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diff --git a/24374-h/24374-h.htm b/24374-h/24374-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c445339 --- /dev/null +++ b/24374-h/24374-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,11878 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Romance of Names, by Ernest Weekley</title> +<style type="text/css"> + h1, h2, h3, h4 {text-align: center; } + hr.full { width: 100%; + height: 5px; } + hr.narrow { width: 40%; + text-align: center; } + a:link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none; } + link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none; } + a:visited {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none; } + a:hover {color:#ff0000; + text-decoration: underline; } + pre {font-size: 85%; } +</style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Romance of Names, by Ernest Weekley</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: The Romance of Names</p> +<p>Author: Ernest Weekley</p> +<p>Release Date: January 20, 2008 [eBook #24374]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ROMANCE OF NAMES***</p> +<br><br><center><h3>E-text prepared by Jon Richfield</h3></center><br><br> +<p> </p> +<center> +<table border=0 bgcolor="ccccff" cellpadding=10> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#Toc80817">Transcriber's notes</a> will be found at the end + of the text. + </td> + </tr> +</table> +</center> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" noshade> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="6">THE +ROMANCE OF NAMES</font></b></p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="narrow"> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><b>Advertising material that appeared at the +start of the book</b></p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center">BY <i>THE</i> <i>SAME</i> <i>AUTHOR</i></p> +<p align="center">THE ROMANCE OF WORDS</p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"A book +of extraordinary interest; those who do not yet realise how +enthralling a subject word-history is could not do better<br>than sample its flavour in Mr. +Weekley's admirable book."</font></p> +<p align="center">— <i>Spectator</i>. Third Edition. 6s. +net.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">SURNAMES</p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3"> +"A study of the origin and significance of +surnames, full of fascination for the general reader."</font></p> +<p align="center">—<i>Truth</i>. Second Edition. 6s. +net.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF MODERN +ENGLISH</p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"It is a very great pleasure to get a +dictionary from Mr. Weekley. One knows from experience that <br>Mr. +Weekley would contrive to avoid unnecessary dullness,<br>even if he +were compiling a railway guide, but that he would also get the +trains right."</font></p> +<p align="center">— Mr. J. C. SQUIRE in <i>The</i> +<i>Observer</i>. Crown 4to. £ 2 2s. net.</p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="narrow"> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4">THIRD +EDITION, REVISED</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3"> </font></p> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="5">THE +ROMANCE OF NAMES</font></b></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="6"> </font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">BY</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="6"> </font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4">ERNEST +WEEKLEY, M.A.</font></p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Professor of French and Head of the Modern Language +Department</font></p> +<p align="center">at University College, Nottingham;</p> +<p align="center">Sometime Scholar of Trinity College, +Cambridge</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">London</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">1922</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">FIRST +EDITION <i>January</i> 1914</font></p> +<p align="center">SECOND EDITION <i>March</i> 1914</p> +<p align="center">THIRD EDITION <i>May</i> <i>1922</i></p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">ALL RIGHTS RESERVED</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4">CONTENTS</font></b></p> + +<center> +<table cellpadding="1"> +<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#Toc80696"><i>THE ROMANCE OF NAMES</i></a><br> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80697" >PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80698" >PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80699" >PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER I. </td><td><a href="#Toc80700" ><b>OF SURNAMES IN GENERAL</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80701" >PERSONAL NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80702" >NICKNAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80703" >MYTHICAL ETYMOLOGIES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80704" >ALTERNATIVE ORIGINS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80705" >NAMES DESIRABLE OR UNDESIRABLE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER II. </td><td><a href="#Toc80706" ><b>A MEDIEVAL ROLL</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80707" >LONDON JURYMEN</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80708" >MIDDLESEX JURYMEN</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80709" >STEEPLE CLAYDON COTTAGERS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER III. </td><td><a href="#Toc80710" ><b>SPELLING AND SOUND</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80711" >VARIANT SPELLINGS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80712" >DIALECTIC VARIANTS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80713" >APHESIS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80714" >EPITHESIS AND ASSIMILATION</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80715" >METATHESIS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80716" >BABY PHONETICS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER IV. </td><td><a href="#Toc80717" ><b>BROWN, JONES, AND ROBINSON</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80718" >OCCUPATIVE NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80719" >THE DISTRIBUTION OF NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER V. </td><td><a href="#Toc80720" ><b>THE ABSORPTION OF FOREIGN NAMES</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80721" >THE HUGUENOTS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80722" >PERVERSIONS OF FOREIGN NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80723" >JEWISH NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER VI. </td><td><a href="#Toc80724" ><b>TOM, DICK AND HARRY</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80725" >MEDIEVAL FONT-NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80726" >THE COMMONEST FONT-NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80727" >FASHIONS IN FONT-NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80728" >DERIVATIVES OF FONT-NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80729" >THE SUFFIX -<i>COCK</i></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80730" >CELTIC NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER VII. </td><td><a href="#Toc80731" ><b>GODERIC AND GODIVA</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80732" >FORMATION OF ANGLO-SAXON NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80733" >ANGLO-SAXON NICKNAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80734" >ANGLO-SAXON SURVIVALS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80735" >MONOSYLLABIC NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80736" >"HIDEOUS NAMES"</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER VIII. </td><td><a href="#Toc80737" ><b>PALADINS AND HEROES</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80738" >THE ROUND TABLE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80739" >THE CHANSONS DE GESTE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80740" >ANTIQUE NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER IX. </td><td><a href="#Toc80741" ><b>THE BIBLE AND THE CALENDAR</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80742" >OLD TESTAMENT NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80743" >NEW TESTAMENT NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80744" >FEAST-DAYS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80745" >MONTH NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER X. </td><td><a href="#Toc80746" ><b>METRONYMICS</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80747" >FEMALE FONT-NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80748" >DOUBTFUL CASES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER XI. </td><td><a href="#Toc80749" ><b>LOCAL SURNAMES</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80750" >CLASSES OF LOCAL NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80751" >COUNTIES AND TOWNS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80752" >NAMES PRECEDED BY <i>DE</i></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER XII. </td><td><a href="#Toc80753" ><b>SPOT NAMES</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80754" >ELEMENTS OF PLACE-NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80755" >HILL AND DALE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80756" >HILLS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80757" >WOODLAND AND PLAIN</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80758" >FOREST CLEARINGS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80759" >MARSHES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80760" >WATER AND WATERSIDE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80761" >RIVERS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80762" >ISLANDS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80763" >TREE NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER XIII. </td><td><a href="#Toc80764" ><b>THE HAUNTS OF MAN</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80765" >SETTLEMENTS AND ENCLOSURES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80766" >HIGHWAYS AND BYWAYS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80767" >WATER</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80768" >BUILDINGS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80769" >DWELLINGS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80770" >SHOP SIGNS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER XIV. </td><td><a href="#Toc80771" ><b>NORMAN BLOOD</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80772" >CORRUPT FORMS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80773" >TREE NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER XV. </td><td><a href="#Toc80774" ><b>OF OCCUPATIVE NAMES</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80775" >SOCIAL GRADES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80776" >ECCLESIASTICAL NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80777" >NAMES IN -<i>STER</i></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80778" >MISSING TRADESMEN</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80779" >SPELLING OF TRADE-NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80780" >PHONETIC CHANGES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80781" >NAMES FROM WARES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER XVI. </td><td><a href="#Toc80782" ><b>A SPECIMEN PROBLEM: RUTTER</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER XVII. </td><td><a href="#Toc80783" ><b>THE CANTERBURY PILGRIMS</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80784" >ECCLESIASTICAL NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80785" >PILGRIMS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER XVIII. </td><td><a href="#Toc80786" ><b>TRADES AND CRAFTS</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80787" >ARCHERY</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80788" >CLOTHIERS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80789" >METAL WORKERS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80790" >SURNOMINAL SNOBBISHNESS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER XIX. </td><td><a href="#Toc80791" ><b>HODGE AND HIS FRIENDS</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80792" >BUMBLEDOM</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80793" >ITINERANT MERCHANTS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER XX. </td><td><a href="#Toc80794" ><b>OFFICIAL AND DOMESTIC</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80795" >THE HOUSEHOLD</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER XXI. </td><td><a href="#Toc80796" ><b>OF NICKNAMES IN GENERAL</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80797" >FOREIGN NICKNAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80798" >KINSHIP</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80799" >ABSTRACTS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80800" >COSTUME</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80801" >PHYSICAL FEATURES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80802" >IMPRECATIONS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80803" >PHRASE-NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80804" >MISCELLANEOUS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER XXII. </td><td><a href="#Toc80805" ><b>ADJECTIVAL NICKNAMES</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80806" >ARCHAIC MEANINGS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80807" >DISGUISED SPELLINGS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80808" >FRENCH ADJECTIVES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80809" >COLOUR NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">CHAPTER XXIII. </td><td><a href="#Toc80810" ><b>BIRDS, BEASTS, AND FISHES</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80811" >BIRDS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80812" >HAWK NAMES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80813" >BEASTS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80814" >FISHES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80815" >SPECIAL FEATURES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td><a href="#Toc80816" ><b><i>Advertising material from the end of the book</i></b></a></td></tr> +</table> +</center> + +<p><a name="Toc2144724" id="Toc2144724"></a></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80696" id="Toc80696">THE ROMANCE OF +NAMES</a></font></b></p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><a name="Toc80697" id="Toc80697">PREFACE TO THE +THIRD EDITION</a></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">In preparing this revised +edition I have been able to make use of much information conveyed +to me by readers interested in the subject. The general +arrangement of the book remains unchanged, but a certain number +of statements have been modified, corrected, or suppressed. The +study of our surnames has been mostly left to the amateur +philologist, and many origins given by my predecessors as +ascertained facts turn out, on investigation, to be unsupported +by a shred of evidence. I cannot hope that this little book in +its new form is free from error, but I feel that it has benefited +by the years I have spent in research since its original +publication. I would ask reader to accept it, not as a +comprehensive treatise containing full information on any name +that happens to occur in it, but as a general survey of the +subject, and an attempt to indicate and exemplify the various +ways in which our surnames have come into existence.</font></p> +<p align="right">ERNEST WEEKLEY.</p> +<p>UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM. <i>April</i> <i>1922</i>.</p> +<p><i> </i></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80698" id="Toc80698">PREFACE TO THE SECOND +EDITION</a></font></b></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The early demand for a new +edition of this little book is a gratifying proof of a widespread +interest in its subject, rather than a testimony to the value of +my small contribution to that subject. Of the imperfections of +this contribution no one can be more conscious than myself, but I +trust that the most palpable blemishes have been removed in this +revised edition. The student of etymology seldom passes a day +without coming across some piece of evidence which throws new +light on a difficult problem (see Chapter XVI), or invalidates +what had before seemed a reasonable conjecture. I have to thank +many correspondents for sending me information of value and for +indicating points in which conciseness has led to +misunderstanding. Some of my correspondents need, however, to be +reminded that etymology and genealogy are separate sciences; so +that, while offering every apology to that Mr. Robinson whose +name is a corruption of Montmorency, I still adhere to my belief +that the other Robinsons derive from Robert.</font></p> +<p align="right">ERNEST WEEKLEY.</p> +<p>NOTTINGHAM <i>March</i> <i>1914</i>.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><i> </i></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80699" id="Toc80699">PREFACE TO THE FIRST +EDITION</a></font></b></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The interpretation of personal +names has always had an attraction for the learned and others, +but the first attempts to classify and explain our English +surnames date, so far as my knowledge goes, from 1605. In that +year Verstegan published his <i>Restitution</i> <i>of</i> +<i>Decayed</i> <i>Intelligence</i>, which contains chapters on +both font-names and surnames, and about the same time appeared +Camden's <i>Remains</i> <i>Concerning</i> <i>Britain</i>, in +which the same subjects are treated much more fully. Both of +these learned antiquaries make excellent reading, and much +curious information may be gleaned from their pages, especially +those of Camden, whose position as Clarencieux King-at-Arms gave +him exceptional opportunities for genealogical research. From the +philological point of view they are of course untrustworthy, +though less so than most modern writers on the same +subject.</font></p> +<p>About the middle of the nineteenth century, the period of +Archbishop Trench and Canon Taylor, began a kind of boom in works +of this kind, and books on surnames are now numerous. But of all +these industrious compilers one only, Bardsley, can be taken +seriously. His <i>Dictionary</i> <i>of</i> <i>English</i> +<i>Surnames</i>, published (Oxford Press, 1901) from his notes +some years after his death, is invaluable to students. It +represents the results of twenty years' conscientious research +among early rolls and registers, the explanations given being +usually supported by medieval instances. But it cannot be used +uncritically, for the author does not appear to have been either +a linguist or a philologist, and, although he usually refrains +from etymological conjecture, he occasionally ventures with +disastrous results. Thus, to take a few instances, he identifies +<i>Prust</i> with <i>Priest</i>, but the medieval <i>le</i> +<i>prust</i> is quite obviously the Norman form of Old Fr. +<i>le</i> <i>Proust</i>, the provost. He attempts to connect +<i>pullen</i> with the archaic Eng. <i>pullen</i>, poultry; but +his early examples, <i>le</i> <i>pulein</i>, <i>polayn</i>, etc., +are of course Fr. <i>Poulain</i>, <i>i.e</i>. <i>Colt</i>. Under +<i>Fallows</i>, explained as "fallow lands," he quotes three +examples of <i>de</i> <i>la</i> <i>faleyse</i>, <i>i.e</i>. Fr. +<i>Falaise</i>, corresponding to our <i>Cliff</i>, <i>Cleeve</i>, +etc; <i>Pochin</i>, explained as the diminutive of some personal +name, is the Norman form of the famous name <i>Poussin</i>, +<i>i.e</i>. <i>Chick</i>. Or, coming to native instances, +<i>le</i> <i>wenchel</i>, a medieval prototype of <i>Winkle</i>, +is explained as for "periwinkle," whereas it is a common +Middle-English word, existing now in the shortened form +<i>wench</i>, and means <i>Child</i>. The obsolete +<i>Swordslipper</i>, now only <i>Slipper</i>, which he interprets +as a maker of "sword-slips," or sheaths, was really a +sword-sharpener, from Mid. Eng. <i>slipen</i>, cognate with Old +Du. <i>slijpen</i>, to polish, sharpen, and Ger. +<i>schleifen</i>. Sometimes a very simple problem is left +unexplained, e.g. in the case of the name <i>Tyas</i>, where the +medieval instances of <i>le</i> <i>tyeis</i> are to a student of +Old French clearly <i>le</i> <i>tieis</i> or <i>tiois</i>, +<i>i.e</i>. the German, cognate with Ger. <i>deutsch</i> and +Ital. <i>tedesco</i>.</p> +<p>These examples are quoted, not in depreciation of +conscientious student to whose work my own compilation is greatly +indebted, but merely to show that the etymological study of +surnames has scarcely been touched at present, except by writers +to whom philology is an unknown science. I have inserted, as a +specimen problem (ch. xvi.), a little disquisition on the name +<i>Rutter</i>, a cursory perusal of which will convince most +readers that it is not much use making shots in this subject.</p> +<p>My aim has been to steer a clear course between a too learned +and a too superficial treatment, and rather to show how surnames +are formed than to adduce innumerable examples which the reader +should be able to solve for himself. I have made no attempt to +collect curious names, but have taken those which occur in the +<i>London</i> <i>Directory</i> (1908) or have caught my eye in +the newspaper or the streets. To go into proofs would have +swelled the book beyond all reasonable proportions, but the +reader may assume that, in the case of any derivation not +expressly stated as a conjecture, the connecting links exist. In +the various classes of names, I have intentionally omitted all +that is obvious, except in the rather frequent case of the +obvious being wrong. The index, which I have tried to make +complete, is intended to replace to some extent those +cross-references which are useful to students but irritating to +the general reader. Hundreds of names are susceptible of two, +three, or more explanations, and I do not profess to be +exhaustive.</p> +<p>The subject-matter is divided into a number of rather short +chapters, dealing with the various classes and subdivisions into +which surnames fall; but the natural association which exists +between names has often prevailed over rigid classification. The +quotations by which obsolete words are illustrated are taken as +far as possible from Chaucer, whose writings date from the very +period when our surnames were gradually becoming hereditary. I +have also quoted extensively from the <i>Promptorium</i> +<i>Parvulorum</i>, our earliest English-Latin Dictionary +(1440).</p> +<p>In ch. vii, on Anglo-Saxon names, I have obtained some help +from a paper by the late Professor Skeat <i>(Transactions</i> +<i>of</i> <i>the</i> <i>Philological</i> <i>Society</i>, 1907-10, +pp. 57-85) and from the materials contained in Searle's valuable +<i>Onomasticon</i> <i>Anglo</i>-<i>Saxonicum</i> (Cambridge, +1897). Among several works which I have consulted on French and +German family names, the most useful have been Heintze's +<i>Deutsche</i> <i>Familiennamen</i>, 3rd ed. (Halle a. S., 1908) +and Kremers' <i>Beitraege</i> <i>zur</i> <i>Erforschung</i> +<i>der</i> <i>franzoesischen</i> <i>Familiennamen</i> (Bonn, +1910). The comparative method which I have adopted, especially in +explaining nicknames (ch. xxi), will be found, I think, to clear +up a good many dark points. Of books on names published in this +country, only Bardsley's <i>Dictionary</i> has been of any +considerable assistance, though I have gleaned some scraps of +information here and there from other compilations. My real +sources have been the lists of medieval names found in Domesday +Book, the Pipe Rolls, the Hundred Rolls, and in the numerous +historical records published by the Government and by various +antiquarian societies.</p> +<p>ERNEST WEEKLEY.</p> +<p>Nottingham, <i>September</i> 1913</p> +<p> </p> +<p>The following dictionaries are quoted without further +reference:</p> +<p><i>Promptorium</i> <i>Parvulorum</i> (1440), ed. Mayhew +(E.E.T.S.; 1908).</p> +<p>PALSGRAVE, <i>L'Esclarcissement</i> <i>de</i> <i>la</i> +<i>langue</i> <i>francoyse</i> (1530), ed. Génin (Paris, +1852).</p> +<p>COOPER, <i>Thesaurus</i> <i>Lingua</i> <i>Romanae</i> +<i>et</i> <i>Britannicae</i> (London; 1573).</p> +<p>COTGRAVE <i>A</i> <i>Dictionarie</i> <i>of</i> <i>the</i> +<i>French</i> <i>and</i> <i>English</i> <i>Tongues</i></p> +<p>(London, 1611).</p> +<p>The Middle English quotations, except where otherwise stated, +are from Chaucer, the references being to the Globe edition.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144725" id="Toc2144725"></a><a name="Toc80700" +id="Toc80700">CHAPTER I <b>OF SURNAMES IN +GENERAL</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"The French and we +termed them <i>Surnames</i>, not because they are the names of +the <i>Sire</i>, or the father,<br> but because they are +<i>super</i></font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">added to Christian names."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p>(CAMDEN, <i>Remains</i> <i>concerning</i> +<i>Britain</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The study of the origin of +family names is at the same time quite simple and very difficult. +Its simplicity consists in the fact that surnames can only come +into existence in certain well-understood ways. Its difficulty is +due to the extraordinary perversions which names undergo in +common speech, to the orthographic uncertainty of our ancestors, +to the frequent coalescence of two or more names of quite +different Origin, and to the multitudinous forms which one single +name can assume, such forms being due to local pronunciation, +accidents of spelling, date of adoption, and many minor causes. +It must always remembered that the majority of our surnames from +the various dialects of Middle English, <i>i.e</i>. of a language +very different from our own in spelling and sound, full of words +that are now obsolete, and of others which have completely +changed their form and meaning.</font></p> +<p>If we take any medieval roll of names, we see almost at a +glance that four such individuals as—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 10em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">John <i>filius</i> +<i>Simon</i></font><br> +William <i>de</i> <i>la</i> <i>Moor</i><br> +Richard <i>le</i> <i>Spicer</i><br> +Robert <i>le</i> <i>Long</i><br> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">exhaust the possibilities of +English name-making—i.e. that every surname must be (i) +personal, from a sire or ancestor, (ii) local, from place of +residence, <i>[Footnote:</i> This is by far the largest class, +counting by names, not individuals, and many names for which I +give another explanation have also a local origin. Thus, when I +say that <i>Ely</i> is Old Fr. Élie, <i>i.e</i>. Elias, I +assume that the reader will know without being told that it has +an alternative explanation from Ely in Cambridgeshire.<i>]</i> +(iii) occupative, from trade or office, (iv) a nickname, from +bodily attributes, character, etc.</font></p> +<p>This can easily be illustrated from any list of names taken at +random. The Rugby team chosen to represent the East Midlands +against Kent (January <font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">22,</font> <font face="Bookman Old Style">1913) consisted of +the following fifteen names: <i>Hancock;</i> <i>Mobbs</i>, +<i>Poulton</i>, <i>Hudson</i>, <i>Cook;</i> <i>Watson</i>, +<i>Earl;</i> <i>Bull</i>, <i>Muddiman</i>, <i>Collins</i>, +<i>Tebbitt</i>, <i>Lacey</i>, <i>Hall</i>, <i>Osborne</i>, +<i>Manton</i>. Some of these are simple, but others require a +little knowledge for their explanation.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80701" id="Toc80701">PERSONAL NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>There are seven personal names, and the first of these, +<i>Hancock</i>, is rather a problem. This is usually explained as +from Flemish <i>Hanke</i>, Johnny, while the origin of the suffix +-<i>cock</i> has never been very clearly accounted for (see The +suffix –<i>cock</i>, Chapter VI). With <i>Hancock</i> we +may compare <i>Hankin</i>. But, while the Flemish derivation is +possible for these two names, it will not explain <i>Hanson</i>, +which sometimes becomes <i>Hansom</i> (Epithesis And +Assimilation, Chapter III). According to Camden, there is +evidence that <i>Han</i> was also used as a rimed form of +<i>Ran</i>, short for Ranolf and Randolf (cf. Hob from Robert, +Hick from Richard), very popular names in the north during the +surname period. In <i>Hankin</i> and <i>Hancock</i> this +<i>Han</i> would naturally coalesce with the Flemish +<i>Hanke</i>. This would also explain the <font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">names</font> <i><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Hand</font> for</i> Rand, and <i>Hands</i>, +<i>Hance</i> for <i>Rands</i>, <i>Rance</i>. <i>Mobbs</i> +<i>is</i> the same as <i>Mabbs</i> (cf. Moggy for Maggy), and +<i>Mabbs</i> <i>is</i> the genitive of Mab, <i>i.e</i>. Mabel, +for Amabel. We have the diminutive in <i>Mappin</i> and the +patronymic in <i>Mapleson</i>. <i>[Footnote:</i> <i>Maple</i> and +<i>Mapple</i>, generally tree names (Chapter XII), are in some +cases for Mabel. <i>Maplethorpe</i> <i>is</i> from Mablethorpe +(Line.), thorp of Madalbert (Maethelbeorht).<i>]</i> +<i>Hudson</i> <i>is</i> the son of Hud, a very common medieval +name, which seems to represent Anglo-Saxon Hudda (Chapter VII), +the vigorous survival of which into the surname period is a +mystery. <i>Watson</i> is the son of <i>Wat</i>, <i>i.e</i>. +Walter, from the Old N.E. Fr. Vautier (Gautier), regularly +pronounced and written Water at one time—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 20em"> + +"My name is <i>Walter</i> Whitmore. + +<div style="margin-left: -12em"> + How now! Why start'st thou? What! doth death affright? +</div> </div> +<div style="margin-left: 5em"><p><i>Suffolk</i>. Thy name affrights me, in whose sound +is death. +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +A cunning man did calculate my birth,<br> +And told me that by <i>water</i> I should die." +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p>(2 <i>Henry</i> <i>VI</i>, <i>iv</i>.1)</p> +</div> </div> </div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hence the name <i>Waters</i>, +which has not usually any connection with water; while +<i>Waterman</i>, though sometimes</font> <font face= +"Bookman Old Style">occupative, is also formed from Walter, like +<i>Hickman</i> from Hick (Chapter VI). <i>Collins</i> <i>is</i> +from Colin, a French diminutive of Col, <i>i.e</i>. Nicol or +Nicolas.</font></p> +<p><i>Tebbitt</i> <i>is</i> a diminutive of Theobald, a favourite +medieval name which had the shortened forms <i>Teb</i>, +<i>Tib</i>, <i>Tub</i>, whence a number of derivatives. But names +in <i>Teb-</i> and <i>Tib-</i> may also come from Isabel (Chapter +X). <i>Osborne</i> is the Anglo-Saxon name Osbeorn.</p> +<p>Of course, each of these personal names has a meaning, e.g. +Amabel, ultimately Latin, means lovable, and Walter, a Germanic +name, means "rule army" (Modern Ger. <i>walten</i> and +<i>Heer)</i>, but the discussion of such meanings lies outside +our subject. It is, in fact, sometimes difficult to distinguish +between the personal name and the nickname. Thus <i>Pagan</i>, +whence Payn, with its diminutives <i>Pannell</i>, <i>Pennell</i>, +etc., <i>Gold</i>, <i>Good</i>, <i>German</i>, whence +<i>Jermyn</i>, <i>Jarman</i>, and many other apparent nicknames, +occur as personal names in the earliest records. Their +etymological origin is in any case the same as if they were +nicknames.</p> +<p>To return to our football team, <i>Poulton</i>, <i>Lacey</i>, +<i>Hall</i>, and <i>Manton</i> are local. There are several +villages in Cheshire and Lancashire named <i>Poulton</i>, +<i>i.e</i>. the town or homestead (Chapter XIII) by the pool. +<i>Lacey</i> occurs in <i>Domesday</i> <i>Book</i> as <i>de</i> +<i>Laci</i>, from some small spot in Normandy, probably the +hamlet of Lassy (Calvados). <i>Hall</i> <i>is</i> due to +residence near the great house of the neighbourhood. If Hall's +ancestor's name had chanced to be put down in Anglo-French as +<i>de</i> <i>la</i> <i>sale</i>, he might now be known as +<i>Sale</i>, or even as <i>Saul</i>. <i>Manton</i> <i>is</i> the +name of places in Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire, so that this +player, at any rate, has an ancestral qualification for the East +Midlands.</p> +<p>The only true occupative name in the list is <i>Cook</i>, for +<i>Earl</i> <i>is</i> a nickname. <i>Cook</i> was perhaps the +last occupative title to hold its own against the inherited name. +Justice Shallow, welcoming Sir John Falstaff, says—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Some pigeons, Davy; a +couple of short</font><font size="3">-</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">legged hens, a joint of mutton, +and</font><br> +any pretty little tiny kickshaws. Tell William <i>Cook</i>" + (2 +<i>Henry</i> <i>IV</i>, <i>v. i</i>.<i>)</i>.</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">And students of the +<i>Ingoldsby</i> <i>Legends</i> <i>will</i> remember +that</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Ellen Bean ruled his +cuisine.—He called her Nelly +<i>Cook</i>.<i>"</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p><i>(Nell</i> <i>Cook</i>, <i>1</i>. 32.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">There are probably a goodly +number of housewives of the present day who would be at a loss if +suddenly asked for "cook's" name in full. It may be noted that +<i>Lequeux</i> means exactly the same, and is of identical +origin, archaic Fr. <i>le</i> <i>queux</i>, Lat. <i>coquus</i>, +while <i>Kew</i> <i>is</i> sometimes for Anglo-Fr. <i>le</i> +<i>keu</i>, where <i>keu</i> <i>is</i> the accusative of +<i>queux</i> (Alternative Origins, Chapter I).</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80702" id="Toc80702">NICKNAMES</a></b></p> +<p>The nicknames are <i>Earl</i>, <i>Bull</i>, and +<i>Muddiman</i>. Nicknames such as <i>Earl</i> may have been +acquired in various ways (Chapter XV). <i>Bull</i> and +<i>Muddiman</i> are singularly appropriate for Rugby scrummagers, +though the first may be from an inn or shop sign, rather than +from physique or character. It is equivalent to <i>Thoreau</i>, +Old Fr. <i>toreau</i> <i>(taureau)</i>. <i>Muddiman</i> <i>is</i> +for <i>Moodyman</i>, where moody has its older meaning of +valiant; cf. its German cognate <i>mutig</i>. The weather on the +day in question gave a certain fitness both to the original +meaning and the later form.</p> +<p>The above names are, with the exception of <i>Hancock</i>, +<i>Hudson</i>, and <i>Muddiman</i>, easy to solve; but it must +not be concluded that every list is as simple, or that the +obvious is always right. The first page of Bards +<i>Dictionary</i> <i>of</i> <i>Surnames</i> might well serve as a +danger-signal to cocksure writers on this subject. The names +<i>Abbey</i> and <i>Abbott</i> would naturally seem to go back to +an ancestor who lived in or near an and to another who had been +nicknamed the abbot.</p> +<p>But <i>Abbey</i> <i>is</i> more often from the Anglo-French +entry <i>le</i> <i>abbé</i>, the abbot, and <i>Abbott</i> +may be a diminutive of Ab, standing for Abel, or Abraham, the +first of which was a common medieval font-name. Francis +<i>Holyoak</i> describes himself on the title-page of his Latin +Dictionary (1612) as Franciscus <i>de</i> <i>Sacra</i> +<i>Quercu</i>, but his name also represents the holly oak, or +holm oak (Tree Names, Chapter XII). On the other hand, +<i>Holliman</i> always occurs in early rolls as <i>hali</i> +<i>or</i> <i>holi</i> <i>man</i>, <i>i.e</i>. holy man.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80703" id="Toc80703">MYTHICAL +ETYMOLOGIES</a></b></p> +<p>It may be stated here, once for all, that etymologies of names +which are based on medieval latinizations, family mottoes, etc., +are always to be regarded with suspicion, as they involve the +reversing of chronology, or the explanation of a name by a pun +which has been made from it. We find <i>Lilburne</i> latinized as +<i>de</i> <i>insula</i> <i>tontis</i>, as though it were the +impossible hybrid <i>de</i> <i>l'isle</i> <i>burn</i>, and +<i>Beautoy</i> sometimes as <i>de</i> <i>bella</i> <i>fide</i>, +whereas <i>foy</i> <i>is</i> the Old French for beech, from Lat. +<i>fagus</i>. <i>Napier</i> of Merchiston had the motto +<i>n'a</i> <i>pier</i>, <i>"</i>has no equal," and described +himself on title-pages as the Nonpareil, but his ancestor was a +servant who looked after the napery. With Holyoak's rendering of +his own name we may compare Parkinson's "latinization" of his +name in his famous book on gardening(1629), which bears the title +<i>Paradisi</i> <i>in</i> <i>Sole</i> <i>Paradisus</i> +<i>Terrest</i>ris, <i>i.e</i>. the Earthly Paradise of "Park in +Sun."</p> +<p>Many noble names have an anecdotic "explanation." I learnt at +school that <i>Percy</i> came from "pierce-eye," in allusion to a +treacherous exploit at Alnwick. The <i>Lesleys</i> claim descent +from a hero who overthrew a Hungarian champion</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Between the +<i>less</i> <i>lee</i> and the mair</font><br> +He slew the knight and left him there."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i>(Quentin Durward</i>, ch. xxxvii.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Similarly, the great name +<i>of</i> <i>Courtenay</i>, <i>Courtney</i>, <i>of</i> French +local origin, is derived in an Old French epic from <i>court</i> +<i>nez</i>, short nose, an epithet conferred on the famous +Guillaume d'Orange, who, when the sword of a Saracen giant +removed this important feature, exclaimed +undauntedly—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Mais que mon +nés ai un poi acorcié,</font><br> +Bien sai mes nons en sera alongié."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><i>(Li</i> <i>Coronemenz</i> <i>Looïs</i>, <i>1</i>. +<i>1159</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +<p>[Footnote: "Though I have my nose a little shortened, I know +well that my name will be thereby lengthened."<i>]</i></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">I read lately in some newspaper +that the original <i>Lockhart</i> took the "heart" of the Bruce +to the Holy Land in a "locked" casket. Practically every famous +Scottish name has a yarn connected with it, the gem perhaps being +that which accounts for <i>Guthrie</i>. A Scottish king, it is +said, landed weary and hungry as the sole survivor of a +shipwreck. He approached a woman who was gutting fish, and asked +her to prepare one for him. The kindly fishwife at once replied, +"I'll gut three." Whereupon the king, dropping into rime with a +readiness worthy of Mr. Wegg, said—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">"Then <i>gut</i> <i>three</i>, +Your name shall be,"<br></font> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<i>[Footnote added by scanner, who has not read much of +Dickens:</i><br> +<font face="Bookman Old Style">Silas Wegg was a ready-witted +character in "Our Mutual Friend."<i>]</i></font> +</div></div> +<p>and conferred a suitable estate on his benefactress.</p> +<p>After all, truth is stranger than fiction. There is quite +enough legitimate cause for wonderment in the fact that +<i>Tyas</i> <i>is</i> letter for letter the same name as +<i>Douch</i>, or that <i>Strangeways</i>, from a district in +Manchester which, lying between the Irwell and the Irk, formerly +subject to floods, is etymologically <i>strong</i>-<i>wash</i>. +The Joannes <i>Acutus</i> whose tomb stands in Florence is the +great free-lance captain Sir John <i>Hawkwood</i>, "omitting the +<i>h</i> in Latin as frivolous, and the <i>k</i> and <i>w</i> as +unusual" (Verstegan, <i>Restitution</i> <i>of</i> <i>Decayed</i> +<i>Intelligence</i>, ch. ix), which makes him almost as +unrecognizable as that Peter Gower, the supposed founder of +freemasonry, who turned out to be Pythagoras.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80704" id="Toc80704">ALTERNATIVE +ORIGINS</a></b></p> +<p>Many names are susceptible of two, three, or more +explanations. This is especially true of some of our commonest +monosyllabic surnames. <i>Bell</i> may be from Anglo-Fr. +<i>le</i> <i>bel</i> <i>(beau)</i>, or from a shop sign, or from +residence near the church or town bell. It may even have been +applied to the man who pulled the bell. Finally, the ancestor may +have been a lady called Isabel, a supposition which does not +necessarily imply illegitimacy (Chapter X). <i>Ball</i> <i>is</i> +sometimes the shortened form of the once favourite Baldwin. It is +also from a shop sign, and perhaps most frequently of all is for +<i>bald</i>. The latter word is properly <i>balled</i>, +<i>i</i>.<i>e</i>., marked with a <i>ball</i>, or white streak, a +word of Celtic origin; cf. "piebald," <i>i</i>.<i>e</i>., +<i>balled</i> like a (mag)pie, and the "bald-faced stag." +<i>[Footnote:</i> Halliwell notes that the nickname <i>Ball</i> +<i>is</i> the name of a horse in Chaucer and in Tusser, of a +sheep in the <i>Promptorium</i> <i>Parvulorum</i>, and of a dog +in the Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII. In each case the name +alludes to a white mark, or what horsy people call a star. A cow +thus marked is called in Scotland a <i>boasand</i> <i>cow</i>, +and from the same word comes the obsolete <i>bawson</i>, +badger.<i>]</i> From the same word we get the augmentative +<i>Ballard</i>, used, according to Wyclif, by the little boys who +unwisely called to an irritable prophet—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Stey up +<i>ballard"</i> (2 Kings ii. 23).</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The name may also be personal, +Anglo-Sax. Beal-heard. <i>Rowe</i> may be local, from residence +in a row (cf. Fr. <i>Delarue)</i>, or it may be an accidental +spelling of the nickname <i>Roe</i>, which also survives in the +Mid. English form <i>Ray</i> (Beasts, Chapter XXIII).</font></p> +<p>But <i>Row</i> was also the shortened form of Rowland, or +Roland. <i>Cobb</i> <i>is</i> an Anglo-Saxon name, as in the +local Cobham, but it is also from the first syllable of +<i>Cobbold</i> (for either Cuthbeald or Godbeald) and the second +of Jacob. From Jacob come the diminutives <i>Cobbin</i> and +Coppin.</p> +<p>Or, to take some less common names, <i>House</i> not only +represents the medieval <i>de</i> <i>la</i> <i>house</i>, but +also stands for <i>Howes</i>, which, in its turn, may be the +plural of <i>how</i>, a <i>hill</i> (Chapter XII), or the +genitive of <i>How</i>, one of the numerous medieval forms of +Hugh (Chapter VI). <i>Hind</i> may be for <i>Hine</i>, a farm +servant (Chapter III), or for Mid. Eng. <i>hende</i>, courteous +(cf. for the vowel change <i>Ind</i>, Chapter XIII), and is +perhaps sometimes also an animal nickname (Beasts, Chapter +XXIII). <i>Rouse</i> <i>is</i> generally Fr. roux, <i>i.e</i>. +the red, but it may also be the nominative form of Rou, +<i>i.e</i>. of Rolf, or Rollo, the sea-king who conquered +Normandy. <i>[Footnote:</i> Old French had a declension in two +cases. The nominative, which has now almost disappeared, was +usually distinguished by -<i>s</i>. This survives in a few words, +e.g. <i>fils</i>, and proper names such as <i>Charles</i>, +<i>Jules</i>, <i>etc]</i> <i>Was</i> <i>Holman</i> the holy man, +the man who lived near a <i>holm</i>, <i>i.e</i>. holly (Chapter +XII), on a <i>holm</i>, or river island (Chapter XII), or in a +<i>hole</i>, or hollow? All these origins have equal claims.</p> +<p>As a rule, when an apparent nickname is also susceptible of +another solution, baptismal, local, or occupative, the +alternative explanation is to be preferred, as the popular +tendency has always been towards twisting names into significant +words. Thus, to take an example of each class, <i>Diamond</i> is +sometimes for an old name Daymond (Daegmund), <i>Portwine</i> is +a corruption of Poitevin, the man from Poitou (Chapter XI), and +<i>Tipler</i>, which now suggests alcoholic excess, was, as late +as the seventeenth century, the regular name for an alehouse +keeper.</p> +<p>In a very large number of cases there is a considerable choice +for the modern bearer of a name. Any <i>Boon</i> or <i>Bone</i> +who wishes to assert that</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Of Hereford's high +blood he came,</font><br>A race renown'd for knightly fame</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><i>(Lord</i> <i>of</i> <i>the</i> <i>Isles</i>, <i>vi</i>. +<i>15)</i>,</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">can claim descent from de +Bohun. While, if he holds that kind hearts are more than +coronets, he has an alternative descent from some medieval +<i>le</i> <i>bon</i>. This adjective, used as a personal name, +gave also <i>Bunn</i> and <i>Bunce;</i> for the spelling of the +latter name cf. <i>Dance</i> for Dans, and <i>Pearce</i> for +Piers, the nominative of Pierre <a name="lastbookmark1" id= +"lastbookmark1"></a>(Alternative Origins, Chapter I), which also +survives in <i>Pears</i> and <i>Pearson</i>. <i>Swain</i> may go +back to the father of Canute, or to some hoary-headed swain who, +possibly, tended the swine. Not all the <i>Seymours</i> are +<i>St. Maurs</i>. Some of them were once <i>Seamers</i>, +<i>i.e</i>. tailors. <i>Gosling</i> <i>is</i> rather trivial, but +it represents the romantic Jocelyn, in Normandy Gosselin, a +diminutive of the once very popular personal name Josse. +<i>Goss</i> is usually for goose, but any <i>Goss</i>, or +<i>Gossett</i>, unwilling to trace his family back to John +<i>Goose</i>, "my lord of Yorkes fole," <i>[Footnote:</i> Privy +Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York (1502).<i>]</i> may likewise +choose the French Josse or Gosse. <i>Goss</i> may also be a +dialect pronunciation of gorse, the older form of which has given +the name <i>Gorst</i>. <i>Coward</i>, though humble, cow-herd, is +no more timid than <i>Craven</i>, the name of a district in the +West Riding of Yorkshire.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80705" id="Toc80705">NAMES DESIRABLE OR +UNDESIRABLE</a></b></p> +<p>Mr. <i>Chucks</i>, when in good society, "seldom bowed, Sir, +to anything under <i>three</i> syllables" <i>(Peter</i> +<i>Simple</i>, ch. xvii.). But the length of a name is not +necessarily an index of a noble meaning. As will be seen (pp. 74, +5), a great number of our monosyllabic names belong to, the +oldest stratum of all. The boatswain's own name, from Norman-Fr. +<i>chouque</i>, a tree-stump, is identical with the rather +aristocratic <i>Zouch</i> or <i>Such</i>, from the usual French +form <i>souche</i>. <i>Stubbs</i>, which has the same meaning, +may be compared with <i>Curson</i>, <i>Curzon</i>, Fr. +<i>courson</i>, a stump, a derivative of <i>court</i>, short. +<i>[Footnote:</i> <i>Curson</i> <i>is</i> also a dialect variant +of <i>Christian</i>.<i>]</i> <i>Pomeroy</i> has a lordly ring, +but is the Old French for <i>Applegarth</i> or <i>Appleyard</i> +(Tree Names, Chapter XIV), and <i>Camoys</i> means flat-nosed, +Fr. <i>Camus—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"This wenche thikke +and wel y</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3"> +growen was,</font><br>With <i>kamuse</i> nose, and eyen greye as glas."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(A, 3973.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Kingsley, speaking of the name +assumed by John Briggs, says—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Vavasour</i> was a +very pretty name, and one of those which is <i>[sic]</i> supposed +by novelists and young ladies to be aristocratic; why so is a +puzzle; as its plain meaning is a tenant farmer and nothing more +or less" <i>(Two</i> <i>Years</i> <i>Ago</i>, ch. +xi.).</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The word is said to represent a +Vulgar Lat. <i>vassus</i> <i>vassorum</i>, vassal of +vassals.</font></p> +<p>On the other hand, many a homely name has a complimentary +meaning. Mr. Wegg did not like the name <i>Boffin</i>, but its +oldest form is <i>bon</i>-<i>fin</i>, good and fine. In 1273 Mr. +<i>Bumble's</i> name was spelt <i>bon</i>-<i>bel</i>, good and +beautiful. With these we may group <i>Bunker</i>, of which the +oldest form is <i>bon</i>-<i>quer</i> <i>(bon</i> <i>coeur)</i>, +and <i>Boffey</i>, which corresponds to the common French name +<i>Bonnefoy</i>, good faith; while the much more assertive +Beaufoy means simply fine beech (Chapter I).</p> +<p>With <i>Bunker</i> we may compare <i>Goodhart</i> and +<i>Cordeaux</i>, the oldest form of the latter being the French +name <i>Courdoux</i>. <i>Momerie</i> and <i>Mummery</i> are +identical with <i>Mowbray</i>, from Monbrai in Normandy. +<i>Molyneux</i> impresses more than <i>Mullins</i>, of which it +is merely the dim., Fr. <i>moulins</i>, mills. The Yorkshire name +<i>Tankard</i> is identical with Tancred. <i>Stiggins</i> goes +back to the illustrious Anglo-Saxon name Stigand, as +<i>Wiggins</i> does to <i>wigand</i>, a champion. <i>Cadman</i> +represents Caedmon, the name of the poet-monk of Whitby. +<i>Segar</i> is an imitative form of the Anglo-Sax. Saegaer, of +which the normal modern representative is <i>Sayers</i>. +<i>Giblett</i> is not a name one would covet, but it stands in +the same relationship to Gilbert as <i>Hamlet</i> does to +Hamo.</p> +<p>A small difference in spelling makes a great difference in the +look of a name. The aristocratic <i>Coke</i> is an archaic +spelling of <i>Cook</i>, the still more lordly <i>Herries</i> +sometimes disguises <i>Harris</i>, while the modern +<i>Brassey</i> is the same as de Bracy in <i>Ivanhoe</i>. The +rather grisly <i>Nightgall</i> is a variant of +<i>Nightingale</i>. The accidental retention of particles and +articles is also effective, e.g. <i>Delmar</i>, <i>Delamere</i>, +<i>Delapole</i>, impress more than <i>Mears</i> and <i>Pool</i>, +and <i>Larpent</i> (Fr. I'arpent), <i>Lemaitre</i>, and +<i>Lestrange</i> more than <i>Acres</i>, <i>Masters</i>, and +<i>Strange</i>. There are few names of less heroic sound than +<i>Spark</i> and <i>Codlin</i>, yet the former is sometimes a +contraction of the picturesque Sparrow-hawk, used as a personal +name by the Anglo-Saxons, while the latter can be traced back +<i>via</i> the earlier forms <i>Quodling</i> (still found), +Querdling, Querdelyoun to Coeur de Lion.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144726" id="Toc2144726"></a><a name="Toc80706" +id="Toc80706">CHAPTER II <b>A MEDIEVAL ROLL</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Quelque +diversité d'herbes qu'il y alt, tout s'enveloppe sous le +nom de salade; de mesme, sous la considération<br>des noms, +je m'en voys faire icy une galimafree de divers articles." +(<i>Montaigne</i>, <i>Essais</i>, i. 46.)</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Just as, in studying a new +language, the linguist finds it most helpful to take a simple +text and hammer out in</font> <font face= +"Bookman Old Style">detail every word and grammatical form it +contains, so the student of name-lore cannot do better than +tackle a medieval roll and try to connect every name in it with +those of the present day. I give here two lists of names from the +Hundred Rolls of 1273. The first contains the names of London and +Middlesex jurymen, most of them, especially the Londoners, men of +substance and position. The second is a list of cottagers +resident in the village of Steeple Claydon in Bucks. Even a +cursory perusal of these lists should Suffice to dispel all +recollection of the nightmare "philology" which has been so much +employed to obscure what is perfectly simple and obvious; while a +very slight knowledge of Latin and French is all that is required +to connect these names of men who were dead and buried before the +Battle of Crecy with those to</font> <font face= +"Bookman Old Style">be found in any modern directory. The brief +indications supplied under each name will be found in a fuller +form in the various chapters of the book to which references are +given.</font></p> +<p>For simplicity I have given the modern English form of each +Christian name and expanded the abbreviations used by the +official compilers. It will be noticed that English, Latin, and +Anglo-French are used indifferently, that <i>le</i> is usually, +though not always, put before the trade-name or nickname, that +<i>de</i> <i>is</i> put before place-names and <i>at</i> before +spots which have no proper name. The names in the right-hand +column are only specimens of the, often very numerous, modern +equivalents.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80707" id="Toc80707">LONDON +JURYMEN</a></font></b></p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hundred +Rolls</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Modern +Form</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">William +<b>Dibel</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Dibble</font> +(Theobald).</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Initial <i>t</i>- and <i>d-</i> +alternate (Dialectic Variants, Chapter III) according to +locality. In <i>Tennyson</i>, for <i>Denison</i>, son of Denis, +we have the opposite change. The forms assumed by Theobald are +very numerous (Chapter I). Besides <i>Dibble</i> we have the +shorter <i>Dibb</i>. Other variants are <i>Dyball</i>, +<i>Dipple</i>, <i>Tipple</i>, <i>Tidball</i>, <i>Tudball</i>, and +a number of names in <i>Teb-</i>, <i>Tib-</i>, <i>Tub-</i>. The +reason for the great popularity of the name is +obscure.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Baldwin <b>le +Bocher</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Butcher</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">On the various +forms of this name, see Chapter XV.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Robert +<b>Hauteyn</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Hawtin</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The Yorkshire name <i>Auty</i> +is probably unconnected. It seems rather to be an altered form of +a Scandinavian personal name cognate with Odo.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Henry <b>le +Wimpler.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The name has apparently +disappeared with the garment. But it is never safe to assert that +a surname is quite extinct.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Stephen le +Peron</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Fearon</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">From Old Fr. <i>feron</i>, +<i>ferron</i>, smith. In a few cases French has -<i>on</i> as an +agential suffix (Chapter XVIII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">William de +<b>Paris.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Paris, +Parris, Parish.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The commoner modern form +<i>Parish</i> <i>is</i> seldom to be derived from our word +<i>parish</i>. This rarely occurs, while the entry <i>de</i> +<i>Paris</i> is, on the other hand, very common.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></b></p> + +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hundred +Rolls</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Modern +Form</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Roger <b>le +Wyn</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Wynne</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Anglo-Saxon <i>wine</i>, +friend. Also a Celtic nickname, Identical with <i>Gwynne</i> +(Chapter XXII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Matthew <b>de +Pomfrait</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Pomfret</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The usual pronunciation of +Pontefract, broken bridge, one of the few English place-names of +purely Latin origin (Chapter XIII). The Old French form would be +<i>Pont</i>-<i>frait</i>.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Richard +<b>le</b> <b>Paumer.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Palmer.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A man who had made pilgrimage +to the Holy Land (Chapter XVII). The modern spelling is restored, +but the -<i>l</i>- remains mute. It is just possible that this +name sometimes means tennis-player, as tennis, Fr. <i>le</i> +<i>jeu</i> <i>de</i> <i>paume</i>, once played with the palm of +the hand, is of great antiquity.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Walter +<b>Poletar</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Pointer</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A dealer in poults, <i>i.e</i>. +fowls. For the lengthened form <i>poulterer</i>, cf. +<i>fruiterer</i> for <i>fruiter</i>, and see Chapter +XV.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Reginald +<b>Aurifaber.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Goldsmith.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The French form +<i>orfévre</i> may have given the name +<i>Offer</i>.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Henry +<b>Deubeneye.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Daubeney, +Dabney.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Fr. <i>d'Aubigny</i>. One of +the many cases in which the French preposition has been +incorporated in the name. Cf. <i>Danvers</i>, for +<i>d'Anvers</i>, Antwerp, and see Chapter XI.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></b></p> + +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hundred +Rolls</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Modern +Form</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Richard +<b>Knotte</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Knott</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">From Scandinavian Cnut, Canute. +This name is also local, from <i>knot</i>, a hillock, and has of +course become confused (Variant Spellings, Chapter III<i>)</i> +with the nickname <i>Nott</i>, with cropped hair (Chapter +XXII)—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p align="justify"><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Thou</font> nott</i><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">pated fool."