /> +Lick Creek, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +Lincoln, Abraham, President of the United States, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his War Order No. 3, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Logan, Colonel (afterward General) John A., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Loomis, Colonel J.W., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +Loss, Confederate, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"> National, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lothrop, Major W.L., <a href="#Page_70">70</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Louisiana, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourth, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eleventh, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twelfth, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eighteenth, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Louisville & Nashville Railroad, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Louisville, the, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Lyon, General Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, at the battle of Wilson Creek, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lytle, Colonel, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Mackall, General W.W., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> +<br /> +Madrid Bend, <a href="#Page_66">66</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Maney, Captain, <a href="#Page_42">42</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Mann, Captain, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +Mann's battery, <a href="#Page_148">148</a> <a href='#link_2'>(see Artillery)</a><br /> +<br /> +Marsh, Colonel, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Marshal, Captain L.H., <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Martin, Colonel, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Mayfield, Ky., <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +McAlister, Captain, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +McArthur, Colonel John, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +McArthur, General, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +McClellan, General G.B., his despatch as to Grant, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relieved from general command, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></span><br /> +<br /> +McClernand, General J., at Pittsburg Landing, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +McClernand, General J.A., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Belmont, <a href="#Page_20">20</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">march of, toward Mayfield, Ky., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands the advance in expedition against Fort Henry, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_38">38</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made Major-General, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his loss in guns, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></span><br /> +<br /> +McCook, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a><br /> +<br /> +McCoun, General, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +McCulloch, General Ben., <a href="#Page_4">4</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +McDowell, Colonel, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +McDowell, General, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +McIntosh, General, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +McKingstry, General, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +McNulty, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> +<br /> +McPherson, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Memphis & Charleston Railroad, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Memphis & Ohio Railroad, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Memphis, Tenn., <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Mendenhall, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Michigan, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Third, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twelfth, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifteenth, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Batteries:</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">First, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Second (Ross), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Third, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Miller, Colonel, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br /> +<br /> +Mill Spring, Ky., engagement at, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Mississippi & Tennessee Railroad, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Mississippi, Department of, defined, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Mississippi River, description of the shores of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Mississippi, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Third, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sixth, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourteenth, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twentieth, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-sixth, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colonel Baker's, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Missouri, course of, as to secession, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> +<br /> +Missouri, Department of the, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Missouri, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eighth, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eleventh, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twelfth, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirteenth, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourteenth, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eighteenth, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-first, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-second, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-third, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-fifth, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-sixth, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Batteries:</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">First (Buell's), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mitchell, General O.M., <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Mobile & Ohio R.R., <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Monterey, Tenn., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Montgomery, Ala., <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Moore, Colonel, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +Morgan, Colonel J.D., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Morrison, Colonel W.R., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Mouton, Colonel, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Mower, Captain, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +Mulligan, Colonel, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Munford, Captain, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> +<br /> +Murray, Ky., <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Mussel Shoals, Tennessee River, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Nashville, Tenn., contemplated movement against, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Nebraska, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Neely, Colonel, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Nelson, General, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +New Madrid, Mo., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">situation of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evacuation, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></span><br /> +<br /> +New Orleans, Jackson, & Great Northern R.R., <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Nispel, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Norfolk, Ky., <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Oak Creek, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +Oglesby, Colonel R.J., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Ohio, troops of.Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Third, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourth, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifth, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sixth, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twentieth, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-fourth, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-seventh, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirty-ninth, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-first, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-third, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-sixth, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-seventh, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-eighth, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-ninth, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-third, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-fourth, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-sixth, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-seventh, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-eighth, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sixty-third, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sixty-eighth, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventieth, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventy-first, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventy-second, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventy-sixth, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventy-seventh, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventy-eighth, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eighty-first, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Batteries:</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fifth, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Eighth (Margraff's), <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Eleventh (Sands'), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thirteenth (Myers'), <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Osage River, the, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Osceola, Mo., <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Osterhaus, Colonel, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Otterville, Mo., <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Owl Creek, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Paducah, Ky., <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Paine, General, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Palmer, General J.N., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Palmyra, Mo., <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Patriot</i>, the Nashville, cited, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Peabody, Colonel, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +Pearce, General, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +Pea Ridge, battle of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Perczell, Colonel N., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Phelps, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Pillow, Fort, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a> <a href='#link_2'>(see Artillery)</a><br /> +<br /> +Pillow, General G.H., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his advice in the Council at Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pilot Knob, Mo., <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +"Pittsburg," the, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., <a href="#Page_130">130</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">selected as the place of assembly of the army in West Tennessee, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pleasant Point, Tenn., <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Plummer, Colonel J.B. (afterward General), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Polk, General Leonidas, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evacuates Columbus, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">occupies Island Number Ten, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pond, Colonel, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Pond, General, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Pope, General John, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made Major-General, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed to command the force against New Madrid and Island Number Ten, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lands at Commerce, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his conduct of the New Madrid campaign, <a href="#Page_74">74</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes into camp at Hamburg, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands left wing of the Army of the Mississippi, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advances from Hamburg, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">occupies Farmington, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pushes on to Corinth, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Porter, Captain (afterward Commodore and Admiral), at Fort Henry, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Powell, General, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Prentiss, General, at Pittsburg Landing, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> et seq.;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">referred to, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his loss in guns, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Price, General Sterling, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a> et seq.; <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Pride, Colonel, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Pugh, Colonel, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /> +<br /> +Purdy road, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Purdy, Tenn., <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Raith, Colonel, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Rawlins, Captain (afterward General), <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Reardon, Colonel, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Reelfoot, Lake, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Rice, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Rienzi, <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> +<br /> +Rolla, Mo., <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Rosecrans, General, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Ross, Colonel, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Rousseau, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>-<a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-<a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Ruggles, General, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Russell, Colonel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +"Russell's," position of, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Russellville, Ky., <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Savannah, Tenn., <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> +<br /> +Schofield, Captain, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +Schwartz, Captain, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Schwartz's battery, <a href="#Page_136">136</a> <a href='#link_2'>(see Artillery)</a><br /> +<br /> +Sedalia, Mo., <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Selma, Ala., <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Shaver, Colonel, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Shaw, Colonel, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /> +<br /> +Sheridan, Colonel P.H., assigned to Second Michigan Cavalry, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Sherman, General W.T., suggestions of, to General Halleck, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assigned to command Military District of Cairo, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Pittsburg Landing, <a href="#Page_101">101</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the expedition up the Tennessee, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">referred to, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his loss in guns, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Shiloh, battlefield of, described, <a href="#Page_99">99</a> et seq.;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the battle of, <a href="#Page_122">122</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">loss on Sunday, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Shiloh church, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Sigel, General Franz, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Sikeston, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> +<br /> +Slack, Colonel J.R., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Colonel I.L.K., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Colonel M.L., <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Colonel W.S., <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, General C.F., in command at Paducah, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">march of, toward Mayfield, and report, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the Henry and Donelson campaign, <a href="#Page_28">28</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_38">38</a> et seq.;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">storms the works at Donelson, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made Major-General, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">traits of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent to Clarksville, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Smith, General, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +Smithland, Ky., <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Snake Creek, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a> et seq.; <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Springfield, Mo., <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Stanley, General D.S., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a> et seq.; <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Statham, General, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +St. Charles, Mo., <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Stewart, Captain R. C, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Stewart, General A.P., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>; +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"> report of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Stewart, General, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +St. Joseph, Mo., <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +St. Louis, events at, in the spring of 1861, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +St. Louis, the, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Stony Lonesome, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +Stuart, Colonel, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Stuart, General, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +Sturgis, Major, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Sugar Creek, Ark., <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Sullivan, Colonel, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> +<br /> +Sweeney, Colonel, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Sweeney, General, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +Syracuse, Mo., <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Taylor, Captain, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +Taylor, Major, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> +<br /> +Taylor's battery, <a href="#Page_136">136</a> <a href='#link_2'>(see Artillery)</a><br /> +<br /> +Tennessee, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Third, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourth, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifth, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tenth, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifteenth, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eighteenth, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-third, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-fourth, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-sixth, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirtieth, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirty-first, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-first, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-second, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-fifth, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-eighth, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forty-ninth, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fiftieth, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-second, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifty-third, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One Hundred and Fifty-fourth, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colonel Baker's, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Terrill, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Terry, Major, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Thayer, Colonel John M., <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, General, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, General G.H., wins battle of Mill Springs, Ky., <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, General L., <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Thompson, Colonel J., <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Thompson, Colonel, report of, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Thompson, Fort, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Thompson, General Jefferson, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> +<br /> +Thorn, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /> +<br /> +Thurber, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Tilghman, General L., at Paducah, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Fort Henry, <a href="#Page_29">29</a> et seq.</span><br /> +<br /> +Timony, Captain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Tipton, Mo., <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Tiptonville, Tenn., <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Totten, Captain, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Trabue, General, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Trubeau, General, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +Tuttle, Colonel, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Tuttle, General, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Tyler, gunboat, Lieutenant Gwin, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Union City, Tenn., <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +United States, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourth, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Van Dorn, General Earl, <a href="#Page_12">12</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Van Horn, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Veatch, Colonel, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +Veatch, General, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Versailles, Mo., <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Vicksburg, Miss., <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Virginia, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirty-sixth, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fiftieth, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Wallace, Colonel (afterward General) Lewis, <a href="#Page_38">38</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_44">44</a> et seq.;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made major-general, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the Tennessee expedition, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wallace, Colonel (afterward General) W.H.L., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the Tennessee expedition, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Pittsburg Landing, <a href="#Page_104">104</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, 153, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Walke, Commander Henry, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Walker, Colonel L.M., <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Walker, General, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /> +<br /> +Warrensburg, Mo., <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Warsaw, Mo., <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Waterhouse, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Watson's Landing, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Webster, Colonel J.D., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /> +<br /> +Western District, limits of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Wheeler, Captain, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Whittlesy, Colonel Charles, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report of, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Williams, Colonel, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /> +<br /> +Willich, Colonel, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Wilson Creek, Mo., engagement at, <a href="#Page_5">5</a> et seq.;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reconnaissance at, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wilson's Bayou, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Wisconsin, troops of. Regiments:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eighth, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourteenth, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifteenth, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sixteenth, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eighteenth, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Batteries:</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fifth, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sixth, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Seventh, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Withers, General, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Wood, Captain, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Wood, General, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br /> +<br /> +Woodyard, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +Worthington, Colonel W.H., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Wright, Colonel Crafts, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Wynn's Ferry Road, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Yate, Major, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of From Fort Henry to Corinth, by +Manning Ferguson Force + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FROM FORT HENRY TO CORINTH *** + +***** This file should be named 24438-h.htm or 24438-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/4/3/24438/ + +Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: From Fort Henry to Corinth + +Author: Manning Ferguson Force + +Release Date: January 27, 2008 [EBook #24438] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FROM FORT HENRY TO CORINTH *** + + + + +Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + +FROM + +FORT HENRY TO CORINTH + +CAMPAIGNS OF THE CIVIL WAR.--II. + +FROM + +FORT HENRY TO CORINTH + +BY + +M.F. FORCE + +LATE BRIGADIER-GENERAL AND BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL, U.S.V., COMMANDING +FIRST DIVISION, SEVENTEENTH CORPS. + +NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS + +Facsimile Reprint Edition from the original edition of 1881-1883 by The +Archive Society, 1992. Address all inquiries to: + +_The Archive Society_ _130 Locust Street_ _Harrisburg, PA 17101_ + + + + +PREFACE. + + +I have endeavored to prepare the following narrative from authentic +material, contemporaneous, or nearly contemporaneous, with the events +described. + +The main source of information is the official reports of battles and +operations. These reports, both National and Confederate, will appear in +the series of volumes of Military Reports now in preparation under the +supervision of Colonel Scott, Chief of the War Records Office in the War +Department. Executive Document No. 66, printed by resolution of the +Senate at the Second Session of the Thirty-seventh Congress, contains a +number of separate reports of casualties, lists of killed, wounded, and +missing, which do not appear in the volumes of Military Reports as now +printed. Several battle reports are printed in volume IV., and in the +"Companion," or Appendix volume of Moore's Rebellion Record, which are +not contained in the volumes of Military Reports as now printed. The +reports of the Twentieth Ohio and the Fifty-third Ohio, of the battle of +Shiloh, have never been printed. Colonel Trabue's report of his brigade +in the battle of Shiloh has never been officially printed; but it is +given in the history of the Kentucky Brigade from Colonel Trabue's +retained copy, found by his widow among his papers. + +The Reports of the Committee on the Conduct of the War contain original +matter in addition to what appears in reports of battles and operations. + +The reports of the Adjutant-Generals of the different States, printed +during the war, often supplement the official reports on file in +Washington. + +Some regimental histories, printed soon after the close of the war, +contain diaries and letters and narrate incidents which enable us in +some cases to fix dates, the place of camps, and positions in battle, +which could hardly otherwise be determined with precision. Newspaper +correspondents, while narrating what they personally saw, give +descriptions which impart animation to the sedate statements of official +reports. + +Colonel William Preston Johnston's life of his father, General A.S. +Johnston, can be used in some respects as authority. He served first in +the Army of Northern Virginia, and was, most of the war, on the staff of +Jefferson Davis. He thus, after his father's death, became possessed of +a valuable collection of authentic official papers. When he was +preparing the biography, all papers of value in private hands in the +South were open to his use. + +Letters and memoranda preserved by Colonel Charles Whittlesey, and some +of my own, have been of service. + +I am under obligation to Colonel Scott for permission to freely read and +copy, in his office, the reports compiled under his direction. To +Ex-President Hayes for the loan of a set of the series of Military +Reports, both National and Confederate, so far as printed, though not +yet issued. To the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio for the +unrestricted use of its library. To Colonel Charles Whittlesey of +Cleveland, and Major E.C. Dawes, of Cincinnati, for the use of original +manuscripts as well as printed reports. + +M.F. FORCE. + + + + +CONTENTS. + +CHAPTER I. PAGE + +PRELIMINARY, 1 + +CHAPTER II. +FORT HENRY, 24 + +CHAPTER III. +FORT DONELSON, 33 + +CHAPTER IV. +NEW MADRID AND ISLAND NUMBER TEN, 66 + +CHAPTER V. +THE GATHERING OF THE FORCES, 91 + +CHAPTER VI. + +SHILOH--SUNDAY, 122 + +CHAPTER VII. +SHILOH--NIGHT, AND MONDAY, 160 + +CHAPTER VIII. +CORINTH, 183 + + +LIST OF MAPS. + + PAGE + +WESTERN TENNESSEE, facing 1 + +FIELD OF OPERATIONS IN MISSOURI AND NORTHERN ARKANSAS, 3 + +THE LINE FROM COLUMBUS TO BOWLING GREEN, 25 + +FORT HENRY, 29 + +FORT DONELSON, 35 + +NEW MADRID AND ISLAND NUMBER TEN, 73 + +THE FIELD OF SHILOH, 125 + +THE APPROACH TO CORINTH, 185 + +[Illustration: Western Tennessee.] + + + + +FROM FORT HENRY TO CORINTH. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +PRELIMINARY. + + +Missouri did not join the Southern States in their secession from the +Union. A convention called to consider the question passed resolutions +opposed to the movement. But the legislature convened by Governor +Jackson gave him dictatorial power, authorized him especially to +organize the military power of the State, and put into his hands three +millions of dollars, diverted from the funds to which they had been +appropriated, to complete the armament. The governor divided the State +into nine military districts, appointed a brigadier-general to each, and +appointed Sterling Price major-general. + +The convention reassembled in July, 1861, and, by action subject to +disapproval or affirmance of the popular vote, deposed the governor, +lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, and legislature, and appointed +a new executive. This action was approved by a vote of the people. +Jackson, assuming to be an ambulatory government as he chased about with +forces alternately advancing and fleeing, undertook, by his separate +act, to detach Missouri from the Union and annex it to the Confederacy. + +This clash of action stimulated and intensified a real division of +feeling, which existed in every county. A sputtering warfare broke out +all over the State. Armed predatory parties, rebel and national, calling +themselves squadrons, battalions, regiments, springing up as if from the +ground, whirled into conflict and vanished. When a band of men without +uniform, wearing their ordinary dress and carrying their own arms, +dispersed over the country, the separate members could not be +distinguished from other farmers or villagers; and a train, being merely +a collection of country wagons, if scattered among the stables and +barn-yards of the adjoining territory, wholly disappeared. But all +through this eruptive discord flowed a continuous stream of more regular +contests, which constitute the connected beginning of the military +operations of the Mississippi Valley. + +Under countenance of Governor Jackson's proclamation, General D.M. Frost +organized a force and established Camp Jackson, near St. Louis, the site +being now covered by a well-built portion of the city. Jackson had +refused to call out troops in response to President Lincoln's +requisition, but Frank P. Blair had promptly raised one regiment and +stimulated the formation of four others in St. Louis. On May 10, 1861, +Captain Nathaniel Lyon, of the regular army, who commanded at the +arsenal at St. Louis, and had there a garrison of several hundred +regulars, marched with Colonel Blair and the volunteers and a battery to +Camp Jackson, surrounded it, and demanded a surrender. Resistance was +useless. General Frost surrendered his men and stores, including twenty +cannon. St. Louis, and with it Missouri, was thus preserved. Lyon was +made brigadier-general of volunteers. + +Jackson and Price left Jefferson City--Jackson stopping, on June 18th, +at Booneville, one rendezvous for his forces, while Price continued up +the river to Lexington, another rendezvous. General Lyon, leaving St. +Louis on June 13th with an expeditionary force on boats, reached +Booneville almost as soon as Jackson. The unorganized and partially +armed gathering of several thousand men made an impotent attempt at +resistance when Lyon landed, but was quickly routed. Jackson fled, with +his mounted men and such of the infantry as he could hold together, to +the southwest part of the State, gathering accretions of men as he +marched. Lyon set out in pursuit, and Price, abandoning Lexington, +hastened with the force assembled there to join Jackson. Colonel Franz +Sigel had proceeded from St. Louis to Rolla by rail, and marched thence +in pursuit of Jackson to strike him before he could be reinforced. +Sigel, with 1,500 men, encountered Jackson with more than double that +number, on July 5th, near Carthage, in Jasper County. Sigel's +superiority in artillery gave him an advantage in a desultory combat of +some hours. Jackson, greatly outnumbering him in cavalry, proceeded to +envelop his rear, and Sigel was forced to withdraw. Sigel retreated in +perfect order, and managed his artillery so well that the pursuing +cavalry were kept at a distance, while he marched with his train through +Carthage, and fifteen miles beyond, before halting. That night and next +morning Jackson was heavily reinforced by Price, who brought from the +south several thousand Arkansas and Texas troops, under General Ben. +McCulloch and General Pearce. Sigel continued his retreat to +Springfield, where he was joined by General Lyon on July 10th. + +[Illustration: The Field of Operations in Missouri and Northern +Arkansas.] + +Price and McCulloch being continually reinforced, largely with cavalry, +overran Southwestern Missouri. Lyon waited in vain for reinforcements, +and, having but little cavalry, kept closely to the vicinity of +Springfield. Learning that the enemy were marching upon him in two +strong columns, one from the south and one from the west, he moved out +from Springfield with all his force on August 1st, and early next +morning encountered at Dug Springs a portion of the column advancing +from the south under McCulloch. This detachment was shattered and +dispersed, and McCulloch recoiled and moved to the west, to join Price +commanding the other column. Price advanced slowly with the combined +force and went into camp on Wilson Creek, ten miles south of +Springfield, on August 7th. + +Lyon's entire force was, upon the rolls, 5,868. This number included +sick, wounded, and detached on special duty. General Price turned over +his Missouri troops and relinquished command to McCulloch. According to +Price's official report, his Missourians engaged in the battle of the +10th were 5,221. According to the official report of McCulloch, his +entire effective force was 5,300 infantry, 15 pieces of artillery, 6,000 +horsemen armed with flintlock muskets, rifles, and shotguns, and a +number of unarmed horsemen. + +General Lyon, not having sufficient force to retreat across the open +country to supports, resolved to strike a sharp blow that would cripple +his opponent, and thus secure an unmolested retreat. He marched out from +Springfield at five o'clock P.M., on August 9th, leaving 250 men and one +gun as a guard. Colonel Sigel, with 1,200 men and a battery of six +pieces, moved to the left, to get into the rear of McCulloch's right +flank; Lyon, with 3,700 men, including two batteries, Totten's with six +guns, and Dubois with four, and also including two battalions of regular +infantry, inclined to the right so as to come upon the centre of the +enemy's front. The columns came in sight of McCulloch's camp-fires after +midnight, and rested in place till day. At six o'clock on the morning of +the 10th, attack was made almost simultaneously by the two columns at +the points designated. Sigel advanced to the attack with great +gallantry, but soon suffered a disastrous repulse; five of his six guns +were taken and his command scattered. + +McCulloch's entire force, with artillery increased by the five pieces +taken from Sigel, turned upon Lyon's little command. Lyon's men were +well posted and fought with extraordinary steadiness. Infantry and +artillery face to face fired at each other, with occasional +intermissions, nearly six hours. General Lyon, after being twice +wounded, was killed. The opposing lines at times came almost in contact. +Each side at times recoiled. When the conflict reached the hottest, and +McCulloch pushed his men, about eleven o'clock, up almost to the muzzles +of the national line, Captain Granger rushed to the rear, brought up the +supports of Dubois' battery, eight companies in all, being portions of +the First Kansas, First Missouri, and the First Iowa, fell suddenly upon +McCulloch's right flank, and opened a fire that shot away a portion of +McCulloch's line. This cross-fire cleared that portion of the field; +McCulloch's whole line gave way and retired out of view. It was now for +the first time safe for Major Sturgis, who had assumed command on the +death of Lyon, to retreat. Sturgis withdrew in order and fell back to +Springfield unmolested. The entire national loss, according to the +official report, was 223 killed, 721 wounded, and 292 missing. The +missing were nearly all from Sigel's column. Two regiments in General +Lyon's column, the First Missouri and the First Kansas, lost together +153 killed and 395 wounded. General Price reported the loss of his +Missouri troops, 156 killed, 517 wounded, and 30 missing. General +McCulloch reported his entire loss as 265 killed, 800 wounded, and 30 +missing. The death of General Lyon was a severe loss. He was zealous in +the national cause and enterprising in maintaining it; he was ready to +assume responsibility, and prompt in taking initiative; sagacious in +comprehending his antagonist, quick in decision, fertile in resource, +and was as cool as he was bold. On the night of the 10th, the army +stores in Springfield were put into the wagons, and next morning the +national force set out for Rolla, the end of the railroad, where it +arrived in good order on the 15th. Meanwhile, Price and McCulloch, +having some disagreement, withdrew to the Arkansas border. + +General John C. Fremont was, July 9, 1861, assigned to the command of +the Western District, comprising the States of Illinois, Kentucky, +Missouri, and Kansas, and territories west, and arrived in St. Louis +from the East on July 25th. Before arriving he appointed +Brigadier-General John Pope to command the district of Northern +Missouri, being that part of Missouri north of the Missouri River. Pope +arrived at St. Charles, Mo., with three infantry regiments and part of +one cavalry regiment of Illinois volunteers, on July 17th, and assumed +command. On July 21st, General Pope published an order making all +property within five miles of a railway responsible for malicious injury +done to such railway. On July 31st he published another order, making +the property of each county responsible for damage done by, and the cost +of suppressing, predatory outbreaks in such county. For a month the +effect of these orders was to allay disturbance in the district, and +secure the administration of affairs by the ordinary machinery of civil +government; but in about a month the orders were set aside, and in their +place martial law was declared throughout the State. + +General Fremont learned of the battle of Wilson Creek on August 13th, +and resolved at once to fortify St. Louis as his permanent base, and +also fortify and garrison Jefferson City, Rolla, Cape Girardeau, and +Ironton. Price marched leisurely up through the western border of the +State. Unorganized bands springing up in the country attacked +Booneville and Lexington, but were easily repulsed by the little +detachments guarding those places. Colonel Mulligan was sent to +Lexington with additional troops, making the entire force there 2,800 +men and eight field-pieces, and with orders to remain until relieved or +reinforced. + +On September 11th, Price arrived before Lexington. There is no authentic +report of his strength; indeed, a large part of his following was an +unorganized assemblage. He must have numbered 14,000 men at the +beginning of the siege; and reinforcements daily arriving swelled the +number to, at all events, more than 20,000. Colonel Mulligan took +position on a rising ground close to the river, east of the city, +forming a plateau with a surface of about fifteen acres, and fortified. + +Judging by the despatches of General Fremont, he seems to have felt no +apprehension as to the fate of Mulligan, and made no serious effort to +relieve him. The force at Jefferson City remained there. The troops at +St. Louis were not moved. General Pope, who, under orders from General +Fremont, had advanced from Hannibal to St. Joseph along the line of the +railroad, driving off depredators, repairing the road, and stationing +permanent guards, heard on September 16th, at Palmyra on his return, +something of the condition of affairs at Lexington. He had sent his +troops then in the western part of the State toward the Missouri River +in pursuit of a depredating body of the enemy. He immediately despatched +an order to these troops to hasten to Lexington upon completing their +present business. They were not able, however, to arrive in time. + +Price, having organized his command into five divisions, each commanded +by a general officer, did not push his siege vigorously till the 18th. +On that day, a force proceeding through the city of Lexington and under +cover of the river-bank, seized the ferry-boats, cut Mulligan off from +his water-supply, and carried a mansion close to Mulligan's works and +overlooking them. A sortie and a desperate struggle regained possession +of the house. Another assault and another desperate struggle finally +dispossessed the garrison of the house. Price closed in upon the +beleaguered works and firing became continuous and uninterrupted. On the +20th, Price, having a footing on the plateau, carried up numbers of +bales of hemp and used them as a movable entrenchment. By rolling these +forward, he pushed his line close to Mulligan's works. The besieged were +already suffering from want of water, and surrender could be no longer +postponed. + +Fremont, hearing of the surrender on September 22d, began to bestir +himself to look after Price. He left St. Louis for Jefferson City on the +27th, and sent thither the regiments that had been kept at St. Louis. +Price on the same day moved out of Lexington and marched deliberately to +the southwest corner of the State. On September 24th, Fremont published +an order constructing an army for the field of five divisions, entitled +right wing, centre, left wing, advance, and reserve--under the command, +respectively, of Generals Pope, McKinstry, Hunter, Sigel, and Ashboth; +headquarters being respectively at Booneville, Syracuse, Versailles, +Georgetown, and Tipton. The regiments and batteries assigned to the +respective divisions were scattered all over the State, many of them +without wagons, mules, overcoats, cartridge-boxes, or rations. Orders +were issued to advance and concentrate at Springfield. Sigel arrived +there on the evening of October 27th, and Ashboth on the 30th. Fremont +was convinced that Price was on Wilson's Creek, ten or twelve miles from +Springfield. Despatches were sent urging McKinstry, Hunter, and Pope to +hasten. Pope, having marched seventy miles in two days, arrived on +November 1st, and McKinstry arrived close behind him. + +On November 2d an order came from Washington relieving Fremont from +command of the department, and appointing Hunter to the command. Hunter +having not yet come up, Fremont held a council of war, exhibited his +plan of battle at Wilson Creek, and ordered advance and attack to be +made next morning. General Hunter arrived in the night and assumed +command. He sent a reconnoissance next day to Wilson Creek, and learned +that no enemy was there or had been there. It was soon ascertained that +Price was at Cassville, more than sixty miles off. The army being +without rations and imperfectly supplied with transportation, General +Hunter, acting upon his own judgment and also in accordance with the +wish of President Lincoln expressed in a letter to him, refrained from +any attempt to overtake Price, and withdrew his army back to the +railroads. + +On November 9th, General Halleck was appointed commander of the new +Department of the Missouri, including that portion of Kentucky west of +the Cumberland River. One-half of the force which Fremont had assembled +at Springfield was stationed along the railway from Jefferson City to +Sedalia, its western terminus, and General Pope was put in command of +this force, as well as a district designated Central Missouri. General +Price advanced into Missouri as far as Osceola, on the southern bank of +the Osage River, from which point he sent parties in various directions, +and where he received detachments of recruits. On December 15th, Pope +moved out from Sedalia directly to the south, as if he were pushing for +Warsaw, and at the same time sent a cavalry force to the southwest, to +mask his movement from Price's command at and near Osceola. Next day a +forced march took him west to a position south of Warrensburg, and +between the two roads leading from Warrensburg to Osceola. The same +night he captured the pickets, and thereby learned the precise locality +of a body of 3,200 men, moving from Lexington south to join Price. A +flying column under Lieutenant-Colonel Brown, sent out the same night, +came upon the camp, drove out the command, kept up the pursuit all +night, and all the next day and night, pushing the fugitives away from +Price and utterly dispersing them over the country, and rejoined Pope on +the 18th with 150 prisoners, and sixteen wagons loaded with supplies +captured. At the same time Major Hubbard with his detachment pushed +south to the lines of one of Price's divisions, encamped opposite +Osceola, on the north shore of the Osage, and captured pickets and one +entire company of cavalry, with its tents and wagons. On the 18th, Pope +moved to the north, to intercept another body moving south to join +Price, and which he learned from his scouts would camp that night at the +mouth of Clear Creek, just beyond Warrensburg. His dispositions were so +made and carried out that the entire body was surrounded and captured, +comprising parts of two regiments of infantry and three companies of +cavalry--numbering 1,300 officers