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p align="justify">(1 Henry IV, ii. 4.)</p> +</div> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Walter <b>le +Wyte</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">White</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The large number of +<i>Whites</i> <i>is</i> partly to be accounted for by their +having absorbed the name <i>Wight</i> (Chapter XXII) from Mid. +Eng. <i>wiht</i>, valiant.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Adam <b>le +Sutel</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Suttle</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Both Eng. <i>subtle</i> and Fr. +<i>subtil</i> are restored spellings, which do not appear in +nomenclature (Chapter III).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Fulk <b>de +Sancto Edmundo.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Tedman.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The older form would be +<i>Tednam</i>. Bury St. Edmund's is sometimes referred to as +Tednambury. For the mutilation of the word <i>saint</i> in +place-names, see Chapter III.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">William <b>le +Boteler.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Butler.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">More probably a bottle-maker +than what we understand by a butler, the origin being of course +the same.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Gilbert +<b>Lupus</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Wolf.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Wolf, and the Scandinavian Ulf, +are both common as personal names before the Conquest, but a good +many Modern bearers of the name are German Jews (Chapter IV). Old +Fr. <i>lou</i> <i>(loup)</i> is one source of +<i>Low</i>.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> + +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hundred +Rolls</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Modern +Form</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Stephen +<b>Juvenis</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Young</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style">Senex</font> is rarely +found. The natural tendency was to distinguish the younger man +from his father. Senior is generally to be explained differently +(Chapter XV).</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">William +<b>Braciator</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Brewer</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The French form <i>brasseur</i> +<i>also</i> survives as <i>Bracher</i> and <i>Brasher</i>, the +latter being also confused with <i>Brazier</i>, the worker in +brass.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">John <b>de +Cruce.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Cross, +Crouch.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A man who lived near some +outdoor cross. The form <i>crouch</i> survives in "Crutched +Friars." Hence also the name <i>Croucher</i>.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Matthew <b>le +Candeler</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Candler, +Chandler</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Initial <i>c</i>- for +<i>ch</i>- shows Norman or Picard origin (Chapter +III).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Henry +<b>Bernard</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Barnard, +Barnett.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The change from -<i>er</i>- to +-<i>ar</i>- <i>is</i> regular; cf. <i>Clark</i>, and see Chapter +III. The endings -<i>ard</i>, -<i>ald</i>, are generally changed +to -<i>ett;</i> cf. <i>Everett</i> for Everard, <i>Barrett</i> +for Berald, <i>Garrett</i> for Gerard, Garrard, whence the +imitative <i>Garrison</i> for Garretson.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">William <b>de +Bosco.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Bush, Busk, +Buss.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"</font>For there +is neither <i>bush</i> nor hay (</b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Chapter XIII</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" +size="3">)</font><br> +In May that it nyl shrouded bene."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p><i>(Romaunt</i> <i>of</i> <i>the</i> <i>Rose</i>, 54.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The name might also be +translated as <i>Wood</i>. The corresponding name of French +origin is <i>Boyce</i> or <i>Boyes</i>, Fr. <i>bois</i> (Chapter +XIV).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> + +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hundred +Rolls</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Modern +Form</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Henry de Sancta +<b>Ositha.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Toosey.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Cf. Fulk de Sancto Edmundo +<i>(supra</i>), and cf. Tooley St.</font></p> +<p>for St. Olave St. (Chapter III).</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Walter</font> <b><font face="Bookman Old Style">ate +Stede.</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Stead.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">In this case the preposition +has not coalesced, as in <i>Adeane</i>, at the dean, <i>i.e</i>. +hollow, <i>Agate</i>, at gate, etc. (Chapter XII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">William <b>le +Fevere.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Wright, +Smith</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The French name survives as +<i>Feaver</i> and <i>Fevyer</i>. Cf. also the Lat. <i>Faber</i>, +which is not always a modern German importation</font></p> +<p>(Chapter XII).</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Thomas <b>de +Cumbe</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Combe, +Coombes</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A West-country name for a +hollow in a hillside (Chapter XII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">John +<b>State</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">State, +Stacey</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Generally for Eustace, but +sometimes perhaps for Anastasia, as we find Stacey used as a +female name (Chapter III).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Richard <b>le +Teynturier.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Dyer, +Dexter.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style">Dexter</font> represents +Mid. Eng. dighester, with the feminine agential suffix (Chapter +XV).</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Henry <b>le +Waleys</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Wallis, +Walsh, Welch.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Literally the foreigner, but +especially applied by the English to the Western Celts. +<i>Quelch</i> represents the: Welsh pronunciation. With +<i>Wallis</i> cf. <i>Cornwallis</i>, Mid. Eng. <i>le</i> +<i>cornwaleis</i> (Chapter X).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">John <b>le +Bret.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Brett, +Britton.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">An inhabitant of Brittany, +perhaps resident in that Breton colony in London called Little +Britain. Bret The Old French nominative of Breton (Chapter +VIII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p align="right"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style"> </font></b></p> +<p align="right"> </p> +<p align="right"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3"> </font></p> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hundred +Rolls</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Modern +Form</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Thomas <b>le +Clerc.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Clark.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">One of our commonest names. We +now spell the common noun <i>clerk</i> by etymological reaction, +but educated people pronounce the word as it was generally +written up to the eighteenth century (Chapter III).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p align="right"> </p> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<div style="margin-left: 2em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Stephen <b>le +Hatter</b></font></p> +</div> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Hatter</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The great rarity of this name +is a curious problem (Chapter XV). The name <i>Capper</i> exists, +though it is not very common.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Thomas <b>le +Batur</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Thresher</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">But, being a Londoner, he was +more probably a gold-beater, or perhaps a beater of cloth. The +name <i>Beater</i> also survives.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Alexander <b>de +Leycestre</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Leicester, +Lester.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">For the simpler spelling, once +usual and still adopted by those who chalk the names on the +mail-vans at St. Pancras, cf. such names as <i>Worster</i>, +<i>Wooster</i>, <i>Gloster</i>, etc. (Chapter XI).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Robert <b>le +Noreys</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Norris, +Nurse</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Old Fr. <i>noreis</i>, the +Northerner (Chapter XI), or <i>norice</i> <i>(nourrice)</i>, the +nurse, foster-mother (Chapter XX).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Reginald <b>le +Blond</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Blount, +Blunt</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Fr. <i>blond</i>, fair. We have +also the dim. <i>Blundell</i>. The corresponding English name is +<i>Fairfax</i>, from Mid. Eng. <i>fax</i>, hair (Chapter +XXII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Randolf <b>ate +Mor</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Moor</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">With the preposition retained +(Chapter XII) it has<br> +given the Latin-looking <i>Amor</i>.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> + +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hundred +Rolls</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Modern +Form</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Matthew <b>le +Pevrier.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Pepper.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">For the reduction of pepperer +to <i>Pepper</i> cf. <i>Armour</i> for armourer, and see Chapter +XV.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Godfrey</font> <b><font face="Bookman Old Style">le +Furmager.</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Cheeseman, +Firminger.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">From Old Fr. <i>formage</i> +<i>(fromage)</i>. The intrusion of the <i>n</i> in +<i>Firminger</i> is regular; cf. <i>Massinger</i>, messenger, +from Fr. <i>messager</i>, and see Chapter III.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Robert +<b>Campeneys.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Champness, +Champneys.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Old Fr. <i>champeneis</i> +<i>(champenois)</i>, of Champagne (Chapter XI).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">John <b>del +Pek.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Peck, Peaks, +Pike, Pick.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A name taken from a hill-top, +but sometimes referring to the unrelated Derbyshire +Peak.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Richard +<b>Dygun</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Dickens.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A diminutive of Dig, for Dick +(Chapter VI).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Peter <b>le +Hoder.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Hodder.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A maker of hods or a maker of +hoods? The latter is more likely.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Alan +<b>Allutarius.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Whittier.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Lat. <i>alutarius</i>, a +"white-tawer", Similarly, Mid. Eng. <i>stan</i>-<i>heawere</i>, +stone-hewer, is contracted to <i>Stanier</i>, now almost +swallowed up by <i>Stainer</i>. The simple tawer is also one +origin of the name <i>Tower</i>.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Peter <b>le +Rus.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Russ, Rush, +Rouse.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Fr. <i>roux</i>, of red +complexion. Cf. the dim. <i>Russell</i>, Fr. +<i>Rousseau</i></font></p> +<p>(Chapter XXII).</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80708" id="Toc80708">MIDDLESEX +JURYMEN</a></font></b></p> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hundred +Rolls</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Modern +Form</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Roger <b>de la +Hale.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hall, Hale, +Hales.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">One of our commonest local +surnames. But it has two interpretations, from <i>hall</i> and +from <i>heal</i> (Chapter XII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Walter <b>de la +Hedge</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hedge, +Hedges</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Other names of similar meaning +are <i>Hay</i>, <i>Hayes</i>, <i>Haig</i>, <i>Haigh</i>, +<i>Hawes</i> (Chapter XIII)</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">John +<b>Rex</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">King.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">One of our commonest nicknames, +the survival of which is easily understood (Chapter +XV).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="53%" valign="top"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Stephen <b>de la Novels +Meyson.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="47%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Newhouse.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Cf. also <i>Newbigging</i>, +from Mid. Eng. <i>biggen</i>, to 'build (Chapter +XIII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Randolf +<b>Pokoc.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Pocock, +Peacock.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The simple <i>Poe</i>, Lat. +p<i>avo</i>, has the same meaning (Chapter XXIII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">William <b>de +Fonte.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Spring, +Wells, Fountain, Attewell.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">This is the most usual origin +of the name <i>Spring</i> (Chapter IX).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Robert <b>del +Parer</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Perrier</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Old Fr. <i>périer</i> +<i>(poirier)</i>, pear-tree. Another origin of <i>Perrier</i> is, +through French, from Lat. <i>petrarius</i>, a +stone-hewer.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Adam <b>de la +Denne.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Denne, Dean, +Done.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A Mid. English name for valley +(Chapter XII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></b></p> + +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hundred +Rolls</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Modern +Form</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Robertus +<b>filius Gillelmi</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Wilson</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">For other possible names to be +derived from a father named William, see Chapter VI.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">William +<b>filius Radolfi</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Rawson</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A very common medieval name, +Anglo-Sax. Raedwulf, the origin of our <i>Ralph</i>, <i>Relf</i>, +<i>Rolfe</i>, <i>Roff</i>, and of Fr. <i>Raoul</i>. Some of its +derivatives, e.g. <i>Rolls</i>, have got mixed with those of +Roland. To be distinguished from Randolf or <i>Randall</i>, of +which the shorter form is <i>Ran</i> or <i>Rand</i>, whence +<i>Rankin</i>, <i>Rands</i>, <i>Rance</i>, etc.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80709" id="Toc80709">STEEPLE CLAYDON +COTTAGERS</a></font></b></p> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hundred +Rolls</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Modern +Form</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Andrew +<b>Colle</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Collins, +Colley</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">For Nicolas (Chapter +V).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">William +<b>Neuman</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Newman, +Newcomb.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A man recently settled in the +village (Chapter XII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Adam <b>ate +Dene</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Dean, Denne, +Adeane.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The separate <i>at</i> survives +in <i>A'Court</i> and <i>A'Beckett</i>, at the beck head; cf. +Allan <i>a'</i> <i>Dale</i> (Chapter XII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Ralph +<b>Mydevynter.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Midwinter.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">An old name for Christmas +(Chapter IX).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">William +<b>ate</b> <b>Hull.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Athill, Hill, +Hull.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The form <i>hul</i> for +<i>hil</i> occurs in Mid. English (Chapter XII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> + + +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hundred +Rolls</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Modern +Form</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Gilbert +<b>Sutor.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Sutor, +Soutar.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">On the poor representation of +the shoemaker see Chapter XV.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Walter +<b>Maraud</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">It is easy to understand the +disappearance of this name—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"A rogue, beggar, +vagabond; a varlet, rascall, scoundrell, base knave"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 20em"> +<p>(Cotgrave)<font face="Bookman Old Style">;</font></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>but it may be represented by <i>Marratt</i>, <i>Marrott</i>, +unless these are from Mary (Chapter X).</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Nicholas <b>le +P.ker.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">This may be expanded into +<i>Parker</i>, a park-keeper, <i>Packer</i>, a wool-packer, or +the medieval <i>Porker</i>, a swine-herd, now lost in +<i>Parker</i>.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">John +<b>Stegand</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Stigand, +Stiggins.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Anglo-Saxon names survived +chiefly among the peasantry (Chapter I).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Roger +<b>Mercator.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Marchant, +Chapman.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The restored modern spelling +<i>merchant</i> has affected the pronunciation of the common noun +(Chapter III). The more usual term <i>Chapman</i> is cognate with +<i>cheap</i>, <i>chaffer</i>, <i>Chipping</i>, <i>Copenhagen</i>, +Ger. <i>kaufen</i>, to buy, etc.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Adam +<b>Hoppe.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hobbs, +Hobson, Hopkins</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">An example of the interchange +of <i>b</i> and <i>P</i> (Chapter III). Hob is usually regarded +as one of the rimed forms from Robert (Chapter VI).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Roger +<b>Crom</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Crum, +Crump</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Lit. crooked, cognate with Ger. +<i>krumm</i>. The final -<i>p</i> of <i>Crump</i> is excrescent +(Chapter III).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Stephen +<b>Cornevaleis</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Cornwallis, +Cornish</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A name which would begin in +Devonshire (Chapter XI).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> + +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hundred +Rolls</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Modern +Form</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Walter <i>de</i> +<i>Ibernia</i></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><i><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Ireland</font></i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A much more common name than +<i>Scotland</i>, which has been squeezed out by <i>Scott</i> +(Chapter XI).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Matilda <b>filia +Matildae</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Mawson</font> +(for Maud-son), Till, Tilley, Tillett, Tillotson, etc.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">One of the favourite girl-names +during the surname period (Chapter X).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Ralph +<b>Vouler.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Fowler</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A West-country pronunciation; +cf. <i>Vowle</i> for <i>Fowell</i>, <i>Vokes</i> for +<i>Foakes</i> (Chapter VI), <i>Venn</i> for <i>Fenn</i>, +etc.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">John <b>filius +Thomae</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Thompson, +Tompkins, Tomlin,</font> etc.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">One of the largest surname +families. It includes <i>Toulmin</i>, a metathesis of +<i>Tomlin</i>. In <i>Townson</i> and <i>Tonson</i> it coalesces +with Tony, Anthony.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="right"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Henry +<b>Bolle.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Bull.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">In this case evidently a +nickname (Chapter I).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="right"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Roger +<b>Gyle</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Gill</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">For names in <i>Gil</i>- see +Chapter VI. The form in the roll may, however, represent an +uncomplimentary nickname, "guile."</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="right"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Walter +<b>Molendarius.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Miller, +Mellen, Milner.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">In <i>Milne</i>, <i>Milner</i>, +we have the oldest form, representing Vulgar Lat. <i>molina</i>, +mill cf. <i>Kilner</i>, from kiln, Lat. <i>culina</i>, kitchen. +<i>Millard</i> (Chapter XIX) is perhaps sometimes the same name +with excrescent -<i>d</i>.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="right"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Thomas +<b>Berker.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Barker.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A man who stripped bark, also a +tanner. But as a surname reinforced by the Norman form of Fr. +<i>berger</i>, a shepherd (Chapter XV).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> + +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hundred +Rolls</font></b></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Modern +Form</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Matthew +<b>Hedde.</b></font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Head.</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Sometimes local, at the head, +but here a nickname; cf. <i>Tate</i>, <i>Tail</i>, sometimes from +Fr. tê<i>te</i> (Chapter XIII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Richard +<b>Joyet</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Jowett, +Jewett</font>.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A diminutive either of Joy or +of Julian, Juliana. But it is possible that Joy itself is not the +abstract noun, but a shortened form of Julian.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="44%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Adam +<b>Kyg</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="56%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Ketch, +Beach</font></b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">An obsolete adjective meaning +lively (Chapter XXII).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table summary="" border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="568"> +<tr> +<td width="46%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Simon <b>filius +Johannis Nigelli</b>.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="54%" valign="top"> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style">Johnson, +Jones, Jennings</font>, etc.</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="top" colspan="4"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The derivatives of John are +numerous and not to be distinguished from those of Joan, Jane +(Chapter X).</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p>The above lists illustrate all the simpler ways in which +surnames could be formed. At the time of compilation they were +not hereditary. Thus the last man on the list is Simon +<i>Johnson</i>, but his father was John <i>Neilson</i>, or +<i>Nelson</i> (Chapter X), and his son would be — +<i>Simpson</i>, <i>Sims</i>, etc. This would go on until, at a +period varying with the locality, the wealth and importance of +the individual, one name in the line would become accidentally +petrified and persist to the present day. The chain could, of +course, be broken at any time by the assumption of a name from +one of the other three classes (Chapter I).</p> +<p> </p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144727" id="Toc2144727"></a><a name="Toc80710" +id="Toc80710">CHAPTER III <b>SPELLING AND SOUND</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Do you spell it with +a V or a W?" inquired the judge.</font></p> +<p>"That depends upon the taste and fancy of the speller, my +lord," replied Sam. "I never had occasion to spell it more than +once or twice in my life,<br>but I spells it with a V."</p> +</div> +<p align="right"><i>(Pickwick</i>, ch. xxxiv.)</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Many people are particular +about the spelling of their names. I am myself, although, as a +student of philology, I ought to know better. The greatest of +Englishmen was so careless in the matter as to sign himself +<i>Shakspe</i>, a fact usually emphasized by Baconian when +speaking of the illiterate clown of Stratford-on-Avon. Equally +illiterate must have been the learned Dr. Crown, who, in the +various books he published in the latter half of the seventeenth +century, spelt his name, indifferently Cron, Croon, Croun, Crone, +Croone, Croune. The modern spelling of any particular name Is a +pure accident. Before the Elementary Education Act of 1870 a +considerable proportion of English people did not spell their +names at all. They trusted to the parson and the clerk, who did +their best with unfamiliar names. Even now old people in rural +districts may find half a dozen orthographic variants of their +own names among the sparse documentary records of their lives. +Dugdale the antiquary is said to have found more than 130 +variants of <i>Mainwaring</i> among the parchments of that +family. Bardsley quotes, under the name +<i>Blenkinsop</i>—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"On April 2 3, 1470, +Elizabeth <i>Blynkkynesoppye</i>, <i>of</i> <i>Blynkkynsoppe</i>, +widow of Thomas <i>Blynkyensope</i>, <i>of</i> +<i>Blynkkensope</i>, received a general pardon" +</font><font face="Bookman Old Style">—</font></p> +</div> +<p>four variants in one sentence. In the List of Foreign +Protestants and Aliens in England (1618) we have Andrian +<i>Medlor</i> and Ellin <i>Medler</i> his wife, Johan +<i>Cosen</i> and Abraham <i>Cozen</i>, brethren. The death of +Sarah <i>Inward</i>, daughter of Richard <i>Inwood</i>, was +registered in 1685.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80711" id="Toc80711"> +VARIANT SPELLINGS</a></b></p> +<p>Medieval spelling was roughly phonetic, <i>i.e</i>. it +attempted to reproduce the sound of the period and region, and +even men of learning, as late as the eighteenth century, were +very uncertain in matters of orthography. The spelling of the +language is now practically normalized, although in conformity +with no sort of principle; but the family name, as a private +possession, has kept its freedom. Thus, if we wish to speak +poetically of a meadow, I suppose we should call it a <i>lea</i>, +but the same word is represented by the family names <i>Lea</i>, +<i>Lee</i>, <i>Ley</i>, <i>Leigh</i>, <i>Legh</i>, <i>Legge</i>, +<i>Lay</i>, <i>Lye</i>, perhaps the largest group of local +surnames we possess.</p> +<p>In matters of spelling we observe various tendencies. One is +the retention of an archaic form, which does not necessarily +affect pronunciation. Late Mid. English was fond of <i>y</i> for +<i>i</i>, of double consonants, and of final -<i>e</i>. All these +appear in the names <i>Thynne</i> (thin) and <i>Wyllie</i> +<i>(wily)</i>. Therefore we should not deride the man who writes +himself <i>Smythe</i>. But in some cases the pronunciation +suffers, e.g. the name <i>Fry</i> represents Mid. Eng. +<i>fri</i>, one of the forms of the adjective that is now written +<i>free</i>. <i>Burt</i> represents Anglo-Sax. <i>beorht</i>, the +normal result of which is <i>Bright</i>. We now write +<i>subtle</i> and <i>perfect</i>, artificial words, in the second +of which the pronunciation has been changed in accordance with +the restored spelling; but the older forms survive <font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">in</font> <font face= +"Bookman Old Style">the names <i>Suttle</i> and +<i>Parfitt</i>—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"He was <i>a</i> verray +<i>parfit</i>, gentil knyght."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(A, 72.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The usual English pronunciation +of names like <i>Mackenzie</i>, <i>Menzies</i>, <i>Dalziel</i>, +is due to the substitution by the printer of a <i>z</i> for an +obsolete letter that represented a soft palatal sound more like +<i>y</i>. <i>[Footnote:</i> This substitution has led one writer +on surnames, who apparently confuses bells with beans, to derive +the rare surname <i>Billiter</i>, whence Billiter's Lane in the +City, from "<i>Belzetter</i>, <i>i</i>.<i>e</i>., the +<i>Bell</i>-<i>setter</i>.<i>"</i> The Mid. Eng. +"<i>bellezeter</i>, campanarius" <i>(Prompt</i>. +<i>Parv</i>.<i>)</i>, was a bell-founder, from a verb related to +<i>geysir</i>, <i>ingot</i>, and Ger. +<i>giessen</i></font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">,</font> <font face="Bookman Old Style">to pour. Robert le +<i>bellegeter</i> was a freeman of York in +1279.<i>]</i></font></p> +<p>We have an archaic plural ending in <i>Knollys</i> +<i>(Knowles)</i>, the plural of knoll, and in <i>Sandys</i>, and +an archaic spelling <i>in</i> <i>Sclater</i> for <i>Slater</i> or +<i>Slatter</i>, for both slat and slate come from Old Fr. +<i>esclat</i> <i>(éclat)</i>, a splinter. With +<i>Knollys</i> and <i>Sandys</i> we may put <i>Pepys</i>, for the +existence of the dims. <i>Pipkin</i>, <i>Peppitt</i>, and +<i>Peppiatt</i> points to the medieval name Pipun, corresponding +to the royal Pepin. <i>Streatfeild</i> preserves variant +spellings of street and field. In <i>Gardiner</i> we have the Old +Northern French word which now, as a common noun, gardener, is +assimilated to garden, the normal French form of which appears in +<i>Jardine</i>.</p> +<p>Such orthographic variants as <i>i</i> and <i>y</i>, +<i>Simons</i>, <i>Symons</i>, <i>Ph</i> and <i>f</i>, +<i>Jephcott</i>, <i>Jeffcott</i>, <i>s</i> and <i>c</i>, +<i>Pearce</i>, <i>Pearce</i>, <i>Rees</i>, <i>Reece</i>, +<i>Sellars</i> (cellars), <i>ks</i> and <i>x</i>, <i>Dickson</i>, +<i>Dixon</i>, are a matter of taste or accident. Initial letters +which became mute often disappeared in spelling, e.g. +<i>Wray</i>, a corner (Chapter XIII), has become hopelessly +confused with <i>Ray</i>, a roe, <i>Knott</i>, from Cnut, +<i>i.e</i>. Canute, or from dialect <i>knot</i>, a hillock, with +<i>Noll</i>, crop-haired. <i>Knowlson</i> is the son of +<i>Nowell</i> (Chapter IX) or of Noll, <i>i.e</i>. Oliver.</p> +<p>Therefore, when Mr. X. asserts that his name has always been +spelt in such and such a way, he is talking nonsense. If his +great-grandfather's will is accessible, he will probably find two +or three variants in that alone. The great Duke of Wellington, as +a younger man, signed himself Arthur Wesley—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"He was colonel of +Dad's regiment, the Thirty</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">third foot, +after Dad left the army, and then he changed<br>his +name from <i>Wesley</i> to <i>Wellesley</i>, or else the other +way about"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(KIPLING, <i>Marklake</i> <i>Witches);</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and I know two families the +members of which disagree as to the orthography of their names. +We have a curious affectation in such spellings as +<i>ffrench</i>, <i>ffoulkes</i>, etc., where the <i>ff</i> is +merely the method of indicating the capital letter in early +documents.</font></p> +<p>The telescoping of long names is a familiar phenomenon. +Well-known examples are Cholmondeley, <i>Chumley</i>, +Marjoribanks, <i>Marchbanks</i>, Mainwaring, <i>Mannering</i>. +Less familiar are Auchinleck, <i>Affleck</i>, Boutevilain, +<i>Butlin</i>, Postlethwaite, <i>Posnett</i>, Sudeley, +<i>Sully</i>, Wolstenholme, <i>Woosnam</i>. <i>Ensor</i> is from +the local Edensor, Cavendish was regularly <i>Candish</i> for the +Elizabethans, while Cavenham in Suffolk has given the surname +<i>Canham</i>. Daventry has become <i>Daintree</i>, +<i>Dentry</i>, and probably the imitative <i>Dainty</i>, while +<i>Stepson</i> is for Stevenson. It is this tendency which makes +the connection between surnames and village names so difficult to +establish in many cases, for the artificial name as it occurs in +the gazetteer often gives little clue to the local pronunciation. +It is easy to recognize Bickenhall or Bickenhill in +<i>Bicknell</i> and Puttenham in <i>Putnam</i><font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">,</font> <font face= +"Bookman Old Style">but the identity of <i>Wyndham</i> with +Wymondham is only clear when we know the local Pronunciation of +the latter name. <i>Milton</i> and <i>Melton</i> are</font> +<font face="Bookman Old Style">often telescoped forms of +<i>Middleton</i>.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80712" id="Toc80712">DIALECTIC +VARIANTS</a></b></p> +<p>Dialectic variants must also be taken into account. Briggs and +Rigg represent the Northern forms of Bridges and Ridge, and +Philbrick is a disguised Fellbrigg. In Egg we have rather the +survival of the Mid. English spelling of Edge. Braid, Lang, +Strang, are Northern variants of Broad, Long, Strong. Auld is for +Old while <i>Tamson</i> is for Thompson and <i>Dabbs</i> for +Dobbs (Robert). We have the same change of vowel in Raper, for +Roper. Venner generally means hunter, Fr. <i>veneur</i>, but +sometimes represents the West-country form of Fenner, the +fen-dweller; cf. Vidler for fiddler, and Vanner for Fanner, the +winnower.</p> +<p>We all the difficulty we have in catching a new and unfamiliar +name, and the subterfuges we employ to find out what it really +is. In such cases we do not get the help from association and +analogy which serves us in dealing with language in general, but +find ourselves in the position of a foreigner or child hearing +unfamiliar word for the first time. We realize how many +imperceptible shades there are between a short <i>i</i> and a +short <i>e</i>, or between a fully voiced <i>g</i> and a +voiceless <i><font face="Bookman Old Style">k</font>, examples +suggested to me by my having lately understood a Mr. Riggs to be +a Mr. Rex.</i></p> +<p>We find occurring in surnames examples of those consonantal +changes which do not violate the great Phonetic law that such +changes can only occur regularly within the same group, +<i>i.e</i>. that a labial cannot alternate with a palatal, or a +dental with either. It is thus that we find <i>b</i> alternating +with <i>p</i>, <i>Hobbs</i> and <i>Hopps</i> (Robert), +<i>Bollinger</i> and <i>Pullinger</i>, Fr. <i>boulanger;</i> +<i>g</i> with <i>k</i>, <i>Cutlack</i> and <i>Goodlake</i> +(Anglo-Sax. Guthlac), <i>Diggs</i> and <i>Dix</i> (Richard), +<i>Gipps</i> and <i>Kipps</i> (Gilbert), <i>Catlin</i> and +<i>Galling</i> (Catherine); <i>j</i> with <i>ch</i>, <i>Jubb</i> +<i>or</i> <i>Jupp</i> and <i>Chubb</i> (Job); <i>d</i> +<font face="Bookman Old Style">with <i>t</i>, <i>Proud</i> and +<i>Prout</i> (Chapter XXII), <i>Dyson</i> and <i>Tyson</i> +(Dionisia), and also with <i>th</i>, <i>Carrodus</i> and +<i>Carruthers</i> (a hamlet in Dumfries). The alternation of +<i>c</i> and <i>ch</i> or <i>g</i> and <i>j</i> in names of +French origin is dialectic, the <i>c</i> and <i>g</i> +representing the Norman-Picard pronunciation, e.g. <i>Campion</i> +for <i>Champion</i>, <i>Gosling</i> for <i>Joslin</i>. In some +cases we have shown a definite preference for one form, e.g. +<i>Chancellor</i> and <i>Chappell</i>, but <i>Carpenter</i> and +<i>Camp</i>. In English names <i>c</i> is northern, <i>ch</i> +southern, e.g. <i>Carlton</i>, <i>Charlton</i>, <i>Kirk</i>, +<i>Church</i>.</font></p> +<p>There are also a few very common vowel changes. The sound +<i>er</i> <i>usually</i> became <i>ar</i>, as in <i>Barclay</i> +(Berkeley), <i>Clark</i>, <i>Darby</i>, <i>Garrard</i> (Gerard), +<i>Jarrold</i> (Gerald), <i>Harbord</i> (Herbert), <i>Jarvis</i> +(Gervase), <i>Marchant</i>, <i>Sargent</i>, etc., while +<i>Larned</i>, our great-grandfathers' pronunciation of +"learned," corresponds to Fr. <i>Littri</i>. Thus <i>Parkins</i> +<i>is</i> the same name as <i>Perkins</i>. (Peter), and these +also give <i>Parks</i> and <i>Perks</i>, the former of which is +usually not connected with <i>Park</i>. <i>To</i> Peter, or +rather to Fr. Pierre, belong also <i>Parr</i>, <i>Parry</i> and +<i>Perry</i>, though <i>Parry</i> <i>is</i> generally Welsh +(Chapter VI). The dims. <i>Parrott</i>, <i>Perrott</i>, etc., +were sometimes nicknames, the etymology being the same, for our +word <i>parrot</i> is from Fr. <i>pierrot</i>. <i>To</i> the +freedom with which this sound is spelt, e.g. <i>in</i> +<i>Herd</i>, <i>Heard</i>, <i>Hird</i>, <i>Hurd</i>, we also owe +<i>Purkiss</i> for <i>Perkins;</i> cf. <i>appurtenance</i> for +<i>appartenance</i>.</p> +<p>The letter <i>l</i> seems also to exercise a demoralizing +influence on the adjacent vowel. Juliana became Gillian, and from +this, or from the masculine form Julian, we get <i>Jalland</i>, +<i>Jolland</i>, and the shortened <i>Gell</i>, <i>Gill</i> +(Chapter VI), and <i>Jull</i>. <i>Gallon</i>, which Bardsley +groups with these, is more often a French name, from the Old +German Walo, or a corruption of the still commoner French name +<i>Galland</i>, likewise of Germanic origin.</p> +<p>We find also such irregular vowel changes as <i>Flinders</i> +for Flanders, and conversely <i>Packard</i> <i>for</i> Picard. +<i>Pottinger</i> (see below) sometimes becomes <i>Pettinger</i> +as Portugal gives <i>Pettingall</i>. The general tendency is +towards that thinning of the vowel that we get in <i>mister</i> +for <i>master</i> and Miss Miggs's <i>mim</i> for <i>ma'am</i>. +<i>Littimer</i> for <i>Lattimer</i> <i>is</i> an example of this. +But in <i>Royle</i> for the local <i>Ryle</i> we find the same +broadening which has given <i>boil</i>, a swelling, for earlier +<i>bile</i>.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80713" id="Toc80713">APHESIS</a></b></p> +<p>Among phonetic changes which occur with more or less +regularity are those called aphesis, epenthesis, epithesis, +assimilation, dissimilation, and metathesis, convenient terms +which are less learned than they appear. Aphesis is the loss of +the unaccented first syllable, as in <i>'baccy</i> and +<i>'later</i>. It occurs almost regularly in words of French +origin, e.g. <i>squire</i> and <i>esquire</i>, <i>Prentice</i> +and <i>apprentice</i>. When such double forms exist, the surname +invariably assumes the popular form, e.g. <i>Prentice</i>, +<i>Squire</i>. Other examples are <i>Bonner</i>, <i>i.e</i>. +debonair, <i>Jenner</i>, <i>Jenoure</i>, for Mid. Eng. +<i>engenour</i>, engineer, <i>Cator</i>, <i>Chaytor</i>, Old Fr. +<i>acatour</i> <i>(acheteur)</i>, a buyer—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"A gentil maunciple +was they of a temple,</font><br> +Of which <i>achatours</i> mighte take exemple" (A. 567),</p> +</div> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style">Spencer</font>, dispenser, a +spender, Stacey for Eustace, Vick and Veck for Levick, i.e. +l'évêque, the bishop, Pottinger for the obsolete +potigar, an apothecary, etc.</i></p> +<p>The institution now known as the "orspittle" was called by our +unlettered forefathers the "spital," hence the names +<i>Spittle</i> and <i>Spittlehouse</i>. A well-known amateur +goal-keeper has the appropriate name <i>Fender</i>, for +defender.</p> +<p>Many names beginning with <i>n</i> are due to aphesis, e.g. +<i>Nash</i> for <i>atten</i> <i>ash</i>, <i>Nalder</i>, +<i>Nelms</i>, <i>Nock</i>, <i>atten</i> <i>oak</i>, <i>Nokes</i>, +<i>Nye</i>, <i>atten</i> <i>ey</i>, at the island, <i>Nangle</i>, +<i>atten</i> <i>angle</i>, <i>Nind</i> or <i>Nend</i>, +<i>atten</i> <i>ind</i> or <i>end</i>. With these we may compare +<i>Twells</i>, <i>at</i> <i>wells</i>, and the numerous cases in +which the first part of a personal name is dropped, e.g. +<i>Tolley</i>, Bartholomew, <i>Munn</i>, Edmund, <i>Pott</i>, +Philpot, dim. of Philip (see p.87), and the less common +<i>Facey</i>, from Boniface, and <i>Loney</i>, from Apollonia, +the latter of which has also given <i>Applin</i>.</p> +<p>When a name compounded with Saint begins with a vowel, we get +such forms as <i>Tedman</i>, St. Edmund, <i>Tobin</i>, St. Aubyn, +<i>Toosey</i>, St. Osith, <i>Toomey</i>, St. Omer, <i>Tooley</i>, +St. Olave; cf. <i>Tooley</i> <i>St.</i> for St. Olave St. and +<i>tawdry</i> from St. Audrey. When the saint's name begins with +a consonant, we get, instead of aphesis, a telescoped +pronunciation, e.g. <i>Selinger</i>, St. Leger, <i>Seymour</i>, +St. Maur, <i>Sinclair</i>, St. Clair, <i>Semark</i>, St. Mark, +<i>Semple</i>, St. Paul, <i>Simper</i>, St. Pierre, +<i>Sidney</i>, probably for St. Denis, with which we may compare +the educated pronunciation of <i>St. John</i>. These names are +all of local origin, from chapelries in Normandy or England.</p> +<p>Epenthesis is the insertion of a sound which facilitates +pronunciation, such as that of <i>b</i> in Fr. <i>chambre</i>, +from Lat. <i>camera</i>. The intrusive sound may be a vowel or a +consonant, as in the names <i>Henery</i>, <i>Hendry</i>, +perversions of <i>Henry</i>. <i>[Footnote:</i> On the usual fate +of this name in English, see below.<i>]</i></p> +<p><i>To</i> <i>Hendry</i> we owe the northern <i>Henderson</i>, +which has often coalesced with <i>Anderson</i>, from Andrew. +These are contracted into <i>Henson</i> and <i>Anson</i>, the +latter also from Ann and Agnes (Chapter IX). Intrusion of a vowel +is seen in <i>Greenaway</i>, <i>Hathaway</i>, heath way, +<i>Treadaway</i>, trade (i.e. trodden) way, etc., also in +<i>Horniman</i>, <i>Alabone</i>, Alban, <i>Minister</i>, minster, +<i>etc</i>. But epenthesis of a consonant is more common, +especially <i>b</i> or <i>p</i> after <i>m</i>, and <i>d</i> +after <i>n</i>. Examples are <i>Gamble</i> for the Anglo-Saxon +name Gamel, <i>Hamblin</i> for <i>Hamlin</i>, a double diminutive +of Hamo, <i>Simpson</i>, <i>Thompson</i>, etc., and +<i>Grindrod</i>, green royd (see p. III). There is also the +special case of <i>n</i> before <i>g</i> in such names as +<i>Firminger</i> (Chapter XV), <i>Massinger</i> (Chapter XX), +<i>Pottinger</i> (Chapter XVIII), etc.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80714" id="Toc80714">EPITHESIS AND +ASSIMILATION</a></b></p> +<p>Epithesis, or the addition of a final consonant, is common in +uneducated speech, e.g. <i>scholard</i>, <i>gownd</i>, +<i>garding</i>, etc. I say "uneducated," but many such forms have +been adapted by the language, e.g. <i>sound</i>, Fr. <i>son</i>, +and we have the name <i>Kitching</i> for kitchen. The usual +additions are -<i>d</i>, -<i>t</i>, or -<i>g</i> after <i>n</i>, +e.g. <i>Simmonds</i>, Simon, <i>Hammond</i>, <i>Hammant</i>, Fr. +Hamon, <i>Hind</i>, a farm labourer, of which the older form is +<i>Hine</i> (Chapter XVII), <i>Collings</i> for Collins, +<i>Jennings</i>, Fr. Jeannin, dim. of Jean, <i>Aveling</i> from +the female name Avelina or Evelyn. <i>Neill</i> <i>is</i> for +<i>Neil</i>, Nigel. We have epithetic -<i>b</i> in <i>Plumb</i>, +the man who lived by the plum-tree and epithetic -<i>p</i> in +<i>Crump</i> (Chapter II).</p> +<p>Assimilation is the tendency of a sound to imitate its +neighbour. Thus the <i>d</i> of <i>Hud</i> (Chapter I) sometimes +becomes <i>t</i> in contact with the sharp <i>s</i>, hence +<i>Hutson;</i> <i>Tomkins</i> tends to become <i>Tonkin</i>, +whence <i>Tonks</i>, if the <i>m</i> and <i>k</i> are not +separated by the epenthetic <i>p</i>, <i>Tompkins</i>. In +<i>Hopps</i> and <i>Hopkins</i> we have the <i>b</i> of Hob +assimilated to the sharp <i>s</i> and <i>k</i>, while in +<i>Hobbs</i> we pronounce a final -<i>z</i>. It is perhaps under +the influence of the initial labial that <i>Milson</i>, son of +Miles or Michael, sometimes becomes <i>Milsom</i>, and +<i>Branson</i>, son of Brand, appears as <i>Bransom</i>.</p> +<p>The same group of names is affected by dissimilation, +<i>i</i>.<i>e.</i> the instinct to avoid the recurrence of the +same sound. Thus <i>Ranson</i>, son of Ranolf or Randolf, becomes +<i>Ransom</i> <i>[Footnote:</i> So also Fr, <i>rançon</i> +gives Eng. <i>ransom</i>. The French surname <i>Rançon</i> +<i>is</i> probably aphetic for <i>Laurançon</i>.<i>]</i> +by dissimilation of one <i>n</i>, and <i>Hanson</i>, son of Han +(Chapter I), becomes <i>Hansom</i>. In <i>Sansom</i> we have +Samson assimilated to <i>Samson</i> and then dissimilated. +Dissimilation especially affects the sounds <i>l</i>, <i>n</i>, +<i>r</i>. <i>Bullivant</i> <i>is</i> found earlier as <i>bon</i> +<i>enfaunt</i> <i>(Goodchild)</i>, just as a braggart Burgundian +was called by Tudor dramatists a <i>burgullian.</i> +<i>Bellinger</i> <i>is</i> for <i>Barringer</i>, an Old French +name of Teutonic origin. <i>[Footnote:</i> "When was Bobadil +here, your captain? that rogue, that foist, that fencing +<i>burgullian"</i> (Jonson, <i>Every</i> <i>Man</i> <i>in</i> +<i>his</i> <i>Humour</i>, iv. 2).<i>]</i> Those people called +<i>Salisbury</i> who do not hail from Salesbury in Lancashire +must have had an ancestor <i>de</i> <i>Sares</i>-<i>bury</i>, for +such was the earlier name of Salisbury (Sarum). A number of +occupative names have lost the last syllable by dissimilation, +e.g. <i>Pepper</i> for pepperer, <i>Armour</i> for armourer. For +further examples see Chapter XV.</p> +<p>It may be noted here that, apart from dissimilation, the +sounds <i>l</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>r</i>, have a general tendency to +become confused, e.g. <i>Phillimore</i> <i>is</i> for Finamour +<i>(Dearlove)</i>, which also appears as <i>Finnemore</i> and +<i>Fenimore</i>, the latter also to be explained from fen and +moor. <i>Catlin</i> <i>is</i> from Catherine. <i>Balestier</i>, a +cross-bow man, gives <i>Bannister</i>, and <i>Hamnet</i> and +<i>Hamlet</i> both occur as the name of one of Shakespeare's +sons. Janico or Jenico, Fr. Janicot may be the origin of +<i>Jellicoe</i>.</p> +<p>We also get the change of <i>r</i> to <i>l</i> in Hal, for +Harry, whence <i>Hallett</i>, <i>Hawkins</i> (Halkins), and the +Cornish <i>Hockin</i>, Mal or Mol for Mary, whence +<i>Malleson</i>, <i>Mollison</i>, etc., and <i>Pell</i> for +Peregrine. This confusion is common in infantile speech, e.g. I +have heard a small child express great satisfaction at the +presence on the table of "blackbelly dam."</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80715" id="Toc80715">METATHESIS</a></b></p> +<p>Metathesis, or the transposition of sound, chiefly +<i>affects</i> <i>l</i> and <i>r</i>, especially the latter. Our +word cress is from Mid. Eng. <i>kers</i>, which appears in +<i>Karslake</i>, <i>Toulmin</i> <i>is</i> for <i>Tomlin</i>, a +double dim., -<i>el</i>-<i>in</i>, of Tom, <i>Grundy</i> +<i>is</i> for <i>Gundry</i>, from Anglo-Sax. Gundred, and Joe +<i>Gargery</i> descended from a <i>Gregory</i>. <i>Burnell</i> is +for <i>Brunel</i>, dim. of Fr. <i>brun</i>, brown, and +<i>Thrupp</i> <i>is</i> for <i>Thorp</i>, a village (Chapter +XIII). <i>Strickland</i> was formerly Stirkland, <i>Cripps</i> +<i>is</i> the same as <i>Crisp</i>, from Mid. Eng. <i>crisp</i>, +curly. Prentis Jankin had—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Crispe</i> here, +shynynge as gold so fyn"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p>(D. 304);</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and of Fame we are told +that</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Her heer was oundie (wavy) and <i>crips</i>.<i>"</i> </p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>(House <i>of</i> <i>Fame</i>, iii. 296.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Both names may also be short +for Crispin, the etymology being the same in any case. Apps is +sometimes for <i>asp</i>, the tree now called by the adjectival +name aspen (cf. linden). We find Thomas <i>atte</i> <i>apse</i> +in the reign of Edward III.</p> +<p>The letters <i>l</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>r</i> also tend to +disappear from no other cause than rapid or careless +pronunciation.</p> +<p>Hence we get <i>Home</i> for <i>Holme</i> (Chapter XII), +<i>Ferris</i> for <i>Ferrers</i>, a French local name, +<i>Batt</i> for Bartholomew, <i>Gatty</i> for Gertrude, +<i>Dallison</i> for <i>d'Alençon</i>. The loss of +-<i>r</i>- after a vowel is also exemplified by <i>Foster</i> for +<i>Forster</i>, <i>Pannell</i> and <i>Pennell</i> for +<i>Parnell</i> (sometimes), <i>Gath</i> for <i>Garth</i> (Chapter +XIII), and <i>Mash</i> for <i>Marsh</i>. To the loss of <i>n</i> +before <i>s</i> we owe such names as <i>Pattison</i>, +<i>Paterson</i>, <i>etc</i>., son of <i>Paton</i>, the dim. of +Patrick, and <i>Robison</i> for Robinson, and also a whole group +of names like <i>Jenks</i> and <i>Jinks</i> for <i>Jenkins</i> +(John), <i>Wilkes</i> for <i>Wilkins</i>, <i>Gilkes</i>, +<i>Danks</i>, <i>Perks</i>, <i>Hawkes</i>, <i>Jukes</i> for +<i>Judkins</i> (Chapter VI), etc. Here I should also include +<i>Biggs</i>, which is not always connected with <i>Bigg</i>, for +we seldom find adjectival nicknames with -<i>s</i>. It seems to +represent <i>Biggins</i>, from obsolete <i>biggin</i>, a building +(Chapter XIII).</p> +<p>The French nasal <i>n</i> often disappeared before <i>r</i>. +Thus <i>denrée</i>, lit. a pennyworth, appears in +Anglo-French as <i>darree</i>. Similarly <i>Henry</i> became +<i>Harry</i>, except in Scotland, and the English Kings of that +name were always called Harry by their subjects. It is to this +pronunciation that we owe the popularity of <i>Harris</i> and +<i>Harrison</i>, and the frequency of Welsh <i>Parry</i>, ap, +Harry, as compared with <i>Penry</i>. A compromise between Henry +and Harry is seen in <i>Hanrott</i>, from the French dim. +Henriot.</p> +<p>The initial <i>h</i>-, which we regard with such veneration, +is treated quite arbitrarily in surnames. We find a well-known +medieval poet called indifferently <i>Occleve</i> and +<i>Hoccleve</i>. <i>Harnett</i> is the same as <i>Arnett</i>, for +Arnold, <i>Ewens</i> and <i>Heavens</i> are both from +<i>Ewan</i>, and <i>Heaven</i> is an imitative form of +<i>Evan</i>. In <i>Hoskins</i>, from the medieval Osekin, a dim. +of some Anglo-Saxon name such as Oswald (Chapter VII), the +aspirate has definitely prevailed. The Devonshire name <i>Hexter +is</i> for Exeter, <i>Arbuckle</i> is a corruption of Harbottle, +in Northumberland. The Old French name Ancel appears as both +<i>Ansell</i> and <i>Hansell</i>, and <i>Earnshaw</i> exists side +by side with <i>Hearnshaw</i> (Chapter XII).</p> +<p>The loss of <i>h</i> is especially common when it is the +initial letter of a suffix, e.g. <i>Barnum</i> for Barnham, +<i>Haslam</i>, (hazel), <i>Blenkinsop</i> for Blenkin's hope (see +hope, Chapter XII), <i>Newall</i> for Newhall, <i>Windle</i> for +Wind Hill, <i>Tickell</i> for Tick Hill, in Yorkshire, etc. But +<i>Barnum</i> and <i>Haslam</i> <i>may</i> also represent the +Anglo-Saxon dative plural of the words barn and hazel. A man who +minded sheep was once called a <i>Shepard</i>, or +<i>Sheppard</i>, as he still is, though we spell it +<i>shepherd</i>. The letter <i>w</i> disappears in the same way; +thus <i>Green</i>i<i>sh</i> is for Greenwich, <i>Horridge</i> for +Horwich, <i>Aspinall</i> for Aspinwall, <i>Millard</i> for +<i>Millward</i>, the mill-keeper, <i>Boxall</i> for Boxwell, +<i>Caudle</i> for <i>Cauldwell</i> (cold); and the Anglo-Saxon +names in -<i>win</i> are often confused with those in -ing, e.g. +<i>Gooding</i>, <i>Goodwin;</i> <i>Golding</i>, <i>Goldwin;</i> +<i>Gunning</i>, <i>Gunwin</i>, etc. In this way <i>Harding</i> +has prevailed over the once equally common <i>Hardwin</i>.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80716" id="Toc80716">BABY PHONETICS</a></b></p> +<p>Finally, we have to consider what may be called baby +phonetics, the sound-changes which seem rather to transgress +general phonetic laws. Young children habitually confuse dentals +and palatals, thus a child may be heard to say that he has "dot a +told." This tendency is, however, not confined to children. My +own name, which is a very uncommon one, is a stumbling-block to +most people, and when I give it in a shop the scribe has +generally got as far as <i>Wheat</i>- before he can be +stopped.</p> +<p>We find both <i>Estill</i> and <i>Askell</i> for the medieval +Asketil, and <i>Thurtle</i> alternating with <i>Thurkle</i>, +originally Thurketil (Chapter VII). <i>Bertenshave</i> is found +for <i>Birkenshaw</i>, birch wood, <i>Bartley</i>, sometimes from +Bartholomew, is more often for Berkeley, and both Lord Bacon and +Horace Walpole wrote Twitnam for Twickenham. <i>Jeffcock</i>, +dim. of Geoffrey, becomes <i>Jeffcott</i>, while <i>Glascock</i> +is for the local <i>Glascott</i>. Here the palatal takes the +place of the dental, as in <i>Brangwin</i> for Anglo-Sax. +Brandwine. <i>Middleman</i> is a dialect form of Michaelmas +(Chapter IX). We have the same change in <i>tiddlebat</i> for +<i>stickleback</i>, a word which exemplifies another point in +baby phonetics, viz. the loss of initial <i>s</i>-, as in the +classic instance <i>tummy</i>. To this loss of <i>s</i>- we owe +<i>Pick</i> for <i>Spick</i> (Chapter XXIII), <i>Pink</i> for +<i>Spink</i>, a dialect word for the chaffinch, and, I think, +<i>Tout</i> for <i>Stout</i>. The name <i>Stacey</i> is found as +<i>Tacey</i> in old Notts registers. On the other hand, an +inorganic <i>s</i>- is sometimes prefixed, as in <i>Sturgess</i> +for the older Turgis. For the loss of <i>s</i>- we may compare +Shakespeare's <i>parmaceti</i> (1 Henry <i>IV.</i> i. 3), and for +its addition the adjective <i>spruce</i>, from Pruce, <i>i.e</i>. +Prussia.</p> +<p>We also find the infantile confusion between <i>th</i> and +<i>f</i> e.g. in <i>Selfe</i>, which appears to represent a +personal name Seleth, probably from Anglo-Sax, <i>saelth</i>, +bliss. Perhaps also in Fripp for Thripp, a variant of +<i>Thrupp</i>, for <i>Thorp</i>. <i>Bickerstaffe</i> is the name +of a place in Lancashire, of which the older form appears in +<i>Bickersteth</i>, and the local name <i>Throgmorton</i> is +spelt by Camden Frogmorton, just as Pepys invariably writes +Queenhive for Queenhythe.</p> +<p>Such are some of the commoner phenomena to be noticed in +connection with the spelling and sound of our names. The student +must always bear in mind that our surnames date from a period +when nearly the whole population was uneducated. Their modern +forms depend on all sorts of circumstances, such as local +dialect, time of adoption, successive fashions in pronunciation +and the taste and fancy of the speller. They form part of our +language, that is, of a living and ever-changing organism. Some +of us are old enough to remember the confusion between initial +<i>v</i> and <i>w</i> which prompted the judge's question to Mr. +Weller. The vulgar <i>i</i> for <i>a</i>, as in "<i>tike</i> the +<i>kike</i>,<i>"</i> has been evolved within comparatively recent +times, as well as the loss of final -<i>g</i>, <i>"shootin</i> +and <i>huntin</i>,<i>"</i> in sporting circles. In the word +<i>warmint—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"What were you brought +up to be?"</font><br>"A <i>warmint</i>, dear boy"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 10em"> +<p><i>(Great</i> <i>Expectations</i>, ch. xl.),</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">we have three phonetic +phenomena, all of which have influenced the form and sound of +modern surnames, e.g. in <i>Winter</i>, sometimes for +<i>Vinter</i>, <i>i.e</i>. vintner, <i>Clark</i> for +<i>Clerk</i>, and <i>Bryant</i> for <i>Bryan;</i> and similar +changes have been in progress all through the history of our +language.</font></p> +<p>In conclusion it may be remarked that the personal and +accidental element, which has so much to do with the development +of surnames, releases this branch of philology to some extent +from the iron rule of the phonetician. Of this the preceding +pages give examples. The name, not being subject as other words +are to a normalizing influence, is easily affected by the +traditional or accidental spelling. Otherwise <i>Fry</i> would be +pronounced <i>Free</i>. The <i>o</i> is short in <i>Robin</i> and +long in <i>Probyn</i>, and yet the names are the same (Chapter +VI). <i>Sloper</i> and <i>Smoker</i> mean a maker of slops and +smocks respectively, and <i>Smale</i> is an archaic spelling of +<i>Small</i>, the modern vowel being in each case lengthened by +the retention of an archaic spelling. The late Professor Skeat +rejects Bardsley's identification of <i>Waring</i> with Old Fr. +Garin or Warin, because the original vowel and the suffix are +both different. But <i>Mainwaring</i>, which is undoubtedly from +<i>mesnil</i>-<i>Warin</i> (Chapter XIV), shows Bardsley to be +right.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144728" id="Toc2144728"></a><a name="Toc80717" +id="Toc80717">CHAPTER IV <b>BROWN, JONES, AND +ROBINSON</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Talbots</font> and +Stanleys, St. Maurs and such</i><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">like folk, have led armies and made laws time out of mind; +but those noble<br>families would be somewhat astonished—if +the accounts ever came to be fairly taken—to find how small +their<br>work for England has been by the side of that of the +<i>Browns</i>.<i>"</i> <i>(Tom</i> <i>Brown's</i> +<i>Schooldays</i>, ch. i.)</font></p> +</div> +<p><i>Brown, Jones,</i> and +<i>Robinson</i> have usurped in popular speech positions properly +belonging to <i>Smith, Jones</i> and <i>Williams</i>. But the high position of +<i>Jones</i> and <i>Williams</i> is due to the Welsh, who, replacing a string +of <i>Aps</i> by a simple genitive at a comparatively recent date, have +given undue prominence to a few very common names; cf. <i>Davies, +Evans</i>, etc. If we consider only purely English names, the +triumvirate would be <i>Smith, Taylor</i>, and <i>Brown</i>. Thus, of our three +commonest names, the first two are occupative and the third is a +nickname. French has no regular equivalent, though <i>Dupont</i> and +<i>Durand</i> are sometimes used in this way —</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Si Chateaubriand +avait eu nom <i>Durand</i> ou <i>Dupont</i>, qui sait si son +<i>Génie</i> <i>du</i> <i>Christianisme</i> n'eût +point passé<br>pour une capucinade?"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p>(F. Brunetiére.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The Germans speak of +<i>Müller</i>, <i>Meyer</i> and <i>Schulze</i>, all rural +names, and it is perhaps characteristic that two of them are +official. <i>Meyer</i> is an early loan from Lat. <i>major</i>, +and appears to have originally meant something like overseer. +Later on it acquired the meaning of farmer, in its proper sense +of one who farms, <i>i.e</i>. manages on a profit-sharing system, +the property of another. It is etymologically the same as our +<i>Mayor</i>, <i>Mair</i>, etc. <i>Schulze</i>, a village +magistrate, is cognate with Ger. <i>Schuld</i>, debt, and our +verb <i>shall</i>.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80718" id="Toc80718">OCCUPATIVE +NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>Taking the different classes of surnames separately, the six +commonest occupative names are <i>Smith</i>, <i>Taylor</i>, +<i>Clark</i>, <i>Wright</i>, <i>Walker</i>, <i>Turner</i>. If we +exclude <i>Clark</i>, as being more often a nickname for the man +who could read and write, the sixth will be <i>Cooper</i>, +sometimes spelt <i>Cowper</i>.</p> +<p>The commanding position of <i>Smith</i> is due to the fact +that it was applied to all workers in every kind of metal. The +modern Smiths no doubt include descendants of medieval +blacksmiths, whitesmiths, bladesmiths, locksmiths, and many +others, but the compounds are not common as surnames. We find, +however, <i>Shoosmith</i>, <i>Shearsmith</i>, and <i>Nasmyth</i>, +the last being more probably for earlier Knysmith, <i>i.e</i>. +knife-smith, than for nail-smith, which was supplanted by +<i>Naylor</i>. <i>Grossmith</i> <i>I</i> guess to be an +accommodated form of the Ger. <i>Grobschmied</i>, blacksmith, +lit. rough smith, and <i>Goldsmith</i> is very often a Jewish +name for Ger. <i>Goldschmid</i>.</p> +<p><i>Wright</i>, obsolete perhaps as a trade name, has given +many compounds, including <i>Arkwright</i>, a maker of bins, or +<i>arks</i> as they were once called, <i>Tellwright</i>, a tile +maker, and many others which need no interpretation. The high +position of <i>Taylor</i> is curious, for there were other names +for the trade, such as <i>Seamen</i>, <i>Shapster</i>, +<i>Parmenter</i> (Chapter XVIII), and neither <i>Tailleur</i> nor +<i>Letailleur</i> are particularly common in French. The +explanation is that this name has absorbed the medieval +<i>Teler</i> and <i>Teller</i>, weaver, ultimately belonging to +Lat. <i>tela</i>, a web; — cf. the very common Fr. +<i>Tellier</i> and <i>Letellier</i>. In some cases also the Mid. +Eng. <i>teygheler</i>, <i>Tyler</i>, has been swallowed up. +<i>Walker</i>, <i>i.e</i>. trampler, meant a cloth fuller, but +another origin has helped to swell the numbers of the +clan—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Walkers</font> are +such as are otherwise called foresters. They are foresters +assigned by the King, who are walkers within a certain space of +ground assigned to their care" (Cowel's Interpreter).</i></p> +</div> +<p><i>Cooper</i>, a derivative +of Lat. <i>cupa</i> or <i>cuppa</i>, a vessel, is cognate with the famous +French name <i>Cuvier</i>, which has given our <i>Cover</i>, though this may +also be for coverer, <i>i.e.</i> tiler (Chapter XV).</p> +<p>Of occupative names which have also an official meaning, the +three commonest are <i>Ward</i>, <i>Bailey</i>, and +<i>Marshall</i>. <i>Ward</i>, originally abstract, is the same +word as Fr. <i>garde</i>. <i>Bailey</i>, Old Fr. <i>bailif</i> +<i>(bailli)</i>, ranges from a Scottish magistrate to a man in +possession. It is related to <i>bail</i> and to <i>bailey</i>, a +ward in a fortress, as in Old Bailey. <i>Bayliss</i> may come +from the Old French nominative <i>bailis</i> (Chapter I), or may +be formed like <i>Parsons</i>, etc. (Chapter XV). <i>Marshall</i> +(Chapter XX) may stand for a great commander or a shoeing-smith, +still called farrier-marshal in the army. The first syllable is +cognate with <i>mare</i> and the second means servant. +<i>Constable</i>, Lat. <i>comes</i> <i>stabuli</i>, stableman, +has a similar history.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80719" id="Toc80719">THE DISTRIBUTION OF +NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>The commonest local names naturally include none taken from +particular places. The three commonest are <i>Hall</i>, +<i>Wood</i> and <i>Green</i>, from residence by the great house, +the wood, and the village green. Cf. the French names +<i>Lasalle</i>, <i>Dubois</i>, <i>Dupré</i>. <i>Hall</i> +<i>is</i> sometimes for <i>Hale</i> (Chapter II), and its Old +French translation is one source of <i>Sale</i>. Next to these +come <i>Hill</i>, <i>Moore</i>, and <i>Shaw</i> (Chapter XII); +but <i>Lee</i> would probably come among the first if all its +variants were taken into account (Chapter III).</p> +<p>Of baptismal names used unaltered as surnames the six +commonest are <i>Thomas</i>, <i>Lewis</i>, <i>Martin</i>, +<i>James</i>, <i>Morris</i>, <i>Morgan</i>. Here again the Welsh +element is strong, and four of these names, ending in -<i>s</i>, +belong also to the next group, <i>i.e</i>. the class of surnames +formed from the genitive of baptismal names. The frequent +occurrence of <i>Lewis</i> is partly due to its being adopted as +a kind of translation of the Welsh Llewellyn, but the name is +often a disguised Jewish Levi, and has nearly absorbed the local +<i>Lewes</i>. Next to the above come <i>Allen</i>, +<i>Bennett</i>, <i>Mitchell</i>, all of French introduction. +<i>Mitchell</i> may have been reinforced by <i>Mickle</i>, the +northern for <i>Bigg</i>. It is curious that these particularly +common names, <i>Martin</i>, <i>Allen</i>, <i>Bennett</i> +(Benedict), <i>Mitchell</i> (Michael), have formed comparatively +few derivatives and are generally found in their unaltered form. +Three of them are from famous saints' names, while <i>Allen</i>, +a Breton name which came in with the Conquest, has probably +absorbed to some extent the Anglo-Saxon name <i>Alwin</i> +(Chapter VII). <i>Martin</i> is in some cases an animal nickname, +the <i>marten</i>. Among the genitives <i>Jones</i>, +<i>Williams</i>, and <i>Davi(e)s</i> lead easily, followed by +<i>Evans</i>, <i>Roberts</i>, and <i>Hughes</i>, all Welsh in the +main. Among the twelve commonest names of this class those that +are not preponderantly Welsh are <i>Roberts</i>, <i>Edwards</i>, +<i>Harris</i>, <i>Phillips</i>, and <i>Rogers</i>. Another Welsh +patronymic, <i>Price</i> (Chapter VI), is among the fifty +commonest English names.</p> +<p>The classification of names in -<i>son</i> raises the +difficult question as to whether <i>Jack</i> represents Fr. +<i>Jacques</i>, or whether it comes from <i>Jankin</i>, +<i>Jenkin</i>, dim. of John. <i>[Footnote:</i> See E. B. +Nicholson, <i>The</i> <i>Pedigree</i> <i>of</i> <i>Jack</i>.]</p> +<p>Taking <i>Johnson</i> and <i>Jackson</i> as separate names, we +get the order <i>Johnson</i>, <i>Robinson</i>, <i>Wilson</i>, +<i>Thompson</i>, <i>Jackson</i>, <i>Harrison</i>. The variants of +<i>Thompson</i> might put it a place or two higher. Names in +-<i>kins</i> (Distribution of names, Chapter IV), though very +numerous in some regions, are not so common as those in the above +classes. It would be hard to say which English font-name has +given the largest number of family names. In Chapter V. will be +found some idea of the bewildering and multitudinous forms they +assume. It has been calculated, I need hardly say by a German +professor, that the possible number of derivatives from one given +name is 6, 000, but fortunately most of the seeds are +abortive.</p> +<p>Of nicknames <i>Brown</i>, <i>Clark</i>, and <i>White</i> are +by far the commonest. Then comes <i>King</i>, followed by the two +adjectival nicknames <i>Sharp</i> and <i>Young</i>.</p> +<p>The growth of towns and facility of communication are now +bringing about such a general movement that most regions would +accept <i>Brown</i>, <i>Jones</i> and <i>Robinson</i> as fairly +typical names. But this was not always so. <i>Brown</i> is still +much commoner in the north than in the south, and at one time the +northern <i>Johnson</i> and <i>Robinson</i> contrasted with the +southern <i>Jones</i> and <i>Roberts</i>, the latter being of +comparatively modern origin in Wales (Chapter IV). Even now, if +we take the farmer class, our nomenclature is largely regional, +and the directories even of our great manufacturing towns +represent to a great extent the medieval population of the rural +district around them. <i>[Footnote:</i> <i>See</i> Guppy, +<i>Homes</i> <i>of</i> <i>Family</i> <i>Names</i>.] The names +<i>Daft</i> and <i>Turney</i>, well known in Nottingham, appear +in the county in the Hundred Rolls. <i>Cheetham</i>, the name of +a place now absorbed in Manchester, is as a surname ten times +more numerous there than in London, and the same is true of many +characteristic north-country names, such as the +<i>Barraclough</i>, <i>Murgatroyd</i>, and <i>Sugden</i> of +Charlotte Brontë's <i>Shirley</i>. The transference of +<i>Murgatroyd</i> (Chapter XII) to Cornwall, in Gilbert and +Sullivan's <i>Ruddigore</i>, must have been part of the +intentional topsy-turvydom in which those two bright spirits +delighted.</p> +<p>Diminutives in -<i>kin</i>, from the Old Dutch suffix +-<i>ken</i>, are still found in greatest number on the east coast +that faces Holland, or in Wales, where they were introduced by +the Flemish weavers who settled in Pembrokeshire in the reign of +Henry I. It is in the border counties, Cheshire, Shropshire, +Hereford, and Monmouth, that we find the old Welsh names such as +<i>Gough</i>, <i>Lloyd</i>, <i>Onion</i> (Enion), <i>Vaughan</i> +(Chapter XXII). The local Gape, an opening in the cliffs, is +pretty well confined to Norfolk, and <i>Puddifoot</i> belongs to +Bucks and the adjacent counties as it did in 1273. The hall +changes hands as one conquering race succeeds another—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Where is Bohun? Where +is de Vere? The lawyer, the farmer, the silk mercer, lies +<i>perdu</i> under the coronet, and winks to the antiquary to say +nothing" (Emerson, <i>English</i> <i>Traits)</i>,</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">but the hut keeps its ancient +inhabitants. The descendant of the Anglo-Saxon serf who cringed +to Front de Boeuf now makes way respectfully for Isaac of York's +motor, perhaps on the very spot where his own fierce ancestor +first exchanged the sword for the ploughshare long before +Alfred's day.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144729" id="Toc2144729"></a><a name="Toc80720" +id="Toc80720">CHAPTER V <b>THE ABSORPTION OF FOREIGN +NAMES</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"I was born in the +year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family, though not of +that country, my father being a foreigner of Bremen, who settled +first at Hull. He got a good estate by merchandize, and leaving +off his trade, lived afterwards at York, from whence he married +my mother, whose relations were named Robinson, a very good +family in that country, and from whom I was called Robinson +Kreutznaer; but by the usual corruption of words in English, we +are now called—nay, we call ourselves and write our +name—Crusoe" <i>(Robinson</i> <i>Crusoe</i>, ch. +i.).</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Any student of our family +nomenclature must be struck by the fact that the number of +foreign names now recognizable in England is out of all +proportion to the immense number which must have been introduced +at various periods of our history. Even the expert, who is often +able to detect the foreign name in its apparently English garb, +cannot rectify this disproportion for us. The number of names of +which the present form can be traced back to a foreign origin is +inconsiderable when compared with the much larger number +assimilated and absorbed by the Anglo-Saxon.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80721" id="Toc80721">THE HUGUENOTS</a></b></p> +<p>The great mass of those names of French or Flemish origin +which do not date back to the Conquest or to medieval times are +due to the immigration of Protestant refugees in the sixteenth +and seventeenth centuries. It is true that many names for which +Huguenot ancestry is claimed were known in England long before +the Reformation. Thus, <i>Bulteel</i> <i>is</i> the name of a +refugee family which came from Tournay about the year 1600, but +the same name is found in the Hundred Rolls Of 1273. The +<i>Grubbe</i> family, according to Burke, came from Germany about +1450, after the Hussite persecution; but we find the name in +England two centuries earlier, "without the assistance of a +foreign persecution to make it respectable" (Bardsley, +<i>Dictionary</i> <i>of</i> <i>English</i> <i>Surnames)</i>. The +<i>Minet</i> family is known to be of Huguenot origin, but the +same name also figures in the medieval Rolls. The fact is that +there was all through the Middle Ages a steady immigration of +foreigners, whether artisans, tradesmen, or adventurers, some of +whose names naturally reappear among the Huguenots. On several +occasions large bodies of Continental workmen, skilled in special +trades, were brought into the country by the wise policy of the +Government. Like the Huguenots later on, they were protected by +the State and persecuted by the populace, who resented their +habits of industry and sobriety.</p> +<p>During the whole period of the religious troubles in France +and Flanders, starting from the middle of the sixteenth century, +refugees were reaching this country in a steady stream; but after +the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) they arrived in +thousands, and the task of providing for them and helping on +their absorption into the population became a serious problem. +Among the better class of these immigrants was to be found the +flower of French intellect and enterprise, and one has only to +look through an Army or Navy list, or to notice the names which +are prominent in the Church, at the Bar, and in the higher walks +of industry and commerce, to realize the madness of Louis XIV. +and the wisdom of the English Government.</p> +<p>Here are a few taken at random from Smiles's <i>History</i> +<i>of</i> <i>the</i> <i>Huguenots—Bosanquet</i>, +<i>Casaubon</i>, <i>Chenevix</i> <i>Trench</i>, <i>Champion</i> +<i>de</i> <i>Crespigny</i>, <i>Dalbiac</i>, <i>Delane</i>, +<i>Dollond</i>, <i>Durand</i>, <i>Fonblanque</i>, <i>Gambier</i>, +<i>Garrick</i>, <i>Layard</i>, <i>Lefanu</i>, <i>Lefroy</i>, +<i>Ligonier</i>, <i>Luard</i>, <i>Martineau</i>, <i>Palairet</i>, +<i>Perowne</i>, <i>Plimsoll</i>, <i>Riou</i>, <i>Romilly</i> +<i>—</i> <i>all</i> respectable and many distinguished, +even cricket being represented. These more educated foreigners +usually kept their names, sometimes with slight modifications +which do not make them unrecognizable. Thus, <i>Bouverie</i>, +literally "ox-farm," is generally found in its unaltered form, +though the <i>London</i> <i>Directory</i> has also examples of +the perverted <i>Buffery</i>. But the majority of the immigrants +were of the artisan class and illiterate. This explains the +extraordinary disappearance, in the course of two centuries, of +the thousands of French names which were introduced between 1550 +and 1700.</p> +<p>We have many official lists of these foreigners, and in these +lists we catch the foreign name in the very act of transforming +itself into English. This happens sometimes by translation, e.g. +<i>Poulain</i> became <i>Colt</i>, <i>Poisson</i> was +reincarnated as <i>Fish</i>, and a refugee bearing the somewhat +uncommon name <i>Petitoeil</i> transformed himself into +<i>Little</i>-<i>eye</i>, which became in <i>a</i> few +generations <i>Lidley</i>. But comparatively few surnames were +susceptible of such simple treatment, and in the great majority +of cases the name underwent a more or less arbitrary perversion +which gave it a more English physiognomy. Especially interesting +from this point <i>of</i> view is the list of— "Straungers +residing and dwellinge within the city of London and the +liberties thereof," drawn up in 1618. The names were probably +taken down by the officials of the different wards, <i>who</i>, +differing themselves in intelligence and orthography, produced +very curious results.</p> +<p>As a rule the Christian name is translated, while the surname +is either assimilated to some English form or perverted according +to the taste and fancy of the individual constable. Thus, +<i>John</i> <i>Garret</i>, a Dutchman, is probably <i>Jan</i> +<i>Gerard</i>, and <i>James</i> <i>Flower</i>, a milliner, born +in Rouen, is certainly <i>Jaques</i> <i>Fleur</i>, or +<i>Lafleur</i>. <i>John</i> <i>de</i> <i>Cane</i> and +<i>Peter</i> <i>le</i> <i>Cane</i> are <i>Jean</i> +<i>Duquesne</i> and <i>Pierre</i> <i>Lequesne</i> (Norman +<i>quêne</i>, oak), though the former may also have come +from <i>Caen</i>. <i>John</i> <i>Buck</i>, from Rouen, is +<i>Jean</i> <i>Bouc</i>, and <i>Abraham</i> <i>Bushell</i>, from +Rochelle, was probably a <i>Roussel</i> or <i>Boissel</i>. +<i>James</i> <i>King</i> and <i>John</i> <i>Hill</i>, both +Dutchmen, are obvious translations of common Dutch names, while +<i>Henry</i> <i>Powell</i>, a German, is <i>Heinrich</i> +<i>Paul</i>. <i>Mary</i> <i>Peacock</i>, from Dunkirk, and +<i>John</i> <i>Bonner</i>, a Frenchman, I take to be <i>Marie</i> +<i>Picot</i> and <i>Jean</i> <i>Bonheur</i>, while +<i>Nicholas</i> <i>Bellow</i> is surely <i>Nicolas</i> +<i>Belleau</i>. <i>Michael</i> <i>Leman</i>, born in Brussels, +may be French <i>Leman</i> or <i>Lemoine</i>, or perhaps German +<i>Lehmann</i>.</p> +<p>To each alien's name is appended that of the monarch whose +subject he calls himself, but a republic is outside the +experience of one constable, who leaves an interrogative blank +after <i>Cristofer</i> <i>Switcher</i>, born at <i>Swerick</i> +(Zürich) in <i>Switcherland</i>. The surname so ingeniously +created appears to have left no pedagogic descendants. In some +cases the harassed Bumble has lost patience, and substituted a +plain English name for foreign absurdity. To the brain which +christened Oliver Twist we owe <i>Henry</i> <i>Price</i>, a +subject of the King of Poland, <i>Lewis</i> <i>Jackson</i>, a +"Portingall," and <i>Alexander</i> <i>Faith</i>, a steward to the +Venice Ambassador, born in the dukedom of Florence.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80722" id="Toc80722">PERVERSIONS OF FOREIGN +NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>In the returns made outside the bounds of the city proper the +aliens have added their own signatures, or in some cases made +their marks. <i>Jacob</i> <i>Alburtt</i> signs himself as +<i>Jacob</i> <i>Elbers</i>, and <i>Croft</i> <i>Castell</i> as +<i>Kraft</i> <i>Kassels</i>. <i>Harman</i> <i>James</i> is the +official translation of <i>Hermann</i> <i>Jacobs</i>, <i>Mary</i> +<i>Miller</i> of <i>Marija</i> <i>Moliner</i>, and <i>John</i> +<i>Young</i> of <i>Jan</i> <i>le</i> <i>Jeune</i>. <i>Gyllyam</i> +<i>Spease</i>, for <i>Wilbert</i> <i>Spirs</i>, seems to be due +to a Welsh constable, and <i>Chrystyan</i> <i>Wyhelhames</i>, for +<i>Cristian</i> <i>Welselm</i>, looks like a conscientious +attempt at Williams. One registrar, with a phonetic system of his +own, has transformed the Dutch <i>Moll</i> into the more familiar +<i>Maule</i>, and has enriched his list with <i>Jannacay</i> +<i>Yacopes</i> for <i>Jantje</i> <i>Jacobs</i>. <i>Lowe</i> +<i>Luddow</i>, who signs himself <i>Louij</i> <i>Ledou</i>, seems +to be <i>Louis</i> <i>Ledoux</i>. An alien who writes himself +<i>Jann</i> <i>Eisankraott</i> (Ger. <i>Eisenkraut? )</i> cannot +reasonably complain plain at being transformed into <i>John</i> +<i>Isacrocke</i>, but the substitution of <i>John</i> +<i>Johnson</i> for <i>Jansen</i> <i>Vandrusen</i> suggests that +this individual's case was taken at the end of a long day's +work.</p> +<p>These examples, taken at random, show how the French and +Flemish names of the humbler refugees lost their foreign +appearance. In many cases the transformation was etymologically +justified. Thus, some of our <i>Druitts</i> and <i>Drewetts</i> +may be descended from <i>Martin</i> <i>Druett</i>, the first name +on the list. But this is probably the common French name +<i>Drouet</i> or <i>Drouot</i>, assimilated to the English +<i>Druitt</i>, which we find in 1273. And both are diminutives of +Drogo, which occurs in <i>Domesday Book</i>, and is, through Old +French, the origin of our <i>Drew</i>. But in many cases the name +has been so deformed that one can only guess at the continental +original. I should conjecture, for instance, that the curious +name <i>Shoppee</i> is a corruption of <i>Chappuis</i>, the Old +French for a carpenter, and that</p> +<p><i>Jacob</i> <i>Shophousey</i>, registered as a German cutler, +came from <i>Schaffhausen</i>. In this particular region of +English nomenclature a little guessing is almost excusable. The +law of probabilities makes it mathematically certain that the +horde of immigrants included representatives of all the very +common French family names, and it would be strange if +<i>Chappuis</i> were absent.</p> +<p>This process of transformation is still going on in a small +way, especially in our provincial manufacturing towns, in which +most large commercial undertakings have slipped from the +nerveless grasp of the Anglo-Saxon into the more capable and +prehensile fingers of the foreigner—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Hilda then learnt +that Mrs. Gailey had married a French modeller named +<i>Canonges</i>. . . and that in course of time the modeller had +informally changed the name to <i>Cannon</i>, because no one in +the five towns could pronounce the true name rightly."</font><br> +(Arnold Bennett, <i>Hilda</i> <i>Lessways</i>, i. 5.)</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">This occurs most frequently in +the case of Jewish names of German origin. Thus, <i>Löwe</i> +becomes <i>Lowe</i> or <i>Lyons</i>, <i>Meyer</i> <i>is</i> +transformed into <i>Myers</i>, <i>Goldschmid</i> into +<i>Goldsmith</i>, <i>Kohn</i> into <i>Cowan</i>, <i>Levy</i> into +<i>Lee</i> <i>or</i> <i>Lewis</i>, <i>Salamon</i> into +<i>Salmon</i>, <i>Hirsch</i> <i>or</i> <i>Hertz</i> into +<i>Hart</i>, and so on. Sometimes a bolder flight is +attempted—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Leopold</i> +<i>Norfolk</i> <i>Gordon</i> had a house in Park Lane, and ever +so many people's money to keep it up with. As may be guessed from +his name, he was a Jew."</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">(Morley Roberts, <i>Lady</i> +<i>Penelope</i>, ch. ii.)</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80723" id="Toc80723">JEWISH NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>The Jewish names of German origin which are now so common in +England mostly date from the beginning of the nineteenth century, +when laws were passed in Austria, Prussia and Bavaria to compel +all Jewish families to adopt a fixed surname. Many of them chose +personal names, e.g. <i>Jakobs</i>, <i>Levy</i>, <i>Moses</i>, +for this purpose, while others named themselves from their place +of residence, e.g. <i>Cassel</i>, <i>Speyer</i> (Spires), +<i>Hamburg</i>, often with the addition of the syllable +-<i>er</i>, e.g. <i>Darmesteter</i>, <i>Homburger</i>. Some +families preferred descriptive names such as <i>Selig</i> +(Chapter XXII), <i>Sonnenschein</i>, <i>Goldmann</i>, or invented +poetic and gorgeous place-names such as <i>Rosenberg</i>, +<i>Blumenthal</i>, <i>Goldberg</i>, <i>Lilienfeld</i>. The +oriental fancy also showed itself in such names as +<i>Edelstein</i>, jewel, <i>Glueckstein</i>, luck stone, +<i>Rubinstein</i>, ruby, <i>Goldenkranz</i>, golden wreath, etc. +<i>[Footnote:</i> Our <i>Touchstone</i> would seem also to be a +nickname. The obituary of a Mr. Touchstone appeared in the +<i>Manchester</i> <i>Guardian</i>, December 12, 1912.<i>]</i> It +is owing to the existence of the last two groups that our +fashionable intelligence is now often so suggestive of a +wine-list. Among animal names adopted the favourites were +<i>Adler</i>, eagle, <i>Hirsch</i>, hart, <i>Löwe</i>, lion, +and <i>Wolf</i>, each of which is used with symbolic significance +in the Old Testament.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144730" id="Toc2144730"></a><a name="Toc80724" +id="Toc80724">CHAPTER VI <b>TOM, DICK AND +HARRY</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3"> +"Watte</font> +vocat, cui Thomme venit, neque Symme retardat,</i><br> + <i>Betteque</i>, <i>Gibbe</i> simul, <i>Hykke</i> venire +jubent;<br> +<i>Colle</i> furit, quem <i>Geffe</i> juvat nocumenta +parantes,<br> + Cum quibus ad dampnum <i>Wille</i> coire vovet.<br> +<i>Grigge</i> rapit, dum <i>Dawe</i> strepit, +comes est quibus <i>Hobbe</i>,<br> + <i>Lorkyn</i> <i>et</i> in medio non minor +esse putat:<br><i>Hudde</i> ferit, quem <i>Judde</i> terit, +dum <i>Tebbe</i> minatur,<br> + <i>Jakke</i> domosque viros vellit et ense +necat."</p> +</div> +<p align="center">(GOWER, <i>On</i> <i>Wat</i> <i>Tyler's</i> +<i>Rebellion</i>.)</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Gower's lines on the peasant +rebels give us some idea of the names which were most popular in +the fourteenth century, and which have consequently impressed +themselves most strongly on our modern surnames. It will be +noticed that one member of the modern triumvirate, Harry, or Hal, +is absent. <i>[Footnote:</i> The three names were not definitely +established till the nineteenth century. Before that period they +had rivals. French says <i>Pierre</i> et <i>Paul</i>, and German +<i>Heinz</i> and <i>Kunz</i>, <i>i.e</i>. Heinrich and +Conrad.<i>]</i> The great popularity of this name probably dates +from a rather later period and is connected with the exploits of +Henry V. Moreover, all the names, with the possible exception of +Hud, are of French introduction and occur rarely before the +Conquest. The old Anglo-Saxon names did survive, especially in +the remoter parts of the country, and have given us many surnames +(see ch. vii.), but even in the Middle Ages people had a +preference for anything that came over with the Conqueror. French +names are nearly all of German origin, the Celtic names and the +Latin names which encroached on them having been swept away by +the Frankish invasion, a parallel to the wholesale adoption of +Norman names in England. Thus our name <i>Harvey</i>, no longer +usual as a font-name, is Fr. Herod, which represents the heroic +German name Herewig, to the second syllable of which belongs such +an apparently insignificant name as <i>Wigg</i>.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80725" id="Toc80725">MEDIEVAL +FONT-NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>The disappearance of Latin names is not to be regretted, for +the Latin nomenclature was of the most unimaginative description, +while the Old German names are more like those of Greece; e.g. +Ger. Ludwig, which has passed into most of the European languages +(Louis, Lewis, Ludovico, etc), is from Old High Ger. +<i>hlut</i>-<i>wig</i>, renowned in fight, equivalent to the +Greek Clytomachus, with one-half of which it is etymologically +cognate.</p> +<p>Some of the names in Gower's list, e.g. <i>Watte</i> (Chapter +I), <i>Thomme</i>, <i>Symme</i>, <i>Geffe</i> (Chapter VI), +<i>Wille</i>, <i>Jakke</i>, are easily recognized. <i>Bette</i> +is for <i>Bat</i>, Bartholomew, a name, which has given +<i>Batty</i>, <i>Batten</i>, <i>Bates</i>, <i>Bartle</i> (cf. +Bartlemas), <i>Bartlett</i>, <i>Badcock</i>, <i>Batcock</i>. But +this group of names belongs also to the Bert- or -bent, which is +so common in Teutonic names, such as Bertrand, Bertram, Herbert, +Hubert, many of which reached us in an Old French form. For the +loss of the -<i>r</i>-, cf. Matty from Martha. <i>Gibe</i> is for +Gilbert. <i>Hick</i> is rimed on Dick: (Chapter VI). <i>Colle</i> +is for Nicolas. <i>Grig</i> is for Gregory, whence <i>Gregson</i> +and Scottish <i>Grier</i>. <i>Dawe</i>, for David, alternated +with <i>Day</i> and <i>Dow</i>, which appear as first element in +many surnames, though <i>Day</i> has another origin (Chapter XIX) +and <i>Dowson</i> sometimes belongs to the female name +<i>Douce</i>, sweet. <i>Hobbe</i> is a rimed form from Robert. +<i>Lorkyn</i>, or <i>Larkin</i>, <i>is</i> for Lawrence, for +which we also find <i>Law</i>, <i>Lay</i>, and <i>Low</i>, whence +<i>Lawson</i>, <i>Lakin</i>, <i>Lowson</i>, <i>Locock</i>, etc. +For <i>Hudde</i> see Chapters I, VII. <i>Judde</i>, from the very +popular <i>Jordan</i>, has given <i>Judson</i>, <i>Judkins</i>, +and the contracted <i>Jukes</i>. <i>Jordan</i> (Fr. Jourdain, +Ital. Giordano) seems to have been adopted as a personal name in +honour of John the Baptist. <i>Tebbe</i> <i>is</i> for Theobald +(Chapter I).</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80726" id="Toc80726">THE COMMONEST +FONT-NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>Many people, in addressing a small boy with whom they are +unacquainted, are in the habit of using Tommy as a name to which +any small boy should naturally answer. In some parts of Polynesia +the natives speak of a white Mary or a black Mary, <i>i.e</i>. +woman, just as the Walloons round Mons speak of Marie bon bec, a +shrew, Marie grognon, a Mrs. Gummidge, Marie quatre langues, a +chatterbox, and several other Maries still less politely +described. We have the modern silly Johnny for the older silly +Billy, while Jack Pudding is in German Hans Wurst, John Sausage. +Only the very commonest names are used in this way, and, if we +had no further evidence, the rustic Dicky bird, Robin redbreast, +Hob goblin, Tom tit, Will o' the Wisp, Jack o' lantern, etc., +would tell us which have been in the past the most popular +English font-names. During the Middle Ages there was a kind of +race among half a dozen favourite names, the prevailing order +being John, William, Thomas, Richard, Robert, with perhaps Hugh +as sixth.</p> +<p>Now, for each of these there is a reason. John, a favourite +name in so many languages (Jean, Johann, Giovanni, Juan, Ian, +Ivan, etc.), as the name of the Baptist and of the favoured +disciple, defied even the unpopularity of our one King of that +name. The special circumstances attending the birth and naming of +the Baptist probably supplied the chief factor in its +triumph.</p> +<p>For some time after the Conquest William led easily. We +usually adopted the <i>W</i>- form from the north-east of France, +but Guillaume has also supplied a large number of surnames in +<i>Gil</i>-, which have got inextricably mixed up with those +derived from Gilbert, Gillian (Juliana), and Giles. <i>Gilman</i> +represents the French dim. Guillemin, the local-looking +<i>Gilliam</i> <i>is</i> simply Guillaume, and <i>Wilmot</i> +corresponds to Fr. Guillemot.</p> +<p>The doubting disciple held a very insignificant place until +the shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury became one of the holy +places of Christendom. To Thomas belong <i>Macey</i>, +<i>Massie</i>, and <i>Masson</i>, dims. of French aphetic forms, +but the first two are also from Old French forms of Matthew, and +<i>Masson</i> <i>is</i> sometimes an alternative form of +<i>Mason</i>.</p> +<p>Robert and Richard were both popular Norman names. The first +was greatly helped by Robin Hood and the second by the +Lion-Heart.</p> +<p>The name Hugh was borne by several saints, the most famous of +whom in England was the child-martyr, St. Hugh of Lincoln, said +to have been murdered by the Jews C. 1250. It had a dim. +<i>Huggin</i> and also the forms <i>Hew</i> and <i>How</i>, +whence <i>Hewett</i>, <i>Hewlett</i>, <i>Howitt</i>, +<i>Howlett</i>, etc., while from the French dim. Huchon we get +<i>Hutchin</i> and its derivatives, and also <i>Houchin</i>. Hugh +also appears in the rather small class of names represented by +<i>Littlejohn</i>, <i>Meiklejohn</i>, etc. <i>[Footnote:</i> This +formation seems to be much commoner in French. In the "Bottin" I +find Grandblaise, Grandcollot (Nicolas), Grandgeorge, +Grandgérard, Grandguillaume, Grandguillot, Grandjacques, +Grand-jean, Grandperrin (Pierre), Grandpierre, Grandremy, +Grandvincent, and Petitcolin, Petitdemange (Dominique), +Petitdidier (Desiderius), Petit-Durand, Petit-Etienne (Stephen), +Petit-Gérard<b>,</b> Petit-Huguenin, Petitjean, +Petitperrin, Petit-Richard.<i>]</i> We find <i>Goodhew</i>, +<i>Goodhue</i>. Cf. <i>Gaukroger</i>, <i>i.e</i>. awkward Roger, +and <i>Goodwillie</i>. But the more usual origin of +<i>Goodhew</i>, <i>Goodhue</i> <i>is</i> from Middle Eng. +<i>heave</i>, servant, hind. Cf. <i>Goodhind</i>.</p> +<p>Most of the other names in Gower's list have been prolific. We +might add to them Roger, whence <i>Hodge</i> and <i>Dodge</i>, +<i>Humfrey</i>, which did not lend itself to many variations, and +Peter, from the French form of which we have many derivatives +(Chapter III), including perhaps the Huguenot <i>Perowne</i>, Fr. +Perron, but this can also be local, du Perron, the etymology, +Lat. <i>Petra</i>, rock, remaining the same.</p> +<p>The absence of the great names Alfred <i>[Footnote:</i> The +name <i>Alured</i> is due to misreading of the older +<i>Alvred</i>, <i>v</i> being written <i>u</i> in old MSS. +<i>Allfrey</i> is from the Old French form of the name.<i>]</i> +and Edward is not surprising, as they belonged to the conquered +race. Though Edward was revived as the name of a long line of +Kings, its contribution to surnames has been small, most names in +<i>Ed</i>-, <i>Ead</i>-, e.g. <i>Ede</i>, <i>Eden</i>, +<i>Edison</i>, <i>Edkins</i>, <i>Eady</i>, <i>etc</i>., belonging +rather to the once popular female name Eda or to Edith, though in +some cases they are from Edward or other Anglo-Saxon names having +the same initial syllable. James is a rare name in medieval +rolls, being represented by Jacob, and no doubt partly by Jack +(Chapter IV). It is—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Wrested from Jacob, +the same as Jago <i>[Footnote:</i> <i>Jago</i> <i>is</i> found, +with other Spanish names, in Cornwall; cf. <i>Bastian</i> or +<i>Baste</i>, for Sebastian.<i>]</i> in Spanish, Jaques in +French; which some Frenchified English, to their disgrace, have +too much affected" (Camden).</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">It appears in <i>Gimson</i>, +<i>Jemmett</i>, and the odd-looking <i>Gem</i>, while its French +form is somewhat disguised in <i>Jeakes</i> and +<i>Jex</i>.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80727" id="Toc80727">FASHIONS IN +FONT-NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>The force of royal example is seen in the popularity under the +Angevin kings of Henry, or Harry, Geoffrey and Fulk, the three +favourite names in that family. For Harry see Chapter III. +Geoffrey, from Ger. Gottfried, Godfrey, has given us a large +number of names in <i>Geff</i>-, <i>Jeff</i>-, and <i>Giff</i>-, +<i>Jiff</i>-, and probably also <i>Jebb</i>, <i>Gepp</i> and +<i>Jepson</i>, while to <i>Fulk</i> we owe <i>Fewkes</i>, +<i>Foakes</i>, <i>Fowkes</i>, <i>Vokes</i>, etc., and perhaps in +some cases <i>Fox</i>. But it is impossible to catalogue all the +popular medieval font-names. Many others will be found scattered +through this book as occasion or association suggests them.</p> +<p>Three names whose poor representation is surprising are +<i>Arthur</i>, <i>Charles</i> and <i>George</i>, the two great +Kings of medieval romance and the patron saint of Merrie England. +All three are fairly common in their unaltered form, and we find +also <i>Arter</i> for <i>Arthur</i>. But they have given few +derivatives, though <i>Atkins</i>, generally from <i>Ad</i>-, +<i>i.e</i>. Adam, may sometimes be from Arthur (cf. Bat for Bart, +Matty for Martha, etc.). Arthur is a rare medieval font-name, a +fact no doubt due to the sad fate of King John's nephew. Its +modern popularity dates from the Duke of Wellington, while +Charles and George were raised from obscurity by the Stuarts and +the Brunswicks. To these might be added the German name +Frederick, the spread of which was due to the fame of Frederick +the Great. It gave, however, in French the dissimilated +<i>Ferry</i>, one source of our surnames <i>Ferry</i>, +<i>Ferris</i>, though the former is generally local. +<i>[Footnote:</i> "For Frideric, the English have commonly used +Frery and Fery, which hath been now a long time a Christian name +in the ancient family of Tilney, and lucky to their house, as +they report." (Camden.)<i>]</i></p> +<p>If, on the other hand, we take from Gower's list a name which +is to-day comparatively rare, e.g. Gilbert, we find it +represented by a whole string of surnames, e.g. <i>Gilbart</i>, +<i>Gibbs</i>, <i>Gibson</i>, <i>Gibbon</i>, <i>Gibbins</i>, +<i>Gipps</i>, <i>Gipson</i>, to mention only the most familiar. +From the French dim. Gibelot we get the rather rare +<i>Giblett;</i> cf. <i>Hewlett</i> for Hew-el-et, <i>Hamlet</i> +for Ham-el-et (Hamo), etc.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80728" id="Toc80728">DERIVATIVES OF +FONT-NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>In forming patronymics from personal names, it is not always +the first syllable that is selected. In <i>Toll</i>, +<i>Tolley</i>, <i>Tollett</i>, from Bartholomew, the second has +survived, while <i>Philpot</i>, dim. of Philip, has given +<i>Potts</i>. From Alexander we get <i>Sanders</i> and +<i>Saunders</i>. But, taking, for simplicity, two instances in +which the first syllable has survived, we shall find plenty of +instruction in those two pretty men Robert and Richard. We have +seen (Chapter VI) that Roger gave <i>Hodge</i> and <i>Dodge</i>, +which, in the derivatives <i>Hodson</i> and <i>Dodson</i>, have +coalesced with names derived from Odo and the Anglo-Sax. Dodda +(Chapter VII). Similarly Robert gave <i>Rob</i>, <i>Hob</i> and +<i>Dob</i>, and Richard gave <i>Rick</i>, <i>Hick</i> and +<i>Dick</i>. <i>[Footnote:</i> I believe, however, that Hob is in +some cases from Hubert, whence <i>Hubbard</i>, <i>Hibbert</i>, +<i>Hobart</i>, etc.<i>]</i> Hob, whence <i>Hobbs</i>, was +sharpened into Hop, whence Hopps. The diminutive <i>Hopkin</i>, +passing into Wales, gave <i>Popkin</i>, just as ap-Robin became +<i>Probyn</i>, ap-Hugh <i>Pugh</i>, ap-Owen <i>Bowen</i>, etc. In +the north <i>Dobbs</i> became <i>Dabbs</i> (p. A. Hob also +developed another rimed form Nob cf. to "hob-nob" with anyone), +whence <i>Nobbs</i> and <i>Nabbs</i>, the latter, of course, +being sometimes rimed on <i>Abbs</i>, from Abel or Abraham. Bob +is the latest variant and has not formed many surnames. Richard +has a larger family than Robert, for, besides <i>Rick</i>, +<i>Hick</i> and Dick, we have <i>Rich</i> and <i>Hitch</i>, +<i>Higg</i> and <i>Digg</i>. The reader will be able to continue +this genealogical tree for himself.</p> +<p>The full or the shortened name can become a surname, either +without change, or with the addition of the genitive -<i>s</i> or +the word -<i>son</i>, the former more usual in the south, the +latter in the north. To take a simple case, we find as surnames +<i>William</i>, <i>Will</i>, <i>Williams</i>, <i>Wills</i>, +<i>Williamson</i>, <i>Wilson</i>. <i>[Footnote:</i> This suffix +has squeezed out all the others, though Alice John<i>son</i> is +theoretically absurd. In Mid. English we find daughter, father, +mother, brother and other terms of relationship used in this way, +e.g. in 1379, Agnes <i>Dyconwyfdowson</i>, the wife of Dow's son +Dick. Dawbarn, child of David, is still found. See also Chapter +XXI<i>]</i></p> +<p>From the short form we get diminutives by means of the English +suffixes -<i>ie</i> or -<i>y</i> (these especially in the north), +-<i>kin</i> (Chapter IV), and the French suffixes -<i>et</i>, +-<i>ot</i> (often becoming -<i>at</i> in English), -in, +-<i>on</i> (often becoming -<i>en</i> in English). Thus +<i>Willy</i>, <i>Wilkie</i>, <i>Willett</i>. I give a few +examples of surnames formed from each class</p> +<p>Ritchie (Richard), <i>Oddy</i> (Odo, whence also +<i>Oates)</i>, <i>Lambie</i> (Lambert), <i>Jelley</i> (Julian); +<i>[Footnote:</i> <i>Lamb</i> is also, of course, a nickname cf. +<i>Agnew</i>, Fr. <i>agneau</i>]</p> +<p><i>Dawkins</i>, <i>Dawkes</i> (David), <i>Hawkins</i>, +<i>Hawkes</i> (Hal), <i>Gilkins</i> (Geoffrey), <i>Perkins</i>, +<i>Perks</i> (Peter), <i>Rankin</i> (Randolf);</p> +<p><i>Gillett</i> (Gil, Chapter VI), <i>Collett</i> (Nicholas), +<i>Bartlett</i> (Bartholomew), <i>Ricketts</i> (Richard), +<i>Marriott</i>, <i>Marryat</i> (Mary), <i>Elliott</i> (Elias, +see Chapter IX), <i>Wyatt</i> (Guy), <i>Perrott</i> (Peter);</p> +<p><i>Collins</i> (Nicholas), <i>Jennings</i> (John, see Chapter +X), <i>Copping</i> (Jacob, see Chapter I), <i>Rawlin</i> (Raoul, +the French form of Radolf, whence <i>Roll</i>, <i>Ralph</i>, +<i>Relf)</i>, <i>Paton</i> +(Patrick), <i>Sisson</i> (Sirs, <i>i.e</i>. Cecilia), +<i>Gibbons</i> (Gilbert), <i>Beaton</i> (Beatrice).</p> +<p>In addition to the suffixes and diminutives already mentioned, +we have the two rather puzzling endings -<i>man</i> and +-<i>cock</i>. <i>Man</i> occurs as an ending in several Germanic +names which are older than the Conquest, e.g. <i>Ashman</i>, +<i>Harman</i>, <i>Coleman;</i> and the simple <i>Mann</i> is also +an Anglo-Saxon personal name. It is sometimes to be taken +literally, e.g. in <i>Goodman</i>, <i>i.e</i>. master of the +house (Matt. xx. ii), <i>Longman</i>, <i>Youngman</i>, +<i>etc</i>. In <i>Hickman</i>, <i>Homan</i> (How, Hugh), etc., it +may mean servant of, as in <i>Ladyman</i>, <i>Priestman</i>, or +may be merely an augmentative suffix. In <i>Coltman</i>, +<i>Runciman</i>, it is occupative, the man in charge of the +colts, rouncies or nags. Chaucer's Shipman—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Rood upon a +<i>rouncy</i> as he kouthe" (A. 390).</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">In <i>Bridgeman</i>, +<i>Pullman</i>, it means the man who lived near, or had some +office in connection with, the bridge or pool. But it is often +due to the imitative instinct. <i>Dedman</i> <i>is</i> for the +local Debenham, and <i>Lakeman</i> for Lakenham, while +<i>Wyman</i> represents the old name Wymond, and <i>Bowman</i> +and <i>Beeman</i> are sometimes for the local Beaumont (cf. the +pronunciation of Belvoir). But the existence in German of the +name <i>Bienemann</i> shows that <i>Beeman</i> may have meant +bee-keeper. <i>Sloman</i> may be a nickname, but also means the +man in the slough (Chapter XII), and <i>Godliman</i> <i>is</i> an +old familiar spelling of Godalming. We of course get doubtful +cases, e.g. <i>Sandeman</i> may be, as explained by Bardsley, the +servant of Alexander (Chapter VI), but it may equally well +represent Mid. Eng. <i>sandeman</i>, a messenger, and +<i>Lawman</i>, <i>Layman</i>, are rather to be regarded as +derivatives of <i>Lawrence</i> (Chapter VI) than what they appear +to be.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80729" id="Toc80729">THE SUFFIX +-<i>COCK</i></a></b></p> +<p>Many explanations have been given of the suffix -<i>cock</i>, +but I cannot say that any of them have convinced me. Both +<i>Cock</i> and the patronymic <i>Cocking</i> are found as early +personal names. The suffix was added to the shortened form of +font-names, e.g. <i>Alcock</i> (Allen), Hi<i>tchcock</i> +(Richard), was apparently felt as a mere diminutive, and took an +-<i>s</i> like the diminutives in -<i>kin</i>, e.g. +<i>Willcocks</i>, <i>Simcox</i>. In <i>Hedgecock</i>, +<i>'Woodcock</i>, etc., it is of course a nickname. The modern +<i>Cox</i> is one of our very common names, and the spelling +<i>Cock</i>, <i>Cocks</i>, <i>Cox</i>, can be found representing +three generations in the churchyard of Invergowrie, near +Dundee.</p> +<p>The two names <i>Bawcock</i> and <i>Meacock</i> had once a +special significance. Pistol, urged to the breach by Fluellen, +replies</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Good</font> +bawcock, bate thy rage! use lenity, sweet chuck"</i></p> +</div> +<p align="center"><i>(Henry</i> <i>V</i>., <i>iii</i>, 2);</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and Petruchio, pretending that +his first interview with Katherine has been most satisfactory, +says—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> + + "'Tis a world to see +<div style="margin-left: -8em"> + +How tame, when men and women are alone,<br> +A <i>meacock</i> wretch can make the curstest shrew." +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p align="justify"><i>(Taming</i> <i>of</i> <i>the</i> +<i>Shrew</i>, <i>ii</i>.<i>1</i>.<i>)</i> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">These have been explained as +Fr. <i>beau</i> <i>coq</i>, which is possible, and <i>meek</i> +<i>cock</i>, which is absurd. As both words are found as surnames +before Shakespeare's time, it is probable that they are +diminutives which were felt as suited to receive a special +connotation, just as a man who treats his thirst generously is +vulgarly called a <i>Lushington</i>. <i>Bawcock</i> can easily be +connected with Baldwin, while <i>Meacock</i>, <i>Maycock</i>, +belong to the personal name <i>May</i> or <i>Mee</i>, shortened +from the Old Fr. <i>Mahieu</i> (Chapter IX).</font></p> +<p>Although we are not dealing with Celtic names, a few words as +to the Scottish, Irish, and Welsh surnames which we find in our +directories may be useful. Those of Celtic origin are almost +invariably patronymics. The Scottish and Irish <i>Mac</i>, son, +used like the Anglo-Fr. <i>Fitz</i>-, ultimately means kin, and +is related to the -<i>mough</i> of <i>Watmough</i> (Chapter XXI) +and to the word <i>maid</i>. In <i>MacNab</i>, son of the abbot, +and <i>MacPherson</i>, son of the parson, we have curious +hybrids. In Manx names, such as <i>Quilliam</i> (Mac William), +<i>Killip</i> (Mac Philip), <i>Clucas</i> (Mac Lucas), we have +aphetic forms of <i>Mac</i>. The Irish <i>0'</i>, grandson, +descendant, has etymologically the same meaning as <i>Mac</i>, +and is related to the first part of Ger. <i>Oheim</i>, uncle, of +Anglo-Sax. <i>eam</i> (see <i>Eames</i>, Chapter XXI), and of +Lat. <i>avus</i>, grandfather. <i>Oe</i> or <i>oye</i> <i>is</i> +still used for grandchild in Scottish—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"There was my +daughter's wean, little Eppie Daidle, my <i>oe</i>, ye ken" +<i>(Heart</i> <i>of</i> <i>Midlothian</i>, ch. iv.).</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The names of the Lowlands of +Scotland are pretty much the same as those of northern England, +with the addition of a very large French element, due to the +close historical connection between the two countries. Examples +of French names, often much corrupted, are <i>Bethune</i> (Pas de +Calais), often corrupted into <i>Beaton</i>, the name of one of +the Queen's Maries, <i>Boswell</i> (Bosville, Seine Inf.), +<i>Bruce</i> (Brieux, Orne), <i>Comyn</i>, <i>Cumming</i> +(Comines, Nord), <i>Grant</i> <i>(le</i> <i>grand)</i>, +<i>Rennie</i> (René), etc.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80730" id="Toc80730">CELTIC NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>Welsh <i>Ap</i> or <i>Ab</i>, reduced from an older +<i>Map</i>, ultimately cognate with <i>Mac</i>, gives us such +names as <i>Probyn</i>, <i>Powell</i> (Howell, Hoel), +<i>Price</i> (Rhys), <i>Pritchard</i>, <i>Prosser</i> (Rosser), +<i>Prothero</i> (Roderick), <i>Bedward</i>, <i>Beddoes</i> +(Eddowe), <i>Blood</i> (Lud, Lloyd), <i>Bethell</i> (Ithel), +<i>Benyon</i> (Enion), whence also <i>Binyon</i> and the +local-looking <i>Baynham</i>. <i>Onion</i> and <i>Onions</i> are +imitative forms of Enion. <i>Applejohn</i> and <i>Upjohn</i> are +corruptions of Ap-john. The name <i>Floyd</i>, sometimes +<i>Flood</i>, <i>is</i> due to the English inability to grapple +with the Welsh <i>Ll—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"I am a gentylman and +come of Brutes [Brutus'] blood,</font><br> +My name is ap Ryce, ap Davy, ap <i>Flood</i>.<i>"</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>(Andrew Boorde, <i>Book</i> <i>of</i> <i>the</i> +<i>Introduction</i> <i>of</i> <i>Knowledge</i>, <i>ii</i> +<i>7</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">While Welsh names are almost +entirely patronymic, Cornish names are very largely local. They +are distinguished by the following prefixes and others of less +common occurrence: <i>Caer</i>-, fort, <i>Lan</i>-, church, +<i>Pen</i>-, hill, <i>Pol</i>-, pool, <i>Ros</i>-, heath, +<i>Tre</i>-, settlement, e.g. <i>Carthew</i>, <i>Lanyon</i>, +<i>Penruddock</i>, <i>Polwarth</i>, <i>Rosevear</i>, +<i>Trethewy</i>. Sometimes these elements are found combined, +e.g. in <i>Penrose</i>.</font></p> +<p>A certain number of Celtic nicknames and occupative names +which are frequently found in England will be mentioned elsewhere +(pp. 173, 216). In <i>Gilchrist</i>, Christ's servant, +<i>Gildea</i>, servant of God, <i>Gillies</i>, servant of Jesus, +<i>Gillespie</i>, bishop's servant, <i>Gilmour</i>, Mary's +servant, <i>Gilroy</i>, red servant, we have the Highland +"gillie." Such names were originally preceded by <i>Mac</i>-, +e.g. <i>Gilroy</i> <i>is</i> the same as <i>MacIlroy;</i> cf. +<i>MacLean</i>, for <i>Mac</i>-<i>gil</i>-<i>Ian</i>, son of the +servant of John. To the same class of formation belong Scottish +names in <i>Mal</i>-, e.g. <i>Malcolm</i>, and Irish names in +<i>Mul</i>-, e.g. <i>Mulholland</i>, in which the first element +means tonsured servant, shaveling, and the second is the name of +a saint.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144731" id="Toc2144731"></a><a name="Toc80731" +id="Toc80731">CHAPTER VII <b>GODERIC AND +GODIVA</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"England had now once +more (A.D. 1100) a King born on her own soil, a Queen of the +blood of the hero Eadmund, a King and Queen whose children would +trace to AElfred by two descents. Norman insolence mocked at the +English King and his English Lady under the English names of +<i>Godric</i> and <i>Godgifu</i>.<i>"</i> <i>[Footnote:</i> +"Godricum eum, et comparem Godgivam appellantes" (William of +Malmesbury, <i>Gesta</i> <i>Regum</i> +<i>Anglorum)</i>.]</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p>(FREEMAN, <i>Norman</i> <i>Conquest</i>, <i>v.</i> 170.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">In dealing with surnames we +begin after the Conquest, for the simple reason that there were +no surnames before. Occasionally an important person has come +down in history with a nickname, e.g. Edmund Iron-side, Harold +Harefoot, Edward the Confessor; but this is exceptional, and the +Anglo-Saxon, as a rule, was satisfied with one name. It is +probable that very many of the names in use before the Conquest, +whether of English or Scandinavian origin, were chosen because of +their etymological meaning, e.g. that the name Beornheard +<i>(Bernard</i>, <i>Barnard</i>, <i>Barnett)</i> was given to a +boy in the hope that he would grow up a warrior strong, just as +his sister might be called AEthelgifu, noble gift. The formation +of these old names is both interesting and, like all Germanic +nomenclature, poetic.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80732" id="Toc80732">FORMATION OF ANGLO-SAXON +NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>As a rule the name consists of two elements, and the number of +those elements which appear with great frequency is rather +limited. Some themes occur only in the first half of the name, +e.g. <i>Aethel</i>-, whence Aethelstan, later <i>Alston</i>; +<i>AElf</i>-, whence AElfgar, now <i>Elgar</i> <i>and</i> +<i>Agar</i> <i>(AEthel</i>- and <i>AElf</i>- soon got confused, +so that <i>Allvey</i>, <i>Elvey</i> <i>may</i> represent both +AEthelwig and AElfwig, or perhaps in some cases Ealdwig); +<i>Cuth</i>-, whence Cuthbeald, now <i>Cobbold</i> +<i>[Footnote:</i> This is also the origin of Cupples, and +probably of <i>Keble</i> and <i>Nibbles</i>. It shares +<i>Cobbett</i> and <i>Cubitt</i> with Cuthbeorht.<i>];</i> +<i>Cyne</i>-, whence Cynebeald now <i>Kimball</i> and +<i>Kemble</i>, both of which are also local, <i>Folc</i>-, whence +Folcheard and Folchere, now <i>Folkard</i> and <i>Fulcher;</i> +<i>Gund</i>-, whence Gundred, now <i>Gundry</i> and <i>Grundy</i> +(Metathesis, Chapter III); <i>Os</i>-, whence <i>Osbert</i>, +<i>Osborn</i>,</p> +<p>Other themes only occur as the second half of <i>the</i> name. +Such are -<i>gifu</i>, in Godgifu, <i>i.e</i>. Godiva, whence +<i>Goodeve;</i> -<i>lac</i> in Guthlac, now <i>Goodlake</i> and +<i>Goodluck</i> (Chapter XXI); -<i>laf</i> in Deorlaf, now +<i>Dearlove;</i> -<i>wacer</i> in Eoforwacer, now +<i>Earwaker</i>.</p> +<p>Other themes, and perhaps the greater number, may occur +indifferently first and second, e.g. <i>beald</i>, <i>god</i>, +<i>here</i>, <i>sige</i>, <i>weald</i>, <i>win</i>, <i>wulf</i> +or <i>ulf</i>. Thus we have complete reversals in Beald-wine, +whence <i>Baldwin</i>, and Wine-beald, whence <i>Winbolt</i>, +Here-weald, whence <i>Herald</i>, <i>Harold</i>, <i>Harrod</i>, +and Weald-here, whence <i>Walter</i> (Chapter I). With these we +may compare Gold-man and Man-gold, the latter of which has given +<i>Mangles</i>. So also we have Sige-heard, whence +<i>Siggers</i>, and Wulf-sige, now <i>Wolsey</i>, Wulf-noth, now +the imitative <i>Wallnutt</i>, and Beorht-wulf, later Bardolph +and <i>Bardell</i>. The famous name <i>Havelock</i> was borne by +the hero of a medieval epic, "Havelock the Dane," but +<i>Dunstan</i> is usually for the local Dunston. On the other +hand, <i>Winston</i> is a personal name, Wine-stan, whence +<i>Winstanley</i>.</p> +<p>These examples show that the pre-Norman names are by no means +unrepresented in the twentieth century, but, in this matter, one +must proceed with caution. To take as examples the two names that +head this chapter, there is no doubt that Goderic and Godiva are +now represented by <i>Goodrich</i> and <i>Goodeve</i>, but these +may also belong to the small group mentioned in Chapter VI, and +stand for good Richard and good Eve. Also <i>Goodrich</i> comes +in some cases from Goodrich, formerly Gotheridge, in Hereford, +which has also given <i>Gutteridge</i>.