and men, with complete train and full +supplies. Pope's troops reoccupied their camps at Sedalia and Otterville +just one week after they marched out of them. Price broke up his camp at +Osceola in haste, and fell rapidly back to Springfield. + +General Samuel R. Curtis arrived at Rolla on December 27th, to take +command of a force concentrating there and called the Army of the +Southwest. One division, under the command of Colonel Jefferson C. +Davis, detached from General Pope's district, added to three other +divisions commanded respectively by General Sigel, General Ashboth, and +Colonel E.A. Carr, made together 12,095 men and fifty pieces of +artillery, including four mountain howitzers. Marching out from Rolla on +January 23, 1862, with three divisions, he halted a week at Lebanon, +where he was joined by Colonel Davis, completing organization and +preparation. After some skirmishing with Price's outposts, Curtis +entered Springfield at daylight, February 15th, to find that Price had +abandoned it in the night. Curtis followed with forced marches, his +advance skirmishing every day with Price's rear-guard. In Arkansas, +Price was joined by McCulloch and they retired to Boston Mountains. +Curtis advanced as far as Fayetteville and then fell back to await +attack on ground of his own choice. + +The position selected was where the main road, running north from +Fayetteville into Missouri, crosses Sugar Creek, and goes over a ridge +or rough plateau called Pea Ridge, and was near the Missouri line. For +easier subsistence the divisions were camped separately and some miles +apart. Davis' division was at Sugar Creek, preparing the position for +defence. Sigel, with his own and Ashboth's divisions, was at Cooper's +farm, about fourteen miles west; and Carr's division, with which General +Curtis had his headquarters, was twelve miles south on the main +Fayetteville road, at a place called Cross Hollows. Strong detachments +were sent in various directions, forty miles out, to gather in forage +and subsistence. The strength of the command was somewhat diminished by +the necessity of protecting the long line of communication with the base +of supplies by patrols as well as stationary guards, and the aggregate +present in Arkansas was 10,500 infantry and cavalry, and forty-nine +pieces of artillery. + +To settle the continued dissension between Price and McCulloch, General +A.S. Johnston, the Confederate commander in the West, appointed General +Earl Van Dorn to command west of the Mississippi. Van Dorn assumed +command January 29, 1862, in northeastern Arkansas, and hastened on +February 22d to join McCulloch at Fayetteville, to which place Price was +then retreating before Curtis. Van Dorn says that he led 14,000 men into +action. All other accounts put his force at from thirty to forty +thousand. Perhaps he enumerated only the seasoned regiments, and took no +account of unorganized bands, or of the several thousand Indians under +Albert Pike. + +At two o'clock P.M., March 5th, General Curtis received intelligence +that Van Dorn had begun his march. Orders were immediately sent to the +divisions and detachments to concentrate on Davis' division. Carr moved +at 6 P.M., and arrived at 2 A.M. Sigel deferred moving till two o'clock +A.M., and at Bentonville halted, himself with a regiment of infantry, +the Twelfth Missouri, Elbert's light battery, and five companies of +cavalry, till ten o'clock, two hours after the rear of his train had +passed through the place. By this time Van Dorn's advance guard had +arrived, and before Sigel could form had passed around to his front, at +the same time enveloping his flanks. By the skilful disposition of his +detachment, and the admirable conduct of the men, Sigel was able to +resume and continue his march, an unbroken skirmish, rising at times +into engagement, from half-past ten o'clock till half-past three, when +he was joined by reinforcements which General Curtis had hurried back to +him. The line was formed, facing to the south, on the crest of the +bluffs overlooking the Valley of Sugar Creek, Sigel being on the right, +next to him Ashboth, then Davis, and Carr being the left. The position +was entrenched, and the approaches were obstructed by felled timber. One +foraging party of 250 men and one gun did not return till after the +battle, so that Curtis' force engaged was just 10,250 men and +forty-eight guns. + +Van Dorn did not assault that evening. By dawn next day it was +ascertained that he had made a great detour by the west, and was coming +up on the right and rear. Curtis faced his line to the rear and wheeled +to the left, so that his new line faced nearly west; the original right +flank, now the left, was scarcely moved, and Carr's division had become +the right. Colonel Osterhaus, with three regiments of infantry and two +batteries, was despatched from Sigel's division to aid a regiment of +cavalry and a flying battery that had been quickly sent to retard the +enemy's centre and give Carr's division time to deploy. Osterhaus met +the cavalry returning, and threw his detachment against the advancing +line. The picket posted at Elkhorn tavern, where Carr was to deploy, was +attacked and driven back, and Carr's division had to go into line under +fire. Osterhaus found himself opposed to the corps of McCulloch and +McIntosh, and was about being overwhelmed when Davis' division moved to +his support. Pea Ridge is in places covered with timber and brush, in +places intersected by deep ravines, and a portion of it was a tangle of +fallen timber, marking the path of a hurricane. Manoeuvring was not +easy, and detours were required in reinforcing one part of the line from +another. The contest on the field, where Davis and Osterhaus were +opposed to McCulloch and McIntosh, was fierce and determined until +McCulloch and McIntosh were killed. Their numerous, but partially +disciplined followers lost heart and direction, and before the close of +day gave way before the persistent and orderly attack, and finally broke +and left the field. + +Carr's division was opposed to Price's corps, and Van Dorn gave his +personal attention to that part of the field. Gallantry and +determination could not prevail against gallantry and determination +backed by superior numbers. Bit by bit, first on one flank, then the +other, he receded. Curtis sent his body-guard, then the camp-guard to +reinforce him, and then a small reserve that had been guarding the road +to the rear. Carr had sent word he could not hold out much longer. +Curtis sent word to persevere, and went in person to the left, where +Sigel with his two divisions had not yet been under fire, and hurried +Ashboth over to Carr's relief. Carr had been gradually pushed back +nearly a mile; Van Dorn had been concentrating upon him, resolved to +crush him. Curtis, returning with Ashboth, met the Fourth Iowa marching +to the rear, in good order. Colonel Dodge explained that ammunition was +exhausted, and he was going for cartridges. "Then use your bayonets," +was the reply, and the regiment faced again to the enemy and steadily +advanced. It was about five o'clock P.M. when Ashboth reached Carr's +line and immediately opened fire. The combat continued till dark set in. + +As it was evident that Van Dorn was throwing his whole force upon the +position held by Carr, General Curtis took advantage of the cessation +during the night to re-form his line. Davis and Osterhaus were brought +to join Carr's left, and Sigel was ordered to form on the left of +Osterhaus. When the sun rose, Sigel was not yet in position, but Davis +and Carr began attack without waiting. General Curtis, riding to the +front of Carr's right, found in advance a rising ground which gave a +commanding position for a battery, posted the Dubuque battery there, and +moved forward the right to its support. Sigel, coming up with the +divisions of Osterhaus and Ashboth on Davis' left, first sent a battery +forward, which by its rapid fire repelled the enemy in its front, and +then with its deployed supports wheeled half to the right. Another +battery pushed forward repeated the manoeuvre with its supporting +infantry. The column thus deployed on the right into line, bending back +the enemy's right wing in the execution of the movement--each step in +the deployment gaining space for the next succeeding step. The line as +now formed, from the Dubuque battery on the right to Sigel's left, +formed a curve enclosing Van Dorn's army. Under this concentric fire Van +Dorn's entire force before noon was swept from the field to find refuge +in the deep and tortuous ravines in his rear. Pursuit was fruitless. +McCulloch's command, scattering in all directions, was irretrievably +dispersed. Van Dorn, with Price's corps and other troops, found outlet +by a ravine leading to the south, unobserved by the national troops, +went into camp ten miles off on the prairie, and sent in a flag of truce +to bury his dead. The national loss was 203 killed, 972 wounded, and 176 +missing. Van Dorn reported his loss as 600 killed and wounded and 200 +prisoners, but the dispersion of a large portion of his command +prevented full reports. + +Van Dorn was now ordered to report at Corinth, where A.S. Johnston was +assembling his army. Most of the national forces remaining in Missouri +were sent to General Grant, to aid in his expeditions against Fort Henry +and Fort Donelson. General Curtis made a promenade across Arkansas, +halting at times, and came out on the Mississippi in July, 1862. + +While Price kept Southwest Missouri in a state of alarm, Jefferson +Thompson, appointed by Governor Jackson brigadier-general and commander +of district, marauded over Southeastern Missouri, sometimes raiding far +enough to the north to strike and damage railways. On October 14, 1861, +by a rapid march he passed by Pilot Knob, which Colonel Carlin held with +1,500 men, struck the Iron Mountain Railroad at its crossing of Big +River, destroyed the bridge--the largest bridge on the road--and +immediately fell back to Fredericktown. The news reaching St. Louis on +the 15th, the Eighth Wisconsin infantry and Schofield's battery were +despatched thence to reinforce Colonel Carlin; and General Grant, +commanding at Cape Girardeau, sent Colonel Plummer, of the Eleventh +Missouri, with his own regiment, the Seventeenth and Twentieth Illinois, +a section of artillery and two companies of cavalry, in all 1,500 men, +to join in an attack upon Thompson. Meanwhile a party of cavalry was +sent out from Pilot Knob to Fredericktown, to occupy Thompson by +demonstrations and hold him there. + +Colonel Plummer marched out from Cape Girardeau on the morning of the +18th, and sent a messenger to Colonel Carlin advising him of his +movement; the messenger fell into Thompson's hands. Thompson sent his +train to the south, and, moving a few miles below Fredericktown with his +force numbering 4,000 men, took a strong position and awaited attack. +Carlin with 3,000 men effected a junction with Plummer and his 1,500, +the combined force being under command of Colonel Plummer. Thompson was +attacked as soon as discovered. After a sharp fight of two hours +Thompson gave way, was driven from his position, retreated, and fell +into rout. He was pursued several miles that day, and the pursuing force +returned to Fredericktown for the night. Next day Colonel Plummer +followed in pursuit twenty-two miles without further result, returned to +Fredericktown the 23d, and on the 24th began his march back to Cape +Girardeau. + +Colonel Plummer's loss was 6 killed and 60 wounded. He took 80 +prisoners, 38 of them wounded; captured one iron twelve-pounder gun, a +number of small arms and horses, and buried 158 of Thompson's dead +before leaving Fredericktown. Thompson's following was demoralized by +this defeat, and Southeast Missouri after it enjoyed comparative quiet. + +The State of Kentucky at first undertook to hold the position of armed +neutrality in the civil war. On September 4, 1861, Gen. Leonidas Polk, +moving up from Tennessee with a considerable force into Western +Kentucky, seized Hickman and Columbus on the Mississippi, and threatened +Paducah on the Ohio. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, appointed brigadier-general +of volunteers on August 7, 1861, to date from May 17th, assumed command +on September 1st, by order of General Fremont, of the District of +Southeast Missouri. This district included not only the southeastern +part of Missouri, but also Southern Illinois, and so much of Western +Kentucky and Tennessee as might fall into possession of the national +forces. General Grant arrived at Cairo on September 2d, established his +headquarters there on the 4th, and next day heard of the action of +General Polk. He immediately notified General Fremont, and also the +Legislature of Kentucky, then in session at Frankfort, of the fact. +Getting further information in the day, he telegraphed to General +Fremont he would go to Paducah unless orders to the contrary should be +received. He started in the night with two regiments and a battery, and +arrived at Paducah at half-past six next morning. General L. Tilghman +being in the city with his staff and a single company of recruits, +hurried away by rail, and Grant occupied the city without opposition. +The Legislature passed a resolution "that Kentucky expects the +Confederate or Tennessee troops to be withdrawn from her soil +unconditionally." Polk remained, and Kentucky as a State was ranged in +support of the government. + +General Grant, leaving a sufficient garrison, returned at noon to Cairo +to find there permission from Fremont to take Paducah if he felt strong +enough, and also a reprimand for communicating directly with a +legislature. General C.F. Smith was put in command of Paducah next day +by Fremont, with orders to report directly to Fremont. A few weeks +later, Smith occupied and garrisoned Smithland at the mouth of the +Cumberland. Grant suggested the feasibility of capturing Columbus, and +on September 10th asked permission to make the attempt. No notice was +taken of the request. His command was, however, continually reinforced +by new regiments, and he found occupation in organizing and disciplining +them. General Polk meanwhile was busy fortifying Columbus, where the +river-bank rises to a high bluff, until the bluff was faced and crowned +with massive earthworks, armed with one hundred and forty-two pieces of +artillery, mostly thirty-two and sixty-four pounders. At the same time +heavy defensive works commanding the river were erected below at Island +No. Ten and New Madrid, and still farther below, but above Memphis, at +Fort Pillow. + +On November 1st, General Fremont being on his expedition to Springfield, +his adjutant in charge of headquarters at St. Louis directed General +Grant to make demonstrations on both sides of the Mississippi at +Norfolk, Charleston, and Blandville, points a few miles north of +Columbus and Belmont. Next day he advised Grant that Jeff. Thompson was +at Indian Ford of the St. Francois River, twenty-five miles below +Greenville, with about three thousand men, and that Colonel Carlin had +started from Pilot Knob in pursuit, and directing Grant to send a force +to assist Carlin in driving Thompson into Arkansas. On the night of the +3d, Grant despatched Colonel Oglesby with 3,000 men from Commerce to +carry out this order. On the 5th, Grant was further advised by telegraph +that General Polk, who commanded at Columbus, was sending reinforcements +to Price, and that it was of vital importance that this movement should +be arrested. General Grant at once sent an additional regiment to +Oglesby, with directions to him to turn his course to the river in the +direction of New Madrid; requested General C. F. Smith to make a +demonstration from Paducah toward Columbus; and also sent parties from +Bird's Point and Fort Holt to move down both sides of the river, so as +to attract attention from Columbus. + +On the evening of the 6th, General Grant started down the river on +transports with five regiments of infantry, the Twenty-second, +Twenty-seventh, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first Illinois, and the Seventh +Iowa, Taylor's Chicago battery, and two companies of cavalry. The +Twenty-seventh, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first Illinois were made into a +brigade commanded by General John A. McClernand; the Twenty-second +Illinois and the Seventh Iowa into a brigade under Colonel H. Dougherty, +of the Twenty-second Illinois. The entire force numbered 3,114 men. +General Grant, in his report, states the number at 2,850. As five +companies were kept at the landing when the force disembarked, the +number given by General Grant represents the number taken into action. +Two gunboats, under the command of Captain Walke of the navy, convoyed +the expedition. A feint was made of landing nine miles below Cairo, on +the Kentucky side, and the expedition lay there till daybreak. Badeau +says that General Grant received intelligence, at two o'clock in the +morning of the 7th, that General Polk was crossing troops from Columbus +to Belmont, with a view of cutting off Oglesby, and that he thereupon +determined to convert what had been intended as a mere demonstration +against Belmont into a real attack. + +Belmont was the lofty name of a settlement of three houses squatted upon +the low river-flat opposite Columbus, and under easy range of its guns. +A regiment and a battery were encamped in a cleared field of seven +hundred acres on the river-bank, and the camp was surrounded on its +landward side by an abattis of felled timber. At six o'clock in the +morning the fleet moved down, and the troops debarked at half-past eight +on the Missouri shore, three miles above Columbus, and protected from +view by an intervening wooded point. About the same time General Polk +sent General Pillow across the river to Belmont with four regiments, +making the force there five regiments and a battery. Pillow estimated +the number of men at about twenty-five hundred. + +General Grant marched his command through the timber and some cleared +fields, and formed in two lines facing the river--McClernand in front, +Dougherty in rear. A depression parallel to the river, making a +connected series of ponds or sloughs, had to be crossed in the advance +in line. These depressions were for the most part dry, but the +Twenty-seventh Illinois, the right of the front line, in passing around +a portion that was yet filled with water, made such distance to the +right that Colonel Dougherty's brigade moved forward, filled the +interval, and the attack was made in a single line. + +The opposing skirmishers encountered in the timber. Pillow's line of +battle was in the open, facing the timber. The engagement was in the +simplest form: two forces equal in number encountered in parallel lines. +Most of the men on both sides were for the first time under fire, and +had yet had but scanty opportunity to become inured to or acquainted +with military discipline. The engagement was hotly contested--the +opposing lines, while for some time alternately advancing and receding, +were steady and unbroken. At length Pillow gave way. When his line was +once really broken it could not rally in the face of pursuit. The +national line pressing on, pushed Pillow back through the camp and over +the upper or secondary bank to the first or lower bottom in disorder. +The Second Tennessee, just arrived across the river, took position under +the secondary bank, for a while checked the pursuit, giving time for +the routed troops to make their way through the timber up the river, and +finally followed them in a more orderly retreat. + +The national troops, having now undisturbed possession of the captured +camp, gave way to their exultation. General McClernand called for three +cheers, that were given with a will. The regiments broke ranks, and the +battery fired upon the massive works and heavy siege-guns crowning the +heights across the river. A plunging fire of great shells from the +fortifications, and the sight of boats loaded with troops leaving the +opposite shore, were impressive warnings that the invaders could not +safely tarry. General Grant directed the camp to be set on fire, and the +command to be assembled and to return. General Polk became convinced +that Columbus was not in danger of present attack, and determined to +reinforce Pillow promptly and effectively. The Eleventh Louisiana and +Fifteenth Tennessee arrived first, and attack was made upon both flanks +of the hastily formed retreating column, encumbered as it was with +spoils. The Seventh Iowa and Twenty-second Illinois, the regiments +mainly attacked, replied with vigor, though thrown into some confusion. +Pillow halted his men to re-form, and drew them off to await the arrival +of reinforcements on the way, under General Polk in person. + +The command embarked. The battery took on board two guns and a wagon +captured and brought off in place of two caissons and a wagon left +behind, and also brought off twenty horses and one mule captured. When +all who were in sight were on board, General Grant, supposing the five +companies who had been left to guard the landing were still on post, +rode out to look for one of the parties that had been sent to bring in +the wounded, and which had not returned. Instead of the guard, which had +gone on board without orders, supposing its duty was done, he saw +approaching a hostile line of battle. He rode back, his horse slid down +the river-bank on its haunches, and trotted on board a transport over a +plank thrust out for him. General Polk had come over with General +Cheatham, bringing two more regiments and a battalion. The entire force +formed in line, approached the river-bank, and opened fire. The +gunboats, as well as the infantry on the transports, returned the fire. +Each side was confident that its fire caused great slaughter; but, in +fact, little damage was done. The fleet, some distance up-stream, +overtook and received on board the Twenty-seventh Illinois, which had +become separated from the column, and, instead of returning with it, +returned by the road over which the advance was made. The national loss +was: in McClernand's brigade, 30 killed, 130 wounded, and 54 missing; in +Dougherty's brigade, 49 killed, 154 wounded, and 63 missing; in Taylor's +battery, 5 wounded. There were no casualties in the cavalry. The +aggregate loss was 79 killed, 289 wounded, and 117 missing; making, in +all, 485. Most of the wounded were left behind and taken prisoners. A +number of the missing made their way to Cairo. The Seventh Iowa suffered +most severely. Among the 26 killed and 80 wounded were the +lieutenant-colonel killed, and the colonel and major wounded. Colonel +Dougherty, of the Twenty-second Illinois, commanding the second brigade, +was wounded and taken prisoner. The Confederate loss was 105 killed, 419 +wounded, and 117 missing; in all, 641. Of this aggregate, 562 were from +the five regiments originally engaged. Besides the loss in men and the +destruction of the camp, forty-five horses were killed. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +FORT HENRY. + + +General A.S. Johnston, on September 17, 1861, sent General S.B. Buckner, +who had left Kentucky and entered the Confederate service, to seize and +occupy Bowling Green, in Kentucky, with a force of 4,000 men. Bowling +Green is at the crossing of the Big Barren River by the Louisville and +Nashville road. A little to the south the Memphis and Ohio branches off +from the Louisville and Nashville. Bowling Green was therefore a gateway +through which all approach to the south from Louisville by rail must +pass. There was no access by rail from the Ohio River to the south, east +of Bowling Green. The road from Paducah led nowhere. The railroads to +the north from Mississippi ended, not on the Ohio, but at Columbus, on +the Mississippi. Defensive earthworks had already been begun at Fort +Donelson, on the left Bank of the Cumberland, Fort Henry, on the right +bank of the Tennessee, twelve miles west of Fort Donelson, and at +Columbus, on the Mississippi. General Johnston, with the aid of his +engineers, Lieutenant Dixon and Major J.F. Gilmer, afterward General and +Chief Engineer of the Confederate army, adopted these sites as places to +be strongly fortified. The line from Columbus to Bowling Green became +the line chosen to bar access from the North to the South, and to serve +as a base for invasion of the North. + +The idea of breaking this line by an expedition up the Tennessee and +Cumberland Rivers seems to have presented itself to many. Colonel +Charles Whittlesy, of the Twentieth Ohio, a graduate of West Point and +formerly in the army, while acting as Chief Engineer on the staff of +General O.M. Mitchell in Cincinnati, wrote to General Halleck, November +20, 1861, suggesting a great movement by land and water up the +Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, on the ground that this was the most +feasible route into Tennessee, and would necessitate the evacuation of +Columbus and the retreat of Buckner from Bowling Green. In December, +1861, General Sherman, conversing with General Halleck, in St. Louis, +suggested that the proper place to break the line was the centre, to +which Halleck assented, pointing on the map to the Tennessee River, and +saying that is the true line of operations. On January 3, 1862, General +D.C. Buell, in a letter to General Halleck, proposed a combined attack +on the centre and flanks of General Johnston's line, and added: "The +attack on the centre should be made by two gunboat expeditions, with, I +should say, 20,000 men on the two rivers." General Halleck, writing to +General McClellan, January 20, 1862, said a movement down the +Mississippi was premature; that a more feasible plan was to move up the +Cumberland and Tennessee, making Nashville the objective point, which +movement would threaten Columbus and force the abandonment of Bowling +Green, adding "but the plan should not be attempted without a large +force--not less than 60,000 men." General McClellan, however, thought +such a movement should be postponed for the present. He wrote on January +6th, to General Buell, Commander of the Department of the Ohio, which +department included all of Kentucky east of the Cumberland River: "My +own general plans for the prosecution of the war make the speedy +occupation of East Tennessee and its lines of railway matters of +absolute necessity. Bowling Green and Nashville are in that connection +of very secondary importance at the present moment." General Grant wrote +no reasoned speculations about it, but throughout January pressed +Halleck for permission to make the attempt. + +[Illustration: The Line from Columbus to Bowling Green.] + +On January 6, 1862, Grant wrote to General Halleck for permission to +visit St. Louis. On the same day General Halleck, in pursuance of orders +received from General McClellan, who was then in Washington in supreme +command of the United States forces, directed General Grant to make a +demonstration on Mayfield, in the direction of Murray. He was directed +to "make a great fuss about moving all your force toward Nashville," and +let it be understood that twenty or thirty thousand men are expected +from Missouri. He was further directed to give this out to the +newspapers, and not let his own men or even his staff know the contrary. +At the same time he was advised that the real object was to prevent +reinforcements being sent to Buckner, and charged not to advance far +enough to expose his flank or rear to an attack from Columbus, and by +all means to avoid a serious engagement. On the 10th, Halleck +telegraphed to delay; but Grant was already gone, with McClernand and +6,000 men from Cairo and Bird's Point, and had sent General C.F. Smith +from Paducah with two brigades. The troops were out more than a week. +The weather was cold, with rain and snow. The excursion was good +practice in campaigning for the new volunteers, and detained +reinforcements at Columbus while General George H. Thomas fought and won +the battle of Mill Springs, in Kentucky. + +General Grant, on his return to Cairo, wrote again on January 20th for +permission to visit St. Louis. Receiving General Smith's report on the +22d, in which Smith said that the capture of Fort Henry was +feasible--that two guns would make short work of it, he at once +forwarded the report to St. Louis, and on the same day obtained the +permission sought. When he began to unfold the object of his visit, to +obtain permission to capture Henry and Donelson, Halleck silenced him so +quickly and sharply that he said no more, and returned to Cairo +believing his commander thought him guilty of proposing a military +blunder. But, persisting still, he telegraphed on the 28th that, if +permitted, he would take Fort Henry and establish and hold a camp there. +Next day he wrote to the same effect in detail. On the 28th, Commodore +A.H. Foote, flag-officer of the gunboat fleet, wrote to General Halleck +that he concurred with General Grant, and asking if they had Halleck's +authority to move when ready. On January 30th, General Halleck +telegraphed to Grant to get ready, and made an order directing him to +proceed. The order was received on February 1st, and next day General +Grant started up the Tennessee with 17,000 men on transports, convoyed +by Commodore Foote with seven gunboats. + +The sites of Forts Henry and Donelson were chosen, and the work of +fortifying them begun, by the State of Tennessee, when Kentucky was +still holding itself neutral. Fort Donelson, immediately below the town +of Dover, was a good position, and was near the Kentucky line. The site +chosen for Fort Henry commanded a straight stretch of the river for some +miles, and was near the State line and near Donelson. But it was low +ground, commanded by higher ground on both sides of the river, and was +washed by high water. Under the supervision of General A.S. Johnston's +engineers, the work had become a well-traced, solidly constructed +fortification of earth, with five bastions mounting twelve guns, facing +the river, and five guns bearing upon the land. Infantry intrenchments +were thrown up on the nearest high land, extending to the river both +above and below the main work, and commanding the road to Fort Donelson. +A work named Fort Heiman was begun on the bluff on the opposite side of +the river, but was incomplete. + +General McClernand, commanding the advance, landed eight miles below the +fort. General Grant made a reconnoissance in one of the gunboats to draw +the fire of the fort and ascertain the range of its guns. Having +accomplished this, he re-embarked the landed troops, and debarked on +February 4th, at Bailey's Ferry, three miles below the fort and just out +of range of its fire. The river overflowed its banks, much of the +country was under water; a heavy rain fell. The entire command did not +get ashore till in the night of the 5th. In the night, General C.F. +Smith was sent across the river to take Fort Heiman, but it was +evacuated while Grant was landing his force at Bailey's Ferry. +McClernand was ordered to move out at eleven o'clock in the morning of +the 6th, and take position on the roads to Fort Donelson and Dover. + +[Illustration: Fort Henry.] + +General Tilghman had telegraphed for reinforcements, and had about +thirty-four hundred men with him, but only one company of artillerists. +At midnight of the 5th he telegraphed to General A.S. Johnston that +Grant was intrenching at Bailey's Ferry. But, on the morning of the 6th, +Tilghman gave up the idea of using his infantry in the defence, ordered +Colonel Heiman to move the command to Fort Donelson, while he remained +with the company of artillerists to engage the fleet and the land force, +if it should appear, with the heavy armament of the fort, and thus +retard pursuit. + +At eleven o'clock in the morning of the 6th, General Grant moved with +his command, and at the same time Commodore Foote steamed up the river +with his fleet in two divisions. The first was of ironclads, the +Cincinnati, flag-ship, the Carondelet, and the St. Louis, each carrying +thirteen guns, and the Essex, carrying nine guns. The second division of +three wooden boats, under command of Lieutenant Phelps, followed half a +mile astern. At a quarter before twelve o'clock the first division +opened fire with their bow-guns at a distance of seventeen hundred +yards, and continued firing while slowly advancing to a distance of six +hundred yards from the fort. Here the four boats took position abreast, +and fired with rapidity. Lieutenant Phelps' division sent shells falling +within the work. The little garrison replied with spirit. Fifty-nine +shots from their guns struck the fleet, but most of them rebounded +without doing harm. One shot exploded the boiler of the Essex, scalding +twenty-eight officers and seamen, including Commander Porter. One seaman +was killed and nine wounded on the flag-ship, and one was killed by a +ball on the Essex. In the fort, the twenty-four pound rifled gun +exploded, disabling every man at the piece; a shell from the fleet, +exploding at the mouth of one of the thirty-two pounders, ruined the +gun, and killed or wounded all the men serving it. A premature +explosion at a forty-two pounder killed three men and wounded others. A +priming-wire accidentally spiked the ten-inch columbiad. Five men were +killed, eleven wounded, and five missing. Four guns were disabled. The +men were discouraged. General Tilghman took personal charge of one of +the guns and worked it, but he could no longer inspirit his men. Colonel +Gilmer, Chief Engineer of the Department, and a few others, not willing +to be included in the surrender, left the fort and proceeded to Fort +Donelson on foot. At five minutes before two o'clock General Tilghman +lowered his flag, and sent his adjutant by boat to report to the +flag-officer of the fleet. Twelve officers and sixty-six men in the +fort, and sixteen men in the hospital-boat, surrendered. Flag-officer +Foote, in his report, says the hospital-boat contained sixty invalids. +All the camp-equipage and stores of the force that retreated to Fort +Donelson were included in the surrender; the troops, having no wagons, +had left everything behind. + +At eleven o'clock, General McClernand moved out with his division, +followed by the third brigade of General C.F. Smith's division. +McClernand had two brigades, the first commanded by Colonel R.J. +Oglesby, the second by Colonel W.H.L. Wallace. With each brigade were +two batteries--Schwartz and Dresser with the first brigade, Taylor and +McAlister with the second. The order to McClernand was to take position +on the road from Fort Henry to Fort Donelson and Dover, prevent all +reinforcements to Fort Henry or escape from it, and be in readiness to +charge and take Fort Henry by storm promptly on the receipt of orders. +The road was everywhere miry, owing to the wet season, and crossed +ridges and wet hollows. McClernand reports that the distance by road, +from the camp to the fort, was eight miles. The troops, pulling through +the mud, cheered the bombardment by the fleet when it opened. At three +o'clock McClernand learned that the enemy were evacuating the fort, and +ordered his cavalry to advance if the report was found to be true. +Captain Stewart, of McClernand's staff, came upon the rear of the +retiring force just as they were leaving the outer line of the +earthworks. Colonel Dickey, of the Fourth Illinois cavalry, coming up, +pursued the retreating column three miles, capturing 38 prisoners, six +pieces of artillery, and a caisson. The head of the infantry column +entered the fort at half-past three o'clock. + +Commodore Foote turned over the prisoners and captured property to +General Grant, sent Lieutenant Phelps with the wooden gunboats on an +expedition up the Tennessee, and returned the same evening to Cairo with +two gunboats. Lieutenant-Commander Phelps proceeded up the river to +Florence, at the foot of the Muscle Shoals, in the State of Alabama. An +account of this expedition and its brilliant success belongs to the +naval history of the war. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +FORT DONELSON. + + +The capture of Fort Henry was important, but it would be of restricted +use unless Fort Donelson should also be taken. At this point the +Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers are only twelve miles apart. The little +town of Dover stood upon a bluff on the left bank of the Cumberland. +Immediately above it, two small brooks empty into the river, making a +valley or bottom overflowed by every high water. Immediately below the +town is Indian Creek. One branch of it, rising close by the head of the +upper one of the two brooks, flowing outwardly from the river toward the +west, then bending to the north and northeast, makes almost the circuit +of the town, about half a mile from it, before emptying into the creek. +Several small brooks, flowing from the north into Indian Creek, make +deep ravines, which leave a series of ridges, very irregular in outline, +but generally parallel to the river. About half a mile below the mouth +of Indian Creek, Hickman Creek, flowing eastwardly, empties into the +river at right angles with it. Small branches running into Hickman Creek +almost interlock with those emptying into Indian Creek, whereby the +series of ridges parallel to the river are made to extend continuously +from the valley of one creek to the valley of the other. + +Fort Donelson, a bastioned earthwork, was erected on the river-bluff, +between the two creeks, its elevation being one hundred feet above the +water. A bend in the river gives the fort command over it as far as its +armament could carry. On the slope of the ridge facing down stream, two +water-batteries were excavated. The lower battery and larger one, was so +excavated as to leave traverses between the guns. A ten-inch columbiad +and nine thirty-two pound guns constituted the armament of the lower +battery; a rifled piece, carrying a conical ball of one hundred and +twenty-eight pounds, with two thirty-two pound carronades, the armament +of the upper. These water-batteries were, according to Colonel J.D. +Webster, General Grant's chief of staff, thirty feet above the +water-level at the time of the attack. Colonel Gilmer, the engineer who +constructed them, reported them as being fifty feet above the +water-level; but it does not appear at what stage of the water. As the +narrow channel of the river allowed an attacking party to present only a +narrow front, the batteries required but little horizontal range for +their guns, and the embrasures were accordingly made quite narrow. Eight +additional guns were in the fort. + +Colonel Gilmer, going from Fort Henry to Fort Donelson, immediately +began the tracing and construction of works for infantry defence. The +river protected the east face of the position, and the valley of Hickman +Creek, filled with back-water from the river, sufficiently guarded the +north. The line traced was two miles and a half long, following the +recessions and salients. The right of the line, occupying a ridge +extending from creek to creek, was nearly parallel with the river, and +distant from it fourteen hundred yards in an air-line. It was somewhat +convex, projecting to the front about its centre, at the point where +Porter's battery was afterward posted. The left, facing to the south and +southwest, beginning just above Dover, on the point of a ridge +extending nearly to the river between the two small brooks, continued +out from the river along this ridge to its western extremity, and thence +across the valley of the small curved stream described as encircling +Dover and emptying into Indian Creek, to a V-shaped eminence in the fork +between this small stream and Indian Creek. This salient termination +was on the continuation of the line of the right or the west face of the +infantry works. This point was assigned to Maney's battery and Heiman's +brigade. The line of infantry defence was what came to be called, during +the war, rifle-pit--a trench with the earth thrown up on the outer side. +Batteries were constructed at nine points in the line, and armed with +the guns of eight field batteries. + +[Illustration: The Line from Columbus to Bowling Green.] + +The valley of Indian Creek made a break in the line; there was an +interval at the creek between the portion occupied by Heiman's line and +the work on the opposite slope, afterward the extreme left of General +Buckner's command. The entire line on both faces, except the portion +crossing the small valley or ravine to Heiman's left, followed the face +of ridges from fifty to eighty feet high, faced by valleys or ravines +filled with forest and underbrush. The trees were cut about breast-high, +and the tops bent over outward, forming a rude abattis extremely +difficult to pass through. The back-water filling the valley of Hickman +Creek was an advantage to the defenders of Donelson, in so far as it +served as a protection to one face of the position, and diminished the +distance to be guarded and fortified. It was quite as great an advantage +to the besiegers as it was to the besieged. They were by it relieved +from a longer, being an exterior, line. Their transports and supplies +could be landed and hauled out in security. Moreover, the back-water +extending up Indian Creek also, within the defensive lines, cut the +position in two, and made communication between the two parts +inconvenient. + +Immediately upon the capture of Fort Henry, work was begun on this line +of infantry defence. The garrison, increased by the force from Fort +Henry, numbered about six thousand effective men, under the command of +Brigadier-General Bushrod R. Johnson. General Pillow, ordered by +General A.S. Johnston, arrived on February 9th from Clarksville with +2,000 men. He was immediately followed by General Clarke, who had been +stationed at Hopkinsville with 2,000 more; and Generals Floyd and +Buckner, who were at Russellville with 8,000 more, followed. General +Johnston began to set them all in motion by telegram from Bowling Green, +before he received news of the surrender of Fort Henry. General Floyd +was so averse to going to Donelson that he continued to remonstrate. +General Buckner, whose division had arrived, proposed on the night of +the 11th to take it back to General Floyd, his commanding officer at +Clarksville; but Pillow, who was senior to Buckner, ordered him to +remain, and repaired himself to Clarksville. Under the combined +influence of Pillow's persuasion and General Johnston's orders, Floyd +finally made up his mind to go, and arrived at Donelson with the last of +his command in the night of the 12th. Meanwhile, Major-General Polk had +sent 1,860 men from Columbus. On the night of February 12th, Donelson +was defended by about 20,000 men. The heavy guns in the water batteries +were manned mostly by details from light batteries and artillery drilled +a short time before the national force appeared, by two artillery +officers, under the supervision of Colonel Milton A. Haynes, Chief of +the Tennessee Corps of Artillery. + +General Grant, in reporting to General Halleck, on February 6th, the +surrender of Fort Henry, added: "I shall take and destroy Fort Donelson +on the 8th, and return to Fort Henry." It was soon clear that he could +not haul wagons over the road, and he proposed to go without wagons and +double-team his artillery. The water continued rising. For two miles +inland from Fort Henry the road was for the greater part under water. On +the 8th he telegraphed: "I contemplated taking Fort Donelson to-day with +infantry and cavalry alone, but all my troops may be kept busily +engaged in saving what we now have from the rapidly rising water." The +cavalry, however, fording the overflow, went to the front of Donelson on +the 7th, skirmished with the pickets, and felt the outposts. + +General Halleck went earnestly to work gathering and forwarding troops +and supplies. Seasoned troops from Missouri, and regiments from the +depots in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio--so freshly formed that they had +hardly changed their civil garb for soldier's uniform before they were +hurried to the front to take their first military lessons in the school +of bivouac and battle--were alike gathered up. General Halleck +telegraphed Grant to use every effort to transform Fort Henry into a +work strong on its landward side, and by all means to destroy the +railroad bridge across the Cumberland at Clarksville, above Fort +Donelson. Grant was urging Commodore Foote to send boats up the +Cumberland to co-operate in an attack on Donelson. + +On February 11th, Foote sailed from Cairo with his fleet. On the same +day Grant sent six regiments, which had arrived at Fort Henry on +transports, down the river on the boats from which they had not landed, +to follow the fleet up the Cumberland. He also on the same day moved the +greater part of his force out several miles from Fort Henry on to solid +ground. On the morning of the 12th, leaving General L. Wallace and 2,500 +men at Fort Henry, he moved by two roads, diverging at Fort Henry, but +coming together again at Dover, with 15,000 men and eight field +batteries. The force was organized in two divisions; the first commanded +by General McClernand, the second by General C.F. Smith. McClernand had +three brigades. The first, commanded by Colonel R.J. Oglesby, comprised +the Eighth, Eighteenth, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first +Illinois, the batteries of Schwartz and Dresser, and four companies of +cavalry. The second, commanded by Colonel W.H.L. Wallace, consisted of +the Eleventh, Twentieth, Forty-fifth, and Forty-eighth Illinois, Colonel +Dickey's Fourth Illinois Cavalry, and Taylor's and McAllister's +batteries. The third, commanded by Colonel W.R. Morrison, comprised the +Seventeenth and Forty-ninth Illinois. Smith's first brigade, commanded +by Colonel John McArthur, was composed of the Ninth, Twelfth, and +Forty-first Illinois. The second brigade was left at Fort Henry. The +third, Colonel John Cook, contained the Fifty-second Indiana, Seventh +and Fiftieth Illinois, Thirteenth Missouri, and Twelfth Iowa; and the +fourth, Colonel John G. Lauman, contained the Twenty-fifth and +Fifty-sixth Indiana, and the Second, Seventh, and Fourteenth Iowa. Major +Cavender's battalion of Missouri artillery was attached to the division. +Some of Major Cavender's guns were twenty-pounders. Three pieces in +McAllister's battery were twenty-four pound howitzers. + +McClernand's division, preceded by the Fourth Illinois cavalry, marched +in advance on both roads. No opposition was encountered before reaching +the pickets in front of Donelson. The advance came in sight of the fort +about noon. McArthur's brigade, forming the rear of the column, halted +about three miles from the fort at 6 P.M., and moved into position at +half-past ten. It was observed by Colonel W.H. L. Wallace, whose brigade +was at the head of the column on the telegraph or direct road between +Forts Henry and Donelson, that the enemy's camps were on the other side +of the creek, which, on examination, was found to be impassable. He +moved up the creek and joined Colonel Oglesby, whose brigade was the +advance on the Ridge road, in a wooded hollow, screened from view from +the works by an intervening ridge. + +The moment that deployment was begun, Oglesby's brigade, which was the +farther to the right, was briskly attacked by cavalry, who, after a +sharp skirmish, retired. McClernand's division was assigned to the +right, C.F. Smith's to the left. The day was spent feeling through the +thick woods and along deep ravines, and high, narrow winding ridges. At +times a distant glimpse was caught, through some opening, of the gleam +of tents crowning a height; at times, a regiment tearing its way through +blinding undergrowth was startled and cut by the sudden discharge from a +battery almost overhead, which it had come upon unawares. The advancing +skirmish-line was in constant desultory conflict with the posted +picket-line. Batteries, occasionally, where an opening through the +timber permitted, took a temporary position and engaged the hostile +batteries. The afternoon passed in thus developing the fire of the line +of works, feeling towards a position and acquiring an idea of the +formation of the ground. Smith's division, by night, was in line in +front of Buckner, and McClernand's right had crossed Indian Creek and +reached the Wynn's Creek road. The column had marched without +transportation. The men had nothing but what they carried in knapsack +and haversack. Shelter-tents had not yet come into use. The danger of +drawing the enemy's fire prevented the lighting of camp-fires. The army +bivouacked in line of battle. The besieged resumed at night their task, +which had been interrupted by the afternoon skirmishing, of completing +and strengthening their works. + +Next morning, Thursday the 13th, arrived, and the fleet had not come. +Fifteen thousand men, without supplies, confronted 20,000 well +intrenched. A party was sent to destroy the railroad bridge over the +Tennessee, above Fort Henry, the trestle approach to which had been +partly destroyed by Lieutenant-Commander Phelps, to prevent effectually +reinforcements reaching Donelson from Columbus. Order was sent to +General Lewis Wallace, who had been left with a brigade in command at +Fort Henry, to join the besieging force. The two divisions on the ground +prosecuted the work of feeling for position and probing the enemy. +Colonel Lauman's brigade, of C.F. Smith's division, bivouacked the night +of the 12th, about a mile from