</p> +<p>Moreover, it must not be forgotten that our medieval +nomenclature is preponderantly French, as the early rolls show +beyond dispute, so that, even where a modern name appears +susceptible of an Anglo-Saxon explanation, it is often safer to +refer it to the Old French cognate; for the Germanic names +introduced into France by the Frankish conquerors, and the +Scandinavian names which passed into Normandy, contained very +much the same elements as our own native names, but underwent a +different phonetic development. Thus I would rather explain +<i>Bawden</i>, <i>Bowden</i>, <i>Boulders</i>, <i>Boden</i>, and +the dims. <i>Body</i> and <i>Bodkin</i>, as Old French variants +from the Old Ger. Baldawin than as coming directly from +Anglo-Saxon. <i>Boyden</i> undoubtedly goes back to Old Fr. +Baudouin.</p> +<p>Practically all the names given in Gower's lines (Chapter V), +and many others to which I have ascribed a continental origin, +are found occasionally in England before the Conquest, but the +weight of evidence shows that they were either adopted in England +as French names or were corrupted in form by the Norman scribes +and officials. To take other examples, our <i>Tibbald</i>, +<i>Tibbles</i>, <i>Tibbs</i> suggest the Fr. Thibaut rather than +the natural development of Anglo-Sax. Thiudbeald, <i>i.e</i>. +Theobald; and <i>Ralph</i>, <i>Relf</i>, <i>Roff</i>, etc., show +the regular Old French development of Raedwulf, Radolf. Tibaut +Wauter, <i>i.e</i>. Theobald Walter, who lived in Lancashire in +1242, had both his names in an old French form.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80733" id="Toc80733">ANGLO-SAXON +NICKNAMES</a></b></p> +<p>As a matter of fact, the various ways of forming nicknames or +descriptive names, are all used in the pre-Conquest personal +names. We find <i>Orme</i>, <i>i.e</i>. serpent or dragon (cf. +Great Orme's Head), Wulf, <i>i.e</i>. Wolf, Hwita, <i>i.e</i>. +<i>White</i>, and its derivative Hwiting, now <i>Whiting</i>, +Saemann, <i>i.e</i>. <i>Seaman</i>, Bonda, <i>i.e</i>. +<i>Bond</i>, Leofcild, dear child, now <i>Leif</i> <i>child</i>, +etc. But, except the case of <i>Orme</i>, <i>so</i> common as the +first element of place-names, I doubt the survival of these as +purely personal names into the surname period and regard +<i>White</i>, <i>Seaman</i>, <i>Bond</i>, <i>Leif</i> +<i>child</i> rather as new epithets of Mid. English formation. +<i>Whiting</i> <i>is</i> of course Anglo-Saxon, -<i>ing</i> being +the regular patronymic suffix. Cf. <i>Browning</i>, +<i>Benning</i>, <i>Dering</i>, <i>Dunning</i>, <i>Gunning</i>, +<i>Hemming</i>, <i>Kipping</i>, <i>Manning</i>, and many others +which occur in place-names. But not all names in -<i>ing</i> are +Anglo-Saxon, e.g. <i>Baring</i> <i>is</i> German; cf. Behring, of +the Straits; and <i>Jobling</i> <i>is</i> Fr. Jobelin, a double +dim. of Job.</p> +<p>I will now give a few examples of undoubted survival of these +Anglo-Saxon compounds, showing how the suffixes have been +corrupted and simplified. Among the commonest of these suffixes +are -<i>beald</i>, -<i>beorht</i>, -<i>cytel</i> (Chapter VII.), +-<i>god</i>, -<i>heard</i>, -<i>here</i>, -<i>man</i>, +-<i>mund</i>, -<i>raed</i>, -<i>ric</i>, -<i>weald</i>, +-<i>weard</i>, -<i>wine</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> Bold, bright, +kettle, god, strong, army, man, protection, counsel, powerful, +ruling, guard, friend.<i>]</i> which survive in <i>Rumball</i> +and <i>Rumbold</i> (Rumbeald), <i>Allbright</i> <i>[Footnote:</i> +AIbert is of modern German introduction.<i>]</i> and +<i>Allbutt</i> (Ealdbeorht, <i>i.e</i>. Albert), <i>Arkle</i> +(Earncytel), <i>Allgood</i> and <i>Elgood</i> (AElfgod), +<i>Everett</i> (Eoforheard, <i>i.e</i>. Everard), Gunter +(Gundhere), <i>Harman</i> (Hereman), <i>Redmond</i> (Raedmund), +<i>[Footnote:</i> Pure Anglo-Saxon, like the names of so many +opponents of English tyranny. <i>Parnell</i> is of course not +Irish (Chapter X).<i>]</i> <i>Aldred</i>, <i>Eldred</i> +<i>(</i>AEthelraed or Ealdraed), <i>Aldridge</i>, +<i>Alderick</i>, <i>Eldridge</i> (AEthelric or Ealdric), +<i>Thorold</i> (Thurweald), and, through Fr. Turold, +<i>Turrell</i>, <i>Terrell</i>, and <i>Tyrrell</i>, +<i>Harward</i> and <i>Harvard</i> (Hereweard), <i>Lewin</i> +(Leofwine).</p> +<p>In popular use some of these endings got confused, e.g. +<i>Rumbold</i> probably sometimes represents Rumweald, while +<i>Kennard</i> no doubt stands for Coenweard as well as for +Coenheard. <i>Man</i> and <i>round</i> were often interchanged +(Chapter VI), so that from Eastmund come both <i>Esmond</i> and +<i>Eastman</i>. <i>Gorman</i> represents Gormund, and +<i>Almond</i> (Chapter XI) is so common in the Middle Ages that +it must sometimes be from AEthelmund.</p> +<p>Sometimes the modern forms are imitative. Thus <i>Allchin</i> +<i>is</i> for Ealhwine (Alcuin), and <i>Goodyear</i>, +<i>Goodier</i> and <i>Goodair</i> <i>may</i> represent Godhere. +<i>[Footnote:</i> This may, however, be taken literally. There is +a German name <i>Gutjahr</i> and a Norfolk name +<i>Feaveryear</i>.] <i>Good</i>-<i>beer</i>, <i>Godbehere</i>, +<i>Gotobed</i> are classed by Bardsley under Godbeorht, whence +<i>Godber</i>. But in these three names the face value of the +words may well be accepted (pp. 156, 203, 206). Wisgar or +Wisgeard has given the imitative <i>Whisker</i> and +<i>Vizard</i>, and, through French, the Scottish <i>Wishart</i>, +which is thus the same as the famous Norman Guiscard. +<i>Garment</i> and <i>Rayment</i> are for Garmund and Regenmund, +<i>i.e</i>. Raymond.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80734" id="Toc80734">ANGLO-SAXON +SURVIVALS</a></b></p> +<p>Other names which can be traced directly to the group of +Anglo-Saxon names dealt with above are <i>Elphick</i> (AElfheah), +which in Norman French gave Alphege, <i>Elmer</i> (AElfmaer), +<i>Allnutt</i> (AElfnoth), <i>Alwin</i>, <i>Elwin</i>, +<i>Elvin</i> (AElfwine), <i>Aylmer</i> (AEthelmaer), +<i>Aylward</i> (AEthelweard), <i>Kenrick</i> (Coenric), +<i>Collard</i> (Ceolheard), Colvin (Ceolwine), <i>Darwin</i> +(Deorwine), <i>Edridge</i> (Eadric), <i>Aldwin</i>, <i>Auden</i> +(Ealdwine), <i>Baldry</i> (Bealdred or Bealdric), <i>Falstaff</i> +(Fastwulf), <i>Filmer</i> (Filumaer), <i>Frewin</i> eowine), +<i>Garrard</i>, <i>Garrett</i>, <i>Jarrold</i> (Gaerheard, +Gaerweald), but probably these are through French, <i>Garbett</i> +(Garbeald, with which cf. the Italian <i>Garibaldi)</i>, +<i>Gatliffe</i> <i>(Geatle</i>of), <i>Goddard</i> (Godheard), +<i>Goodliffe</i> (Godleof), <i>Gunnell</i> (Gunhild), +<i>Gunner</i> (Gunhere), <i>[Footnote:</i> It is unlikely that +this name is connected with <i>gun</i>, a word of too late +appearance. It may be seen over a shop in Brentford, perhaps kept +by a descendant of the thane of the adjacent Gunnersbury.<i>]</i> +<i>Haines</i> (Hagene), <i>Haldane</i> (Haelfdene), +<i>Hastings</i> (Haesten, the Danish chief who gave his name to +Hastings, formerly Haestinga-ceaster), <i>Herbert</i> +(Herebeorht), <i>Herrick</i> Hereric), <i>Hildyard</i> +(Hildegeard), <i>Hubert</i>, <i>Hubbard</i>, <i>Hobart</i>, +<i>Hibbert</i> (Hygebeorht), <i>Ingram</i> (Ingelram), +<i>Lambert</i> (Landbeorht), <i>Livesey</i> (Leofsige), +<i>Lemon</i> (Leofman), <i>Leveridge</i> (Leofric), +<i>Loveridge</i> (Luferic), <i>Maynard</i> (Maegenheard), +<i>Manfrey</i> (Maegenfrith), <i>Rayner</i> (Regenhere), +<i>Raymond</i> (Regenmund), <i>Reynolds</i> (Regenweald), +<i>Seabright</i> (Sigebeorht or Saebeorht), <i>Sayers</i> +(Saegaer), <i>[Footnote:</i> The simple <i>Sayer</i> is also for +"assayer," either of metals or of meat and drink— +"<i>essayeur</i>, an essayer; one that tasts, or takes an essay; +and particularly, an officer in the mint, who touches every kind +of new Coyne before it be delivered out" (Cotgrave). Robert +<i>le</i> <i>sayer</i>, goldsmith, was a London citizen <i>c</i>. +1300.<i>]</i> <i>Sewell</i> (Saeweald or Sigeweald), +<i>Seward</i> (Sigeweard), <i>Turbot</i> (Thurbeorht), +<i>Thoroughgood</i> (Thurgod), <i>Walthew</i> (Waltheof), +<i>Warman</i> (Waermund), <i>Wyberd</i> (Wigbeorht), <i>Wyman</i> +(Wigmund), <i>Willard</i> (Wilheard), <i>Winfrey</i> (Winefrith), +<i>Ulyett</i> and <i>Woollett</i> (Wulfgeat), <i>Wolmer</i> +(Wulfmaer), <i>Woodridge</i> (Wulfric).</p> +<p>In several of these, e.g. <i>Fulcher</i>, <i>Hibbert</i>, +<i>Lambert</i>, <i>Reynolds</i>, the probability is that the name +came through French. Where an alternative explanation is +possible, the direct Anglo-Saxon origin is generally the less +probable. Thus, although Coning occurs as an Anglo-Saxon name, +<i>Collings</i> <i>is</i> generally a variant of <i>Collins</i> +(cf. <i>Jennings</i> for Jennins), and though <i>Hammond</i> +<i>is</i> etymologically Haganmund, it is better to connect it +with the very popular French name Hamon. <i>Simmonds</i> might +come from Sigemund, but is more likely from Simon with excrescent +-<i>d</i> (Epithesis, Chapter III).</p> +<p>In many cases the Anglo-Saxon name was a simplex instead of a +compound. The simple Cytel survives as <i>Chettle</i>, +<i>Kettle</i>. <i>[Footnote:</i> Connected with the kettle or +cauldron of Norse mythology. The renowned Captain Kettle, +described by his creator as a Welshman, must have descended from +some hardy Norse pirate. Many names in this chapter are +Scandinavian.<i>]</i> Beorn is one of the origins of +<i>Barnes</i>. <i>Brand</i> also appears as <i>Braund</i>, +<i>Grim</i> <i>is</i> common in place-names, and from Grima we +have <i>Grimes</i>. Cola gives <i>Cole</i>, the name of a monarch +of ancient legend, but this name is more usually from Nicolas +(Chapter VI). Gonna is now <i>Gunn</i>, Serl has given the very +common <i>Searle</i>, and Wicga is <i>Wigg</i>. From Hacun we +have <i>Hack</i> and the dim. <i>Hackett</i>.</p> +<p>To these might be added many examples of pure adjectives, such +as Freo, <i>Free</i>, Froda, (prudent), <i>Froude</i>, Gods, +<i>Good</i>, Leof (dear), <i>Leif</i>, <i>Leaf</i>, Read (red), +<i>Read</i>, <i>Reid</i>, <i>Reed</i>, Rica, <i>Rich</i>, Rudda +(ruddy), <i>Rudd</i> and <i>Rodd</i>, Snel (swift, valiant), +<i>Snell</i>, Swet, <i>Sweet</i>, etc., or epithets such as Boda +(messenger), <i>Bode</i>, Cempa (warrior), <i>Kemp</i>, Cyta, +<i>Kite</i>, Dreng (warrior), <i>Dring</i>, Eorl, <i>Earl</i>, +Godcild, <i>Goodchild</i>, Nunna, <i>Nunn</i>, Oter, +<i>Otter</i>, Puttoc (kite), <i>Puttock</i>, Saemann, +<i>Seaman</i>, Spearhafoc, <i>Sparhawk</i>, <i>Spark</i> (Chapter +I), Tryggr (true), <i>Triggs</i>, Unwine (unfriend), +<i>Unwin</i>, etc. But many of these had died out as personal +names and, in medieval use, were nicknames pure and simple.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80735" id="Toc80735">MONOSYLLABIC +NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>Finally, there is a very large group of Anglo-Saxon +dissyllabic names, usually ending in -<i>a</i>, which appear to +be pet forms of the longer names, though it is not always +possible to establish the connection. Many of them have double +forms with a long and short vowel respectively. It is to this +class that we must refer the large number of our monosyllabic +surnames, which would otherwise defy interpretation. Anglo-Sax. +Dodds gave <i>Dodd</i>, while Dodson's partner <i>Fogg</i> had an +ancestor Focga. Other examples are Bacga, <i>Bagg</i>, Benna, +<i>Benn</i>, Bota, <i>Boot</i> and dim. <i>Booty</i>, Botts, +<i>Bolt</i>, whence <i>Bolting</i>, Bubba, <i>Bubb</i>, Budda, +<i>Budd</i>, Bynna, <i>Binns</i>, Cada, <i>Cade</i>, Cobbs, +<i>Cobb</i>, Coda, <i>Coad</i>, Codda, <i>Codd</i>, <i>Cuffs</i>, +<i>Cuff</i>, Deda, <i>Deedes</i>, Duda, <i>Dowd</i>, Duna, +<i>Down</i>, Donna, <i>Dunn</i>, Dutta, <i>Dull</i>, Eada, +<i>Eade</i>, <i>Edes</i>, etc., Ebba, <i>Ebbs;</i> Eppa, +<i>Epps</i>, Hudda, <i>Hud</i>, whence <i>Hudson</i>, Inga, +<i>Inge</i>, Sibba, <i>Sibbs</i>, Sicga, <i>Siggs</i>, Tata, +<i>Tate</i> and <i>Tait</i>, Tidda, <i>Tidd</i>, Tigga, +<i>Tigg</i>, Toca, <i>Tooke</i>, Tucca, <i>Tuck</i>, Wada, +<i>Wade</i>, Wadda, <i>Waddy</i>, etc. Similarly French took from +German a number of surnames formed from shortened names in +-<i>o</i>, with an accusative in -<i>on</i>, e.g. Old Ger. Bodo +has given Fr. Bout and Bouton, whence perhaps <i>our</i> +<i>Butt</i> and <i>Button</i>.</p> +<p>But the names exemplified above are very thinly represented in +early records, and, though their existence in surnames derived +from place-names <i>(Dodsley</i>, <i>Bagshaw</i>, <i>Bensted</i>, +<i>Bedworth</i>, <i>Cobham</i>, <i>Ebbsworth</i>, etc.) would +vouch for them even if they were not recorded, their comparative +insignificance is attested by the fact that they form very few +derivatives.</p> +<p>Compare, for instance, the multitudinous surnames which go +back to monosyllables of the later type of name, such as John and +Hugh, with the complete sterility of the names above. Therefore, +when an alternative derivation for a surname is possible, it is +usually ten to one that this alternative is right. <i>Dodson</i> +<i>is</i> a simplified <i>Dodgson</i>, from Roger (Chapter VI); +<i>Benson</i> belongs to Benedict, sometimes to Benjamin; +<i>Cobbett</i> <i>is</i> a disguised <i>Cuthbert</i> or +<i>Cobbold</i> (cf. <i>Garrett</i>, Chapter II); <i>Down</i> is +usually local, at the down or dune; <i>Dunn</i> is medieval +<i>le</i> <i>dun</i>, a colour nickname; names in <i>Ead</i>-, +<i>Ed</i>-, are usually from the medieval female name Eda +(Chapter VI); <i>Sibbs</i> generally belongs to Sibilla or +Sebastian; <i>Tait</i> must sometimes be for Fr. +<i>Tête</i>, with which cf. Eng. <i>Head;</i> <i>Tidd</i> +<i>is</i> an old pet form of Theodore; and <i>Wade</i> <i>is</i> +more frequently <i>atte</i> <i>wade</i>, <i>i.e</i>. ford. Even +<i>Ebbs</i> and <i>Epps</i> are more likely to be shortened forms +of Isabella, usually reduced to Ib, or Ibbot (Chapter X), or of +the once popular Euphemia.</p> +<p>To sum up, we may say that the Anglo-Saxon element <i>in</i> +our surnames is much larger than one would imagine from +Bardsley's <i>Dictionary</i>, and that it accounts, not only for +names which have a distinctly Anglo-Saxon suffix or a disguised +form of one, but also for a very large number of monosyllabic +names which survive in isolation and without kindred. In this +chapter I have only given sets of characteristic examples, to +which many more might be added. It would be comparatively easy, +with some imagination and a conscientious neglect of evidence, to +connect the greater number of our surnames with the +Anglo-Saxons.</p> +<p>Thus <i>Honeyball</i> might very well represent the Anglo-Sax. +Hunbeald, but, in the absence of links, it is better to regard it +as a popular perversion of Hannibal (Chapter VIII). In dealing +with this subject, the <i>via</i> <i>media</i> <i>is</i> the safe +one, and one cannot pass in one stride from Hengist and Horsa to +the Reformation period.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80736" id="Toc80736">"HIDEOUS +NAMES"</a></b></p> +<p>Matthew Arnold, in his essay on the <i>Function</i> <i>of</i> +<i>Criticism</i> <i>at</i> <i>the</i> <i>Present</i> <i>Time</i>, +<i>is</i> moved by the case of Poor <i>Wragg</i>, who was "in +custody," to the following wail—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"What a touch of +grossness in our race, what an original shortcoming in the more +delicate spiritual perceptions, is shown by the natural growth +amongst us of such hideous <i>names—Higginbottom</i>, +<i>Stiggins</i>, <i>Bugg!"</i></font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">But this is the poet's point of +view. Though there may have been "no <i>Wragg</i> by the +Ilissus," it is not a bad name, for, in its original form +<i>Ragg</i>, it is the first element of the heroic Ragnar, and +probably unrelated to <i>Raggett</i>, which is the medieval +<i>le</i> <i>ragged</i>. <i>Bugg</i>, which one family exchanged +for Norfolk Howard, is the Anglo-Saxon Bucgo, a name no doubt +borne by many a valiant warrior. <i>Stiggins</i>, as we have seen +(Chapter XIII), goes back to a name great in history, and +<i>Higginbottom</i> (Chapter XII) is purely +geographical.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144732" id="Toc2144732"></a><a name="Toc80737" +id="Toc80737">CHAPTER VIII <b>PALADINS AND +HEROES</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<div style="margin-left: 2em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3"> +"Morz est Rollanz, +Deus en ad l'anme es ciels.</font><br> +Li Emperere en Rencesvals parvient…<br> +Carles escriet: 'U estes vus, bels niés?<br> +U l'Arcevesques e li quens Oliviers?<br> +U est Gerins e sis cumpainz Geriers?<br> +Otes u est e Ii quens Berengiers?<br> +Ives e Ivories que j'aveie tant chiers?<br> +Qu'est devenuz li Guascuinz Engeliers,<br> +Sansun li dux e Anseïs li fiers?<br> +U est Gerarz de Russillun li vielz,<br> +Li duze per que j'aveie laissiet?'"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><i>(Chanson</i> <i>de</i> <i>Roland</i>, 1. 2397.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>[Footnote:</i> "Dead is Roland, God has his soul in heaven. +The Emperor arrives at Roncevaux… Charles cries: 'Where +are you, fair nephew? Where the archbishop (Turpin) and Count +Oliver? Where is Gerin and his comrade Gerier? Where is Odo and +count Berenger? Ivo and Ivory whom I held so dear? What has +become of the Gascon Engelier? Samson the duke and Anseis the +proud?<br>Where is Gerard of Roussillon the old, the twelve peers +whom I had left?' "<i>]</i></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">It is natural that many +favourite names should be taken from those of heroes of romance +whose exploits were sung all over Europe by wandering minstrels. +Such names, including those taken from the Round Table legends, +usually came to us through French, though a few names of the +British heroes are Welsh, e.g. <i>Cradock</i> from Caradoc +(Caractacus) and <i>Maddox</i> from Madoc.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80738" id="Toc80738">THE ROUND +TABLE</a></b></p> +<p>But the Round Table stories were versified much later than the +true Old French <i>Chansons</i> <i>de</i> <i>Geste</i>, which had +a basis in the national history, and not many of Arthur's knights +are immortalized as surnames. We have <i>Tristram</i>, +<i>Lancelot</i>, whence <i>Lance</i>, <i>Percival</i>, Gawain in +<i>Gavin</i>, and <i>Kay</i>. But the last named is, like +<i>Key</i>, more usually from the word we now spell "quay," +though <i>Key</i> and <i>Keys</i> can also be shop-signs, as of +course <i>Crosskeys</i> is. <i>Linnell</i> is sometimes for +Lionel, as <i>Neil</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> But the Scottish Neil +is a Gaelic name often exchanged for the unrelated Nigel.<i>]</i> +<i>Neal</i> for Nigel. The ladies have fared better. +<i>Vivian</i>, which is sometimes from the masculine Vivien, is +found in Dorset as <i>Vye</i>, and Isolt and Guinevere, which +long survived as font-names in Cornwall, have given several +names. From Isolt come <i>Isard</i>, <i>Isitt</i>, <i>Izzard</i>, +<i>Izod</i>, and many other forms, while Guinever appears as +<i>Genever</i>, <i>Jennifer</i>, <i>Gaynor</i>, <i>Gilliver</i>, +<i>Gulliver</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> There is also an Old Fr. +Gulafre which will account for some of the Gullivers.<i>]</i> and +perhaps also as <i>Juniper</i>. It is probably also the source of +<i>Genn</i> and <i>Ginn</i>, though these may come also from +Eugenia or from Jane. The later prose versions of the Arthurian +stories, such as those of Malory, are full of musical and +picturesque names like those used by Mr. Maurice Hewlett, but +this artificial nomenclature has left no traces in our +surnames.</p> +<p>Of the paladins the most popular was Roland or Rowland, who +survives as <i>Rowe</i>, <i>Rowlinson</i>, <i>Rolls</i>, +<i>Rollit</i>, etc., sometimes coalescing with the derivations of +Raoul, another epic hero. Gerin or Geri gave <i>Jeary</i>, and +<i>Oates</i> is the nominative (Chapter VIII) of Odo, an +important Norman name. Berenger appears as <i>Barringer</i> and +<i>Bellinger</i> (Chapter III). The simple <i>Oliver</i> is +fairly common, but it also became the Cornish <i>Olver</i>. But +perhaps the largest surname family connected with the paladins is +derived from the Breton Ives or Ivon <i>[Footnote:</i> A number +of Old French names had an accusative in -<i>on</i> <i>or</i> +-<i>ain</i>. Thus we find <i>Otes</i>, <i>Oton</i>, <i>Ives</i>, +<i>Ivain</i>, and feminines such as <i>Ide</i>, <i>Idain</i>, all +of which survive as English surnames.<i>]</i> whose name appears +in that of two English towns. It is the same as Welsh Evan, and +the Yvain of the Arthurian legends, and has given us <i>Ives</i>, +<i>Ivison</i>, <i>Ivatts</i>, <i>etc</i>. The modern surname +<i>Ivory</i> <i>is</i> usually an imitative form of <i>Every</i> +or <i>Avery</i> <i>(p</i>, <i>82)</i>. Gerard has a variety of +forms in <i>Ger</i>- and <i>Gar</i>-, <i>Jer</i>and <i>Jar</i>- +(see <i>p</i>.<i>32)</i>. The others do not seem to have +survived, except the redoubtable Archbishop <i>Turpin</i>, whose +fame is probably less than that of his namesake Dick.</p> +<p>Besides the paladins, there are many heroes of Old French epic +whose names were popular during the two centuries that followed +the Conquest. Ogier le Danois, who also fought at Roncevaux, has +given us <i>Odgers;</i> Fierabras occasionally crops up as +<i>Fairbrass</i>, <i>Firebrace;</i> Aimeri de Narbonne, from +Almaric, <i>[Footnote:</i> A metathesis of Amalric, which is +found in Anglo-Saxon.<i>]</i> whence Ital. Amerigo, is in English +<i>Amery</i>, <i>Emery</i>, <i>Imray</i>, etc.; Renaud de +Montauban is represented by <i>Reynolds</i> (Chapter VII) and +<i>Reynell</i>.</p> +<p>The famous <i>Doon</i> de Mayence may have been an ancestor of +Lorna, and the equally famous Garin, or Warin, de Monglane has +given us <i>Gearing</i>, <i>Gearing</i>, <i>Waring</i>, sometimes +<i>Warren</i>, and the diminutives <i>Garnett</i> and +<i>Warnett</i>. Milo, of Greek origin, became <i>Miles</i>, with +dim. <i>Millett</i>, but the chief origin of the surname +<i>Miles</i> <i>is</i> a contracted form of the common font-name +Michael. Amis and Amiles were the David and Jonathan of Old +French epic and the former survives as <i>Ames</i>, <i>Amies</i>, +and <i>Amos</i>, the last an imitative form.</p> +<p>We have also <i>Berner</i> from Bernier, <i>Bartram</i> from +Bertran, <i>Farrant</i> from Fernand, Terry and <i>Terriss</i> +from Thierry, the French form of Ger. Dietrich (Theodoric), +which, through Dutch, has given also <i>Derrick</i>. Garner, from +Ger. Werner, is our <i>Garner</i> <i>an</i>d <i>Warner</i>, +though these have other origins (pp. 154, 185). Dru, from Drogo, +has given <i>Drew</i>, with dim. <i>Druitt</i> (Chapter V), and +<i>Druce</i>, though the latter may also come from the town of +Dreux. <i>Walrond</i> and <i>Waldron</i> are for Waleran, usually +Galeran, and King Pippin had a retainer named <i>Morant</i>. +Saint Leger, or Leodigarius, appears as <i>Ledger</i>, +<i>Ledgard</i>, <i>etc</i>., and sometimes in the shortened +<i>Legg</i>. Among the heroines we have <i>Orbell</i> from +Orable, while Blancheflour may have suggested <i>Lillywhite;</i> +but the part played by women in <i>the</i> <i>Chansons</i> +<i>de</i> <i>Geste</i> was insignificant.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80739" id="Toc80739">THE CHANSONS DE +GESTE</a></b></p> +<p>As this element in our nomenclature has hitherto received no +attention, it may be well to add a few more examples of names +which occur very frequently in the <i>Chansons</i> <i>de</i> +<i>Geste</i> and which have undoubted representatives in modern +English. <i>Allard</i> was one of the Four Sons of Aymon. The +name is etymologically identical with <i>Aylward</i> (Chapter +VII), but in the above form has reached us through French. Acard +or Achard is represented by <i>Haggard</i>, <i>Haggett</i>, and +<i>Hatchard</i>, <i>Hatchett</i>, though <i>Haggard</i> probably +has another origin (Chapter XXIII). <i>Harness</i> <i>is</i> +imitative for Harnais, Herneis. <i>Clarabutt</i> <i>is</i> for +Clarembaut; cf. <i>Archbutt</i> for Archembaut, the Old French +form of Archibald, <i>Archbold</i>. <i>Durrant</i> is Durand, +still a very common French surname. <i>Ely</i> is Old Fr. +Élie, <i>i</i>.<i>e</i>. Elias (Chapter IX), which had the +dim. Elyot. <i>[Footnote:</i> For other names belonging to this +group see Chapter IX.<i>]</i> We also find Old Fr. Helye, whence +our <i>Healey</i>. Enguerrand is telescoped to <i>Ingram</i>, +though this may also come from the English form Ingelram. +<i>Fawkes</i> is the Old Fr. Fauques, nominative (Chapter VIII) +of Faucon, <i>i.e</i>. falcon. <i>Galpin</i> is contracted from +<i>Galopin</i>, a famous epic thief, but it may also come from +the common noun <i>galopin</i>—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Galloppins</i>, +under cookes, or scullions in monasteries."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p>(Cotgrave.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">In either case it means a +"runner." <i>Henfrey</i> is from Heinfrei or Hainfroi, identical +with Anglo-Sax. Haganfrith, and <i>Manser</i> from Manesier. +<i>Neame</i> (Chapter XXI) may sometimes represent Naime, the +Nestor of Old French epic and the sage counsellor of Charlemagne. +<i>Richer</i>, from Old Fr. Richier, has generally been absorbed +by the cognate Richard. <i>Aubrey</i> and <i>Avery</i> are from +Alberic, cognate with Anglo-Sax. AElfric. An unheroic name like +<i>Siggins</i> may be connected with several heroes called +Seguin.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80740" id="Toc80740">ANTIQUE NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>Nor are the heroes of antiquity altogether absent. Along with +Old French national and Arthurian epics there were a number of +romances based on the legends of Alexander, Caesar, and the tale +of Troy. Alexander, or <i>Saunder</i>, was the favourite among +this class of names, especially in Scotland. <i>Cayzer</i> was +generally a nickname (Chapter XIII), its later form <i>Cesar</i> +being due to Italian influence, <i>[Footnote:</i> Julius Cesar, +physician to Queen Elizabeth, was a Venetian (Bardsley).<i>]</i> +and the same applies to <i>Hannibal</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> But +the frequent occurrence of this name and its corruptions in +Cornwall suggests that it may really have been introduced by +Carthaginian sailors.<i>]</i> when it is not an imitative form of +the female name Annabel, also corrupted into <i>Honeyball</i>. +Both Dionisius and Dionisia were once common, and have survived +as <i>Dennis</i>, <i>Dennett</i>, <i>Denny</i>, and from the +shortened <i>Dye</i> we get <i>Dyson</i>. But this Dionisius was +the patron saint of France. Apparent names of heathen gods and +goddesses are almost always due to folk-etymology, e.g. +<i>Bacchus</i> is for <i>back</i>-<i>house</i> or +<i>bake</i>-<i>house</i>, and the ancestors of Mr. Wegg's friend +<i>Venus</i> came from Venice.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><a name="Toc2144733" id="Toc2144733"></a></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80741" id="Toc80741">CHAPTER IX <b>THE BIBLE AND +THE CALENDAR</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">" 'O Now you see, +brother Toby,' he would say, looking up, 'that Christian names +are not such indifferent things; —had Luther here been +called by any other name but Martin, he would have been damn'd to +all eternity' "</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 20em"> +<p><i>(Tristram</i> <i>Shandy</i>, ch. xxxv).</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a name="Toc80742" id="Toc80742">OLD TESTAMENT +NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>The use of biblical names as font-names does not date from the +Puritans, nor are surnames derived from Abraham, Isaac and Jacob +necessarily Jewish. The Old Testament names which were most +popular among the medieval peasants from whom we nearly all +spring were naturally those connected with the most picturesque +episodes of sacred history. Taking as an example the father of +all men, we find derived from the name <i>Adam</i> the following: +<i>Adams</i>, <i>Adamson</i>, <i>Adcock</i>, <i>Addis</i>, +<i>Addison</i>, <i>Adds</i>, <i>Addy</i>, <i>Ade</i>, +<i>Ades</i>, <i>Adey</i>, <i>Adis</i>, <i>Ady</i>, <i>Addey</i>, +<i>Aday</i>, <i>Adee</i>, <i>Addyman</i>, <i>Adkin</i>, +<i>Adkins</i>, <i>Adkinson</i>, <i>Adnett</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> +Adenet (little Adam) le Roi was an Old French epic hero.<i>]</i> +<i>Adnitt</i>, <i>Adnet</i>, <i>Adnot</i>, <i>Atkin</i>, +<i>Atkins</i>, <i>Atkinson</i>, and the northern <i>Aitken</i>, +etc. This list, compiled from Bardsley's <i>Dictionary</i> +<i>of</i> <i>Surnames</i>, is certainly not exhaustive. Probably +<i>Taddy</i> is rimed on Addy as <i>Taggy</i> is on Aggy (Agnes). +To put together all the derivatives of John or Thomas would be a +task almost beyond the wit of man. Names in <i>Abb</i>-, +<i>App</i>-, may come from either Abraham or Abel, and from +<i>Abbs</i> we also have <i>Nabbs</i>. Cain was of course +unpopular. <i>Cain</i>, <i>Cane</i>, <i>Kain</i>, when not Manx, +is from the town of Caen or from Norman <i>quêne</i>, an +oak.</p> +<p>Moses appears in the French form <i>Moyes</i> (Moïse) as +early as 1273, and still earlier as <i>Moss</i>. Of the +patriarchs the favourites were perhaps Jacob and Joseph, the name +<i>Jessop</i> from the latter having been influenced by Ital. +Giuseppe. Benjamin has sometimes given <i>Benson</i> and +<i>Bennett</i>, but these are generally for Benedict (Chapter +IV). The Judges are poorly represented, except <i>Samson</i>, a +name which has obviously coalesced with the derivatives of +Samuel. David had, of course, an immense vogue, especially in +Wales (for some of its derivatives see Chapter VI), and Solomon +was also popular, the modern <i>Salmon</i> not always being a +Jewish name.</p> +<p>But almost the favourite Old Testament name was Elijah, Elias, +which, usually through its Old French form Élie, whence +<i>Ely</i>, is the parent of <i>Ellis</i>, <i>Elliot</i>, and +many other names in <i>El</i>-, some of which, however, have to +be shared with Ellen and Alice (Chapter X). Job was also popular, +and is easily recognized in <i>Jobson</i>, <i>Jobling</i>, +<i>etc</i>., but less easily in <i>Chubb</i> (Chapter III) and +<i>Jupp</i>. The intermediate form was the obsolete Joppe. Among +the prophetic writers Daniel was an easy winner, <i>Dann</i>, +<i>Dance</i> (Chapter I), <i>Dannatt</i>, <i>Dancock</i>, etc. +<i>Balaam</i> is an imitative spelling of the local Baylham.</p> +<p>In considering these Old Testament names it must be remembered +that the people did not possess the Bible in the vernacular. The +teaching of the parish priests made them familiar with selected +episodes, from which they naturally took the names which appeared +to contain the greatest element of holiness or of warlike renown. +It is probable that the mystery plays were not without influence; +for the personal name was not always a fixed quantity, and many +of the names mentioned in the preceding paragraph may have been +acquired rather on the medieval stage than at the font.</p> +<p>This would apply with still more force to names taken from the +legends of saints and martyrs on which the miracle plays were +based. We even find the names <i>Saint</i>, <i>Martyr</i> and +<i>Postill</i>, the regular aphetic form of apostle (Chapter +III), just as we find <i>King</i> and <i>Pope</i>. Camden, +speaking of the freedom with which English names are formed, +quotes a Dutchman, who—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 2em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"When he heard of +English men called God and Devil, said, that the English borrowed +names from all things whatsoever, good or bad."</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The medieval name Godde may of +course be for <i>Good</i>, Anglo-Sax. Goda, but <i>Ledieu</i> is +common enough in France. The name seems to be obsolete, unless it +is disguised as <i>Goad</i>. The occurrence in medieval rolls of +<i>Diabolus</i> and <i>le</i> <i>Diable</i> shows that +<i>Deville</i> need not always be for de Eyville. There was +probably much competition for this important part, and the name +would not be always felt as uncomplimentary. Among German +surnames we find not only <i>Teufel</i>, but also the compounds +<i>Manteufel</i> and <i>Teufelskind</i>.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80743" id="Toc80743">NEW TESTAMENT +NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>Coming to the New Testament, we find the four Evangelists +strongly represented, especially the first and last. Matthew +appears not only in an easily recognizable form, e.g. in +<i>Matheson</i>, but also as <i>Mayhew</i> and <i>Mayo</i>, Old +Fr. Mahieu. From the latter form we have the shortened <i>May</i> +and <i>Mee</i>, whence <i>Mayes</i>, <i>Makins</i>, +<i>Meakin</i>, <i>Meeson</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> One family of +<i>Meeson</i> claims descent from <i>Malvoisin</i>.<i>]</i> and +sometimes <i>Mason</i>. Mark is one of the sources of +<i>March</i> (p, 90), as Luke is of <i>Luck</i>, whence +<i>Lucock</i>, <i>Luckett</i>, <i>etc</i>, though we more often +find the learned form Lucas.</p> +<p>Of John there is no need to speak. Of the apostles the great +favourites, Simon, or Peter, John, and Bartholomew have already +been mentioned. Almost equally popular was Philip, whence +<i>Philp</i>, <i>Phipps</i>, <i>Phelps</i>, and the dim. +<i>Philpot</i>, whence the aphetic <i>Pott</i>, <i>Potts</i>. +Andrew flourished naturally in Scotland, its commonest derivative +being <i>Anderson</i>, while <i>Dendy</i> is for the rimed form +Dandy. Paul has of course had a great influence and is +responsible for <i>Pawson</i> or <i>Porson</i>, <i>Pawling</i>, +<i>Polson</i>, <i>Pollett</i>, and most names in Pol-. +<i>[Footnote:</i> This does not of course apply to Cornish names +in <i>Pol</i>- (Chapter VI)<i>]</i> It is also, in the form +<i>Powell</i>, assimilated to the Welsh Ap Howel. Paul is +regularly spelt Poule by Chaucer, and St. Paul's Cathedral is +often called <i>Powles</i> in Tudor documents. Paul's companions +are poorly represented, for <i>Barnby</i> is local, while names +in <i>Sil</i>- and <i>Sel</i>- come from shortened form of Cecil, +Cecilia, and Silvester. Another great name from the Acts of the +Apostles is that of the protomartyr Stephen, among the numerous +derivatives of which we must include <i>Stennett</i> and +<i>Stimpson</i>.</p> +<p>Many non-biblical saints whose names occur very frequently +have already been mentioned, e.g. Antony, Bernard, Gregory, +Martin, Lawrence, Nicholas, etc To these may be added Augustine, +or <i>Austin</i>, Christopher, or Kit, with the dim. +<i>Christie</i> and the patronymic <i>Kitson</i>, Clement, whence +a large family of names <i>in</i> <i>Clem</i>-, Gervase or +<i>Jarvis</i>, Jerome, sometimes represented by <i>Jerram</i>, +and Theodore or <i>Tidd</i> (cf. <i>Tibb</i> fron Theobald), who +becomes in Welsh <i>Tudor</i>. Vincent has given <i>Vince</i>, +<i>Vincey</i> and <i>Vincett</i>, and <i>Baseley</i>, +<i>Blazey</i> are from Basil and Blaine. The Anglo-Saxon saints +are poorly represented, though probably most of them survive in a +disguised form, e.g. <i>Price</i> is sometimes for <i>Brice</i>, +Cuthbert has sometimes given <i>Cubitt</i> and <i>Cobbett</i>, +and also <i>Cutts</i>. <i>Bottle</i> sometimes represents Botolf, +<i>Neate</i> <i>may</i> be for Neot, and Chad (Ceadda) survives +as <i>Chatt</i> and in many local names. The Cornish +<i>Tangye</i> is from the Breton St. Tanneguy. The Archangel +Michael has given one of our commonest names, <i>Mitchell</i> +(Chapter IV). This is through French, but we have also the +contracted <i>Miall</i>—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +"At Michael's term had many a <i>trial</i>,<br> +Worse than the dragon and St. <i>Michael</i>.<i>"</i> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(Hudibras, <i>III</i>. ii. 51.)</p> +</div> +<p>[Footnote: Cf. <i>Vialls</i> from Vitalis, also a saint's +name.<i>]</i></p> +</div> +<p>This name exists in several other forms, e.g. <i>Mihell</i>, +<i>Myhill</i>, <i>Mighill</i>, and most frequently of all as +<i>Miles</i> (Chapter VIII). The reader will remember the famous +salient of Saint-Mihiel, on the Meuse, held by the Germans for so +long a period of the war. From Gabriel we have <i>Gabb</i>, +<i>Gabbett</i>, <i>etc</i>. The common rustic pronunciation +<i>Gable</i> has given <i>Cable</i> (Chapter III).</p> +<p>Among female saints we find Agnes, pronounced <i>Annis</i>, +the derivatives of which have become confused with those of Anne, +or Nan, Catherine, whence <i>Call</i>, <i>Catlin</i>, etc., +Cecilia, Cicely, whence <i>Sisley</i>, and of course Mary and +Margaret. For these see Chapter X. St. Bride, or Bridget, +survives in <i>Kirkbride</i>.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80744" id="Toc80744">FEAST-DAYS</a></b></p> +<p>A very interesting group of surnames are derived from +font-names taken from the great feasts of the Church, date of +birth or baptism, etc. <i>[Footnote:</i> Names of this class were +no doubt also sometimes given to foundlings.<i>]</i> These are +more often French or Greco-Latin than English, a fact to be +explained by priestly influence. Thus <i>Christmas</i> is much +less common than <i>Noel</i> or <i>Nowell</i>, but we also find +<i>Midwinter</i> (Chapter II) and <i>Yule</i>. <i>Easter</i> has +a local origin (from a place in Essex) and also represents Mid. +Eng. es<i>tre</i>, a word of very vague meaning for part of a +building, originally the exterior, from Lat. <i>extra</i>. It +survives in Fr. <i>les</i> <i>êtres</i> <i>d'une</i> +<i>maison</i>. <i>Hester</i>, to which Bardsley gives the same +origin, I should rather connect with Old Fr. <i>hestre</i> +<i>(hêtre)</i>, a beech. However that may be, the Easter +festival is represented in our surnames by <i>Pascall</i>, +Cornish <i>Pascoe</i>, and <i>Pask</i>, <i>Pash</i>, <i>Pace</i>, +<i>Pack</i>.</p> +<p><i>Patch</i>, formerly a nickname for a jester (Chapter XX), +from his motley clothes, is also sometimes a variant of +<i>Pash</i>. And the dim. <i>Patchett</i> has become confused +with <i>Padgett</i>, from Padge, a rimed form of Madge. +<i>Pentecost</i> is recorded as a personal name in Anglo-Saxon +times. Michaelmas is now <i>Middleman</i> (Chapter III), and +<i>Tiffany</i> is an old name for Epiphany. It comes from +Greco-Latin <i>theophania</i> (while Epiphany represents +<i>epiphania)</i>, which gave the French female name Tiphaine, +whence our <i>Tiffin</i>. <i>Lammas</i> (loaf mass) is also found +as a personal name, but there is a place called Lammas in +Norfolk. We have compounds of <i>day</i> in <i>Halliday</i> or +<i>Holiday</i>, <i>Hay</i>-<i>day</i>, for high day, +<i>Loveday</i>, a day appointed for reconciliations, and +<i>Hockaday</i>, for a child born during Hocktide, which begins +on the 15th day after Easter. It was also called Hobday, though +it is hard to say why; hence the name <i>Hobday</i>, unless this +is to be taken as the <i>day</i>, or servant (Chapter XIX), in +the service of Hob; cf. <i>Hobman</i>.</p> +<p>The days of the week are puzzling, the only one at all common +being <i>Munday</i>, though most of the others are found in +earlier nomenclature. We should rather expect special attention +to be given to Sunday and Friday, and, in fact, Sonntag and +Freytag are by far the most usual in German, while Dimanche and +its perversions are common in France, and Vendredi also occurs. +This makes me suspect some other origin, probably local, for +<i>Munday</i>, the more so as Fr. Dimanche, Demange, etc., is +often for the personal name Dominicus, the etymology remaining +the same as that of the day-name, the Lord's day. Parts of the +day seem to survive in <i>Noon</i>, <i>Eve</i>, and +<i>Morrow</i>, but <i>Noon</i> <i>is</i> local, Fr. Noyon (cf. +<i>Moon</i>, earlier <i>Mohun</i>, from Moyon), <i>Eve</i> +<i>is</i> the mother of mankind, and <i>Morrow</i> is for +<i>moor</i>-<i>wro</i>, the second element being Mid. Eng. +<i>wra</i>, comer, whence <i>Wray</i>.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80745" id="Toc80745">MONTH NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>We find the same difficulty with the names of the months. +Several of these are represented in French, but our <i>March</i> +has four other origins, from March in Cambridgeshire, from march, +a boundary, from marsh, or from Mark; while <i>May</i> means in +Mid. English a maiden (Chapter XXI), and is also a dim. of +Matthew (Chapter IX). The names of the seasons also present +difficulty. <i>Spring</i> usually corresponds to Fr. La Fontaine +(Chapter II), but we find also <i>Lent</i>, the old name for the +season, and French has <i>Printemps</i>. <i>[Footnote:</i> The +cognate Ger. <i>Lenz</i> is fairly common, hence the frequency of +<i>Lent</i> in America.<i>]</i> <i>Summer</i> and <i>Winter</i> +<i>[Footnote:</i> Winter was one of Hereward's most faithful +comrades.<i>]</i> are found very early as nicknames, as are also +<i>Frost</i> and <i>Snow</i>; but why always <i>Summers</i> or +<i>Somers</i> with <i>s</i> and <i>Winter</i> without? +<i>[Footnote:</i> Two other common nicknames were <i>Flint</i> +and <i>Steel</i>.<i>]</i> The latter has no doubt in many cases +absorbed <i>Vinter</i>, vintner (Chapter III) but this will not +account for the complete absence of genitive forms. And what has +become of the other season? We should not expect to find the +learned word "autumn," but neither <i>Fall</i> nor +<i>Harvest</i>, the true English equivalents, are at all common +as surnames.</p> +<p>I regard this group, viz. days, months, seasons, as one of the +least clearly accounted for in our nomenclature, and cannot help +thinking that the more copious examples which we find in French +and German are largely distorted forms due to the imitative +instinct, or are susceptible of other explanations. This is +certainly true in some cases, e.g. Fr. Mars is the regular French +development of Medardus, a saint to whom a well-known Parisian +church is dedicated; and the relationship of Janvier to Janus may +be <i>via</i> the Late Lat. <i>januarius</i>, for <i>janitor</i>, +a doorkeeper.</p> +<p><i>[Footnote:</i> Medardus was the saint who, according to +Ingoldsby, lived largely on oysters obtained by the Red Sea +shore. At his church in Paris were performed the 'miracles' of +the Quietists in the seventeenth century. When the scenes that +took place became a scandal, the government intervened, with the +result that a wag adorned the church door with the following:</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>De par le Roi, défense à Dieu<br> +De faire miracle en ce lieu."<i>]</i></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144734" id="Toc2144734"></a><a name="Toc80746" +id="Toc80746">CHAPTER X <b>METRONYMICS</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"During the whole +evening Mr. Jellyby sat in a corner with his head against the +wall, as if he were subject to low spirits."</font></p> +</div> +<p align="right"><i>(Bleak</i> <i>House</i>, ch. iv.)</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Bardsley first drew attention +to the very large number of surnames derived from an ancestress. +His views have been subjected to much ignorant criticism by +writers who, taking upon themselves the task of defending +medieval virtue, have been unwilling to accept this terrible +picture of the moral condition of England, etc. This anxiety is +misplaced. There are many reasons, besides illegitimacy, for the +adoption of the mother's name. In medieval times the children of +a widow, especially posthumous children, would often assume the +mother's name. <i>Widdowson</i> itself is sufficiently common. In +the case of second marriages the two families might sometimes be +distinguished by their mothers' names. Orphans would be adopted +by female relatives, and a medieval Mrs. Joe Gargery would +probably have impressed her own name rather than that of her +husband on a medieval Pip. In a village which counted two Johns +or Williams, and few villages did not, the children of one might +assume, or rather would be given by the public voice, the +mother's name. Finally, metronymics can be collected in hundreds +by anyone who cares to work through a few early +registers.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80747" id="Toc80747">FEMALE +FONT-NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>Thus, in the Lancashire Inquests 205-1307 occur plenty of +people described as the sons of Alice, Beatrice, Christiana, Eda, +Eva, Mariot, Matilda, Quenilda, <i>[Footnote:</i> An Anglo-Saxon +name, Cynehild, whence <i>Quennell</i>.<i>]</i> Sibilla, Ysolt. +Even if illegitimacy were the only reason, that would not concern +the philologist.</p> +<p>Female names undergo the same course of treatment as male +names. Mary gave the diminutives Marion and Mariot, whence +<i>Marriott</i>. <i>It</i> was popularly shortened into Mal (cf. +Hal for Harry), which had the diminutive Mally. From these we +have <i>Mawson</i> <i>and</i> <i>Malleson</i>, the former also +belonging to Maud. Mal and Mally became Mol and Molly, hence +Mollison. The rimed forms Pol, Polly are later, and names in +<i>Pol</i>- usually belong to Paul (Chapter IX). The name +<i>Morris</i> has three other origins (the font-name Maurice, the +nickname Moorish, and the local <i>marsh)</i>, but both +<i>Morris</i> and <i>Morrison</i> are sometimes to be referred to +Mary. Similarly Margaret, popularly Mar-get, became Mag, Meg, +Mog, whence <i>Meggitt</i>, <i>Moxon</i>, <i>etc</i>. The rarity +of <i>Maggot</i> <i>is</i> easily understood, but Poll Maggot was +one of Jack Sheppard's accomplices and Shakespeare uses +<i>maggot</i>-<i>pie</i> for magpie <i>(Macbeth</i>, <i>iii</i>, +<i>4)</i>. Meg was rimed into Peg, whence <i>Peggs</i>, Mog into +Pog, whence <i>Pogson</i>, and Madge into Padge, whence +<i>Padgett</i>, when this is not for <i>Patchett</i> (Chapter +IX), or for the Fr. <i>Paget</i>, usually explained as +<i>Smallpage</i>. The royal name Matilda appears in the +contracted <i>Maud</i>, <i>Mould</i>, <i>Moule</i>, <i>Mott</i>, +<i>Mahood</i> (Old Fr. Maheut). Its middle syllable <i>Till</i> +gave <i>Tilly</i>, <i>Tillson</i> and the dim. <i>Tillet</i>, +<i>Tillot</i>, whence <i>Tillotson</i>. From Beatrice we have +<i>Bee</i>, <i>Beaton</i> and <i>Betts</i>, and the northern +<i>Beattie</i>, which are not connected with the great name +Elizabeth. This is in medieval rolls represented by its cognate +Isabel, of which the shortened form was <i>Bell</i> (Chapter I), +or Ib, the latter giving <i>Ibbot</i>, <i>Ibbotson</i>, and the +rimed forms <i>Tib</i>-, <i>Nib</i>-, <i>Bib</i>-, <i>Lib</i>-. +Here also belong <i>Ebbs</i> and <i>Epps</i> rather than to the +Anglo-Sax. Ebba (Chapter VII).</p> +<p>Many names which would now sound somewhat ambitious were +common among the medieval peasantry and are still found in the +outlying parts of England, especially Devon and Cornwall. Among +the characters in Mr. Eden Phillpotts's <i>Widecombe</i> +<i>Fair</i> are two sisters named <i>Sibley</i> and +<i>Petronell</i>. From Sibilla, now Sibyl, come most names in +<i>Sib</i>-, though this was used also as a dim. of Sebastian +(see also Chapter VII), while Petronilla, has given +<i>Parnell</i>, <i>Purnell</i>. As a female name it suffered the +eclipse to which certain names are accidentally subject, and +became equivalent to wench. References to a "prattling Parnel" +are common in old writers, and the same fate overtook it in +French—</p> +<p align="center">"<font face="Bookman Old Style" +size="3">Taisez</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">vous, <i>péronnelle"</i> <i>(Tartufe</i>, <i>i</i>. +<i>1</i>).</font></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Mention has already been made +of the survival of Guinevere (Chapter VIII). From Cassandra we +have <i>Cash</i>, <i>Cass</i>, <i>Case</i>, and <i>Casson</i>, +from Idonia, <i>Ide</i>, <i>Iddins</i>, <i>Iddison;</i> these +were no doubt confused with the derivatives of Ida. William +filius Idae is in the Fine Rolls of John's reign, and John +Idonyesone occurs there, temp. Edward I. <i>Pim</i>, as a female +font-name, may be from Euphemia, and <i>Siddons</i> appears to +belong to Sidonia, while the pretty name Avice appears as +<i>Avis</i> and <i>Haweis</i>. From Lettice, Lat. +<i>laetitia</i>, joy, we have <i>Letts</i>, <i>Lettson</i>, while +the corresponding <i>Joyce</i>, Lat. <i>jocosa</i>, merry, has +become confused with Fr. Josse (Chapter I). <i>Anstey</i>, +<i>Antis</i>, is from Anastasia, <i>Precious</i> from Preciosa, +and <i>Royce</i> from Rohesia.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80748" id="Toc80748">DOUBTFUL CASES</a></b></p> +<p>It is often difficult to separate patronymics from +metronymics. We have already seen (Chapter VI) that names in +<i>Ed</i>- may be from Eda or from Edward, while names in +<i>Gil</i>- must be shared between Julian, Juliana, Guillaume, +Gilbert, and Giles. There are many other cases like Julian and +Juliana, e.g. <i>Custance</i> is for Constance, but <i>Cust</i> +may also represent the masculine Constant, while among the +derivatives of Philip we must not forget the warlike Philippa. +Or, to take pairs which are unrelated, <i>Kitson</i> may be from +Christopher or from Catherine, and <i>Mattison</i> from Matthew +or from Martha, which became Matty and Patty, the derivatives of +the latter coalescing with those of Patrick (Chapter VI). It is +obvious that the derivatives of Alice would be confused with +those of Allen, while names in <i>El</i>- may represent Elias or +Eleanor. Also names in <i>Al</i>- and <i>El</i>- are sometimes +themselves confused, e.g. the Anglo-Saxon AElfgod appears both as +<i>Allgood</i> and <i>Elgood</i>. More <i>Nelsons</i> are derived +from Neil, <i>i.e</i>. Nigel, than from Nell, the rimed dim. of +Ellen. <i>Emmett</i> is a dim. of Emma, but <i>Empson</i> +<i>may</i> be a shortened <i>Emerson</i> from Emery (Chapter +VIII). The rather commonplace <i>Tibbles</i> stands for both +Theobald and Isabella, and the same is true of all names in +<i>Tib</i>- and some in Teb-. Lastly, the coalescence of John, +the commonest English font-name, with Joan, the earlier form of +Jane, was inevitable, while the French forms Jean and Jeanne +would be undistinguishable in their derivatives. These names +between them have given an immense number of surnames, the +masculine or feminine interpretation of which must be left to the +reader's imagination.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144735" id="Toc2144735"></a><a name="Toc80749" +id="Toc80749">CHAPTER XI <b>LOCAL SURNAMES</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Now as men have +always first given names unto places, so hath it afterwards grown +usuall that men have taken their names from places"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p>(VERSTEGAN, <i>Restitution</i> <i>of</i> <i>Decayed</i> +<i>Intelligence)</i>.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">There is an idea cherished by +some people that the possession of a surname which is that of a +village or other locality points to ancestral ownership of that +region. This is a delusion. In the case of quite small features +of the landscape, e.g. <i>Bridge</i>, <i>Hill</i>, the name was +given from place of residence. But in the case of counties, towns +and villages, the name was usually acquired when the locality was +left. Thus John Tiler leaving Acton, perhaps for Acton's good, +would be known in his new surroundings as John Acton. A moment's +reflection will show that this must be so. <i>Scott</i> <i>is</i> +an English name, the aristocratic Scotts beyond the border +representing a Norman family Escot, originally of Scottish +origin. <i>English</i>, early spelt <i>Inglis</i>, is a Scottish +name. The names <i>Cornish</i> and <i>Cornwallis</i> first became +common in Devonshire, as <i>Devenish</i> did outside that county. +<i>French</i> and <i>Francis</i>, Old Fr. <i>le</i> +<i>franceis</i>, are English names, just as <i>Langlois</i> +<i>(</i>l'Anglais) is common in France. For the same reason +<i>Cutler</i> is a rare name in Sheffield, where all are cutlers. +By exception the name <i>Curnow</i>, which is Cornish for a +Cornishman, is fairly common in its native county, but it was +perhaps applied especially to those inhabitants who could only +speak the old Cornish language.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80750" id="Toc80750">CLASSES OF LOCAL +NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>The local name may range in origin from a country to a plant +<i>(France</i>, <i>Darbishire</i>, <i>Lankester</i>, +<i>Ashby</i>, <i>Street</i>, <i>House</i>, <i>Pound</i>, +<i>Plumptre</i>, <i>Daisy)</i>, and, mathematically stated, the +size of the locality will vary in direct proportion to the +distance from which the immigrant has come. Terentius Afer was +named from a continent. I cannot find a parallel in England, but +names such as the nouns <i>France</i>, <i>Ireland</i>, +<i>Pettingell</i> (Portugal), or the adjectives <i>Dench</i>, +Mid. Eng. <i>dense</i>, Danish, <i>Norman</i>, <i>Welsh</i>, +<i>(Walsh</i>, <i>Wallis</i>, etc.), <i>Allman</i> (Allemand), +often perverted to <i>Almond</i>, were considered a sufficient +mark of identification for men who came from foreign parts. But +the untravelled inhabitant, if distinguished by a local name, +would often receive it from some very minute feature of the +landscape, e.g. Solomon <i>Daisy</i> may have been descended from +a Robert <i>Dayeseye</i>, who lived in Hunts in 1273. It is not +very easy to see how such very trifling surnames as this last +came into existence, but its exiguity is surpassed in the case of +a prominent French airman who bears the appropriately buoyant +name of <i>Brindejonc</i>, perhaps from some ancestor who +habitually chewed a straw.</p> +<p>An immense number of our countrymen are simply named from the +points of the compass, slightly disguised in <i>Norris</i>, +Anglo-Fr. <i>le</i> <i>noreis</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> The +corresponding <i>le</i> <i>surreis</i> <i>is</i> now represented +by <i>Surridge</i>.<i>]</i> <i>Sotheran</i>, the southron, and +<i>Sterling</i>, for Easterling, a name given to the Hanse +merchants. <i>Westray</i> was formerly <i>le</i> <i>westreis</i>. +A German was to our ancestors, as he still is to sailors, a +Dutchman, whence our name <i>Douch</i>, Ger. <i>deutsch</i>, Old +High Ger. <i>tiutisc</i>, which, through Old French <i>tieis</i>, +has given <i>Tyas</i>. <i>[Footnote:</i> <i>Tyars</i>, or +<i>Tyers</i>, which Bardsley puts with this, seems to be rather +Fr. <i>Thiers</i>, Lat. t<i>ertius</i>.<i>]</i></p> +<p>But not every local name is to be taken at its face value. +<i>Holland</i> is usually from one of the Lancashire Hollands, +and <i>England</i> may be for Mid. Eng. <i>ing</i>-<i>land</i>, +the land of Ing (cf. Ingulf, Ingold, etc.), a personal name which +is the first element in many place-names, or from <i>ing</i>, a +meadow by a stream. <i>Holyland</i> is not Palestine, but the +holly-land. <i>Hampshire</i> is often for Hallamshire, a district +in Yorkshire. <i>Dane</i> is a variant of Mid. Eng. <i>dene</i>, +a valley, the inhabitant of Denmark having given us <i>Dench</i> +(Chapter XI) and <i>Dennis</i> <i>(le</i> <i>daneis)</i>. +Visitors to Margate will remember the valley called the Dane, +which stretches from the harbour to St. Peters. <i>Saxon</i> is +not racial, but a perversion of sexton (Chapter XVII). Mr. +Birdofredum Sawin, commenting on the methods employed in carrying +out the great mission of the Anglo-Saxon race, remarks +that—</p> + +<div style="margin-left: 11em"> +"<i>Saxons</i> would be handy +<div style="margin-left: -9em"> +To du the buryin' down here upon the Rio Grandy" +<div style="margin-left: 10em"> +<p>(Lowell, <i>Biglow</i> <i>Papers)</i>.</p> +</div></div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The name <i>Cockayne</i> was +perhaps first given derisively to a sybarite—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 2em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Paris est pour le +riche un pays de <i>Cocagne"</i> (Boileau),</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">but it may be an imitative form +of Coken in Durham.</font></p> +<p>Names such as <i>Morris</i>, <i>i.e</i>. Moorish, or +<i>Sarson</i>, <i>i.e</i>. Saracen (but also for Sara-son), are +rather nicknames, due to complexion or to an ancestor who was +mine host of the Saracen's Head. <i>Moor</i> <i>is</i> sometimes +of similar origin. <i>Russ</i>, like <i>Rush</i>, <i>is</i> one +of the many forms of Fr. roux, red-complexioned (Chapter II). +<i>Pole</i> is for <i>Pool</i>, the native of Poland being called +Polack—</p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"He +smote the sledded <i>Polack</i> on the ice" <i>(Hamlet</i>, I. +i).</font></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">But the name <i>Pollock</i> is +local (Renfrewshire).</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80751" id="Toc80751">COUNTIES AND +TOWNS</a></b></p> +<p>As a rule it will be found that, while most of our counties +have given family names, sometimes corrupted, e.g. +<i>Lankshear</i>, <i>Willsher</i>, <i>Cant</i>, <i>Chant</i>, for +Kent, with which we may compare <i>Anguish</i> for Angus, the +larger towns are rather poorly represented, the movement having +always been from country to town, and the smaller spot serving +for more exact description. An exception is <i>Bristow</i> +(Bristol), Mid. Eng. <i>brig</i>-<i>stow</i>, the place on the +bridge, the great commercial city of the west from which so many +medieval seamen hailed; but the name is sometimes from Burstow +(Surrey), and there were possibly smaller places called by so +natural a name, just as the name <i>Bradford</i>, <i>i.e</i>. +broad ford, may come from a great many other places than the +Yorkshire wool town. <i>Rossiter</i> is generally for Rochester, +but also for Wroxeter (Salop); Coggeshall is well disguised as +<i>Coxall</i>, Barnstaple as <i>Bastable</i>, Maidstone as +<i>Mayston</i>, Stockport as <i>Stopford</i>. On the other hand, +there is not a village of any antiquity but has, or once had, a +representative among surnames.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80752" id="Toc80752">NAMES PRECEDED <i>BY</i> +<i>DE</i></a></b></p> +<p>The provinces and towns of France and Flanders have given us +many common surnames. From names of provinces we have +<i>Burgoyne</i> and <i>Burgin</i>, <i>Champain</i> and +<i>Champneys</i> (Chapter II), <i>Gascoyne</i> and <i>Gaskin</i>, +<i>Mayne</i>, <i>Mansell</i>, Old Fr. <i>Mancel</i> +<i>(manceau)</i>, an inhabitant of Maine or of its capital Le +Mans, <i>Brett</i> and <i>Britton</i>, Fr. le Bret and le Breton, +<i>Pickard</i>, <i>Power</i>, sometimes from Old Fr. +<i>Pohier</i>, a Picard, <i>Peto</i>, formerly Peitow, from +Poitou, <i>Poidevin</i> and <i>Puddifin</i>, for</p> +<p>Poitevin, <i>Loring</i>, Old Fr. <i>le</i> <i>Lohereng</i>, +the man from Lorraine, assimilated to <i>Fleming</i>, +<i>Hammy</i>, an old name for Hainault, <i>Brabazon</i>, le +Brabançon, and <i>Brebner</i>, formerly le Brabaner, +<i>Angwin</i>, for Angevin, <i>Flinders</i>, a perversion of +Flanders, <i>Barry</i>, which is sometimes for Berri, and others +which can be identified by everybody.</p> +<p>Among towns we have <i>Allenson</i>, Alençon, +<i>Amyas</i>, Amiens, <i>Ainger</i>, Angers, <i>Aris</i>, Arras, +<i>Bevis</i>, Beauvais, <i>Bullen</i>, Boulogne, <i>Bloss</i>, +Blois, <i>Bursell</i>, Brussels, <i>Callis</i> and +<i>Challis</i>, Calais, <i>Challen</i>, from one of the French +towns called Chalon or Chalons, <i>Chaworth</i>, Cahors, +<i>Druce</i>, Dreux, <i>Gaunt</i>, Gand (Ghent), <i>Luck</i>, +Luick (Liege), <i>Loving</i>, Louvain, <i>Malins</i>, Malines +(Mechlin), <i>Raynes</i>, Rennes and Rheims, <i>Roan</i>, Rouen, +<i>Sessions</i>, Soissons, <i>Stamp</i>, Old Fr. Estampes +(ttampes), <i>Turney</i>, Tournay, etc. The name de Verdun is +common enough in old records for us to connect with it both the +fascinating Dolly and the illustrious Harry. <i>[Footnote added +by scanner:</i> Some modern readers might not realise that +Weekley was referring to Harry Vardon, a famous golfer of the +late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Dolly Varden was a +character in Dickens’ "Barnaby Rudge", a pretty girl in +flowered hats and skirts. Her name was borrowed for various +clothing styles, breeds of flowers, shows, theatres and even +angling fishes among other things. There seem to have been +several references to "the fascinating Dolly Varden", though the +expression does not occur in the book.<i>]</i> To the above may +be added, among German towns, <i>Cullen</i>, Cologne, and +<i>Lubbock</i>, Luebeck, and, from Italy, <i>Janes</i>, +Gênes (Genoa), <i>Janaway</i> or <i>Janways</i>, +<i>i.e</i>. Genoese, and <i>Lombard</i> or <i>Lombard</i>. +Familiar names of foreign towns were often anglicized. Thus we +find Hamburg called <i>Hamborough</i>, Bruges <i>Bridges</i>, and +Tours <i>Towers</i>.</p> +<p>To the town of Angers we sometimes owe, besides <i>Ainger</i>, +the forbidding names <i>Anger</i> and <i>Danger</i>. In many +local names of foreign origin the preposition <i>de</i> has been +incorporated, e.g. <i>Dalmain</i>, d'Allemagne, sometimes +corrupted into <i>Dallman</i> and <i>Dollman</i>, though these +are also for <i>Doleman</i>, from the East Anglian <i>dole</i>, a +boundary, <i>Dallison</i>, d'Alençon, <i>Danvers</i>, +d'Anvers, Antwerp, <i>Devereux</i>, d'Évreux, +<i>Daubeney</i>, <i>Dabney</i>, d'Aubigny, <i>Disney</i>, +d'Isigny, etc. <i>Doyle</i> is a later form of <i>Doyley</i>, or +<i>Dolley</i>, for d'Ouilli, and <i>Darcy</i> and <i>Durfey</i> +were once d'Arcy and d'Urfé. <i>Dew</i> <i>is</i> +sometimes for de Eu. Sir John de Grey, justice of Chester, had in +1246 two <i>Alice</i> <i>in</i> <i>Wonderland</i> clerks named +Henry de Eu and William de Ho. A familiar example, which has been +much disputed, is the Cambridgeshire name <i>Death</i>, which +some of its possessors prefer to write D'Aeth or De Ath. Bardsley +rejects this, without, I think, sufficient reason. It is true +that it occurs as <i>de</i> <i>Dethe</i> in the Hundred Rolls, +but this is not a serious argument, for we find also <i>de</i> +<i>Daubeney</i> (Chapter XI), the original <i>de</i> having +already been absorbed at the time the Rolls were compiled. This +retention of the <i>de</i> is also common in names derived from +spots which have not become recognized place-names; see Chapter +XIV.</p> +<p>But to derive a name of obviously native origin from a place +in France is a snobbish, if harmless, delusion. There are quite +enough <i>moor</i> <i>leys</i> in England without explaining +<i>Morley</i> by Morlaix. To connect the Mid. English nickname +<i>Longfellow</i> with Longueville, or the patronymic +<i>Hansom</i> (Chapter III) with Anceaumville, betrays the same +belief in phonetic epilepsy that inspires the derivation of +<i>Barber</i> from the chapelry of Sainte-Barbe. The fact that +there are at least three places, in England called +<i>Carrington</i> has not prevented one writer from seeking the +origin of that name in the appropriate locality of Charenton.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><a name="Toc2144736" id="Toc2144736"></a></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80753" id="Toc80753">CHAPTER XII <b>SPOT +NAMES</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p>"In <i>ford</i>, in +<i>ham</i>, in <i>ley</i> and <i>tun</i> <br> +The most of English surnames run"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 10em"> +(VERSTEGAN). +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Verstegan's couplet, even if it +be not strictly true, makes a very good text for a discourse on +our local names. The <i>ham</i>, or home, and the <i>ton</i>, or +town, originally an enclosure (cf. Ger. <i>Zaun</i>, hedge), +were, at any rate in a great part of England, the regular nucleus +of the village, which in some cases has become the great town and +in others has decayed away and disappeared from the map. In an +age when wool was our great export, flock keeping was naturally a +most important calling, and the <i>ley</i>, or meadow land, would +be quickly taken up and associated with human activity. When +bridges were scarce, <i>fords</i> were important, and it is easy +to see how the inn, the smithy, the cartwright's booth, etc., +would naturally plant themselves at such a spot and form the +commencement of a hamlet.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80754" id="Toc80754">ELEMENTS OF +PLACE-NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>Each of these four words exists by itself as a specific +place-name and also as a surname. In fact <i>Lee</i> and +<i>Ford</i> are among our commonest local surnames. In the same +way the local origin of such names as <i>Clay</i> and +<i>Chalk</i> may be specific as well as general. But I do not +propose to deal here with the vast subject of our English village +names, but only with the essential elements of which they are +composed, elements which were often used for surnominal purposes +long before the spot itself had developed into a village. +<i>[Footnote:</i> A good general account of our village names +will be found in the Appendix to Isaac Taylor's <i>Names</i> +<i>and</i> <i>their</i> <i>Histories</i>. It is reprinted as +chapter xi of the same author's <i>Words</i> <i>and</i> +<i>Places</i> (Everyman Library). See also Johnston's +<i>Place</i>-<i>names</i> <i>of</i> <i>England</i> and +<i>Wales</i>, a glossary of selected names with a comprehensive +introduction. There are many modern books on the village names of +various counties, e.g. Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, +Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Suffolk (Skeat), Oxfordshire +(Alexander), Lancashire (Wyld and Hirst), West Riding of +Yorkshire (Moorman), Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire +(Duignan), Nottinghamshire (Mutschmann), Gloucestershire +(Baddeley), Herefordshire (Bannister), Wiltshire (Elsblom), S.W. +Yorkshire (Goodall), Sussex (Roberts), Lancashire (Sephton), +Derbyshire (Walker), Northumberland and Durham (Mawer).<i>]</i> +Thus the name <i>Oakley</i> must generally have been borne by a +man who lived on meadow land which was surrounded or dotted with +oak-trees. But I should be shy of explaining a given village +called Oakley in the same way, because the student of place-names +might be able to show from early records that the place was +originally an <i>ey</i>, or island, and that the first syllable +is the disguised name of a medieval churl. These four simple +etymons themselves may also become perverted. Thus -<i>ham</i> is +sometimes confused with -<i>holm</i> (Chapter XII), -<i>ley</i>, +as I have just suggested, may in some cases contain -<i>ey</i>, +-<i>ton</i> occasionally interchanges with -<i>don</i> and +-<i>stone</i>, and -<i>lord</i> with the French -<i>fort</i> +(Chapter XIV).</p> +<p>In. this chapter will be found a summary of the various words +applied by our ancestors to the natural features of the land they +lived on. To avoid too lengthy a catalogue, I have classified +them under the three headings—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>(1) Hill and Dale,</p> +<p>(2) Plain and Woodland,</p> +<p>(3) Water and Waterside,</p> +</div> +<p>reserving for the next chapter the names due to man's +interference with the scenery, e.g. roads, buildings, enclosures, +etc.</p> +<p>They are mostly Anglo-Saxon or Scandinavian, the Celtic name +remaining as the appellation of the individual hill, stream, etc. +(Helvellyn, Avon, etc.). The simple word has in almost all cases +given a fairly common surname, but compounds are of course +numerous, the first element being descriptive of the second, e.g. +<i>Bradley</i>, broad lea, <i>Radley</i> and <i>Ridley</i>, red +lea, <i>Brockley</i>, brook lea or badger lea (Chapter XXIII), +<i>Beverley</i>, beaver lea, <i>Cleverley</i>, clover lea, +<i>Hawley</i>, hedge lea, <i>Rawnsley</i>, raven's lea, and so +<i>ad</i> <i>infinitum</i>. In the oldest records spot names are +generally preceded by the preposition <i>at</i>, whence such +names as <i>Attewell</i>, <i>Atwood</i>, but other prepositions +occur, as in <i>Bythesea</i>, <i>Underwood</i> and the hybrid +<i>Suttees</i>, on Tees. Cf. such French names as +<i>Doutrepont</i>, from beyond the bridge.</p> +<p>One curious phenomenon, of which I can offer no explanation, +is that while many spot names occur indifferently with or without +-<i>s</i>, e.g. <i>Bridge</i>, <i>Bridges;</i> <i>Brook</i>, +<i>Brooks;</i> <i>Platt</i>, <i>Plaits</i>, in others we find a +regular preference either for the singular or plural form. +<i>[Footnote:</i> In some cases no doubt a plural, in others a +kind of genitive due to the influence of personal names, such as +Wills, <i>Perkins</i>, <i>etc</i>.] Compare the following +couples:</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i>Field</i> <i>Meadows</i></p> +<p>Lake <i>Rivers</i></p> +<p>Pool <i>Mears</i> <i>(metes)</i></p> +<p>Spying <i>Wells</i></p> +<p>House <i>Coates</i> <i>(P</i>, 133)</p> +<p><i>Marsh</i> <i>Myers</i> (mires)</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i>[Footnote:</i> <i>Myers</i> is very often a Jewish name, +from the very common Ger. <i>Meyer</i>, for which see Chapter +IV.<i>]</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>to which many more might be added. So we find regularly +<i>Nokes</i> but <i>Nash</i> (Chapter III), <i>Beech</i> but +<i>Willows</i>. The general tendency is certainly towards the +-<i>s</i> forms in the case of monosyllables, e.g. <i>Banks</i>, +<i>Foulds</i>, <i>Hayes</i>, <i>Stubbs</i>, <i>Thwaites</i>, +etc., but we naturally find the singular in compounds, e.g. +<i>Windebank</i> (winding), <i>Nettlefold</i>, <i>Roundhay</i>, +etc.</p> +<p>There is also a further problem offered by names in +-<i>er</i>. We know that a <i>Waller</i> was a mason or +wall-builder, but was a <i>Bridger</i> really a <i>Pontifex</i>, +<i>[Footnote:</i> An example of a Latinized name. Cf. +<i>Sutor</i>, <i>Faber</i>, and the barbarous <i>Sartorius</i>, +for <i>sartor</i>, a tailor. <i>Pontifex</i> <i>may</i> also be +the latinized form of <i>Pope</i> or <i>Bishop</i>. It is not +known why this title, bridge-builder, was given to +high-priests.<i>]</i> did he merely live near the bridge, or was +he the same as a <i>Bridgman</i>, and what was the latter? Did +Sam <i>Weller's</i> ancestor sink wells, possess a well, or live +near someone else's well? Probably all explanations may be +correct, for the suffix may have differed in meaning according to +locality, but I fancy that in most cases proximity alone is +implied. The same applies to many cases of names in -<i>man</i>, +such as <i>Hillman</i>, <i>Dickman</i> (dyke), +<i>Parkman</i>.</p> +<p>Many of the words in the following paragraphs are obsolete or +survive only in local usage. Some of them also vary considerably +in meaning, according to the region in which they are found. I +have included many which, in their simple form, seem too obvious +to need explanation, because the compounds are not always equally +clear.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80755" id="Toc80755">HILL AND DALE</a></b></p> +<p>We have a fair number of Celtic words connected with natural +scenery, but they do not as a rule form compounds, and as +surnames are usually found in their simple form. Such are +<i>Cairn</i>, a stony hill, <i>Crag</i>, <i>Craig</i>, and the +related <i>Carrick</i> and <i>Creagh</i>, <i>Glen</i> or +<i>Glynn</i>, and <i>Lynn</i>, a cascade. Two words, however, of +Celtic origin, <i>don</i>, or <i>down</i>, a hill, and +<i>combe</i>, a hollow in the hills, were adopted by the +Anglo-Saxons and enter into many compounds. Thus we find +<i>Kingdon</i>, whence the imitative <i>Kingdom</i>, +<i>Brandon</i>, from the name Brand (Chapter VII), +<i>Ashdown</i>, <i>etc</i>. The simple <i>Donne</i> <i>or</i> +<i>Dunne</i> <i>is</i> sometimes the Anglo-Saxon name Dunna, +whence <i>Dunning</i>, or a colour nickname, while <i>Down</i> +and <i>Downing</i> may represent the Anglo-Sax. Duna and Duning +(Chapter VII). From <i>Combe</i>, used especially in the west of +England, we have <i>Compton</i>, and such compounds as +<i>Acomb</i>, at combe, <i>Addiscombe</i>, <i>Battiscombe</i>, +etc. But <i>Newcomb</i> <i>is</i> for <i>Newcome</i> (Chapter +II). See also <i>Slocomb</i> (Chapter XXI).</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80756" id="Toc80756">HILLS</a></b></p> +<p>The simple <i>Hill</i> and <i>Dale</i> are among our common +surnames. <i>Hill</i> also appears as <i>Hull</i> and is easily +disguised in compounds, e.g. <i>Brummel</i> for broom-hill, +<i>Tootell</i> and <i>Tuttle</i> for Toothill, a name found in +many localities and meaning a hill on which a watch was kept. It +is connected with the verb to <i>tout</i>, originally to look +out</p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"David +dwellide in the <i>tote</i> <i>hil"</i> <i>(Wyc</i>, 2 +<i>Sam</i>. <i>v. 9)</i>.</font></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">We have <i>Dale</i> and its +cognate <i>Dell</i> in <i>Swindell</i> (swine), <i>Tindall</i> +(Tyne), <i>Twaddell</i>, <i>Tweddell</i> (Tweed), etc. +—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Mr. H. T. +<i>Twaddle</i> announced the change of his name to +<i>Tweeddale</i> in the <i>Times</i>, January 4, 1890" +(Bardsley).</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Other names for a hill are +<i>Fell</i> (Scand.), found in the lake country, whence +<i>Grenfell;</i> and <i>Hough</i> or <i>How</i> (Scand.), as in +the north country names <i>Greenhow</i>, +<i>Birchenough</i>.</font></p> +<p>This is often reduced to -<i>o</i>, as in <i>Clitheroe</i>, +<i>Shafto</i>, and is easily confused with <i>scough</i>, a wood +(Scand.), as in <i>Briscoe</i> (birch), <i>Ayscough</i> +(ash).</p> +<p>In the north hills were also called <i>Law</i> and <i>Low</i>, +with such compounds as <i>Bradlaugh</i>, <i>Whitelaw</i>, and +<i>Harlow</i>. To these must be added <i>Barrow</i>, often +confused with the related <i>borough</i> (Chapter XIII). Both +belong to the Anglo-Sax. <i>beorgan</i>, to protect, cover. The +name Leatherbarrow means the hill, perhaps the burial mound, of +<i>Leather</i>, Anglo-Sax. Hlothere, cognate with Lothair and +Luther.</p> +<p>A hill-top was <i>Cope</i> or <i>Copp</i>. Chaucer uses it of +the tip of the Miller's nose</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3"> +"Upon the <i>cope</i> right of his nose he hade</font><br> +A werte, and thereon stood a toft of herys."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(A. 554.)</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Another name for a hill-top +appears in <i>Peak</i>, <i>Pike</i>, <i>Peck</i>, or <i>Pick</i>, +but the many compounds in <i>Pick</i>-, e.g. <i>Pickbourne</i>, +<i>Pickford</i>, <i>Pickwick</i>, etc., suggest a personal name +<i>Pick</i> of which we have the dim. in <i>Pickett</i> (cf. Fr. +Picot) and the softened <i>Piggot</i>. <i>Peak</i> may be in some +cases from the Derbyshire Peak, which has, however, no connection +with the common noun peak. A mere hillock or knoll has given the +names <i>Knapp</i>, <i>Knollys</i> or <i>Knowles</i>, +<i>Knock</i>, and <i>Knott</i>. But <i>Knapp</i> <i>may</i> also +be for Mid. Eng. <i>nape</i>, cognate with <i>knave</i> and with +Low Ger. <i>Knappe</i>, squire—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3"> +"Wer wagt es, Rittersmann oder Knapp'.</font><br> + Zu tauchen in diesen Schlund?"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>(Schiller, Der Taucher, 1. I.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style">Redknap</font>, the name of +a Richmond boat-builder, is probably a nickname, like Redhead. A +Knapper may have lived on a "knap," or may have been one of the +Suffolk flint-knappers, who still prepare gun-flints for weapons +to be retailed to the heathen.</i></p> +<p><i>Knock</i> and <i>Knocker</i> are both Kentish names, and +there is a reef off Margate known as the Kentish Knock. We have +the plural <i>Knox</i> (cf. <i>Bax</i>, Settlements and +Enclosures, Chapter XIII). <i>Knott</i> is sometimes for Cnut, or +Canute, which generally becomes <i>Nutt</i>. Both have got mixed +with the nickname <i>Nott</i>.</p> +<p>A green knoll was also called <i>Toft</i> (Scand.), whence +<i>Langtoft</i>, and the name was used later for a homestead. +From <i>Cliff</i> we have <i>Clift</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> This +may also be from Mid. Eng, <i>clift</i>, a cleft.<i>]</i> with +excrescent -<i>t</i>, and the cognates <i>Cleeve</i> and +<i>Clive</i>. Compounds of <i>Cliff</i> are <i>Radcliffe</i> +(red), <i>Sutcliffe</i> (south), <i>Wyclif</i> (white). The c- +sometimes disappears in compounds, e.g. <i>Cunliffe</i>, earlier +Cunde-clive, and <i>Topliff;</i> but <i>Ayliffe</i> is for +AElfgifu or AEthelgifu and <i>Goodliffe</i> from Godleof (cf. +Ger. Gottlieb). The older form of <i>Stone</i> appears in +<i>Staines</i>, <i>Stanhope</i>, <i>Stanton</i>, etc. +<i>Wheatstone</i> is either for "white stone" or for the local +Whetstone (Middlesex). In <i>Balderstone</i>, <i>Johnston</i>, +<i>Edmondstone</i>, <i>Livingstone</i>, the suffix is +-<i>ton</i>, though the frequence of <i>Johnston</i> points to +corruption from <i>Johnson</i>, just as in Nottingham we have the +converse case of <i>Beeson</i> from the local <i>Beeston</i>. In +<i>Hailstone</i> the first element may be Mid. Eng, <i>half</i>, +holy. Another Mid. English name for a stone appears in +<i>Hone</i>, now used only of a whetstone.</p> +<p>A hollow or valley in the hillside was called in the north +<i>Clough</i>, also spelt <i>Clow</i>, <i>Cleugh</i> (Clim o' the +Cleugh), and <i>Clew</i>. The compound <i>Fairclough</i> is found +corrupted into <i>Faircloth</i>. Another obscure northern name +for a glen was <i>Hope</i>, whence <i>Allsop</i>, +<i>Blenkinsop</i>, the first element in each being perhaps the +name of the first settler, and <i>Burnup</i>, <i>Hartopp</i>, +(hart), <i>Harrap</i> (hare), <i>Heslop</i> (hazel).</p> +<p><i>Gill</i> (Scand.), a ravine, has given <i>Fothergill</i>, +<i>Pickersgill</i>, and <i>Gaskell</i>, from Gaisgill +(Westmorland). These, like most of our names connected with +mountain scenery, are naturally found almost exclusively in the +north. Other surnames which belong more or less to the hill +country are <i>Hole</i>, found also as <i>Holl</i>, <i>Hoole</i>, +and <i>Hoyle</i>, but perhaps meaning merely a depression in the +land, <i>Ridge</i>, and its northern form <i>Rigg</i>, with their +compounds <i>Doddridge</i>, <i>Langridge</i>, <i>Brownrigg</i>, +<i>Hazelrigg</i>, etc. <i>Ridge</i>, <i>Rigg</i>, also appear as +<i>Rudge</i>, <i>Rugg</i>. From Mid. Eng. <i>raike</i>, a path, a +sheep-track (Scand.), we get <i>Raikes</i> and perhaps +<i>Greatorex</i>, found earlier as <i>Greatrakes</i>, the name of +a famous faith-healer of the seventeenth century.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80757" id="Toc80757">WOODLAND AND +PLAIN</a></b></p> +<p>The compounds of <i>Wood</i> itself are very numerous, e.g. +<i>Braidwood</i>, <i>Harwood</i>, <i>Norwood</i>, <i>Sherrard</i> +and <i>Sherratt</i> (Sherwood). But, in considering the frequency +of the simple <i>Wood</i>, it must be remembered that we find +people described as <i>le</i> <i>wode</i>, <i>i.e</i>. mad (cf. +Ger. <i>Wut</i>, frenzy), and that <i>mad</i> and <i>madman</i> +are found as medieval names</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3"> +"Thou told'st me they were stolen unto this wood;</font><br> + And here am I, and <i>wode</i> within this wood,<br> + Because I cannot meet my Hermia."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><i>(Midsummer</i> <i>Night's</i> <i>Dream</i>, ii. 1.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">As a suffix -<i>wood</i> is +sometimes a corruption of -<i>ward</i>, e.g. <i>Haywood</i> is +occasionally for <i>Hayward</i>, and <i>Allwood</i>, +<i>Elwood</i> are for <i>Aylward</i>, Anglo-Sax. AEthelweard. +Another name for a wood was <i>Holt</i>, cognate with Ger. +<i>Holz</i>—</font></p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3"> +"But right so as thise <i>holtes</i> and thise hayis,</font><br> + That han in winter dede ben and dreye,<br> + Revesten hem in grene whan that May is."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><i>(Troilus</i> <i>and</i> <i>Criseyde</i>, <i>iii</i>. +<i>351</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hurst</font> or <i>Hirst</i> +means a wooded hill (cf. Ger. <i>Horst)</i>, and <i>Shaw</i> was +once almost as common a word as wood itself—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Wher rydestow under +this grene</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">wode shaw<i>e?"</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p>(D, 1386.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Hurst</i> belongs +especially to the south and west, though <i>Hirst</i> is very common in +Yorkshire; <i>Shaw</i> is found in the north and <i>Holt</i> in the east and +south. We have compounds of <i>Shaw</i> in <i>Bradshaw, Crashaw</i> (crow), +<i>Hearnshaw</i> (heron), <i>Earnshaw</i> (Mid. Eng, earn, eagle), <i>Renshaw</i> +(raven) [Footnote: It is obvious that this may also be for +raven's haw (Chapter XIII). <i>Raven</i> was a common personal name and +is the first element in <i>Ramsbottom</i> (Chapter XII), <i>Ramsden</i>.], +etc., of <i>Hurst</i> in <i>Buckhurst</i> (beech), <i>Brockhurs</i>t (badger), and of +<i>Holt</i> in <i>Oakshott</i>.</p> +<p>We have earlier forms of <i>Grove</i> in +<i>Greaves—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p align="justify"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"And +with his stremes dryeth in the <i>greves</i></font><br> +The silver dropes, hangynge on the leves"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p align="justify">(A. <i>1495)</i> <font face= +"Bookman Old Style"><i>—</i></font></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>and <i>Graves</i>, the latter being thus no more funereal than +<i>Tombs</i>, from Thomas (cf. <i>Timbs</i> from Timothy). But +<i>Greaves</i> and <i>Graves</i> may also be variants of the +official <i>Grieves</i> (Chapter XIX), or may come from Mid. Eng. +<i>graefe</i>, a trench, quarry. Compounds are <i>Hargreave</i> +(hare), <i>Redgrave</i>, <i>Stangrave</i>, the two latter +probably referring to an excavation. From Mid. Eng, +<i>strope</i>, a small wood, appear to come <i>Strode</i> and +<i>Stroud</i>, compound <i>Bulstrode</i>, while <i>Struthers</i> +is the cognate <i>strother</i>, marsh, still in dialect use. +<i>Weald</i> and <i>wold</i>, the cognates of Ger. <i>Wald</i>, +were applied rather to wild country in general than to land +covered with trees. They are probably connected with +<i>wild</i>.</p> +<p>Similarly the Late Lat. <i>foresta</i>, whence our +<i>forest</i>, means only what is outside, Lat, <i>foris</i>, the +town jurisdiction. From the Mid. Eng. <i>waeld</i> we have the +names <i>Weld</i> and <i>Weale</i>, the latter with the not +uncommon loss of final -<i>d</i>. <i>Scroggs</i> (Scand.) and +<i>Scrubbs</i> suggest their meaning of brushwood. +<i>Scroggins</i>, from its form, is a patronymic, and probably +represents <i>Scoggins</i> with intrusive -<i>r</i>-. This is +perhaps from Scogin, a name borne by a poet who was contemporary +with Chaucer and by a court-fool of the fifteenth +century—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"The same Sir John, +the very same. I saw him break <i>Skogan's</i> head at the court +gate, when he was a crack, not thus high." (<i>2</i> <i>Henry</i> +<i>IV</i>., <i>iii</i>. <i>2</i>.)</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">With <i>Scrubb</i> of cloudy +ammonia fame we may compare Wormwood Scrubbs. <i>Shrubb</i> is +the same word, and Shropshire is for Anglo-Sax. +<i>scrob</i>-<i>scire</i>.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80758" id="Toc80758">FOREST +CLEARINGS</a></b></p> +<p>The two northern names for a clearing in the wood were +<i>Royd</i> and <i>Thwaite</i> (Scand.). The former is cognate +with the second part of Bai<i>reut</i> and Wernige<i>rode</i>, +and with the <i>Rütli</i>, the small plateau on which the +Swiss patriots took their famous oath. It was so +called—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Weil dort die Waldung +<i>ausgerodet</i> ward."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>(SCHILLER, <i>Wilhelm</i> <i>Tell</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Among its compounds are +<i>Ackroyd</i> (oak), <i>Grindrod</i> (green), <i>Murgatroyd</i> +(Margaret), <i>Learoyd</i> (lea), <i>Ormerod</i>, etc. We also +find the name <i>Rodd</i>, which may belong here or to +<i>Rudd</i> (Chapter VII), and both these names may also be for +<i>Rood</i>, equivalent to <i>Cross</i> or <i>Crouch</i> (Chapter +II), as in Holyrood. <i>Ridding</i> is also related to +<i>Royd</i>. <i>Hacking</i> may be a dim. of <i>Hack</i> (Chapter +VII), but we find also <i>de</i> <i>le</i> <i>hacking</i>, which +suggests a forest clearing.</font></p> +<p><i>Thwaite</i>, from Anglo-Sax. <i>þwitan</i>, to cut, +is found chiefly in Cumberland and the adjacent region in such +compounds as <i>Braithwaite</i> (broad), <i>Hebbelthwaite</i>, +<i>Postlethwaite</i>, <i>Satterthwaite</i>. The second of these +is sometimes corrupted into <i>Ablewhite</i> as +<i>Cowperthwaite</i> is into <i>Copperwheat</i>, for "this suffix +has ever been too big a mouthful in the south" (Bardsley). A +glade or valley in the wood was called a <i>Dean</i>, +<i>Dene</i>, <i>Denne</i>, cognate with <i>den</i>. The compounds +are numerous, e.g. <i>Borden</i> (boar), <i>Dibden</i> (deep), +<i>Sugden</i> (Mid. Eng. <i>suge</i>, sow), <i>Hazeldean</i> or +<i>Heseltine</i>. From the fact that swine were pastured in these +glades the names <i>Denman</i> and <i>Denyer</i> have been +explained as equivalent to swineherd. As a suffix -<i>den</i> is +often confused with -<i>don</i> (Chapter XII). At the foot of +Horsenden Hill, near Harrow, two boards announce Horsendon Farm +and Horsenden Golf-links. An opening in the wood was also called +<i>Slade</i>—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<p>"And when he came to Barnesdale,<br> + Great heavinesse there hee hadd;<br> + He found two of his fellowes<br> + Were slain both in a <i>Slade</i>.<i>"</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<p>(Robin <i>Hood</i> <i>and</i> <i>Guy</i> <i>of</i> +<i>Gisborne</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>The maps still show Pond Slade in Richmond Park, The compound +<i>Hertslet</i> may be for hart-Slade.</p> +<p><i>Acre</i>, a field, cognate with, but not derived from, Lat. +<i>ager</i>, occurs in <i>Goodacre</i>, <i>Hardacre</i>, +<i>Linacre</i>, <i>Whittaker</i>, etc., and <i>Field</i> itself +gives numerous compounds, including <i>Butterfield</i> (bittern, +Chapter XXIII), <i>Schofield</i> (school), <i>Streatfeild</i> +(street), <i>Whitfield</i>.</p> +<p>Pasture-land is represented above all by <i>Lea</i>, for which +see Chapter III. It is cognate with Hohen<i>lohe</i> and +Water<i>loo</i>, while <i>Mead</i> and <i>Medd</i> are cognate +with Zer<i>matt</i> (at the mead). <i>Brinsmead</i> thus means +the same as <i>Brinsley</i>.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80759" id="Toc80759">MARSHES</a></b></p> +<p>Marshy land has given the names <i>Carr</i> or <i>Kerr</i> +(Scand.) and <i>Marsh</i>, originally an adjective, +<i>merisc</i>, from <i>mer</i>, mere. The doublet <i>Marris</i> +has usually become <i>Morris</i>. The compounds <i>Tidmarsh</i> +and <i>Titchmarsh</i> contain the Anglo-Saxon names Tidda and +Ticca. <i>Moor</i> also originally had the meaning morass (e.g. +in Sedgemoor), as Ger. <i>Moor</i> still has, so that +<i>Fenimore</i> is pleonastic. The northern form is <i>Muir</i>, +as in <i>Muirhead</i>. <i>Moss</i> was similarly used in the +north; cf. moss-trooper and Solway Moss, but the surname +<i>Moss</i> is generally for Moses (Chapter IX). From +<i>slough</i> we get the names <i>Slow</i>, <i>Slowley</i>, and +<i>Sloman</i> (also perhaps a nickname), with which we may +compare <i>Moorman</i> and <i>Mossman</i>. This seems to be also +the most usual meaning of <i>Slack</i> or <i>Slagg</i>, also used +of a gap in the hills</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +"The first horse that he rode upon,<br> + For he was raven black,<br> + He bore him far, and very far,<br> + But failed in a <i>slack</i>.<i>"</i> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>(Ballad <i>of</i> <i>Lady</i> <i>Maisry</i>.<i>)</i> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Tye</font> means common land. +<i>Platt</i> is a piece, or plot, of level country—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3"> +"Oft on a <i>plat</i> <i>of</i> rising ground</font><br> +I hear the far-off curfew sound"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p><i>(Penseroso</i>, <i>1</i>. <i>73);</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and shape is expressed by +<i>Gore</i>, a triangular piece of land (cf. Kensington Gore), of +which the older form <i>Gare</i>, <i>Geare</i>, also survives. In +<i>Lowndes</i> we have <i>laund</i> <i>or</i> +<i>lound</i>—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i> +"And to the laund he rideth hym ful right,</i><br> + For thider was the hart wont have his flight</p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p>(A. 1691)—</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">a piece of heath land, the +origin of the modern word la<i>wn</i>. In <i>Lund</i> and +<i>Lunn</i> it has become confused with the Old Norse +<i>lundr</i>, a sacred grove.</font></p> +<p><i>Laund</i> itself is of French origin—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Lande</i>, a land, +or <i>laund</i>; a wild, untilled, shrubbie, or bushie +plaine"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p>(Cotgrave).</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Its relation to <i>land</i> is +uncertain, and it is not possible to distinguish them in such +compounds as <i>Acland</i> (Chapter XII), <i>Buckland</i>, +<i>Cleveland</i>, etc. The name <i>Lander</i> or <i>Launder</i> +is unconnected with these (see p.186). <i>Flack</i> <i>is</i> +Mid. Eng. <i>flagge</i>, turf. <i>Snape</i> is a dialect word for +boggy ground, and <i>Wong</i> means a meadow.</font></p> +<p>A rather uncouth-looking set of names, which occur chiefly on +the border of Cheshire and Lancashire, are compounded from +<i>bottom</i> or <i>botham</i>, a wide shallow valley suited for +agriculture. Hotspur, dissatisfied with his fellow-conspirators' +map-drawing, expresses his intention of damming the Trent so +that</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p> +"It shall not wind with such a deep indent<br> +To rob me of so rich a <i>bottom</i> here."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>(1 <i>Henry</i> <i>IV</i>, iii. 1.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Familiar compounds are +<i>Higginbottom</i>, <i>Rowbotham</i>, <i>Sidebottom</i>. The +first element of <i>Shufflebotham</i> is, in the Lancashire +Assize Rolls (1176-1285), spelt <i>Schyppewalle</i>- and +<i>Schyppewelle</i>-, where <i>schyppe</i> is for sheep, still so +pronounced in dialect. <i>Tarbottom</i>, earlier +<i>Tarbutton</i>, is corrupted from Tarbolton +(Ayrshire).</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80760" id="Toc80760">WATER AND +WATERSIDE</a></b></p> +<p><a name="Toc80761" id="Toc80761">RIVERS</a></p> +<p>Very few surnames are taken, in any language, from the names +of rivers. This is quite natural, for just as the man who lived +on a hill became known as <i>Hill</i>, <i>Peake</i>, etc., and +not as Skiddaw or Wrekin, so the man who lived by the waterside +would be known as <i>Bywater</i>, <i>Rivers</i>, etc. No Londoner +talks of going on the Thames, and the country-dweller also +usually refers to his local stream as the river or the water, and +not by its geographical name. Another reason for the absence of +such surnames is probably to be found in the fact that our river +(and mountain) names are almost exclusively Celtic, and had no +connotation for the English population. We have many apparent +river names, but most of them are susceptible of another +explanation. <i>Dee</i> may be for <i>Day</i> as <i>Deakin</i> is +for <i>Dakin</i>, <i>i.e</i>. David, <i>Derwent</i> looks like +<i>Darwin</i> (Chapter VII) or the local <i>Darwen</i> with +excrescent -<i>t</i> (Chapter III), <i>Humber</i> is +<i>Humbert</i>, a French name corresponding to the Anglo-Sax, +Hunbeorht, <i>Medway</i> may be merely "mid-way," and +<i>Trent</i> is a place in Somerset. This view as to river +surnames is supported by the fact that we do not appear to have a +single mountain surname, the apparent exception, <i>Snowdon</i>, +being for <i>Snowden</i> (see <i>den</i>, <i>Dean</i>, +<i>Dene</i>, <i>Denne</i>). <i>[Footnote:</i> But see my +<i>Surnames</i>, Chapter XVI.<i>]</i></p> +<p>Among names for streams we have <i>Beck</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> +The simple <i>Bec<a name="lastbookmark2" id= +"lastbookmark2"></a>k</i> is generally a German name of modern +introduction (see <i>pecch</i>).<i>]</i> cognate with Ger. +<i>Bach;</i> <i>Bourne</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> Distinct from +<i>bourne</i>, a boundary, Fr. <i>borne</i>.<i>]</i> or +<i>Burn</i>, cognate with Ger. <i>Brunnen;</i> <i>Brook</i>, +related to break; <i>Crick</i>, a creek; <i>Fleet</i>, a creek, +cognate with <i>Flood;</i> and <i>Syke</i>, a trench or rill. In +<i>Beckett</i> and <i>Brockett</i> the suffix is <i>head</i> +(Chapter XIII). <i>Troutbeck</i>, <i>Birkbeck</i> explain +themselves. In <i>Colbeck</i> we have cold, and <i>Holbrook</i> +contains hollow, but in some names -<i>brook</i> has been +substituted for -<i>borough</i>, -<i>burgh</i>. We find +<i>Brook</i> latinized as <i>Torrens</i>. <i>Aborn</i> <i>is</i> +for <i>atte</i> <i>bourne</i>, and there are probably many places +called <i>Blackburn</i> and <i>Otterburn</i>.</p> +<p><i>Firth</i>, an estuary, cognate with <i>fjord</i>, often +becomes <i>Frith</i>, but this surname usually comes from +<i>frith</i>, a park or game preserve (Chapter XIII).</p> +<p>Another word for a creek, <i>wick</i> or <i>wick</i> (Scand.), +cannot be distinguished from <i>wick</i>, a settlement. +<i>Pond</i>, a doublet of <i>Pound</i> (Chapter XIII), means a +piece of water enclosed by a dam, while natural sheets of water +are <i>Lake</i>, <i>or</i> <i>Lack</i>, not limited +originall<i>y</i> to a large expanse, <i>Mere</i>, whence +<i>Mears</i> and such compounds as <i>Cranmer</i> (crane), +<i>Bulmer</i> (bull), etc., and <i>Pool</i>, also spelt +<i>Pull</i> and <i>Pole</i>. We have compounds of the latter in +<i>Poulton</i> (Chapter I), <i>Claypole</i>, and +<i>Glasspool</i>.</p> +<p>In Kent a small pond is called <i>Sole</i>, whence +<i>Nethersole</i>. The bank of a river or lake was called +<i>Over</i>, cognate with Ger. <i>Ufer</i>, whence +<i>Overend</i>, <i>Overall</i> (see below), <i>Overbury</i>, +<i>Overland</i>. The surname <i>Shore</i>, for <i>atte</i> +<i>shore</i>, may refer to the sea-shore, but the word +<i>sewer</i> was once regularly so pronounced and the name was +applied to large drains in the fen country (cf. <i>Gott</i>, +Water, Chapter XIII). <i>Beach</i> <i>is</i> a word of late +appearance and doubtful origin, and as a surname is usually +identical with <i>Beech</i>.</p> +<p>Spits of land by the waterside were called <i>Hook</i> (cf. +Hook of Holland and Sandy Hook) and <i>Hoe</i> or <i>Hoo</i>, as +in Plymouth Hoe, or the Hundred of Hoo, between the Thames and +the Medway. From <i>Hook</i> comes <i>Hooker</i>, where it does +not mean a maker of hooks, while <i>Homan</i> and <i>Hooman</i> +sometimes belong to the second. Alluvial land by a stream was +called <i>halgh</i>, <i>haugh</i>, whence sometimes <i>Hawes</i>. +Its dative case gives <i>Hale</i> and <i>Heal</i>. These often +become -<i>hall</i>, -<i>all</i>, in place-names. Compounds are +<i>Greenhalgh</i>, <i>Greenall</i> and <i>Featherstonehaugh</i>, +perhaps our longest surname.</p> +<p><i>Ing</i>, a low-lying meadow, Mid. Eng. <i>eng</i>, survives +in <i>Greening</i>, <i>Fenning</i>, <i>Wilding</i>, and probably +sometimes in <i>England</i> (Chapter XI). But <i>Inge</i> and +<i>Ings</i>, the latter the name of one of the Cato Street +conspirators, also represent an Anglo-Saxon personal name. Cf. +<i>Ingall</i> and <i>Ingle</i>, from Ingwulf, or Ingold, whence +<i>Ingoldsby</i>.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80762" id="Toc80762">ISLANDS</a></b></p> +<p><i>Ey</i>, an island, <i>[Footnote:</i> Isle of Sheppey, +Mersea Island, etc, are pleonasms.]survives as the last element +of many names, and is not always to be distinguished from +<i>hey</i> <i>(hay</i>, Settlements, Chapter III) and <i>ley</i>. +Bill <i>Nye's</i> ancestor lived <i>atten</i> <i>ey</i> (Chapter +III). <i>Dowdney</i> or <i>Dudeney</i> has been explained from +the Anglo-Saxon name Duda, but it more probably represents the +very common French name <i>Dieudonné</i>, corresponding to +Lat. Deodatus. In the north a river island was commonly called +<i>Holm</i> (Scand.), also pronounced <i>Home</i>, <i>Hulme</i>, +and <i>Hume</i>, in compounds easily confused with -<i>ham</i>, +e.g. Durham was once Dun-holmr, hill island. The very common +<i>Holmes</i> <i>is</i> probably in most cases a tree-name +(Chapter XII). In <i>Chisholm</i> the first element may mean +pebble; cf. Chesil Beach. The names <i>Bent</i>, whence +<i>Broadbent</i>, and <i>Crook</i> probably also belong sometimes +to the river, but may have arisen from a turn in a road or +valley. But <i>Bent</i> was also applied to a tract covered with +bents, or rushes, and <i>Crook</i> is generally a nickname +(Chapter XXII). Lastly, the crossing of the unbridged stream has +given us <i>Ford</i> or <i>Forth</i> whence <i>Stratford</i>, +<i>Strafford</i> (street), <i>Stanford</i>, <i>Stamford</i>, +<i>Staniforth</i> (stone), etc. The alternative name was +<i>Wade</i>, whence the compound <i>Grimwade</i>. The cognate +<i>wath</i> (Scand.) has been confused with <i>with</i> (Scand.), +a wood, whence the name <i>Wythe</i> and the compound +<i>Askwith</i> or <i>Asquith</i>. Both -<i>wath</i> and +<i>–with</i> have been often replaced by -<i>worth</i> and +-<i>wood</i>.</p> +<p><i> </i></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80763" id="Toc80763">TREE NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>In conclusion a few words must be said about tree names, so +common in their simple form and in topographical compounds. Here, +as in the case of most of the etymons already mentioned in this +chapter, the origin of the surname may be specific as well as +general, <i>i.e</i>. the name <i>Ash</i> may come from Ash in +Kent rather than from any particular tree, the etymology +remaining the same. Many of our surnames have preserved the older +forms of tree names, e.g. the <i>lime</i> was once the +<i>line</i>, hence <i>Lines</i>, <i>Lynes</i>, and earlier still +the <i>Lind</i>, as in the compounds <i>Lyndhurst</i>, +<i>Lindley</i>, etc. The older form of <i>Oak</i> appears in +<i>Acland</i>, <i>Acton</i>, and variants in <i>Ogden</i> and +<i>Braddock</i>, broad oak. We have ash in <i>Aston</i>, +<i>Ascham</i>. The <i>holly</i> was once the <i>hollin</i>, +whence <i>Hollins</i>, <i>Hollis</i>, <i>Hollings;</i> cf. +<i>Hollings</i>-<i>head</i>, <i>Holinshed</i>. But <i>hollin</i> +became colloquially <i>holm</i>, whence generally <i>Holmes</i>. +<i>Homewood</i> is for holm-wood. The holm oak, ilex, is so +called from its holly-like leaves. For <i>Birch</i> we also find +<i>Birk</i>, a northern form. <i>Beech</i> often appears in +compounds as <i>Buck</i>-<i>;</i> cf. buckwheat, so called +because the grains are of the shape of beech-mast. In +<i>Poppleton</i>, <i>Popplewell</i> we have the dialect +<i>popple</i>, a poplar. <i>Yeo</i> sometimes represents +<i>yew</i>, spelt <i>yowe</i> by Palsgrave. <i>[Footnote:</i> The +<i>yeo</i> of <i>yeoman</i>, which is conjectured to have meant +district, cognate with Ger. <i>Gau</i> in <i>Breisgau</i>, +<i>Rheingau</i>, <i>etc</i>., is not found by itself.<i>]</i></p> +<p>In <i>Sallows</i> we have a provincial name for the willow, +cognate with Fr, <i>saule</i> and Lat. <i>salix</i>. +<i>Rowntree</i> <i>is</i> the <i>rowan</i>, or mountain ash, and +<i>Bawtry</i> or <i>Bawtree</i> is a northern name for the elder. +The older forms of <i>Alder</i> and <i>Elder</i>, in both of +which the -<i>d</i>- is intrusive (Chapter III), appear in +<i>Allerton</i> and <i>Ellershaw</i>. <i>Maple</i> is sometimes +<i>Mapple</i> <i>and</i> <i>sycamore</i> is corrupted into +<i>Sicklemore</i>.</p> +<p>Tree-names are common in all languages. <i>Beerbohm</i> +<i>Tree</i> is pleonastic, from Ger. <i>Bierbaum</i>, for +<i>Birnbaum</i>, pear-tree. A few years ago a prominent Belgian +statesman bore the name <i>Vandenpereboom</i>, rather terrifying +till decomposed into "van den pereboom." Its Mid. English +equivalent appears in <i>Pirie</i>, originally a collection of +pear-trees, but used by Chaucer for the single tree</p> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<p>"And thus I lete hym +sitte upon the <i>pyrie</i>.<i>"</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p>(E. 2217.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">From trees we may descend +gradually, via <i>Thorne</i>, <i>Bush</i>, <i>Furze</i>, +<i>Gorst</i> (Chapter I), <i>Ling</i>, etc., until we come +finally to <i>Grace</i>, which in some cases represents grass, +for we find William <i>atte</i> <i>grase</i> in 1327, while the +name <i>Poorgrass</i>, in Mr. Hardy's <i>Far</i> <i>from</i> +<i>the</i> <i>Madding</i> <i>Crowd</i>, seems to be certified by +the famous French names <i>Malherbe</i> and <i>Malesherbes</i>. +But <i>Savory</i> is the French personal name Savary.</font></p> +<p>The following list of trees is given by Chaucer in the +Knight's tale—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> + +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"The names that the +trees highte, —</font><br> +As ook, firre, birch, aspe, alder, holm, popeler,<br> +Wylugh, elm, plane, assh, box, chasteyn, lynde, laurer,<br> +Mapul, thorn, beck, hasel, ew, whippeltre." + (A. 2920.)</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">They are all represented in +modern directories.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144737" id="Toc2144737"></a><a name="Toc80764" +id="Toc80764">CHAPTER XIII <b>THE HAUNTS OF +MAN</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>"One fels downs firs, another of the same<br> +With crossed poles a little lodge doth frame:<br> +Another mounds it with dry wall about,<br> +And leaves a breach for passage in and out:<br> +With turfs and furze some others yet more gross<br> +Their homely sties in stead of walls inclose:<br> +Some, like the swallow, mud and hay doe mixe<br> +And that about their silly [p. 209] cotes they fixe<br> +Some heals <i>[thatch]</i> their roofer with fearn, or reeds, or rushes,<br> +And some with hides, with oase, with boughs, and bushes,"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p><i>(SYLVESTER</i>, <i>The</i> <i>Devine</i> <i>Weekes</i>, +<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">In almost every case where man +has interfered with nature the resulting local name is naturally +of Anglo-Saxon or, in some parts of England, of Scandinavian +origin. The Roman and French elements in our topographical names +are scanty in number, though the former are of frequent +occurrence. The chief Latin contributions <i>are</i> +-<i>Chester</i>, -<i>cester</i>, -<i>caster</i>, Lat. +<i>castrum</i>, a fort, or plural <i>castra</i>, a camp; +-<i>street</i>, Lat. <i>via</i> <i>strata</i>, a levelled way; +-<i>minster</i>, Lat. <i>monasterium;</i> and -<i>church</i> or +-<i>kirk</i>, Greco-Lat. <i>kuriakon</i>, belonging to the Lord. +<i>Eccles</i>, Greco-Lat. <i>ecclesia</i>, probably goes back to +Celtic Christianity. <i>Street</i> <i>was</i> the high-road, +hence <i>Greenstreet</i>. <i>Minster</i> <i>is</i> curiously +corrupted in <i>Buckmaster</i> for Buckminster and +<i>Kittermaster</i> for Kidderminster, while in its simple form +it appears as <i>Minister</i> (Chapter III).</font></p> +<p>We have a few French place-names, e.g. <i>Beamish</i> (Chapter +XIV), <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Richmond</i>, Richemont, and +<i>Malpas</i> (Cheshire), the evil pass, with which we may +compare <i>Maltravers</i>. We have the apparent opposite in +<i>Bompas</i>, <i>Bumpus</i>, Fr. <i>bon</i> <i>pas</i>, but this +was a nickname. Of late there has been a tendency to introduce +the French <i>ville</i>, e.g. Bournville, near Birmingham. That +part of Margate which ought to be called Northdown is known as +Cliftonville, and the inhabitants of the opposite end of the +town, dissatisfied with such good names as Westbrook and Rancorn, +hanker after Westonville. But these philological atrocities are +fortunately too late to be perpetuated as surnames.</p> +<p>I have divided the names in this chapter into those that are +connected with</p> +<ol> +<li>Settlements and Enclosures,</li> +<li>Highways and Byways,</li> +<li>Watercourses,</li> +<li>Buildings,</li> +<li>Shop Signs.</li> +</ol> +<p>And here, as before, names which neither in their simple nor +compound form present any difficulty are omitted.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80765" id="Toc80765">SETTLEMENTS AND +ENCLOSURES</a></b></p> +<p>The words which occur most commonly in the names of the modern +towns which have sprung from early homesteads are <i>borough</i> +or <i>bury</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> Originally the dative of +<i>borough</i>.] <i>by</i>, <i>ham</i>, <i>stoke</i>, +<i>stow</i>, <i>thorp</i>, <i>tun</i> or <i>ton</i>, <i>wick</i>, +and <i>worth</i>. These names are all of native origin, except +<i>by</i>, which indicates a Danish settlement, and <i>wick</i>, +which is supposed to be a very early loan from Lat. <i>vicus</i>, +cognate with Greek <i>oikos</i>, house. Nearly all of them are +common, in their simple form, both as specific place-names and as +surnames. <i>Borough</i>, cognate with Ger. <i>Burg</i>, castle, +and related to <i>Barrow</i> (Chapter XII), has many variants, +<i>Bury</i>, <i>Brough</i>, <i>Borrow</i>, <i>Berry</i>, whence +<i>Berryman</i>, and <i>Burgh</i>, the last of which has become +<i>Burke</i> in Ireland.</p> +<p>In <i>Atterbury</i> the preposition and article have both +remained, while in <i>Thornber</i> the suffix is almost +unrecognizable. <i>By</i>, related to <i>byre</i> and to the +preposition <i>by</i>, <i>is</i> especially common in Yorkshire +and Lincolnshire. It is sometimes spelt <i>bee</i>, e.g. +<i>Ashbee</i> for <i>Ashby</i>. The simple <i>Bye</i> is not +uncommon. <i>Ham</i> is cognate with <i>home</i>. In compounds it +is sometimes reduced to -<i>um</i>, e.g. <i>Barnum</i>, +<i>Holtum</i>, <i>Warnum</i>. But in some such names the +-<i>um</i> is the original form, representing an old dative +plural (Chapter III). <i>Allum</i> represents the usual Midland +pronunciation of <i>Hallam</i>. <i>Cullum</i>, generally for +Culham, may also represent the missionary Saint Colomb. In +<i>Newnham</i> the adjective is dative, as in Ger. +<i>Neuenheim</i>, at the new home. In <i>Bonham</i>, +<i>Frankham</i>, and <i>Pridham</i> the suffix -<i>ham</i> has +been substituted for the French <i>homme</i> of <i>bonhomme</i>, +<i>franc</i> <i>homme</i>, <i>prudhomme</i>, while +<i>Jerningham</i> is a perversion of the personal name Jernegan +or Gernegan, as <i>Garnham</i> is of Gernon, Old French for +<i>Beard</i> (Chapter XXI). <i>Stead</i> is cognate with Ger. +<i>Stadt</i>, place, town, and with <i>staith</i>, as in +<i>Bickersteth</i>(Chapter III). <i>Armstead</i> means the +dwelling of the hermit, <i>Bensted</i> the stead of Benna +(Chapter VII) or Bennet.</p> +<p><i>Stoke</i> is originally distinct from <i>Stock</i>, a +stump, with which it has become fused in the compounds +<i>Bostock</i>, <i>Brigstocke</i>. <i>Stow</i> appears in the +compound <i>Bristol</i> (Chapter XI) and in <i>Plaistow</i>, +play-ground (cf. <i>Playsted)</i>. <i>Thorp</i>, cognate with +Ger. <i>Dorf</i>, village, is especially common in the eastern +counties</p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p>"By twenty <i>thorps</i>, a little town, <br> +And half a hundred bridges."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>(Tennyson, <i>The</i> <i>Brook</i>, <i>1</i>. +<i>5</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">It has also given <i>Thrupp</i> +and probably <i>Thripp</i>, whence <i>Calthrop</i>, +<i>Winthrop</i>, <i>Westrupp</i>, etc.</font></p> +<p><i>Ton</i>, later <i>Town</i>, gave also the northern +<i>Toon</i>, still used in Scotland with something of its +original sense (Chapter XII). <i>Boston</i> is Botolf's town, +<i>Gunston</i> Gunolf's town. So also <i>Tarleton</i> +(Thurweald), <i>Monkton</i> (monk), <i>Preston</i> (priest). +<i>Barton</i> meant originally a barley-field, and is still used +in the west of England for a paddock. <i>Wick</i> appears also as +<i>Wych</i>, <i>Weech</i>. Its compounds cannot be separated from +those of <i>wick</i>, a creek (Chapter XII). <i>Bromage</i> is +for Bromwich, <i>Greenidge</i> for Greenwich, <i>Prestage</i> for +Prestwich; cf. the place-name Swanage (Dorset), earlier +Swanewic.</p> +<p><i>Worth</i> was perhaps originally applied to land by a river +or to a holm (Chapter XII); cf. Ger. Donauwert, Nonnenwert, etc. +<i>Harmsworth</i> <i>is</i> for Harmondsworth; cf. +<i>Ebbsworth</i> (Ebba), <i>Shuttleworth</i> (Sceotweald), +<i>Wadsworth</i> (Wada). Sometimes we find a lengthened form, +e.g. <i>Allworthy</i>, from <i>ald</i>, old (cf. +<i>Aldworth)</i>, <i>Langworthy</i>. <i>Rickworth</i>, further +corrupted to <i>Record</i>, is the Anglo-Saxon name Ricweard. +<i>Littleworth</i> may belong to this class, but may also be a +nickname. This would make it equivalent to the imitative +<i>Little</i>-<i>proud</i>, formerly Littleprow, from Old French +and Mid. Eng. <i>prou</i>, worth, value.</p> +<p>To this group may be added two more, which signify a mart, +viz. <i>Cheap</i> or <i>Chipp</i> (cf. Chepstow, Chipping Barnet) +and <i>Staple</i>, whence <i>Huxtable</i>, <i>Stapleton</i>, etc. +<i>Liberty</i>, that part of a city which, though outside the +walls, shares in the city privileges, and <i>Parish</i> also +occur as surnames, but the latter is usually for Paris.</p> +<p>Many other words connected with the delimitation of property +occur commonly in surnames. <i>Croft</i> or <i>Craft</i>, a small +field, is common in compounds such as <i>Beecroft</i> or +<i>Bearcroft</i> (barley), <i>Haycraft</i> (see <i>hay</i>, +below), <i>Oscroft(ox)</i>, <i>Rycroft</i>, <i>Meadowcroft</i>. +<i>[Footnote:</i> I remember reading in some story of a socially +ambitious lady who adopted this commonplace name instead of +<i>Gubbins</i>. The latter name came over, as Gobin, with the +Conqueror, and goes back to Old Ger. Godberaht, whence Old Fr. +Godibert.<i>]</i> <i>Fold</i> occurs usually as <i>Foulds</i>, +but we have compounds such as <i>Nettlefold</i>, <i>Penfold</i> +or <i>Pinfold</i> (Chapter XIII). <i>Sty</i>, not originally +limited to pigs, has given <i>Hardisty</i>, the sty of Heardwulf. +<i>Frith</i>, a park or game preserve, is probably more often the +origin of a surname than the other <i>frith</i> (Chapter XII). It +is cognate with Ger. Friedhof, cemetery. <i>Chase</i> is still +used of a park and <i>Game</i> once meant rabbit-warren. +<i>Warren</i> is Fr. <i>garenne</i>. <i>Garth</i>, the +Scandinavian doublet of <i>Yard</i>, and cognate with +<i>Garden</i>, has given the compounds <i>Garside</i>, +<i>Garfield</i>, <i>Hogarth</i> (from a place in Westmorland), +and <i>Applegarth</i>, of which <i>Applegate</i> is a corruption. +We have a compound of <i>yard</i> in <i>Wynyard</i>, Anglo-Sax. +<i>win</i>, vine. We have also the name <i>Close</i> and its +derivative <i>Clowser</i>. <i>Gate</i>, a barrier or opening, +Anglo-Sax. <i>geat</i>, is distinct from the Scandinavian +<i>gate</i>, a street (Chapter XIII), though of course confused +with it in surnames. From the northern form we have <i>Yates</i>, +<i>Yeats</i>, and <i>Yeatman</i>, and the compounds <i>Byatt</i>, +by gate, <i>Hyatt</i>, high gate. <i>Agate</i> is for <i>atte</i> +<i>gate</i>, and <i>Lidgate</i>, whence <i>Lidgett</i>, means a +swing gate, shutting like a lid. <i>Fladgate</i> is for +flood-gate. Here also belongs <i>Barr</i>. <i>Hatch</i>, the gate +at the entrance to a chase, survives in Colney Hatch. The +apparent dim. <i>Hatchett</i> is for <i>Hatchard</i> (Chapter +VIII); cf. <i>Everett</i> for Everard (Chapter II). <i>Hay</i>, +also <i>Haig</i>, <i>Haigh</i>, <i>Haw</i>, <i>Hey</i>, is +cognate with <i>Hedge</i>. Like most monosyllabic local surnames, +it is commonly found in the plural, <i>Hayes</i>, <i>Hawes</i>. +The bird nickname <i>Hedgecock</i> exists also as <i>Haycock</i>. +The curious-looking patronymics <i>Townson</i> and +<i>Orchardson</i> are of course corrupt. The former is for +<i>Tomlinson</i> and the latter perhaps from Achard (Chapter +VIII).</p> +<p>Several places and families in England are named <i>Hide</i> +or <i>Hyde</i>, which meant a certain measure of land. The +popular connection between this word and <i>hide</i>, a skin, as +in the story of the first Jutish settlement, is a fable. It is +connected with an Anglo-Saxon word meaning household, which +appears also in <i>Huish</i>, <i>Anglo</i>-<i>Sax. +hi</i>-<i>wisc</i>. <i>Dike</i>, or <i>Dyke</i>, and <i>Moat</i>, +also Mott, both have, or had, a double meaning. We still use +<i>dike</i>, which belongs to <i>dig</i> and <i>ditch</i>, both +of a trench and a mound, and the latter was the earlier meaning +of Fr. <i>motte</i>, now a clod, In Anglo-French we find +<i>moat</i> used of a mound fortress in a marsh. Now it is +applied to the surrounding water. From <i>dike</i> come the names +<i>Dicker</i>, <i>Dickman</i>, <i>Grimsdick</i>, etc. Sometimes +the name <i>Dykes</i> may imply residence near some historic +earthwork, such as Offa's Dyke, just as <i>Wall</i>, for which +<i>Waugh</i> was used in the north, may show connection with the +Roman wall. With these may be mentioned the French name +<i>Fosse</i>, whence the apparently pleonastic <i>Fosdyke</i> and +the name of Verdant Green's friend, Mr. Four-in-hand +<i>Fosbrooke</i>. <i>Delves</i> is from Mid. Eng. <i>dell</i>, +ditch. <i>Jury</i> is for Jewry, the quarter allotted to the +Jews, but <i>Jewsbury</i> is no doubt for Dewsbury; cf. +<i>Jewhurst</i> for Dewhurst.</p> +<p>Here may be mentioned a few local surnames which are hard to +classify. We have the apparently anatomical <i>Back</i>, +<i>Foot</i>, <i>Head</i>, and, in compounds, -<i>side</i>. +<i>Back</i> seems to have been used of the region behind <i>a</i> +building or dwelling, as it still is at Cambridge. Its plural has +given <i>Bax</i>. But it was also a personal name connected with +<i>Bacon</i> (Chapter XXIII).</p> +<p>We should expect <i>Foot</i> to mean the base of a hill, but +it always occurs in early rolls without a preposition. It may +represent in some cases an old personal name of obscure origin, +but it is also a nickname with compounds such as <i>Barfoot</i>, +<i>Lightfoot</i>. The simple <i>Head</i>, found as Mid. Eng. +<i>del</i> <i>heved</i>, is perhaps generally from a shop sign. +Fr. Tête, one origin of <i>Tait</i>, <i>Tate</i>, and Ger. +Haupt, Kopf, also occur as surnames. As a local suffix +-<i>head</i> appears to mean top-end and is generally shortened +to -<i>ett</i>, e.g. <i>Birkett</i> (cf. Birkenhead), +<i>[Footnote:</i> No doubt sometimes, like <i>Burchett</i>, +<i>Burkett</i>, for the personal name Burchard, Anglo-Sax. +Burgheard<i>]</i> <i>Brockett</i> (brook), <i>Bromet</i>, +<i>Bromhead</i> (broom), <i>Hazlitt</i> (hazel). The same suffix +appears to be present in <i>Fossett</i>, from <i>fosse</i>, and +<i>Forcett</i> from <i>force</i>, a waterfall (Scand.). +<i>Broadhead</i> is a nickname, like Fr. <i>Grossetête</i> +and Ger. Breitkopf. The face-value of <i>Evershed</i> is boar's +head. <i>Morshead</i> may be the nickname of mine host of the +Saracen's Head or may mean the end of the moor. So the names +<i>Aked</i> (oak), <i>Blackett</i>, <i>Woodhead</i> may be +explained anatomically or geographically according to the choice +of the bearer. <i>Perrett</i>, usually a dim. of Peter, may +sometimes represent the rather effective old nickname +"pear-head."