the intrenchments. On the 13th he moved +over the intervening ridges till he came in view of the portion of the +works held by Colonel Hanson, constituting the right of General +Buckner's line. A deep hollow filled with timber filled the space +between Lauman and the works before him. On the farther slope, crowned +by the works, the slashed timber made an extensive abattis. Colonel +Veatch, with the Twenty-fifth Indiana, advanced across the ravine or +hollow, and forced his way partly up the slope. He remained with his +command two hours exposed to a fire to which, from their position, they +could make no effectual reply, and were recalled. The Seventh and +Fourteenth Iowa moved up to the left of the position reached by Colonel +Veatch, and a detachment of sharpshooters was posted so as to reach with +their fire the men in the trenches and divert their fire. At night +Lauman withdrew his command to the place of the previous night's +bivouac. Colonel Cook's brigade advanced, the morning of the 13th, on +the right of Lauman's. The left of his line came also in front of +Hanson's works. The valley was here filled with such an "immensity of +abattis" that he did not feel justified in ordering an attempt to cross +it, but kept up through the day a desultory fire of skirmishers and +sharpshooters over it. The demonstration made by Lauman and Cook +appeared so threatening that General Buckner sent the Eighteenth +Tennessee to reinforce Hanson. The Seventh Illinois, which constituted +the right of Cook's advance moving through the timber where a ridge +leads to a battery at a salient in General Buckner's line, suddenly +found itself under fire and retired. Colonel Cook formed his line with +the other four regiments upon a ridge overlooking the enemy's +intrenchments, about six hundred yards from them, separated from them by +a valley dense with timber, mostly cut so as to form abattis, and +remained in this position for the night. + +McClernand continued pressing all day to his right, following the course +of the ridge along which the Wynn's Ferry road passes. By night his +right nearly or quite reached the point where the Wynn's Ferry road +issued from the intrenchments. His artillery was very active; the +companies acting at times separately, at times uniting and concentrating +their fire on some well-served battery, they silenced temporarily +several batteries, and in the afternoon shelled some camps. A determined +assault was made on the position held by Maney's battery, supported by +Colonel Heiman with the Tenth, Forty-eighth, and Fifty-third Tennessee, +and the Twenty-seventh Alabama. This position was, at the same time, the +most salient and the most elevated in the entire line of intrenchment. +It was so traced that both faces were swept by artillery and infantry +fire from portions of the works to the right and the left. Colonel +Morrison was directed with his brigade, the Seventeenth and Forty-ninth +Illinois, to assault this position. Colonel Haynie, of the Forty-eighth +Illinois, senior to Morrison, was ordered to join him and take the +command. Morrison, on the right, assaulted the left face of the work; +the Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth assaulted the right. Crossing the +valley, they began the ascent, encountered the tangled abattis, and +while striving to tear their way through it, under a plunging fire from +the battery and the infantry above them, they were assailed by artillery +and infantry from a long extent of line beyond. They recoiled from this +toil and this double fire. The Forty-fifth Illinois was sent to +reinforce Morrison. The four regiments started again, forced their way +still farther up the abattis, and were again repelled. Undaunted, they +rushed up the hill-side the third time. Part of the command pierced +through the abattis and reached the rifle-pits. The summit of the +rifle-pits was a blaze of musketry. Maney's guns hurled shrapnel into +their faces. To Morrison's right and to Haynie's left, the long line of +rifle-pits was a line of musketry, and from projecting points the +batteries sent their fire. Morrison was wounded. His men could not climb +over the intrenchment. The regiments recalled, fell back in order out of +fire. The dead leaves on the hill-side were inflamed in some way, in +this close contest, and when artillery and musketry had ceased, helpless +wounded lying on the hill-side were burned to death. Colonel Heiman's +men, leaping over their works, were able to save some. General Buckner +reported his loss in the assault on Hanson's position as thirty-nine +killed and wounded. Ten killed and thirty wounded were reported as +Heiman's loss, most of them in Maney's battery. Nearly every regiment in +the entire line of the intrenchments suffered some casualties from the +National artillery. The national loss was more severe. The pertinacity +of the attack through the day prevented the besieged from suspecting the +inferiority in numbers of the attacking force. + +The Carondelet, a thirteen-gun ironclad, arrived in the morning of the +13th, and fired at the water-batteries at long-range. One shot struck a +thirty-two-pound gun, disabling it, and killed Captain Dixon, of the +engineers, who had assisted Colonel Gilmer in the construction of both +Henry and Donelson. A shot from the one hundred and twenty-eight-pound +gun in the upper battery, entering a porthole, damaged the machinery of +the Carondelet, and she drew out of range. + +The fleet, together with transports bringing reinforcements and +supplies, arrived toward evening. McClernand had moved so far around to +the right as to leave a wide gap between his left and Smith's division. +McArthur's brigade, of Smith's division, was moved to the right. Near +midnight, upon the request of General McClernand, McArthur detached two +regiments and moved them farther to the right, to within a quarter of a +mile of McClernand's left. Severe wind set in with the night. Snow fell +and the ground froze. Fires could not be lighted by either army. Some of +McClernand's regiments, having thrown away their blankets on going into +action, sat up all night. + +General Lewis Wallace arrived from Fort Henry about noon, Friday, the +14th, and was placed in command of a division of troops just arrived on +the transports, styled Third Division. The First Brigade, commanded by +Colonel Charles Cruft, consisted of the Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth +Kentucky, and the Thirty-first and Forty-fourth Indiana. The Third +Brigade, commanded by Colonel John M. Thayer, comprised the Fifty-eighth +and Seventy-sixth Ohio, and the First Nebraska. The Second Brigade was +not organized; but in the course of Saturday, the Forty-sixth, +Fifty-seventh, and Fifty-eighth Illinois and Twentieth Ohio, reported +separately, and were assigned to duty. General Wallace moved into +position on the right of General C.F. Smith, so as to hold the narrow +ridge or spur which faced the right of Buckner's line, and was separated +from McClernand by the valley of Indian Creek. + +The day was quiet along the National lines, and was spent in defining +and adjusting the commands in position. Skirmishers exchanged occasional +shots, and artillerists from time to time tried the range of their +guns. McClernand moved his right still nearer to the river, Oglesby's +brigade reaching nearly to the extreme left of the Confederate works, +and to the head of the back-water up the valley of the small brooks +above Dover; the Eighth, Eighteenth, and Twenty-ninth Illinois were +respectively posted across the three roads, which, leaving the main road +along the ridge, called Wynn's Ferry road, crossed the hollow and +through the enemy's intrenchments into Dover. The cavalry reconnoitered +around the enemy's left, to the muddy and overflowed bottom extending +back from the river immediately above Dover. + +According to the report of General Buckner it was decided, in a council +of general officers held that morning, to cut a way for the garrison out +through the enclosing force at once, before delay would make it +impracticable; that General Pillow was to lead, and Buckner to cover the +retreat of the army if the sortie proved successful. Buckner made the +necessary preparations, but early in the afternoon the order was +countermanded by General Floyd, at the instance of General Pillow, who, +after drawing out his troops for the attack, thought it too late for the +attempt. Though this is not mentioned in the reports of General Floyd, +General Pillow, or Colonel Gilmer, Colonel Baldwin in his report says +that General Buckner formed his division in open ground to the left and +rear of the intrenchments, for the purpose, apparently, of attacking the +National right, Colonel Baldwin's command being the head of the column; +that the column marched out by a road about two hundred yards from the +left of the intrenchments, and approached the right of the National line +by a course nearly perpendicular to it; but, after advancing a quarter +of a mile, General Pillow said it was too late in the day to accomplish +anything, and the troops returned to their quarters. Major Brown, +commanding the Twentieth Mississippi, reports substantially the same, +and adds they were under fire as soon as they began the advance, and one +of his men was shot before they advanced one hundred yards. + +About three o'clock in the afternoon Flag Officer Foote moved his fleet +up the river to attack the fort. The flag-ship St. Louis and three other +ironclads, the Carondelet, Louisville, and Pittsburg, each armed with +thirteen guns, advanced, followed by the wooden gunboats Tyler and +Conestoga. The water-battery attacked was a mere trench twenty feet +wide, sunk in the hill-side. The excavated earth thrown up outside the +ditch made a rampart twelve feet through at the summit. Carefully laid +sand-bags added to the height of the rampart, and left narrow spaces for +embrasures; narrow, but sufficient there, where the channel of the +river, straight and narrow, required the fleet to advance in a straight +line and with a narrow front. Such a work, at an elevation of thirty +feet above the water, was almost unassailable. + +The gunboats opened fire when a mile and a half from the fort, and +continued advancing slowly and firing rapidly till the ironclads were +within four hundred yards of the battery. The boats could use only their +bow-guns, three on each boat. After a severe action of an hour and a +half, a solid shot entering the pilot-house of the flag-ship, carried +away the wheel, and the tiller-ropes of the Louisville were disabled by +a shot. The relieving-tackles being no longer able to steer or control +these boats in the rapid current, they became wholly unmanageable, and +drifted down the river. The other two boats were also damaged, and the +whole fleet withdrew. There were fifty-four, officers and men, killed +and wounded on the fleet--Commodore Foote being one of the wounded. The +flag-ship alone was struck fifty-nine times. One rifled gun on the +Carondelet burst during the action. The terrible pounding by the heavy +navy guns seems to have inflicted no injury upon the earthworks, their +armament, or the men. + +Transports arrived in the course of the day, bringing additional +reinforcements. General McArthur was ordered at 5 P.M. to occupy ground +on the extreme right of the National line, to act as a reserve to +General Oglesby. He reached the assigned position in the dark, about 7 +P.M., and "encamped for the night, without instructions and without +adequate knowledge of the nature of the ground in front and on the +right." The troops, without shelter and without fires, suffered another +night of cold and wind and snow and sleet, after a day without food. + +In the night, General Floyd, in council with General Pillow, General +Buckner, and Colonel Gilmer, determined to make a sortie in the morning, +and, if practicable, cut a way out, and retreat by the Wynn's Ferry road +to Charlotte. Pillow was to begin with an attack on McClernand's right, +assisted by the cavalry. When he should succeed in pushing back the +right, Buckner was to issue from the works and strike the division near +its centre. When the whole of the division should be rolled back onto +Lewis Wallace, leaving a cleared way out into the country over the road, +Pillow's division was to lead, and Buckner to hold the National forces +back and afterward serve as rear-guard on the retreat to Charlotte. The +brigade commanders were sent for and received instructions. No +instructions were given to them, nor was anything said in the council, +as to what supplies the troops should carry, and some regiments took +neither knapsacks nor rations. Before dawn, Saturday, the 15th, Pillow's +division began assembling, as on the previous day, on open ground in +rear of the extreme left of the intrenchments. Colonel Baldwin, who was +posted with two of his regiments, the Twenty-sixth Tennessee and +Twenty-sixth Mississippi, in Pillow's portion of the intrenchments, +while the rest of his brigade was west of Indian Creek, under Buckner, +held the advance, the Twentieth Mississippi being added to his command, +giving him a temporary brigade of three regiments. Colonel Heiman, with +his brigade and Maney's battery, strengthened by the Forty-second +Tennessee, were to remain in position and thence aid the attack while it +was going on. The Thirtieth Tennessee was to occupy the trenches vacated +by Buckner, while the Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Tennessee were to act as +garrison to the main work--the fort. + +Commodore Foote wrote to General Grant desiring an interview with him, +and asking, as he was disabled by wounds, to be excused from going to +see Grant, requested that the interview be held on the flag-ship. The +Twentieth Ohio, which had arrived on transports the evening before and +was ordered to report to General Lewis Wallace the day before, while +marching after breakfast from the boats to the fort, met General Grant +with some of his staff riding down the river road to where the boats +lay. The sally had been made and the attack begun; but there was nothing +in the sound that came through several miles of intervening forest to +indicate anything more serious than McClernand's previous assaults. + +Baldwin's brigade, leaving the intrenchments at 6 A.M., marched by the +right flank out a narrow and obstructed byroad, crossed the valley in +front of the works, and, while ascending the slope beyond, encountered +what they supposed to be a line of pickets. But Oglesby's hungry men had +slept little that cold night, and by simply rising to their feet were in +line of battle. Baldwin's brigade, in attempting to deploy, was thrown +into confusion, repeatedly rallied, and was thrown into disorder and +pushed back before its line was established. Colonel Baldwin, in his +report, says that deployment forward into line would have brought his +men into such an exposed situation that he threw his regiment first into +column of company, then deployed on the right into line, and admits that +practising tactics with new troops under fire is a different thing from +practice on the drill-ground. The movement that Colonel Baldwin +attempted with his leading regiment, the Twenty-sixth Mississippi, is +the same that General Sigel accomplished at Pea Ridge with such +brilliant effect, where he had by artillery fire to drive back the +enemy's line to gain room for each successive deployment. + +The firing sufficiently notified General McArthur where he was, and, +without waiting for orders, he formed his brigade into line on Oglesby's +right. Pillow's division, continually filing out from the intrenchments, +continually extended his line to his left. McArthur, to gain distance to +his right, widened the intervals between his regiments, refused his +right, and prolonged it by a skirmish line. Oglesby brought into action +Schwartz's battery, then commanded by Lieutenant Gumbart, and the +batteries in position in the besieged intrenchments joined in the +combat. A tenacious fight, face to face, ensued--so stationary that its +termination seemed to be a mere question of endurance and ammunition. +General Pillow moved the Twentieth Mississippi by wheeling its left to +the front. In this position the regiment suffered so severely that it +withdrew and took shelter behind a rising ground. A depression was found +by which General B.R. Johnson's brigade could find comparative +protection while moving to their left and gaining distance to their +front. General McArthur found his right flank turned and his ammunition +nearly exhausted, and withdrew his brigade to a new position several +hundred yards to his rear. Oglesby moved the Eighteenth Illinois to the +right, to partially fill the vacated line, and brought up the Thirtieth +Illinois from its position in reserve to take the place left by the +Eighteenth. Colonel Lawler, of the Eighteenth, was wounded early in the +engagement. Captain Brush, who had succeeded to the command, was wounded +while carrying out this movement. The ammunition of the Eighteenth being +now nearly gone, it retired in good order to replenish, leaving 44 of +its number dead, and 170 wounded on the ground where it had stood. + +McClernand, when he found his command heavily pressed, sent to Lewis +Wallace, the adjoining division commander, for aid. Wallace sent to +Grant's headquarters for instructions, but the General was away on the +flag-ship, and his staff did not take the responsibility of acting in +his place. Wallace, having been ordered to act on the defensive, +declined to move without first receiving an order. When McArthur fell +back, Oglesby's right became enveloped, McClernand repeated his request, +and Wallace, seeing the affair was serious, took the responsibility, and +ordered Cruft's brigade to advance. The Twenty-fifth Kentucky, on coming +up, by some mistake fired into the Eighth and Twenty-ninth Illinois. +These regiments and the Thirtieth Illinois broke and retired. The Eighth +had lost 55 killed and 188 wounded; the Twenty-ninth, 25 killed and 60 +wounded; the Thirtieth, 19 killed and 71 wounded. The wounded had been +taken off to a building in the rear, which was turned into a hospital. +Cruft maintained his position stoutly, receiving and making charges, and +firing steadily from line. His men found the same difficulty that is +mentioned in reports of other commanders, of distinguishing the enemy +except when close at hand, or in motion. Their uniform, of the same +color with the dead leaves of dense scrub-oak, uniforms and foliage at a +short distance were undistinguishable. McArthur drew his brigade back +out of the contest, halted, and obtained ammunition and rations. His +men, who had fasted thirty-six hours, had one good meal before they +moved toward night to the extreme left, in support of the troops there +engaged. Cruft's brigade, being isolated, finally retired to the right +and rear, and took position near the hospital. + +When the rest of Oglesby's brigade retreated, the Thirty-first Illinois, +Colonel John A. Logan, the left of the brigade and connecting with the +right of Colonel W.H.L. Wallace's brigade, wheeled so as to have its +line at right angles with the line of the enemy's intrenchments; for, as +McArthur's and Oglesby's commands crumbled away, Pillow's division, +rolling up McClernand's, were now advancing in a course parallel to the +front of their intrenchments. The Thirty-first held its ground; but +yielding was only a question of time. As Pillow's division in deploying +continually increased its front, Colonel Baldwin's brigade was +continually pressed to his right and came in front of W.H.L. Wallace's +brigade. McCausland's brigade, consisting of the Thirty-sixth and +Fiftieth Virginia, formed on Baldwin's right and in front of W.H.L. +Wallace, Their assault was aided by the batteries in position in the +intrenchments, and Wallace's batteries alternately replied to the +artillery and played upon the line of infantry. Wallace held his line, +and Pillow sent to Buckner to advance. Buckner held his command within +the intrenchments massed, waiting for his opportunity. He sent three +regiments, Third Tennessee, Eighteenth Tennessee, and Fourteenth +Mississippi, across the intervening hollow. They attacked with spirit; +but, confused by the missiles flying overhead, broken by pushing through +the snow-covered boughs, and galled by the hot fire they encountered, +they quickly fell back in disorder, and, according to General Buckner, +communicated their depression to the rest of his command. + +Toward noon, as McClernand's right was rolled up and began to crumble, +Buckner, who had cheered his men, now led his division farther to his +right, near to Heiman's position in the intrenchments; there he +approached under cover till near Wallace's line. Three batteries +supported his charge--Maney's, Porter's, and Graves', these three +batteries concentrating their fire on Wallace's artillery. Forrest +brought his cavalry forward. Wallace's brigade, with Taylor's and +McAllister's batteries, and Logan's regiment, with boxes nearly empty, +withstood the combined attack. McAllister fired his last round of +ammunition. Taylor had fired seventeen hundred rounds of ammunition, an +average of two hundred and eighty-three rounds to the piece. The +infantry fired their last cartridge. The batteries of Maney, Graves, and +Porter poured in their fire; the divisions of Pillow and Buckner +aided--some regiments at a halt firing, but Buckner's advancing. +Forrest's cavalry hovered on the outskirts. Wallace gave the command to +fall back. McAllister had not horses left to haul off his three +howitzers, and had to leave two. The order did not reach the Eleventh +Illinois. The rest of the command fell back in regular order, and the +Eleventh and Thirty-first continued fighting. Colonel Logan, of the +Thirty-first, was wounded; the lieutenant-colonel was killed. Thirty +others were killed. The ranks were thinned by the wounded who had fallen +and been carried off the field. Ammunition was gone. Logan told +Lieutenant-Colonel Ransom, of the Eleventh Illinois, who, having had his +wound dressed, had returned to his regiment, that the Thirty-first must +leave, and suggested that the Eleventh should take the position left by +the Thirty-first. The Thirty-first marched steadily from the field, and +the Eleventh, alone now, faced to the rear, wheeled to the left, and +continued the fight. But, assailed on both flanks as well as in front, +and finally charged by the cavalry, it was broken, and fell back in +disorder. The brigade fell back half a mile. + +Fugitives from the front passed by General Lewis Wallace, who was +conversing with Captain Rawlins, General Grant's assistant +adjutant-general. Among them a mounted officer galloped down the road, +shouting, "We are cut to pieces." General Wallace at once ordered +Colonel Thayer's brigade to the front. Marching by the flank, they soon +met portions of Oglesby's and Colonel Wallace's brigades retiring from +the field. They all stated they were out of ammunition. Thayer's brigade +passed on at a double-quick. Position was taken; a battery, Company A, +Chicago Light Artillery, commanded by Captain Wood, was posted across +the road; to its right, the First Nebraska and Fifty-eighth Illinois; to +the left, the Fifty-eighth Ohio and a company of the Thirty-second +Illinois. The Seventy-sixth Ohio and Forty-sixth and Fifty-seventh +Illinois were posted in reserve. As soon as this line was formed, +interposed between the enemy and the retiring regiments, they halted and +waited for ammunition. The line was scarcely formed before a force, +coming up the road and through the forest, made a fierce attack. The +assault was vigorous. The line remained steady, and, with fire +deliberate and well aimed, quickly drove off the assailants. That closed +the attack made by the sortie. Colonel Cruft's brigade, the position of +which was not then known to General Wallace, was off at the right, near +enough to see the repulsed force retire in the direction of the works. +Cruft's brigade was brought into alignment with Thayer's, and Wallace +held the ground with his division. + +McClernand's division was swept from the ground which it had occupied. +The desired road for retreat was open to the besieged. Buckner was in +the position assigned to him, and halting, awaited his artillery and +reserves from the intrenchments. General Pillow, who now found himself +within the intrenchments at the salient, held by Colonel Heiman, +directed the artillery to remain, and sent reiterated orders to Buckner +to return and resume his position within the works. He was in the act of +returning when he met General Floyd, who seemed surprised at the +movement. After some conversation, in which both agreed that the +original plan should be carried out, Floyd directed Buckner to remain +till he could see Pillow. After consulting with Pillow, Floyd sent +orders to Buckner to retire within the lines, and to repair as rapidly +as possible to his former position on the extreme right, which was in +danger of attack. By order of General B.R. Johnson, Colonel Drake's +brigade and the Twentieth Mississippi remained on the field. + +General Grant, at his interview on the flag-ship, was advised of the +serious injury to the fleet, and informed that Commodore Foote, leaving +his two ironclads least injured to protect the transports at the +landing, would proceed to Cairo with the other two, repair them, hasten +the completion of the Benton and mortar-boats, and return to the +prosecution of the siege. General Grant, upon this, made up his mind to +intrench, and with reinforcements complete the investment of the enemy's +works. Reaching the lines about one o'clock on his return, he learned +the state of affairs, ordered General C.F. Smith to prepare to storm the +works in his front, repaired to the right, inspected the condition of +the troops, and gave orders to be ready to attack when General Smith +should make his assault. + +The Fifty-second Indiana had been detached from Colonel Cook's brigade +to watch a gap in the intrenchments, near the extreme right of the +besieged line. At two o'clock General Smith ordered the assault by +Lauman's brigade; the Fifty-second Indiana was temporarily attached to +the brigade. The assaulting force was formed in column of battalions of +five companies each. The Second Iowa was in advance, with General Smith +in its centre, and followed in order by the Fifty-second Indiana, +Twenty-fifth Indiana, Seventh Iowa, and Fourteenth Iowa. Birge's +sharpshooters, deployed on each flank, opened a skirmishing fire. The +column advanced silently, without firing, crushed down the abattis, +covered the hill-side with battalions, heedless of the fire from the +garrison, pressed on to the works, leaped over, formed in line, and +drove the defending regiment to further shelter. + +Just at this time General Buckner was gaining this, the extreme right of +the line of intrenchments, with Hanson's regiment, which had left it in +the morning for the sortie. Hanson pushed his men forward, but the works +were occupied. The Thirtieth Tennessee, which had been holding that +portion of the works during the day, fell back to another ridge or spur, +between the captured work and the main fort. Lauman's brigade pushed on +to assault that position. Hanson's regiment, the Third, Eighteenth, and +Forty-first Tennessee and Fourteenth Mississippi, came to the aid of the +Thirtieth; portions of Porter's and Graves' batteries were brought up. +The Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Tennessee, the garrison of the fort, +hastened out in support. General Smith sent for Cook's brigade and +artillery. Lieutenant-Colonel McPherson sent up two ten-pound Parrott +guns. Buckner held the inner ridge, to which his men had retired, and +intrenched it in the night. Smith held the works he had gained, an +elevation as high as any within the line. His battery established +there, enfiladed part of the line still held, and took in reverse nearly +the whole of the intrenchments. In the charge, the column, including +Birge's sharpshooters, but excluding the Fifty-second Indiana, lost 61 +killed and 321 wounded; of these, the Second Iowa lost 41 killed and 157 +wounded. General Smith, though sixty years old, spent the night without +shelter, on the captured ridge. + +General Grant, having set in motion C.F. Smith's attack, rode to the +right and ordered the troops there to take the offensive and regain the +ground that had been lost. General Lewis Wallace moved with a brigade +commanded by Colonel Morgan L. Smith, and made of the Eighth Missouri +and Eleventh Indiana, in advance. These two regiments belonged to +Smith's division, and marched from Fort Henry to Donelson with Wallace. +Colonel M.L. Smith, in his report, calls this command the Fifth Brigade, +Third Division. The regimental commanders in their reports style it, +Fifth Brigade, General C.F. Smith's division. Following was Cruft's +brigade. General Wallace says, in his report: "As a support, two Ohio +regiments, under Colonel Ross, were moved up and well advanced on the +left flank of the assailing force, but held in reserve." Colonel Ross, +of the Seventeenth Illinois, arriving at the front that morning and +reporting for duty, was at once assigned to the command of the brigade +composed of the Seventeenth and Forty-ninth Illinois, and, as ordered by +General McClernand, moved with General Wallace in support and reserve, +till recalled about dark by McClernand. An Ohio regiment, the Twentieth, +Colonel Whittlesey, did go out in support and reserve, but it was not +under Colonel Ross, and it remained close to the enemy's works all +night. + +The column approached the ridge held by Drake's brigade and the +Twentieth Mississippi. M.L. Smith's brigade came in front, where the +slope was bare; Cruft had to push up through bushes. General Wallace +speaks with admiration of the advance by Smith. He advanced his line and +ordered it to lie down, and to continue firing while lying down. As soon +as the fire of the enemy on the summit slackened, the regiments rose, +dashed up the hill, and lay down again before the fire from the hill-top +could be made effective. In a short time, with rapid bounds, the summit +was gained. Cruft's brigade pushed up through the bushes. Drake fell +back within the intrenchments. Wallace stationed his picket-line close +to the enemy's works. The retiring Confederate force took with them six +captured pieces of artillery, several thousand small arms, and between +two and three hundred prisoners; but returned to their trenches weary, +disappointed, disheartened. + +In the night General Floyd and General Buckner met with General Pillow +and his staff, at General Pillow's headquarters, to consider the +situation. After some recrimination between Pillow and Buckner whether +the intention and plan had been to commence the retreat directly from +the battlefield, or first to cut a way out and then return to the works, +equip for a march and retreat by night, it was agreed to evacuate that +night and march out by the ground which had been gained. Pillow ordered +the chief quartermaster and the chief commissary to burn the stores at +half-past five in the morning. Precaution was taken, however, before +actually preparing for the movement, to send out scouts to see if the +way were still clear. The scouts returned with report that the National +forces had reoccupied the ground. This being doubted, other scouts were +sent out, who brought the same report in more positive terms. Pillow +proposed to cut a way out. Buckner said that was now impossible, and +Floyd acquiesced. Pillow at last assented to this, but proposed to hold +the fort at least one day longer and take the chances of getting out. +Buckner said that was impossible; a lodgement had been made in the key +of his position; assault would certainly follow as soon as it was light, +and he could not withstand it. It was remarked that no alternative was +left but to surrender. General Floyd said he would never surrender--he +would die first. Pillow said substantially the same. Buckner said, if he +were in command, he would surrender and share the fate of the garrison. +Floyd inquired of Buckner, "If the command should devolve on you, would +you permit me to take out my brigade?" To which Buckner replied, "Yes, +if you leave before the terms of capitulation are agreed on." Forrest +asked, "Gentlemen, have I leave to cut my way out?" Pillow answered, +"Yes, sir, cut your way out," and asked, "Is there anything wrong in my +leaving?" Floyd replied, "Every person must judge for himself of that?" +Whereupon General Pillow said, "Then I shall leave this place." General +Floyd turned to General Pillow and told him, "General Pillow, I turn the +command over, sir." General Pillow said, "And I pass it." General +Buckner said, "And I assume it," and countermanded the order for the +destruction of the commissary and quartermaster stores, and ordered +white flags to be prepared and a bugler to report to him. + +At eleven o'clock that night Floyd telegraphed to General A.S. Johnston +a glorious victory. Four hours later, at the close of the council or +conference, he telegraphed: "We are completely invested by an army many +times our numbers. I regret to say the unanimous opinion of the officers +seems to be that we cannot maintain ourselves against these forces." + +Colonel Forrest reported that upon examination he found that deep mud +and water made an escape by land, between the investing force and the +river, impracticable for infantry. Forrest marched out with all the +cavalry but Gantt's Tennessee battalion and two companies of Helm's +Kentucky cavalry, taking with him the horses of Porter's battery and +about two hundred men of various commands. There was not a steamboat at +the landing; General Floyd had sent all up the river with wounded and +prisoners. Not a skiff or yawl could be found. A little flatboat or scow +was got by some means from the other side of the river, and on this +General Pillow crossed the river with his staff and Colonel Gilmer. Two +steamboats returned at daybreak, one of them bringing "about four +hundred raw troops." The four hundred raw troops were dumped on shore, +and Floyd took possession of the boats. Floyd's brigade, consisting of +four Virginia regiments and the Twentieth Mississippi, had been divided +during the siege. The four Virginia regiments were organized into two +brigades, and the Twentieth Mississippi attached to another command. Two +Virginia regiments were ferried across the river, and the Twentieth +Mississippi, understanding that they were to be taken on board with +Floyd, stood on guard and kept off the growing crowd of clamorous +soldiers while the other two Virginia regiments embarked. The rope was +cut and Floyd steamed up the river, leaving the Twentieth Mississippi +and his aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Breckenridge Drake, behind. It was said +afterward that word was received from General Buckner that the boat must +leave at once, or it would not be allowed to leave. + +Soon after daybreak, Sunday the 16th, the men of Lauman's brigade heard +the notes of a bugle advancing from the fort. It announced an officer, +who bore to General Grant a letter from General Buckner, proposing the +appointment of commissioners to agree upon terms of capitulation, and +also proposing an armistice until noon. General Grant replied, +acknowledging the receipt of the letter, and adding: "No terms except an +unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted. I propose to move +immediately upon your works." Buckner replied: "The distribution of the +forces under my command, incident to an unexpected change of commanders, +and the overwhelming force under your command, compel me, +notwithstanding the brilliant success of the Confederate arms yesterday, +to accept the ungenerous and unchivalrous terms which you propose." +White flags were displayed along the works; the National troops marched +in, and General Grant at once made the following order: "All prisoners +taken at the surrender of Fort Donelson will be collected as rapidly as +practicable near the village of Dover, under their respective company +and regimental commanders, or in such manner as may be deemed best by +Brigadier-General S.B. Buckner, and will receive two days' rations +preparatory to embarking for Cairo. Prisoners are to be allowed their +clothing, blankets, and such private property as may be carried about +the person, and commissioned officers will be allowed their side-arms." + +There is disagreement as to the number of guns captured. There were +thirteen in the water-batteries and eight in the fort. Besides, there +were eight artillery companies, whose field-pieces were disposed in nine +positions along the line of intrenchments. Six of these companies were +those of Maney, Porter, Graves, Green, Guy, Jackson. The other two are +called Ross and Murray in the account in the Nashville _Patriot_, and +called Parker and French on the pen-sketch of the works showing the +position of the light batteries, found among the Confederate records. +The number of pieces in these batteries is not given. Badeau gives the +number of guns surrendered at sixty-five, and no reason is seen why that +is not correct. + +There is no means of determining with any precision the number of the +garrison. General Grant, on the day of the surrender, reported the +number of prisoners taken as twelve to fifteen thousand. Badeau says the +number captured was 14,623; and that rations were issued at Cairo to +that number of prisoners taken at Fort Donelson. According to a report +or estimate made by Major Johnson, of the first Mississippi, and found +among his papers in Mississippi in 1864, the number "engaged" was +15,246, and the number surrendered 11,738. General Floyd gives no +estimate. General Pillow, in his brief to the Secretary of War of the +Confederacy, defending himself from charges, gives thirteen thousand as +about the number engaged in the defence; while General Buckner, in a +report made after he was exchanged, says the aggregate of the army +within the works was never greater than twelve thousand. An estimate +published in the Nashville _Patriot_ soon after the surrender makes the +number engaged 13,829. + +Major Brown's estimate was evidently the most deliberate and careful, +yet it is not free from error. It is not accurate in the number of +casualties. The regimental reports made after the surrender are not +numerous, but they present some means of testing Major Brown's estimate. +According to that estimate, the Eighth Kentucky lost 19 killed and 41 +wounded; according to the official report of Colonel Simonton, +commanding the brigade, the loss of the Eighth Kentucky was 27 killed +and 72 wounded. According to Major Brown's estimate, two of the Virginia +regiments lost none killed or wounded, and the aggregate of the loss of +the four regiments was 13 killed and 113 wounded; according to the +brigade reports, every regiment lost both killed and wounded, the +aggregate being 41 killed and 166 wounded. Major Brown's estimate omits +the Kentucky cavalry battalion of three companies. It names also only +seven artillery companies, while the Nashville _Patriot's_ account and +the memorandum on the manuscript plan of the intrenchments name eight. +This estimate is also incomplete. It gives only the number engaged +belonging to regiments and companies, and thereby excludes brigade and +division commanders, and their staff and enlisted men at their +headquarters; it also excludes the "four hundred raw troops" (the +reports give them no other designation) who arrived too late to be +engaged, but in time to be surrendered; and the estimate being only of +those engaged, excludes sick, special duty men, and all except the +muskets and sabres present for duty in the works. Such an estimate of +"effective" or "engaged" is no basis for a statement of the number +surrendered. The morning report of Colonel Bailey's regiment, the +Forty-ninth Tennessee, for January 14th, was 680 effectives out of an +aggregate of 777. His last morning report before the surrender was 393 +effectives out of an aggregate of 773. Major Brown's estimate gives this +regiment 372 engaged. Colonel Bailey's morning report of those present +with him on the way from Donelson to Cairo, which included none from +hospitals, was, officers and men, 490. + +There is no report of trustworthy accuracy, giving either the aggregate +or the effective strength. Ten thousand five hundred prisoners were put +into the charge of Colonel Whittlesey, of the Twentieth Ohio; of which +number he sent north, guarded by his own regiment, about six thousand +three hundred; another, but much smaller body, was put into the hands of +Colonel Sweeney. Besides these, were the wounded and sick in hospital, +in camp, and some left on the field. Colonel Whittlesey, at the time, +estimated the entire number taken charge of, including sick and wounded, +at 13,000. General Floyd said that the boats which carried across and +up the river his four Virginia regiments, took at the same time about as +many other troops; and he says he took up the river with him 986, +officers and men, of the four Virginia regiments. Pillow reported, on +March 14th, that several thousand infantry had got out in one way or +other, many of whom were at that time with him at Decatur, Ala., and the +rest under orders to rendezvous there. They continued slipping out after +the surrender. General B.R. Johnson, on the Tuesday after the surrender, +not having reported or been enrolled as a prisoner, walked with a +fellow-officer out of the intrenchments at mid-day, and, not being +challenged, continued beyond the National camps and escaped. The +accounts of the escape by boat with Floyd, on horse with Forrest, and by +parties slipping out by day and by night through the forest and +undergrowth and the devious ravines, fairly show that 5,000 must have +escaped. There was scarcely a regiment or battery, if, indeed, there was +a single regiment or battery, from which some did not escape. Eleven +hundred and thirty-four wounded were sent up the river by boat the +evening before the surrender, and General Pillow estimated the killed at +over four hundred and fifty. This accounts for an aggregate of over +nineteen thousand five hundred, sufficiently near the estimate of +nineteen thousand six hundred--the number in the place during the siege, +and the additional four hundred, who arrived only in time to be +surrendered. + +General Floyd surmised the killed and wounded to be fifteen hundred. +Pillow estimated them at two thousand. The National loss was, in +McClernand's division, 1,445 killed and wounded, and 74 missing; in C.F. +Smith's division, 306 killed, 1,045 wounded, and 167 missing; and in +Lewis Wallace's division, 39 killed, 248 wounded, and 5 missing--making +an aggregate of 3,329 killed, wounded, and missing. General Grant sat +down before the place Wednesday the 12th, at noon, with 15,000 men, and +with that number closed in upon the works and made vigorous assaults +next day. Reinforcements began to arrive at the landing Thursday +evening, and when the place surrendered his army had grown by +reinforcements to twenty-seven thousand. Grant had no artillery but the +eight field-batteries which he brought over from Fort Henry to Donelson. +These were not fixed in position and protected by earthworks, but were +moved from place to place and used as batteries in the field. + +The defensive line from Columbus to Bowling Green, broken by the capture +of Fort Henry, was now shattered. General A.S. Johnston evacuated +Bowling Green on February 14th, and on the 17th and 18th moved with the +main body of his troops from Nashville to Murfreesboro. The rear-guard +left Nashville on the night of the 23d, and the advance of Buell's army +appeared next morning on the opposite bank of the river. Columbus was +evacuated shortly after. The National authority was re-established over +the whole of Kentucky, the State of Tennessee was opened to the advance +of both army and fleet, and the Mississippi was cleared down to Island +Number Ten. + +General Halleck telegraphed on February 17th, the day after the +surrender, to General McClellan: "Make Buell, Grant, and Pope +major-generals of volunteers, and give me command in the West. I ask +this in return for Donelson and Henry." Next day, the 18th, he +telegraphed to General Hunter, commanding the Department of Kansas, +thanking him for his aid in sending troops; and to Grant, ordering him +not to let the gunboats go up higher than Clarksville, whence they must +return to Cairo immediately upon the destruction of the bridge and +railroad. On the 19th he telegraphed to Washington: "Smith, by his +coolness and bravery at Fort Donelson, when the battle was against us, +turned the tide and carried the enemy's outworks. Make him a +major-general. You cannot get a better one. Honor him for this victory, +and the whole country will applaud." On the 20th he telegraphed to +McClellan, "I must have command of the armies in the West. Hesitation +and delay are losing us the golden opportunity." Upon the receipt in +Washington of the news of the surrender of Fort Donelson, the President +at once appointed Grant major-general, and the Senate immediately +confirmed the appointment. Buell and Pope shortly after received the +same promotion. Later, in March, C.F. Smith, McClernand, and Lewis +Wallace were confirmed to the same rank. On March 11th, General Halleck +was assigned to the command of the Department of the Mississippi, +embracing all the troops west of a line drawn north and south +indefinitely through Knoxville, Tenn., and east of the western boundary +of Arkansas and Missouri. On February 15th, Grant had been assigned to +the command of the Military District of Tennessee, the limits of which +were not defined, and General W.T. Sherman succeeded to the command of +the District of Cairo. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +NEW MADRID AND ISLAND NUMBER TEN. + + +A division belonging to General Pope's command in Missouri went with +General Curtis to Pea Ridge and Arkansas. A considerable portion of what +was left was sent up the Tennessee and Cumberland to General Grant. On +February 14, 1862, General Pope was summoned to St. Louis by General +Halleck, and on the 18th General Halleck pointed out to him the +situation at New Madrid and Island No. Ten, and directed him to organize +and command a force for their reduction. On the 19th Pope left for Cairo +to defend it from an attack then apprehended from Columbus. This +apprehension being found to be groundless, he proceeded by steamboat, +with a guard of 140 men, thirty miles up the river, and began at once to +organize his expedition. + +Major-General Polk, commanding at Columbus, having received instructions +from the Confederate War Department, through General Beauregard, to +evacuate Columbus and select a defensive position below, adopted that +embracing Madrid Bend on the Tennessee shore, New Madrid on the Missouri +shore, and Island No. Ten between them. The bluffs on the Missouri shore +terminate abruptly at Commerce. Thence to Helena, Arkansas, the west +bank of the Mississippi is everywhere low and flat, and in many places +on the river, and to much greater extent a few miles back from the +river, is a swamp. From Columbus to Fort Pillow, the Tennessee shore is +of the same character. The river flowing almost due south for some miles +to Madrid Bend, curves there to the west of north to New Madrid, and +there making another bend, sweeps to the southeast and then nearly east, +till, reaching Tiptonville, a point nearly due south of Madrid Bend, it +turns again to the south. Island No. Ten begins at Madrid Bend and looks +up the straight stretch of the river. From Island No. Eight, about four +miles above Island No. Ten, the distance across the land to New Madrid +is six miles, while by river it is fifteen. The distance overland from +Island No. Ten to Tiptonville is five miles, while by water it is +twenty-seven. Commencing at Hickman, between Madrid Bend and Columbus, a +great swamp, which for a part of its extent is a sheet of water called +Reelfoot Lake, extends along the left bank of the Mississippi, and +discharges its waters into the Mississippi forty miles below +Tiptonville, leaving between it and the river the peninsula which lies +immediately below Island No. Ten, and opposite New Madrid. Immediately +below Tiptonville the swamp for many miles extends entirely to the +river. The peninsula is, therefore, substantially an island, having the +Mississippi on three sides, and Reelfoot Lake, with its enveloping +swamp, on the other. A good road led from the Tennessee shore, opposite +Island No. Ten, along the west border of the swamp and the lake to +Tiptonville. The only means of supply, therefore, for the forces on +Island No. Ten and this peninsula, were by the river. If the river were +blockaded at New Madrid, supplies must be landed at Tiptonville and +conveyed across the neck of the peninsula by the road. From this +peninsula there was no communication with the interior except by a small +flatboat which plied across Reelfoot Lake, more than a mile across, by a +channel cut through the cypress-trees which cover the lake. Supplies +and reinforcements could not, therefore, be brought to any considerable +extent by the land side; nor could escape, except by small parties, be +made in that direction. A mile below Tiptonville begin the great swamps +on both sides of the Mississippi. If batteries could be planted on the +lowest dry ground, opposite and below Tiptonville, so as to command the +river and effectually intercept navigation, the garrison of Island No. +Ten and its supports would be cut off from reinforcements and from +escape. + +General Polk began the evacuation of Columbus on February 25th. One +hundred and forty pieces of artillery were mounted in the works. All +these, except two thirty-two pounders and several carronades, which were +spiked and left, were taken to Island No. Ten and the works in +connection with it. Brigadier-General McCown with his division went down +the river to Island No. Ten, on February 27th, and General Stewart, with +a brigade, followed to New Madrid on March 1st. The rest of the infantry +marched under General Cheatham, by land, March 1st to Union City. Next +day General Polk, having sent off the bulk of the great stores +accumulated at this place, destroyed the remainder and moved away with +his staff and the cavalry. The force that went from Columbus to Island +No. Ten included General Trudeau's command of ten companies of heavy +artillery and the Southern Guards who acted as heavy artillery. The +light batteries were brigaded with the infantry. + +Some progress had been made in throwing up batteries on the island and +at the bend. Sappers and miners were at once set to work, aided by the +companies of heavy artillery and details from the infantry. By March +12th, four batteries, scarcely above the water-level, were completed on +the island and armed with twenty-three guns, and five batteries on the +main-land, armed with twenty-four guns. Battery No. 1, on the main-land, +called the Redan, armed with six guns, was three thousand yards in an +air-line above the point of the island. A line of infantry +intrenchments, _en cremaillere_, extended from the Redan to the water of +a bayou which connects with Reelfoot Lake. A floating battery, anchored +near the lower end of the island, added ten guns to its defence. Later, +a fifth battery was erected on the island, and the number of guns in +battery on the island and on the main-land, at the bend, was increased +to fifty-four, exclusive of the floating battery. On the Missouri shore +a bastioned redoubt, called Fort Thompson, with fourteen guns, stood +below the town, and an earthwork with seven guns, called Fort Bankhead, +just above the town. Infantry intrenchments extended these forts, and a +field-battery of six pieces was added to the armament of the upper fort. +Commodore Hollins, of the Confederate navy, aided the land-forces with +eight gunboats. General McCown, making an inspecting visit to the +position on February 25th, found there Colonel Gantt, of Arkansas, with +the Eleventh and Twelfth Arkansas, and two artillery companies, acting +as garrison to Fort Thompson, and at once, before returning to Columbus, +ordered Colonel L.M. Walker, with two regiments from Fort Pillow, to +guard the defences just above New Madrid. + +General Pope having landed at Commerce with 140 men, regiments and +batteries rapidly arrived from Cairo, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. With +the assistance of able and experienced officers, Generals Schuyler +Hamilton, Stanley, Palmer, and Granger, the troops were brigaded, +divisions formed, and the command organized. Colonel Plummer being +promoted to brigadier-general after the arrival before New Madrid, the +organization was modified. As finally organized, it comprised five small +infantry divisions. First, commanded by General D.S. Stanley, +comprising First Brigade, Colonel John Groesbeck, Twenty-seventh and +Thirty-ninth Ohio; and Second Brigade, Colonel J.L.K. Smith, Forty-third +and Sixty-third Ohio. Second Division, General Schuyler Hamilton, +comprising First Brigade, Colonel W.H. Worthington, Fifth Iowa and +Fifty-ninth Indiana; and Second Brigade, Colonel N. Perczell, +Twenty-sixth Missouri Infantry and Sands' Eleventh Ohio Battery. Third +Division, General J.N. Palmer, comprising First Brigade, Colonel J.R. +Slack, Thirty-fourth and Forty-seventh Indiana; and Second Brigade, +Colonel G.N. Fitch, Forty-third and Forty-sixth Indiana Infantry, +Seventh Illinois Cavalry, and Company G, First Missouri Light Artillery. +Fourth Division, comprising First Brigade, Colonel J.D. Morgan, Tenth +and Sixteenth Illinois; and Second Brigade, Colonel G.W. Cumming, +Twenty-sixth and Fifty-first Illinois, First Illinois Cavalry, and a +battalion of Yate's sharpshooters. Fifth Division, General J.B. Plummer, +comprising First Brigade, Colonel John Bryner, Forty-seventh Illinois +and Eighth Wisconsin; and Second Brigade, Colonel J.M. Loomis, +Twenty-second Illinois, Eleventh Missouri Infantry, and Company M, First +Missouri Light Artillery. Besides these was a cavalry division, +commanded by General Gordon Granger, comprising the Second and Third +Michigan Cavalry; also an artillery division, commanded by Major W.L. +Lothrop, comprising the following batteries: Second Iowa, Third +Michigan, Company F, Second United States Artillery, Houghtaling's +Ottawa Light Artillery, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Batteries of the First +Wisconsin Artillery, and De Golyer's battery, afterward Company H, of +the First Michigan Artillery. In addition to these was a command under +Colonel J.W. Bissel, called the Engineer's Regiment of the West, +comprising the Fifteenth Wisconsin and Twenty-second Missouri Infantry, +the Second Iowa Cavalry, a company of the Fourth United States Cavalry, +a company of the First United States Infantry, and battalion of the +Second Illinois Cavalry. The army commander, the division commanders, +and other officers, nearly a dozen in all, were graduates of West Point. +The men of this army had, therefore, better opportunity than most others +to learn quickly something of the business of military life, and acquire +habits of military discipline. + +The road from Commerce to New Madrid was, for the most part, a +dilapidated corduroy, tumbling about a broken causeway through a swamp. +M. Jeff. Thompson, "Brigadier-General of the Missouri State Guard," +designed to hold a "very important session of the Missouri Legislature," +at New Madrid, on March 3d--a session which was to last, however, but +one day. When General Pope moved out from Commerce, on February 28th, +Schuyler Hamilton in front, Thompson undertook to oppose the advance +with a detachment of his irregular command and three light pieces of +rifled artillery. The Seventh Illinois Cavalry charged, captured the +three guns, took two officers and several enlisted men prisoners, and +chased Thompson and the rest of his band sixteen miles, almost to the +outskirts of New Madrid. Dragging through the mud by short marches, +Hamilton's division reached New Madrid on the morning of March 3d. +Deploying, with the Twenty-seventh and Thirty-ninth Ohio in front as +skirmishers, Hamilton marched upon the town, pushed the enemy's pickets +back into the intrenchments, developed the line of intrenchment, drew +the fire of its armament--twenty-four, thirty-two, and sixty-four +pounders and field-pieces. The gunboats of Commodore Hollins' fleet took +part in the engagement. The water in the river was so high that it +lifted the guns on the boats above the banks. The reconnoissance +developed the fact that the intrenchments could be carried by assault, +but could not be held so long as the gunboats could lay the muzzles of +their heavy guns upon the river-bank and sweep the whole interior. + +The reconnoissance made by General Hamilton showed the necessity of +having siege-guns. The troops were put into camp about two miles back +from the river; urgent request was sent to Cairo for heavy artillery, +and parties were pushed forward every day to harass the garrison and +keep them occupied. Colonel Plummer (soon after brigadier-general and +commanding a division of his own) was detached from Hamilton's division +and sent with the Eleventh Missouri, Twenty-sixth and Forty-seventh +Illinois Infantry, four guns of the First Missouri Light Artillery, and +one company of engineer troops, together with two companies of cavalry, +to act as outpost toward the interior--to Point Pleasant. The object was +to attempt by field-pieces to stop the passage of transport steamboats +up and down the river. Colonel Plummer, leaving camp at noon, March 5th, +proceeding by a circuitous road to avoid passing along the river-bank, +halted for the night in bivouac, without fires, within three or four +miles of the town. A gunboat prevented his cavalry and artillery from +occupying the town next day, but was driven away by the fire of the +infantry. The infantry and engineers prosecuted the work of digging +rifle-pits, and in the night places were sunk for the field-pieces by +excavating near the edge of the bank. By morning of March 7th the four +guns were in position, planted apart, with lines of rifle-pits +connecting them. When discovered, the gunboats immediately began a +furious assault. Plummer's artillery wasted no ammunition in useless +fire upon the iron-plated boats, and his guns were so shielded by their +position in sunken batteries, back from the edge of the bank, that the +fire of the gunboats passed harmless overhead. The deliberate fire of +sharpshooters from the rifle-pits, however, searching every opened +porthole, pilot-house, and every exposed point, was so annoying that the +fleet withdrew. Every day the gunboats opened upon the position, either +in stationary attack or while passing up and down the river. But, to +avoid the harassing fire from the rifle-pits, they kept, after the first +few attacks, near the opposite shore of the river. The steamboats used +as transports did not venture to pass up or down the river in face of +Plummer's batteries, and the enemy was restricted to the landing at +Tiptonville and boats below for all communication. + +[Illustration: New Madrid and Island Number Ten.] + +On the 6th, General Pope telegraphed that Colonel Plummer had not yet +been able to effect his lodgement at Point Pleasant, but that the +sharpshooters were trying to drive the artillerymen of the gunboats from +their pieces. Next day, the 7th, General Halleck telegraphed to Pope: +"After securing the roads so as to prevent the enemy's advance north, +you will withdraw your remaining forces to Sikeston, and thence to +Bird's Point or Commerce for embarkation. They will proceed up the +Tennessee to reinforce General C. F. Smith. Good luck." On the same day, +the 7th, General Pope reported by telegraph Plummer's success in +establishing himself, and nothing more was heard about abandoning the +expedition. + +General Pope had asked for rifled thirty-twos. General Cullum, Halleck's +chief of staff, who was stationed at Cairo and had immediate charge and +supervision of sending reinforcements and supplies to the armies in +Halleck's department, not finding rifled thirty-twos, obtained three +twenty-four-pounders and one eight-inch howitzer. Colonel Bissell, of +the engineer regiment, who was in Cairo waiting for them, received these +four pieces on March 11th. They were shipped across the river to Bird's +Point, and sent by rail to Sikeston. At Sikeston a detachment from the +company of regular artillery, with horses, as well as the regiment of +engineers, were waiting. The pieces were quickly unshipped and mounted +on carriages. The engineers had such success in repairing the road, and +the artillery in conducting the pieces, that all arrived in good order +about sunset of the 12th. + +Major Lathrop, commanding the artillery, had, on the 11th, reconnoitered +the ground and selected a position about eight hundred yards in front of +Fort Thompson, for batteries to contain the siege-guns. On Colonel +Bissell's arrival, he went again to the front and pointed out the +position selected. About dusk, two companies of the Thirty-ninth Ohio, +deployed as skirmishers, drove back the enemy's pickets toward the +works. At nine o'clock P.M., Colonel Bissell and Major Lathrop arrived +on the ground with Colonel Morgan, who had with him the Tenth and six +companies of the Sixteenth Illinois. The Tenth Illinois, advancing in +open order, pushed the enemy's pickets still farther back and close to +their works. The six companies of the Sixteenth followed with picks and +spades. Two companies of the Tenth, deployed as skirmishers, were pushed +forward, covering the front and flanks of the party, with orders not to +fire even if fired upon. The remaining eight companies of the Tenth +Illinois joined the Sixteenth as a working party. The lines of two +batteries for two guns each, and lines of infantry intrenchments, had +now been traced. The fourteen companies worked with such zeal that the +works were completed by three o'clock A.M. Captain Mower, of the First +United States Infantry, who, with Companies A and H of his regiment, had +been put in command of the siege-artillery, put the four pieces in +position; Colonel Morgan, recalling his pickets, posted his command in +the trenches. General Stanley moved out with his division in support, +and, at daylight, Mower opened fire upon Fort Thompson. + +The force in Forts Thompson and Bankhead numbered about three thousand +effectives, according to General A.P. Stewart, who had general command +of both; thirty-five hundred, according to General Gantt, who commanded +at Fort Thompson, and had been promoted after being assigned to the +command. The fire from Captain Mower's guns was the first notice General +Gantt or his men had of the erection of the batteries. Fort Thompson +replied with all its guns. Fort Bankhead joined with its heavy ordnance +and field-battery. Commodore Hollins brought his fleet close in shore +and aided the bombardment. Captain Mower, by direction of General Pope, +paid little heed to the forts, but directed most of his fire to the +boats. The forts on either side were little injured. One twenty-four +pounder in Mower's battery, and one thirty-two in Fort Thompson, were +disabled. The gunboats were struck, but not seriously injured. + +In the evening, General McCown visited Commodore Hollins on his +flag-ship, and, after a conference, sent for General Stewart. Commodore +Hollins stated that he had been positively assured that heavy artillery +could not be brought over the wet and swampy country, and he was not +prepared to encounter it. General McCown said it was evident to him that +Pope intended, by regular approaches, to cut off Fort Thompson. He told +A.P. Stewart that reinforcements could not be expected within ten days. +Stewart said he could not hold out three days. All agreed, then, that +the forts must be evacuated, and immediately. + +About ten o'clock P.M. a gunboat and two transports reported to Colonel +Walker at Fort Bankhead, and General Stewart proceeded with two gunboats +to Fort Thompson. + +According to Colonel Walker's report, the evacuation and embarkation at +his post was orderly, though impeded by a heavy rain-storm, and +restricted by the very insufficient transportation afforded by the +boats. He was unable to carry off any of the heavy guns, but succeeded +in shipping the guns of Bankhead's field-battery, leaving their limbers +and caissons behind. General Gantt's report represents a like state of +affairs at Fort Thompson. But, according to General Stewart's report, +his directions were imperfectly carried out. One twenty-four pounder was +pulled off its platform into the swamp in its rear, where it sank so +deep in the mud that it was impossible to move it. No attempt was made +to remove more. The storm began at eleven o'clock. "The rain was +unusually violent, and the night became so dark that it was difficult to +see, except by the flashes of lightning. The men became sullen and +indifferent--indisposed to work. I spent some time in collecting +together such of them as were idle and urged them to carry off the boxes +of ammunition from the magazine, and pass them aboard the boat. At +length I learned from Captain Stewart that all the guns had been spiked, +that rat-tail files had been sent up for the purpose from one of the +gunboats, with orders to spike the guns. I replied that no such orders +had been given by me, that the spiking of the guns should have been the +last thing done." "Soon after this an artillery officer informed me that +Gantt's regiment was going aboard the boats, that Captain Carter was +hurrying them, telling them he intended to save his boats, and would +leave them to shift for themselves if the enemy fired." "I directed the +artillery officers, before the boats left, to make an effort to get +their tents on board. They subsequently reported that they could not get +many of the men together in the darkness and rain, nor induce the few +whom they did collect to do anything at it." General Stewart ordered +the pickets who had been sent out to cover the movement to be recalled, +and the tents and quarters to be searched. Thirteen men, however, were +left. One of the gunboats took in tow a wharf-boat at the landing, which +was used as a hospital and contained several hundred sick. Between three +and four o'clock in the morning the boats pulled out and left. + +Morgan's brigade, after constructing the works in the night of the 12th, +remained in the trenches till relieved early in the morning of the 14th. +At two o'clock A.M. of the 14th, General Hamilton advanced with his +division to relieve General Stanley in support, and with Slack's brigade +of Palmer's division to relieve Morgan's brigade in the trenches. "The +darkness was palpable, the rain poured down in torrents, the men were +obliged to wade through pools knee-deep. Silence having been strictly +enjoined, the division, hoping to have the honor of leading in the +assault on the enemy's works, moved steadily forward with cheerful +alacrity; those assigned to that duty taking post in the rifle-pits half +full of water, without a murmur." A heavy fog obscured the dawn. About +six o'clock two deserters reported that the fort had been hastily +abandoned in the night, after a portion of the guns had been spiked. +Captain Mower and Lieutenant Fletcher, commanding the two companies in +charge of the siege-guns, were dispatched into the fort to hoist the +American flag. Two field-batteries, besides the heavy artillery, great +quantities of ammunition for small arms as well as for the artillery, +tents, stores of all sorts, the wagons, horses, and mules of the troops +at Fort Thompson, were found. The wagons and animals at Fort Bankhead +had been sent across the river a few days before. General Beauregard, +whose command included these defences, ordered an inquiry into the facts +of the evacuation of New Madrid. The inspecting officer reported +substantially in accordance with the report of General A.P. Stewart. + +Immediately the evacuation was confirmed, Hamilton's division was moved +into the works and their guns were turned toward the river. Without +delay, batteries were at night sunk at points along the river just back +of the river-bank, and the captured siege-guns, hauled laboriously by +hand down the the strip of more solid ground between the river and +swamp, were placed in position in them. The lowest battery was below +Point Pleasant, and opposite and a little below Tiptonville. This +extended General Pope's line seventeen miles along the river. The lowest +battery commanded the lowest solid ground on the Tennessee shore--all +below was swamp. This battery, if maintained, cut off the enemy alike +from retreat, and from reinforcements and supplies. When the morning of +the 15th disclosed the muzzles of the heavy guns peering over the +river-bank as over a parapet, five gunboats moved up within three +hundred yards, and with furious cannonade strove to destroy them. In an +hour and a half one gunboat was sunk, others damaged, gunners on them +shot from the rifle-pits on shore, and the fleet retired. + +On March 15th, Commodore Foote moved with his fleet of gunboats and +mortar-boats to the neighborhood of Island No. 10, and next day engaged +the batteries on the island and the main-land, at long range, to +ascertain their position and armament. Next day five gunboats and four +mortar-boats moved down to within two thousand yards of the upper +battery or redan, and opened fire. The batteries on main-land and island +replied. One hundred pieces of heavy ordnance rent the quivering air +with their thunder. The rampart of the redan had been constructed +twenty-four feet thick, but the high water beating against it had washed +it, and, by percolation, softened it. The heavy shot from the gunboats +passed though it. Thirteen-inch shells exploding in the ground made +caverns in the soil. Water stood on the ground within, and the +artillerists waded in mud and water. The conflict lasted till evening. +The staff of the signal-flag used in the redan was shattered by a shot; +but the officer, Lieutenant Jones, picking up the flag, and using his +arm as a staff, continued signalling. The rampart of the redan was torn +and ridged, and one sixty-four gun was dismounted and another injured, +an officer killed, and seven enlisted men wounded. On the island a one +hundred and twenty-eight pound gun burst. In the fleet a gun burst on +the Pittsburg, killing and wounding fourteen men. + +The fleet and batteries exchanged fire with greater or less severity +every day. On the 21st, another large gun, called the Belmont, burst on +the island. In the course of these engagements the redan was finally +knocked to pieces and ceased to reply; and, on April 1st, an expedition +from the fleet landed, drove off a detachment of the First Alabama which +was guarding it, and spiked its guns. The work of erecting new batteries +and mounting guns, as well as repairing damages, was continued as long +as the island was occupied. + +On the night of March 17th, General McCown left for Fort Pillow with the +Eleventh, Twelfth, and Colonel Kennedy's Louisiana, Fourth, Fifth, and +Thirty-first Tennessee, Bankhead's and six guns of Captain R.C. +Stewart's batteries, and Neely's and Haywood's cavalry, leaving at +Madrid Bend the First Alabama, Eleventh and Twelfth Arkansas, and +Terry's Arkansas Battalion, three Tennessee regiments, commanded +respectively by Colonels Brown, Clark, and Henderson, Colonel Baker's +regiment of twelve companies called the Tennessee, Alabama, and +Mississippi regiment, five guns of Captain Stewart's field-battery, and +Captain Hudson's and Captain Wheeler's cavalry. Besides these were the +companies of heavy artillery, and what other troops, on the island and +below, the reports do not show. Most, if not all of the troops taken to +Fort Pillow by General McCown, proceeded to Corinth and joined the force +which General A. S. Johnston was gathering there. General McCown on his +return arrived below Tiptonville on March 20th, and established his +headquarters at Madrid Bend next day. + +General Pope had now established his army and batteries on the right +bank of the river, so as to prevent the escape of the enemy until the +river should fall. To capture them he must cross the river. General +Halleck telegraphed to him on March 16th to construct a road, if +possible, through the swamp above the bayou, which comes into the river +just above New Madrid, to a point on the Missouri shore opposite Island +No. Ten, and transfer thither enough of his force to erect batteries and +aid the fleet in the bombardment of the island. Pope despatched Colonel +Bissell to examine the country with this view, directing him at the same +time, if he found it impracticable to build the road, to ascertain if it +were possible to dig a canal across the peninsula, from some point above +the island to New Madrid. The idea of the canal was suggested to General +Pope by General Schuyler Hamilton, an officer whose gentle refinement +veiled his absolute resolution and endurance till they were called into +practice by danger and privation. + +Colonel Bissell found no place where a road could be constructed; but, +by following up the bayou (called John's Bayou in the Confederate +reports, called Wilson's Bayou on the map made by the United States +engineers) which comes into the river immediately above New Madrid, he +traced it into the swamp and found that, in connection with depressions +and sloughs, a continuous, though tortuous water-way could be gained at +that high stage of water, from a point in the river between Islands +Eight and Nine and the river at New Madrid. The length of this channel +was twelve miles. Part of it had to be excavated to get sufficient +depth; for six miles it passed through a thick forest of large trees. + +General Pope immediately sent to Cairo for four light-draught steamers, +and tools, implements, and supplies needed to cut a navigable way. +Colonel Bissell was at once ordered to set his entire command at work, +and to call upon the land force on the fleet for aid if needed. For six +miles Bissell had to cut through the forest a channel fifty feet wide +and four and a half feet deep. Sawing through the trunks of large trees +four and a half feet under the surface of the cold water was a work of +extreme toil and great exposure. The trees when felled had to be +disentangled, cut up, and thrust among the standing trees. Overhanging +boughs of trees, growing outside the channel, had to be lopped off. +Shallow places were excavated. The whole had to be done from the decks +of the little working-boats, or by men standing in the water. The men +were urged to incessant labor; yet they toiled with such ardor that +urging was not needed. General Halleck telegraphed to Pope, Friday, +March 21st, that he would not hamper him with any minute instructions, +but would leave him to accomplish the object according to his own +judgment, and added: "Buell will be with Grant and Smith by Monday." In +nineteen days, April 4th, the way was open and clear; and on the 5th, +steamers and barges were brought through near to the lower mouth, but +not near enough to be in view from the river. + +The Confederate officers on the island were aware of the attempt to +secure this cut-off across the peninsula. Captain Gray, engineer, in a +report or memorandum, dated March 29th, spoke of "the canal being cut by +the enemy," and of heavy guns planted to be used against any boat that +might issue from the bayou, as well as batteries erected along the +shore, from about a mile and a half below New Madrid down to +Tiptonville. But General McCown, when turning over the command to +General W.W. Mackall, who relieved him on March 31st, said to him that +the National troops were endeavoring to cut a canal across the +peninsula, but they would fail, and that Mackall would find the position +safe until the river fell, but no longer. + +The task which General Pope had proposed to himself--to cross a wide, +deep, rapid river, in the face of an enemy holding the farther shore in +force, was sufficiently arduous at first. Now that Captain Gray's +industry had lined the river-shore with batteries armed with +twenty-four, thirty-two, and sixty-four pound guns, and eight-inch +howitzers and columbiads, sufficient to blow out of the water any +unarmed steamer that should venture to cross, the task was impracticable +with his present resources. He applied to Commodore Foote, and urgently +repeated the application, for two gunboats, or even one, to be sent down +the river some dark night to engage these batteries below New Madrid. +But the Commodore was not willing to risk his boats in a voyage along +the front of miles of batteries, and declined. On March 28th Halleck +telegraphed: "I have telegraphed to Commodore Foote to give you all the +aid in his power. You have a difficult problem to solve. I will not +embarrass you with instructions. I leave you to act as your judgment may +deem best." + +Pope set to work to make floating-batteries, to be manned by his troops. +Each battery consisted of three heavy barges, lashed together and bolted +with iron. The middle barge was bulkheaded all around, so as to have +four feet of thickness of solid timber at both the ends and the sides. +Three heavy guns were mounted on it and protected by traverses of +sand-bags. It also carried eighty sharpshooters. The barges outside of +it had a first layer, in the bottom, of empty water-tight barrels, +securely lashed, then layers of dry cotton-wood rails and cotton-bales +packed close. These were floored over at the top to keep everything in +place, so that a shot penetrating the outer barges would have to pass +through twenty feet of rails and cotton before reaching the middle one, +which carried the men and guns. The outer barges, thus bulkheaded with +water-tight barrels and buoyant cotton-bales, could not sink. These +barges, when all was ready, were to be towed by steamers to a point +directly opposite New Madrid. This could be done safely, as the shore at +the point and for a mile and a half below was swamp, and the nearest +battery was necessarily below the swamp. When near the opposite shore +the floating-batteries were to be cut loose from the steamers and +allowed to float down-stream to the point selected for the landing of +the troops. As soon as they arrived within short range they were to drop +anchor and open fire. + +Meanwhile Commander Henry Walke had volunteered to take his boat, the +Carondelet; and, on March 30th, Flag-officer Foote gave him permission +to make the attempt on the first dark night. The morning of April 4th +was a busy time on the Carondelet. The deck was covered with heavy +planks, surplus chains were coiled over the most vulnerable parts of the +boat, an eleven-inch hawser was wound around the pilot-house as high as +the windows; barriers of cordwood were built about the boilers. After +sunset, the atmosphere became hazy and the sky overcast. Guns were run +back, ports closed, and the sailors armed to resist boarders. Directions +were given to sink the boat if it became liable to fall into the enemy's +hands. At dusk, twenty sharpshooters from the Forty-second Illinois came +aboard to be ready to aid the crew in resisting boarders. After dark, a +coal-barge laden with baled hay was fastened to the port side of the +boat. + +At ten o'clock the moon had gone down and a storm was gathering. The +Carondelet cast loose and steamed slowly down the river. The machinery +was adjusted so as to permit the steam to escape through the +wheel-house, and avoid the noise of puffing through the pipes. The boat +glided noiseless and invisible through the darkness. Scarcely had it +advanced half a mile when the soot in the chimneys caught fire, a blaze +shot up five feet above the smoke-stack. The flue-caps were opened, the +blaze subsided, and all was yet silent along the shore. The soot in the +smoke-stacks not being moistened by the steam, which was now escaping +through the wheel-house, became very inflammable. Just as the Carondelet +was passing by the upper battery--the redan--the treacherous flame again +leaped from the chimneys, revealing and proclaiming the mission of the +boat. Sentries on the parapets on shore fired, guards turned out, +rockets darted skyward; the heavy guns opened fire; and the brooding +storm broke forth, the lightning and thunder above drowning the flashes +and war below. The lightning revealed the position of the gunboat, but +it also disclosed the outline of the shore, enabling the pilots to steer +with certainty. The boat was pushed near to the Tennessee shore and to +the island, and put to its greatest speed. Impeded by the barge in tow, +its greatest speed was slow progress, and for half an hour the gunners +in the batteries watched the black night to see the hurrying Carondelet +shot for an instant out of the darkness at every lightning flash. Beyond +the batteries lay the floating battery, carrying nine guns, which had +been driven from its moorings the day before by the heavy fire of the +fleet. A light on the floating battery marked its position. A few shots +left it, but it evinced no eagerness to join in conflict. The +Carondelet, unharmed, untouched, fired the agreed signal, and fleet and +army knew at midnight the passage was a success. + +On the morning of the sixth, Commander Walke, taking on board General +Granger, Colonel Smith, of the Forty-third Ohio, and Captain L.H. +Marshall, of General Pope's staff, steamed down the river under a heavy +fire from the batteries that lined the Tennessee shore, ascertained the +position of the batteries, and, on the return silenced the batteries +opposite Point Pleasant. Captain Marshall landed with a party and spiked +the guns. In the night of the 6th, Commodore Foote, in compliance with +General Pope's earnest request, sent the gunboat Pittsburg down to New +Madrid, where it arrived, like the Carondelet, untouched. + +At the break of day of the 7th, in a heavy rain, Captain Williams, of +the First United States Infantry, opened with his thirty-two pounders +upon the batteries opposite him at Watson's Landing, where General Pope +proposed to land his troops. Commander Walke, with the two gunboats, +silenced the batteries along the shore. Three sixty-four pound guns, +standing half a mile apart, were spiked. A battery of two sixty-four +pound howitzers and one sixty-four pound gun maintained a contest till +two of the pieces were dismounted and the other disabled. The four +steamers came out of the bayou and took on board Paine's division. At +noon, Commander Walke signalled that all the batteries to Watson's +Landing were silenced and the way was clear. A spy in the employment of +General Pope, who had been taken from the Tennessee shore by Commander +Walke and forwarded by him to General Pope, brought the news that the +forces about Madrid Bend were in full retreat to Tiptonville. Paine's +division, sailing by just at that time, was signalled to stop, and the +news was communicated, with orders to land and push in pursuit to +Tiptonville with all dispatch. Colonel Morgan's brigade moved in +advance, followed by Colonel Cumming's brigade and Houghtaling's +battery. Abandoned camps and artillery were passed; prisoners were +gathered up. A detachment of cavalry fled as the column came in sight. +About nine miles from the landing, General Mackall was found well +posted, with infantry, artillery, and cavalry. The leading regiment +deployed in line, and General Mackall retired. Twice again he halted in +line as if to make a stand, and retreated as the National troops +approached. At night Morgan's brigade halted at Tiptonville, and found +shelter from the rain in an abandoned camp. The pickets of the brigade +gathered in 359 prisoners in the night. Cumming's brigade, being ordered +to explore the road coming from the north into the one over which they +were moving, came upon the river shore opposite the island, and learned +from a few prisoners taken there that but few troops were left on the +island. Finding no boats or other means of getting over to the island, +Cumming returned to the south, and marched till he came near the +camp-fires of the enemy, and then went into bivouac and advised General +Paine of his position. General Mackall found himself hemmed in to the +south and east by swamp, and to the north and west by Paine's division. +Two hours after midnight his adjutant-general took to General Paine +General Mackall's unconditional surrender. + +Stanley's division followed Paine's, and was followed by Hamilton's. +These were overtaken by night and went into bivouac about half way +between the crossing and Tiptonville, and learned of the surrender next +morning while on the way to join Paine. Colonel Elliott, of the Second +Iowa Cavalry, sent with two of his companies by General Pope at dawn of +the 8th from Watson's up the river-bank, captured two hundred prisoners, +deck-hands and laborers as well as soldiers, the wharf-boat and +steamers, great quantities of ordnance and other stores, and standing +camps. Turning these over to Colonel Buford, who commanded the land +forces on the fleet, and who came over to shore from the island on a +steamer, he joined the forces at Tiptonville. + +Lieutenant-Colonel Cook, commanding the Twelfth Arkansas, was appointed +commandant of the island by General Mackall on the morning of the 7th. +Lieutenant-Colonel Cook received, simultaneously with the order, +information of Mackall's retreat, and General Pope's landing and +pursuit. In the evening he abandoned the island with his regiment, and +turned over the command of the island to Captain Humes, of the +artillery. Before daylight of the 8th, Commodore Foote was visited by +two officers from the island, who tendered a surrender of it and all on +it. A gunboat was sent to ascertain the state of affairs. Having learned +three hours later of the crossing of the river by Pope, the flight of +General Mackall, and the evacuation of the shore-batteries, he sent +Colonel Buford, with a force of two gunboats, to receive possession of +the island. Seventeen officers and three hundred and sixty-eight +privates surrendered to him, besides the two hundred sick and employees +turned over to him by Colonel Elliott. Lieutenant-Colonel Cook found his +way through the swamp, on the night of the 7th, to the ferry across +Reelfoot Lake. In the course of the night he was joined by about four +hundred fugitives, mostly belonging to his own regiment, many of them +just from the hospital. Hungry, and cold, and drenched with rain, they +stood in the water waiting till they could be carried over the lake, +through the cypress trees, in two small flatboats and on some +extemporized rafts. It was noon of the 9th before the forlorn band were +all over, and, without knapsacks or blankets, many without arms, began +their weary march for Memphis. + +All the troops but Cumming's brigade returned to their camps on the +Missouri shore on the 8th. Colonel Cumming, having charge of the +prisoners, returned on the evening of the 9th. General Pope, in his +final detailed report giving the result of all the operations, states: +"Three generals, two hundred and seventy-three field and company +officers, six thousand seven hundred privates, one hundred and +twenty-three pieces of heavy artillery, thirty-five pieces of field +artillery, all of the very best character and of the latest patterns, +seven thousand stand of small arms, tents for twelve thousand men, +several wharf-boat loads of provisions, an immense quantity of +ammunition of all kinds, many hundred horses and mules, with wagons and +harness, etc., are among the spoils." The capture embraced, besides, six +steamboats--two of them sunk--the gunboat Grampus, carrying two guns, +sunk; and the floating battery, carrying nine guns, which the crew had +ineffectually attempted to scuttle before abandoning it. Two of the +generals captured were brigadier-generals, Mackall and Gantt; the third +was perhaps L.M. Walker. When Major-General McCown was relieved on March +31st by Mackall, McCown and Brigadier-General Trudeau left. +Brigadier-General A.P. Stewart had left previously and reported for duty +at Corinth. Colonels Walker and Gantt were promoted brigadier-generals +after the siege began. General Walker appears, from his report of April +9th, dated St. Francis County, Arkansas, to have left on account of +ill-health some time before the surrender. The prisoners embraced, +including those on the island surrendered to the navy, seven regiments +and one battalion of infantry, one of the regiments having twelve +companies--eleven companies of heavy and one of light artillery, two +companies of cavalry, the officers and crews of the floating battery and +the steamboats, and laborers and employees. + +The Mississippi was now open to Fort Pillow. General Halleck telegraphed +to General Pope: "I congratulate you and your command on your splendid +achievement. It exceeds in boldness and brilliancy all other operations +of the war. It will be memorable in military history, and will be +admired by future generations." On April 12th, General Pope and his +entire command embarked on transports and steamed down the river, in +company with the gunboat fleet. The force arrived in front of Fort +Pillow on the 14th. In a few days, before reconnoitring was completed, +Pope was ordered to report with his whole command, except two regiments +to be left with the gunboats, to General Halleck at Pittsburg Landing. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +THE GATHERING OF THE FORCES. + + +After the surrender of Fort Donelson, the force confronting Halleck was +the command of General Beauregard, stationed at Columbus, Island Number +Ten, at Forts Pillow and Randolph, at Memphis, and at convenient points +on the railroads in Mississippi. The next objective point that presented +itself was Memphis, and, as preliminary, the fortified points on the +river above it. But Memphis had large railway connections. The direct +road to Nashville was cut at its crossing over the Tennessee River, but +at Humboldt it intersected the Mobile and Ohio, which joined Columbus +with Mobile. The Memphis and Charleston, running nearly due east to +Chattanooga, also intersected the Mobile and Ohio at Corinth. The +Mississippi and Tennessee, in connection with the New Orleans, Jackson +and Great Northern, gave a route nearly due south to New Orleans, and +this intersected at Jackson, Mississippi, another road running east, and +which needed only a connecting link between Selma and Montgomery, +Alabama, to make it also a through route to the Atlantic States. To +destroy the junction at Humboldt would cut off railway connection with +Columbus. To destroy the junction at Corinth would cut off connection +with the east. A little eastwardly of Corinth, near Eastport, was a +considerable railroad bridge over Bear Creek. General Halleck's first +step, therefore, was to break these railway connections, and as General +A.S. Johnston was falling back southwardly, it became doubly important +to sever these connections for the purpose of preventing a conjunction +of the forces under Johnston and Beauregard. Lieutenant-Commander Phelps +had gone up to Florence, at the foot of Muscle Shoals, immediately after +the surrender of Fort Henry, without difficulty. An expedition up the +Tennessee, to send out strong, light parties, suggested itself as the +natural means of accomplishing the first step. General Halleck proposed +to accomplish this by his lieutenants before taking the field in person. + +Halleck was sedate, deliberate, cautious. He had written a book on +strategy and logistics, and his attention appeared sometimes to be +distracted from the actual conditions under which the present military +operations were to be conducted by his retrospective reference to the +rules which he had announced. Grant, under his extremely quiet demeanor, +was full of restless activity. His purpose seemed to be to strike and +overcome the enemy without waiting; to use whatever seemed the best +means at hand; ready at all times to change for better means if they +could be found; but never to cease striking. Halleck was worried by +being jogged to new enterprises, but heartily supported them when once +begun. C.F. Smith had a brusque manner, but a warm heart. He was direct +and honest as a child. He seemed impetuous, but his outburst was a rush +of controlled power. He was a thorough soldier, an enthusiast in his +profession, the soul of honor, the type of discipline. His commanding +officer was to him embodied law; it would have been impossible for him +to conceive that his duty and subordination could in any way be affected +by the fact that his pupil in the Military Academy had become his +commander. + +General Grant, being commander of the Military District of Western +Tennessee, with limits undefined, sent General C.F. Smith from Fort +Donelson, fifty miles up the river to Clarksville, to take possession of +the place and the railway bridge over the river there. General Grant +wrote to General Cullum, advising him of this movement and proposing the +capture of Nashville, but adding he was ready for any move the General +Commanding might direct. On the 24th he wrote to General Cullum, General +Halleck's chief of staff, that he had sent four regiments to +Clarksville, and would send no more till he heard from General Halleck. +Next day he wrote that the head of Buell's column had reached Nashville, +and he would go there on the receipt of the next mail, unless it should +contain some orders preventing him. He went to Nashville on the 27th, +and returned to Fort Donelson next day. In his absence there was, among +some of the troops about Fort Donelson, fresh from civil life and +restive under the inactivity and restraint of a winter camp, some +disorder and insubordination. There was, moreover, some marauding in +which officers participated. General Grant, on his return, published +orders repressing such practices, arrested the guilty parties and sent +the arrested officers to St. Louis to report to General Halleck. + +On March 1st General Halleck sent to General Grant, from St. Louis, an +order directing the course of immediate operations: "Transports will be +sent to you as soon as possible to move your column up the Tennessee +River. The main object of this expedition will be to destroy the +railroad bridge over Bear Creek, near Eastport, Miss., and also the +connections at Corinth, Jackson, and Humboldt. It is thought best that +these objects should be attempted in the order named. Strong detachments +of cavalry and light artillery, supported by infantry, may, by rapid +movements, reach these points from the river without very serious +opposition. Avoid any general engagement with strong forces. It will be +better to retreat than to risk a general battle. This should be strongly +impressed upon the officers sent with the expedition from the river. +General C.F. Smith, or some very discreet officer, should be selected +for such commands. Having accomplished these objects, or such of them as +may be practicable, you will return to Danville and move on Paris.... +Competent officers should be left to command the garrisons of Forts +Henry and Donelson in your absence...." General Grant received the order +on March 2d, and repaired at once to Fort Henry. On the 4th the forces +at Fort Donelson marched across to the Tennessee, where they were +speedily joined by Sherman's division and other reinforcements coming by +boat up the river. + +On March 2d General Halleck, having received an anonymous letter +reflecting on General Grant, telegraphed to General McClellan, the +General-in-Chief, at Washington: "I have had no communication with +General Grant for more than a week. He left his command without my +authority, and went to Nashville. His army seems to be as much +demoralized by the victory of Fort Donelson as was that of the Potomac +by the defeat of Bull Run. It is hard to censure a successful general +immediately after a victory, but I think he richly deserves it. I can +get no reports, no returns, no information of any kind from him. +Satisfied with his victory, he sits down and enjoys it without any +regard to the future. I am worn out and tired by this neglect and +inefficiency. C.F. Smith is almost the only officer equal to the +emergency." Next day McClellan answered by telegraph: "The future +success of our cause demands that proceedings such as General Grant's +should at once be checked. Generals must observe discipline as well as +private soldiers. Do not hesitate to arrest him at once if the good of +the service requires it, and place C.F. Smith in command. You are at +liberty to regard this as a positive order, if it will smooth your way." +On the 4th General Halleck telegraphed to Grant: "You will place +Major-General C.F. Smith in command of expedition, and remain yourself +at Fort Henry. Why do you not obey my orders to report strength and +position of your command?" Grant replied next day: "Troops will be sent +under command of Major-General Smith, as directed. I had prepared a +different plan, intending General Smith to command the forces which +should go to Paris and Humboldt, while I would command the expedition +upon Eastport, Corinth, and Jackson in person.... I am not aware of ever +having disobeyed any order from your headquarters--certainly never +intended such a thing. I have reported almost daily the condition of my +command, and reported every position occupied...." An interchange of +telegrams of substantially the same tenor, General Halleck's gradually +losing their asperity, lasted a week longer. On March 10th, the day +before the President, by War Order No. 3, relieved General McClellan +from the supreme command of the armies, General L. Thomas, +Adjutant-General of the Army, wrote to General Halleck: "It has been +reported that, soon after the battle of Fort Donelson, Brigadier-General +Grant left his command without leave. By direction of the President, the +Secretary of War directs you to ascertain and report whether General +Grant left his command at any time without proper authority, and if so, +for how long; whether he has made to you proper reports and returns of +his forces; whether he has committed any acts which were unauthorized or +not in accordance with military subordination or propriety, and if so, +what?" On the 13th Halleck telegraphed to Grant, who had asked to be +relieved if his course was not satisfactory, or until he could be set +right: "You cannot be relieved from your command. There is no good +reason for it. I am certain that all which the authorities at Washington +ask is, that you enforce discipline and punish the disorderly.... +Instead of relieving you, I wish you, as soon as your new army is in the +field, to assume the immediate command and lead it on to new victories." +To this Grant replied next day: "After your letter enclosing copy of an +anonymous letter upon which severe censure was based, I felt as though +it would be impossible for me to serve longer without a court of +inquiry. Your