</p> +<p><i>Side</i> is local in the uncomfortable sounding +<i>Akenside</i> (oak), <i>Fearenside</i> (fern), but +<i>Heaviside</i> appears to be a nickname. <i>Handyside</i> may +mean "gracious manner," from Mid. Eng. <i>side</i>, cognate with +Ger. <i>Sitte</i>, custom. See <i>Hendy</i> (Chapter XXII). The +simple <i>end</i> survives as <i>Ind</i> or <i>Nind</i> (Chapter +III) and in <i>Overend</i> (Chapter XII), <i>Townsend</i>. +<i>Edge</i> appears also in the older form <i>Egg</i>, but the +frequency of place-names beginning with <i>Edge</i>, e.g. +Edgeley, Edgington, Edgworth, etc., suggests that it was also a +personal name.</p> +<p>Lynch, a boundary, is cognate with golf-links. The following +sounds modern, but refers to people sitting in a hollow among the +sand-ridges—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"And are ye in the wont of drawing up wi' a' the gangrel bodies that ye find +cowering in a sand-bunker upon the <i>links?"</i> </p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p><i>(Redgauntlet</i>, ch. xi.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Pitt</i> is found in the +compound <i>Bulpitt</i>, no doubt the place where the town bull was +kept. It is also the origin of the Kentish names <i>Pett</i> and <i>Pettman</i> +(Chapter XVII). <i>Arch</i> refers generally to a bridge. Lastly, there +are three words for a corner, viz. <i>Hearne, Herne, Hurne, Horn; +Wyke</i>, the same word as <i>Wick</i>, a creek (Chapter XII); and <i>Wray</i> +(Scand.). The franklin tell us that "yonge clerkes" desirous of +knowledge—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<p>"Seken in every halke and every <i>herne</i> <br> +Particular sciences for to lerne"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 10em"> +<p>(F, 1119).</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Wray</i> has become +confused with <i>Ray</i> (Chapter III). Its compound <i>thack-wray</i>, the +corner where the thatch was stored, has given <i>Thackeray.</i></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80766" id="Toc80766">HIGHWAYS AND +BYWAYS</a></b></p> +<p>The word <i>road</i> was not used in its current sense during +the surname period, but meant the art of riding, and specifically +a raid or inroad. Therefore the name <i>Roades</i> is unconnected +with it and represents merely a variant of <i>Royds</i> (Chapter +XII). This name and its compounds belong essentially to the +north, the prevailing spelling, <i>Rhodes</i>, being artificial. +It has no connection with the island of Rhodes.</p> +<p>The meaning of <i>Street</i> has changed considerably since +the days when Icknield Street and Watling Street were great +national roads. It is now used exclusively of town thoroughfares, +and has become such a mere suffix that, while we speak of the +<i>Oxford</i> <i><u>Róad</u></i>, we try to suppress the +second word in <i><u>Ox</u>'ford</i> <i>Street</i>. <i>To</i> +<i>street</i> belong our place-names and surnames in +<i>Strat</i>-, <i>Stret</i>-, etc., e.g. <i>Stratton</i>, +<i>Stretton</i>, <i>Stredwick</i>. <i>Way</i> has a number of +compounds with intrusive -a-, e.g. <i>Challaway</i>, +<i>Dallaway</i> (dale), <i>Greenaway</i>, <i>Hathaway</i> +(heath), <i>Westaway</i>. But <i>Hanway</i> <i>is</i> the name of +a country (Chapter XI), and <i>Otway</i>, <i>Ottoway</i>, +<i>is</i> Old Fr. Otouet, a dim. of Odo. <i>Shipway</i> <i>is</i> +for sheep-way. In the north of England the streets in a town are +often called <i>gates</i> (Scand.). It is impossible to +distinguish the compounds of this <i>gate</i> from those of the +native <i>gate</i>, a barrier (Chapter XIII), e.g. <i>Norgate</i> +may mean North Street or North Gate.</p> +<p><i>Alley</i> and <i>Court</i> both exist as surnames, but the +former is for <i>a'lee</i>, <i>i.e</i>. <i>Atlee</i> (Chapter +XII), and the latter is from <i>court</i> in the sense of +mansion, country house. The curious spelling <i>Caught</i> may be +seen over a shop in Chiswick. <i>Rowe</i> (Chapter I) sometimes +means row of houses, but in <i>Townroe</i> the second element is +identical with <i>Wray</i> (Chapter XIII). <i>Cosway</i>, +<i>Cossey</i>, <i>is</i> from causeway, Fr. +<i>chaussée;</i> and <i>Twitchers</i>, <i>Twitchell</i> +represent dialect words used of a narrow passage and connected +with the Mid. English verb <i>twiselen</i>, to fork, or divide; +<i>Twiss</i> must be of similar origin, for we find Robert +<i>del</i> <i>twysse</i> in 1367. Cf. <i>Birtwistle</i> and +<i>Entwistle</i>. With the above may be classed the west-country +<i>Shute</i>, a narrow street; <i>Vennell</i>, a north-country +word for alley, Fr. <i>venelle</i>, dim. of Lat. <i>versa</i>, +vein; <i>Wynd</i>, a court, also a north-country word, probably +from the verb <i>wind</i>, to twist; and the cognate <i>Went</i>, +a passage—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Thorugh a goter, by a +prive <i>wente</i>.<i>"</i></font><br> + (Troilus and Criseyde, iii. 788.) </p></div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b> </b></p> +<p><a name="Toc80767" id="Toc80767">WATER</a></p> +<p>Names derived from artificial watercourses are +<i>Channell</i>, now replaced as a common noun by the learned +form canal; <i>Condy</i> or <i>Cundy</i>, for the earlier +<i>Cunditt</i>, conduit; <i>Gott</i>, cognate with <i>gut</i>, +used in Yorkshire for the channel from a mill-dam, and in +Lincolnshire for a water-drain on the coast; <i>Lade</i>, +<i>Leete</i>, connected with the verb to <i>lead;</i> and +sometimes <i>Shore</i> (Chapter XII), which was my grandfather's +pronunciation of <i>sewer</i>. From <i>weir</i>, lit. a +protection, precaution, cognate with beware and Ger. +<i>wehren</i>, to protect, we have not only <i>Weir</i>, but also +<i>Ware</i>, <i>Warr</i>, <i>Wear</i>, and the more pretentious +<i>Delawarr</i>. The latter name passed from an Earl Delawarr to +a region in North America, and thus to Fenimore Cooper's noble +red men. But this group of names must sometimes be referred to +the Domesday <i>wars</i>, an outlying potion of a manor. +<i>Lock</i> <i>is</i> more often a land name, to be classed with +<i>Hatch</i> (Chapter XIII), but was also used of a water-gate. +<i>Key</i> was once the usual spelling of <i>quay</i>. The +curious name <i>Keylock</i> <i>is</i> a perversion of +<i>Kellogg</i>, Mid. Eng. <i>Kill</i>-<i>hog</i>. <i>Port</i> +seldom belongs here, as the Mid. English is almost always +<i>de</i> <i>la</i> <i>Porte</i>, <i>i.e</i>. <i>Gates</i>. From +<i>well</i> we have a very large number of compounds, e.g. +<i>Cauldwell</i> (cold), <i>Halliwell</i>, the variants of which, +<i>Holliwell</i>, <i>Hollowell</i>, probably all represent Mid. +Eng. <i>hali</i>, holy. Here belongs also <i>Winch</i>, from the +device used for drawing water from deep wells.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80768" id="Toc80768">BUILDINGS</a></b></p> +<p>The greater number of the words to be dealt with under this +heading enter into the composition of specific place-names. A +considerable number of surnames are derived from the names of +religious buildings, usually from proximity rather than actual +habitation. Such names are naturally of Greco-Latin origin, and +were either introduced directly into Anglo-Saxon by the +missionaries, or were adopted later in a French form after the +Conquest. It has already been noted (Chapter I) that <i>Abbey</i> +<i>is</i> not always what it seems; but in some cases it is +local, from Fr, <i>abbaye</i>, of which the Provençal form +<i>Abadie</i> was introduced by the Huguenots. We find much +earlier <i>Abdy</i>, taken straight from the Greco-Lat. +<i>abbatia</i>. The famous name <i>Chantrey</i> <i>is</i> for +chantry, <i>Armitage</i> was once the regular pronunciation of +<i>Hermitage</i>, and <i>Chappell</i> a common spelling of +<i>Chapel</i>—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Also if you finde not +the word you seeke for presently after one sort of spelling, +condemne me not forthwith, but consider how it is used to be +spelled, whether with double or single letters, as +<i>Chappell</i>, or <i>Chapell"</i> (Holyoak, <i>Latin</i> +<i>Dict</i>., <i>1612)</i>.</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">We have also the Norman form +<i>Capel</i>, but this may be a nickname from Mid. Eng. +<i>capel</i>, nag—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Why nadstow (hast +thou not) pit the <i>capul</i> in the lathe (barn)?" (A, +4088.)</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A <i>Galilee</i> was a chapel +or porch devoted to special purposes—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Those they pursued +had taken refuge in the <i>galilee</i> of the church"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p><i>(Fair</i> <i>Maid</i> <i>of</i> <i>Perth</i>, ch. ix.).</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The tomb of the Venerable Bede +is in the Galilee of Durham Cathedral. I had a schoolfellow with +this uncommon name, now generally perverted to <i>Galley</i>. In +a play now running (Feb. 1913) in London, there is a character +named <i>Sanctuary</i>, a name found also in Crockford and the +London Directory.</font></p> +<p>I have only once come across the contracted form <i>Sentry</i> +<i>[Footnote:</i> On the development in meaning of this word, +first occurring in the phrase "to take <i>sentrie</i>," +<i>i.e</i>. refuge, see my <i>Romance</i> <i>of</i> <i>Words</i>, +ch. vii.<i>]</i> <i>(Daily</i> <i>Telegraph</i>, Dec. 26, 1912), +and then under circumstances which might make quotation +actionable. <i>Purvis</i> is Mid. Eng. p<i>arvis</i>, a porch, +Greco-Lat. <i>paradises</i>. It may be the same as <i>Provis</i>, +the name selected by Mr. Magwitch on his return from the +Antipodes <i>(Great</i> <i>Expectations</i>, ch. xl.), unless +this is for <i>Provost</i>. <i>Porch</i> and <i>Portch</i> both +occur as surnames, but <i>Porcher</i> is Fr. <i>porcher</i>, a +swineherd, and <i>Portal</i> <i>is</i> a Huguenot name. +<i>Churcher</i> and <i>Kirker</i>, <i>Churchman</i> and +<i>Kirkman</i>, are usually local; cf. <i>Bridges</i> and +<i>Bridgman</i>.</p> +<p>The names <i>Temple</i> and <i>Templeman</i> were acquired +from residence near one of the preceptories of the Knights +Templars, and <i>Spittlehouse</i> (Chapter III) is sometimes to +be accounted for in a similar way (Knights of the Hospital). We +even find the surname <i>Tabernacle</i>. <i>Musters</i> <i>is</i> +Old Fr. <i>moustiers</i> <i>(moutiers)</i>, common in French +place-names, from Lat. <i>monasterium</i>. The word <i>bow</i>, +still used for an arch in some old towns, has given the names +<i>Bow</i> and <i>Bowes</i>. <i>A</i> medieval statute, recently +revived to baffle the suffragettes, was originally directed +against robbers and "pillers," <i>i.e</i>. plunderers, but the +name <i>Piller</i> <i>is</i> also for pillar; cf. the French name +<i>Colonise</i>. With these may be mentioned <i>Buttress</i> and +<i>Carvell</i>, the latter from Old Fr. <i>carnet</i> +<i>(créneau)</i>, a battlement.</p> +<p>As general terms for larger dwellings we find <i>Hall</i>, +<i>House</i>, also written <i>Hose</i>, and <i>Seal</i>, the +last-named from the Teutonic original which has given Fr. +<i>Lasalle</i>, whence our surname <i>Sale</i>. To the same class +belong <i>Place</i>, <i>Plaice</i>, <i>as</i> in Cumnor +Place.</p> +<p>The possession of such surnames does not imply ancestral +possession of Haddon Hall, Stafford House, etc., but merely that +the founder of the family lived under the shadow of greatness. In +compounds -<i>house</i> is generally treated as in "workus," e.g. +<i>Bacchus</i> (Chapter VIII), <i>Bellows</i>, <i>Brewis</i>, +<i>Duffus</i> (dove), <i>Kirkus</i>, <i>Loftus</i>, +<i>Malthus</i>, <i>Windus</i> (wynd, Chapter XIII). In connection +with <i>Woodhouse</i> it must be remembered that this name was +given to the man who played the part of a "wild man of the woods" +in processions and festivities. William Power, skinner, called +"Wodehous," died in London in 1391. Of similar origin is +<i>Greenman</i>. The tavern sign of the Green Man is sometimes +explained as representing a forester in green, but it was +probably at first equivalent to the German sign "Zum wilden +Mann." <i>Cassell</i> <i>is</i> sometimes for <i>Castle</i>, but +is more often a local German name of recent introduction. The +northern <i>Peel</i>, a castle, as in the Isle of Man, was +originally applied to a stockade, Old Fr. <i>pel</i> +<i>(pieu)</i>, a stake, Lat. <i>Palos</i>. Hence also +<i>Peall</i>, <i>Peile</i>. <i>Keep</i> comes from the central +tower of the castle, where the baron and his family kept, +<i>i.e</i>. lived. A moated <i>Grange</i> <i>is</i> a poetic +figment, for the word comes from Fr, <i>grange</i>, a barn (to +Lat. <i>granum);</i> hence <i>Granger</i>.</p> +<p>With <i>Mill</i> and the older <i>Milne</i> (Chapter II) we +may compare <i>Mullins</i>, Fr. Desmoulins. <i>Barnes</i> +<i>is</i> sometimes, but not always, what it seems (Chapter XXI). +With it we may put <i>Leathes</i>, from an obsolete Scandinavian +word for barn (see quot. Chapter XIII), to which we owe also the +names <i>Leatham</i> and <i>Latham</i>. Mr. Oldbuck's "ecstatic +description" of the Roman camp with its praetorium was spoilt by +Edie Ochiltree's disastrous interruption</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p> +"Praetorian here, praetorian there, I mind the <i>bigging</i> <i>o't</i>.<i>"</i> + <i>(Antiquary</i>, ch. iv.). </p> +<p> </p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> + +</div> +<p><b><a name="Toc80769" id="Toc80769">DWELLINGS</a></b></p> +<p>The obsolete verb to <i>big</i>, <i>i.e</i>. build, whence +<i>Biggar</i>, a builder, has given us <i>Biggins</i>, +<i>Biggs</i> (Chapter III), and <i>Newbigging</i>, while from to +<i>build</i> we have <i>Newbould</i> and <i>Newbolt</i>. +<i>Cazenove</i>, Ital. <i>casa</i> <i>nuova</i>, means exactly +the same. Probably related to <i>build</i> <i>is</i> the obsolete +<i>Bottle</i>, a building, whence <i>Harbottle</i>. <i>A</i> +humble dwelling was called a <i>Board</i>—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Borde</font>, a +little house, lodging, or cottage of timber +(Cotgrave)—</i></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">whence <i>Boardman</i>, +<i>Border</i>. Other names were <i>Booth</i>, <i>Lodge</i>, and +<i>Folley</i>, Fr. f<i>euillée</i>, a hut made of +branches—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Feuillée</i>, an arbor, or bower, framed of leav'd +plants, or branches" (Cotgrave).</font></p> +</div> +<p><i>Scale</i>, possibly +connected with <i>shealing</i>, is a Scandinavian word used in the north +for a shepherd's hut, hence the surname <i>Scales. Bower</i>, which now +suggests a leafy arbour, had no such sense in Mid. English. +Chaucer says of the poor widow—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Ful sooty was hir +<i>bour</i> and eek hire halle."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(B, 4022.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hence the names +<i>Bowerman</i>, <i>Boorman</i>, <i>Burman</i>.</font></p> +<p>But the commonest of names for a humble dwelling was +<i>cot</i> or <i>cote</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Born and fed in +rudenesse</font><br> +As in a <i>cote</i> or in an oxe stalle</p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(E, 397)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">the inhabitant of which was a +<i>Colman</i>, <i>Cotter</i>, or, diminutively, <i>Cottrell</i>, +<i>Cotterill</i>. Hence the frequent occurrence of the name +<i>Coates</i>.</font></p> +<p>There are also numerous compounds, e.g. <i>Alcott</i> (old), +<i>Norcott</i>, <i>Kingscote</i>, and the many variants of +<i>Caldecott</i>, <i>Calcott</i>, the cold dwelling, especially +common as a village name in the vicinity of the Roman roads. It +is supposed to have been applied, like Coldharbour, to deserted +posts. The name <i>Cotton</i> <i>is</i> sometimes from the dative +plural of the same word, though, when of French origin, it +represents <i>Colon</i>, dim. of Cot, aphetic for Jacot.</p> +<p>Names such as <i>Kitchin</i>, <i>Spence</i>, a north-country +word for pantry (Chapter XX), and <i>Mews</i>, originally applied +to the hawk-coops (see <i>Mewer</i>, Chapter XV), point to +domestic employment. The simple <i>Mew</i>, common in Hampshire, +is a bird nickname. <i>Scammell</i> preserves an older form of +<i>shamble(s)</i>, originally the benches on which meat was +exposed for sale. The name <i>Currie</i>, or <i>Curry</i>, +<i>is</i> too common to be referred entirely to the Scot. +<i>Corrie</i>, a mountain glen, or to Curry in Somerset, and I +conjecture that it sometimes represents Old French and Mid. Eng. +<i>curie</i>, a kitchen, which is the origin of Petty Cury in +Cambridge and of the famous French name Curie. Nor can +<i>Furness</i> be derived exclusively from the Furness district +of Lancashire. It must sometimes correspond to the common French +name Dufour, from <i>four</i>, oven. We also have the name +<i>Ovens</i>. <i>Stables</i>, when not identical with +<i>Staples</i> (Chapter XIII), belongs to the same class as +<i>Mews</i>. <i>Chambers</i>, found in Scotland as +<i>Chalmers</i>, is official, the medieval <i>de</i> <i>la</i> +<i>Chambre</i> often referring to the Exchequer Chamber of the +City of London. <i>Bellchambers</i> has probably no connection +with this word. It appears to be an imitative spelling of +Belencombre, a place near Dieppe, for the entry <i>de</i> +<i>Belencumbre</i> <i>is</i> of frequent occurrence.</p> +<p>Places of confinement are represented by <i>Gale</i>, gaol +(Chapter III), <i>Penn</i>, whence <i>Inkpen</i> (Berkshire), +<i>Pond</i>, <i>Pound</i>, and <i>Penfold</i> or <i>Pinfold</i>. +But <i>Gales</i> is also for Anglo-Fr. <i>Galles</i>, Wales. +<i>Butts</i> may come from the archery ground, while <i>Butt</i> +<i>is</i> generally to be referred to the French name Bout +(Chapter VII) or to <i>Budd</i> <i>(</i>Chapter VII). +<i>Cordery</i>, for <i>de</i> <i>la</i> <i>corderie</i>, of the +rope-walk, has been confused with the much more picturesque +<i>Corderoy</i>, <i>i.e</i>. <i>coeur</i> <i>de</i> +<i>roi</i>.</p> +<p><i> </i></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80770" id="Toc80770">SHOP SIGNS</a></b></p> +<p>As is well known, medieval shops had signs instead of numbers, +and traces of this custom are still to be seen in country towns. +It is quite obvious that town surnames would readily spring into +existence from such signs. The famous name <i>Rothschild</i>, +always mispronounced in English, goes back to the "red shield" +over Nathan Rothschild's shop in the Jewry of Frankfurt; and +within the writer's memory two brothers named Grainge in the +little town of Uxbridge were familiarly known as Bible Grainge +and Gridiron Grainge. Many animal surnames are to be referred +partly to this source, e.g. <i>Bull</i>, <i>Hart</i>, +<i>Lamb</i>, <i>Lyon</i>, <i>Ram</i>, <i>Roebuck</i>, +<i>Stagg;</i> <i>Cock</i>, <i>Falcon</i>, <i>Peacock</i>, +<i>Raven</i>, <i>Swann</i>, etc., all still common as tavern +signs. The popinjay, or parrot, is still occasionally found as +<i>Pobgee</i>, <i>Popjoy</i>. These surnames all have, of course, +an alternative explanation (ch. xxiii.). Here also usually belong +<i>Angel</i> and <i>Virgin</i>.</p> +<p>A considerable number of such names probably consist of those +taken from figures used in heraldry or from objects which +indicated the craft practised, or the special commodity in which +the tradesman dealt. Such are <i>Arrow</i>, <i>Bell</i>, +<i>Buckle</i>, <i>Crosskeys</i>, <i>Crowne</i>, <i>Gauntlett</i>, +<i>Hatt</i>, <i>Horne</i>, <i>Image</i>, <i>Key</i>, +<i>Lilley</i>, <i>Meatyard</i>, measuring wand—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Ye shall do no +unrighteousness in judgment, in <i>meteyard</i>, in weight, or in +measure" (Lev. xix. <i>35)—</i></font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Mullett</font>, +<i>[Footnote:</i> A five-pointed star, Old Fr. <i>molette</i>, +rowel of a spur.<i>]</i> <i>Rose</i>, <i>Shears</i>, and perhaps +<i>Blades</i>, <i>Shipp</i>, <i>Spurr</i>, <i>Starr</i>, +<i>Sword</i>. Thomas Palle, called "Sheres," died in London, +1376.</p> +<p>But here again we must walk delicately. The Germanic name +Hatto, borne by the wicked bishop who perished in the +Mäuseturm, gave the French name <i>Hatt</i> with the +accusative form <i>Hatton</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> In Old French a +certain number of names, mostly of Germanic origin, had an +accusative in -<i>on</i>, e.g. Guy, Guyon, Hugues, Hugon. From +Lat. <i>Pontius</i> came Poinz, Poinson, whence our +<i>Poyntz</i>, less pleasingly <i>Punch</i>, and <i>Punshon</i>. +In the Pipe Rolls these are also spelt Pin-, whence <i>Pinch</i>, +<i>Pinchin</i>, and <i>Pinches</i>.] <i>Horn</i> is an old +personal name, as in the medieval romance of King Horn, +<i>Shipp</i> <i>is</i> a common provincialism for <i>sheep</i>, +<i>[Footnote:</i> Hence the connection between the ship and the +"ha'porth of tar."] <i>Starr</i> has another explanation (see +<i>Starling</i>) and <i>Bell</i> has several (chapter 1). I +should guess that <i>Porteous</i> was the sign used by some +medieval writer of mass-books and breviaries. Its oldest form is +the Anglo-Fr. <i>Porte</i>-<i>hors</i>, corresponding to medieval +Lat. <i>portiforium</i>, a breviary, lit. what one carries +outside, a portable prayer-book—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"For on my +<i>porthors</i> here I make an oath." (B, 1321.)</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">But as the name is found +without prefix in the Hundred Rolls, it may have been a nickname +conferred on some <i>clericus</i> who was proud of so rare a +possession.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144738" id="Toc2144738"></a><a name="Toc80771" +id="Toc80771">CHAPTER XIV <b>NORMAN BLOOD</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Such, however, is the +illusion of antiquity and wealth that decent and dignified men +now existing boast their descent from these filthy +thieves"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p><i>(EMERSON</i>, <i>English</i> <i>Traits</i>, ch. iv.).</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Not every Norman or Old French +name need be included in the group described by Emerson when +talking down to an uneducated audience. In fact, it is probable +that the majority of genuine French names belong to a later +period; for, although the baron who accompanied the Conqueror +would in many cases keep his old territorial designation, the +minor ruffian would, as a rule, drop the name of the obscure +hamlet from which he came and assume some surname more convenient +in his new surroundings. Local names of Old French origin are +usually taken from the provinces and larger towns which had a +meaning for English ears. I have given examples of such in +chapter xi. Of course it is easy to take a detailed map of +Northern France and say, without offering any proof, that +<i>"Avery</i> (Chapter VIII) is from Evreux, <i>Belcher</i> +(Chapter XXI) from Bellecourt, <i>Custance</i> (Chapter X) from +Coutances," and so on. But any serious student knows this to be +idiotic nonsense. The fact that, except in the small minority +composed of the senior branches of the noblest houses, the +surname was not hereditary till centuries after the Conquest, +justifies any bearer of a Norman name taken from a village or +smaller locality in repudiating all connection with the "filthy +thieves" and conjecturing descent from some decent artisan +belonging to one of the later immigrations.</font></p> +<p>That a considerable number of aristocratic families, and +others, bear an easily recognizable French town or village name +is of course well known, but it will usually be found that such +names are derived from places which are as plentiful in France as +our own Ashleys, Barton, Burton, Langleys, Newtons, Suttons, +etc., are in England. In some cases a local French name has +spread in an exceptional manner. Examples are <i>Baines</i> +(Gains, 2 <i>[Footnote:</i> The figures in brackets indicate the +number of times that the French local name occurs in the Postal +Directory. The above is the usual explanation of <i>Baines</i>. +found with <i>de</i> in the Hundred Rolls. But I think it was +sometimes a nickname, <i>bones</i>, applied to a thin man. I find +William <i>Banes</i> in Lancashire in 1252; cf. L<i>angbain</i>.] +), <i>Gurney</i> (Gournai, 6), <i>Vernon</i> (3). But usually in +such cases we find a large number of spots which may have given +rise to the surname, e.g. <i>Beaumont</i> (46, without counting +<i>Belmont)</i>, <i>Dampier</i> (Dampierre, <i>i.e</i>. St. +Peter's, 28), <i>Daubeney</i>, <i>Dabney</i> (Aubigné, 4, +Aubigny, 17), <i>Ferrers</i> (Ferriéres, 22), +<i>Nevill</i> (Neuville, 58), <i>Nugent</i> (Nogent, 17), +<i>Villiers</i> (58). This last name, representing Vulgar Lat. +<i>villarium</i>, is the origin of Ger. -<i>weiler</i>, so common +in German village names along the old Roman roads, e.g. +Badenweiler, Froschweiler, etc.</p> +<p>When we come to those surnames of this class which have +remained somewhat more exclusive, we generally find that the +place-name is also comparatively rare. Thus <i>Hawtrey</i> is +from Hauterive (7), <i>Pinpoint</i> from Pierrepont (5), +<i>Furneaux</i> from Fourneaux (5), <i>Vipont</i> and Vipan from +Vieux-Pont (3), and there are three places called +<i>Percy</i>.</p> +<p>The following have two possible birthplaces +<i>each—Bellew</i> or <i>Pellew</i> (Belleau), +<i>Cantelo</i> (Canteloup <i>[Footnote:</i> But the doublet +<i>Chanteloup</i> is common.<i>]</i> ), <i>Mauleverer</i> +(Maulévrier), <i>Mompesson</i> (Mont Pinçon or +Pinchon), <i>Montmorency</i>, <i>Mortimer</i> (Morte-mer). The +following are unique—Carteret, Doll <i>[Footnote:</i> This +may also be a metronymic, from Dorothy.<i>]</i> (Dol), +<i>Fiennes</i>, <i>Furnival</i> (Fournival), <i>Greville</i>, +<i>Harcourt</i>, <i>Melville</i> (Meleville), <i>Montresor</i>, +<i>Mowbray</i> (Monbrai), <i>Sackville</i> (Sacquenville), +<i>Venables</i>. These names are taken at random, but the same +line of investigation can be followed up by any reader who thinks +it worth while.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80772" id="Toc80772">CORRUPT FORMS</a></b></p> +<p>Apart from aristocratic questions, it is interesting to notice +the contamination which has occurred between English and French +surnames of local origin. The very common French suffix +-<i>ville</i> is regularly confounded with our -<i>field</i>. +Thus <i>Summerfield</i> <i>is</i> the same name as +<i>Somerville</i>, <i>Dangerfield</i> is for d'Angerville, +<i>Belfield</i> for Belleville, <i>Blomfield</i> for Blonville, +and <i>Stutfield</i> for Estouteville, while <i>Grenville</i>, +<i>Granville</i>have certainly become confused with our +<i>Grenfell</i>, green fell, and <i>Greenfield</i>. Camden notes +that <i>Turberville</i> became <i>Troublefield</i>, and I have +found the intermediate <i>Trubleville</i> in the twelfth century. +The case of Tess <i>Durbeyfield</i> will occur to every reader. +The suffix -<i>fort</i> has been confused with our -<i>ford</i> +and -<i>forth</i>, so that <i>Rochford</i> is in some cases for +Rochefort and <i>Beeforth</i> <i>for</i> Beaufort or Belfort. +With the first syllable of <i>Beeforth</i> we may compare +<i>Beevor</i> for Beauvoir, Belvoir, <i>Beecham</i> for +Beauchamp, and <i>Beamish</i> for Beau<i>mais</i>.</p> +<p>The name <i>Beamish</i> actually occurs as that of village in +Durham, the earlier form of which points Old French origin, from +<i>beau</i> <i>mes</i>, Lat. <i>bellum</i> <i>man</i>sum, a fair +manse, <i>i.e</i>. dwelling. Otherwise it would be tempting to +derive the surname <i>Beamish</i> from Ger, <i>böhmisch</i>, +earlier <i>behmisch</i>, Bohemian.</p> +<p>A brief survey of French spot-names which have passed into +English will show that they were acquired in exactly the same way +as the corresponding English names. Norman ancestry, is, however, +not always to be assumed in this case. Until the end of the +fourteenth century a large proportion of our population was +bi-lingual, and names accidentally recorded in Anglo-French may +occasionally have stuck. Thus the name <i>Boyes</i> or +<i>Boyce</i> may spring from a man of pure English descent who +happened to be described as <i>del</i> <i>boil</i> instead of +<i>atte</i> <i>wood</i>, just as <i>Capron</i> (Chapter XXI) +means <i>Hood</i>. While English spot-names have as a rule shed +both the preposition and the article (Chapter XII), French +usually keeps one or both, though these were more often lost when +the name passed into England. Thus our <i>Roach</i> <i>is</i> not +a fish-name, but corresponds to Fr. <i>Laroche</i> or +<i>Delaroche;</i> and the blind pirate <i>Pew</i>, if not a +Welshman, ap Hugh, was of the race of <i>Dupuy</i>, from Old Fr. +<i>Puy</i>, a hill, Lat. <i>podium</i>, a height, gallery, etc., +whence also our <i>Pew</i>, once a raised platform.</p> +<p>In some cases the prefix has passed into English; e.g. +<i>Diprose</i> <i>is</i> from <i>des</i> <i>préaux</i>, of +the meadows, a name assumed by Boileau among others. There are, +of course, plenty of places in France called <i>Les</i> +<i>Préaux</i>, but in the case of such a name we need not +go further than possession of, or residence by, a piece of +grass-land—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p> +"Je sais un paysan qu'on appelait Gros-Pierre,<br> +Qui, n'ayant pour tout bien qu'un seul quartier de terre,<br> +Y fit tout alentour faire un fossé bourbeux,<br> +Et de <i>monsieur de l'Isle</i> en prit le nom pompeux."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>(Molière <i>L'Ecole des Femmes</i>, +<i>i</i>. <i>1</i>.<i>)</i></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>The Old French singular <i>préal</i> <i>is</i> perhaps +the origin of <i>Prall</i>, <i>Prawle</i>. Similarly +<i>Preece</i>, <i>Prees</i>, usually for <i>Price</i>, may +sometimes be for <i>des</i> <i>Pres</i>. With <i>Boyes</i> +(Chapter XIV) we may compare <i>Tallis</i> from Fr. +<i>taillis</i>, a copse <i>(tailler</i>, to cut). <i>Garrick</i>, +a Huguenot name, is Fr, <i>gangue</i>, an old word for heath.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80773" id="Toc80773">TREE NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>Trees have in all countries a strong influence on +topographical names, and hence on surnames. <i>Frean</i>, though +usually from the Scandinavian name Fraena, is sometimes for Fr. +<i>frêne</i>, ash, Lat. <i>fraxinus</i>, while <i>Cain</i> +and <i>Kaines</i> <i>[Footnote:</i> There is one family of +<i>Keynes</i> derived specifically from Chahaignes +(Sarthe).<i>]</i> are Norm. <i>quêne</i> +<i>(chêne)</i>, oak. The modern French for beech is +<i>hêtre</i>, Du. <i>heester</i>, but Lat. <i>fagus</i> has +given a great many dialect forms which have supplied us with the +surnames <i>Fay</i>, <i>Foy</i>, and the plural dim. +<i>Failes</i>. Here also I should put the name <i>Defoe</i>, +assumed by the writer whose father was satisfied with <i>Foe</i>. +With Quatrefages, four beeches, we may compare such English names +as <i>Fiveash</i>, <i>Twelvetrees</i>, and <i>Snooks</i>, for +"seven oaks."</p> +<p>In Latin the suffix -<i>etum</i> was used to designate a grove +or plantation. This suffix, or its plural -<i>eta</i>, <i>is</i> +very common in France, becoming successively -ei(e), -oi(e), +-ai(e). The name <i>Dobree</i> <i>is</i> a Guernsey spelling of +d'Aubray, Lat. <i>arboretum</i>, which was dissimilated (Chapter +III) into <i>arboretum</i>. <i>Darblay</i>, the name of Fanny +Burney's husband, is a variant. From <i>au(l)ne</i>, alder, we +have aunai, whence our <i>Dawnay</i>. So also frê<i>nai</i> +has given <i>Freeney</i>, <i>chênai</i>, <i>Chaney</i>, and +the Norm. <i>quênai</i> is one origin of <i>Kenney</i>, +while the older <i>chesnai</i> appears in <i>Chesney</i>. +<i>Houssaie</i>, from <i>hoax</i>, holly, gives <i>Hussey;</i> +<i>chastenai</i>, chestnut grove, exists in Nottingham as +<i>Chastener;</i> <i>coudrai</i>, hazel copse, gives +<i>Cowdrey</i> and <i>Cowdery;</i> <i>Verney</i> and +<i>Varney</i> are from <i>vernai</i>, grove of alders, of Celtic +origin, and <i>Viney</i> corresponds to the French name +<i>Vinoy</i>, Lat. <i>vinetum</i>.</p> +<p>We have also <i>Chinnery</i>, <i>Chenerey</i> from the +extended <i>chênerai</i>, and <i>Pomeroy</i> from +<i>pommerai</i>. Here again the name offers no clue as to the +exact place of origin. There are in the French Postal Directory +eight places called Épinay, from é<i>pine</i>, +thorn, but these do not exhaust the number of "spinnies" in +France. Also connected with tree-names are <i>Conyers</i>, Old +Fr, <i>coigniers</i>, quince-trees, and <i>Pirie</i>, +<i>Perry</i>, Anglo-Fr. <i>périe</i>, a collective from +<i>peire</i> <i>(poire)</i>.</p> +<p>Among Norman names for a homestead the favourite is +<i>mesnil</i>, from Vulgar Lat. <i>mansionile</i>, which enters +into a great number of local names. It has given our +<i>Meynell</i>, and is also the first element of +<i>Mainwaring</i>, <i>Mannering</i>, from +<i>mesnil</i>-<i>Warin</i>. The simple <i>mes</i>, a southern +form of which appears in Dumas, has given us <i>Mees</i> and +<i>Meese</i>, which are thus etymological doublets of the word +<i>manse</i>. With <i>Beamish</i> (Chapter XIV) we may compare +<i>Bellasis</i>, from <i>bel</i>-<i>assis</i>, fairly situated. +<i>Poyntz</i> <i>is</i> sometimes for <i>des</i> <i>ponts;</i> +cf. <i>Pierpoint</i> for <i>Pierrepont</i>.</p> +<p>Even Norman names which were undoubtedly borne by leaders +among the Conqueror's companions are now rarely found among the +noble, and many a descendant of these once mighty families +cobbles the shoes of more recent invaders. Even so the +descendants of the Spanish nobles who conquered California are +glad to peddle vegetables at the doors of San Francisco magnates +whose fathers dealt in old clothes in some German Judengasse.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144739" id="Toc2144739"></a><a name="Toc80774" +id="Toc80774">CHAPTER XV <b>OF OCCUPATIVE +NAMES</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>"When Adam delved and Eve span,<br> +Who was then the gentleman?"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><i>Chant</i> <i>of</i> <i>Wat</i> <i>Tyler's</i> +<i>followers</i>.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The occupative name would, +especially in villages, tend to become a very natural surname. It +is not therefore surprising to find so large a number of this +class among our commonest surnames, e.g. <i>Smith</i>, +<i>Taylor</i>, <i>Wright</i>, <i>Walker</i>, <i>Turner</i>, +<i>Clark</i>, <i>Cooper</i>, etc. And, as the same craft often +persisted in a family for generations, it was probably this type +of surname which first became hereditary. On the other hand, such +names as <i>Cook</i>, <i>Gardiner</i>, <i>Carter</i>, etc., have +no doubt in some cases prevailed over another surname lawfully +acquired (Chapter I). It is impossible to fix an approximate date +for the definite adoption of surnames of this class. It occurred +earlier in towns than in the country, and by the middle of the +fourteenth century we often find in the names of London citizens +a contradiction between the surname and the trade-name; e.g. +Walter <i>Ussher</i>, tanner, John <i>Botoner</i>, girdler, Roger +<i>Carpenter</i>, pepperer, Richard <i>le</i> <i>Hunte</i>, +chaundeler, occur <i>1336</i>-<i>52</i>.</font></p> +<p>The number of surnames belonging to this group is immense, for +every medieval trade and craft was highly specialized and its +privileges were jealously guarded. The general public, which now, +like Issachar, crouches between the trusts and the trades unions, +was in the middle ages similarly victimized by the guilds of +merchants and craftsmen.</p> +<p>Then, as now, it grumblingly recognized that, "Plus ça +change, plus ça reste la même chose," and went on +enduring. <i>[Footnote:</i> If a student of philology were +allowed to touch on such high matters as legislation, I would +moralize on the word <i>kiddle</i>, meaning an illegal kind of +weir used for fish-poaching, whence perhaps the surname +<i>Kiddell</i>. From investigations made with a view to +discovering the origin of the word, I came to the conclusion that +all the legislative powers in England spent three centuries in +passing enactments against these devices, with the inevitable +consequence that they became ever more numerous.<i>]</i></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80775" id="Toc80775">SOCIAL GRADES</a></b></p> +<p>By dealing with a few essential points at the outset we shall +clear the ground for considering the various groups of surnames +connected with trade, craft, profession or office. To begin with, +it is certain that such names as <i>Pope</i>, <i>Cayzer</i>, +<i>King</i>, <i>Earl</i>, <i>Bishop</i> are nicknames, very often +conferred on performers in religious plays or acquired in +connection with popular festivals and processions—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Names also have been +taken of civil honours, dignities and estate, as <i>King</i>, +<i>Duke</i>, <i>Prince</i>, <i>Lord</i>, <i>Baron</i>, +<i>Knight</i>, <i>Valvasor</i> or <i>Vavasor</i>, <i>Squire</i>, +<i>Castellon</i>, partly for that their ancestours were such, +served such, acted such parts; or were Kings of the Bean, +Christmas</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Lords, etc." (Camden).</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">We find corresponding names in +other languages, and some of the French names, usually preceded +by the definite article, have passed into English, e.g. +<i>Lempriere</i>, a Huguenot name, and <i>Levêque</i>, +whence our <i>Levick</i>, <i>Vick</i>, <i>Veck</i> (Chapter III). +<i>Baron</i> generally appears as <i>Barron</i>, and <i>Duke</i>, +used in Mid. English of any leader, is often degraded to +<i>Duck</i>, whence the dim. <i>Duckett</i>. But all three of +these names can also be referred to Marmaduke.</font></p> +<p>It would be tempting to put <i>Palsgrave</i> in this class. +Prince Rupert, the <i>Pfalzgraf</i>, <i>i.e</i>. Count Palatine, +was known as the Palsgrave in his day, but I have not found the +title recorded early enough.</p> +<p>With <i>Lord</i> we must put the northern <i>Laird</i>, and, +in my opinion, <i>Senior;</i> for, if we notice how much commoner +<i>Young</i> <i>is</i> than <i>Old</i>, and Fr. <i>Lejeune</i> +than <i>Levieux</i>, we must conclude that <i>junior</i>, a very +rare surname, ought to be of much more frequent occurrence than +<i>Senior</i>, <i>Synyer</i>, a fairly common name. There can be +little doubt that <i>Senior</i> <i>is</i> usually a latinization +of the medieval <i>le</i> <i>seigneur</i>, whence also +<i>Saynor</i>. <i>Knight</i> <i>is</i> not always knightly, for +Anglo-Sax. <i>cniht</i> means servant; cf. Ger. <i>Knecht</i>. +The word got on in the world, with the consequence that the name +is very popular, while its medieval compeers, knave, varlet, +villain, have, even when adorned with the adj. good, dropped out +of the surname list, <i>Bonvalet</i>, <i>Bonvarlet</i>, +<i>Bonvillain</i> are still common surnames in France. From +<i>Knight</i> we have the compound <i>Road</i>-<i>night</i>, a +mounted servitor. Thus <i>Knight</i> <i>is</i> more often a true +occupative name, and the same applies to <i>Dring</i> or +<i>Dreng</i>, a Scandinavian name of similar meaning.</p> +<p>Other names from the middle rungs of the social ladder are +also to be taken literally, e.g. <i>Franklin</i>, a freeholder, +Anglo-Fr. <i>frankelein</i>—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"How called you your <i>franklin</i>, Prior Aylmer?"</p> +<p>"Cedric," answered the Prior, "Cedric the Saxon"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p><i>(Ivanhoe</i>, ch. i.)—</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Burgess, Freeman, Freeborn</i>. +The latter is sometimes for <i>Freebairn</i> and exists +already as the Anglo-Saxon personal name Freobeorn. <i>Denison</i> +(Chapter II) is occasionally an accommodated form of <i>denizen</i>, +Anglo-Fr. <i>deinzein</i>, a burgess enjoying the privileges belonging +to those who lived "<i>deinz</i> (in) <i>la cité</i>." In 1483 a certain Edward +Jhonson—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Sued to be mayde +<i>Denison</i> for fer of y<sup>e</sup> payment of y<sup>e</sup> +subsedy." </p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><i>(Letter</i> <i>to</i> <i>Sir</i> <i>William</i> +<i>Stonor</i>, June <i>9</i>, 1483.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Bond</i> is from +Anglo-Sax, <i>bonda</i>, which means simply agriculturist. The word is +of Icelandic origin and related to <i>Boor</i>, another word which has +deteriorated and is rare as a surname, though the cognate <i>Bauer</i> +is common enough in Germany. <i>Holder</i> is translated by <i>Tennant</i>. For +some other names applied to the humbler peasantry see Chapter +XIII.</p> +<p>To return to the social summit, we have <i>Kingson</i>, often +confused with the local <i>Kingston</i>, and its Anglo-French +equivalent <i>Fauntleroy</i>. <i>Faunt</i>, aphetic for Anglo-Fr. +<i>enfaunt</i>, <i>is</i> common in Mid. English. When the mother +of Moses had made the ark of bulrushes, or, as Wyclif calls it, +the "junket of resshen," she—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Putte the litil +f<i>aunt</i> with ynne"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p><i>(Exodus</i> <i>ii</i>. 3)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The Old French accusative +(Chapter I) was also used as a genitive, as in Bourg-le-roi, +Bourg-la-rein, corresponding to our Kingsbury and Queensborough. +We have a genitive also in <i>Flowerdew</i>, found in French as +Flourdieu. Lower, in his <i>Patronymics</i> <i>Britannica</i> +(1860), the first attempt at a dictionary of English surnames, +conjectures <i>Fauntleroy</i> to be from an ancient French +war-cry Défendez le roi! for "in course of time, the +meaning of the name being forgotten, the <i>de</i> would be +dropped, and the remaining syllables would easily glide into +<i>Fauntleroy</i>.<i>"</i> <i>[Footnote:</i> I have quoted this +"etymology" because it is too funny to be lost; but a good deal +of useful information can be found in Lower, especially with +regard to the habitat of well-known names.<i>]</i></font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80776" id="Toc80776">ECCLESIASTICAL +NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>Names of ecclesiastics must usually be nicknames, because +medieval churchmen were not entitled to have descendants. This +appears clearly in such an entry as "<i>Bishop</i> the +crossbowman," or "Johannes <i>Monacus</i> et uxor ejus Emma," +living in Kent in the twelfth century. But these names are so +numerous that I have put them with the Canterbury Pilgrims (ch. +xvii.). Three of them may be mentioned here in connection with a +small group of occupative surnames of puzzling form. We have +noticed (Chapter XII) that monosyllabic, and some other, surnames +of local origin frequently take an -<i>s</i>, partly by analogy +with names like <i>Wills</i>, <i>Watts</i>, <i>etc</i>. We rarely +find this -<i>s</i> in the case of occupative names, but +<i>Parsons</i>, <i>Vicars</i> or <i>Vickers</i>, and <i>Monks</i> +are common, and in fact the first two are scarcely found without +the -<i>s</i>. To these we may add <i>Reeves</i> (Chapter XVII), +<i>Grieves</i> (Chapter XIX), and the well-known Nottingham name +<i>Mellers</i> (Chapter XVII). The explanation seems to be that +these names are true genitives, and that John <i>Parsons</i> was +John the Parson's man, while John <i>Monks</i> was employed by +the monastery. This is confirmed by such entries as "Walter +<i>atte</i> <i>Parsons</i>,<i>"</i> <i>"</i>John <i>del</i> +<i>Parsons</i>,<i>"</i> <i>"</i>Allen <i>atte</i> +<i>Prestes</i>," "William <i>del</i> <i>Freres</i>,<i>"</i> +<i>"</i>Thomas <i>de</i> <i>la</i> <i>Vicars</i>,<i>"</i> all +from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.</p> +<p>Another exceptional group is that of names formed by adding +-<i>son</i> to the occupative names, the commonest being perhaps +<i>Clarkson</i>, <i>Cookson</i>, <i>Smithson</i>, and +<i>Wrightson</i>. To this class belongs <i>Grayson</i>, which +Bardsley shows to be equivalent to the grieve's son.</p> +<p>Our occupative names are both English and French, +<i>[Footnote:</i> We have also a few Latinizations, e.g. +<i>Faber</i> (wright), <i>Messer</i> (mower). This type of name +is much commoner in Germany, e.g. Avenarius, oat man, Fabricius, +smith, Textor, weaver, etc. Mercator, of map projection fame, was +a Fleming named Kremer, <i>i.e</i>. dealer.<i>]</i> <a name="BBB" +id="BBB"></a> the two languages being represented by those +important tradesmen <i>Baker</i> and <i>Butcher</i>. The former +is reinforced by <i>Bollinger</i>, Fr. <i>boulanger</i>, +<i>Pester</i>, Old Fr. <i>pestour</i> (Lat. <i>piston)</i>, and +<i>Furner—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Fournier</i>, a +baker, or one that keeps, or governs a common oven" +(Cotgrave).</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The English and French names +for the same trade also survive in <i>Cheeseman</i> and +<i>Firminger</i>, Old Fr. <i>formagier</i> +<i>(fromage)</i>.</font></p> +<p>We have as endings -<i>er</i>, -<i>ier</i>, the latter often +made into -<i>yer</i>, -<i>ger</i>, as in <i>Lockyer</i>, +<i>Sawyer</i>, <i>Kidger</i> (Chapter XIX), <i>Woodger</i>, +<i>[Footnote:</i> W<i>oodyer</i>, <i>Woodger</i>, <i>may</i> also +be for wood-hewer. See <i>Stanier</i>] and -<i>or</i>, +-<i>our</i>, as in <i>Taylor</i>, <i>Jenoure</i> (Chapter III). +The latter ending, corresponding to Modern Fr. -<i>eur</i>, +represents Lat. -<i>or</i>, -<i>orem</i>, but we tack it onto +English words as in "sailor," or substitute it for -<i>er</i>, +-<i>ier</i>, as in <i>Fermor</i>, for <i>Farmer</i>, Fr. +<i>fermier</i>. In the Privy Purse Expenses of that careful +monarch Henry VII. occurs the item—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"To bere drunken at a +<i>fermors</i> house . . . 1s."</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">In the same way we replace the +Fr. -<i>our</i>, -<i>eur</i> by -<i>er</i>, as in <i>Turner</i>, +Fr. <i>tourneur</i>, <i>Ginner</i>, <i>Jenner</i> for +<i>Jenoure</i>.</font></p> +<p>The ending -<i>er</i>, -<i>ier</i> represents the Lat. +-<i>arius</i>. It passed not only into French, but also into the +Germanic languages, replacing the Teutonic agential suffix which +consisted of a single vowel. We have a few traces of this oldest +group of occupative names, e.g. <i>Webb</i>, Mid. Eng. +<i>webbe</i>, Anglo-Sax. <i>webb</i>-<i>a</i>, and <i>Hunt</i>, +Mid. Eng. <i>hunte</i>, Anglo-Sax. +<i>hunt</i>-<i>a—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 2em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"With <i>hunte</i> and +horne and houndes hym bisyde"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 20em"> +<p>(A, <i>1678)</i> <font face="Bookman Old Style">—</font></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>which still hold the field easily against <i>Webber</i> and +<i>Hunter</i>.</p> +<p>So also, the German name <i>Beck</i> represents Old High Ger. +<i>pecch</i>-<i>o</i>, baker. To these must be added <i>Kemp</i>, +a champion, a very early loan-word connected with Lat. +<i>campus</i>, field, and <i>Wright</i>, originally the worker, +Anglo-Sax. <i>wyrht</i>-<i>a</i>. <i>Camp</i> <i>is</i> sometimes +for <i>Kemp</i>, but is also from the Picard form of Fr, +<i>champ</i>, <i>i.e</i>. <i>Field</i>. Of similar formation to +<i>Webb</i>, etc., is Clapp, from an Anglo-Sax. nickname, the +clapper—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Osgod <i>Clapa</i>, +King Edward Confessor's staller, was cast upon the pavement of +the Church by a demon's hand for his insolent pride in presence +of the relics (of St. Edmund, King and Martyr)."</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">(W. H. Hutton, Bampton +Lectures, 1903.)</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80777" id="Toc80777">NAMES IN +-<i>STER</i></a></b></p> +<p>The ending -<i>ster</i> was originally feminine, and applied +to trades chiefly carried on by women, e.g. <i>Baxter</i>, +<i>Bagster</i>, baker, <i>Brewster</i>, <i>Simister</i>, +sempster, <i>Webster</i>, etc., but in process of time the +distinction was lost, so that we find <i>Blaxter</i> and +<i>Whitster</i> for <i>Blacker</i>, <i>Blakey</i>, and +<i>Whiter</i>, both of which, curiously enough, have the same +meaning—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Bleykester</i> or +<i>whytster</i>, candidarius" <i>(Prompt</i>. +<i>Parv</i>.<i>)—</i></font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">for this <i>black</i> +represents Mid. Eng. <i>bla</i>-<i>c</i>, related to <i>bleak</i> +and <i>bleach</i>, and meaning pale—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Blake</i>, wan of +colour, <i>blesme</i> <i>(blême)"</i> +(Palsgrave).</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Occupative names of French +origin are apt to vary according to the period and dialect of +their adoption. For <i>Butcher</i> we find also <i>Booker</i>, +<i>Bowker</i>, and sometimes the later <i>Bosher</i>, +<i>Busher</i>, with the same sound for the <i>ch</i> as in +<i>Labouchère</i>, the lady butcher. But <i>Booker</i> may +also mean what it appears to mean, as Mid. Eng. <i>bokere</i> +<i>is</i> used by Wyclif for the Latin <i>scriba</i>.</font></p> +<p><i>Butcher</i>, originally a dealer in goat's flesh, Fr. +<i>bouc</i>, has ousted <i>flesher</i>. German still has half a +dozen surnames derived from names for this trade, e.g. +<i>Fleischer</i>, <i>Fleischmann</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> +Hellenized as Sarkander. This was a favourite trick of German +scholars at the Renaissance period. Well-known examples are +Melancthon (Schwarzerd), Neander (Neumann).] <i>Metzger</i>, +<i>Schlechter;</i> but our <i>flesher</i> has been absorbed by +<i>Fletcher</i>, a maker of arrows, Fr. <i>flêche</i>. +Fletcher Gate at Nottingham was formerly Flesher Gate. The undue +extension of <i>Taylor</i> has already been mentioned (Chapter +IV). Another example is <i>Barker</i>, which has swallowed up the +Anglo-Fr. <i>berquier</i>, a shepherd, Fr. <i>berger</i>, with +the result that the <i>Barkers</i> outnumber the <i>Tanners</i> +by three to one</p> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<p>" 'What craftsman are you?' said our King,<br> + 'I pray you, tell me now.'<br> +'I am a <i>barker</i>,' quoth the tanner;<br> + 'What craftsman art thou?' "</p> +<p><i>(Edward</i> <i>IV. and</i> <i>the</i> <i>Tanner</i> +<i>of</i> <i>Tamworth</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> + +<p>The name seems to have been applied also to the man who barked +trees for the tanner.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80778" id="Toc80778">MISSING +TRADESMEN</a></b></p> +<p>With <i>Barker</i> it seems natural to mention <i>Mewer</i>, +of which I find one representative in the London Directory. The +medieval <i>le</i> <i>muur</i> had charge of the mews in which +the hawks were kept while moulting (Fr. <i>muer</i>, Lat. +<i>mutare)</i>. Hence the phrase "mewed up." The word seems to +have been used for any kind of coop. Chaucer tells us of the +Franklin—</p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Ful +many a fat partrich hadde he in muw" (A, 349).</font></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">I suspect that some of the +<i>Muirs</i> (Chapter XII) spring from this important office. +Similarly <i>Clayer</i> has been absorbed by the local +<i>Clare</i>, <i>Kayer</i>, the man who made keys, by +<i>Care</i>, and <i>Blower</i>, whether of horn or bellows, has +paid tribute to the local <i>Bloor</i>, <i>Blore</i>.</font></p> +<p><i>Sewer</i>, an attendant at table, aphetic for Old Fr. +<i>asseour</i>, a setter, is now a very rare name. As we know +that <i>sewer</i>, a drain, became <i>shore</i>, it is probable +that the surname <i>Shore</i> sometimes represents this official +or servile title. And this same name <i>Shore</i>, though not +particularly common, and susceptible of a simple local origin, +labours under grave suspicion of having also enriched itself at +the expense of the medieval <i>le</i> <i>suur</i>, the shoemaker, +Lat. <i>sutor</i>-<i>em</i>, whence Fr. <i>Lesueur</i>. This +would inevitably become <i>Sewer</i> and then <i>Shore</i>, as +above. Perhaps, in the final reckoning, <i>Shaw</i> <i>is</i> not +altogether guiltless, for I know of one family in which this has +replaced earlier <i>Shore</i>.</p> +<p>The medieval <i>le</i> <i>suur</i> brings us to another +problem, viz. the poor show made by the craftsmen who clothed the +upper and lower extremities of our ancestors. The name +<i>Hatter</i>, once frequent enough, is almost extinct, and +<i>Capper</i> is not very common. The name <i>Shoemaker</i> has +met with the same fate, though the trade is represented by the +Lat. <i>Sutor</i>, whence Scot. <i>Souter</i>. Here belong also +<i>Cordner</i>, <i>Codner</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> Confused, of +course, with the local <i>Codnor</i> (Derbyshire)<i>]</i> Old Fr. +<i>cordouanier</i> <i>(cordonnier)</i>, a <i>cordwainer</i>, a +worker in Cordovan leather, and <i>Corser</i>, <i>Cosser</i>, +earlier <i>corviser</i>, corresponding to the French name +<i>Courvoisier</i>, also derived from Cordova. Chaucer, in +describing the equipment of Sir Thopas, mentions</p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"His +shoon of <i>cordewane"</i> <i>(B</i>, 1922).</font></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The scarcity of <i>Groser</i>, +grocer, is not surprising, for the word, aphetic for +<i>engrosser</i>, originally meaning a wholesale dealer, one who +sold <i>en</i> <i>gros</i>, <i>is</i> of comparatively late +occurrence. His medieval representative was Spicer.</font></p> +<p>On the other hand, many occupative titles which are now +obsolete, or practically so, still survive strongly as surnames. +Examples of these will be found in chapters xvii.–xx.</p> +<p>Some occupative names are rather deceptive. <i>Kisser</i>, +which is said still to exist, means a maker of <i>cuishes</i>, +thigh-armour, Fr, <i>cuisses—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Helm, <i>cuish</i>, +and breastplate streamed with gore."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p><i>(Lord</i> <i>of</i> <i>the</i> <i>Isles</i>, <i>iv. +33</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Corker</font> is for caulker, +<i>i.e</i>. one who stopped the chinks of ships and casks, +originally with lime (Lat. <i>calx)—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"</font>Sir, we have a +chest beneath the hatches, <i>caulk'd</i> and bitumed ready" +<i>(Pericles</i> <i>iii</i>. <i>1</i>).</p> +</div> +<p><i>Cleaver</i> represents +Old Fr, <i>clavier</i>, a mace-bearer, Lat. <i>clava</i>, a club, or a +door-keeper, Lat. <i>clavis</i>, a key. Perhaps even <i>clavus</i>, a nail, +must also be considered, for a Latin vocabulary of the fifteenth +century tells us—</p> +<p align="center">"<i>Claves, -vos</i> vel -<i>vas</i> qui fert sit <i>claviger</i>."</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Neither <i>Bowler</i> nor +<i>Scorer</i> are connected with cricket. The former made wooden +bowls, and the latter was sometimes a <i>scourer</i>, or scout, +Mid. Eng. <i>scurrour</i>, a word of rather complicated origin, +but perhaps more frequently a peaceful scullion, from Fr. +<i>écurer</i>, to scour, Lat. +<i>ex</i>-<i>curare—</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Escureur</i>, a +<i>scourer</i>, cleanser, feyer" (Cotgrave).</font></p> +</div> +<p align="center"><i>[Footnote:</i> <i>Feyer:</i> A sweeper, now +perhaps represented by <i>Fayer</i>.]</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A <i>Leaper</i> did not always +leap (Chapter XVII). The verb had also in Mid. English the sense +of running away, so that the name may mean fugitive. In some +cases it may represent a maker of <i>leaps</i>, <i>i.e</i>. fish +baskets, or perhaps a man who hawked fish in such a +basket.</font></p> +<p>A <i>Slayer</i> made <i>slays</i>, part of a weaver's loom, +and a <i>Bloomer</i> worked in a bloom-smithy, from Anglo-Sax. +<i>blo</i>-<i>ma</i>, a mass of hammered iron. <i>Weightman</i> +and <i>Warman</i> represent Mid. Eng, <i>waþeman</i>, +hunter; cf. the common German surname Weidemann, of cognate +origin. <i>Reader</i> and <i>Booker</i> are not always literary. +The former is for <i>Reeder</i>, a thatcher—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 2em"> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Redare</font> of +howsys, calamator, arundinarius" (Prompt. Parv.)—</i></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and the latter is a Norman +variant of <i>Butcher</i>, as already mentioned.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80779" id="Toc80779"> +SPELLING OF TRADE-NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>The spelling of occupative surnames often differs from that +now associated with the trade itself. In <i>Naylor</i>, +<i>Taylor</i>, and <i>Tyler</i> we have the archaic preference +for <i>y</i>. <i>[Footnote:</i> It may be noted here that John +Tiler of Dartford, who killed a tax-gatherer for insulting his +daughter, was not Wat Tiler, who was killed at Smithfield for +insulting the King. The confusion between the two has led to much +sympathy being wasted on a ruffian.<i>]</i> Our ancestors thought +<i>sope</i> as good a spelling as <i>soap</i>, hence the name +<i>Soper</i>. A <i>Plummer</i>, <i>i.e</i>. a man who worked in +lead, Lat. <i>plumbum</i>, is now written, by etymological +reaction, plumber, though the restored letter is not sounded. A +man who dealt in <i>'arbs</i> originated the name <i>Arber</i>, +which we should now replace by herbalist. We have a restored +spelling in <i>clerk</i>, though educated people pronounce the +word as it was once written</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Clarke</font>, or +he that readeth distinctly, clericus." (Holyoak's Lat. Dict., +1612.)</i></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">In many cases we are unable to +say exactly what is the ocpupation indicated. We may assume that +a <i>Setter</i> and a <i>Tipper</i> did setting and tipping, and +both are said to have been concerned in the arrow industry. If +this is true, I should say that <i>Setter</i> might represent the +Old Fr, <i>saieteur</i>, arrow-maker, from <i>saiete</i>, an +arrow, Lat. <i>sagitta</i>. But in a medieval vocabulary we find +"<i>setter</i> of mes, <i>dapifer</i>,<i>"</i> which would make +it the same as <i>Sewe</i>r (Chapter XV). Similarly, when we +consider the number of objects that can be tipped, we shall be +shy of defining the activity of the Tipper too closely. +<i>Trinder</i>, earlier <i>trenden</i>, is from Mid. Eng. +<i>trender</i>, to roll (cf. <i>Roller)</i>. In the west country +<i>trinder</i> now means specifically a +wool-winder—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Lat hym <i>rollen</i> +and <i>trenden</i> withynne hymself the lyght of his ynwarde +sighte" <i>(Boece</i>, <i>1043)</i>.</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">There are also some names of +this class to which we can with certainty attribute two or more +origins. <i>Boulter</i> means a maker of bolts for crossbows, +<i>[Footnote:</i> How many people who use the expression +"<i>bolt</i> upright," associate it with "straight as a +<i>dart"?]</i> but also a sifter, from the obsolete verb to +<i>bolt—</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"The fanned snow, that's <i>bolted</i><br> +By the northern blasts twice o'er."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><i>(Winter's</i> <i>Tale</i>, <i>iv. 3</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Corner</font> means +horn-blower, Fr, <i>cor</i>, horn, and is also a contraction of +coroner, but its commonest origin is local, <i>in</i> +<i>angulo</i>, in the corner. <i>Curren</i> and <i>Curryer</i> +are generally connected with leather, but Henry VII. bestowed +£3 on the <i>Curren</i> that brought tidings of Perkin +War-beck. <i>Garner</i> has five possible origins: (<i>i</i>) a +contraction of <i>gardener</i>, <i>(ii)</i> from the French +personal name <i>Garner</i>, Ger. <i>Werner</i>, <i>(iii)</i> Old +Fr. <i>grenier</i>, grain-keeper, (<i>iv</i>) Old Fr, +<i>garennier</i>, warren keeper, (<i>v</i>) local, from garner, +Fr. <i>grenier</i>, Lat. <i>granarium</i>. In the next chapter +will be found, as a specimen problem, an investigation of the +name <i>Rutter</i>.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80780" id="Toc80780">PHONETIC +CHANGES</a></b></p> +<p>Two phonetic phenomena should also be noticed. One is the +regular insertion of <i>n</i> before the ending -<i>ger</i>, as +in <i>Firminger</i> (Chapter XV), <i>Massinger</i> (Chapter XX), +<i>Pottinger</i> (Chapter XVIII), and in <i>Arminger</i>, +<i>Clavinger</i>, from the latinized <i>armiger</i>, esquire, and +<i>claviger</i>, mace-bearer, etc. (Chapter XV). The other is the +fact that many occupative names ending in -<i>rer</i> lose the +-<i>er</i> by dissimilation (Chapter III). Examples are +<i>Armour</i> for armourer, <i>Barter</i> for barterer, +<i>Buckler</i> for bucklerer, but also for buckle-maker, +<i>Callender</i> for calenderer, one who calendered, <i>i.e</i>. +pressed, cloth</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"And my good friend +the <i>Callender</i></font><br> +Will lend his horse <i>to</i> go."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><i>(John</i> <i>Gilpin</i>, <i>1</i>. <i>22)</i> —</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Coffer</font>, for cofferer, a +treasurer, <i>Cover</i>, for coverer, <i>i.e</i>. tiler, Fr. +<i>couvreur</i>, when it does not correspond to Fr. +<i>cuvier</i>, <i>i.e</i>. <i>a</i> maker of <i>coves</i>, vats, +<i>Ginger</i>, <i>Grammer</i>, for grammarer, <i>Paternoster</i>, +maker of paternosters or rosaries, <i>Pepper</i>, <i>Sellar</i>, +for cellarer (Chapter III), <i>Tabor</i>, for <i>Taberer</i>, +player on the taber. Here also belongs <i>Treasure</i>, for +treasurer. <i>Salter</i> <i>is</i> sometimes for <i>sautrier</i>, +a player on the psaltery. We have the opposite process in +poulterer for <i>Pointer</i> <i>(</i>Chapter II<i>)</i>, and +caterer for <i>Cator</i> (Chapter III).</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80781" id="Toc80781">NAMES FROM +WARES</a></b></p> +<p>Such names as <i>Ginger</i>, <i>Pepper</i>, may however belong +to the class of nicknames conferred on dealers in certain +commodities; cf. <i>Pescod</i>, <i>Peskett</i>, from pease-cod. +Of this we have several examples which can be confirmed by +foreign parallels, e.g. <i>Garlick</i>, found in German as +Knoblauch, <i>[Footnote:</i> The cognate Eng. +<i>Clove</i>-<i>leek</i> occurs as a surname in the Ramsey +Chartulary.<i>]</i> <i>Straw</i>, represented in German by the +cognate name Stroh, and <i>Pease</i>, which is certified by Fr. +Despois. We find <i>Witepease</i> in the twelfth century.</p> +<p>Especially common are those names which deal with the two +staple foods of the country, bread and beer. In German we find +several compounds of <i>Brot</i>, bread, and one of the greatest +of chess-players bore the amazing name <i>Zuckertort</i>, +sugar-tart. In French we have such names as Painchaud, +Painlevê, Pain-tendre—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Eugene Aram was +usher, in 1744, to the Rev. Mr. <i>Painblanc</i>, in +Piccadilly"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 20em"> +<p>(Bardsley).</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Hence our <i>Cakebread</i> and +<i>Whitbread</i> were probably names given to bakers. +<i>Simnel</i> <i>is</i> explained in the same way, and Lambert +Simnel is understood to have been a baker's lad, but the name +could equally well be from Fr. <i>Simonel</i>, dim. of Simon. +<i>Wastall</i> <i>is</i> found in the Hundred Rolls as +<i>Wasted</i>, Old Fr. <i>gastel</i> <i>(gâteau)</i>. Here +also belongs <i>Cracknell</i>—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Craquelin</i>, a +<i>cracknell;</i> made of the yolks of egges, water, and flower; +and fashioned like a hollow trendle" (Cotgrave).</font></p> +</div> +<p><i>Goodbeer</i> is explained +by Bardsley as a perversion of <i>Godber</i> (Chapter VII), which may be +true, but the name is also to be taken literally. We have Ger. +<i>Gutbier</i>, and the existence of <i>Sourale</i> in the Hundred Rolls and +<i>Sowerbutts</i> at the present day justifies us in accepting both +<i>Goodbeer</i> and <i>Goodale</i> at their face-value. But <i>Rice</i> is an +imitative form of Welsh <i>Rhys</i>, <i>Reece</i>, and <i>Salt</i>, when not derived +from Salt in Stafford, is from Old Fr. <i>sault</i>, a wood, Lat. +<i>saltus</i>. [Footnote: This is common in place-names, and I should +suggest, as a guess, that <i>Sacheverell</i> is from the village of +Sault-Chevreuil-du-Tronchet (Manche).] It is doubtful whether the +name <i>Cheese</i> is to be included here. Jan Kees, for John Cornelius, +said to have been a nickname for a Hollander, may easily have +reached the Eastern counties. Bardsley's earliest instance for +the name is John <i>Chese</i>, who was living in Norfolk in 1273. But +still I find <i>Furmage</i> as a medieval surname.</p> +<p>We also have the dealer in meat represented by the classical +example of <i>Hogsflesh</i>, with which we may compare +<i>Mutton</i> and <i>Veal</i>, two names which may be seen fairly +near each other in Hammersmith Road (but for these see also +Chapter XXIII), and I have known a German named Kalbfleisch. +Names of this kind would sometimes come into existence through +the practice of crying wares; though if Mr. <i>Rottenherring</i>, +who was a freeman of York in <i>1332</i>, obtained his in this +way, he must have deliberately ignored an ancient piece of +wisdom.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><a name="Toc2144740" id="Toc2144740"></a></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80782" id= +"Toc80782">CHAPTER XVI <b>A SPECIMEN PROBLEM</b></a>: +RUTTER</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>"Howe sayst thou, man? am not I a joly <i>rutter</i>?" </p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>(Skelton, <i>Magnyfycence</i>, <i>1</i>. +<i>762</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The fairly common name +<i>Rutter</i> is a good example of the difficulty of explaining a +surname derived from a trade or calling no longer practised. Even +so careful an authority as Bardsley has gone hopelessly astray +over this name. He says, "German <i>ritter</i>, a rider, +<i>i.e</i>. a trooper," and quotes from Halliwell, +"<i>rutter</i>, a rider, a trooper, from the German; a name given +to mercenary soldiers engaged from Brabant, etc." Now this +statement is altogether opposed to chronology. The name occurs as +<i>le</i> <i>roter</i>, <i>rotour</i>, <i>ruter</i> in the +Hundred Rolls of 1273, <i>i.e</i>. more than two centuries before +any German name for trooper could possibly have become familiar +in England. Any stray Mid. High Ger. <i>Riter</i> would have been +assimilated to the cognate Eng. <i>Rider</i>. It is possible that +some German <i>Reuters</i> have become English <i>Rutters</i> in +comparatively modern times, but the German surname <i>Reuter</i> +has nothing to do with a trooper. It represents Mid. High Ger. +<i>riutaere</i>, a clearer of land, from the verb <i>riuten</i> +<i>(reuten)</i>, corresponding to Low Ger. <i>roden</i>, and +related to our <i>royd</i>, a clearing (Chapter XII). This word +is apparently not connected with our <i>root</i>, though it means +to root out, but ultimately belongs to a root <i>ru</i> which +appears in Lat. <i>rutrum</i>, a spade, <i>rutabulum</i>, a rake, +etc.</font></p> +<p>There is another Ger. <i>Reuter</i>, a trooper, which has +given the sixteenth-century Eng. <i>rutter</i>, but not as a +surname. The word appears in German about 1500, <i>i.e</i>. +rather late for the surname period, and comes from Du. +<i>ruiter</i>, a mercenary trooper. The German for trooper is +<i>Reiter</i>, really the same word as <i>Ritter</i>, a knight, +the two forms having been differentiated in meaning; cf. Fr. +<i>cavalier</i>, a trooper, and <i>chevalier</i>, a knight. In +the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Ger. <i>Reiter</i> was +confused with, and supplanted by, this borrowed word +<i>Reuter</i>, which was taken to mean rider, and we find the +cavalry called <i>Reuterei</i> well into the eighteenth century. +As a matter of fact the two words are quite unrelated, though the +origin of Du. <i>ruiter</i> is disputed.</p> +<p>The New English Dictionary gives, from the year 1506, +<i>rutter</i> (var. <i>ruter</i>, <i>ruiter)</i>, a cavalry +soldier, especially German, from Du. <i>ruiter</i>, whence Ger. +<i>Reuter</i>, as above. It connects the Dutch word with medieval +Lat. <i>rutarius</i>, <i>i.e</i>. <i>ruptarius</i>, which is also +Kluge's view. <i>[Footnote:</i> Deutsches Etymologisches +Wrterbuch.<i>]</i> But Franck <i>[Footnote:</i> Etymologisch +Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal.<i>]</i> sees phonetic +difficulties and prefers to regard <i>ruiter</i> as belonging +rather to <i>ruiten</i>, to uproot. The application of the name +up-rooter to a lawless mercenary is not unnatural.</p> +<p>But whatever be the ultimate origin of this Dutch and German +military word, it is sufficiently obvious that it cannot have +given an English surname which is already common in the +thirteenth century. There is a much earlier claimant in the +field.</p> +<p>The New English Dictionary has <i>roter</i> (1297), var. +<i>rotour</i>, <i>rotor</i>, and <i>router</i> (1379), a lawless +person, robber, ruffian, from Old Fr. <i>rotier</i> +<i>(routier)</i>, and also the form <i>rutar</i>, used by +Philemon Holland, who, in his translation of Camden's +<i>Britannia</i> (1610), says "That age called foraine and +willing souldiours <i>rutars</i>." The reference is to King +John's mercenaries, <i>c</i>. 1215. Fr, <i>routier</i>, a +mercenary, is usually derived from <i>route</i>, a band, Lat. +<i>rupta</i>, a piece broken off, a <i>detachment</i>. References +to the <i>grander</i> <i>routes</i>, the great mercenary bands +which overran France in the fourteenth century, are common in +French history. But the word was popularly, and naturally, +connected with <i>route</i>, Lat. <i>(via)</i> <i>rupta</i>, a +highway, so that Godefroy <i>[Footnote:</i> <i>Dictionnaire</i> +<i>de</i> <i>rancien</i> <i>Français</i>.] separates +<i>routier</i>, a vagabond, from <i>routier</i>, a bandit +soldier. Cotgrave has—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Routier</i>, an +old traveller, one that by much trotting up and down is grown +acquainted with most waies; and hence, an old beaten souldier; +one whom a long practise hath made experienced in, or absolute +master of, his profession; and (in evill part) an old crafty fox, +notable beguiler, ordinary deceiver, subtill knave; also, a +purse</font><font face="Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">taker, or a robber by the high way +side."</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">It is impossible to determine +the relative shares of <i>route</i>, a band, and <i>route</i>, a +highway, in this definition, but there has probably been natural +confusion between two words, separate in meaning, though +etymologically identical.</font></p> +<p>Now our thirteenth-century <i>rotors</i> and <i>rulers</i> may +represent Old Fr. <i>routier</i>, and have been names applied to +a mercenary soldier or a vagabond. But this cannot be considered +certain. If we consult du Cange, <i>[Footnote:</i> +<i>Glossarium</i> <i>ad</i> <i>Scriptures</i> <i>medics</i> +<i>et</i> <i>inflows</i> <i>Latinitatis</i>.] we find, s.v. +<i>rumpere</i>, <i>"ruptarii</i>, pro <i>ruptuarii</i>, quidam +praedones sub xi saeculum, ex rusticis. . . collecti ac +conflati," which suggests connection with "<i>ruptuarius</i>, +colonus qui agrum seu terram rumpit, proscindit, colic," +<i>i.e</i>. that the <i>ruptarii</i>, also called <i>rutarii</i>, +<i>rutharii</i>, <i>rotharii</i>, <i>rotarii</i>, etc., were so +named because they were revolting peasants, <i>i.e</i>. men +connected with the <i>roture</i>, or breaking of the soil, from +which we get <i>roturier</i>, a plebeian. That would still +connect our <i>Rutters</i> with Lat. <i>rumpere</i>, but by a +third road.</p> +<p>Finally, Old French has one more word which seems to me quite +as good a candidate as any of the others, viz. <i>roteur</i>, a +player on the <i>rote</i>, <i>i.e</i>. the fiddle used by the +medieval minstrels, Chaucer says of his Frere—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Wel koude he synge and playen on a <i>rote</i>.<i>"</i> </p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(A, 236.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The word is possibly of Celtic +origin (Welsh <i>crwth)</i> and a doublet of the archaic +<i>crowd</i>, or <i>crowth</i>, a fiddle. Both <i>rote</i> and +<i>crowth</i> are used by Spenser. <i>Crowd</i> is perhaps not +yet obsolete in dialect, and the fiddler in Hudibras is called +<i>Crowdero</i>. Thus <i>Rutter</i> may be a doublet of +<i>Crowther</i>. There may be other possible etymologies for +<i>Rutter</i>, but those discussed will suffice to show that the +origin of occupative names is not always easily +guessed.</font></p> +<p>Since the above was written I have found strong evidence for +the "fiddler" derivation of the name. In 1266 it was decided by a +Lancashire jury that Richard <i>le</i> <i>Harper</i> killed +William <i>le</i> <i>Roter</i>, or <i>Ruter</i>, in self-defence. +I think there can be little doubt that some, if not all, of our +<i>Rutters</i> owe their names to the profession represented by +this enraged musician. William <i>le</i> <i>Citolur</i> and +William <i>le</i> <i>Piper</i> also appear from the same record +(Patent Rolls) to have indulged in homicide in the course of the +year.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144741" id="Toc2144741"></a><a name="Toc80783" +id="Toc80783">CHAPTER XVII <b>THE CANTERBURY +PILGRIMS</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<p>In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay,<br> +Redy to wenden on my pilgrymage,<br> +To Caunterbury with ful devout corage,<br> +At nyght were come into that hostelrye<br> +Wel nyne and twenty in a compaignye<br> +Of sondry folk, by aventure y-falle<br> +In felaweshipe, and pilgrimes were they alle,<br> +That toward Caunterbury wolden ryde."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p><i>(Prologue</i>, <i>1</i>. 20.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">This famous band of wayfarers +includes representatives of all classes, save the highest and the +lowest, just at the period when our surnames were becoming fixed. +It seems natural to distinguish the following groups. The +leisured class is represented by the <i>Knight</i> (Chapter XV) +and his son the <i>Squire</i>, also found as <i>Swire</i> or +<i>Swyer</i>, Old Fr. <i>escuyer</i> <i>(écuyer)</i>, a +shield-bearer (Lat. <i>Scutum)</i>, with their attendant +<i>Yeoman</i>, a name that originally meant a small landowner and +later a trusted attendant of the warlike kind—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"And in his hand he +baar a myghty bow"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p>(A, 108.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">With these goes the +<i>Franklin</i> (Chapter XV), who had been <i>Sherriff</i>, +<i>i.e</i>. shire-reeve. He is also described as a +<i>Vavasour</i> <i>(p.</i> ii)—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Was nowher such a +worthy <i>vavasour"</i> (A, 360.)</font></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +</div> +<p>From the Church and the professions we have the <i>Nunn</i>, +her attendant priests, whence the names <i>Press</i>, +<i>Prest</i>, the <i>Monk</i>, the <i>Frere</i>, or <i>Fryer</i>, +"a wantowne and a merye," the <i>Clark</i> of Oxenforde, the +<i>Sargent</i> of the lawe, the <i>Sumner</i>, <i>i.e</i>. +summoner or apparitor, the doctor of physic, <i>i.e</i>. the +<i>Leech</i> or <i>Leach</i>—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Make war breed peace; +make peace stint war; make each<br> +Prescribe to other, as each other's <i>leech</i>"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p><i>(Timon</i> <i>of</i> <i>Athens</i>, <i>v. 4)</i>—</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>[Footnote:</i> The same word as the worm <i>leech</i>, from +an Anglo<font face="Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">Saxon word for +healer.<i>]</i></font></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and the poor parson. <i>Le</i> +<i>surgien</i> and <i>le</i> <i>fisicien</i> were once common +surnames, but the former is almost swallowed up by +<i>Sargent</i>, and the latter seems to have died out. The name +<i>Leach</i> has been reinforced by the dialect <i>lache</i>, a +bog, whence also the compounds <i>Blackleach</i>, +<i>Depledge</i>. Loosely attached to the church is the +<i>Pardoner</i>, with his wallet—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Bret</font><font face="Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" +size="3">ful of pardon, comen from Rome al hoot."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(A, 687.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">His name still survives as +<i>Pardner</i>, and perhaps as <i>Partner</i>, though both are +very rare.</font></p> +<p>Commerce is represented by the <i>Marchant</i>, depicted as a +character of weight and dignity, and the humbler trades and +crafts by—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"An haberdasher, and a +<i>Carpenter</i>,<br> +A <i>Webbe</i>, a deyer <i>(Dyer)</i>, and a tapiser."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(A, 361.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">To these may be added the Wife +of Bath, whose comfortable means were drawn from the cloth trade, +then our staple industry.</font></p> +<p>From rural surroundings come the Miller and the Plowman, as +kindly a man as the poor parson his brother, for—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"He wolde threshe, and therto dyke and delve,<br> +For Cristes sake, for every poure wight,<br> +Withouten hire, if it lay in his myght."</p> +</div> +<div style="margin-left: 14em">(A, <i>536</i>.<i>)</i></div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p>The <i>Miller</i> is the same as the <i>Meller</i> <i>or</i> +<i>Mellor—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p> +"Upon the whiche brook +ther stant a <i>melle;</i><br> +And this is verray sooth, that I yow tell."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(A, <i>3923</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>[Footnote: <i>Melle</i> <i>is</i> a Kentish form, used by +Chaucer for the rime; cf. <i>pet</i> for <i>pit</i> (Chapter +XIII).<i>]</i></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The oldest form of the name is +<i>Milner</i>, from Anglo-Sax. <i>myln</i>, Lat. <i>molina;</i> +<i>cf. Kilner</i> from <i>kiln</i>, Lat. <i>culina</i>, +kitchen.</font></p> +<p>The official or servile class includes the manciple, or buyer +for a fraternity of templars, otherwise called an +<i>achatour</i>, whence <i>Cator</i>, <i>Chaytor</i>, +<i>Chater</i> (Chapter III), <i>[Footnote:</i> <i>Chater</i>, +<i>Chaytor</i> <i>may</i> be also from <i>escheatour</i>, +<i>an</i> official who has given us the word <i>cheat</i>.] the +<i>Reeve</i>, an estate steward, so crafty that—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>"Ther nas <i>baillif</i> (Chapter IV), ne <i>herde</i> (Chapter III), nor +oother <i>hyn</i>e (Chapter III),<br> +That he ne knew his sleights and his covyne"</p> +</div> +<div style="margin-left: 28em"> +<p>(A, <i>603);</i></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and finally the <i>Cook</i>, or +<i>Coke</i> (Chapter I)—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"To boylle the +chicknes and the marybones."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 20em"> +<p>(A, <i>380</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">In a class by himself stands +the grimmest figure of all, the <i>Shipman</i>, of whom we are +told</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"If that he faught, +and hadde the hyer hond,</font><br> +By water he sente hem hoom to every lond."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 20em"> +<p>(A, 399.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The same occupation has given +the name <i>Marner</i>, for mariner, and <i>Seaman</i>, but the +medieval forms of the rare name <i>Saylor</i> show that it is +from Fr. <i>sailleur</i>, a dancer, an artist who also survives +as <i>Hopper</i> and <i>Leaper—</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p align="justify"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"To +one that <i>leped</i> <i>at</i> Chestre, <i>6s</i>. +<i>8d</i>.<i>"</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p align="justify">(<i>Privy Purse</i> <i>Expenses</i> <i>of</i> +<i>Henry</i> <i>VII</i>, <i>1495</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>[Footnote:</i> He was usually more generous to the high +arts, e.g. "To a Spaynarde that pleyed the fole, £2," "To +the young damoysell that daunceth, £30." With which cf. "To +Carter for writing of a boke, <i>7s</i>. <i>4d</i>.<i>"]</i></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The pilgrims were accompanied +by the host of the Tabard Inn, whose occupation has given us the +names <i>Inman</i> and <i>Hostler</i>, <i>Oastler</i>, Old Fr. +<i>hostelier</i> <i>(hôtelier)</i>, now applied to the inn +servant who looks after the 'osses. Another form is the +modern-looking <i>Hustler</i>. Distinct from these is +<i>Oster</i>, Fr. <i>oiseleur</i>, a bird-catcher; cf. +<i>Fowler</i>.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80784" id="Toc80784">ECCLESIASTICAL +NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>If we deal here with ecclesiastical names, as being really +nicknames (Chapter XV), that will leave the trader and craftsman, +the peasant, and the official or servile class to be treated in +separate chapters. Social, as distinguished from occupative, +surnames have already been touched on, and the names, not very +numerous, connected with warfare have also been mentioned in +various connections.</p> +<p>Among ecclesiastical names <i>Monk</i> has the largest number +of variants. Its Anglo-French form is sometimes represented by +<i>Munn</i> and <i>Moon</i>, while <i>Money</i> is the oldest Fr. +<i>monie;</i> <i>cf. Vicary</i> from Old Fr. <i>vicarie</i>. But +the French names <i>La</i> <i>Monnaie</i>, <i>de</i> <i>la</i> +<i>Monnaie</i>, are local, from residence near the mint. The +canon appears as <i>Cannon</i>, <i>Channen</i>, and +<i>Shannon</i>, Fr. <i>chanoine—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"With this +<i>chanoun</i> I dwelt have seven yere"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(G, 720);</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">but <i>Dean</i> is also local +sometimes (Chapter XII) and <i>Deacon</i> <i>is</i> an imitative +form <i>of</i> <i>Dakin</i> or <i>Deakin</i>, from David (Chapter +VI). <i>Charter</i> was used of a monk of the Charter-house, a +popular corruption of Chartreuse</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3"> +"With a company dyde I mete,</font><br> + As ermytes, monkes, and freres,<br> + Chanons, <i>chartores</i> . . .<i>"</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>(Cock <i>Lorelles</i> <i>Bote</i>.<i>)</i></p> +<p><b> </b></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Charter</font> also comes from +archaic Fr. <i>chartier</i> <i>(charretier)</i>, a carter, and +perhaps sometimes from Old Fr. <i>chartrier</i>, "a jaylor; also, +a prisoner" (Cotg.), which belongs to Lat. <i>carcer</i>, prison. +<i>[Footnote:</i> The sense development of these two words is +curious.<i>]</i></p> +<p><i>Charters</i> may be from the French town Chartres, but is +more likely a perversion of Charterhouse, as <i>Childers</i> is +of the obsolete "childer-house," orphanage.</p> +<p>Among lower orders of the church we have <i>Lister</i>, a +reader, <i>[Footnote:</i> Found in Late Latin as <i>legista</i>, +from Lat. <i>Legere</i>, to read.<i>]</i> <i>Bennet</i>, an +exorcist, and <i>Collet</i>, aphetic for acolyte. But each of +these is susceptible of another origin which is generally to be +preferred. <i>Chaplin</i> is of course for chaplain, Fr. +<i>chapelain</i>. The legate appears as <i>Leggatt</i>. +<i>Crosier</i> or <i>Crozier</i> means cross-bearer. At the +funeral of Anne of Cleves (1557) the mass was executed—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"><p>"By thabbott in +pontificalibus wthis <i>croysyer</i>, deacon and +subdeacon."</p></div> +<p><i>Canter, Caunter</i> is +for chanter, and has an apparent dim. <i>Cantrell</i>, corresponding to +the French name <i>Chantereau</i>. The practice, unknown in English, of +forming dims. from occupative names is very common in French, +e.g. from <i>Mercier</i> we have <i>Mercerot</i>, from <i>Berger</i>, i.e. Shepherd, a +number of derivatives such as <i>Bergerat, Bergeret, Bergerot</i>, etc. +<i>Sanger</i> and <i>Sangster</i> were not necessarily ecclesiastical <i>Singers. +Converse</i> meant a lay-brother employed as a drudge in a monastery. +<i>Sacristan</i>, the man in charge of the sacristy, from which we have +<i>Secretan</i>, is contracted into <i>Saxton</i> and <i>Sexton</i>, a name now +usually associated with grave-digging and bell-ringing, though +the latter task once belonged to the <i>Knowler</i>—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p align="justify"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Carilloneur</font>, a chymer, or <i>knowler</i> of bells" +(Cotgrave).</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">This is of course connected +with "knell," though the only <i>Kneller</i> who has become +famous was a German named Kniller.</font></p> +<p><i>Marillier</i>, probably a Huguenot name, is an Old French +form of <i>marguillier</i>, a churchwarden, Lat. +<i>matricularius</i>. The hermit survives as <i>Armatt</i>, +<i>Armitt</i>, with which cf. the Huguenot <i>Lermitte</i> +<i>(l'ermite)</i>, and the name of his dwelling is common +(Chapter XIII); <i>Anker</i>, now anchorite, is also extant. +Fals-Semblant says—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Somtyme I am +religious,</font><br> +Now lyk an <i>anker</i> in an hous."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i>(Romaunt</i> <i>of</i> <i>the</i> <i>Rose</i>, +<i>6348</i>.<i>)</i></p> +<p> </p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a name="Toc80785" id="Toc80785">PILGRIMS</a></b></p> +<p>While a <i>Pilgrim</i> acquired his name by a journey to any +shrine, a <i>Palmer</i> must originally have been to the Holy +Land, and a <i>Romer</i> to Rome. But the frequent occurrence of +<i>Palmer</i> suggests that it was often a nickname for a pious +fraud. We have a doublet of <i>Pilgrim</i> in <i>Pegram</i>, +though this may come from the name Peregrine, the etymology being +the same, viz. Lat. <i>peregrines</i>, a foreigner.</p> +<p><a name="Toc2144742" id="Toc2144742"></a></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80786" id="Toc80786">CHAPTER XVIII <b>TRADES AND +CRAFTS</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"What d'ye lack, noble +sir? —What d'ye lack, beauteous madam?"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p><i>(Fortunes</i> <i>of</i> <i>Nigel</i>, ch. <i>i</i>.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">In the Middle Ages there was no +great class of retail dealers distinct from the craftsmen who +fashioned objects. The same man made and sold in almost every +case. There were of course general dealers, such as the French +<i>Marchant</i> or his English equivalent the <i>Chapman</i> +(Chapter II), the Dutch form of which has given us the Norfolk +name <i>Copeman</i>. The <i>Broker</i> <i>is</i> now generally +absorbed by the local <i>Brooker</i>. There were also the +itinerant merchants, of whom more anon; but in the great majority +of cases the craftsman made and sold one article, and was, in +fact, strictly forbidden to wander outside his special +line.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80787" id="Toc80787">ARCHERY</a></b></p> +<p>Fuller tells us that—</p> + +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +"England were but a fling, +<div style="margin-left: -10em"> +Save for the crooked stick and the gray-goose-wing," +</div></div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and the importance of the bow +and arrow is shown by the number of surnames connected with their +manufacture. We find the <i>Bowyer</i>, <i>Bower</i> or +<i>Bowmaker</i>, who trimmed and shaped the wand of yew, +<i>[Footnote:</i> This is also one source of <i>Boyer</i>, but +the very common French surname Boyer means ox-herd.<i>]</i> the +<i>Fletcher</i> (Chapter XV), <i>Arrowsmith</i>, or +<i>Flower</i>, who prepared the arrow—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"His bowe he bente and +sette therinne a <i>flo"</i> (H, 264)—</font><br> +<i><font face="Bookman Old Style">[Footnote:</font> The true +English word for arrow, Anglo-Sax. fla.]</i></p></div> +<p>and the <i>Tipper</i>, <i>Stringer</i>, and <i>Horner</i>, who +attended to smaller details, though the <i>Tipper</i> and +<i>Stringer</i> probably tipped and strung other things, and the +<i>Horner</i>, though he made the horn nocks of the long-bow, +also made horn cups and other objects.</p> +<p>The extent to which specialization was carried is shown by the +trade description of John Darks, <i>longbowstringemaker</i>, who +died in 1600. The <i>Arblaster</i> may have either made or used +the arblast or cross-bow, medieval Lat. <i>arcubalista</i>, +bow-sling. His name has given the imitative <i>Alabaster</i>. We +also find the shortened <i>Ballister</i> and <i>Balestier</i>, +from which we have <i>Bannister</i> (Chapter III). Or, to take an +example from comestibles, a <i>Flanner</i> limited his activity +to the making of flat cakes called <i>flans</i> or <i>flawns</i>, +from Old Fr. <i>flaon</i> <i>(flan)</i>, a word of Germanic +origin, ultimately related to <i>flat</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"He that is hanged in +May will eat no <i>flannes</i> in Midsummer."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p><i>(The</i> <i>Abbot</i>, ch. xxxiii.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Some names have become +strangely restricted in meaning, e.g. <i>Mercer</i>, now almost +limited to silk, was a name for a dealer in any kind of +merchandise (Lat. <i>merx);</i> in Old French it meant +pedlar—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i>"Mercier</i>, a +good pedler, or meane haberdasher of small wares" +(Cotgrave).</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">On the other hand +<i>Chandler</i>, properly a candle-maker, is now used in the +compounds corn-chandler and ship's chandler. Of all the +-<i>mongers</i> the only common survival is <i>Ironmonger</i> or +<i>Iremonger</i>, with the variant <i>Isemonger</i>, from Mid. +Eng. <i>isen</i>, iron. <i>Ironmonger</i> is also dealer in eggs, +Mid. Eng. <i>eiren</i>.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80788" id="Toc80788">CLOTHIERS</a></b></p> +<p>The wool trade occupied a very large number of workers and has +given a good many surnames. The <i>Shearer</i> was distinct from +the <i>Shearman</i> or <i>Sherman</i>, the former operating on +the sheep and the latter on the nap of the cloth. For +<i>Comber</i> we also have the older <i>Kempster</i>, and +probably <i>Kimber</i>, from the Mid. Eng. <i>kemben</i>, to +comb, which survives in "unkempt". The <i>Walker</i>, +<i>Fuller</i>, and <i>Tucker</i>, all did very much the same work +of "waulking," or trampling, the cloth. All three words are used +in Wyclif's Bible in variant renderings of Mark ix. 3. +<i>Fuller</i> is from Fr. <i>fouler</i>, to trample, and +<i>Tucker</i> is of uncertain origin. <i>Fuller</i> is found in +the south and south-east, <i>Tucker</i> in the west, and +<i>Walker</i> in the north. A <i>Dyer</i> was also called +<i>Dyster</i>, and the same trade is the origin of the +Latin-looking <i>Dexter</i> (Chapter II). From Mid. Eng. +<i>litster</i>, a dyer, a word of Scandinavian origin, comes +<i>Lister</i>, as in Lister Gate, Nottingham. With these goes the +<i>Wadman</i>, who dealt in, or grew, the dye-plant called woad; +cf. <i>Flaxman</i>. A beater of flax was called +<i>Swingler—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Fleyl, +<i>swyngyl</i>, verga, tribulum" <i>(Prompt</i>. +<i>Parv</i>.<i>)</i>.</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A <i>Tozer</i> teased the cloth +with a teasel. In Mid. English the verb is <i>taesen</i> or +<i>tosen</i>, so that the names Teaser and Towser, sometimes +given to bull-terriers, are doublets. <i>Secker</i> means +sack-maker.</font></p> +<p>We have already noticed the predominance of <i>Taylor</i>. +This is the more remarkable when we consider that the name has as +rivals the native <i>Seamer</i> and <i>Shapster</i> and the +imported <i>Parmenter</i>, Old Fr. <i>parmentier</i>, a maker of +<i>parements</i>, now used chiefly of facings on clothes. But +another, and more usual, origin of <i>Parmenter</i>, +<i>Parminter</i>, <i>Parmiter</i>, is <i>parchmenter</i>, a very +important medieval trade. The word would correspond to a Lat. +<i>pergamentarius</i>, which has given also the German surname +<i>Berminter</i>. Several old German cities had a Permentergasse, +<i>i.e</i>. parchment-makers' street. A <i>Pilcher</i> made +pilches, <i>i.e</i>. fur cloaks, an early loan-word from Vulgar +Lat. <i>pellicia</i> <i>(pellis</i>, skin). Chaucer's version +of</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Till May is out, +ne'er cast a clout"</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">is</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"After greet heet +cometh colde;</font><br> + No man caste his <i>pilche</i> away."</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Another name connected with +clothes is <i>Chaucer</i>, Old Fr. <i>chaussier</i>, a hosier +(Lat. <i>calceus</i>, boot), while Admiral <i>Hozier's</i> Ghost +reminds us of the native word. The oldest meaning of hose seems +to have been gaiters. It ascended in Tudor times to the dignity +of breeches (cf. trunk-hose), the meaning it has in modern +German. Now it has become a tradesman's euphemism for the +improper word stocking, a fact which led a friend of the +writer's, imperfectly acquainted with German, to ask a gifted +lady of that nationality if she were a <i>Blauhose</i>. A +<i>Chaloner</i> or <i>Chawner</i> dealt in shalloon, Mid. Eng. +<i>chalons</i>, a material supposed to have been made at +Châlons-sur-Marne—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"And in his owene chambre hem made a bed, <br> +With sheetes and with <i>chalons</i> faire y-spred."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(A. 4139.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style">Ganter</font> or Gaunter is +Fr. gantier, glove-maker.</i></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80789" id="Toc80789">METAL WORKERS</a></b></p> +<p>Some metal-workers have already been mentioned in connection +with <i>Smith</i> (Chapter IV), and elsewhere. The French +Fèvre, from Lat. <i>faber</i>, is found as <i>Feaver</i>. +<i>Fearon</i> comes from Old Fr, <i>feron</i>, <i>ferron</i>, +smith. <i>Face</i> <i>le</i> <i>ferrun</i>, <i>i.e</i>. Boniface +(Chapter III) the smith, lived in Northampton in the twelfth +century. This is an example of the French use of -<i>on</i> as an +agential suffix. Another example is Old Fr. <i>charton</i>, or +<i>charreton</i>, a waggoner, from the Norman form of which we +have <i>Carton</i>. In <i>Scriven</i>, from Old Fr. +<i>escrivain</i> <i>(écrivain)</i>, we have an isolated +agential suffix. The English form is usually lengthened to +<i>Scrivener</i>. In <i>Ferrier</i>, for farrier, the traditional +spelling has prevailed over the pronunciation, but we have the +latter in <i>Farrar</i>. <i>Ferrier</i> sometimes means ferryman, +and <i>Farrar</i> has absorbed the common Mid. English nickname +<i>Fayrhayr</i>. <i>Aguilar</i> means needle-maker, Fr. +<i>aiguille</i>, but <i>Pinner</i> is more often official +(Chapter XIX). <i>Culler</i>, Fr. <i>coutelier</i>, Old Fr. +<i>coutel</i>, knife, and <i>Spooner</i> go together, but the +fork is a modern fad. <i>Poynter</i> is another good example of +the specialization of medieval crafts: the points were the metal +tags by which the doublet and hose were connected. Hence, the +play on words when Falstaff is recounting his adventure with the +men in buckram—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 2em"> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Fal</font>. "Their +points being broken—"</i></p> +<p><i>Poins</i>. "Down fell their hose."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 10em"> +<p>(I <i>Henry</i> <i>IV</i>., <i>ii</i>, 4.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Latimer, Latner</i> +sometimes means a worker in <i>latten</i>, a mixed metal of which the +etymological origin is unknown. The Pardoner<font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">—</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">"Hadde a croys +of <i>latoun</i> ful of stones" (A, 699).</font></p> +<p>For the change from -<i>n</i> to -<i>m</i> we may compare +<i>Lorimer</i> for <i>Loriner</i>, a bridle-maker, belonging +ultimately to Lat. <i>lorum</i>, "the reyne of a brydle" +(Cooper). But <i>Latimer</i> comes also from Latiner, a man +skilled in Latin, hence an interpreter, Sir John Mandeville tells +us that, on the way to Sinai-—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Men alleweys fynden +<i>Latyneres</i> to go with hem in the contrees."</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The immortal <i>Bowdler</i> is +usually said to take his name from the art of puddling, or +buddling, iron ore. But, as this process is comparatively modern, +it is more likely that the name comes from the same verb in its +older meaning of making impervious to water by means of clay. +<i>Monier</i> and <i>Minter</i> are both connected with coining, +the former through French and the latter from Anglo-Saxon, both +going back to Lat. <i>moneta</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> On the +curiously accidental history of this word see the <i>Romance</i> +<i>of</i> <i>Words</i>, ch. <i>x</i>.<i>]</i> mint. +<i>Conner</i>, <i>i.e</i>. coiner, is now generally swallowed up +by the Irish <i>Connor</i>.</font></p> +<p><i>Leadbitter</i> is for <i>Leadbeater</i>. The name +<i>Hamper</i> is a contraction of <i>hanapier</i>, a maker of +<i>hanaps</i>, <i>i.e</i>. goblets. Fr. <i>hanap</i> is from Old +High Ger. <i>hnapf</i> <i>(Napf)</i>, and shows the inability of +French to pronounce initial <i>hn</i>- without inserting a vowel: +cf. <i>harangue</i> from Old High Ger. <i>hring</i>. There is +also a Mid. Eng. <i>nap</i>, cup, representing the cognate +Anglo-Sax. <i>hnaep</i>, so that the name <i>Napper</i> may +sometimes be a doublet of <i>Hamper</i>, though it is more +probably for <i>Napier</i> (Chapter I) or <i>Knapper</i> (Chapter +XII). The common noun <i>hamper</i> is from <i>hanapier</i> in a +sense something like plate-basket. With metal-workers we may also +put <i>Furber</i> or <i>Frobisher</i>, <i>i.e</i>. furbisher, of +armour, etc. <i>Poyser</i>, from <i>poise</i>, scales, is +official. Two occupative names of Celtic origin are <i>Gow</i>, a +smith, as in <i>The</i> <i>Fair</i> <i>Maid</i> <i>of</i> +<i>Perth</i>, and <i>Caird</i>, a tinker—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"The fellow had been originally a tinker or <i>caird</i>.<i>"</i> </p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>(Heart <i>of</i> <i>Midlothian</i>, ch. xlix.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A few more names, which fall +into no particular category, may conclude the chapter. +<i>Hillyer</i> or <i>Hellier</i> is an old name for a +<i>Thacker</i>, or thatcher, of which we have the Dutch form in +<i>Dekker</i>. It comes from Mid. Eng. <i>helen</i>, to cover up. +In <i>Hillard</i>, <i>Hillyard</i> we sometimes have the same +name (cf. the vulgar <i>scholard)</i>, but these are more often +local (Chapter XIII). <i>Hellier</i> also meant tiler, for the +famous Wat is described as <i>tiler</i>, <i>tegheler</i>, and +<i>hellier</i>.</font></p> + + +<p>An <i>Ashburner</i> prepared wood-ash for the <i>Bloomer</i> +(Chapter XV), and perhaps also for the <i>Glaisher</i>, or +glass-maker, and <i>Asher</i> <i>is</i> best explained in the +same way, for we do not, I think, add -<i>er</i> to tree-names. +Apparent exceptions can be easily accounted for, e.g. +<i>Elmer</i> <i>is</i> Anglo-Sax. AElfmaer, and <i>Beecher</i> +<i>is</i> Anglo-Fr. <i>bechur</i>, digger (Fr. +<i>bêche</i>, spade). Neither <i>Pitman</i> nor +<i>Collier</i> had their modern meaning of coal-miner. +<i>Pitman</i> <i>is</i> local, of the same class as +<i>Bridgeman</i>, <i>Pullman</i>, etc., and <i>Collier</i> meant +a charcoal-burner, as in the famous ballad of Rauf Colyear. Not +much coal was dug in the Middle Ages. Even in 1610 Camden speaks +with disapproval, in his <i>Britannia</i>, of the inhabitants of +Sherwood Forest who, with plenty of wood around them, persist in +digging up "stinking pit-cole."</p> +<p><i>Croker</i> <i>is</i> for <i>Crocker</i>, a maker of crocks +or pitchers. The Miller's guests only retired to bed—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Whan that dronken al +was in the <i>crowke"</i> <i>(A</i>, <i>4158)</i></font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The spelling has affected the +pronunciation, as in <i>Sloper</i> and <i>Smoker</i> (Chapter +III). <i>Tinker</i> <i>is</i> sometimes found as the +frequentative <i>Tinkler</i>, a name traditionally due to his +approach being heralded by the clatter of metal +utensils—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"My bonny lass, I work on brass,<br> +A <i>tinkler</i> is my station."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>(BURNS, <i>Jolly</i> <i>Beggars</i>, Air 6.)</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>The maker of saddle-trees was called <i>Fewster</i>, from Old +Fr. <i>fust</i> (<i>fût</i>), Lat. <i>fustis</i>. This has +sometimes given <i>Foster</i>, but the latter is more often for +<i>Forster</i>, <i>i.e</i>. <i>Forester—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"An horn he bar, the bawdryk was of grene, <br> +A <i>forster</i> was he soothly as I gesse,"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 20em"> +<p><i>(A</i>, 116.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The saddler himself was often +called by his French name <i>sellier</i>, whence <i>Sella'</i>, +but both this and <i>Sellars</i> are also local, at the cellars +(Chapter III). <i>Pargeter</i> means dauber, plasterer, from Old +Fr. <i>parjeter</i>, to throw over. A <i>Straker</i> made the +strakes, or tires, of wheels. A <i>Stanger</i> made stangs, +<i>i.e</i>. poles, shafts, etc.</font></p> +<p>The fine arts are represented by <i>Limmer</i>, for limner, a +painter, an aphetic form of illumines, and <i>Tickner</i> +<i>is</i> perhaps from Dutch <i>tekener</i>, draughtsman, cognate +with Eng, token, while the art of self-defence has given us the +name <i>Scrimgeoure</i>, with a number of corruptions, including +the local-looking <i>Skrimshire</i>. It is related to scrimmage +and skirmish, and ultimately to Ger. <i>schirmen</i>, to fence, +lit. to protect. The name was applied to a professional +swordplayer—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Qe nul teigne escole +de <i>eskermerye</i> ne de bokeler deins la cité."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 20em"> +<p><i>(Liber</i> <i>Albus</i>.<i>)</i></p> +<p> </p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a name="Toc80790" id="Toc80790">SURNOMINAL +SNOBBISHNESS</a></b></p> +<p>A particularly idiotic form of snobbishness has sometimes led +people to advance strange theories as to the origin of their +names. Thus <i>Turner</i> has been explained as from <i>la</i> +<i>tour</i> <i>noire</i>. Dr. Brewer, in his <i>Dictionary</i> +<i>of</i> <i>Phrase</i> <i>and</i> <i>Fable</i>, +<i>[Footnote:</i> Thirteenth edition, revised and +corrected.<i>]</i> apparently desirous of dissociating himself +from malt liquor, observes that—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Very few ancient +names are the names of trades. . . A few examples of a more +scientific derivation will suffice for a hint:—</font></p> +<p><i>Brewer</i>. This name, which exists in France as +Bruhière and Brugère, is not derived from the Saxon +<i>briwan</i> <i>(to</i> brew), but the French +<i>bruyère</i> (heath), and is about tantamount to the +German Plantagenet (broom plant). <i>Miller</i> is the old Norse +<i>melia</i>, our <i>mill</i> and <i>maul</i>, and means a mauler +or fighter.</p> +<p><i>Ringer</i> is the Anglo<font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Saxon <i>hring</i></font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" +size="3">gar</font> (the mailed warrior).</i> Tanner, German +<i>Thanger</i>, Old German <i>Dane</i><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" +size="3">gaud</font>, is the Dane</i><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Goth...</font></p> +<p>This list might easily be extended."</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +</div> +<p>There is of course no reason why such a list should not be +indefinitely extended, but the above excerpt is probably quite +long enough to make the reader feel dizzy. The fact is that there +is no getting away from a surname of this class, and the bearer +must try to look on the brighter side of the tragedy. +<i>Brewer</i> is occasionally an accommodated form of the French +name Bruyère or Labruyère, but is usually derived +from an occupation which is the high-road to the House of Lords. +The ancestor of any modern <i>Barber</i> may, like Salvation +Yeo's father, have "exercised the mystery of a barber-surgeon," +which is getting near the learned professions. A <i>Pottinger</i> +(Chapter XV) looked after the soups, Fr. <i>potage</i>, but the +name also represents <i>Pothecary</i> (apothecary), which had in +early Scottish the aphetic forms <i>Poticar</i>, +<i>potigar</i>—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"'Pardon me,' said he, +'I am but a poor <i>pottingar</i>. Nevertheless, I have been bred +in Paris and learnt my humanities and my <i>cursus</i> +<i>medendi</i>'"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p>(<i>Fair</i> <i>Maid</i> <i>of</i> <i>Perth</i>, ch. +vii.).</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144743" +id="Toc2144743"></a><a name="Toc80791" id="Toc80791">CHAPTER XIX +<b>HODGE AND HIS FRIENDS</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +"Jacque, il me faut troubler ton Somme;<br> +Dans le village, un gros huissier<br> +Rôde et court, suivi du messier.<br> +C'est pour l'impôt, las! mon pauvre homme.<br> +Lève-toi, Jacque, lève-toi:<br> +Voici venir I'huissier du roi." +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p>BÉRANGER.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">General terms for what we now +usually call a farmer are preserved in the surnames <i>Bond</i> +(Chapter XV), whence the compound <i>Husband</i>, used both for +the goodman of the house and in the modern sense, and +<i>Tillman</i>. The labouring man was <i>Day</i>, from the same +root as Ger. <i>Dienen</i>, to serve. It persists in "dairy" and +perhaps in the puzzling name <i>Doubleday</i> <i>(?</i> doing two +men's work). A similar meaning is contained in the names +<i>Swain</i>, <i>Hind</i>, for earlier <i>Hine</i> (Chapter III), +<i>Tasker</i>, <i>Mann</i>. But a <i>Wager</i> was a mercenary +soldier. The mower has given us the names <i>Mather</i> (cf. +after<i>math</i>), and <i>Mawer</i>, while <i>Fenner</i> +<i>is</i> sometimes for Old Fr. <i>feneur</i>, haymaker (Lat. +<i>foenum</i>, hay). For mower we also find the latinized +<i>messor</i>, whence <i>Messer</i>. Whether the <i>Ridler</i> +and the <i>Sivier</i> made, or used, riddles and sieves can +hardly be decided. <i>[Footnote:</i> <i>Riddle</i> is the usual +word for sieve in the Midlands. Hence the phrase "riddled with +holes, or wounds."<i>]</i></font></p> +<p>With the <i>Wenman</i>, who drove the wain, we may mention the +<i>Leader</i> or <i>Loader</i>. The verbs "lead" and "load" are +etymologically the same, and in the Midlands people talk of +"leading," <i>i.e</i>. carting, coal. But these names could also +come from residence near an artificial watercourse (Chapter +XIII). <i>Beecher</i> has already been explained, and +<i>Shoveler</i> <i>is</i> formed in the same way from dialect +<i>showl</i>, a <i>s</i>hovel—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>" 'I,' said the owl,<br> + 'With my spade and <i>showl</i>.' "</p> +</div> +<p>To the variants of the <i>Miller</i> (Chapter XXIII) may be +added <i>Mulliner</i>, from Old French. <i>Tedder</i> means a man +who <i>teds</i>, <i>i.e</i>. spreads, hay, the origin of the word +being Scandinavian</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"I <i>teede</i> hey, I +tourne it afore it is made in cockes, <i>je</i> <i>fene</i>." +(Palsgrave.) </p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">But the greater number of +surnames drawn from rural occupations are connected with the care +of animals. We find names of this class in three forms, +exemplified by <i>Coltman</i>, <i>Goater</i>, <i>Shepherd</i>, +and it seems likely that the endings -<i>er</i> and -<i>erd</i> +have sometimes been interchanged, e.g. that <i>Goater</i> may +stand for goat-herd, <i>Calver</i> for calf-herd, and +<i>Nutter</i> sometimes for northern <i>nowt</i>-<i>herd</i>, +representing the dialect neat-herd. The compounds of herd include +<i>Bullard</i>, <i>Calvert</i>, <i>Coltard</i>, <i>Coward</i>, +for cow-herd, not of course to be confused with the common noun +<i>coward</i> (Fr. <i>couard</i>, a derivative of Lat. +<i>cauda</i>, tail), <i>Evart</i>, ewe-herd, but also a Norman +spelling of Edward, <i>Geldard</i>, <i>Goddard</i>, sometimes for +goat-herd, <i>Hoggart</i>, often confused with the local +<i>Hogarth</i> (Chapter XIII), <i>Seward</i>, for sow-herd, or +for the historic Siward, <i>Stobart</i>, dialect <i>stob</i>, a +<i>bull</i>, <i>Stodart</i>, Mid. Eng. <i>stot</i>, meaning both +a bullock and a nag. Chaucer tells us that—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"This reve sat upon a +ful good <i>stot</i>" (A, 615 ).</font></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +</div> +<p><i>Stoddart</i> <i>is</i> naturally confused with +<i>Studdart</i>, stud-herd, stud being cognate with Ger. +<i>Stute</i>, mare. We also have <i>Swinnert</i>, and lastly +<i>Weatherhead</i>, sometimes a perversion of wether-herd, though +usually a nickname, sheep's head. The man in charge of the tups, +or rams, was called <i>Tupman</i> or <i>Tupper</i>, the latter +standing sometimes for tup-herd, just as we have the imitative +<i>Stutter</i> for <i>Stodart</i> or <i>Studdart</i>. We have +also <i>Tripper</i> from <i>trip</i>, a dialect word for flock, +probably related to troop. Another general term for a herdsman +was <i>Looker</i>, whence <i>Luker</i>.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80792" id="Toc80792">BUMBLEDOM</a></b></p> +<p>I have headed this chapter "Hodge and his Friends," but as, a +matter of strict truth he had none, except the "poure Persons," +the most radiant figure in Chaucer's pageant. But his enemies +were innumerable. Béranger's lines impress one less than +the uncouth "Song of the Husbandman" (temp. Edward I.), in which +we find the woes of poor Hodge incorporated in the persons of the +<i>hayward</i>, the <i>bailif</i>, the <i>wodeward</i>, +<i>the</i> <i>budel</i> and his <i>cachereles</i> +(catchpoles)—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"For ever the furthe +peni mot (must) to the kynge."</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The bailiff has already been +mentioned (Chapter IV). The <i>budel</i>, or beadle, has given us +several surnames. We have the word in two forms, from Anglo-Sax. +<i>bytel</i>, belonging to the verb to bid, whence the names +<i>Biddle</i> and <i>Buddle</i>, and from Old Fr. <i>bedel</i> +<i>(bedeau)</i>, whence <i>Beadle</i> and its variants. The +animal is probably extinct under his original name, but modern +democracy is doing its best to provide him with an army of +successors. The "beadle" group of names has been confused with +<i>Bithell</i>, Welsh Ap Ithel.</font></p> +<p>Names in -<i>ward</i> are rather numerous, and, as they mostly +come from the titles of rural officials and are often confused +with compounds of -<i>herd</i>, they are all put together here. +The simple <i>Ward</i>, cognate with Fr. <i>garde</i>, is one of +our commonest surnames. Like its derivative <i>Warden</i> it had +a very wide range of meanings. The antiquity of the office of +church-warden is shown by the existence of the surname +<i>Churchward</i>. Sometimes the surname comes from the abstract +or local sense, <i>de</i> <i>la</i> <i>warde</i>. As the suffix +-<i>weard</i> occurs very frequently in Anglo-Saxon personal +names, it is not always possible to say whether a surname is +essentially occupative or not, e.g. whether <i>Durward</i> is +rather "door-ward" or for Anglo-Sax. Deorweard. <i>Howard</i>, +which is phonetically Old Fr. Huard, is sometimes also for +<i>Hayward</i> or <i>Haward</i> (Hereward), or for +<i>Hayward</i>. It has no doubt interchanged with the local +<i>Howarth</i>, <i>Haworth</i>.</p> +<p>Owing to the loss of <i>w</i>- in the second part of a word +(Chapter III), -<i>ward</i> and -<i>herd</i> often fall together, +e.g. <i>Millard</i> for <i>Milward</i>, and <i>Woodard</i> found +in Mid. English as both <i>wode</i>-<i>ward</i> and +<i>wode</i>-<i>hird</i>. <i>Hayward</i> belongs to <i>hay</i>, +hedge, enclosure (Chapter XIII), from which we also get +<i>Hayman</i>. The same functionary has given the name +<i>Haybittle</i>, a compound of beadle. <i>Burward</i> and +<i>Burrard</i> may represent the once familiar office of +bear-ward; cf. <i>Berman</i>. I had a schoolfellow called +<i>Lateward</i>, apparently the man in charge of the <i>lade</i> +or <i>leet</i> (Chapter XIII). <i>Medward</i> is for +mead-ward.</p> +<p> </p> +<p>The name <i>Stewart</i> or <i>Stuart</i> became royal with +Walter the Steward of Scotland, who married Marjorie Bruce in +1315. It stands for sty-ward, where sty means pen, not +necessarily limited to pigs. Like most official titles, it has +had its ups and downs, with the result that its present meaning +ranges from a high officer of the crown to the sympathetic +concomitant of a rough crossing.</p> +<p>The <i>Reeve</i>, Anglo-Sax. <i>ge</i>-<i>refa</i>, was in +Chaucer a kind of land agent, but the name was also applied to +local officials, as in port-reeve, shire-reeve. It is the same as +<i>Grieve</i>, also originally official, but used in Scotland of +a land steward—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"He has got a ploughman from Scotland who acts as +<i>grieve</i>.<i>"</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p>(Scott, <i>Diary</i>, <i>1</i>814.