telegram of yesterday, however, places such a different +phase upon my position that I will again assume command, and give every +effort to the success of our cause. Under the worst circumstances I +would do the same." On the 15th General Halleck replied to the +Adjutant-General of the Army, fully exonerating General Grant. General +C.F. Smith felt keenly the injustice done to Grant, and gladly +relinquished command of the expedition when Grant assumed it. + +Meanwhile the army with its stores had been gathering on a fleet of +boats between Fort Henry and the railroad bridge. To the three divisions +of Fort Donelson, First, Second, and Third, commanded by C.F. Smith, +McClernand, and Lewis Wallace, were added a fourth, commanded by +Brigadier-General S.A. Hurlbut, and a fifth by Brigadier-General W. T. +Sherman. While C.F. Smith commanded the expedition, his division was +commanded by W.H.L. Wallace, who had been promoted to brigadier-general. +The steamer Golden State, with one-half of the Fortieth Illinois, +reached Savannah, on the right bank of the river, on March 5th. The +Forty-sixth Ohio arrived the next day. Behind these was the fleet of +more than eighty steamboats, carrying the five divisions and convoyed by +three gunboats, a vast procession extending miles along the winding +river, each boat with its pillar of smoke by day, and of fire by night. +The fleet began arriving at Savannah on the 11th, and lined both shores +of the river. Lewis Wallace's division sent a party to the railroad west +of the river, striking it at Purdy, tearing up a portion, but doing no +permanent injury, and returned. On the 14th, General Smith sent +Sherman's division up the river to strike the railroad near Eastport. +Rain fell in torrents, roads melted into mud, and small streams rose +with dangerous rapidity. The expedition, arrested by an unfordable +torrent, returned just in time to reach the landing by wading through +water waist-deep. The boats left in the night of the 15th, and stopped +at Pittsburg Landing, on the west bank of the river, about nine miles +above Savannah. Hurlbut's division was already on boats at this landing, +having been ordered thither by General C.F. Smith on the evening of the +14th. + +The first step in the programme laid down in General Halleck's order of +March 1st, the destruction of the railroad near Eastport, had failed, +and events had now required a material change in the programme. General +Buell on March 3d telegraphed to Halleck: "What can I do to aid your +operations against Columbus?" Halleck, replying next day that Columbus +was evacuated and destroyed, added: "Why not come to the Tennessee and +operate with me to cut Johnston's line with Memphis, Randolph, and New +Madrid.... Estimated strength of enemy at New Madrid, Randolph and +Memphis is fifty thousand. It is of vital importance to separate them +from Johnston's army. Come over to Savannah or Florence, and we can do +it. We can then operate on Decatur or Memphis, or both, as may appear +best." Buell rejoined on the 5th: "The thing I think of vital importance +is that you seize and hold the bridge at Florence in force." On the 6th +Halleck telegraphed: "News down the Tennessee that Beauregard has +twenty thousand men at Corinth, and is rapidly fortifying it. Smith will +probably not be strong enough to attack it. It is a great misfortune to +lose that point. I shall reinforce Smith as rapidly as possible. If you +can send a division by water around into the Tennessee, it would require +only a small amount of transportation to do it." To this Buell +telegraphed on the 9th, insisting on his suggestions made on the 5th. +Halleck dispatched on the 10th: "My forces are moving up the Tennessee +River as rapidly as we can obtain transportation. Florence was the point +originally designated, but, on account of the enemy's forces at Corinth +and Humboldt, it is deemed best to land at Savannah and establish a +depot. The transportation will serve as ferries. The selection is left +to C.F. Smith, who commands the advance.... You do not say whether we +are to expect any reinforcements from Nashville." On the same day Buell +telegraphed: "... The establishment of your force on this side of the +river, as high up as possible, is evidently judicious.... I can join you +almost, if not quite as soon, by water, in better condition and with +greater security to your operations and mine. I believe you cannot be +too promptly nor too strongly established on the Tennessee. I shall +advance in a very few days, as soon as our transportation is ready." On +the 11th the President issued War Order No. 3. "Major-General McClellan, +having personally taken the field at the head of the Army of the +Potomac, until otherwise ordered, he is relieved from the command of the +other military departments, he retaining command of the Department of +the Potomac. + +"Ordered further, that the two departments now under the respective +commands of Generals Halleck and Hunter, together with so much of that, +under General Buell, as lies west of a north and south line indefinitely +drawn through Knoxville, Tennessee, be consolidated and designated the +Department of the Mississippi; and that, until otherwise ordered, +Major-General Halleck have command of said department." Immediately upon +the receipt of this order, General Halleck ordered Buell to march his +army to Savannah. The forces of the Confederacy were gathering at +Corinth; the forces of Halleck and Buell were massing at Savannah. +Instead of a hurried dash by a flying column, to tear up a section of +railway as ancillary to a real movement elsewhere, the programme now +contemplated a struggle by armies for the retention or for the +destruction of a strategic point deemed almost vital to the Confederacy. + +About the close of February, General Beauregard sent a field-battery, +supported by two regiments of infantry, to occupy the river-bluff at +Pittsburg Landing, twenty-three miles northwest from Corinth, and nine +miles above Savannah. Lieutenant-Commander Gwin, who was stationed at +Savannah with two gunboats, the Tyler and the Lexington, proceeded to +Pittsburg Landing, on March 1st, and, after a brisk skirmish, silenced +the battery and drove it and its supports away. General C.F. Smith, in +pursuance of the authority given him by General Halleck, selected this +as the point of assembly of the army. + +Lick Creek, above the landing, and Snake Creek, below it, empty into the +river about three miles apart, the landing being nearer the mouth of +Snake Creek. Lick Creek, rising in a swamp, flows eleven miles nearly +northeast to the river. Snake Creek flows nearly east to the river. Owl +Creek flows nearly parallel to Lick Creek, at a distance from it varying +from three to five miles, and empties into Snake Creek something more +than a mile from its mouth. The land enclosed between these creeks and +the river is a rolling plateau from eighty to a hundred feet above the +river-level. The riverfront of this plateau is cut by sundry sloughs +and ravines, which were at that time overflowed by back-water. One of +these deep ravines, running back at right angles to the river, is +immediately above the bluff at the landing. About a mile back from the +river, and about a mile above the landing, is a swell in the ground, not +marked enough to be called a ridge. From this higher ground extend the +head ravines of Oak Creek,[1] a rivulet or brook flowing to the west, +passing within a few hundred yards of Shiloh Church, and then turning to +the northwest and flowing into Owl Creek. In the reports of Sherman's +division this rivulet is treated as the main branch of Owl Creek, and +called by that name. From the same rising ground, ravines, wet only +after a rain, extend east and southeast to Lick Creek. From the same +position extend the head ravines of Brier Creek,[1] a deep ravine with +little water, which flows almost due north and empties into Snake Creek +a little below the mouth of Owl Creek. The three principal creeks, Lick, +Snake, and Owl, flow through swampy valleys, bordered by abrupt bluffs. +Oak Creek, from the neighborhood of Shiloh Church to its mouth, flows +through a miry bottom bordered by banks of less height. The land was for +the most part covered with timber, partly with dense undergrowth; in +places were perhaps a dozen open fields containing about eighty acres +each. A road, lying far enough back from the river to avoid the sloughs, +led from the landing to Hamburg Landing, about six miles above. Another +road from the landing crossed Brier Creek and Snake Creek just above +their junction, and continued down the river to Crump's Landing. The +road to Corinth forked near the landing, one branch of it passing by +Shiloh Church, the other keeping nearer to the river, but both +reuniting five or six miles out. The position selected thus, gave ample +room to camp an army, was absolutely protected on the sides of the +river, Snake Creek, and Owl Creek, while from its south face a ridge +gave open way to Corinth. The open way to Corinth was also an open way +from Corinth to the landing. This accessible front could easily have +been turned into a strong defence, by taking advantage of the rolling +ground, felling timber, and throwing up slight earthworks. But the army +had many things yet to learn, and the use of field fortification was one +of them. + +[Footnote 1: The names Oak Creek and Brier Creek are obtained from +Colonel Charles Whittlesey, who made a study of the field every day for +two weeks succeeding the battle.] + +In pursuance of General C.F. Smith's instructions to occupy the landing +strongly, General Sherman ordered General Hurlbut to disembark his +division and encamp it at right angles to the road about a mile out. The +Corinth road designated was the one lying nearer to the river. About +half a mile beyond the position selected for the camp the road forks, +one being the Corinth road running southwest, the other running nearly +due west, passed about four hundred yards north of Shiloh Church, +crossed Oak Creek and Owl Creek immediately above their junction, and +continued to Purdy. General Hurlbut the same day issued a field order in +minute detail, and the First and Second Brigades being all of the +division at hand, marched to the prescribed point, Burrows' battery +being posted at the road; the First Brigade at right angles with the +road, with its left at the battery; the Third Brigade at right angles +with the road, its right at Burrows' battery, and Mann's battery at its +left. The Second Brigade, commanded by Colonel Veatch, subsequently +arriving, camped to the rear and partially to the right of the First +Brigade, so as almost to interlock with the camp of General C.F. Smith's +division. + +On the 18th, Sherman's division of four brigades landed, and moved out +a few days later to permanent camp. The Second Brigade, sent to watch +some fords of Lick Creek, was posted in the fork of a cross-road running +to Purdy from the Hamburg road. The Fourth Brigade, commanded by Colonel +Buckland, camped with its left near Shiloh Church, and its color-line +nearly at right angles with the Corinth road. The First Brigade, +commanded by Colonel McDowell, went into camp to the right of Buckland, +and was separated from him by a lateral ravine running into Oak Creek; +the camp was pitched between the Purdy road and the bluff-banks of Oak +Creek. The Third Brigade, commanded by Colonel Hildebrand, was posted to +the left of Shiloh Church, its right being near the church. Precision in +camping was not exacted, and the left regiment of Colonel Hildebrand's +Brigade, the Fifty-third Ohio, in order to enclose a fine spring of +water within the brigade, pitched its camp about two hundred yards to +the left and front of its next regiment (the Fifty-seventh Ohio), and +was separated from the rest of the brigade by this distance and by a +stream with swampy borders which emptied into Oak Creek. General +Sherman's headquarters were to the rear of Shiloh Church. His batteries, +Taylor's and Waterhouse's, together with his cavalry, were camped in +rear of the infantry. + +General Grant arrived at Savannah on the 17th and assumed command, +reported to General Halleck, and on the same day ordered General C.F. +Smith's division to Pittsburg Landing. His division, the Second, +encamped, not in a line, but in convenient localities on the plateau +between Brier Creek and the river. McClernand with the First Division +was sent a few days later, and selecting the most level ground, laid out +the most regular camp. His front crossed the Corinth road about +two-thirds of a mile in rear of Shiloh Church, the road intersecting his +line near his left flank; the direction of his line was to the +northwest, reaching toward the bluffs of the valley of Snake Creek. +General Prentiss reported to General Grant for assignment to duty, and +about March 25th, six new regiments, not yet assigned, reported to him +and were by him put into two brigades constituting the Sixth Division. +These brigades were subsequently increased by regiments assigned to him +as late as April 5th and 6th. The Fifth Ohio Battery, Captain +Hickenlooper, arriving on April 5th, was assigned to the Sixth Division, +and went into camp. Prentiss' camp faced to the south. It is not easy +now to identify precisely its position. It appears incidentally, from +reports of the battle of April 6th, that a ravine ran along the rear of +the right of the division camp, and another ravine in front of the left. +The left regiment (the Sixteenth Wisconsin) of the right brigade +(Peabody's) lay on the lower or most southern branch of the Corinth +road; the left flank of the division was in sight of Stuart's brigade; +there was a considerable gap between its right flank and Sherman's +division. The divisions were not camped with a view to defence against +an apprehended attack; but they did fulfil General Halleck's +instructions to General C.F. Smith, to select a depot with a view to the +march on to Corinth. Sherman's division lay across one road to Corinth, +with McClernand's in its rear; Prentiss' division lay across the other +road to Corinth, with Hurlbut in his rear, and C.F. Smith was camped so +as to follow either. The divisions did not march to the selected ground +and pitch camp in a forenoon; but, partly from the rain and mud, partly +want of practice, some of the divisions were several days unloading from +the boats, hauling in the great trains then allowed to regiments +(twenty-seven wagons and two ambulances to a regiment in some cases,) +laying out the ground, and putting up tents. General Sherman, before +settling down in his camp, made a reconnoissance out to Monterey, +nearly half way to Corinth, and dislodged a detachment of hostile +cavalry camped there. Every division and many of the brigades found a +separate drill-ground in some neighboring field, and constant drilling +was preparing the command for the march to Corinth. + +Major-General C.F. Smith received an injury to his leg by jumping into a +yawl early in March. This injury, seeming trivial at first, resulted in +his death on April 25th. It became so aggravated by the end of March +that he was obliged to move from Pittsburg Landing to Savannah, leaving +Brigadier-General W.H.L. Wallace in command of his division, and +Major-General McClernand, senior officer present, at Pittsburg. General +Grant--who went up from Savannah every day to visit the camps, and was +requested by General McClernand, by letter on March 27th, to move his +headquarters to Pittsburg Landing--was about to transfer his +headquarters thither on April 4th, when he received a letter from +General Buell saying he would arrive next day at Savannah, and +requesting an interview. The transfer of headquarters was accordingly +postponed till after the interview. + +General L. Wallace's division disembarked at Crump's Landing on the same +side of the river with Pittsburg Landing, and a little above Savannah. +His First Brigade went into camp near the river; the Second at Stony +Lonesome, about two miles out on the road to Purdy; the Third Brigade +immediately beyond Adamsville, on the same road. The Third Brigade went +into camp on the inner slope of a sharp ridge, and cut down the timber +on the exterior slope, to aid the holding of the position in case of an +attack in front. + +While Grant's army was sailing up the river and getting settled at +Pittsburg, General Buell with five divisions of his army was marching +from Nashville to Savannah. Immediately on receiving General Halleck's +order to march, he sent out his cavalry to secure the bridges on his +route, in which they succeeded, except in the cases of the important +bridge over Duck Creek at Columbia, and an unimportant bridge a few +miles north of that. On the 15th, the Fourth Division, commanded by +Brigadier-General A. McD. McCook, moved out, and at intervals, up to +March 20th, it was followed in order by the Fifth, Brigadier-General +T.L. Crittenden, Sixth, Brigadier-General T.J. Wood, and First, +Brigadier-General George H. Thomas--37,000 men in all. Having no +pontoons, General Buell built a bridge over Duck Creek. This would have +caused little delay later in the war; but to fresh troops, who yet had +to learn the business of military service, it was a formidable task, and +was not completed till the 29th. While waiting for the completion of the +bridge, General Buell's command learned that General Grant's army was on +the west bank of the Tennessee. General Nelson at once asked permission +to ford the stream and push rapidly on to Savannah. Permission being +obtained, the division, with Ammen's brigade--the Twenty-fourth Ohio, +Sixth Ohio, and Thirty-sixth Indiana in front--began their march early +on the morning of the 29th, the men stripped of their pantaloons, +carrying their cartridge-boxes on their necks; the ammunition-boxes of +the artillery taken from the limbers and carried over on scows, and +tents packed in the bottom of the wagon-beds, to lift ammunition and +stores above water. + +The bridge was finished and the march resumed the same day. Nelson +having secured the advance, his eagerness gave an impetus to the entire +column. The divisions were ordered to camp at night six miles apart, +making a column thirty miles long. But this prevented the clogging of +the march on the wet and soft roads, the alternate crowding up and +lengthening out of the column, the weary waiting of the crowded rear for +the obstructed front to move, nights spent on the road, and late +bivouacs reached toward morning. It made Buell's advance slow, but it +prevented the new troops from being worn out, and brought them in good +condition onto the field. General Buell intended to take at Waynesboro +the road to Hamburg Landing, instead of the direct road to Savannah, and +put his army there into a separate camp. General Nelson, however, moving +faster than was expected, drew the divisions behind him through +Waynesboro, on the road to Savannah, before General Buell issued the +order, and so unconsciously defeated the intention. Nelson's brigade +reached Savannah during April 5th, Crittenden's division camped that +night a few miles distant, and General Buell himself reached Savannah or +its outskirts some time in the evening. + +General A.S. Johnston was encamped with his army at Edgefield, opposite +Nashville, on February 15th. A despatch from General Pillow that evening +announced a great victory won by the garrison of Fort Donelson. Just +before daybreak of the 16th another despatch was received, that Buckner +would capitulate at daylight. Immediately staff and orderlies were +aroused, and the troops put in motion across the river to Nashville. The +morning papers were filled with the "victory, glorious and complete," +and the city was ringing with joy. In the forenoon the news spread of +the surrender of Donelson. The people were struck with dismay, the city +was in panic, the populace was delirious with excitement. A wild mob +surrounded Johnston's headquarters and demanded to know whether their +generals intended to fight or not. + +Johnston immediately began the abandonment of Nashville. First were +sent off the fifteen hundred sick brought on from Bowling Green, +together with the tenants of the hospitals at Nashville. The railway was +then taxed to its utmost to carry away the stores of most value. It was +evident that all the stores could not be taken away, and pillage of +commissary stores and quartermaster stores by citizens was permitted. A +regiment of infantry and a battalion of cavalry were put on guard and +patrolled the streets to reduce the riotous to order. Johnston moved out +with his command on February 18th, leaving Floyd and Forrest with a +force in Nashville to preserve order, remove the public stores, and to +destroy what could not be removed. + +Popular excitement always demands a victim, and the outcry was almost +universal that Johnston should be relieved from command. But, to a +deputation that went to Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy, +with this request, he replied: "I know Johnston well. If he is not a +general, we had better give up the war, for we have no general." +Johnston found the Tennessee, running from Alabama and Mississippi up to +the Ohio, in the possession of the National fleets and armies. The force +under his immediate command was therefore separated from the force under +Beauregard that was guarding the Mississippi. Unless they should join, +they would be beaten in detail. To join involved the surrender either of +Central Tennessee or of the Mississippi. Johnston resolved to give up +Central Tennessee until he could regain it, and hold on to the +Mississippi. But to hold the Mississippi required continued possession +of the railroads, and such points especially as Corinth and Humboldt. +Corinth, both from its essential importance and its exposure to attack +by reason of its nearness to the river, was the point for concentration. +Johnston moved from Nashville to Murfreesboro, not on the direct route +to Corinth, to conceal his purpose. At Murfreesboro he added to the +forces brought from Bowling Green between three and four thousand of the +men who escaped from Donelson, and the command of General Crittenden +from Kentucky, quickly raising his force at Murfreesboro to seventeen +thousand men. Leaving Murfreesboro on February 28th, marching through +Shelbyville to Decatur, he arrived at Corinth, on March 24th, with +twenty thousand men. General Bragg, with ten thousand well-drilled +troops from Pensacola, had preceded him. General Ruggles, with a +brigade, came from New Orleans; Major-General Polk, with General +Cheatham's division from Columbus, with the troops that escaped from +Island No. Ten the night before escape was cut off, and various outlying +garrisons under General Beauregard's command, swelled the concourse. Van +Dorn, having failed to drive Curtis back into Missouri, was ordered to +come with his command to Corinth. A regiment arrived before April 6th, +the rest later. Detached commands guarding the line of the Memphis and +Charleston Railroad were called in. The governors of States were called +on and raised new levies. Beauregard made a personal appeal for +volunteers, which brought in several regiments. Johnston had before +called for reinforcements in vain. Now every nerve was strained to aid +him. An inspection of his command satisfied him that if all the soldiers +detailed as cooks and teamsters were relieved, he would have another +brigade of effective men. He sent messengers through the surrounding +country, urging citizens to hire their negroes as cooks and teamsters +for ninety days, or even sixty days. But the messengers returned with +the answer that the planters would freely give their last son, but they +would not part with a negro or a mule. + +General Bragg, on arriving at Corinth, wished to attack the troops as +they were beginning to land at Pittsburg and Crump's landings. General +Beauregard forbade this, writing to Bragg: "I would prefer the +defensive-offensive--that is, to take up such a position as would compel +the enemy to develop his intentions, and to attack us, before he could +penetrate any distance from his base; then, when within striking +distance of us, to take the offensive and crush him wherever we may +happen to strike him, cutting him off, if possible, from his base of +operations or the river." + +On March 25th, Johnston completed the concentration of his troops. Van +Dorn was in person in Corinth, and was ordered to bring forward his +command. Johnston determined to wait as long as practicable for it. +Meanwhile, to hasten the organization and preparation of his army, he +appointed Gen. Bragg chief of staff for the time, but to resume command +of his corps when the movement should begin. Of him, Colonel William +Preston Johnston says, in his life of his father--a valuable book, +prepared with great industry, and written with an evident desire to be +fair: "In Bragg there was so much that was strong marred by most evident +weakness, so many virtues blemished by excess or defect in temper and +education, so near an approach to greatness and so manifest a failure to +attain it, that his worst enemy ought to find something to admire in +him, and his best friend something painful in the attempt to portray him +truly." A thorough disciplinarian and a master of detail, his merits +found full play, and his defects were less apparent in his position on +the staff. + +Johnston was organizing his army; Grant was assembling his twenty-three +miles away. On the other side of the Tennessee, ninety miles from +Savannah, Buell, halted by Duck Creek, was building a bridge for his +troops--a bridge which it required twelve days to construct. Johnston +having completed his concentration, it was his obvious policy to attack +before Grant should be further reinforced. General Beauregard, in his +letter of March 18th to Bragg, said: "While I have guarded you against +an uncertain offensive, I am decidedly of the opinion that we should +endeavor to entice the enemy into an engagement as soon as possible, and +before he shall have further increased his numbers by the large numbers +which he must still have in reserve and available--that is, beat him in +detail." Lee wrote to Johnston, on March 26th: "I need not urge you, +when your army is united, to deal a blow at the enemy in your front, if +possible, before his rear gets up from Nashville. You have him divided, +and keep him so, if you can." It was Johnston's purpose, and expressed, +to attack Grant before Buell should arrive. But he determined to +continue organizing and waiting for Van Dorn as long as that would be +safe. + +At eleven o'clock at night of April 2d, Johnston learned that Buell was +moving "rapidly from Columbia, by Clifton, to Savannah." About one +o'clock in the morning of Thursday, the 3d, preliminary orders were +issued to hold the troops in readiness to move at a moment's notice, +with five days' rations and one hundred rounds of ammunition. The +movement began in the afternoon. The army was arranged in three corps, +commanded respectively by Polk, Bragg, and Hardee, and a reserve under +Breckenridge. Beauregard was second in command, without a specific +command. Major-General Hardee's corps consisted of Brigadier-General +Hindman's division and Brigadier-General Cleburne's brigade. The +division consisted of Hindman's brigade, commanded by Colonel Shaver, +and Brigadier-General Wood's brigade. Wood's brigade comprised five +regiments, and two battalions of infantry and a battery; Cleburne's +brigade was composed of six regiments and two batteries. Major-General +Bragg's corps consisted of two divisions, commanded respectively by +Brigadier-General Ruggles and Brigadier-General Withers. The brigades of +Ruggles' division were commanded by Colonel Gibson, Brigadier-General +Patton Anderson, and Colonel Pond. Withers' brigades were commanded by +Brigadier-Generals Gladden, Chalmers, and Jackson. The brigades of +Chalmers and Gladden contained each five regiments and a battery; the +other brigades contained each four regiments and a battery, with, in +Anderson's and Pond's each, an additional battalion of infantry. +Major-General Polk's corps had two divisions, commanded by +Brigadier-General Clark and Major-General Cheatham. Clark's brigades +were commanded by Colonel Russell and Brigadier-General A.P. Stewart; +Cheatham's brigades were commanded by Brigadier-General B.R. Johnson and +Colonel Stephens. Each brigade was made up of four regiments of infantry +and a battery. Brigadier-General John C. Breckenridge's reserve +comprised three brigades, commanded by Colonel Trabue, Brigadier-General +Bowen, and Colonel Statham. Trabue had five regiments and two +battalions, Bowen four regiments, and Statham six regiments of infantry. +Each brigade had a battery. By the returns, Cleburne's brigade was the +largest, having 2,750 effectives. Besides, were three regiments, two +battalions and one company of cavalry. This force comprised 40,000 of +the 50,000 effectives gathered at Corinth. Different returns vary a few +hundred more and a few hundred less. General Johnston telegraphed to +Jefferson Davis, when the movement began, that the number was 40,000. In +forming for battle, the army was to deploy into three parallel lines, +the distance between the lines to be one thousand yards. Hardee's corps +to be the first; Bragg's the second; and the third to be composed of +Polk on the left and Breckenridge on the right. + +Hardee, moving out in advance, in the afternoon of Thursday, halted +Friday forenoon at Mickey's house, about seventeen miles from Corinth. +Bragg's corps bivouacked Friday night in rear of Hardee. Clark's +division of Polk's corps followed in due order on its road. Cheatham's +division, on outpost on the railroad at Purdy and Bethel, under orders +to defend himself if attacked, otherwise to assemble at Purdy, march +thence to Monterey, and thence to position near Mickey's, did not leave +Purdy till Saturday morning, and reached his position Saturday +afternoon. Breckenridge, who marched from his station at Burnesville +through Farmington without entering Corinth, using a cross-road, could +not pull his wagons through the mud, and failed to get as far as +Monterey Friday night. While Hardee was lying near Mickey's house, his +cavalry felt the National outposts, and a reconnoitring party from the +National camp struck Cleburne's brigade. + +The order issued at Corinth required the columns to be deployed by seven +o'clock, Saturday morning, and the attack to begin at eight o'clock. +Hardee began his movement at daybreak, Saturday, deployed about ten +o'clock, and waited. His line being too short to extend from Owl Creek +to Lick Creek, Gladden's brigade was moved forward from Bragg's corps, +and added to Hardee's right. The rest of Withers' division moved into +position behind Hardee's right; but Ruggles' division, constituting the +right of Bragg's line, did not appear. Successive messengers bringing no +satisfaction, General Johnston rode to the rear with his staff, till he +found Ruggles' division standing still, with its head in an open field. +It was set in motion, Polk followed; Cheatham arrived from Purdy; +Breckenridge extricated his command from the deep mud, and, by four +o'clock in the afternoon, the deployment and formation of the army was +complete. It was too late to attack that day. Beauregard urged that it +was too late to attack at all, that it would now be impossible to +effect a surprise, that the expedition should be abandoned and the +troops march back to Corinth. Johnston directed the troops to bivouac, +and attack to be made next day at daylight. + +Of the five divisions at Pittsburg Landing, the organization of +four--the First, McClernand's; Second, C.F. Smith's, commanded by +Brigadier-General W.H.L. Wallace, General Smith being ill at Savannah; +the Fourth, Hurlbut's; and the Fifth, Sherman's--was completed. The +Sixth, commanded by Prentiss, was still in process of formation. +McClernand's First Brigade, composed of the Eighth and Eighteenth +Illinois, Eleventh and Thirteenth Iowa, was commanded by Colonel Hare, +of the Eleventh Iowa; the Second was composed of the Eleventh, +Twentieth, Forty-fifth, and Forty-eighth Illinois, and commanded by Col. +Marsh, of the Twentieth Illinois; the Third, of the Seventeenth, +Twenty-ninth, Forty-third, and Forty-ninth Illinois. Colonel Ross, of +the Seventeenth Illinois, the senior colonel, being ill and absent, the +command of this brigade devolved on Colonel Reardon, of the +Twenty-ninth. The Second Division comprised three brigades: the First, +commanded by Colonel Tuttle, of the Second Iowa, contained the Second, +Seventh, Twelfth, and Fourteenth Iowa; the Second, commanded by +Brigadier-General McArthur, comprised the Thirteenth and Fourteenth +Missouri, Ninth and Twelfth Illinois, and Eighty-first Ohio. The +Fourteenth Missouri, at that time, went by the name of Birge's +Sharpshooters; the Third, commanded by Colonel Sweeney, of the +Fifty-second Illinois, comprised the Eighth Iowa, and the Seventh, +Fiftieth, Fifty-second, Fifty-seventh, and Fifty-eighth Illinois. The +Fourth Division contained three brigades: the First, commanded by +Colonel Williams, of the Third Iowa, contained the Third Iowa, +Twenty-eighth, Thirty-second, and Forty-first Illinois; the Second, +commanded by Colonel Veatch, of the Twenty-fifth Indiana, contained the +Twenty-fifth Indiana, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Forty-sixth Illinois; +the Third, commanded by Brigadier-General Lauman, who reported for duty +Saturday, April 5th, and was then assigned to this command, comprised +the Thirty-first and Forty-fourth Indiana, and the Seventeenth and +Twenty-fifth Kentucky. The Fifth Division contained four brigades: the +First, commanded by Colonel McDowell, of the Sixth Iowa, was made of the +Sixth Iowa, Forty-sixth Ohio, and the Fortieth Illinois; the Second, +commanded by Colonel Stuart, of the Fifty-fifth Illinois, was made of +the Fifty-fifth Illinois and the Fifty-fourth and Seventy-first Ohio; +the Third, commanded by Colonel Hildebrand, of the Seventy-seventh Ohio, +contained the Fifty-third, Fifty-seventh, and Seventy-seventh Ohio; the +Fourth, commanded by Colonel Buckland, of the Seventy-second Ohio, +contained the Forty-eighth, Seventieth, and Seventy-second Ohio. The +Sixth Division was organized into two brigades: the First Brigade, +commanded by Colonel Peabody, of the Twenty-fifth Missouri, contained +the Twenty-first and Twenty-fifth Missouri, Twelfth Michigan, and +Sixteenth Wisconsin. The Second, commanded by Colonel Miller, of the +Eighteenth Missouri, comprised the Eighteenth Missouri and Sixty-first +Illinois. The Sixteenth Iowa, assigned to this brigade, arriving fresh +from the recruiting depot, without ammunition, on April 5th, reported to +General Prentiss that day, but was sent by him to the landing early in +the morning of the 6th, and was by General Grant assigned to duty that +day in another part of the field. The Eighteenth Wisconsin arrived and +reported on April 5th, and the Twenty-third Missouri arrived in the +morning of the 6th, and reported on the field at nine o'clock.[2] But +these two regiments were not formally assigned to either brigade. The +Fifteenth Iowa, assigned to this division, arrived the morning of April +6th, and was assigned to duty in another part of the field. The +Fourteenth Wisconsin, assigned to the division, arrived late in the +night of April 6th, and served on the 7th with Crittenden's division of +Buell's army. + +[Footnote 2: The Fifteenth Michigan arriving without ammunition, +immediately before the attack began, marched to the rear for ammunition +and, returning to the field, fought through the day between the +Eighteenth Missouri and the Eighteenth Wisconsin.] + +The artillery was not attached to brigades, but was under the direct +command of division commanders. The batteries of Schwartz and +McAllister, and Burrow's Fourteenth Ohio Battery served with +McClernand's division. Willard's Company A, First Illinois Artillery, +commanded by Lieutenant Wood, and Major Cavender's battalion of +Companies D, H, and I, First Missouri Artillery, were attached to W.H.L. +Wallace's division. Mann's four-gun battery, Ross' Second Michigan, and +Myer's Thirteenth Ohio batteries, were attached to Hurlbut's division. +Behr's Sixth Indiana Battery, and Barrett's Company B, and Waterhouse's +Company E, First Illinois Artillery, were attached to Sherman's +division. Barrett's battery had formerly been commanded by Captain Ezra +Taylor, promoted Major of the First Illinois Artillery, and was still +commonly called Taylor's battery, and is so styled in some of the +reports of the battle. Munch's Minnesota and Hickenlooper's Fifth Ohio +Battery were attached to Prentiss' division. There was some change in +the assignment of batteries on April 5th. The above gives their position +as it was on April 6th. Bouton's Company I, First Illinois Artillery, +and Dresser's battery, commanded by Captain Timony, though not assigned, +were given positions on the field by Major Ezra Taylor, Sherman's chief +of artillery, by direction of General Grant. Margraff's Eighth Ohio +Battery served with Sherman, Powell's Company F, Second Illinois +Artillery, served with Prentiss. Madison's Company B, Second Illinois +Artillery, served at the landing. Captain Silversparre's four-gun +battery of twenty-pound Parrotts, though assigned to McClernand, +remained at the landing from lack of horses and equipage to pull them +out to camp. + +The Third Division, commanded by General Lewis Wallace, comprised three +brigades: The First Brigade, commanded by Colonel Morgan L. Smith, of +the Eighth Missouri, comprising the Eleventh and Twenty-fourth Indiana +and the Eighth Missouri, was in camp at Crump's Landing; the Second +Brigade, commanded by Colonel Thayer, of the First Nebraska, comprising +the First Nebraska, Twenty-third Indiana, and Fifty-eighth and +Sixty-eighth Ohio, was camped at Stony Lonesome, two miles out from +Crump's Landing; the Third Brigade, commanded by Colonel Whittlesey, of +the Twentieth Ohio, comprising the Twentieth, Fifty-sixth, +Seventy-sixth, and Seventy-eighth Ohio, was in camp at Adamsville, three +miles out beyond Stony Lonesome, or five miles from Crump's Landing. +Buell's Battery I, First Missouri Artillery, commanded by Lieutenant +Thurber, and Thompson's Ninth Indiana Battery, constituted the artillery +of the division. + +The cavalry consisted of the Fifth Ohio, Fourth and Eleventh Illinois, +Companies A and B, Second Illinois, under Captain Houghtaling, two +companies of regular cavalry under Lieutenant Powell, Stewart's +battalion, and Thielman's battalion. The Third Battalion of the Fifth +Ohio and the Third Battalion of the Eleventh Illinois remained with +Lewis Wallace. The rest of the cavalry was assigned to different +divisions, but the assignment was changed on April 5th. + +The Fifth Ohio Cavalry, attached to Sherman's division till April 5th, +frequently made reconnoitring expeditions some miles to the front, and +frequently encountered parties of hostile cavalry. Thursday, April 3d, +General Sherman sent Buckland's brigade out on a reconnoissance on the +Corinth road, but with strict injunctions, in accordance with General +Halleck's repeated order, not to be drawn into a fight with any +considerable force of the enemy, that would risk bringing on a general +engagement. Buckland marched to the fork of the road about five miles +out, which must have been at Mickey's. General Hardee states that +Mickey's is about eight miles from the landing. Posting the brigade +between the roads, he sent two companies out on each road. Both +encountered hostile cavalry, understood to be pickets, within half a +mile, began skirmishing with them, and saw a larger body of cavalry +beyond. The companies were recalled, and the brigade reached camp a +little before dark and reported. Next day, Friday, the 4th, a cavalry +dash on Buckland's picket-line swooped off a lieutenant and seven men. +General Buckland, who was near, sent information to Sherman, who sent +out 150 cavalry. Major Crockett, who was drilling his regiment near by, +sent a company to scout beyond the picket-line. Major Crockett was sent +by General Buckland with another company, to bring the first one back. +Before long firing was heard, Buckland started with a battalion to the +rescue, found the second company had been attacked and Major Crockett +captured, pushed on a distance estimated at two miles, attacked unseen a +body of cavalry just about to charge upon the first company, was +reinforced by the cavalry sent out by Sherman, pursued the hostile +cavalry a distance estimated another mile, came in view of artillery and +infantry, was fired on by the artillery, returned bringing in ten +prisoners, and found General Sherman at the picket-posts with a brigade +in line. The same evening, in obedience to an order from General +Sherman, Buckland sent him a written report. This advance was the attack +upon Cleburne's brigade reported by General Hardee. + +Saturday the cavalry were moving camps, in obedience to the order of +reassignment. Batteries were moving about under the same order. Buckland +and Hildebrand anxiously visited their picket-lines and observed the +parties of hostile cavalry hovering in the woods beyond. Some of the men +on picket claimed they had seen infantry. Captain Mason of the +Seventy-seventh Ohio, on picket, observed at daylight, Saturday morning, +numbers of rabbits and squirrels scudding from the woods to and across +his picket-line. General Sherman was advised, but he had no cavalry to +send out; the Fifth had gone, and the Fourth not yet reported. He +enjoined Buckland and Hildebrand to be vigilant, strengthen their +pickets, and be prepared for attack. Additional companies were sent out +to increase the pickets, Buckland established a connecting line of +sentries from the picket reserve to camp, to communicate the first alarm +on the picket-line, and instructed his officers to be prepared for a +night attack. + +Saturday afternoon, General Prentiss, in consequence of information +received from his advance guard, sent Colonel Moore, of the Twenty-first +Missouri, with three companies from his regiment, to reconnoitre the +front. The line of his march being oblique to the line of the camp, led +him out beyond the front of Sherman's line. He marched in that direction +three miles, saw nothing, and returned to camp. The oblique direction of +his march prevented his running into Hardee's lines. Prentiss, assured +there was some activity--a cavalry reconnoissance in his front--pushed +his pickets out a mile and a half and reinforced them. McClernand, the +same day, went out with Colonel McPherson and a battalion of cavalry on +a reconnoissance toward Hamburg and a short distance out on the road to +Corinth, and saw a few hostile scouts back of Hamburg. + +General Lewis Wallace's reconnoitring parties developed the presence of +a considerable force at Purdy and Bethel, on the railroad. Getting +information, Friday night, of signs of preparation for movement by this +force, an order was sent to the brigade at Adamsville to form line at +daybreak. The other brigades reached Adamsville at an early hour, and +all remained prepared to repel attack till noon. The activity observed +at Purdy and Bethel was, in fact, Cheatham's preparation for his march, +Saturday, to his position in General Polk's line. General Grant being +advised, Friday, by L. Wallace, of the assembling of the force in his +front, directed W.H.L. Wallace to hold his division in readiness to move +to the support of L. Wallace immediately in case he should be +threatened; and advised Sherman to instruct his pickets to be on the +alert, and to be ready to move in support with his whole division, and +with Hurlbut's if necessary, if an attack on L. Wallace should be +attempted. W.H.L. Wallace and Sherman commanded, by their respective +positions, the bridges across Owl Creek, over which passed the two roads +from the camps at Pittsburg Landing to L. Wallace. + +Saturday, Sherman wrote to Grant: "All is quiet along my lines now. We +are in the act of exchanging cavalry, according to your orders. The +enemy has cavalry in our front, and I think there are two regiments of +infantry and one battery of artillery about six miles out. I will send +you in ten prisoners of war, and a report of last night's affair, in a +few minutes. + +"Your note is just received. I have no doubt that nothing will occur +to-day, more than some picket-firing. The enemy is saucy, but got the +worst of it yesterday, and will not press our pickets far. I will not be +drawn out far, unless with certainty of advantage; and I do not +apprehend anything like an attack upon our position." A little later in +the day, General Sherman wrote to Grant: "I infer that the enemy is in +some considerable force at Pea Ridge [another name for Monterey]; that +yesterday they crossed a bridge with two regiments of infantry, one +regiment of cavalry, and one battery of field-artillery, to the ridge on +which the Corinth road lays. They halted the infantry and artillery at a +point about five miles in my front, and sent a detachment to the house +of General Meeks, on the north of Owl Creek, and the cavalry down toward +our camp. This cavalry captured a part of our advance pickets, and +afterward engaged two companies of Colonel Buckland's regiment, as +described by him in his report herewith enclosed. Our cavalry drove them +back upon their artillery and infantry, killing many and bringing ten +prisoners (all of the First Alabama Cavalry), whom I send you." General +Grant on the same day despatched to General Halleck: "Just as my letter +of yesterday to Captain McLean, Assistant Adjutant-General, was +finished, notes from Generals McClernand's and Sherman's assistant +adjutant-generals were received, stating that our outposts had been +attacked by the enemy, apparently in considerable force. I immediately +went up, but found all quiet. The enemy took two officers and four or +five of our men prisoners, and wounded four. We took eight prisoners and +killed several. Number of the enemy's wounded not known. They had with +them three pieces of artillery, and cavalry and infantry. How much +cannot, of course, be estimated. I have scarcely the faintest idea of an +attack (general one) being made upon us, but will be prepared should +such a thing take place. General Nelson's division has arrived. The +other two, of Buell's column, will arrive to-morrow or next day. It is +my present intention to send them to Hamburg, some four miles above +Pittsburg, when they all get here. From that point to Corinth the road +is good, and a junction can be formed with the troops from Pittsburg at +almost any point. Colonel McPherson has gone with an escort to-day to +examine the defensibility of the ground about Hamburg, and to lay out +the position of the camp, if advisable to occupy that place." Earlier on +the same day General Grant also telegraphed to General Halleck: "The +main force of the enemy is at Corinth, with troops at different points +east. Small garrisons are also at Bethel, Jackson, and Humboldt. The +number at these places seems constantly to change. The number of the +enemy at Corinth, and within supporting distance of it, cannot be far +from eighty thousand men." General Halleck was preparing to leave St. +Louis and come to the front to take immediate command of the combined +army for the march on to Corinth. He advised Buell he would leave in the +beginning of the coming week. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +SHILOH--SUNDAY. + + +Three companies of the Twenty-fifth Missouri, which regiment formed the +right of Colonel Peabody's brigade, Prentiss' division, were sent out on +reconnoissance about three o'clock in the morning of Sunday, April 6th. +Following the road cautiously in a south-westerly direction, oblique to +the line of the camp, they struck the enemy's pickets in front of +General Sherman's division. General Johnston, at breakfast with his +staff, hearing the fire of the encounter, turned to Colonel Preston and +to Captain Munford, and directed them to note the hour in their blank +books. It was just fourteen minutes after five o'clock. + +Order was given to advance. To communicate the order along the line +required time. General Beauregard says the advance began at half-past +five. The three companies struck a battalion under Major Hardcastle, on +Hardee's picket-line. Major Hardcastle was posted on picket with a +battalion of the Third Mississippi, a quarter of a mile in front of +Wood's brigade, Hardee's corps. Lieutenant McNulty was posted with a +small party, one hundred yards, and Lieutenant Hammock with another +small party, two hundred yards, in front of the centre of the battalion. +Cavalry videttes were still farther to the front. The Major reports: +"About dawn, the cavalry videttes fired three shots, wheeled and +galloped back. Lieutenant Hammock suffered the enemy to approach within +ninety yards. Their line seemed to be three hundred and fifty yards +long, and to number about one thousand. He fired upon them and joined +his battalion with his men. Lieutenant McNulty received the enemy with +his fire at about one hundred yards, and then joined his battalion with +his men, when the videttes rode back to my main position. At the first +alarm my men were in line and all ready. I was on a rise of ground, men +kneeling. The enemy opened a heavy fire on us at a distance of about two +hundred yards, but most of the shots passed over us. We returned the +fire immediately and kept it up. Captain Clare, aide to General Wood, +came and encouraged us. We fought the enemy an hour or more, without +giving an inch. Our loss in this engagement was: killed, four privates; +severely wounded, one sergeant, one corporal, and eight privates; +slightly wounded, the color-sergeant and nine privates. At about 6.30 +A.M. I saw the brigade formed in my rear, and I fell back." + +At six o'clock, Colonel Moore, of the Twenty-first Missouri, also of +Peabody's brigade, was directed by General Prentiss to move out with +five companies to support the pickets. About half a mile from camp he +met the three companies of the Twenty-fifth returning. Despatching the +wounded on to camp, and sending for the rest of his regiment, he halted +with the detachment of the Twenty-fifth till joined by his remaining +five companies. So reinforced, he continued his advance three hundred +yards, met the advance of Shaver's brigade, halted on the edge of a +field, and repulsed it. Colonel Moore being wounded, Lieutenant-Colonel +Van Horn took command, and was further reinforced; after an engagement +of half an hour, was overpowered and fell back to the support of the +brigade. + +According to General Bragg's report, Johnston's line of battle, after +marching less than a mile beyond the scene of the first attack made by +the three companies of the Twenty-fifth Missouri, came upon the +strengthened National pickets, which he calls advanced posts. These fell +back fighting. The army advanced steadily another mile, pushing back the +fighting pickets, and then encountered the National troops "in strong +force almost along the entire line. His batteries were posted on +eminences, with strong infantry supports. Finding the first line was now +unequal to the work before it, being weakened by extension, and +necessarily broken by the nature of the ground, I ordered my whole force +to move up steadily and promptly to its support." + +Thus opened the battle of Shiloh. A combat made up of numberless +separate encounters of detached portions of broken lines, continually +shifting position and changing direction in the forest and across +ravines, filling an entire day, is almost incapable of a connected +narrative. As the first shock of the meeting lines of battle was near +the right of the National line, an intelligible account may be given by +describing the action of the divisions of Grant's army separately, +beginning with the right, or Sherman's. + +The direction of General Johnston's advance was such as to bring him +first in contact with Sherman's left and Prentiss's right. To preserve +even an approximate alignment of a line of battle of two miles front, +marching with artillery, through wet forest, over rough, yet soft +ground, with regiments in column doubled on the centre, the advance was +necessarily slow. The reports show that portions of the second line, +instead of keeping the prescribed distance of eight hundred yards in +rear of the first, overtook it, and had to halt to regain the distance. +The National pickets, posted a mile in front of the camps, were struck +about half-past six o'clock Colonel J. Thompson, aide-de-camp to General +Beauregard, in his report to his chief, says: "The first cannon was +discharged on our left at seven o'clock, which was followed by a rapid +discharge of musketry. About 7.30 I rode forward with Colonel Jordan to +the front, to ascertain how the battle was going. Then I learned from +General Johnston that General Hardee's line was within half a mile of +the enemy's camps, and bore from General Johnston a message that he +advised sending forward strong reinforcements to our left. From eight +o'clock to 8.30 the cannonading was very heavy along the whole line, but +especially in the centre, which was in the line of their camps. About +ten o'clock you moved forward with your staff and halted within about +half a mile of the enemy's camps." + +[Illustration: The Field of Shiloh.] + +SHERMAN'S DIVISION. + +The Seventy-seventh Ohio, of Hildebrand's brigade, was ordered the +evening before to go out to See's, Sunday morning, and reinforce the +picket reserve stationed there, and was up early Sunday morning. General +Buckland, having slept little in the night, rose early. While at +breakfast he received word that the pickets were heavily attacked, and +were falling back toward camp. He at once had the long-roll sounded, and +his brigade formed on the color-line. He rode over to General Sherman's +headquarters, a few hundred yards off, and reported the facts. +Meanwhile, the brigades of Hildebrand and McDowell formed on their +respective color-lines. The division was formed--Taylor's battery on a +rising ground in front of Shiloh Church; Hildebrand's brigade to its +left, the Seventy-seventh Ohio being next to the battery, and four guns +of Waterhouse's battery placed between the Fifty-seventh and Fifty-third +Ohio--the Fifty-third detached and forming the extreme left. The other +two guns of Waterhouse's battery were advanced to the front beyond Oak +Creek. Buckland's brigade formed to the right of Taylor's battery, and +McDowell's still farther to the right, on the bluffs of Oak Creek, near +its junction with Owl Creek, and separated from Buckland by a lateral +ravine which opened into Oak Creek. Behr's battery was with McDowell. +One of its guns, with two companies of infantry, was stationed still +farther to the right, commanding the bridges over Oak Creek and Owl +Creek, immediately above their junction. + +The advanced section of Waterhouse's battery fell back before an +approaching skirmish line and took position with the battery. General +Sherman rode to the front of the Fifty-third, to the edge of a ravine, +the continuation or source of Oak Creek, and saw, through the forest +beyond, Johnston's lines sweeping across his front toward his left. At +the same time, General Johnston was, a few hundred yards off, on the +other side of the ravine, putting General Hindman with one of his +brigades into position for attack. Hindman's skirmishers opened fire and +killed Sherman's orderly. Sherman's brigades advanced to the sloping of +the ravine of Oak Creek; Sherman had already sent word to General +McClernand asking for support to his left; to General Prentiss, giving +him notice that the enemy was in force in front; and to General Hurlbut, +asking him to support Prentiss. + +The first line of Johnston's army, commanded by General Hardee, opened, +widening the intervals between brigades as it advanced. The two brigades +commanded by General Hindman, having less rough ground to traverse, +outstripped General Cleburne. Hindman's own brigade, commanded by +Colonel Shaver, inclining to the right, struck Prentiss' right. General +Hindman in person, with Wood's brigade, came to the front of the +Fifty-third Ohio. General Johnston, having put it in position, rode back +to Cleburne and moved his brigade to Buckland's front. The battle +opened. The Fifty-third Ohio, detached by the position of its camp from +the rest of Hildebrand's brigade, being off to the left and farther to +the front, was first engaged. According to the report of +Lieutenant-Colonel Fulton, the advancing line of Wood's brigade having +twice recoiled before the fire of the regiment, Colonel Appler cried out +to his men to fall back and save themselves. The regiment retired in +confusion behind McClernand's Third Brigade, which had come up in +support; but, soon rallied by the Lieutenant-Colonel and Adjutant Dawes, +it returned to the front to the bank of the stream. The colonel +reappeared and again ordered a retreat. The regiment was now fatally +broken. Adjutant Dawes, however, rallied two companies and attached them +to the Seventeenth Illinois, of McClernand's Third Brigade, while a +considerable detachment joined the Seventy-seventh Ohio, then commanded +by Major Fearing. In the afternoon, Lieutenant-Colonel Fulton, with the +greater part of the regiment reunited, acted as support to Bouton's +battery. + +General Patton Anderson, with his brigade, and Captain Hodgson's battery +of the Washington Artillery, pressed forward from Johnston's second +line, commanded by General Bragg, into the gap between Hindman and +Cleburne. Posting his battery on high ground, he advanced his brigade +down into the wet and bushy valley of Oak Creek, and charged up the +slope. Taylor's battery and the Fifty-seventh and Seventy-seventh Ohio +instantly drove him back. His regiments, not discouraged, charged +singly, and when broken, charged by battalion, but could not withstand +the fire, and as often fell back. General Johnston, who had passed on +toward his right, dispatched two brigades, Russell's and Johnson's, from +the third line, commanded by General Polk, to aid the assault. General +Beauregard moved them to his right, beyond Hindman, to attack +McClernand. + +Meanwhile, Cleburne, forming the extreme left of Hardee's line, with his +brigade of six regiments and two batteries engaged Buckland. The valley +of Oak Creek is there wider, deeper, and boggy. The slope, crowned by +Buckland's brigade, was steep and bushy. A bend in its course gave some +companies of the Seventieth Ohio an enfilading fire. Cleburne's +regiments, tangled in the morass, struggled with uneven front up the +wooded ascent, only to be driven back by Buckland's steady fire. +Reforming, they charged again, to meet another repulse. The regiments, +broken, disordered, and commingled, persisted in the vain endeavor, only +to encounter heavier losses. The Sixth Mississippi lost 300 killed and +wounded out of a total of 425. More than one-third of the brigade were +killed and wounded. Pond's brigade, of Bragg's corps, came up in +support, but paused on the wooded bank, and did not attempt to cross +this valley of death. + +McClernand's other brigades, which were to the left of the Third, after +some very sharp fighting, fell back. The long line of Wood's brigade +then largely outreached Colonel Raith's left flank. Raith refused his +left regiments. Wood's brigade wheeled to their left, confronting +Raith's new line. Waterhouse's battery, being taken on the flank, was +limbering up to withdraw, when Major Taylor ordered it into action +again. Raith's regiments gave way. Wood's brigade charged on +Waterhouse's battery, capturing three of its guns. Captain Waterhouse +and two lieutenants being wounded, Lieutenant Fitch, by order of Major +Taylor, retired to the river with the two pieces that were saved sound. +The Fifty-seventh and Seventy-seventh Ohio being now assailed on the +flank by Wood's advance, fell back in disorder. Anderson's brigade then +gathered itself up, emerged from the wet borders of the creek, and +gained the plateau in front of Hildebrand's camps. Buckland's rear was +now commanded by a hostile battery and threatened by Wood's brigade. +General Sherman at ten o'clock ordered his division to take position to +the rear along the Purdy road. Barrett's battery, moving back by the +Corinth road, came into position with McClernand's division in its +second position. McDowell's brigade had not yet been engaged, and to get +into the new position merely shifted his line to the left along the +road. Buckland moved back through his camp in order, his wagons carrying +off his dead and wounded and such baggage as they could hold. The +greater part of the Seventy-seventh Ohio, commanded by Major Fearing, +together with some companies of the Fifty-seventh, held by +Lieutenant-Colonel Rice, and some companies of the Fifty-third, +represented Hildebrand's brigade. Colonel Hildebrand finding his command +so reduced, served part of the day on McClernand's staff, but returned +to General Sherman in the evening. Colonel Crafts Wright, commanding the +Thirteenth Missouri in W.H.L. Wallace's division, was ordered in the +morning to take a designated position on the Purdy road. This brought +him on the left of General Sherman's new line. The remnant of +Hildebrand's brigade formed on Wright's left and operated with him. + +Meanwhile General Grant, at breakfast at Savannah, nine miles below +Pittsburg Landing by river, but six miles in an air-line, heard the +firing. He at once sent an order to General Nelson to march his division +up the river to opposite Pittsburg; and, not aware that General Buell +had arrived the previous evening, sent a letter out to meet him, +advising him of the order given to Nelson and explaining the reason for +not waiting in person for his arrival. Steaming up the river, he +stopped at Crump's Landing at eight o'clock and directed Lewis Wallace +to hold his division in readiness to move. Arrived at Pittsburg Landing, +Colonel Pride, of his staff, at once organized ammunition trains, which +were busy all day supplying the troops at the front. The Twenty-third +Missouri, just arrived by boat, he hurried out to reinforce Prentiss. +The Fifteenth Iowa, just arrived, and the Sixteenth, sent by Prentiss to +the landing for ammunition, he directed to form line, arrest the tide of +stragglers from the front, and organize them to return. Riding to the +front, he found General Sherman a little before ten o'clock in his +hottest engagement, still holding the enemy at bay in front of his camp; +told him that Wallace would come up from Crump's Landing; sent word to +Wallace to move; to Nelson, to hasten his movements; returned to the +landing, dispatched the two Iowa regiments to reinforce McClernand, and +proceeded to visit the other divisions in the field. + +The loaded wagons of McDowell's brigade, hurrying to the rear along the +Purdy road, interfered with the formation of Sherman's new line. Behr's +battery, galloping to the position assigned to it--the centre of the +line--added to the difficulty. This battery was hardly in position and +under fire before Captain Behr was killed, and the men abandoned their +guns, fleeing from the field with the caissons. The line so disordered +and broken was hard pressed by the enemy, and Sherman selected another +line of defence, to his left and rear, connecting with McClernand's +right. McDowell, nearly cut off by the enemy's pressing through the gap +left by Behr's men, brought the remaining gun of this battery from its +position near the bridge, and by a rapid fire pressed back the advance. +His regiments became separated while struggling through dense thickets +to the new position. The Fortieth Illinois found itself marching by the +flank, with a deep ravine along its left, and a confederate regiment +marching in parallel course not far to its right. Thus cut off, the +Fortieth formed with its rear to the ravine, with a desperate effort +drove its dangerous companion out of the way, and, pushing through the +timber, came into a valley in rear of McClernand. + +Not all the force engaged in the two hours' fight in front of Sherman's +camp followed him to his new position. Cleburne had difficulty in +reforming his shattered command. The remnant of the Sixth Mississippi +marched to the rear under command of the senior surviving captain, +disabled for further service. The fragment of the Twenty-Third Tennessee +remaining near Cleburne was sent to the rear to hunt up the portions +that had broken from it in the contest. Cleburne, proceeding for his +other regiments, was stopped by General Hardee about noon, and directed +to collect and bring into action the stragglers who were thronging in +the captured camps. With the aid of cavalry he gathered up an +unorganized multitude; but, finding he could do nothing with them, he +resumed the search for his remaining regiments. About two o'clock he +found the Fifth and Twenty-fourth Tennessee and Fifteenth Arkansas +"halted under the brow of an abrupt hill." The Second Tennessee had +moved to the rear, and did not rejoin the brigade during the battle. +Cleburne was not again severely engaged during the day. Colonel Pond +kept his brigade, in pursuance of General Bragg's order, watching the +crossings of Owl Creek. + +But the brigades of Anderson and Wood pressed on. Trabue's heavy brigade +of five regiments, two battalions and two batteries, had been detached +from the reserve at Beauregard's request for reinforcements, and sent by +Johnston to his extreme left. Skirting Owl Creek, he came in full force +upon Sherman's right flank, at half-past twelve o'clock. McDowell's two +remaining regiments, the Sixth Iowa and Forty-sixth Ohio, were quickly +moved to confront Trabue. The Forty-sixth Ohio was more alert in +movement, and opened a hot fire before Trabue was completely deployed +and in position. A steady combat through the timber and underbrush, and +across the ravines, lasted an hour and a half. The Sixth Iowa lost 51 +killed and 120 wounded; the Forty-sixth Ohio, losing fewer killed, but +more wounded--34 killed, 150 wounded, and 52 taken prisoners--was quite +shattered, and took no further part in the battle. Colonel Trabue's +estimate of the character of the fighting at this point appears from his +statement that his command in this encounter killed and wounded four or +five hundred of the Forty-Sixth Ohio alone. It appears also from his +report, which has never been officially published, but which is printed +in the "History of the First Kentucky Brigade," that, of the 844 +casualties in the brigade in the two days' battle, 534 were in the four +regiments engaged in this encounter. Sherman readjusted his line, +resting his right on a deep ravine running to Owl Creek, and keeping his +left in connection with McClernand. Trabue was reinforced by General +A.P. Stewart and part of his brigade, and a part of Anderson's brigade +which had been resting in a ravine in the rear. The struggle lasted with +varying intensity and alternate success. + +There were charges and countercharges, ground was lost and regained; but +the general result was a recession of the battered division to the left +and rear. About four o'clock, during a lull, Sherman moved his reduced +command still farther in the same direction, and took position so as to +cover the road by which Lewis Wallace was to arrive. Here, with an open +field in front, he was not further molested, and here he bivouacked for +the night. At this point, Captain Hickenlooper, who had been engaged +all day in the sturdy defence made by Prentiss, joined Sherman with his +battery. Buckland, rejoined by the Seventieth Ohio, was ordered, late in +the afternoon, to take his brigade to the bridge over Snake Creek, by +which Lewis Wallace was expected. From this point the Forty-eighth Ohio +marched to the landing for ammunition, and was there detained as a +portion of the force supporting the reserve artillery till next morning. +The bridge appearing free from risk, Buckland returned to the place of +bivouac, constituting the right of Sherman's line. The Thirteenth +Missouri became separated from the division in the last struggle, was +incorporated for the night in Colonel Marsh's collection of regiments, +constituting for the night McClernand's right. The position of the +Thirteenth during the night was close by the headquarter tents of +General McArthur, of W.H.L. Wallace's division. The Fifty-third Ohio +bivouacked with the Eighty-first Ohio, in front of the camp of the +Second Iowa, in Tuttle's brigade of W.H. Wallace's division. McDowell's +brigade had disappeared from the division. Portions of the Fifty-seventh +and Seventy-seventh Ohio, with Lieutenant-Colonel Rice and Major +Fearing, were still with Sherman, and formed the left of his line in the +bivouac. + + +McCLERNAND. + +The Forty-third Illinois, of McClernand's brigade, being out by +permission, Sunday morning, to discharge their pieces, which had been +loaded since they marched to the picket-line, Friday evening, distant +firing was heard. This being reported to General McClernand, he sent an +order to Colonel Reardon to hold the brigade in readiness for action. +Colonel Reardon, being confined to bed by illness, directed Colonel +Raith to assume command. There was some delay in getting the brigade +formed, owing to the sudden change of commanders and to the incredulity +of the officers in some of the regiments as to the reality of an attack. +The brigade being at length formed, advanced, and took position, with +its right near Waterhouse's battery--its line making an angle with +Sherman's line, so as to throw the left of the brigade upon and along +Oak Creek. Colonel Marsh, of the Twentieth Illinois, heard considerable +musketry on the left of the National camp. This continuing without +material interruption for some time, he ordered regimental commanders to +be in readiness to form, and soon after received an order from General +McClernand to form the brigade. Soon after the brigade was formed an +order was received to advance to the support of General Sherman, who was +reported to be heavily attacked. The brigade moved to the left to a +position assigned by General McClernand. The First Brigade was ordered +to form three regiments on the left of the Second, and to post one +regiment, the Eleventh Iowa, in reserve in rear of the right of Colonel +Marsh's brigade. The alignment of the Third Brigade, by Colonel Raith +throwing his left too far to the front, so as to be exposed to a flank +attack and also to cover Colonel Marsh's right, Colonel Raith wheeled +his left to the rear to connect with Marsh. The right of McClernand's +division, as thus formed, connected with Sherman, but the left was +uncovered. + +General Johnston sent two brigades from Polk's corps, Colonel Russell's +and General B.R. Johnson's, to reinforce his extreme left. General +Beauregard, who had taken immediate command on the Confederate left, +sent them farther to his right, and they went into position on the left +of Wood's brigade. Two regiments of Russell's brigade formed on the left +of Wood; the rest were marched by General Clark, the division +commander, still farther to the right. Three of General Johnson's +regiments formed on the right of Russell's two, while General Bragg +moved Johnson's remaining two regiments off to his right, to another +attack. The assault on Colonel Marsh was made with great fury. In five +minutes most of the field officers in the brigade were killed or +wounded. The enemy's fire seemed especially directed at Burrow's +battery, posted in the centre of Marsh's brigade, all the horses of +which were killed or disabled. The colonel and lieutenant-colonel of the +Forty-eighth Illinois being wounded and taken off the field, the +regiment finally became disorganized and retired in disorder. The other +regiments fell back. The battery was lost. The first brigade, which had +not been severely engaged, next retired in some disorder. The Third +Brigade, being now enfiladed and turned on its left flank, Colonel Raith +refused his left regiment, and was himself soon mortally wounded. Wood's +brigade then wheeling to its left and advancing, the Third Brigade fell +back, leaving Waterhouse's battery on the flank of Sherman's division +exposed. + +The division formed again, its right connected with Sherman's left on +the Purdy road. When Sherman fell back from the Purdy road, McClernand +adjusted his right to connect again with Sherman's left. While his right +connected still with Sherman, his left for a while almost joined W.H.L. +Wallace in the position which he had assumed, and, when pushed back +still farther, his left was yet to some extent protected by the +character of the ground, rough, intersected by ravines, and dotted with +impenetrable thickets that intervened between it and W.H.L. Wallace. +McAllister's battery, and Schwartz's battery commanded by Lieutenant +Nispel, were reinforced by Taylor's battery, commanded by Captain +Barrett, brought over from Sherman, and by Dresser's battery, commanded +by Captain Timony. + +A determined and desperate struggle ensued, which lasted, with +occasional intermissions, till late in the afternoon. Shaver's brigade, +which, after a severe and protracted contest, had overcome Peabody's +brigade of Prentiss' division, was ordered to the attack upon the left +of McClernand's line. Advancing across a wide and open field, he +encountered so hot a fire in front and on his right flank, that his +brigade recoiled back to the shelter of timber and halted paralyzed, +till later in the day he was ordered to attack in another quarter. +General B.R. Johnson was wounded, and his brigade so severely handled +that it retreated from the field, leaving its battery, Polk's, behind. +McClernand's whole division advanced in line, pushing the enemy back +half a mile through and beyond his camp. This success was only +temporary. Changing front to meet fresh attacks, refusing first one +flank, then the other, clinging desperately to his camp, but, on the +whole, shifting slowly back from one position to another, he formed, in +the afternoon, in the edge of timber on the border of an open field, and +here, during a pause of half an hour, supplied his command with +ammunition. The respite was followed by a more furious assault. Falling +back from his camp toward the river, to the farther side of a deep +ravine running north and south, being the continuation of the valley or +ravine of Brier Creek, he formed his line, facing west with wings +refused, the centre being the apex, and still connecting on the right +with the remnant of Sherman's division. Several fitful onslaughts at +intervals forced McClernand to refuse his left still farther. + +The swinging around of McClernand's left, while he receded in a general +direction toward the northeast, left a wide interval between his command +and W.H.L. Wallace. The force which had been massed against him and +Sherman had been diminished by detachments sent to aid in the attack +against W.H.L. Wallace and Prentiss. The remainder drifted through the +gap to Wallace's rear. Pond's brigade, to which had been assigned the +special duty of guarding along Owl Creek against any advance around +Johnston's left flank, constituted the extreme Confederate left. This +brigade had been very little under fire during the day. The battery +attached to it, Ketchum's, was now detached to aid in the assault upon +Wallace's front. Pond, with three Louisiana regiments of his brigade, +was directed to move to the left along the deep ravine which McClernand +had crossed, and silence one of McClernand's batteries. Trabue's +brigade, which had been struggling through the tangled forest covering +rough ground, separated by a lateral ravine from the ground in rear of +Wallace and Prentiss, through the dense thickets of which ravine no +command had been able to penetrate, was just emerging from the forest, +and crossing the Brier Creek ravine toward Hurlbut's camp. Trabue's men, +catching sight of the blue uniform of Pond's Louisiana regiments, fired +upon them. This being silenced, Pond's brigade continued down the +ravine, and up a lateral ravine toward the river, Colonel Mouton's +Eighteenth Louisiana in advance. As they neared the position the battery +withdrew, unmasking a line of infantry. A murderous fire was opened by +this line. Pond's brigade faltered, recoiled, withdrew; the Eighteenth +Louisiana, according to Colonel Mouton's report, leaving 207 dead and +wounded in the ravine. + +This was the final attack on the National right. But scarcely was this +over before Hurlbut's command came falling back through his camp, pushed +on by Bragg and Breckenridge. W.H.L. Wallace's regiments, finding the +force which had been contending with Sherman and McClernand closing on +their rear, faced about and fought to their rear; some regiments +succeeded in cutting their way through and streamed toward their camp. +This sudden, tumultuous uproar, far in the rear of the day's conflict, +infected McClernand's command, and a large part of it broke in disorder. +The broken line was partially rallied and moved back to what McClernand +designates as his eighth position taken in the course of the day, and +here he bivouacked for the night, his right joining the left of +Sherman's bivouac; the left swung back so as to make an acute angle with +it. Colonel Marsh formed the right of the line. His "command having been +reduced to a merely nominal one" in the afternoon, he had been sent back +across the Brier Creek ravine before the rest of the division, to form a +new line, arrest all stragglers, and detain all unattached fragments. +Colonel Davis, with the Forty-sixth Illinois, was resting in front of +their camp in Veatch's brigade, Hurlbut's division, but on Colonel +Marsh's request took position on Marsh's right; McClernand, when he fell +back, formed the rest of his command on Marsh's left. The line consisted +of the Forty-sixth, Forty-eighth, Twentieth, Seventeenth, Forty-ninth, +Forty-third, and Forty-fifth Illinois, the Thirteenth Missouri, and the +Fifty-third and Eighty-first Ohio. The Forty-sixth Illinois lay in front +of its camp, being the right of Veatch's brigade camp, Hurlbut's +division. The Forty-eighth and Twentieth lay on its left. The +Seventeenth, Forty-ninth, and Forty-third moved around to connect with +Sherman's left. The position of the Forty-third was between the bivouac +of the Forty-sixth Illinois and the Thirteenth Missouri, and midway +between the camp of the Ninth Illinois of McArthur's brigade, W.H.L. +Wallace's division, and the camp of the Forty-sixth Illinois. The +Fifty-third and Eighty-first Ohio were in front of the camp of the +Second Iowa, Tuttle's Brigade, W.H.L. Wallace's division. Colonel +Crocker, Thirteenth Iowa, who had assumed command of the First Brigade +on the wounding of Colonel Hare, bivouacked with his regiment in front +of the camp of the Fourteenth Iowa, Tuttle's brigade. The Eighth and +Eighteenth Illinois spent the night with the reserve artillery. + +Colonel Veatch, commanding Hurlbut's Second Brigade, formed his command +at half-past seven o'clock in the morning, and was shortly after ordered +to march to the support of Sherman. He reached a point not well defined, +between nine and ten o'clock, and was placed in reserve. He soon became +hotly engaged on McClernand's left. His two right regiments, the +Fifteenth and Forty-sixth Illinois, became separated from Colonel Veatch +with the other two regiments, and then separated from each other. The +Forty-sixth aided the Sixth Iowa and Forty-sixth Ohio in their desperate +struggle with Trabue, and after continual engagements, being forced back +to within half a mile of its camp, repaired thither about two o'clock +and had a comfortable dinner. The Fifteenth suffered severely. The +lieutenant-colonel and the major, the only field-officers with the +regiment, were killed, two captains were killed and one wounded, one +lieutenant was killed and six wounded. Colonel Veatch, with the +Twenty-fifth Indiana and Fourteenth Illinois, continued fighting and +manoeuvring with skill and determination till the retreating division +of Hurlbut passed along his rear. Colonel Veatch then reported to +Hurlbut, and formed part of his line of defence in support of the +reserve artillery at the close of the day. + + +PRENTISS AND W.H.L. WALLACE. + +Prentiss' division in the front line, and W.H.L. Wallace's on the +plateau between the river and Brier Creek, were more widely separated in +camp than any other two divisions; but in the contest of Sunday they +operated together. + +Colonel Moore, of the Twenty-first Missouri, being wounded early in the +encounter with the Confederate advance, Lieutenant-Colonel Woodyard took +command of the regiment, together with the accompanying detachment of +the Twenty-fifth Missouri and four companies of the Sixteenth Wisconsin, +sent out the night before to reinforce the pickets. Pushed by Shaver's +brigade, he fell back after a struggle on the edge of a field to the +farther side of a narrow ridge, about half a mile from camp, where he +was joined by Colonel Peabody with the rest of the brigade. After a +contest of half an hour, Shaver was repulsed and fell back. General A.S. +Johnston observing men dropping out of the ranks of the retreating +brigade, rallied it himself and ordered it to renew the attack. Peabody +recoiled under the fresh onset, and, falling back, took his place, +constituting the right of the line of battle of the division formed a +quarter of a mile in advance of the camp. + +Gladden's brigade, forming part of Bragg's corps, on the second line of +Johnston's army, was moved forward to extend the right of Hardee on the +first line, when, by the divergence of Lick Creek from Owl Creek, +Hardee's line became inadequate to fill the distance between them. The +line of Johnston's advance being oblique to the line of Prentiss' front, +Gladden arrived in front of Prentiss' left after Shaver had become +engaged with Peabody. Colonel Adams, who took command of the brigade +upon the death of General Gladden, and who made the full report of the +brigade, says they arrived in position at eight o'clock. Colonel Deas, +who took command when Adams was wounded, says they arrived a little +after seven. Colonel Loomis, who was in command on the return to +Corinth, says in his report, made April 13th, that the engagement of +this brigade began at half-past seven. Wheeling to the left and +deploying into line, the brigade moved confidently forward. Gladden was +mortally wounded and his command fell back in confusion. General +Johnston ordered it to return to the attack, but, on inspecting its +condition, countermanded the order. + +Chalmers' brigade, coming up from the second line, made an impetuous +charge. Jackson's brigade, which followed in rear of Chalmers, moved +forward and joined in the attack. Prentiss fell back and made a stand +immediately in front of his camp. After a gallant but short struggle, +his division, about nine o'clock, gave way and fell back through his +camp, leaving behind Powell's guns and caissons and two of +Hickenlooper's guns, all the horses of Hickenlooper's two guns being +killed. The line was broken and disordered by the tents. The +Twenty-fifth Missouri, and portions of other regiments drifted to the +rear. On the summit of a slope, covered by dense thicket, not far to the +rear of his camp, Prentiss rallied the Eighteenth and Twenty-first +Missouri, Twelfth Michigan, and Eighteenth Wisconsin. The Sixty-first +Illinois and Sixteenth Wisconsin were also rallied, but detached to form +in reserve to Hurlbut. The Twenty-third Missouri, arriving by boat at +the landing after the battle had begun, moved out at once and took +position in Prentiss' new line. In this position his left was near the +extreme southern head of the ravine of Brier Creek; thence his line +extended along an old, sunk, washed-out road running a little north of +west, and reached nearly to the Corinth road. Prentiss in person put +Hickenlooper's battery in position immediately to the right of the +Corinth road, near the intersection of the roads. Prentiss' men used the +road cut as a defence, lying down in it and firing from it. General +Grant, visiting Prentiss, approved the position and directed him to hold +it at all hazards. The order was obeyed. Continually assaulted by +successive brigades, he repelled every attack and held the position +till the close of the day. + +General W.H.L. Wallace, commanding Smith's division, formed his +regiments at eight o'clock. Some of the regiments loaded their wagons +and received extra ammunition. At half-past eight o'clock the division +moved; McArthur with two of his regiments, the Ninth and Twelfth +Illinois, went to support Stuart's brigade at its isolated camp at the +extreme left of the National line, having sent the Thirteenth Missouri +to Sherman, and left the Fourteenth Missouri and Eighty-first Ohio to +guard the bridge over Snake Creek, on the Crump's Landing road. Wallace +led his other two brigades to the support of Prentiss, placing Tuttle on +Prentiss' right, and Sweeney to the right of Tuttle. Tuttle's left was +about one hundred yards to the right of the Corinth road, and the +division line extending northwestwardly behind a clear field, Sweeney's +right reached the head of a wide, deep ravine--called in some of the +Confederate reports a gorge--which ravine, filled with impenetrable +thickets, extended from his right far to his rear and ran into the +ravine of Brier Creek. Wallace added to the defence of this ravine by +posting sharpshooters along its border. General Wallace detached the +Eighth Iowa from Sweeney's brigade and placed it across the Corinth +road, filling the interval between the two divisions. + +Wallace's line was barely formed when, at ten o'clock, Gladden's +brigade, now commanded by Colonel Adams, moved again against Prentiss. +Advancing slowly up the slight ascent through impeding thickets, against +an unseen foe, it encountered a blaze of fire from the summit, faltered, +wavered, hesitated, retreated, and withdrew out of range. A.P. Stewart +led his brigade against Wallace's front, was driven back, returned to +the assault, and was again hurled back; but still rallied, and moved +once more in vain, to be again sent in retreat. + +The Confederates gave this fatal slope the name "The Hornet's Nest." +General Bragg ordered Gibson with his brigade to carry the position. The +fresh column charged gallantly, but the deadly line of musketry in +front, and an enfilading fire from the well-posted battery, mowed down +his ranks; and Gibson's brigade fell back discomfited. Gibson asked for +artillery. None was at hand. Bragg ordered him to charge again. The +colonels of the four regiments thought it hopeless. The order was given. +The brigade struggled up the tangled ascent; but once more met the +inexorable fire that hurled them back. Four times Gibson charged, and +was four times repulsed. Colonel Allen, of the Fourth Louisiana, one of +Gibson's regiments, rode back to General Bragg to repeat the request for +artillery. Stung by the answer, "Colonel Allen, I want no faltering +now," he returned to his regiment, led it in a desperate dash up the +slope, more persistent, and therefore more destructive, and returned +with the fragment of his command that was not left strewn upon the +hill-side. As the line of Sherman and McClernand continually contracted +as they fell back, the successive reinforcements pushed in toward the +left of the Confederate line gradually pressed Hindman's two +brigades--first wholly against McClernand's front, then against his +left, then beyond his line. These two brigades were then moved to the +front of W.H.L. Wallace. Flushed with victory, they advanced with +confidence. The same resistless fire wounded Hindman and drove back his +command. Led by General A.P. Stewart, the brigades gallantly advanced +again and rushed against the fatal fire, only to be shivered into +fragments that recoiled, to remain out of the contest for the rest of +the day. + +The commander of the Confederate Army was killed farther to the right, +at half-past two o'clock in the afternoon. As the news of this loss +spread, there was a feeling of uncertainty and visible relaxation of +effort in parts of his command. In front of Prentiss and Wallace attack +was suspended about an hour. + +Hickenlooper's four guns, standing at the salient where Prentiss and +Wallace joined, sweeping both fronts, had all day long been reaping +bloody harvests among the lines of assailants that strove to approach. +So near, yet so far; in plain view, yet out of reach, the little battery +exasperated the baffled brigades while it extorted their admiration. +General Ruggles sent his staff officers in all directions to sweep in +all the guns they could reach. He gives the names of eleven batteries +and one section which he planted in a great crescent, pouring in a +concentric fire. From this tornado of missiles Hickenlooper withdrew his +battery complete, and, passing to the rear through Hurlbut's camp, +reported to Sherman for further service. + +The terrible fire of this artillery was supplemented by continued, but +desultory infantry attacks. The Crescent regiment of Louisiana essayed +to charge, but recoiled. Patton Anderson led his brigade up, but was +driven back. About four o'clock, Hurlbut, whose right had joined +Prentiss' left, finally gave way, and Bragg, following him, passed on to +the rear of Prentiss. By half-past four the fighting in front of Sherman +and McClernand had ceased, and Cheatham, Trabue, Johnson, and Russell, +finding that Wallace could not be approached across the dense tangle +filling the great ravine which protected his right, felt their way +unopposed to the plateau in his rear, meeting the combined force under +Bragg in front of Hurlbut's camp. General Polk collected in front of the +steadfast men of Prentiss and Wallace all the other troops within +reach, and at five o'clock, with one mighty effort, surged against their +line, now pounded by Ruggles' batteries. + +When Hurlbut fell back, leaving Prentiss and Wallace entirely isolated, +these two commanders consulted and resolved to hold their position at +all hazards, and keep the enemy from passing on to the landing. But when +they became enveloped, almost encircled, the enemy having passed behind +them toward the landing and were closing upon the Corinth road in their +rear, Wallace ordered his command to retire and cut a way through. +Tuttle gave the order to his brigade, which faced about to the rear and +opened fire on the forces closing behind. The Second and Seventh Iowa, +led by Colonel Tuttle, charged, cut their way through, and marched to +the landing. The Twelfth and Fourteenth Iowa, lingering with the Eighth +Iowa to cover the retreat of Hickenlooper's battery, were too late, and +found themselves walled in. Colonel Baldwin, who had succeeded to the +command of the other brigade when Colonel Sweeney was wounded, brought +off part of his command; but two of his regiments, the Fifty-eighth +Illinois as well as the Eighth Iowa, were securely enclosed. Wallace +fell mortally wounded. Groups and squads of Prentiss' men succeeded in +making their way out before the circle wholly closed. Prentiss, with the +remaining fragments of the two divisions, facing the fire that +surrounded them, made a desperate struggle. But further resistance was +hopeless and was useless. Prentiss, having never swerved from the +position he was ordered to hold, having lost everything but honor, +surrendered the little band. According to his report, made after his +return from captivity, the number from both divisions surrendered with +him was 2,200. The statements vary as to the precise hour of the +surrender, and as to what command surrendered last. Colonel Shaw, of +the Fourteenth Iowa, who fought toward the rear before surrendering, +says that at the time he yielded he compared watches with his captor, +and both agreed it was about a quarter to six; he adds that the Eighth +and Twelfth Iowa and Fifty-eighth Illinois surrendered at about the same +time, and that the ground where they surrendered is about the spot +marked by three black dots in the fork of the Purdy and the Lower +Corinth roads, on Colonel George Thom's map of the field. + + +HURLBUT'S DIVISION. + +It remains to describe the combat on the National left, where Hurlbut +with two of his brigades, supporting Stuart's isolated brigade of +Sherman's division and aided by two regiments of McArthur's brigade of +W.H.L. Wallace's division, resisted a part of Bragg's corps and the +reserves under General Breckenridge. + +Colonel Stuart received word from Prentiss at half-past seven o'clock +that the enemy was advancing in force. Shortly after, his pickets sent +in word that the hostile column was in sight on the Bark road. He sent +his adjutant, Loomis, to General Hurlbut for assistance, but Hurlbut was +already in motion. Hurlbut, receiving notice from General Sherman, sent +Veatch's brigade to his aid. Soon after, getting a request for support +from Prentiss, he marched from his camp at twenty minutes after eight +o'clock, with his first brigade commanded by Colonel Williams, of the +Third Iowa, and his Third Brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General +Lauman. Passing out by the Hamburg road, across the first small field +and through a belt of timber beyond that, and into the large field that +stretched to Stuart's camp, he formed the First Brigade in line near the +southern side of the field, the Forty-first Illinois on the left, and +the Third Iowa on the right. The Third Brigade, Lauman's, the +Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth Kentucky forming the left, and the +Thirty-first and Forty-fourth Indiana the right, connected with +Prentiss' left, and was posted like it, protected in front with dense +thickets. General McArthur's two regiments appear to have operated on +Stuart's right. The Sixteenth Wisconsin and Sixty-first Illinois, from +Prentiss' division, formed in reserve in rear of the centre of Hurlbut's +line. + +Colonel Stuart, finding Mann's battery, supported by the Forty-first +Illinois, coming to his aid and going into position by the headquarters +of one of his regiments, the Seventy-first Ohio, formed his line, the +Seventy-first Ohio and Fifty-fifth Illinois to the left of this battery +and facing nearly west, the Fifty-fourth Ohio at their left and facing +south. He sent four companies as skirmishers across the ravine to the +south of his camp, which discharges eastwardly into Lick Creek. His +skirmishers were unable to prevent the establishment of a hostile +battery on the heights beyond the ravine. While he was on the bank of +the ravine observing the enemy with his glass, Mann's battery, after +firing a few rounds at the hostile battery at a range of eleven hundred +yards, withdrew with the Forty-first Illinois back into the field, to +connect with their brigade. The Seventy-first Ohio, without orders, at +the same time retired. The Seventy-first Ohio was engaged in supporting +distance of the brigade in its first combat, though without the +knowledge of Colonel Stuart; but it was not with the brigade during the +rest of the day. The adjutant, however, returned with a score of men +after the regiment disappeared. + +General Johnston, having personally seen the battle begun on his left +and centre, proceeded to reconnoitre the National right and try the +feasibility of turning it. Chalmers, called from his attack on Prentiss, +retired a short distance and halted half an hour, waiting for a guide +and further orders. He then marched directly south across the ravine +which runs eastwardly and debouches into Lick Run near the site of +Stuart's camp, and, advancing along the high land beyond, eastwardly +toward the river, arrived opposite Stuart's camp. Here the fire of the +skirmishers sent across the ravine by Stuart threw the Fifty-second +Tennessee into disorder. Chalmers, finding it impossible to rally more +than two companies of the regiment, ordered the remaining eight +companies out of the line, and they took no further part in the battle. + +Here Chalmers halted half an hour while Clanton's cavalry reconnoitered +along the river. About ten o'clock, or a little later, Stuart having +withdrawn his two remaining regiments, the Fifty-fourth Ohio and +Fifth-fifth Illinois, back across the eastern extremity of the field to +the summit of a short, abrupt ascent in timber, Chalmers deployed his +brigade and advanced. The advantage of position partially compensated +Stuart for his inferiority in numbers. A contest with musketry across +the open field lasted some time without effect. Stuart reports it lasted +two hours. Clanton moved his cavalry forward along the river bluffs +toward Stuart's rear, around his left flank; Chalmers charged across the +field, and Stuart retreated to another ridge in his rear, and again +formed. Chalmers, being out of ammunition, and the wagons being far to +the rear, halted till ammunition could be brought up. + +Meanwhile, Jackson's brigade, the Third Brigade of Withers' division, +marched to attack McArthur. The assault was gallantly made; but the +troops, unable to stand the steady fire which they encountered, fell +back. Being rallied after a rest, they renewed the attack. For a long +time the fate of the obstinate struggle was undecided. At length +McArthur's two regiments, pounded by well-posted batteries, yielded to +Jackson's persistent attack, after the Ninth Illinois had lost 61 killed +and 287 wounded, and withdrew, steadily and in order, to a new position. + +Withers' First Brigade--Gladden's having been disordered in its first +attack on Prentiss, when General Gladden was killed--remained an hour at +halt in Prentiss' camp. After its sharp repulse in the later attack, the +brigade drifted to its right, following the course of preceding +brigades, came in front of Hurlbut's line, and moved to the attack. +Lauman's brigade, of Hurlbut's division, had remained undisturbed for an +hour after taking position. A skirmish line which he had posted in front +reported an advance of the enemy. Artillery from a distance in front +opened fire. At the first shot which fell in the Thirteenth Ohio +Battery, posted in the field to Lauman's left, with the right of +Williams' brigade, the entire battery deserted their guns and fled. +Shortly after the battle the men were, by order, distributed among other +batteries; the Thirteenth was blotted out, and on Ohio's roster its +place remained a blank throughout the war. + +Soon, a line of gleaming steel was seen above the dense undergrowth in +Lauman's front. It advanced steadily till about one hundred yards from +his line. A sheet of fire blazed from the front of the brigade. The men, +restrained till then, fired rapidly but coolly. The fire could not be +resisted or endured. Gladden's brigade, now commanded by Colonel Adams, +was arrested in its march, broken, and fell back. Three times the +brigade rallied and returned to the assault. Once, a portion advanced to +within a few paces of the Thirty-first Indiana. But every charge was +vain, and Colonel Adams, the commander, being wounded, the brigade, +discomfited, withdrew. + +After the termination of this engagement, several regiments--either the +Gladden brigade, now commanded by Colonel Deas, or one of the brigades +of Breckenridge's reserve--moved into the field to the left of Lauman. +Colonel Williams, commanding Hurlbut's first brigade, had been killed in +an artillery duel across the field, and the brigade, now commanded by +Colonel Pugh, had been drawn back from the field, behind a fence along +its northern boundary. The force that moved into the field was not only +confronted by the brigade under Colonel Pugh, but its flank was +commanded by the Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth Kentucky, which General +Lauman promptly wheeled to the left, against the fence bounding the +westerly face of the field. The assault made in this field was gallant +and deliberate, but brief and sanguinary. Pugh's command remained still +until the lines, advancing over the open field, were near. Then rising, +they poured in a volley, and continued firing into the smoke until no +bullets were heard whistling back from the front. The two Kentucky +regiments poured in their fire upon the flank, and when the smoke +cleared away, the field was so thickly strewn with bodies, that the +Third Iowa, supposing it was the hostile force lying down, began to +reopen fire upon them. + +Before Withers' division became thus engaged with Hurlbut, McArthur, and +Stuart, General Johnston had dispatched Trabue's brigade, of +Breckenridge's reserve, off to his extreme left, to report to General +Beauregard, who, stationed at Shiloh Church, was superintending +operations in that quarter. The three brigades, Bowen, Statham, Trabue, +composing the reserve, had marched in rear of General Johnston's right +in echelon, at intervals of eight hundred yards. Johnston, observing +with anxiety the stubborn resistance opposed to Withers' division, and +eager to crush the National right, called up the remaining brigades of +the reserve, Bowen and Statham, and pushed them forward. Bowen was first +engaged, and the National left, in a series of encounters with the +increased force in its front, gradually but slowly receded, always +forming and rallying on the next ridge in rear of the one abandoned. + +The Forty-first Illinois, constituting the left of Hurlbut's division, +held its position, and the Thirty-second Illinois was moved from its +place to support the Forty-first. The afternoon was come. Johnston +directed Statham's brigade against this position. Statham deployed under +cover of a ridge, facing and commanded by the higher ridge held by the +Illinois regiments, and marched in line up the slope. On reaching the +summit, coming into view and range, he was received by a fire that broke +his command, and his regiments fell back behind the slope in confusion. +Battle's Tennessee regiment on the right alone maintained its position +and advanced. Lytle's Tennessee regiment three times rallied and +advanced; but, unable to stand the fire, fell back. Every time it fell +back, the Thirty-second Illinois threw an oblique fire into Battle's +regiment, aiding the direct fire of the Forty-first, and preventing +Battle's further advance. The Forty-fifth Tennessee could not be urged +up the slope. Squads would leave the ranks, run up to a fence, fire, and +fall back to place; but the regiment would not advance. General +Breckenridge, foiled and irritated, rode to General Johnston and +complained he had a Tennessee regiment that would not fight. Governor +Harris, of Tennessee, who was with Johnston, remonstrated, and riding to +the Forty-fifth, appealed to it, but in vain. General Johnston moved to +the front of the brigade, now standing in line, rode slowly along the +front, promised to lead them himself, and appealed to them to follow. +The halting soldiers were roused to enthusiasm. Johnston, Breckenridge, +and Governor Harris in front, followed by the brigade, charged up the +slope and down the hollow beyond. Unchecked by the hot fire of the +Illinois regiments, they pushed up the higher slope, and the position +was gained. + +The Illinois regiments fell back slowly, halting at intervals to turn +and fire, and were not pursued. One of those Parthian shots struck +General Johnston, cut an artery, and, no surgeon being at hand, he bled +to death in a few minutes. His body was carried at once by his staff +back to Corinth. General Beauregard, at his station at Shiloh Church, +was notified of the death, and assumed command. Albert Sydney Johnston +was a man of pure life, and, like McPherson, full of the traits that +call out genuine and devoted friendships. He was esteemed by many the +ablest general in the Confederate service. His death was deplored in the +South as a fatal loss. It was half-past two when Johnston fell. The loss +paralyzed operations in that part of the field, and for an hour there +was here a lull. The two Illinois regiments, though not followed, failed +to rally, and fell back to a bluff near the landing, where Colonel +Webster was putting batteries into position. + +General Bragg, hearing of the death of General Johnston while he was +superintending operations in front of Prentiss and W.H.L. Wallace, rode +to the Confederate right. He there found a strong force, consisting of +three parts, without a common head: General Breckenridge, with two +brigades of his reserve division, pressing forward; General Withers, +with his division greatly exhausted and taking a temporary rest; and +General Cheatham, with his division of Polk's corps, to their left and +rear. Bragg at once assumed command, and began to assemble these +divisions and form them for a general advance. Hurlbut, observing these +preparations, moved Lauman's brigade, which had already twice +replenished its boxes and expended one hundred rounds of cartridges--to +his left to fill the gap made by the retreat of the Thirty-second and +Forty-first Illinois. Willard's battery, that accompanied McArthur's +brigade, was posted near the road from the landing to Hamburg. Hurlbut +brought up two twenty-pound guns of Major Cavender's artillery, which +were served by Surgeon Cornine and Lieutenant Edwards. A little after +four, according to Bragg, about half-past three according to Hurlbut, +Bragg moved forward. The artillery, aided by the rapid fire of Hurlbut's +infantry, checked the first impulse and made the advancing line pause. +Hurlbut, taking advantage of the lull, and first notifying Prentiss, +withdrew Lauman's brigade and the artillery. Bragg's line advanced +again. Hurlbut attempted to make another stand in front of his camp, but +the attempt was ineffectual. He fell back to the height behind Webster's +batteries. + +The Third Iowa and Twenty-eighth Illinois, under Colonel Pugh, made a +desperate effort to maintain their position, but were ordered by General +Hurlbut to fall back when Lauman retired. These two regiments fell back +fighting, forming wherever the ground gave vantage, and turning upon +their pursuers. In the little field they halted and replenished their +cartridge-boxes. Here the Twenty-second Alabama attacked them, but was +so roughly handled that it took no further part in the contest that day. +As these two regiments fell back thus slowly, from time to time turning +at bay, portions of Bragg's command were pushing behind them and the +troops of Hardee, coming from the front of Sherman and McClernand, were +reaching toward their front. A narrow gap was left, and through a +gauntlet of fire, still fighting, the little band pressed on and joined +Hurlbut behind Webster's artillery. + +The gunboat Tyler, commanded by Lieutenant Gwin, fired from ten minutes +to three o'clock until ten minutes to four upon Breckenridge's brigades, +and, joined by the Lexington, commanded by Lieutenant Shirk, fired later +upon the portion of Bragg's command close to the river-bank, for +thirty-five minutes. This fire drove a battery from its position, threw +Gibson's brigade and a portion of Trabue's brigade into disorder, killed +ten and wounded many of Wood's brigade, killed and wounded a number of +Anderson's brigade, and compelled it to seek shelter in a ravine. + +As the National lines were drifting back toward the landing, Colonel +Webster, of General Grant's staff, gathered all the artillery within +reach--Major Cavender's six twenty-pounders, Silversparre's twenty-pound +Parrotts, and some light batteries--on a commanding position from a +quarter to half a mile from the landing. Immediately above the landing a +wide and deep ravine opens to the river. For some distance back from the +river its bottom was filled with back-water and was impassable. Half a +mile back it was still deep, abrupt, and wet, though passable for +infantry. Here Colonel Webster gathered from thirty-five to fifty guns. +Two of Hurlbut's batteries--Mann's, commanded by Lieutenant Brotzman, +and Ross'--had done brilliant service; Brotzman's battery of four pieces +had fired off one hundred and ninety-four rounds per gun. Ross' battery +was lost in the retreat. Brotzman lost so many horses that he was able +to bring off only three guns. These took place in Webster's frowning +line. Hurlbut was joined at this position by half of Veatch's brigade, +which had been with McClernand through the day, and reformed his +division in support of the artillery. General Grant directed him to +assume command of all regiments and coherent fragments near. The +Forty-eighth Ohio, of Buckland's brigade, being then at the landing, +some of W.H. L. Wallace's regiments, that succeeded in breaking through +the encircling force, and other detachments, reported to him. Squads of +men, separated from their commands, fell in. Hurlbut thus gathered in +support of the artillery a force in line which he estimated at four +thousand men. + +General Bragg proposed to push his success and attempted to withdraw his +two divisions, Ruggles' and Withers', from the tumult which accompanied +the surrender, and ordered them to press forward and assault the +position to which Hurlbut had fallen back. When Ruggles received Bragg's +order for farther advance, one of his brigades, Pond's, was on the +extreme Confederate left, near Owl Creek; Gibson's brigade was in +confusion, caused by the fire of the gunboats; Anderson's was apart in a +ravine, taking shelter from the same fire. But Ruggles began at once to +assemble what force he could. Of Withers' division, the First Brigade +was scattered. The brigades of Jackson and Chalmers received the order +while they were resting in the field where the Third Iowa had rested and +filled their cartridge-boxes, and where Jackson was about to replenish +the empty boxes of his men. Withers immediately moved these two brigades +forward to the deep ravine whose farther bank was crowned with the grim +line of artillery, behind and to the right of which stood Hurlbut's +command. + +While there was this activity at the front, the aspect at the rear, +about Shiloh Church, where General Beauregard kept his position, was +very different. As the Confederate lines advanced, men dropping out of +the ranks filled the woods with a penumbra of stragglers. Hunger and +fatigue, stimulated by the remembrance of abandoned camps passed +through, later in the day led squads--Beauregard and some of his staff +say, led regiments--to straggle back from the fighting front to the +restful and attractive rear. Language cannot be stronger than that used +by General Beauregard. The fire of the gunboats, many of the shells +passing over the high river-bank and exploding far inland, appeared even +more formidable than it really was; and Beauregard was assured by a +despatch, which he received that day on the field, that Buell, instead +of being near Pittsburg, was, in fact, before Florence, and could not +effect a junction. It must have been about five o'clock or a little +later when Beauregard sent an order to his command to retire and go into +bivouac. The order was delivered by his staff not only to corps +commanders, but directly to commanders of divisions and brigades. +General Ruggles, while attempting to assemble a force in pursuance of +Bragg's order, received the command to retire. + +According to Withers' report, he moved his division forward and just +entered a steep and precipitous ravine when he was met by a terrific +fire. He sent to the rear for reinforcements and ordered his brigade +commanders to charge the batteries in front. The orders were about being +obeyed, when, to his astonishment, he observed a large portion of his +command move rapidly by the left flank away from under the fire. He then +learned that this was in accordance with General Beauregard's orders, +delivered directly to the brigade commanders. Jackson reports that he +began a charge, but his men, being without ammunition, could not be +urged up the height in face of the fire of Hurlbut and the batteries. +Leaving his men lying down, he rode to the rear to get an order to +withdraw, when he met a staff officer bearing such an order from General +Beauregard. General Chalmers plunged into the ravine, and the order to +retire did not reach him. He was not aware that his brigade alone, of +all the Confederate Army, was continuing the battle. He brought Gage's +battery up to his aid, but this battery was soon knocked to pieces by +the fire of the heavier National artillery. The gunboats, having +previously taken position opposite the mouth of the ravine, opened fire +as soon as the assault began. They opened fire at thirty-five minutes +past five. + +Chalmers had not ended his useless attempt when the boats bearing +Ammen's brigade of Nelson's division of Buell's army crossed the river +and landed. General Nelson, when ordered by General Grant, early in the +morning, to move up the river, sent out a party to discover a route. No +practicable way was found near the river; one, a little inland, was +ascertained, practicable for infantry, but not for wheels. The division +moved at one o'clock. General Ammen's brigade, composed of the +Thirty-sixth Indiana and the Sixth and Twenty-fourth Ohio, being in +advance, crossed the river first. The Thirty-sixth Indiana, landing +first, pushed up the bluff through a great mob of fugitives from the +field, some thousands in number, and, by direction of General Grant, +General Ammen sent it forward to the support of the batteries. One +soldier was killed while the regiment was forming; one was killed and +one wounded after it reached its position. The Sixth Ohio marched up +under like order in reserve to the Thirty-sixth Indiana. The +Twenty-fourth Ohio marched half a mile to the right of the batteries, +scoured the country half a mile out to the front without finding any +enemy, and there went into bivouac. The day's battle was over. + +Prentiss was driven back through his camp about nine o'clock; Sherman +was forced from his about ten o'clock; at the same time, Stuart took +position in rear of his. McClernand was compelled finally to abandon his +camp about half-past two, and at half-past four Hurlbut fell back +through his. When night came, the National troops held W.H.L. Wallace's +camp and an adjoining portion of Hurlbut's, while Beauregard's army +occupied Sherman's, McClernand's, and Prentiss'. + +When Prentiss and Sherman were attacked, there was a wide gap between +their lines. A little after ten o'clock the National line was connected, +Sherman on the right, McClernand next, then W.H.L. Wallace, and next, on +his left, Prentiss, and Hurlbut and McArthur filling the space between +Prentiss and Stuart. The right was gradually forced back on a curve +till, at half-past four o'clock, there was a gap between McClernand and +Wallace. Hurlbut held his ground till four o'clock, but by half-past +four he retreated, leaving Prentiss' left in air. Through the two gaps +thus made the Confederate left and right poured in and encircled +Prentiss and Wallace. After their surrender there was no fighting, +except Chalmers' bold, but idle assault. + +In this day's battle the National loss was nearly ten thousand killed, +wounded, and captured. The Confederate loss was as great in killed and +wounded, but the loss in prisoners was small. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +SHILOH--NIGHT, AND MONDAY. + + +The vice of the formation of Johnston's army into three long, thin, +parallel lines, together with the broken character of the ground and the +variable obstinacy of resistance encountered, produced a complete and +inextricable commingling of commands. General Beauregard left it to the +discretion of the different commanders to select the place for bivouac +for the night. + +Colonel Pond, retiring from his disastrous repulse toward the close of +the afternoon, found himself wholly separated by an interval of more +than a quarter of a mile from the nearest support, the whole of the +Confederate left having drifted from him toward the southeast. +Assembling all his brigade, except the Crescent Regiment, which had +become detached, and recalling his battery--Ketchum's--he remembered +that the special duty had been assigned to him, by General Bragg, of +guarding the flank along Owl Creek. When night fell, he moved to his +rear and then to his left, and bivouacked in line facing to the east, on +the high land west of Brier Creek. Ketchum's battery was placed in a +field a little back from the ravine. He posted pickets to his rear as +well as to his front. The other two brigades of Ruggles' division spent +the night to the east of Shiloh Church. + +Jackson's brigade, of Withers' division, when it recoiled from its +fatal attack on Hurlbut and the reserve artillery, went to pieces. +Jackson with the battery marched to Shiloh Church and reported to +General Beauregard. He saw nothing more of his brigade till he rejoined +it at Corinth. Chalmers, abandoning his vain assault, was astonished to +find that the army had fallen back, leaving him alone. He fell back to +the field where Prentiss surrendered, and there rested. Of the remaining +brigade, Gladden's, the merest fragment cohered; this little band, or +detachment, bivouacked near the Hamburg road. Trabue's brigade, except +one regiment which had become separated, spent the night in the tents of +McDowell's brigade camp; Breckenridge's other two brigades were between +Shiloh Church and the river. + +Of General Polk's command, Clark's division, though partially scattered, +rested, the greater portion of it, between Breckenridge and Shiloh +Church. The other division, Cheatham's, which remained the freshest and +least disordered command in Beauregard's army, moved off the field; and, +accompanied by General Polk and one regiment of Clark's division, +marched back to its camp of Saturday night. + +Of Hardee's corps, so much of Cleburne's brigade as remained with him, +slept in Prentiss' camp; Wood's brigade slept in McClernand's camp; +Shaver's brigade was disintegrated and dissipated. + +In the National army, what men were left of Prentiss' division were +gathered about the landing and with Hurlbut. The regiments of W.H.L. +Wallace that had escaped capture returned to their division camp. +Hurlbut after dark moved his division out to the front of the reserve +artillery. Being relieved by General Nelson, he formed his line with its +left near the reserve artillery and the right near McClernand. +McClernand's command bivouacked along the eastern face of the +camp-ground of W.H.L. Wallace's division. Sherman's left joined +McClernand; his right, Buckland's brigade, lay along the field at the +south flank of McArthur's brigade camp, and along the east bank of the +ravine of Brier Creek. Stuart's brigade, the Fortieth Illinois of +McDowell's brigade, and the Forty-eighth Ohio of Buckland's brigade +spent the night near the reserve artillery. + +Captain Baxter, of General Grant's staff, brought to Lewis Wallace at +eleven or half-past eleven, a verbal order to move his division. The +First Brigade had already moved out to Stony Lonesome, and the division +was ready to march. General Wallace believed the attack at Pittsburg was +a feint, and that the real attack was to be made at Crump's Landing, on +account of the great accumulation of stores at that point, and desired +the order requiring him to move away from Crump's Landing should be in +writing. Captain Baxter wrote and gave him an order to march to the +Purdy road, form there on Sherman's right, and then act as circumstances +should require. The two brigades at Stony Lonesome were at once put in +motion. When the head of the division had just reached Snake Creek, not +much more than a mile in an air-line from the right of Sherman's camp, +Captain Rowley came up and informed Wallace of the state of affairs, and +that the National line had fallen back. Wallace countermarched the two +brigades to keep his right in front, retraced his steps (being joined on +the way by Major Rawlins, Grant's adjutant, and by Colonel McPherson) +the greater part of the way to Stony Lonesome, and there took a rude +cross-road which came into the river road from Crump's to Pittsburg +Landing, about a mile from the bridge which had been guarded for his +approach. McPherson and Rawlins confirmed Captain Rowley's statement of +the disastrous falling back of the National lines toward the river. The +wagons were not allowed to accompany the column, but continued on +through Stony Lonesome to Crump's Landing, and the Fifty-sixth Ohio, and +one gun from Thurber's battery were detached to guard them. Whittlesey's +brigade, at Adamsville, received at two o'clock the order to march. +Sending the wagons with the Sixty-eighth Ohio as guard to Crump's +Landing, the remaining three regiments pushed through the mud, the field +officers dismounting to let broken-down men ride, and overtook the other +brigades as they were beginning to cross Snake Creek. The Twenty-fourth +Indiana in advance, crossing the bridge just after sunset, deployed +skirmishers in front, marched along the road along the east bank of +Brier Creek, and halted in front of the camp of the Fourteenth Missouri, +which regiment was occupying its camp. The Twentieth Ohio, the rear +regiment of the division, halted on the bank of Brier Creek ravine, in +front of the camp of the Eighty-first Ohio, at eight o'clock. The +division facing to the right, making a front to the west, along the +ravine, brought the Twenty-fourth Indiana to the left and the Twentieth +Ohio to the right of the division. The batteries having been left at the +junction of the cross-road and the river road, till all the infantry had +crossed, followed in their rear, and were posted near the bank. + +The remainder of Nelson's division followed Ammen's brigade late in the +evening. Crittenden's division arrived in the night. McCook receiving +orders to hasten forward in the morning, while twelve miles out from +Savannah, halted at the outskirts of the village at seven o'clock P.M., +rested his men two hours, marched to the landing, seized such boats as +were there and such as arrived, and reached Pittsburg Landing at five +o'clock Monday morning with Rousseau's brigade and one regiment of +Kirk's brigade. + +General Grant and General Buell met at Sherman's headquarters in the +evening; it was there agreed that Buell with his army should in the +morning attack on the left, and Grant's immediate command should attack +on the right. Buell formed Nelson's division about two hundred yards in +front of the reserve artillery, with his left near the river, facing +south. Crittenden, when he arrived, was placed in rear of Nelson, half a +mile from the landing, where his command stood at arms all night. At +eleven o'clock a heavy rain began to pour. All the National troops and +most of the Confederate lay on the ground without shelter. The gunboats +every fifteen minutes through the night fired a shell over the woods, to +explode far inland and banish sleep. + +Early Monday morning, Nelson on the extreme left, on the Hamburg road, +and Lewis Wallace on the extreme right, by Snake Creek, moved to the +attack. Beauregard knew then that Buell had arrived and the junction of +the two National armies had been effected. The opening of the battle +proclaimed what the conclusion would be. + +Nelson moved in line with Ammen's brigade on the left, Bruce's in the +centre, and Hazen's on the right, his left extending a little beyond the +Hamburg road towards the river. A remnant of Gladden's brigade, between +two and three hundred men, under Colonel Deas, some fragments of some of +the regiments of Jackson's brigade, with some regiments that had strayed +from their proper commands, the Fourth Kentucky from Trabue's brigade, +the First Tennessee from Stephens' brigade, the One Hundred and +Fifty-fourth Tennessee from General B.R. Johnson's brigade, and the +Crescent Regiment from Pond's brigade, scattered about, were roused by +Nelson's advance and retired before it. At six o'clock Nelson was halted +by Buell to allow Crittenden's division to complete its deployment and +form on Nelson's right. Nelson again advanced. General Withers +meanwhile had thrown the heterogeneous fragments into an organized +force, added Chalmers' brigade to it, and strengthened it by the +addition of three batteries. Nelson, when he again advanced, came upon +this consolidated line, which drove him back. Nelson was without +artillery. His batteries, unable to get through the soft mud which the +infantry traversed, remained behind at Savannah. General Buell sent to +his aid Mendenhall's battery from Crittenden's division. The rapid and +accurate fire of Mendenhall's guns silenced the central opposing +battery. Hazen's brigade charged upon it, captured the guns and drove in +retreat the cannoneers and their support. Bowen's brigade of +Breckenridge's reserve corps, commanded by Colonel Martin since General +Bowen was wounded Sunday afternoon, was coming up in support. Colonel +Martin made his brigade lie down in a ravine till the torrent of +fugitives passed over, then rising, charged the pursuers. Hazen's +brigade, torn by the fire of two batteries, one on each flank, and now +charged by a fresh brigade, suffered in a short time more than half the +whole loss suffered by the division in the entire day. The loss of the +division in killed and wounded, was 90 killed and 558 wounded. The +Forty-first Ohio, in Hazen's brigade, out of a total engaged of 371, +lost 140 killed and wounded. The shattered regiments streamed back in +confusion, leaving a gap in the division line. + +Ammen's brigade was sorely pressed. Constituting the left of the army, +it was in constant risk of being turned. Bruce's brigade, now put in +hazard by the recession of Hazen, could give only indirect assistance to +Ammen. Just then, Terrill's regular battery, of four twelve-pounders +(Napoleons) and two ten-pound Parrotts, having arrived from Savannah, +and missed its way to McCook's division, was ordered by General Buell to +Nelson's relief. Dashing out to the skirmish line in front of Colonel +Ammen, in order to get the range of the enemy's batteries, Terrill's +guns became the target of the concentrated fire of the opposing +batteries and the line of infantry. He was compelled to retire; but, +firing as he retired, he kept at a distance the long line that followed +and essayed to charge. Colonel Tuttle, who had been marching what was +left of W.H.L. Wallace's division in reserve, in rear of Nelson and +Crittenden, sent the Second Iowa forward in aid of Terrill. At the same +time the Fortieth Illinois, of McDowell's brigade, Sherman's division, +which had been marching in reserve to Nelson, filed to the front around +Ammen's left flank, and the Confederate line retired to their position +in the timber. Ammen's line, which fell back under the galling fire +called out by Terrill's artillery charge, now returned to the front and +occupied the timber where the enemy had been. It was now nearly two +o'clock. There was no more fighting in Nelson's front. Terrill's battery +suffered so severely that the Sixth Ohio was detailed as its special +support, and supplied artillerists from its ranks. From an advanced +position in Nelson's front, upon his skirmish line, this battery +succeeded in opening an enfilading fire upon the troops in front of +McCook, and one section advanced far enough to take in reverse the +batteries that were engaged with Crittenden and McCook. + +General Crittenden's division moved a little after five o'clock to +Nelson's right. Colonel W.S. Smith's brigade connected with Nelson and +continued his line. General J. T. Boyle's brigade was formed in rear of +the left wing of Smith's brigade. A little after six o'clock McCook +marched to the front with Rousseau's brigade, and formed on Crittenden's +right, but facing to the west. The Fourteenth Wisconsin, assigned to +Prentiss' division, not arriving at Pittsburg till Monday morning, +reported to General Crittenden, and acted during the day as a part of +Colonel Smith's brigade. General Buell describes the line thus formed as +follows; "The force under my command occupied a line of about a mile and +a half. In front of Nelson's division was an open field, partially +screened toward his right by a skirt of woods, which extended beyond the +enemy's line, with a thick undergrowth in front of the left brigade of +Crittenden's division; then an open field in front of Crittenden's right +and McCook's left, and in front of McCook's right woods again, with a +dense undergrowth. The ground, nearly level in front of Nelson, formed a +hollow in front of Crittenden, and fell into a small creek or ravine, +which empties into Owl Creek, in front of McCook. What I afterward +learned was the Hamburg road (which crosses Lick Creek a mile from its +mouth) passed perpendicularly through the line of battle near Nelson's +left. A short distance in rear of the enemy's left, on high, open +ground, were the encampments of McClernand's and Sherman's divisions, +which the enemy held." This line is almost identical with the line held +by McArthur, Hurlbut, Prentiss, and Wallace, Sunday afternoon. Buell's +cavalry was not brought up, and, from want of transportation, only three +batteries--Bartlett's and Mendenhall's of Crittenden's division, and +Terrill's of McCook's division. But these were served with remarkable +efficiency. + +When Crittenden took position, his skirmishers were advanced across the +open field to the edge of the timber in front. This dense growth, called +in the reports "chapparal" and "jungle," covered both slopes of a +hollow, which was threaded by a rivulet with muddy borders, and was the +scene of many a bloody repulse the day before, in the repeated assaults +upon Prentiss. The skirmishers soon became engaged, and a battery +concealed in woods on rising ground beyond, played upon the troops in +line. The skirmishers retired to the line, but were sent back to their +original position, while Bartlett's battery silenced the hostile +battery, and, by accurate fire, compelled it several times to shift its +position. A line of battle appearing in the timber preparing to charge, +the skirmishers were called back, Bartlett swept the bushes with +canister and shrapnell, Boyle's brigade charged into the brush, +encountered the fire of the Confederate line at close quarters, replied, +charged, and drove the enemy through the timber to an open field beyond. +The enemy rapidly crossed the field and took position in woods on its +farther side. A line of cavalry appearing at one end of the field, which +was also commanded by the enemy's battery, Boyle withdrew his regiments +to their original position. Bartlett's battery, aided by Mendenhall's, +was in constant activity. The infantry, with intervening pauses of +cessation, met and made charges into the chapparal. Mendenhall's +battery, in the course of the day, expended five hundred and twenty-six +rounds of ammunition, or about eighty-eight to the gun. Bartlett, by +noon, had fired his entire supply, six hundred rounds, and took his +battery to the landing to replenish. When he returned, the fighting had +ceased. After an hour of quiet, a furious attack was made on Smith's +brigade. The contest that ensued is described in Colonel Smith's report: +"The enemy soon yielded, when a running fight commenced, which extended +about a mile to our front, where we captured a battery and shot the +horses and many of the cannoneers. Owing to the obstructed nature of the +ground, the enthusiastic courage of the majority of our men, the laggard +discharge of their duty by many, and the disgraceful cowardice of some, +our line had been transformed into a column of attack, representing the +various grades of courage, from reckless daring to ignominious fear. At +the head of this column stood a few heroic men, not adequately +supported, when the enemy returned to the attack with three fresh +regiments in good order. We were driven back by these nearly to the +first position occupied by our line, when we again rallied and moved +forward toward the battery. Reaching a ravine to the right, and about +six hundred paces from the battery, we halted and awaited the assistance +of Mendenhall's battery, which was brought into action on a knoll within +half a mile of the enemy's battery, which it immediately silenced. We +then advanced and captured it the second time, and succeeded in holding +it despite the efforts of the enemy to repulse us." This charge entirely +shattered Cleburne's brigade, and it disappeared from the contest. This +ended the battle in Crittenden's front, and Mendenhall's battery +advanced and fired on the flank of the column, by that time retiring +before McCook's division. The force which General Crittenden engaged was +commanded by General Breckenridge, and consisted of one of +Breckenridge's brigades--Statham's--aided by the brigades of Russell and +A.P. Stewart, from Polk's corps. These two brigades constituted Clark's +division, but General Clark having been wounded the previous day, the +brigades were under Breckenridge's immediate command. To these was added +Cleburne's brigade, reduced to one-third of its numbers. One-third was +killed and wounded before Buckland's brigade, Sunday morning; one-third +had straggled to the rear; the remaining third rallied to enter into +Monday's battle. + +In accordance with the direction of General Buell, McCook deployed +Rousseau's brigade into line facing toward Shiloh Church. The Fifteenth +Michigan, intended for Prentiss' division, being now without assignment, +reported to McCook, and was by him attached for the day to Rousseau's +brigade. General Beauregard still held his own position near the +church, and as the line of inevitable retreat was by the road passing by +the church, it was necessary that his force should hold this position to +the last. It was a centre to which stragglers and fragments of commands +had drifted during the night. Monday morning the greater part of +Beauregard's army reported there, and, though much was despatched thence +to other quarters, portions so despatched returned to take part in the +final conflict. Pond's brigade, after its rapid retreat from Lewis +Wallace's front, had a fatiguing march before finally settling into +position. He says in his report: "I was ordered by General Ruggles to +form on the extreme left and rest my left on Owl Creek. While proceeding +to execute this order, I was ordered to move by the rear of the main +line to support the extreme right of General Hardee's line. Having taken +my position to support General Hardee's right, I was again ordered by +General Beauregard to advance and occupy the crest of a ridge in the +edge of an old field. My line was just formed in this position when +General Polk ordered me forward to support his line. While moving to the +support of General Polk, an order reached me from General Beauregard to +report to him with my command at his headquarters." Ruggles' division +and Cheatham's division, with one regiment of Clark's, were put on the +Confederate left of Shiloh Church; Wood's brigade and Trabue's brigade +to the right. Russell and A.P. Stewart were first sent to oppose +Crittenden, but were afterward shifted toward the Confederate left, to +McCook's front. The report of Colonel Thompson, Beauregard's +aide-de-camp, to General Beauregard, states: "About 11.30 o'clock it was +apparent that the enemy's main attack was on our left, and our forces +began to yield to the vigor of his attack." + +When Rousseau's brigade was formed, his right was in the air. McCook +held it in place till Kirk's brigade arrived from Savannah, and +occupied the time exploring the ground to his front and right. Kirk +having arrived, McCook moved Rousseau's brigade across a ravine to a +rising ground a few hundred yards in advance, and placed Kirk's brigade +in reserve of Rousseau's right, to protect the exposed flank. A company +of regulars (there were three battalions of regulars in Rousseau's +command) was sent into the woods as skirmishers. In less than an hour +the skirmishers were driven back and followed by the Fourth Kentucky +Regiment and Fourth Alabama Battalion belonging to Trabue's brigade. +After a fierce attack for twenty minutes, the assailants fell back +before the rapid and well-directed fire of Rousseau's men and retired +out of sight in the timber. Trabue's regiments rallied and quickly +returned to the assault with greater vigor than before. The steady fire +of Rousseau's men again drove them to retreat; Rousseau advanced into +the timber, passed through it to an open field, when Trabue, who, with +three regiments was engaged with McClernand, united the two portions of +his brigade and charged furiously upon Rousseau. After a desperate +struggle Trabue gave way; Rousseau captured two guns and repossessed +McClernand's headquarters. + +This advance drew Rousseau away from Crittenden, while it connected him +with McClernand; exposed his left, while it covered his right. Colonel +Willich, who had arrived with the Thirty-second Indiana, passed around +to the left, and, with regiment in column doubled on the centre, charged +upon the enemy in that quarter, drove him into the timber, then +deploying in line opened fire. Willich became subject to so hot a +fire--mainly, he reports, from the National troops--that he was +compelled to retire. Dressing his lines he charged again. Observing +undue excitement in his men, he halted the regiment, and in the midst of +the battle exercised the men in the manual of arms. Having thus steadied +them, he resumed the charge and again drove the enemy into the timber. +Rousseau's command having exhausted their cartridges, Kirk's brigade +took place in the line, while Rousseau, behind them, replenished from +the supply which General McCook had already procured. Gibson's brigade +having now arrived, was deployed, about two o'clock, on the left. The +two armies were concentrating about Shiloh Church. Gibson's left flank +being twice threatened and partially turned, the Forty-ninth Ohio twice, +under fire, changed front to the rear on the right company with +precision. Veatch's brigade, of Hurlbut's division, which had been +acting in reserve, was moved forward by McCook and extended his left. +The division being now sorely pressed by the enemy's artillery, Major +Taylor, Sherman's chief of artillery, brought forward Bouton's battery +and assigned part to each brigade. The section assigned to Gibson +quickly silenced the batteries in his front. McCook was now connected +with the forces to his right. + +McClernand's command consisted--Monday morning--of the Forty-sixth +Illinois, of Hurlbut's division, constituting his right; the Twentieth, +Seventeenth, Forty-third, Forty-fifth, Forty-eighth, and Forty-ninth +Illinois, of his own division, being his First and Second Brigades, and, +on his left, the Fifty-third Ohio, of Sherman's division, and the +Eighty-first Ohio, of W.H.L. Wallace's division. Except the two flanking +regiments, the Forty-sixth Illinois and the Eighty-first Ohio, the +regiments were extremely reduced. After firing had opened by Nelson and +by Lewis Wallace, McClernand moved across the ravine of Brier Creek to +the large open field, where his line was dressed; McAllister's battery +was brought up and engaged a battery posted beyond, or in the proper +front of, McClernand's First Brigade camp. Lewis Wallace's batteries +beyond the timber to the northwest, and a battery with Sherman in the +same direction, joined in the artillery combat. The Confederate battery +becoming silent, McClernand moved forward and entered the camp of his +First Brigade, being the northwestern extremity of his camp, without +having encountered opposing infantry. It was discovered that a body of +the enemy was advancing beyond the left of the line. McClernand moved by +the flank to the left till the left regiments came to a field in rear of +his camp, and charged across it against a battery and its supports on +the farther side. The Fifty-third and Eighty-first Ohio recoiled, were +ordered back, fell to the rear in some disorder, and the whole line +retired. The Twenty-eighth Illinois was moved forward from Hurlbut's +reserve and added to McClernand's left. The line again advanced, pushed +the enemy back through McClernand's camp, where he made a stand, and +McClernand was again compelled to yield. General McCook now extended his +right by throwing forward the Louisville Legion. The two divisions +connected, and the Twenty-eighth Illinois returned to the reserve. + +Sherman, being ordered by General Grant early in the morning to advance +and recapture his camps, sent his staff out to gather in the members of +his command. Colonel Sullivan marched the Forty-eighth Ohio, at dawn, +out from the reserve artillery, and Buckland's brigade was complete. +Colonel Stuart was found near the landing with two regiments of his +brigade, and a small detachment of the Third, the Seventy-first Ohio. +The Thirteenth Missouri, temporarily attached to Sherman, which had +become entangled with McClernand's command the previous afternoon, and +bivouacked at night in his line, was regained. Portions of the +Fifty-seventh and Seventy-seventh Ohio still adhered. Major Taylor, +chief of artillery, brought Lieutenant Wood's battery. The column being +formed, he marched by the flank toward the west to the bluffs of Owl +Creek, and along them to an open field at the extreme right of +McClernand's camp, and awaited the approach of McCook on the Corinth +road. Hearing heavy firing in front of Rousseau, about ten o'clock, and +observing it gradually gaining ground toward Shiloh Church, he moved the +head of his column to General McClernand's right, formed line of battle, +facing south, with Buckland next to McClernand and Stuart on his right, +and advanced slowly and steadily under a heavy fire of musketry and +artillery. + +General Lewis Wallace discovered at dawn, on the bluff on the opposite +side of Brier Creek, and just facing Thompson's battery, a hostile +battery. The Twentieth Ohio discharging their rifles to clear them, were +answered by a volley that disclosed the presence of a hostile line of +battle. At the same time Pond's brigade and Ketchum's battery became +aware of the fact that only the valley of Brier Creek separated them +from troops that had arrived in the night. Colonel Pond was dismayed by +the further discovery that he was nearly a mile in advance of his +nearest support. After a short engagement he withdrew his infantry, +leaving Wharton's regiment of mounted Texas Rangers to support the +battery. After a sharp artillery duel, Ketchum drew off his battery, +covered by the mounted regiment. General Grant directing Wallace to push +his line of attack to the west, directly from the river, the division +advanced, the brigades in echelon, the First to the front and left, the +Third to the right and rear, sweeping the bluffs facing Snake Creek and +Owl Creek, and coming out in the fields in rear of Sherman's camps. +Wheeling the division to the left, he soon became hotly engaged, first +Thompson's battery with another battery, then infantry with opposing +infantry. + +There was yet a gap between Sherman and Wallace, but the conflict now +raged about Shiloh Church with a fury surpassing any portion of the +battle of Sunday. McCook, with his well closed division, McClernand and +Sherman with their attenuated but persistent commands, Wallace with his +fresh and compact division, with the batteries of Bouton, McAllister, +Wood, Thompson, and Thurber, formed a curved line concentrating upon the +convex line comprised of part of Clark's division, Wood's brigade, +Trabue's brigade, Cheatham's division, and Ruggles' division, with the +batteries of Ketchum, Byrne, Bankhead, and others. McClernand, Sherman, +and Wallace all speak with admiration of the splendid fighting of +McCook's division. Ammunition was becoming exhausted. Buckland withdrew +his regiments to fill their boxes. Stuart's brigade, now commanded by +Colonel Kilby Smith, plunged forward to make up with renewed vigor for +diminished numbers. Wallace's left flank was exposed. The Eleventh +Indiana, changing front, faced the danger on its flank. The First +Nebraska having used its last cartridge, the Seventy-sixth Ohio leaped +to its place. Thompson's battery having expended its last round, +Thurber's guns took their place so quickly that there was no +intermission in the fire. The Twentieth Ohio, sent off to the right to +meet a force springing up in that quarter, met with a sudden discharge +at close range, dashed through a fringe of bushes, and drove a battery +from the field beyond. + +Wood's brigade, charging on Rousseau, was knocked to pieces and retired +to the rear, where General Wood with the aid of cavalry gathered up +1,500 stragglers into an ineffective reserve. McCook pushed his line +forward to Sherman's camp. The lines were pressed closer and the fire +was hotter than ever. General Grant called two regiments, and in person +led them in a charge in McCook's front, and broke the enemy's line. +Endurance has its limits. The intense strain of two days was telling. +Beauregard saw his men were beginning to flag; exhausted regiments were +dropping out of line. It was now three o'clock. Two hours before, +General Beauregard had sent word to his extreme right in Nelson's front, +to retire slowly in alternate lines. Breckenridge, put in command of the +movement, had drawn Statham's brigade from Crittenden's front. +Beauregard was fighting to secure his retreat. + +Colonel Thompson, aide-de-camp to Beauregard, says in his report: "While +I was engaged in rallying our disorganized troops to the left and rear +of the church, you seized the banners of two different regiments and led +them forward to the assault in face of the fire of the enemy; but from +the feebleness of the response I became convinced that our troops were +too much exhausted to make a vigorous resistance. I rode up to you and +advised that you should expose yourself no further, but should dispose +your troops so as to retire from Shiloh Church in good order." Colonel +Whittlesey, in his report, states: "There being signs of a retreat +farther to the south, Lieutenant Thurber was directed to sweep the +ground in front, which he did with his two howitzers and three +smooth-bores in fine style. Two prisoners captured near there, one of +them an officer of the Creole Guard, state that General Beauregard was +endeavoring to form a line for a final and desperate charge on our right +when Lieutenant Thurber opened upon him, and the result was a disorderly +retreat." + +The battle was over. General Beauregard posted a battery and a brigade +on the rising ground south of Oak Creek, commanding the ground about +Shiloh Church, and withdrew his worn troops behind them. General +Beauregard says this was at two o'clock. Cheatham fixes the hour when he +retired at half-past two. The National commanders fix the close of the +contest at about three o'clock. At Woods', about two miles beyond, a +rear-guard took position again. At Mickey's, where Breckenridge had +already arrived, he was detailed with his command as rear-guard, and the +rest of the army passed on to Monterey. + +There was no pursuit of the retreating army. All advance by the National +troops ceased about four o'clock. McCook went into bivouac near the camp +of Peabody's brigade, Prentiss' division. Wood's division, arriving too +late to take part in the battle, pushed to the front and engaged his +skirmishers with the light troops covering the retreat. Mendenhall's +battery, far off toward Crittenden's left, catching some glimpses of the +retiring column through openings in the forest, sent some parting +rounds. Wood and Crittenden went into bivouac in front of Prentiss' +camp. General Buell pushed Nelson forward on the Hamburg road, near to +the crossing of Lick Creek, and the division bivouacked near Stuart's +camp. The divisions, or what was present of them, of McClernand, +Sherman, Hurlbut, and W.H.L. Wallace, returned to their camps. Lewis +Wallace advanced his division across Oak Creek to the large field. +Company A, of the Twentieth Ohio, obtaining permission to proceed +farther, advanced to the Confederate hospital and was deploying to drive +off a detachment of cavalry that was burning a commissary train, when it +was recalled to rejoin the division, then returning across Oak Creek, to +bivouac in front of the camp of McDowell's brigade. + +McClernand and Sherman formed part of the line of battle. Prentiss' +division was gone. The other two divisions, what was left of them, acted +in reserve. Hurlbut formed his division in the morning complete, with +the exception of the Forty-sixth Illinois, which served for the day with +McClernand. It was a skeleton division. The Third Iowa was 140 men +under the command of a lieutenant. In the forenoon, General Grant sent +Hurlbut out to act as reserve to McClernand. The Twenty-eighth Illinois +took place for a while on McClernand's left, and Veatch with his three +regiments took place on McCook's left, when he diverged from Crittenden. +Colonel Tuttle, senior officer in the Second Division, by the death of +W.H.L. Wallace and the wounding of McArthur, gathered the remaining +regiments of his division, except the Fourteenth Missouri and the +Eighty-first Ohio, added to them Colonel Crocker and three regiments of +McClernand's First Brigade, and marched in reserve to Crittenden. He +sent the Second Iowa to Nelson, when Nelson's line was broken by the +gallant but disastrous charge of Hazen; the Eighth and Eighteenth +Illinois moved out to the left of Crittenden when he diverged from +Nelson, and the Seventh Iowa, moved into the front line later in the +day. + +The number of Johnston's army has already been given as 40,000 men. +Badeau says the effective force present in the National camps Sunday +morning was 33,000 men. General Sherman makes the number 32,000. William +Preston Johnston, in the Life of his father, makes the number of the +National troops, the "grand total in Sunday's battle," 41,543. These +various statements arise from the different ways of making and reading +returns. Forty thousand does not represent the total force which A.S. +Johnston led to Shiloh. Forty thousand "present for duty" is exclusive +not only of the brigade of detailed teamsters and cooks that General +Johnston complained of, but of all regular and permanent details. It +appears from some reports which give numbers, that it was also exclusive +of temporary details made for the occasion of the battle--hospital men, +train guards, ammunition guards, sappers and miners, infantry detailed +to act with batteries, etc. It appears from some of the reports, which +state numbers, that the "enlisted men" "present for duty," in the "Field +Returns of the Confederate Forces that marched from Corinth to the +Tennessee River," comprised only non-commissioned officers and privates, +and was therefore exclusive of musicians, buglers, artificers, etc., +though enlisted as such. The 40,000, therefore, is the number of the +combatants engaged in the battle. The field return is susceptible of +further explanations, the character of which does not appear. The field +return, for example, gives the "present for duty," in the artillery in +Polk's corps, as 20 officers and 331 enlisted men--351 in all; while the +official report of the chief of artillery of the corps, of casualties in +the battle, giving each battery separately, states the number actually +engaged in the battle as 21 officers, 56 non-commissioned officers, and +369 privates, making a total of 446. It is clear, therefore, that the +40,000 is intended as the number of officers, non-commissioned officers, +and privates actually engaged in the battle, and a comparison of the +reports of General Polk's chief of artillery with the returns suggests +that in some way it may not be the full number of combatants engaged. + +The aggregation of returns making 41,153 present for duty in Grant's +army at Pittsburg Landing, Sunday morning, is not a consolidated return, +but a collection of footings of regimental returns, the nearest in date +attainable to April 6th, for the most part furnished by the War +Department to Colonel Johnson, the rest either taken from reports of +State adjutant-generals, or else estimated. The statement includes the +Fourteenth Wisconsin and the Fifteenth Michigan, neither of which +arrived till after the close of Sunday's battle.[3] Deducting the +"present for duty" given for these, 1,488, leaves, in round numbers, as +in General Johnston's army, 40,000. But "present for duty" in the +returns of the National forces, includes musicians, buglers, artificers, +etc.; all men present for the duty for which they were enlisted. The +army was clothed with music. There were 72 regiments present, including +those which arrived Sunday morning. The field music of 720 companies, +with the buglers of cavalry and artillery, made about three thousand +men. Besides these there were bands so numerous that an order was +shortly afterward made, restricting the number of bands to one to each +brigade. Where the battle reports give the number taken into action, the +difference in the number given and the number of "present for duty," as +given by the War Department to Colonel Johnston, suggests that many had +gone on to the sick list, or been detailed, between the date of the +return and April 6th; or that many men present for duty were left behind +in camp. Probably all were true, and thirty-three thousand or thirty-two +thousand is the number of officers, non-commissioned officers, and +privates actually engaged in Sunday's battle on the National side. The +reinforcements of Monday numbered, of Buell's army, about twenty +thousand; Lewis Wallace, sixty-five hundred; other regiments, about +fourteen hundred. + +[Footnote 3: This is a mistake as to the Fifteenth Michigan, which lost, +Sunday, 33 killed, 64 wounded, and 7 missing.] + +There ought to be no uncertainty in the reports of casualties. Yet, +while the general result is clear, precision in detail is now hardly +attainable. General Beauregard's report gives his loss as 1,728 killed, +8,012 wounded, and 959 missing; making an aggregate of 10,699. Of the +reported missing, many were killed or wounded. These numbers are the +aggregate of losses reported by brigades. They cannot include casualties +at division, corps, or army headquarters, happening either to the +generals commanding, or to the officers on their staff, or to enlisted +men on duty there. And while batteries were attached to brigades, the +cavalry was a wholly independent command, not attached or reporting to +brigades or divisions; two regiments were not attached to any corps. +Their casualties cannot be included in brigade reports. Colonel +Johnston, after much examination, "finds a possible variation of 218 +more casualties, principally in missing, that might be added to General +Beauregard's report." + +The generally accepted official report of the National loss is: in +Grant's army, 1,437 killed, 5,679 wounded, and 2,934 missing, making a +total of 10,050; in Buell's army, 263 killed, 1,816 wounded, and 88 +missing--making a total of 2,167. The two armies aggregated 1,700 +killed, 7,495 wounded, and 3,022 captured--making total, 12,217. The War +Department, in the printed collection of battle reports, does not give +the casualties of the two armies separately, but gives the aggregate, +1,574 killed, 7,795 wounded, and 2,794 missing--making a total of +12,163. The "Medical and Surgical History of the War" makes the loss +1,735 killed, 7,882 wounded, 3,956 missing--making a total of 13,573. +The loss of the Army of the Ohio, as given above, is the report of +General Buell on April 15th. Six days later, the Medical Director of +that army made to General Buell a tabulated statement of killed and +wounded in each regiment, brigade, and division engaged, which makes the +number 236 killed and 1,728 wounded. All these estimates are based upon +the same material--upon the field reports. As the revisers of the +reports for publication have had the best opportunity for deliberate +examination and for comparison of the reports with muster-rolls, their +estimate of casualties is perhaps the most trustworthy. + +The loss in artillery on each side was about equal. General Sherman lost +seven guns and captured seven. General McClernand lost six guns and +captured three. Prentiss lost eight guns. Hurlbut lost two batteries. +The Army of the Ohio captured about twenty guns, many of them being +recaptured guns, lost on Sunday. One of Breckenridge's brigades threw +away their arms, taking in place better arms picked up on the field. +There was a great destruction of camp equipage and stores. The +quartermaster of the Third Iowa, in Hurlbut's division, packed +everything in wagons, safely carried stores and baggage to the landing, +and let down the tents to save them from damage by shot. Before the +wagons of Prentiss' division went to the rear, while the division was +still engaged at the front, Colonel Miller's servant gathered everything +in the Colonel's tent, packed it in one of the wagons, carried it safely +off, and kept all in good order till Miller returned from captivity. But +such thoughtfulness was the exception, and the returning troops found +much missing and more destroyed. + +Heavy rain fell again Monday night. Next morning General Grant sent +General Sherman with his two brigades, and General Wood with his +division and the Fourth Illinois Cavalry, in pursuit. The miry road was +lined with abandoned wagons, limber-boxes, and with hospitals filled +with wounded. The advance was suddenly fallen upon by Forrest and his +cavalry, and driven back in confusion. Forrest coming upon the main +column retired, and was pursued in turn. General Sherman advanced about +a mile farther, and returned to camp. Breckenridge remained at Mickey's +three days, guarding the rear, and by the end of the week Beauregard's +army was again in Corinth. The battle sobered both armies. The force at +Pittsburg Landing saw rudely dashed aside the expectation of speedy +entry into Corinth. The force at Corinth, that marched out to drive +Grant into the river, to scatter Buell's force in detail, and return in +triumph to Nashville, was back in the old quarters, foiled, +disheartened. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +CORINTH. + + +When news of the two days' fighting was received at the North, the +people of the Ohio Valley and St. Louis were stirred to active sympathy. +Steamboats bearing physicians, nurses, sisters of charity, and freighted +with hospital supplies were at once despatched and soon crowded the +shore of Pittsburg Landing. There was need for all the aid that was +brought. Besides the thousands of wounded, were other thousands of sick. +The springs of surface water used in the camps, always unwholesome, were +now poisonous. The well lost their strength; of the sick many died every +day. Hospital camps spread over the hills about the landing, and the +little town of Savannah was turned into a hospital. Fleets descended the +river bearing invalids to purer air and water. + +General Halleck arrived at the landing on April 11th, established his +headquarters near the river bluff, and assumed personal command. General +Pope, with the Army of the Mississippi, summoned from the operations +just begun before Fort Pillow, arrived on the 21st, and went into camp +at Hamburg. Seasoned troops from Missouri and fresh regiments from +recruiting depots arrived. The camps were pushed out farther from the +river, and Halleck found 100,000 effective men under his command. The +army was organized into right wing, centre, left wing, and reserve. The +right wing comprised all the army of the Tennessee except the divisions +of McClernand and Lewis Wallace, together with the division of General +Thomas from the army of the Ohio, and was commanded by General Thomas. +The remnants of the commands of Prentiss and W.H.L. Wallace were +incorporated in two new divisions. The centre, composed of the Army of +the Ohio, except Thomas' division, was commanded by General Buell. The +left wing, the Army of the Mississippi, to which General Granger's +cavalry division was still attached, was commanded by General Pope. +General Pope, General Rosecrans having been assigned to him for duty, +divided his command on May 29th into two wings, the right commanded by +General Rosecrans, the left by General Hamilton. The reserve, under +General McClernand, comprised his division and that of Lewis Wallace. +General Grant was appointed second in command, without command or duty +attached to that position, though he still remained commander of the +District of West Tennessee. + +Beauregard was reinforced, almost immediately after his return, by Van +Dorn with 17,000 troops seasoned by campaigns in Missouri and Arkansas, +raising his effective strength to 50,000. The Confederate Government at +Richmond and the State governments in the Southwest strained every +resource to increase his force. Unimportant posts were denuded of their +garrisons, new regiments were recruited, and Price, of Missouri, whom +the Government at Richmond had refused to recognize, was appointed +major-general. Beauregard found his force amount on the muster-rolls to +an aggregate of more than 112,000. But sickness and absence were so +prevalent that the return of effectives never quite reached 53,000. The +position at Corinth was naturally strong. Standing on a long ridge in +the fork of two streams, which run parallel to each other nearly to +their junction, protected on the front and both flanks by swampy valleys +traversed by the streams and obstructed by dense thickets, a line of +earthworks running along the crest of the highland bordering the +valleys, it could be approached with difficulty. The difficulty was +enhanced by a belt of timber which screened the works from view. +Railroads coming into the town facilitated reinforcement and supply. + +[Illustration: Approach to Corinth.] + +Beauregard kept strong parties well advanced to his front, while the +National force at the river, absorbed in the work of organization and +supply, made little effort to ascertain his position. As late as April +27th, a reconnoitering party sent out by McClernand discovered that +Monterey, twelve miles from the landing, was held in some force. Next +day General Stanley, of Pope's command, sent out a detachment that drove +this force beyond Monterey. General Halleck began his march about the +close of April, moving slowly, keeping his army compact, intrenching at +every halt, and ordering his subordinate commanders strictly to refuse +to be drawn into a general engagement. The right wing halted and +intrenched immediately beyond and to the west of Monterey on May 4th. +The enemy's outposts kept close in front of Halleck's army and opposed +every advance. + +General Pope, moving out on the left from Hamburg, stretched in advance +of the adjoining part of the line. On May 3d, his command being encamped +with Seven Mile Creek in his front, General Paine, with his division, +pushed forward to Farmington, within four miles of Corinth, attacked a +considerable force and drove them from their intrenchments, compelling +them to leave their dead, as well as their tents and baggage, behind. +Next day Pope advanced his entire force within a mile and a half of +Farmington, but had to return next day to his former position behind +Seven Mile Creek, to keep up his connection with Buell. On the 8th, he +again moved his whole force to Farmington, and pushed two divisions on +separate roads almost up the intrenchments at Corinth; but was again +informed that the army to his right was not ready to advance. One +brigade was still kept as advanced guard at Farmington. On the 9th, a +heavy force from Corinth emerged from the timber just as Plummer's +brigade, then on post, was being relieved by Palmer's. The two brigades +met the attack briskly and a severe combat ensued. Pope's army was +within a mile and a half behind the creek, but forbidden by Halleck's +order to cross. To prevent a general engagement, the two brigades were +withdrawn. It was not till after May 20th that Pope finally occupied +Farmington with Buell's line. + +Observing indications on the night of the 26th, he next day advanced, +and connecting with his right, sent Colonel W.L. Elliot, of the Second +Iowa Cavalry, with his own regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel E. +Hatch, and the Second Michigan Cavalry, commanded by Colonel P.H. +Sheridan, who was only assigned to the regiment that day, to make a +circuit around Corinth and strike the railroad forty miles in its rear, +doing all practicable destruction to it. Next day, the 28th, Stanley's +division was pushed far forward and after a sharp skirmish secured +possession of a ridge directly upon the creek, in front of the enemy's +works, which he at once fortified. Paine's division was moved out the +same day and occupied on Stanley's left. The same day Buell advanced +Nelson and Crittenden to the front on a line with Stanley. + +General Thomas held Sherman on his extreme right, with his skirmishers +extended out to sweep the Mobile & Ohio Railway. + +After several successive advances, meeting more or less opposition, on +May 17th, Sherman moved with his division--supported by Hurlbut--and +with batteries, against a commanding position in his front, called +Russell's, just two miles from the main entrenchments, held by a +brigade. It was some time before he could get a position for his +batteries. Resistance was more obstinate than at any previous +encounter. But, finally, the point was carried, and was found to cover +a sweep of open ground to the south, the direction toward Corinth, and +the division entrenched. Beyond the open land--stretching southward from +Russell's--and intervening woods was other open land, and still beyond, +a rising ground, with a high wooded ridge behind it. On this rising +ground was a loop-holed, double loghouse, having complete command of the +open ground north of it. A force stationed here exceedingly annoyed +Sherman's pickets. On the morning of the 27th he moved with his division +and batteries, supported by Veatch's brigade, from Hurlbut, and John A. +Logan's brigade, from McClernand, quietly and unseen through the timber +as near as practicable. Two of Silversparre's twenty-pounder Parrott +guns were moved silently through the forest to a point behind a hill, +from the top of which could be seen the house and ground to be +contested. The guns were unlimbered, loaded, and moved by hand to the +crest. A quick rapid fire demolished the house. The infantry dashed +forward, drove the enemy from the ridge across a field and into a thick +forest beyond. In the afternoon the repulsed troops suddenly reappeared, +but after a short contest they were again driven. The advanced position +thus carried was at once intrenched. The intervening forest concealed +from Sherman the fact that, though he was more than three miles from the +town, he was now less than a mile from the main defences of Corinth, +that he was between the creeks, and there was no obstruction but the +forest between him and the works. Next day General Thomas advanced the +rest of his command, wheeling it to the right so as to bring the whole +upon the bank of the creek, which flowed between him and Corinth. This +advance brought his left division, T.W. Sherman, within half a mile of +the main entrenchments, but separated from them by the swampy valley. +The same day Buell advanced McCook to connect with T.W. Sherman. Halleck +had been a month gaining with his 100,000 men a few miles, but he was +now closing in upon Corinth. + +Beauregard, though contesting pertinaciously every advance, had already +began his evacuation. Detailed instructions, regulating the evacuation +and the subsequent march of the troops, were issued on the 26th and +27th, and three o'clock A.M. of the 29th was appointed for the time. On +the 28th an order was issued postponing the movement till the morning of +the 30th, to gain more time for removing stores. On the 29th the final +order was issued, which required, among other precautions to hide the +movement, "whenever the railroad-engine whistles during the night, near +the intrenchments, the troops in the vicinity will cheer repeatedly, as +though reinforcements had been received." The sick and wounded were sent +off by railway, as was the heavy artillery. All valuable stores were +carried off; though considerable quantities of stores of all +kinds--commissary, quartermaster, and ordnance--were neither removed nor +destroyed. Elliot, with his cavalry, struck the railroad at Booneville +before daylight of the 30th, destroyed there a locomotive, twenty-five +box-cars loaded with ordnance, ammunition, and quartermaster stores, one +or two platform-cars with field-pieces, a depot building filled with +ordnance stores, tore up the track and destroyed two culverts, and +returned to Farmington, having prevented the further use of that railway +for the purposes of evacuation. + +General Pope, hearing the engines whistling and men cheering after +midnight, understood it as Beauregard intended--to show the arrival of +reinforcements. But skirmishers were sent forward to ascertain, if +practicable, the fact. Trains were heard leaving, and, at six o'clock, +explosions, followed by clouds of smoke, satisfied both him and Sherman +that Beauregard was leaving. By eight o'clock, his advance had felt +their way through the intrenchments and marched into town. Sherman, +having farther to go, was but little later in entering. + +Pope's army moved at once in pursuit along the roads leading +south--Rosecrans in front, Hamilton following, and Granger with the +cavalry keeping in advance. Two divisions from Thomas' command, Davies +and T.W. Sherman, were added to the pursuing column. The pursuit +developed the fact that Beauregard, or a large part of his force, halted +at Baldwin, fifty miles south of Corinth, in an inaccessible position +behind swamp and jungle, while his line extended to the northwest, to +Blackland, an approachable point west of the railroad. Pope had made all +preparations to attack at Blackland and issued the order, when Buell +arrived at the front and suspended the attack. Beauregard retreated +farther and the pursuing force returned to Corinth. + +General Pope, while detained a few days at Danville, by illness, was +continually receiving despatches from his officers at the front, and +telegraphing them or their substance to General Halleck, at Corinth, a +few miles off. General Granger said in one despatch there were ten +thousand stragglers from the retreating army in the woods, all of whom +would come in and surrender. All knew the woods were full of stragglers, +and it was generally believed that General Granger's estimate of their +number and intentions was reasonable. Pope, condensing into one, +despatches received from Rosecrans, Hamilton, and Granger, telegraphed +to Halleck, "The two divisions in the advance under Rosecrans are slowly +and cautiously advancing on Baldwin this morning, with the cavalry on +both flanks. Hamilton, with two divisions, is at Rienzi, and between +there and Booneville, ready to move forward, should they be needed. One +brigade from the reserve occupies Danville. Rosecrans reports this +morning that the enemy has retreated from Baldwin, but he is advancing +cautiously. The woods, for miles, are full of stragglers from the enemy, +who are coming in in squads. Not less than ten thousand men are thus +scattered about, who will come in within a day or two." General Halleck +despatched to the War Department "General Pope, with 40,000 men, is +thirty miles south of Corinth, pushing the enemy hard. He already +reports 10,000 prisoners and deserters from the enemy, and 15,000 stand +of arms captured." This despatch of General Halleck's made a great +sensation. The expectation that the stragglers would come into the +National camp was disappointed; the prisoners taken were few, and Pope +was censured for making a statement of fact which he neither made nor +authorized. + +Fort Pillow was abandoned June 1st. On June 6th, Admiral Davis, who had +succeeded Commodore Foote, destroyed the Confederate fleet in front of +Memphis after an engagement of an hour and a half. The same day, the two +regiments that Pope left with the fleet, entered the city. The objects +proposed in the spring were accomplished, though not in the manner +designed. The railway connection at Corinth was broken, though not by a +mere dash from the river. Fort Pillow was possessed, Memphis was +occupied, and the Mississippi open to Vicksburg. The volunteers had been +through a hard military school. After their experience in fighting, they +had practice in the slow advance to Corinth, in picket duty and field +fortification. They had learned something of the business of war and +were now ready for campaign, battle, and siege. + + +END. + + + + +INDEX. + + +NOTE.--_Regiments, batteries, etc., are indexed under the names of their +States, excepting batteries called by their captain's or by some other +special name. These are indexed under_ BATTERIES. + +Adams, Colonel, 141-143 + +Alabama, troops of. Regiments: First, 80, 120; + Fourth, 171; + Twenty-second, 154; + Twenty-seventh, 42; + Colonel Baker's, 80 + +Allen, Colonel, 144 + +Ammen, Colonel, 163, 164, 165, 166 + +Anderson, General Patton, 128, 129 + +Appler, Colonel, 128 + +Arkansas, troops of. Regiments: + Eleventh, 69, 80; + Twelfth, 69, 80, 88; + Fifteenth, 132 + +Ashboth, General, 9, 11 et seq. + + +Badeau, General Adam, his work on General Grant cited, 20, 60, 61, 178 + +Bailey, Colonel, 62 + +Bailey's Ferry, 28, 29 + +Baker, Colonel, 80 + +Baldwin, Colonel, report of, 45, 146 + +Baldwin, Miss., position of, 190, 191 + +Bankhead, Captain, 80 + +Bankhead, Fort, 76 + +Bark road, 147 + +Barrett, Captain, 130, 136 + +Bartlett, 168 + +Batteries: + Bankhead's battery, 175; + Barrett's battery, 115, 130; + Bartlett's battery, 167, 168; + Bouton's battery, 175; + Bratzman's batteries, 155; + Burrows' battery, 101, 115, 136; + Byrne's battery, 175; + Cavender's, Major, artillery, 154; + Crittenden's battery, 169, 177; + DeGolyer's battery, 70; + Dresser's battery, 39, 136; + Dubuque battery, 16; + Graves' battery, 52, 55, 60; + Green's battery, 60; + Guy's battery, 60; + Hickenlooper's battery, 145, 146; + Hodgson's, Captain, battery, 128; + Houghtaling's Ottawa Light Artillery, 70, 87; + Hurlbut's batteries, 155, 181; + Jackson's battery, 60; + Ketchum's battery, 138, 160, 174, 175; + Maney's battery, 42, 43, 48,52, 60; + Mann's battery, 101, 115, 148; + McAllister's, 39, 52, 115, 136, 172, 175; + Mendenhall's battery, 165, 167, 168, 169, 177; + Munch's Minnesota, 115; + Plummer's battery, 73, 74; + Porter's battery, 52, 55, 59, 60; + Schofield's battery, 17; + Schwartz's battery, 39, 115, 136; + Sherman's battery, 102; + Stewart's, R.C., battery, 80; + Terrill's battery, 165, 166, 167; + Thurber's battery, 163, 175, 176; + Washington Artillery, 128; + Waterhouse's battery, 102, 126, 127, 129, 135, 136; + Webster's battery, 154, 155 + +Battle, Colonel, 152 + +Baxter, Captain, 162 + +Bear Creek, 91 + +Beauregard, General G.P.T., 78; + number and character of his command in the Southwest, 91; + sends force to Pittsburg Landing, 99, 128; + assumes Johnston's command, 153; + referred to, 156, 157, 160, 161, 164, 169, 170, 175, 176; + losses of, 180; + reinforced, 184, 186; + begins an evacuation, 189; + halts at Baldwin, 190 + +Behr, Captain, 131 + +Belmont, Mo., 19, 20; + engagement at, 21 + +Bentonville, Mo., 13 + +Big Barren River, 24 + +Bird's Point, Mo., 20, 74 + +Birge, Colonel, 55 + +Bissel, Colonel J.W., 70 et seq. + +Blair, General Frank P., 2 + +Blandville, Ky., 19 + +Boonville, Mo., 2, 4, 8, 9, 190 + +Boston Mountains, Ark., 12 + +Bowen, General, 151 + +Bowling Green, Ky., occupied by Buckner, 24 + +Bowling Green, Ky., rebel evacuation of, 64 + +Boyle, General J.T., 166, 168 + +Bragg, General, 128, 138, 153 et seq. + +Breckenridge, General, 138, 135, 155, 169, 176, 177, 181, 182 + +Brier Creek, 100, 137, 160, 161, 163, 172, 174 + +Brotzman, 155 + +Brown, Lieutenant-Colonel, 11 + +Brown Major, 45; + report of, cited, 61 + +Brown, Colonel, 80 + +Bruce, 164, 165 + +Brush, Captain, 50 + +Bryner, Colonel John, 70 + +Buckland, Colonel, 102 + +Buckland, General, 126, 129, 173, 174 + +Buckner, General S.B., 24; + at Fort Donelson, 37 et seq.; + plans of, for sortie, 47, 48; + his advice in the council at Fort Donelson, 57; + offers to surrender Fort Donelson, 59 + +Buell, General D. C, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 177; + suggestions of, as to attack on General Johnston's line, 26; + made major-general, 65; + correspondence with Halleck, 97, 98, 130; + loss in his army, 181; + commands centre of the Army of the Ohio, 184, 186, 187, 188 + +Burrows, Captain, 101 + + +Cairo, Ill., 18; + district of, 65 + +Camp Jackson, 2 + +Cape Girardeau, Mo., 7, 17 + +Carlin, Colonel, 16 + +Carondelet, the, 30, 43, 46; + her passage of the batteries, 84 et seq. + +Carr, Colonel E.A., 12 + +Carthage, Mo., engagement near, 4 + +Cavender, Major, 39 + +Chalmers, General, 142, 148, 157 et seq., 161 + +Charleston, Ky., 19 + +Chattanooga, Tenn., 91 + +Cheatham, General B.F., 23, 68 + +Cincinnati, the, 30 + +Clanton, 149 + +Clare, Captain, 123 + +Clark, Colonel, 80 + +Clark, General, 169 + +Clarke, General, 37, 136 + +Clarksville, Tenn., 37 + +Clear Creek, Mo., engagement near, 11 + +Cleburne, General, 127, 129 + +Columbus, Ky., 18, 19; works at, 24; + rebel evacuation of, 64 + +Commerce, 19, 66 + +Conestoga, the, 46 + +Cook, Colonel John, 39, 55 + +Cooper's Farm, Ark., 12 + +Corinth, Miss., 91, 141; + map of, 181 + +Crittenden, General, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169, 170, 177, 178, 187 + +Crocker, Colonel, 139, 178 + +Cross Hollows, Ark., 12 + +Cruft, Colonel Charles, 44, 50, 57 + +Crump's Landing, 100, 130 + +Crump's Landing Road, 143, 162, 163 + +Cullum, General, 74, 93 + +Cumming, Colonel G.W., 70 + +Curtis, General Samuel R., 11, 12 et seq. + + +Danville, 190, 191 + +Davis, Admiral, 191 + +Davis, Colonel, 139 + +Davis, General Jefferson C., 11, 12 + +Dawes, Adjutant, 128 + +Deas, Colonel, 141 + +De Golyer, Captain, 70 + +Department of the Missouri, 10 + +Dickey, Colonel, 32, 39 + +Dixon, Lieutenant (afterward Captain), 24, 43 + +Dodge, Colonel, 15 + +Donelson, Fort, situation of, 24, 28, 33; + description of, 34 et seq.; + surrender of, 60; + number of its garrison, 61 et seq. + +Dougherty, Colonel H., 20 + +Dover, Tenn., 33 + +Drake, Colonel, 54 + +Drake, Lieutenant Breckenridge, 159 + +Dresser's Battery, 136 + +Dresser, Captain, 31 + +Dubois, Captain, 5 + +Dug Springs, Mo., engagement at, 5 + + +Eastport, 91 + +Elbert, Captain, 13 + +Elliot, Colonel, 87, 189 + +Essex, the, 30 + + +Farmington, 186-189 + +Fayetteville, Ark., 12 + +Fearing, Major, 128, 130 + +Fitch, Colonel G.N., 70 + +Fitch, Lieutenant, 129 + +Fletcher, Lieutenant, 78 + +Florence, Ala., 32 + +Floyd, General J.B., 37, 45 et seq.; + his advice in the council at Fort Donelson, 59; + leaves Fort Donelson, 59 + +Foote, Commodore A.H., concurs in Grant's plans as to Forts Henry + and Donelson, 27; + his part in the campaign, 28 et seq.; + report of, 31; + at Fort Donelson, 38, 43, 46; + wounded, 46; + returns to Cairo, 54; + at Island No. Ten, 79 et seq., 191 + +Forrest, Colonel, 58, 152 + +Fort Donelson (see Donelson, Fort) + +Fort Heiman, 28 + +Fort Henry, situation of, 24, 28; + expedition against, 27 et seq.; + surrender of, 31 + +Fort Holt, 20 + +Fort Pillow, 19; + abandoned, 19 + +Frankfort, Ky., 18 + +Frederickstown, Mo., 16 + +Fremont, General John C., appointment of, 7; + early measures and orders of, 8, 9; + relieved from command, 10; + correspondence with General Grant, 18 + +Frost, General D.M., 2 + +Fulton, Lieutenant-Colonel, 128 + + +Gantt, Colonel, 59, 69 + +Georgetown, Mo., 9 + +Gibson, General, 144, 172 + +Gilmer, General J.F., constructs Confederate works in Kentucky + and Tennessee, 24, 31, 34; leaves Fort Donelson, 59 + +Gladden, General, 141, 164 + +"Golden State," the, 96 + +Granger, Captain, 6 + +Granger, General Gordon, 69, 70, 86 et seq., 190 + +Grant, General Ulysses S., commanding at Cape Girardeau, 17; + commanding District of Southeast Missouri, 18; + his plans as to Columbus, etc., 19, 20; + at Belmont, 21 et seq.; + plans for expedition against Forts Henry and Donelson, 26, 27; + his conduct of the campaign, 28 et seq.; + at Fort Donelson, 37 et seq.; + his despatch demanding its surrender, 60; + made Major-General, 65; + assigned to command military department of Tennessee, 65; + traits of, 92; + his proposed movement up the Tennessee, 93; + in disfavor with General Halleck, 94 et seq., 130; + arrival at Savannah, 102; + his directions to McClernand at Shiloh, 155; + orders to Nelson, 158; + directions to Thirty-Sixth Indiana, 158; + consultation with Buell, 164; + orders to Sherman, 173; + orders to Wallace, 174; + sends out Hurlbut, 177; + size of his army at Pittsburg Landing, 179; + loss in his army, 181; + sends Sherman and Wood in pursuit, 182; + appointed second in command, 184 + +Graves, Captain, 60 + +Gray, Captain, 82 + +Green, Captain, 60 + +Greenville, Ark., 19 + +Groesbeck, Colonel John, 70 + +Gumbart, Lieutenant, 49 + +Guy, Captain, 60 + + +Halleck, General H.W., appointed Commander of the Department of the + Missouri, 10; + his views as to movements in Tennessee, 25, 26; + orders to Grant, 27, 28, 38; + despatch after Donelson, 64; + assigned to command Department of the Mississippi, 67, 99; + instructions to Pope, 74, 82 et seq.; + congratulations to Pope, 90; + his plans against Corinth, etc., 91 et seq.; + traits of, 92; + orders to Grant, 93 et seq.; + instructions to Buell, 97; + arrives at Pittsburg Landing, 183-186; + closes in on Corinth, 189; + despatches to, 190; + despatch from, 191 + +Hamburg Landing, 100 + +Hamilton, General Schuyler, 69, 70 et seq., 184, 190 + +Hammock, Lieutenant, 122 + +Hannibal, Mo., 8 + +Hanson, Colonel, 41, 55 + +Hardcastle, Major, 122 + +Hardee, General, 127, 132, 161, 170 + +Hare, Colonel, 140 + +Harris, Governor, 152 + +Haynes, Colonel Milton A., 37, 42 + +Haywood, Colonel, 80 + +Hazen, General, 164, 178 + +Heiman, Colonel, 30, 42, 48 et seq. + +Heiman, Fort, 28 + +Helena, Ark., 66 + +Helm, Colonel, 59 + +Henderson, Colonel, 80 + +Henry, Fort, see Fort Henry + +Hickenlooper, Captain, 103, 134 + +Hickman Creek, 33 + +Hickman, Ky., 18 + +Hildebrand, 102, 130 + +Hindman, General, 127, 144 + +Hodgson, Captain, 128 + +Hollins, Commodore, 69, 76 et seq. + +"Hornet's Nest," the, 144 + +Hopkinsville, 37 + +Houghtaling, Captain, 70 + +Hubbard, Major, 11 + +Hudson, Captain, 80 + +Humboldt, 91 + +Hunter, General David, 9; + appointed to command the Department of the West, 10, 64 + +Hurlbut, General S.A., 96; + at Shiloh, 101 et seq.; 127, 138, 153 et seq., 158, 161, 172, 173, + 177, 181, 187, 188 + + +Illinois, troops of. Regiments: + First, 70; + Second, 71, 116; + Fourth, 32, 39, 182; + Seventh, 39, 41, 56, 70, 71, 113; + Eighth, 38, 45, 50, 113, 140, 178; + Ninth, 39, 113, 139, 143, 150; + Tenth, 70, 75; + Eleventh, 39, 52, 53, 113, 116; + Twelfth, 39, 113; + Thirteenth, 50; + Fourteenth, 113, 140; + Fifteenth, 113, 140; + Sixteenth, 70, 75; + Seventeenth, 17, 42, 56, 113, 128, 139, 172; + Eighteenth, 38, 45, 50, 113, 140, 178; + Twentieth, 17, 39, 113, 135, 139, 172; + Twenty-second, 20, 22, 23; + Twenty-fifth, 42; + Twenty-sixth, 70, 72; + Twenty-seventh, 20, 21, 23; + Twenty-eighth, 113, 154, 173, 178; + Twenty-ninth, 38, 45, 50, 113; + Thirtieth, 20, 38, 50; + Thirty-first, 20, 38, 51, 52, 53; + Thirty-second, 53, 113, 152, 154; + Fortieth, 96, 114, 131, 132, 162, 166; + Forty-first, 39, 113, 147, 148, 152, 154; + Forty-second, 84, 172; + Forty-third, 113, 134, 139; + Forty-fifth, 39, 42, 113, 139, 172; + Forty-sixth, 44, 113, 139, 140, 172, 177; + Forty-seventh, 70, 72; + Forty-eighth, 39, 42, 113, 136, 139, 172; + Forty-ninth, 42, 56, 113, 139, 172; + Fiftieth, 39, 113; + Fifty-first, 70; + Fifty-second, 113; + Fifty-fifth, 114, 148, 149; + Fifty-seventh, 44, 113; + Fifty-eighth, 44, 53, 113, 146, 147; + Sixty-first, 114, 142, 148. + Batteries: + First, 20, 23, 39, 52, 53, 102, 115, 126, 127, 128, 136, 175; + Second, 115 + +Indiana, troops of. Regiments: + Eleventh, 56, 115, 175; + Seventeenth, 148; + Twenty-third, 116; + Twenty-fourth, 115, 163; + Twenty-fifth, 39, 41, 55, 113, 140, 148; + Thirty-first, 44, 113, 148, 150; + Thirty-second, 171; + Thirty-fourth, 70; + Thirty-sixth, 105, 158; + Forty-third, 70; + Forty-fourth, 44, 113, 148; + Forty-sixth, 70; + Forty-seventh, 70; + Fifty-second, 39, 54, 55, 56; + Fifty-sixth, 39; + Fifty-ninth, 70. + Batteries: + Sixth (Behr), 115, 127, 131; + Ninth (Thompson), 116, 175 + +Indian Creek, 33 + +Indian Ford, St. Francois River, Ark., 19 + +Iowa, troops of. Regiments: + First, 6; + Second, 39, 55, 56,70, 87, 113, 134, 139, 146, 166, 178, 187; + Third, 113, 147, 148, 151, 154, 156, 177; + Fifth, 70; + Sixth, 114, 133, 140; + Seventh, 20, 22, 23, 39, 41, 55, 113, 146, 178; + Eighth, 113, 143, 146, 147; + Eleventh, 113, 135; + Twelfth, 39, 113, 146, 147; + Thirteenth, 113, 139; + Fourteenth,39, 43, 55, 111, 139,146, 147; + Fifteenth, 114, 131; + Sixteenth, 114, 131 + +Ironton, Mo., 7 + +Island Number Eight, 67 + +Island Number Ten, 19, 64; + situation and description of, 66 et seq.; + canal at, 81, 82; + capture of, 87, 88 + + +Jackson, Camp, 2 + +Jackson, Captain, 60 + +Jackson, General, 142, 157 + +Jackson, Governor, powers conferred on, by the State Legislature, 1; + proclamation by, 2; + movements of, 4 + +Jefferson City, Mo., 2, 7 + +John's Bayou, 81 + +Johnson, Major, 61 + +Johnson, General Bushrod R., 36, 49; + escape of, 63, 135 + +Johnston, General Albert Sydney, 12; + evacuates Bowling Green, 64; + at Corinth, 81; + his movements to join Beauregard, 92, 122, 141; + death of, 153; + army of, 178 + +Johnston, Preston, 122 + +Jones, Lieutenant, 80 + +Jordan, Colonel, 126 + + +Kansas, troops of. Regiments: First, 6 + +Kennedy, Colonel, 80 + +Kentucky, attitude of, with regard to the Rebellion, 18 + +Kentucky, troops of. Regiments: + Fourth, 164, 171; + Eighth, 61; + Seventeenth, 44, 113, 151; + Twenty-fifth, 44, 50, 113, 151 + +Kirk, 163, 170, 171, 172 + + +Lauman, Colonel J.G., 39, 55, 147 + +Lawler, Colonel, 50 + +Lebanon, Mo., 12 + +Lexington, Mo., 4, 8; + surrender of, 9 + +"Lexington," gunboat, 155 + +Lick Creek, 99, 141, 177 + +Lincoln, Abraham, President of the United States, 10; + his War Order No. 3, 98 + +Logan, Colonel (afterward General) John A., 50, 188 + +Loomis, Colonel J.W., 70, 141 + +Loss, Confederate, 180; National, 181 + +Lothrop, Major W.L., 70 et seq. + +Louisiana, troops of. Regiments: + Fourth, 144; + Eleventh, 22, 80; + Twelfth, 80; + Eighteenth, 138 + +Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 24 + +Louisville, the, 46 + +Lyon, General Nathaniel, 2, 4, 5; + death of, at the battle of Wilson Creek, 6 + +Lytle, Colonel, 152 + + +Mackall, General W.W., 83, 87, 88 + +Madrid Bend, 66 et seq. + +Maney, Captain, 42 et seq., 60 + +Mann, Captain, 101 + +Mann's battery, 148 (see Artillery) + +Marsh, Colonel, 134, 139 + +Marshal, Captain L.H., 86 + +Martin, Colonel, 165 + +Mayfield, Ky., 26 + +McAlister, Captain, 31 + +McArthur, Colonel John, 39, 47 + +McArthur, General, 134, 139, 178 + +McClellan, General G.B., his despatch as to Grant, 94; + relieved from general command, 95, 98 + +McClernand, General J., at Pittsburg Landing, 102 et seq. + +McClernand, General J.A., 130, 158, 159, 161, 167, 171 et seq., 177, 178; + at Belmont, 20 et seq.; + march of, toward Mayfield, Ky., 27; + commands the advance in expedition against Fort Henry, 28; + at Fort Donelson, 38 et seq.; + made Major-General, 65; + his loss in guns, 181; + mentioned, 184, 186, 188 + +McCook, 163, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 189 + +McCoun, General, 68, 76 et seq. + +McCulloch, General Ben., 4 et seq., 12, 13, 14 + +McDowell, Colonel, 102 + +McDowell, General, 131 + +McIntosh, General, 14 + +McKingstry, General, 9 + +McNulty, Lieutenant, 122 + +McPherson, Lieutenant-Colonel, 55 + +Memphis & Charleston Railroad, 91 + +Memphis & Ohio Railroad, 24 + +Memphis, Tenn., 91, 191 + +Mendenhall, 165, 167, 168, 169 + +Michigan, troops of. Regiments: + Second, 70, 187; + Third, 70; + Twelfth, 114, 142; + Fifteenth, 169, 179. + Batteries: + First, 70; + Second (Ross), 70; + Third, 70 + +Miller, Colonel, 182 + +Mill Spring, Ky., engagement at, 27 + +Mississippi & Tennessee Railroad, 91 + +Mississippi, Department of, defined, 65 + +Mississippi River, description of the shores of, 66 et seq. + +Mississippi, troops of. Regiments: + Third, 122; + Sixth, 129, 132; + Fourteenth, 51, 59; + Twentieth, 45, 48, 49, 54, 57, 59; + Twenty-sixth, 48, 49; + Colonel Baker's, 80 + +Missouri, course of, as to secession, 1 + +Missouri, Department of the, 10 + +Missouri, troops of. Regiments: + First, 6; + Eighth, 56, 115, 116; + Eleventh, 17, 70, 72; + Twelfth, 13; + Thirteenth, 39, 113, 130, 134, 139, 143, 173; + Fourteenth, 113, 143, 163, 178; + Eighteenth, 114, 142; + Twenty-first, 114, 118, 123, 141, 142; + Twenty-second, 70; + Twenty-third, 114, 131, 142; + Twenty-fifth, 114, 122, 123, 124, 141, 142; + Twenty-sixth, 70. + Batteries: + First (Buell's), 70, 72, 115, 116 + +Mitchell, General O.M., 25 + +Mobile & Ohio R.R., 91 + +Monterey, Tenn., 177, 186 + +Montgomery, Ala., 91 + +Moore, Colonel, 123, 141 + +Morgan, Colonel J.D., 70 + +Morrison, Colonel W.R., 39, 42 + +Mouton, Colonel, 138 + +Mower, Captain, 75 + +Mulligan, Colonel, 8, 9 + +Munford, Captain, 122 + +Murray, Ky., 26 + +Mussel Shoals, Tennessee River, 32 + + +Nashville, Tenn., contemplated movement against, 26 + +Nebraska, troops of. Regiments: + First, 44, 53, 116, 175 + +Neely, Colonel, 80 + +Nelson, General, 130, 158, 161, 163 et seq., 172, 176 et seq., 187 + +New Madrid, Mo., 19; + situation of, 66; + evacuation, 77, 78 + +New Orleans, Jackson, & Great Northern R.R., 91 + +Nispel, Lieutenant, 136 + +Norfolk, Ky., 19 + + +Oak Creek, 100, 129, 135, 176, 177 + +Oglesby, Colonel R.J., 19, 31, 38, et seq. + +Ohio, troops of. Regiments: + Third, 173; + Fourth, 116; + Fifth, 116; + Sixth, 105, 158, 166; + Twentieth, 44, 48, 56, 62, 116, 163, 174, 175, 177; + Twenty-fourth, 105, 158; + Twenty-seventh, 70, 71; + Thirty-ninth, 70, 71, 75; + Forty-first, 165; + Forty-third, 70, 86; + Forty-sixth, 53, 96, 114, 133, 140; + Forty-seventh, 53; + Forty-eighth, 114, 134, 155, 162, 173; + Forty-ninth, 172; + Fifty-third, 102, 114, 126, 127, 128, 130, 134, 139, 172, 173; + Fifty-fourth, 114, 148, 149; + Fifty-sixth, 116, 163; + Fifty-seventh, 102, 114, 126, 128, 129, 130, 134, 173; + Fifty-eighth, 44, 53, 116; + Sixty-third, 70; + Sixty-eighth, 116, 163; + Seventieth, 114, 129, 134; + Seventy-first, 114, 148, 173; + Seventy-second, 114; + Seventy-sixth, 44, 53, 113, 175; + Seventy-seventh, 114, 117, 126, 128, 129, 130, 134, 173; + Seventy-eighth, 116; + Eighty-first, 113, 134, 139, 143, 163, 172, 173, 178. + Batteries: + Fifth, 103, 115; + Eighth (Margraff's), 115; + Eleventh (Sands'), 70; + Thirteenth (Myers'), 115, 150 + +Osage River, the, 10 + +Osceola, Mo., 10 + +Osterhaus, Colonel, 14 + +Otterville, Mo., 11 + +Owl Creek, 99, 132, 160, 167, 170, 174 + + +Paducah, Ky., 18 + +Paine, General, 86 + +Palmer, General J.N., 69, 70 + +Palmyra, Mo., 8 + +_Patriot_, the Nashville, cited, 60, 61 + +Peabody, Colonel, 122, 141 + +Pearce, General, 4 + +Pea Ridge, battle of, 12, 13 et seq. + +Perczell, Colonel N., 70 + +Phelps, Lieutenant, 30 + +Pillow, Fort, 19, 66, 80 (see Artillery) + +Pillow, General G.H., 21; + at Fort Donelson, 36, 45 et seq.; + his advice in the Council at Fort Donelson, 57; + leaves Fort Donelson, 59 + +Pilot Knob, Mo., 16 + +"Pittsburg," the, 46 + +Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., 130 et seq., 162, 163, 181; + selected as the place of assembly of the army in West Tennessee, 99 + +Pleasant Point, Tenn., 79 + +Plummer, Colonel J.B. (afterward General), 17, 69, 70 + +Polk, General Leonidas, 18, 19, 128, 161, 169, 170; + evacuates Columbus, 66; + occupies Island Number Ten, 68 + +Pond, Colonel, 160, 169, 174 + +Pond, General, 129 + +Pope, General John, 7, 9, 10; + made Major-General, 65; + appointed to command the force against New Madrid and Island Number Ten, 66; + lands at Commerce, 69; + his conduct of the New Madrid campaign, 74 et seq.; + goes into camp at Hamburg, 183; + commands left wing of the Army of the Mississippi, 184; + advances from Hamburg, 186; + occupies Farmington, 187, 189, 190; + pushes on to Corinth, 191 + +Porter, Captain (afterward Commodore and Admiral), at Fort Henry, 30, 60 + +Powell, General, 142 + +Prentiss, General, at Pittsburg Landing, 102 et seq.; + referred to, 158, 159; + his loss in guns, 181 + +Price, General Sterling, 1, 2 et seq.; 7, 8, 10 et seq., 184 + +Pride, Colonel, 131 + +Pugh, Colonel, 151, 154 + +Purdy road, 136 + +Purdy, Tenn., 101 + + +Raith, Colonel, 129 + +Rawlins, Captain (afterward General), 53 + +Reardon, Colonel, 134 + +Reelfoot, Lake, 67 + +Rice, Lieutenant-Colonel, 130 + +Rienzi, 190 + +Rolla, Mo., 4, 7, 12 + +Rosecrans, General, 184, 190, 191 + +Ross, Colonel, 56 + +Rousseau, 163-169, 170-171, 172-174, 175 + +Ruggles, General, 145, 154, 157, 170 + +Russell, Colonel, 135, 169, 170 + +"Russell's," position of, 187 + +Russellville, Ky., 37 + + +Savannah, Tenn., 97 + +Schofield, Captain, 17 + +Schwartz, Captain, 31, 49 + +Schwartz's battery, 136 (see Artillery) + +Sedalia, Mo., 10 + +Selma, Ala., 91 + +Shaver, Colonel, 123, 127 + +Shaw, Colonel, 147 + +Sheridan, Colonel P.H., assigned to Second Michigan Cavalry, 187 + +Sherman, General W.T., suggestions of, to General Halleck, 25; + assigned to command Military District of Cairo, 65; + at Pittsburg Landing, 101 et seq.; + in the expedition up the Tennessee, 96, 122 et seq.; + referred to, 158, 174, 175, 177; + his loss in guns, 181; + mentioned, 182, 187, 188, 190 + +Shiloh, battlefield of, described, 99 et seq.; + the battle of, 122 et seq.; + loss on Sunday, 159 + +Shiloh church, 100, 169, 172, 174, 175, 176 + +Sigel, General Franz, 4, 9, 11 et seq. + +Sikeston, 74 + +Slack, Colonel J.R., 70 + +Smith, Colonel I.L.K., 70 + +Smith, Colonel M.L., 56 + +Smith, Colonel W.S., 166, 167, 168 + +Smith, General C.F., in command at Paducah, 18; + march of, toward Mayfield, and report, 27; + in the Henry and Donelson campaign, 28 et seq.; + at Fort Donelson, 38 et seq.; + storms the works at Donelson, 55; + made Major-General, 65; + traits of, 92; + sent to Clarksville, 93; + death of, 104 + +Smith, General, 143 + +Smithland, Ky., 19 + +Snake Creek, 99, 134, 143, 162 et seq.; 174 + +Springfield, Mo., 4, 7, 12 + +Stanley, General D.S., 69, 76 et seq.; 186, 187 + +Statham, General, 151 + +St. Charles, Mo., 7 + +Stewart, Captain R. C, 32, 80 + +Stewart, General A.P., 76; report of, 77, 133, 169, 170 + +Stewart, General, 68 + +St. Joseph, Mo., 8 + +St. Louis, events at, in the spring of 1861, 2 + +St. Louis, the, 30, 46 + +Stony Lonesome, 162, 163 + +Stuart, Colonel, 173, 174 + +Stuart, General, 143, 158, 159 + +Sturgis, Major, 6 + +Sugar Creek, Ark., 12 + +Sullivan, Colonel, 173 + +Sweeney, Colonel, 146 + +Sweeney, General, 143 + +Syracuse, Mo., 9 + + +Taylor, Captain, 31, 102 + +Taylor, Major, 129, 172, 173 + +Taylor's battery, 136 (see Artillery) + +Tennessee, troops of. Regiments: + First, 164; + Second, 21, 132; + Third, 51, 55; + Fourth, 80; + Fifth, 80, 132; + Tenth, 42; + Fifteenth, 22; + Eighteenth, 41, 51, 55; + Twenty-third, 132; + Twenty-fourth, 132; + Twenty-sixth, 48; + Thirtieth, 48, 55; + Thirty-first, 80; + Forty-first, 55; + Forty-second, 48; + Forty-fifth, 152; + Forty-eighth, 42; + Forty-ninth, 48, 55, 62; + Fiftieth, 48, 55; + Fifty-second, 149; + Fifty-third, 42; + One Hundred and Fifty-fourth, 164; + Colonel Baker's, 80 + +Terrill, 165, 166 + +Terry, Major, 80 + +Thayer, Colonel John M., 44 + +Thomas, General, 184, 187, 188 + +Thomas, General G.H., wins battle of Mill Springs, Ky., 27 + +Thomas, General L., 95 + +Thompson, Colonel J., 124 + +Thompson, Colonel, report of, 176 + +Thompson, Fort, 69, 76 + +Thompson, General Jefferson, 16, 71 + +Thorn, Lieutenant, 147 + +Thurber, Lieutenant, 176 + +Tilghman, General L., at Paducah, 18; + at Fort Henry, 29 et seq. + +Timony, Captain, 136 + +Tipton, Mo., 9 + +Tiptonville, Tenn., 67 + +Totten, Captain, 5 + +Trabue, General, 132, 170, 171 + +Trubeau, General, 68 + +Tuttle, Colonel, 166, 178 + +Tuttle, General, 134, 139 + +Tyler, gunboat, Lieutenant Gwin, 46, 154 + + +Union City, Tenn., 68 + +United States, troops of. Regiments: + First, 71, 75, 86; + Fourth, 71 + + +Van Dorn, General Earl, 12 et seq., 184 + +Van Horn, Lieutenant-Colonel, 123 + +Veatch, Colonel, 41, 101 + +Veatch, General, 139, 172, 178 + +Versailles, Mo., 9 + +Vicksburg, Miss., 191 + +Virginia, troops of. Regiments: + Thirty-sixth, 51; + Fiftieth, 51 + + +Wallace, Colonel (afterward General) Lewis, 38 et seq., 44 et seq.; + made major-general, 65; + in the Tennessee expedition, 97, 131, 164, 170, 172, 175, 177, 184 + +Wallace, Colonel (afterward General) W.H.L., 31, 39; + in the Tennessee expedition, 96; + at Pittsburg Landing, 104 et seq., 130, 153, 155, 158, 159, 161, 162, + 166, 172, 177; + death of, 178 + +Walke, Commander Henry, 20, 84 et seq. + +Walker, Colonel L.M., 69 + +Walker, General, 89 + +Warrensburg, Mo., 11 + +Warsaw, Mo., 10 + +Waterhouse, 129 + +Watson's Landing, 86 + +Webster, Colonel J.D., 34, 155 + +Western District, limits of, 7 + +Wheeler, Captain, 80 + +Whittlesy, Colonel Charles, 25, 56, 62; + report of, 176 + +Williams, Colonel, 147 + +Willich, Colonel, 171 + +Wilson Creek, Mo., engagement at, 5 et seq.; + reconnoissance at, 10 + +Wilson's Bayou, 81 + +Wisconsin, troops of. Regiments: + Eighth, 17, 70; + Fourteenth, 114, 166, 179; + Fifteenth, 70; + Sixteenth, 103, 114, 141, 142, 148; + Eighteenth, 114, 142. + Batteries: + Fifth, 70; + Sixth, 70; + Seventh, 70 + +Withers, General, 149, 156, 157, 165 + +Wood, Captain, 53 + +Wood, General, 129, 135, 175, 177, 182 + +Woodyard, Lieutenant-Colonel, 141 + +Worthington, Colonel W.H., 70 + +Wright, Colonel Crafts, 130 + +Wynn's Ferry Road, 42 + + +Yate, Major, 70 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of From Fort Henry to Corinth, by +Manning Ferguson Force + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FROM FORT HENRY TO CORINTH *** + +***** This file should be named 24438.txt or 24438.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/4/3/24438/ + +Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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