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>This may be one source of the names <i>Graves</i> and +<i>Greaves</i>. The name <i>Woodruff</i>, <i>Woodroffe</i> is too +common to be referred to the plant woodruff, and the fact that +the male and female of a species of sand-piper are called the +<i>ruff</i> and <i>reeve</i> suggests that Woodruff may have some +relation to wood-reeve. It is at any rate a curious coincidence +that the German name for the plant is <i>Waldmeister</i>, +wood-master. Another official surname especially connected with +country life is <i>Pinder</i>, also found as <i>Pinner</i>, +<i>Pender</i>, <i>Penner</i>, <i>Ponder</i> and <i>Poynder</i>, +the man in charge of the pound or pinfold; cf. <i>Parker</i>, the +custodian of a park, of which the <i>Palliser</i> or +<i>Pallister</i> made the palings.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80793" id="Toc80793">ITINERANT +MERCHANTS</a></b></p> +<p>The itinerant dealer was usually called by a name suggesting +the pack which he carried. Thus <i>Badger</i>, <i>Kidder</i>, +<i>Kiddier</i>, <i>Pedder</i>, now pedlar, are from <i>bag</i>, +<i>kid</i>, related to <i>kit</i>, and the obsolete p<i>ed</i>, +basket; cf. <i>Leaper</i>, Chapter XV. The badger, who dealt +especially in corn, was unpopular with the rural population, and +it is possible that his name was given to the stealthy animal +formerly called the <i>bawson</i> (Chapter I.), <i>brock</i> or +<i>gray</i> (Chapter XXIII). That <i>Badger</i> is a nickname +taken from the animal is chronologically improbable, as the word +is first recorded in 1523 <i>(New</i> <i>English</i> +<i>Dictionary)</i>.</p> + +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">To the above names may be added +<i>Cremer</i>, <i>Cramer</i>, a huckster with a stall in the +market, but this surname is sometimes of modern introduction, +from its German cognate <i>Krämer</i>, now generally used +for a grocer. <i>Packman</i>, <i>Pakeman</i>, and <i>Paxman</i> +belong more probably to the font-name <i>Pack</i> (Chapter IX), +which also appears in <i>Paxon</i>, either Pack's son, or for the +local <i>Paxton</i>.</font></p> +<p>The name <i>Hawker</i> does not belong to this group. Nowadays +a hawker is a pedlar, and it has been assumed, without sufficient +evidence, that the word is of the same origin as huckster. The +Mid. Eng. <i>le</i> <i>haueker</i> or <i>haukere</i> (1273) is +quite plainly connected with hawk, and the name may have been +applied either to a <i>Falconer</i>, <i>Faulkner</i>, or to a +dealer in hawks. As we know that itinerant vendors of hawks +travelled from castle to castle, it is quite possible that our +modern hawker is an extended use of the same name.</p> +<p>Nor is the name <i>Coster</i> to be referred to costermonger, +originally a dealer in costards, <i>i.e</i>. apples. It is +sometimes for Mid. Eng. <i>costard</i> (cf. such names as +<i>Cherry</i> and <i>Plumb)</i>, but may also represent Port. +<i>da</i> <i>Costa</i> and Ger. <i>Köster</i>, both of which +are found in early lists of Protestant refugees.</p> +<p><i>Jagger</i> was a north-country name for a man who worked +draught-horses for hire. Mr. Hardy's novel <i>Under</i> +<i>the</i> <i>Greenwood</i> <i>Tree</i> opens with "the +<i>Tranter's</i> party." A carrier is still a "tranter" in +Wessex. In Medieval Latin he was called <i>travetarius</i>, a +word apparently connected with Lat. <i>transvehere</i>, to +transport.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><a name="Toc2144744" id="Toc2144744"></a></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80794" id="Toc80794">CHAPTER XX <b>OFFICIAL AND +DOMESTIC</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>"Big fleas have little fleas<br> +Upon their backs to bite 'em<br> +Little fleas have smaller fleas,<br> +And so <i>ad infinitum</i>."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p>Anon.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">It is a well-known fact that +official nomenclature largely reflects the simple housekeeping of +early times, and that many titles, now of great dignity, were +originally associated with rather lowly duties. We have seen an +example in <i>Stewart</i>. Another is <i>Chamberlain</i>. Hence +surnames drawn from this class are susceptible of very varied +interpretation. A <i>Chancellor</i> was originally a man in +charge of a chancel, or grating, Lat. <i>cancelli</i>. In Mid. +English it is usually glossed <i>scriba</i>, while it is now +limited to very high judicial or political office. <i>Bailey</i>, +as we have seen (Chapter IV), has also a wide range of meanings, +the ground idea being that of care-taker. Cotgrave explains Old +Fr. <i>mareschal</i> <i>maréchal</i> as—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>A</i> +<i>marshall</i> of a kingdoms, or of a camp (an honourable +place); also, a blacksmith; also, a farrier, +horse</font><font face="Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">leech, or horse</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">smith; also, a harbinger,"</font></p> +<p><i>[Footnote: i.e</i>. a quartermaster. See <i>Romance</i> +<i>of</i> <i>Words</i>, ch. vii.<i>]</i></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">which gives a considerable +choice of origins to any modern <i>Marshall</i> or +<i>Maskell</i>.</font></p> +<p>Another very vague term is sergeant, whence our +<i>Sargent</i>. Its oldest meaning is servant, Lat. +<i>serviens</i>, <i>servient</i>-. Cotgrave defines +<i>sergent</i> as—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"A <i>sergeant</i>, +officer, catchpole, pursuyvant, apparitor; also (in Old Fr.) a +footman, or souldier that serves on foot." I</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Probably catchpole was the +commonest meaning—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Sargeauntes</i>, +<i>katche</i> <i>pollys</i>, and somners" <i>(Cocke</i> +<i>Lorelles</i> <i>Bote)</i>.</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The administration of justice +occupied a horde of officials, from the <i>Justice</i> down to +the <i>Catchpole</i>. The official title <i>Judge</i> <i>is</i> +rarely found, and this surname is usually from the female name +Judge, which, like Jug, was used for Judith, and later for +Jane—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Jannette, +<i>Judge</i>, Jennie; a woman's name" (Cotgrave).</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The names <i>Judson</i> and +<i>Juxon</i> sometimes belong to these. <i>Catchpole</i> has +nothing to do with poles or polls. It is a Picard +<i>cache</i>-<i>poule</i> <i>(chasse</i>-<i>poule)</i>, +<i>col</i>lector of poultry in default of money. Another name for +judge was <i>Dempster</i>, the pronouncer of doom, a title which +still exists in the Isle of Man. We also find +<i>Deemer</i>—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<p><i>"Demar</i>, judicator" <i>(Prompt</i>. +<i>Parv</i>.<i>)</i>.</p> +</div> +<p><i>Mayor</i> is a learned spelling of <i>Mair</i>, Fr. +<i>maire</i>, Lat. <i>major</i>, but <i>Major</i>, which looks +like its latinized form, is perhaps imitative for the Old French +personal name <i>Mauger</i>. Bishop Mauger of Worcester +pronounced the interdict in 1208, and the surname still +exists.</p> +<p><i>Gaylor</i>, <i>Galer</i>, <i>is</i> the Norman +pronunciation of gaoler</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"And Palamon, this woful prisoner,<br> +As was his wone, bi leve of his <i>gayler</i>,<br> +Was risen" (A, 1064).</p> +<p> </p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> +<p><b><a name="Toc80795" id="Toc80795">THE HOUSEHOLD</a></b></p> +<p><i>Usher</i> is Fr. <i>huissier</i>, door-keeper, Fr. +<i>huis</i>, door, Lat. <i>ostium</i>. I conjecture that +<i>Lusher</i> <i>is</i> the French name <i>Lhuissier</i>, and +that <i>Lush</i> <i>is</i> local, for Old Fr. <i>le</i> +<i>huis;</i> cf. <i>Laporte</i>. <i>Wait</i>, corruptly +<i>Weight</i>, now used only of a Christmas minstrel, was once a +watchman. It is a dialect form of Old Fr. <i>gaite</i>, cognate +with watch. The older sense survives in the expression "to lie in +<i>wait</i>." <i>Gate</i> <i>is</i> the same name, when not local +(Chapter XIII).</p> +<p>The <i>Todhunter</i>, or fox-hunter (Chapter XXIII), was an +official whose duty was to exterminate the animal now so +carefully preserved. <i>Warner</i> is often for <i>Warrener</i>. +The <i>Grosvenor</i> <i>(gros</i> <i>veneur)</i>, great hunter, +was a royal servant. <i>Bannerman</i> <i>is</i> found latinized +as <i>Penninger</i> (Chapter XV). <i>Herald</i> may be official +or from Harold (Chapter VII), the derivation being in any case +the same. <i>Toller</i> means a collector of tolls. Cocke Lorelle +speaks of these officials as "false <i>Towlers</i>." Connected +with administration is the name <i>Mainprice</i>, lit. taken by +hand, used both for a surety and a man out on bail—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i>"Maynprysyd</i>, or <i>memprysyd</i>, manucaptus, fideijussus" (Prompt. Parv.);</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and <i>Shurety</i> also +exists.</font></p> +<p>The individual bigwig had a very large retinue, the members of +which appear to have held very strongly to the theory of one man, +one job. The <i>Nurse</i>, or <i>Norris</i>, Fr. <i>nourrice</i>, +was apparently debarred from rocking the cradle. This was the +duty of the rocker—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +"To the <i>norice</i> and <i>rokker</i> of the same lord, <i>25s. +8d</i>." +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<i>(Household</i> <i>Accounts</i> <i>of</i> <i>Elizabeth</i> +<i>of</i> <i>York</i>, March, 1503), +</div></div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">from whom Mr. <i>Roker</i>, +chief turnkey at the Fleet in Mr. Pickwick's time, may have +sprung The <i>Cook</i> was assisted by the <i>Baster</i> and +<i>Hasler</i>, or turnspit, the latter from Old Fr. +<i>hastille</i>, spit, dim. of Lat. <i>hasta</i>, spear. The +<i>Chandler</i> was a servant as well as a +manufacturer.</font></p> +<p>A <i>Trotter</i> and a <i>Massinger</i>, <i>i.e</i>. +messenger, were perhaps much the same thing. <i>Wardroper</i> +<i>is</i> of course wardrobe keeper, but Chaucer uses +<i>wardrope</i> (B. 1762) in the sense which Fr. +<i>garde</i>-<i>robe</i> now usually has. The <i>Lavender</i>, +<i>Launder</i> or <i>Lander</i> saw to the washing. +<i>Napier</i>, from Fr. <i>nappe</i>, cloth, meant the servant +who looked after the napery. The martial sound with which this +distinguished name strikes a modern ear is due to historical +association, assisted, as I have somewhere read, by its riming +with <i>rapier!</i> The water-supply was in charge of the +<i>Ewer</i>.</p> +<p>The provisioning of the great house was the work of the +<i>Lardner</i>, Fr. <i>lard</i>, bacon, the <i>Panter</i>, or +<i>Pantler</i>, who was, at least etymologically, responsible for +bread, and the <i>Cator</i> (Chapter III) and <i>Spencer</i> +(Chapter III), whose names, though of opposite meaning, buyer and +spender, come to very much the same thing. <i>Spence</i> +<i>is</i> still the north-country word for pantry, and is used by +Tennyson in the sense of refectory—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Bluff Harry broke +into the <i>Spence</i></font><br> +And turn'd the cowls adrift."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 10em"> +<p><i>(The</i> <i>Talking</i> <i>Oak</i>, <i>1</i>. +<i>47</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Purser</font>, now used in +connection with ships only, was also a medieval form of bursar, +and every castle and monastery had its almoner, now <i>Amner</i>. +Here also belongs <i>Carver</i>. In Ivey Church (Bucks) is a +tablet to Lady Mary Salter with a poetic tribute to her +husband—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Full forty years a <i>carver</i> to two kings."</p> +</div> +<p>As the importance of the horse led to the social elevation of +the marshal and constable (Chapter IV), so the <i>hengstman</i>, +now henchman, became his master's right-hand man. The first +element is Anglo-Sax. <i>hengest</i>, stallion, and its most +usual surnominal forms are <i>Hensman</i> and <i>Hinxman</i>. +Historians now regard Hengist and Horsa, stallion and mare, as +nicknames assumed by Jutish braves on the war-path. +<i>Sumpter</i>, Old Fr. <i>sommetier</i>, from <i>Somme</i>, +burden, was used both of a packhorse and its driver, its +interpretation in <i>King</i> <i>Lear</i> being a matter of +dispute—</p> + +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> + +"Return with her? +<br> +Persuade me rather to be slave and <i>Sumpter</i><br> +To this detested groom" <i>(Lear, ii, 4)</i>. +</div> +<p>As a surname it probably means the driver, Medieval Lat. +<i>sumetarius</i>.</p> +<p>Among those who ministered to the great man's pleasures we +must probably reckon <i>Spelman, Speller, + Spillman, Spiller</i>, from Mid. Eng. <i>spel</i>, a +speech, narrative, but proof of this is lacking</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p> +"Now holde your mouth, par charitee,<br> +Bothe knyght and lady free,<br> +And herkneth to my <i>spelle"</i> (B, 2081).</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The cognate <i>Spielmann</i>, +lit. <i>Player</i>, was used in Medieval German of a wandering +minstrel.</font></p> +<p>The poet is now <i>Rymer</i> or <i>Rimmer</i>, while +<i>Trover</i>, Fr. <i>trouvère</i>, a poet, minstrel, lit. +finder, has been confused with <i>Trower</i>, for <i>Thrower</i>, +a name connected with weaving. Even the jester has come down to +us as <i>Patch</i>, a name given regularly to this member of the +household in allusion to his motley attire. Shylock applies it, +to Launcelot—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"The <i>patch</i> <i>is</i> kind enough; but a huge +feeder."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p><i>(Merchant</i> <i>of</i> <i>Venice</i>, <i>ii</i>. +<i>5</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>But the name has another origin (Chapter IX). <i>Buller</i> +and <i>Cocker</i> are names taken from the fine old English +sports of bull-baiting and cock-fighting.</p> +<p>Two very humble members of the parasitic class have given the +names <i>Bidder</i> and <i>Maunder</i>, both meaning beggar. The +first comes from Mid. Eng. <i>bidden</i>, to ask. Piers Plowman +speaks of "<i>bidderes</i> and beggers." <i>Maunder</i> <i>is</i> +perhaps connected with Old Fr. <i>quemander—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Quemander</i>, or +<i>caimander</i>, to beg; or goe a begging; to beg from doore to +doore" (Cotgrave),</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">but it may mean a maker of +"maunds," <i>i.e</i>. baskets.</font></p> +<p>A <i>Beadman</i> spent his time in praying for his benefactor. +A medieval underling writing to his superior often signs himself +"your servant and <i>bedesman</i>.<i>"</i></p> +<p> </p> +<p><a name="Toc2144745" id="Toc2144745"></a></p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80796" id="Toc80796">CHAPTER XXI <b>OF NICKNAMES +IN GENERAL</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Here is Wyll Wyly the myl pecker, <br> +And Patrick Pevysshe heerbeter,<br> +With lusty Hary Hangeman,<br> +Nexte house to Robyn Renawaye;<br> +Also Hycke Crokenec the rope maker,<br> +And Steven Mesyllmouthe muskyll taker."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><i>(Cocke</i> <i>Lorelles</i> <i>Bote</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +<p><i>[Footnote:</i> This humorous poem, inspired by Sebastian +Brandt's <i>Narrenschiff</i>, known in England in Barclay's +translation, was printed early in the reign of Henry VIII. It +contains the fullest list we have of old trade<font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">names.<i>]</i></font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Every family name is +etymologically a nickname, <i>i.e</i>. an eke-name, intended to +give that auxiliary information which helps in identification. +But writers on surnames have generally made a special class of +those epithets which were originally conferred on the bearer in +connection with some characteristic feature, physical or moral, +or some adjunct, often of the most trifling description, with +which his personality was associated. Of nicknames, as of other +things, it may be said that there is nothing new under the sun. +Ovidius Naso might have received his as a schoolboy, and +<i>Moss</i> <i>cum</i> <i>nano</i>, whom we find in Suffolk in +1184, lives on as "Nosey Moss" in Whitechapel. Some of our +nicknames occur as personal names in Anglo-Saxon times (Chapter +VII), but as surnames they are seldom to be traced back to that +period, for the simple reason that such names were not +hereditary. An Anglo-Saxon might be named <i>Wulf</i>, but his +son would bear another name, while our modern <i>Wolfe</i> does +not usually go farther back than some Ranulf <i>le</i> +<i>wolf</i> <i>of</i> the thirteenth or fourteenth century. This +is of course stating the case broadly, because the personal name +Wolf also persisted and became in some cases a surname. In this +and the following chapters I do not generally attempt to +distinguish between such double origins.</font></p> +<p>Nicknames are formed in very many ways, but the two largest +classes are sobriquets taken from the names of animals, e.g. +<i>Hogg</i>, or from adjectives, either alone or accompanied by a +noun, e.g. <i>Dear</i>, <i>Goodfellow</i>. Each of these classes +requires a chapter to itself, while here we may deal with the +smaller groups.</p> +<p>Some writers have attempted to explain all apparent nicknames +as popular perversions of surnames belonging to the other three +classes. As the reader will already have noticed, such +perversions are extremely common, but it is a mistake to try to +account for obvious nicknames in this way. Any of us who retain a +vivid recollection of early days can call to mind nicknames +<i>of</i> the most fantastic kind, and in some cases of the most +apparently impossible formation, which stuck to their possessors +all through school-life. A very simple test for the genuineness +of a nickname is a comparison with other languages. Camden says +that <i>Drinkwater</i> <i>is</i> a corruption of Derwentwater. +The incorrectness of this guess is shown by the existence as +surnames of Fr. <i>Boileau</i>, It. <i>Bevilacqua</i>, and Ger. +<i>Trinkwasser</i>. It is in fact a perfectly natural nickname +for a medieval eccentric, the more normal attitude being +represented by Roger <i>Beyvin</i> <i>(boi</i>-<i>vin)</i>, who +died in London in 1277.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80797" id="Toc80797">FOREIGN +NICKNAMES</a></b></p> +<p>Corresponding to our <i>Goodday</i>, we find Ger. +<i>Gutentag</i> and Fr. <i>Bonjour</i>. The latter has been +explained as from a popular form of George, but the English and +German names show that the explanation is. unnecessary. With +<i>Dry</i> we may compare Fr. <i>Lesec</i> and Ger. +<i>Dürr</i>, with <i>Garlick</i> Ger. <i>Knoblauch</i> +(Chapter XV), and with <i>Shakespeare</i> <i>Ger. +Schüttespeer</i>. <i>Luck</i> is both for Luke and Luick +(Liège, Chapter XI), but Rosa <i>Bonheur</i> and the +composer <i>Gluck</i> certify it also as a nickname. +<i>Merryweather</i> is like Fr. <i>Bontemps</i>, and +<i>Littleboy</i> appears in the Paris Directory as +<i>Petitgas</i>, <i>gas</i> being the same as <i>gars</i>, the +old nominative (Chapter I) of <i>garçon</i>—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"<i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Gars</font>, a lad, +boy, stripling, youth, yonker" (Cotgrave).</i></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Bardsley explains +<i>Twentyman</i> as an imitative corruption of +<i>twinter</i>-<i>man</i>, the man in charge of the twinters, +two-year-old colts. This may be so, but there is a German +confectioner in Hampstead called <i>Zwanziger</i>, and there are +Parisians named <i>Vingtain</i>. <i>Lover</i> <i>is</i> confirmed +by the French surnames <i>Amant</i> and <i>Lamoureux</i>, and +<i>Wellbeloved</i> by <i>Bienaimé</i>. <i>Allways</i> may +be the literal equivalent of the French name <i>Partout</i>. On +the other hand, the name Praisegod <i>Barebones</i> has been +wrongly fixed on an individual whose real name was Barbon or +Barborne.</font></p> +<p>It may seem strange that the nickname, conferred essentially +on the individual, and often of a very offensive character, +should have persisted and become hereditary. But schoolboys know +that, in the case of an unpleasant nickname, the more you try to +pull it off, the more it sticks the faster. <i>Malapert</i> and +<i>Lehideux</i> are still well represented in the Paris +Directory. Many objectionable nicknames have, however, +disappeared, or have been so modified as to become +inoffensive.</p> +<p>Sometimes such disappearance has resulted from the +depreciation in the meaning of a word, e.g. <i>le</i> +<i>lewd</i>, the layman, the unlettered, was once as common as +its opposite <i>le</i> <i>learned</i>, whence the name +<i>Larned</i>. But many uncomplimentary names are no longer +objected to because their owners do not know their earlier +meanings. A famous hymn-writer of the eighteenth century bore all +unconsciously a surname that would almost have made Rabelais +blush. Drinkdregs, Drunkard, Sourale, Sparewater, Sweatinbed, +etc. have gone, but we still have <i>Lusk—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Falourdin</i>, a +<i>luske</i>, loot, lurden, a lubberlie sloven, heavie sot, +lumpish hoydon" (Cotgrave) —</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and many other names which can +hardly have gratified their original possessors.</font></p> +<p>A very interesting group of surnames consists of those which +indicate degrees of kinship or have to do with the relations +existing between individuals. We find both <i>Master</i> and +<i>Mann</i>, united in <i>Masterman</i>, meaning the man in the +service of one locally known as the master. With this we may +compare <i>Ladyman</i>, <i>Priestman</i>, etc. But <i>Mann</i> +<i>is</i> often of local origin, from the Isle of Man. In some +cases such names are usually found with the patronymic -<i>s</i>, +e.g. <i>Masters</i>, <i>Fellows</i>, while in others this is +regularly absent, e.g. <i>Guest</i>, <i>Friend</i>. The latter +name is sometimes a corruption of Mid. Eng. <i>fremed</i>, +stranger, cognate with Ger. <i>fremd</i>, <i>so</i> that opposite +terms, which we find regularly contrasted in Mid. Eng. +"<i>frend</i> and <i>fremed</i>,<i>"</i> have become absorbed in +one surname.</p> +<p>The frequent occurrence of <i>Fellows</i> <i>is</i> due to its +being sometimes for the local <i>Fallows</i>. From Mid. Eng. +<i>fere</i>, a companion, connected with <i>faren</i>, to travel, +we get <i>Littlefair</i> and <i>Playfair</i>. In Wyclif's Bible +we read that Jephthah's daughter—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Whanne sche hadde go +with hir felowis and <i>pleiferis</i>, <i>s</i>che biwept hir +maydynhed in the hillis" (Judges xi. 38).</font></p> +</div> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style">Springett</font> is for +springald, and Arlett is Mid. Eng. harlot, fellow, rascal, a word +which has changed its gender and meaning—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"He was a gentil <i>harlot</i> and a kynde, <br> +A betre felawe sholde men noght fynde."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(A, 647.)</p> +<p> </p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p> </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p><b><a name="Toc80798" id="Toc80798">KINSHIP</a></b></p> +<p>In surnames taken from words indicating family relationship we +come across some survivals of terms no longer used, or occurring +only in rustic dialect. The Mid. Eng. <i>eme</i>, uncle, cognate +with Ger. <i>Oheim</i>, has given <i>Eames</i>. In Chaucer's +<i>Troilus</i> <i>and</i> <i>Criseyde</i>, the heroine addresses +Pandarus as "uncle dere" and "uncle mine," but also uses the +older word—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">" 'In good feith, +<i>em</i>,' quod she, 'that liketh me' "(ii. 162);</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and the word is used more than +once by Scott—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Didna his <i>eme</i> +die. . . wi' the name of the Bluidy Mackenzie?"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p><i>(Heart</i> <i>of</i> <i>Midlothian</i>, ch. +<i>xii</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">It is also one of the sources +of <i>Empson</i>, which thus corresponds to <i>Cousins</i> or +<i>Cozens</i>. In <i>Neame</i> we have a prosthetic <i>n</i>- due +to the frequent occurrence of <i>min</i> <i>eme</i> (cf. the +Shakespearean <i>nuncle</i>, <i>Lear</i>, <i>i</i>. <i>4)</i>. +The names derived from cousin have been reinforced by those from +<i>Cuss</i>, <i>i.e</i>. Constant or Constance (Chapter X). Thus +<i>Cussens</i> is from the Mid. English dim. <i>Cussin</i>. +Anglo-Sax. <i>nefa</i>, whence Mid. Eng. <i>neve</i>, +<i>neave</i>, <i>is</i> cognate with, but not derived from, Lat. +<i>nepos</i>. <i>[Footnote:</i> In all books on surnames that I +have come across this is referred to Old Fr. <i>le</i> +<i>neve</i>. There is no such word in old French, which has nom. +<i>niés</i>, <i>acc</i>. <i>neveu</i>.]</font></p> +<p>This is now replaced as a common noun by the French word +nephew, but it survives in the surname <i>Neave</i>. It also +meant in Mid. English a prodigal or parasite, as did also Lat. +<i>nepos—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"<i>Neve</i>, neverthryfte, or wastowre" <i>(Prompt</i>. +<i>Parv</i>.<i>)</i>.</p> +</div> +<p>It is likely that <i>Nevison</i> and <i>Nevinson</i> are +sometimes derivatives of this word.</p> +<p><i>Child</i> was sometimes used in the special sense of youth +of gentle blood, or young knight; cf. Childe Harold and Childe +Rowland <i>(Lear</i>, iii. 4). But the more general meaning may +be assumed in its compounds, of which the most interesting is +<i>Leifchild</i>, dear-child, a fairly common name in +Anglo-Saxon. The corresponding <i>Faunt</i>, whence +<i>Fauntleroy</i> (Chapter XV), is now rare. Another word, now +only used in dialect or by affectation, is "bairn," a frequent +source of the very common surname <i>Barnes;</i> cf. +<i>Fairbairn</i> and <i>Goodbairn</i>, often perverted to +<i>Fairburn</i>, <i>Goodburn</i>, <i>Goodban</i>. +<i>Barnfather</i> is about equivalent to Lat. +<i>paterfamilias</i>, but <i>Pennefather</i> is an old nickname +for a miser—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Caqueduc</i>, a +niggard, micher, miser, scrape</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">good, pinch</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">penny, <i>penny</i></font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" +size="3">father;</font></i> a covetous and greedy wretch" +(Cotgrave).</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The name <i>Bastard</i> was +once considered no disgrace if the dishonour came from a noble +source, and several great medieval warriors bore this sobriquet. +With this we may compare <i>Leman</i> or <i>Lemon</i>, Mid. Eng. +<i>leof</i>-<i>man</i>, dear man, beloved, and <i>Paramor</i>, +Fr. <i>par</i> <i>amour</i>, an example of an adverbial phrase +that has become a noun. This expression, used of lawful love in +Old French, in the stock phrase "aimer une belle dame <i>par</i> +<i>amour</i>,<i>"</i> had already an evil meaning by Chaucer's +time—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"My fourthe housbonde was a revelour, <br> +This is to seyn, he hadde a <i>paramour</i>" + (D, 453).</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +</div> +<p>With these names we may put <i>Drewry</i> or <i>Drury</i>, +sweetheart, from the Old French abstract <i>druerie</i>, of +Germanic origin and cognate with <i>true</i>—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"For certeynly no such beeste<br> +To be loved is not worthy,<br> +Or bere the name of <i>druerie</i>.<i>"</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>(Romaunt <i>of</i> <i>the</i> <i>Rose</i>, 5062.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Suckling</i> is a +nickname applied to a helpless person; cf. <i>Littlechild</i> and +"milksop," which still exists, though rare, in the forms <i>Milsopp</i> +and <i>Mellsop</i>. The heir survives as <i>Ayre</i> and <i>Eyre</i>. +<i>Batchelor</i>, the +origin of which is one of the etymological problems yet unsolved, +had in Old French and Mid. English also the meaning of young +warrior or squire. Chaucer's Squier is described +as— </p> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"A lovyere and a lusty +<i>bacheler"</i> (A, 80).</font></p> +</div> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style">May</font>, maiden, whence +Mildmay, is used by Chaucer for the Holy Virgin</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Now, lady bright, to whom alle woful cryen,<br> +Thow glorie of wommanhede, thow faire <i>may</i>,<br> +Thow haven of refut, brighte sterre of day" + (B, 850).</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">This is the same word as Mid. +Eng. <i>mai</i>, relative, cognate with <i>maid</i> and Gaelic +<i>Mac</i>- (Chapter VI). A form of it survives in the Nottingham +name <i>Watmough</i> and perhaps in +<i>Hickmott</i>—</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Mow</i>, housbandys sister or syster in law" +<i>(Prompt</i>. Parv.).</font></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">I imagine that William +<i>Echemannesmai</i>, who owed the Treasury a mark in 1182, was +one of the sponging fraternity.</font></p> +<p><i>Virgoe</i>, a latinization of <i>Virgin</i>, is perhaps due +to a shop-sign. <i>Rigmaiden</i>, explained by Lower as "a +romping girl," is local, from a place in Westmorland. Richard +<i>de</i> <i>Riggemayden</i> was living in Lancashire in 1307. +With this group of names we may put <i>Gossip</i>, originally a +god-parent, lit. related in God, from Mid. Eng. <i>sib</i>, +kin.</p> +<p>With names like <i>Farebrother</i>, <i>Goodfellow</i>, we may +compare some of French origin such as <i>Bonser</i> (bon sire), +<i>Bonamy</i>, and <i>Bellamy</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Thou <i>beel amy</i>, thou pardoner, he sayde,<br> +Telle us som myrth, or japes, right anon."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 20em"> +<p>(B, 318.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Beldam</i> (belle dame), +originally a complimentary name for grandmother or grandam, has +become uncomplimentary in meaning— </p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i>First Witch.</i> "Why, how now, Hecate! you look angerly."</p> +<p><i>Hecate</i>. "Have I not reason, <i>beldams</i> as you are, +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +Saucy and overbold?" <i>(Macbeth</i>, <i>iii</i>. 5). +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">From the corresponding Old Fr. +<i>bel</i>-<i>sire</i>, <i>beau</i>-<i>sire</i>, we have +<i>Bewsher</i>, <i>Bowser</i>, and the Picard form +<i>Belcher</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 2em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"The great +<i>belsire</i>, the grandsire, sire, and sonne,</font><br> +Lie here interred under this grave stone."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>(Weever, <i>Ancient</i> <i>Funeral</i> +<i>Monuments</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Relationship was often +expressed by the use of French words, so that for son-in-law we +find <i>Gender</i>, <i>Ginder</i>, corresponding to Fr. Legendre. +<i>Fitch</i>, usually an animal nickname (Chapter XXIII), is +occasionally for <i>le</i> <i>fiz</i>, the son, which also +survives as <i>Fitz</i>. <i>Goodson</i>, from the personal name +<i>Good</i> (Chapter I), is sometimes registered as <i>Fiz</i> +<i>Deu</i>. Cf. Fr. <i>Lefilleul</i>, <i>i.e</i>. the +godson.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80799" id="Toc80799">ABSTRACTS</a></b></p> +<p>A possible derivative of the name <i>May</i> (Chapter XXI) is +<i>Ivimey</i>. Holly and Ivy were the names of characters in +Christmas games, and an old rime says</p> +<div style="margin-left: 2em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Holy and his mery +men, they dawnsyn and they syng,</font><br> +<i>Ivy</i> and hur <i>maydins</i>, they wepen and they +wryng."</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +</div> +<p>If <i>Ivimey</i> is from this source, the same origin must +sometimes be allowed to <i>Holliman</i> (Chapter I). This +conjecture <i>[Footnote:</i> Probably a myth. See my +<i>Surnames</i>, p. 197.<i>]</i> has in its favour the fact that +many of our surnames are undoubtedly derived from characters +assumed in dramatic performances and popular festivities. To this +class belong many surnames which have the form of abstract nouns, +e.g. <i>Charity</i>, <i>Verity</i>, <i>Virtue</i>, <i>Vice</i>. +Of similar origin are perhaps <i>Bliss</i>, <i>Chance</i>, +<i>Luck</i>, and <i>Goodluck;</i> cf. <i>Bonaventure</i>. +<i>Love</i>, <i>Luff</i>, occurs generally as a personal name, +hence the dim. <i>Lufkins</i>, but it is sometimes a nickname. +<i>Lovell</i>, <i>Lovett</i>, more often mean little wolf. Both +<i>Louvet</i> and <i>Louveau</i> are common French surnames. The +name <i>Lovell</i>, in the wolf sense, was often applied to a +dog, as in the famous couplet</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +"The ratte, the catte, and <i>Lovell</i>, our dogge +<br>Rule all England under the hogge," +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">for which William Collingborne +was executed in 1484. <i>Lowell</i> is a variant of +<i>Lovell</i>.</font></p> +<p>But many apparent abstract names are due to folk-etymology, +e.g. <i>Marriage</i> is local, Old Fr. <i>marage</i>, marsh, and +<i>Wedlock</i> is imitative for <i>Wedlake;</i> cf. +<i>Mortlock</i> for Mortlake and perhaps <i>Diplock</i> for +deep-lake. <i>Creed</i> is the Anglo-Saxon personal name Creda. +<i>Revel</i>, a common French surname, is a personal name of +obscure origin. <i>Want</i> is the Mid. Eng. <i>wont</i>, mole, +whence <i>Wontner</i>, mole-catcher. It is difficult to see how +such names as <i>Warr</i>, <i>Battle</i>, and <i>Conquest</i> +came into existence. The former, found as <i>de</i> <i>la</i> +<i>warre</i>, is no doubt sometimes local (Chapter XIII), and +<i>Battle</i> is a dim. of Bat (Chapter VI). But <i>de</i> +<i>la</i> <i>batayle</i> is also a common entry, and +<i>Laguerre</i> and <i>Labataille</i> are common French +surnames.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80800" id="Toc80800">COSTUME</a></b></p> +<p>A nickname was often conferred in connection with some +external object regularly associated with the individual. Names +taken from shop-signs really belong to this class. Corresponding +to our <i>Hood</i> <i>[Footnote:</i> <i>Hood</i> may also be for +Hud (Chapter I), but the garment is made into a personal name in +Little Red Ridinghood, who is called in French <i>le</i> +<i>petit</i> <i>Chaperon</i> <i>Rouge</i>.<i>]</i> we have Fr. +<i>Capron</i> <i>(chaperon)</i>. <i>Burdon</i>, Fr. +<i>bourdon</i>, meant a staff, especially a pilgrim's staff. +Daunger is described as having—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p align="justify"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"In +his honde a gret <i>burdoun"</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p align="justify">(Romaunt <i>of</i> <i>the</i> <i>Rose</i>, +3401).</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">But the name <i>Burdon</i> is +also local. <i>Bracegirdle</i>, <i>i.e</i>. breeks-girdle, must +have been the nickname of one who wore a gorgeous belt. It is a +curious fact that this name is chiefly found in the same region +(Cheshire) as the somewhat similar <i>Broadbelt</i>. The Sussex +name <i>Quaile</i> represents the Norman pronunciation of coif. +More usually an adjective enters into such combinations. With the +historic Curthose, Longsword, Strongbow we may compare +<i>Shorthouse</i>, a perversion of shorthose, <i>Longstaff</i>, +<i>Horlock</i> (hoar), <i>Silverlock</i>, <i>Whitlock</i>, +<i>etc</i>. <i>Whitehouse</i> is usually of local origin, but has +also absorbed the medieval names Whitehose and White-hawse, the +latter from Mid. Eng. <i>hawse</i>, neck. <i>Woollard</i> may be +the Anglo-Saxon personal name Wulfweard, but is more probably +from <i>woolward</i>, <i>i.e</i>. without linen, a costume +assumed as a sign of penitence</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"<i>Wolwarde</i>, without any lynnen nexte ones body, <i>sans chemyse</i>". +<i>(Palsgrave.)</i></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The three names <i>Medley</i>, +<i>Medlicott</i>, and <i>Motley</i> go together, though all three +of them may be local (the mid-lea, the middle-cot, and the +moat-lea). <i>Medley</i> mixed, is the Anglo-French past +participle of Old Fr. <i>mesler</i> <i>(mêler)</i>. +<i>Motley</i> is of unknown origin, but it was not necessarily a +fool's dress—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"A marchant was ther +with a forked berd,</font><br> +In <i>mottelye</i>, and hye on horse he sat,<br> +Upon his heed a Flaundryssh bevere hat" + (A, 270).<br></p> + +</div> +<p>So also the Serjeant of the Law was distinguished his, for the +period, plain dress—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"He rood but hoomly in +a <i>medlee</i> <i>cote"</i> (A, 328).</font></p> +</div> +<p><i>Gildersleeve</i> is now +rare in England, though it still flourishes in the United States. +[Footnote: We have several instances of this phenomenon. A +familiar example is <i>Lippincott</i>, a surname of local origin +(Devonshire). But Bardsley's inclusion of American statistics is +often misleading. It is a well-known fact that the foreign names +of immigrants are regularly assimilated to English forms in the +United States. In some cases, such as Cook for <i>Koch</i>, Cope +(Chapter XII) for <i>Kopf</i>, Stout (Chapter XXII) for +<i>Stolz</i> or <i>Stultz</i>, +the change is etymologically justified. But in other cases, such +as Tallman for <i>Thalmann</i>, dale-man, Trout for <i>Traut</i>, faithful, the +resemblance is accidental. Beam and Chestnut, common in the +States but very rare in England, represent an imitative form of +<i>Böhm</i> or <i>Behm</i>, Bohemian, and a translation of <i>Kestenbaum</i>, +chestnut tree, both Jewish names. The Becks and Bowmans of New +York outnumber those of London by about five to one, the first +being for <i>Beck</i>, baker (Chapter XV), and the second for <i>Baumann</i>, +equivalent to <i>Bauer</i>, farmer. Bardsley explains the common +American name Arrison by the fact that there are Cockneys in +America. It comes of course from Arend, a Dutch name related to +Arnold.<br> +<br> +"A remarkable record in changes of surname was cited some +years ago by an American correspondent of <i>Notes and Queries</i>. +'The changes which befell a resident of New +Orleans were that when he moved from an American quarter to a +German neighbourhood his name of Flint became Feuerstein, which +for convenience was shortened to Stein. Upon his removal to a +French district he was re-christened Pierre. Hence upon his +return to an English neighbourhood he was translated into Peters, +and his first neighbours were surprised and puzzled to find Flint +turned Peters.'"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><i>(Daily</i> <i>Chronicle</i>, April 4, 1913.)<i>]</i></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> +<p><b><a name="Toc80801" id="Toc80801">PHYSICAL +FEATURES</a></b></p> +<p>Names like <i>Beard</i>, <i>Chinn</i>, <i>Tooth</i> were +conferred because of some prominent feature. In Anglo-French we +find <i>Gernon</i>, moustache, now corrupted to <i>Garnham</i>, +and also <i>al</i> <i>gernon</i>, with the moustache, which has +become <i>Algernon</i>. But we have already seen (Chapter XIII) +that some names which appear to belong to this class are of local +origin. So also <i>Tongue</i> is derived from one of several +places named Tong or Tonge, though the ultimate origin is perhaps +in some cases the same, a "tongue" of land. <i>Quartermain</i> is +for <i>Quatre</i>-<i>mains</i>, perhaps bestowed on a very +acquisitive person; Joscius <i>Quatre</i>-<i>buches</i>, four +mouths, and Roger <i>Tunekes</i>, two necks, were alive in the +twelfth century; and there is record of a Saracen champion named +<i>Quinze</i>-<i>paumes</i>, though this is perhaps rather a +measure of height. <i>Cheek</i> I conjecture to be for +<i>Chick</i>. The odd-looking <i>Kidney</i> is apparently Irish. +There is a rare name <i>Poindexter</i>, appearing in French as +<i>Poingdestre</i>, <i>"</i>right fist." <i>[Footnote:</i> +President <i>Poincaré's</i> name appears to mean "square +fist."<i>]</i> I have seen it explained as from the heraldic term +<i>point</i> <i>dexter</i>, but it is rather to be taken +literally. I find Johannes <i>cum</i> <i>pugno</i> in 1184, and +we can imagine that such a name may have been conferred on a +medieval bruiser. There is also the possibility, considering the +brutality of many old nicknames, that the bearer of the name had +been judicially deprived of his right hand, a very common +punishment, especially for striking a feudal superior. Thus +Renaut de Montauban, finding that his unknown opponent is +Charlemagne, exclaims—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"J'ai forfait le +<i>poing</i> <i>destre</i> dont je l'ai adesé +(struck)."</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">We have some nicknames +describing gait, e.g. <i>Ambler</i> and +<i>Shaylor—</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"I <i>shayle</i>, as a +man or horse dothe that gothe croked with his leggs, <i>je</i> +<i>vas</i> <i>eschays"</i> (Palsgrave) —</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and perhaps sometimes +<i>Trotter</i>. If George Eliot had been a student of surnames +she would hardly have named a heroine Nancy <i>Lammiter</i>, +<i>i.e</i>. cripple—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Though ye may think +him a <i>lamiter</i>, yet, grippie for grippie, <br>he'll make the +bluid spin frae under your nails" <i> +(Black Dwarf</i>, ch. +xvii.).</font></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +</div> +<p><i>Pettigrew</i> and <i>Pettifer</i> are of French origin, +<i>pied</i> <i>de</i> <i>grue</i> (crane) and <i>pied</i> +<i>de</i> <i>fer</i>. The former is the origin of the word +pedigree, from a sign used in drawing genealogical trees. The +Buckinghamshire name <i>Puddifoot</i> or <i>Puddephatt</i> +<i>(Podefat</i>, 1273) and the aristocratic <i>Pauncefote</i> are +unsolved. The former may be a corruption of <i>Pettifer</i>, +which occurs commonly, along with the intermediate +<i>Puddifer</i>, in the same county. But the <i>English</i> +<i>Dialect</i> <i>Dictionary</i> gives as an obsolete Northants +word the adjective p<i>uddy</i>, stumpy, pudgy, applied +especially to hands, fingers, etc., and Pudito (puddy toe) occurs +as a surname in the <i>Hundred</i> <i>Rolls</i>. As for +<i>Pauncefote</i>, I believe it simply means what it appears to, +viz. "belly-foot," a curious formation, though not without +parallels, among obsolete rustic nicknames. If these two +conjectures are correct, both Puddifoot and Pauncefote may be +almost literal equivalents of the Greek OEdipus, <i>i.e</i>. +"swell-foot."</p> +<p>In other languages as well as English we find money nicknames. +It is easy to understand how some of these come into existence, +e.g. that Pierce. Pennilesse was the opposite of Thomas +Thousandpound, whose name occurs <i>c</i>. 1300. With the latter +we may compare Fr. <i>Centlivre</i>, the name of an English lady +dramatist of the eighteenth century. <i>Moneypenny</i> is found +in 1273 as <i>Manipeni</i>, and a Londoner named <i>Manypeny</i> +died in 1348. The <i>Money</i>- is partly north country, partly +imitative.</p> +<p><i>Money</i> itself is usually occupative or local (Chapter +XVII), and <i>Shilling</i> is the Anglo-Saxon name Scilling. The +oldest and commonest of such nicknames is the simple +<i>Penny</i>, with which we may compare the German surname +<i>Pfennig</i> and its compounds <i>Barpfennig</i>, +<i>Weisspfennig</i>, etc. The early adoption of this coin-name as +a personal name is due to the fact that the word was taken in the +sense of money in general. We still speak of a rich man as "worth +a pretty penny." <i>Hallmark</i> is folk-etymology for the +medieval <i>Half</i>-<i>mark</i>. Such medieval names as +<i>Four</i>-<i>pence</i>, <i>Twenty</i>-<i>mark</i>, <i>etc</i>., +probably now obsolete, are paralleled by Fr. <i>Quatresous</i> +and <i>Sixdenier</i>, still to be found in the Paris Directory. +It would be easy to form conjectures as to the various ways in +which such names may have come into existence. To the same class +must belong <i>Besant</i>, the name of a coin from Byzantium, its +foreign origin giving it a dignity which is absent from the +native <i>Farthing</i> and <i>Halfpenny</i>, though the latter, +in one instance, was improved beyond recognition into +<i>MacAlpine</i>.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80802" id="Toc80802">IMPRECATIONS</a></b></p> +<p>There is also a small group of surnames derived from oaths or +exclamations which by habitual use became associated with certain +individuals. We know that monarchs had a special tendency to +indulge in a favourite expletive. To Roger de Collerye we owe +some information as to the imprecations preferred by four French +kings—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 2em"> +<p>"Quand la <i>Pasque-Dieu</i> (Louis XI.) décéda,<br> +Le <i>Bon Jour Dieu</i> (Charles VIII.) luy succéda,<br> +Au <i>Bon Jour Dieu</i> deffunct et mort<br> +Succéda le <i>Dyable m'emport</i> (Louis XII).<br> +Luy décédé, nous voyons comme<br> +Nous duist (governs) la <i>Foy de Gentilhomme</i> (Francis I.)."</p> + +</div> +<p>So important was this branch of linguistics once considered +that Palsgrave, the French tutor of Princess Mary Tudor, includes +in his <i>Esclarcissement</i> <i>de</i> <i>la</i> <i>Langue</i> +<i>Francoyse</i> a section on "The Maners of Cursyng." Among the +examples are "Le grant diable luy rompe le col et les deux +jambes," "Le diable l'emporte, corps et ame, tripes et boyaux," +which were unfortunately too long for surname purposes, but an +abridged form of "Le feu Saint Anthoyne l'arde" <i>[Footnote:</i> +Saint Anthony's fire, <i>i.e</i>. erysipelas, burn him!<i>]</i> +has given the French name <i>Feulard</i>. Such names, usually +containing the name of God, e.g. Godmefetch, Helpusgod, have +mostly disappeared in this country; but <i>Dieuleveut</i> and +<i>Dieumegard</i> are still found in Paris, and +<i>Gottbehüt</i>, God forbid, and <i>Gotthelf</i>, God help, +occur in German. <i>Godbehere</i> still exists, and there is not +the slightest reason why it should not be of the origin which its +form indicates. In <i>Gracedieu</i>, thanks to God, the second +element is an Old French dative. <i>Pardoe</i>, <i>Purdue</i>, +whence <i>Purdey</i>, is for p<i>ar</i> +<i>Dieu</i>-<i>—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p> "I have a wyf <i>pardee</i>, as wel as thow" (A, 3158).</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">There is a well-known +professional footballer named <i>Mordue</i> ('sdeath), and a +French composer named <i>Boieldieu</i> (God's bowels). The French +nickname for an Englishman, <i>goddam</i>—</font></p> + +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +"Those syllables intense,<br> +<div style="margin-left: -6em"> +Nucleus of England's native eloquence" +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +(Byron, <i>The Island</i>, iii. 5)— +</div></div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">goes back to the fifteenth +century, in which invective references to the <i>godons</i> are +numerous. <i>[Footnote:</i> "Les Anglais en vérité +ajoutent par-ci, par-là quelques autres mots en +conversant; mais il est bien aisé de voir que +<i>goddam</i> est le fond de la langue" (Beaumarchais, +<i>Mariage</i> <i>de</i> <i>Figaro</i>, <i>iii</i>. +5).<i>]</i></font></p> +<p>Such nicknames are still in common use in some parts of +France—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 2em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Les Berrichons se +désignent souvent par le juron qui leur est familier. +Ainsi ils diront: '<i>Diable</i> me <i>brûle</i> est bien +malade. <i>Nom</i> <i>d'un</i> <i>rat</i> est à la foire. +La femme à <i>Diable</i> <i>m’estrangouille</i> est +morte. Le garçon <i>à</i> <i>Bon</i> <i>You</i> +(Dieu) se marie avec la fille <i>à</i> <i>Dieu</i> +<i>me</i> <i>confonde</i>.<i>'"</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<p>(Nyrop, Grammaire <i>historique</i> <i>de</i> <i>la</i> +<i>langue</i> <i>française</i>, iv. 209).</p> +<p> </p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a name="Toc80803" id="Toc80803">PHRASE-NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>Perhaps the most interesting group of nicknames is that of +which we may take <i>Shakespeare</i> as the type. Incidentally we +should be thankful that our greatest poet bore a name so much +more picturesque than <i>Corneille</i>, crow, or <i>Racine</i>, +root. It is agreed among all competent scholars that in compounds +of this formation the verb was originally an imperative. This is +shown by the form; cf. <i>ne'er</i>-<i>do</i>-<i>well</i>, Fr. +<i>vaurien</i>, Ger. <i>Taugenichts</i>, good-for-naught. Thus +<i>Hasluck</i> cannot belong to this class, but must be an +imitative form of the personal name Aslac, which we find in +Aslockton.</p> +<p>As Bardsley well says, it is impossible to retail all the +nonsense that has been written about the name +<i>Shakespeare</i>—"never a name in English nomenclature so +simple or so certain in its origin; it is exactly what it +looks— <i>shake</i>-<i>spear</i>." The equivalent +<i>Schüttespeer</i> is found in German, and we have also in +English <i>Shakeshaft</i>, <i>Waghorn</i>, <i>Wagstaff</i>, +<i>Breakspear</i>, <i>Winspear</i>. "<i>Winship</i> the mariner" +was a freeman of York in the fourteenth century. Cf. +<i>Benbow</i> (bend-bow), <i>Hurlbatt</i>, and the less athletic +<i>Lovejoy</i>, <i>Makepeace</i>. <i>Gathergood</i> and its +opposite <i>Scattergood</i> are of similar origin, <i>good</i> +having here the sense of goods. <i>Dogood</i> is sometimes for +<i>Toogood</i>, and the latter may be, like <i>Thoroughgood</i>, +an imitative form of <i>Thurgod</i> (Chapter VII); but both names +may also be taken literally, for we find Ger. <i>Thunichtgut</i>, +do no good, and Fr. <i>Trodoux</i> <i>(trop</i> <i>doux)</i>.</p> +<p>As a pendant to <i>Dolittle</i> we find a medieval +<i>Hack</i>-<i>little</i>, no doubt a lazy wood-cutter, while +virtue is represented by a twelfth-century +<i>Tire</i>-<i>little</i>. <i>Sherwin</i> represents the medieval +<i>Schere</i>-<i>wynd</i>, applied to a swift runner; cf. Ger. +<i>Schneidewind</i>, cut wind, and Fr. <i>Tranchevent</i>. A +nurseryman at Highgate has the appropriate name <i>Cutbush</i>, +the French equivalent of which, <i>Taillebois</i>, has given us +<i>Tallboys;</i> and a famous herbalist was named +<i>Culpepper</i>. In <i>Gathercole</i> the second element may +mean cabbage or charcoal. In one case, <i>Horniblow</i> for +horn-blow, the verb comes after its object.</p> +<p>Names of this formation are very common in Mid. English as in +Old French, and often bear witness to a violent or brutal nature. +Thus <i>Scorch</i>-<i>beef</i>, which is found in the Hundred +Rolls, has no connection with careless cookery; it is Old Fr. +<i>escorche</i> <i>(écorche)</i> -<i>buef</i>, flay ox, a +name given to some medieval "Skin-the-goat." <i>Catchpole</i> +(Chapter XX) is formed in the same way, and in French we find, +applied to law officials, the surnames <i>Baillehart</i>, give +halter, <i>[Footnote:</i> <i>Bailler</i>, the usual Old French +for to give, is still used colloquially and in dialect.<i>]</i> +and <i>Baillehache</i>, give axe, the latter still appropriately +borne, as <i>Bailhache</i>, by an English judge.</p> +<p>It has sometimes been assumed that most names of this class +are due to folk-etymology. The frequency of their occurrence in +Mid. English and in continental languages makes it certain that +the contrary is the case and that many surnames of obscure origin +are perversions of this very large and popular class. I have seen +it stated somewhere that <i>Shakespeare</i> is <i>a</i> +corruption of an Old French name <i>Sacquespée</i>, +<i>[Footnote:</i> Of common occurrence in Mid. English +records.<i>]</i> the theorist being apparently unable to see that +this latter, meaning <i>draw</i>-<i>sword</i>, is merely an +additional argument, if such were needed, for the literal +interpretation of the English name. <i>[Footnote:</i> In one +day's reading I came across the following Mid. English names: +<i>Baillebien</i> (give good), <i>Baysedame</i> (kiss lady), +<i>Esveillechien</i> (wake dog), <i>Lievelance</i> (raise lance), +<i>Metlefrein</i> (put the bridle), <i>Tracepurcel</i> (track +hog), <i>Turnecotel</i> (turn coat), together with the native +<i>Cachehare</i> and <i>Hoppeschort</i>.]</p> +<p><i>Tredgold</i> seems to have been conferred on some medieval +stoic, for we find also <i>Spurnegold</i>. Without pinning our +faith to any particular anecdote, we need have no hesitation in +accepting <i>Turnbull</i> as a sobriquet conferred for some feat +of strength and daring on a stalwart Borderer. We find the +corresponding <i>Tornebeuf</i> in Old French, and <i>Turnbuck</i> +also occurs. <i>Trumbull</i> and <i>Trumble</i> are variants due +to metathesis followed by assimilation (Chapter III), while +<i>Tremble</i> is a very degenerate form. In <i>Knatchbull</i> we +have the obsolete verb <i>knatch</i>, which in Mid. English meant +to strike on the head, fell. <i>Crawcour</i> is Fr. +<i>Crèvecoeur</i>, breakheart, which has also become a +local name in France. With <i>Shacklock</i>, shake-lock, and +<i>Sherlock</i>, <i>Shurlock</i>, shear-lock, we may compare +Robin Hood's comrade <i>Scathelock</i>, though the precise +interpretation of all three names is difficult. <i>Rackstraw</i>, +rake-straw, corresponds to Fr. <i>Grattepaille</i>. +<i>Golightly</i> means much the same as <i>Lightfoot</i> (Chapter +XIII), nor need we hesitate to regard the John <i>Gotobed</i> who +lived in Cambridgeshire in 1273 as a notorious sluggard compared +with whom his neighbour Serl <i>Gotokirke</i> was a shining +example. <i>[Footnote:</i> The name is still found in the same +county. Undergraduates contemporary with the author occasionally +slaked their thirst at a riverside inn kept by Bathsheba +Gotobed.]</p> +<p><i>Telfer</i> is Fr. <i>Taillefer</i>, the iron cleaver, and +Henry II.'s yacht captain was Alan <i>Trenchemer</i>, the sea +cleaver. He had a contemporary named <i>Ventados</i>, wind +abaft.</p> +<p><i>Slocomb</i> has assumed a local aspect, but may very well +correspond to Fr. <i>Tardif</i> or Ger. <i>Mühsam</i>, +applied to some Weary Willie of the Middle Ages. <i>Doubtfire</i> +is a misspelling of <i>Dout</i>-<i>fire</i>, from the dialect +<i>dout</i>, to extinguish (do out), formed like <i>don</i> and +<i>doff</i>. <i>Fullalove</i>, which does not belong to the same +formation, is also found as <i>Plein</i> +<i>d'amour—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Of Sir Lybeux and +<i>Pleyndamour"</i> (B, 2090)—</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and corresponds to Ger. +<i>Liebevoll</i>. <i>Waddilove</i> actually occurs in the Hundred +Rolls as <i>Wade</i>-<i>in</i>-<i>love</i>, presumably a nickname +conferred on some medieval Don Juan.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80804" id="Toc80804">MISCELLANEOUS</a></b></p> +<p>There is one curious little group of nicknames which seem to +correspond to such Latin names as Piso, from <i>pisum</i>, a pea, +and Cicero, from <i>cicer</i>—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Cicer</i>, a small +pulse, lesse than pease" (Cooper).</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Such are <i>Barleycorn</i> and +<i>Peppercorn</i>, the former found in French as +<i>Graindorge</i>. The rather romantic names <i>Avenel</i> and +<i>Peverel</i> seem to be of similar formation, from Lat. +<i>avena</i>, oats, and <i>piper</i>, pepper. In fact +<i>Peverel</i> is found in <i>Domesday</i> as Piperellus, and +<i>Pepperell</i> still exists. With these may be mentioned +<i>Carbonel</i>, corresponding to the French surname +<i>Charbonneau</i>, a little coal.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><i> </i></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144746" id="Toc2144746"></a><a name="LastCursor" +id="LastCursor"></a><a name="Toc80805" id="Toc80805"></a>CHAPTER +XXII <b>ADJECTIVAL NICKNAMES</b></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"The man replied that +he did not know the object of the building; and to make it quite +manifest that he really did not know, he put an adjective before +the word 'object,' and another—that is, the +same—before the word 'building.' With that he passed on his +way, and Lord Jocelyn was left marvelling at the slender +resources of our language, which makes one adjective do duty for +so many qualifications."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>(BESANT, <i>All</i> <i>Sorts</i> <i>and</i> <i>Conditions</i> +<i>of</i> <i>Men</i>, ch. xxxviii.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The rejection by the British +workman of all adjectives but one is due to the same imaginative +poverty which makes the adjective "nice" supreme in refined +circles, and which limits the schoolgirl to "ripping" and her +more self-conscious brother to the tempered "decent." But dozens +of useful adjectives, now either obsolete or banished to rustic +dialect, are found among our surnames. The tendency to accompany +every noun by an adjective seems to belong to some deep-rooted +human instinct. To this is partly due the Protean character of +this part of speech, for the word, like the coin, becomes dulled +and worn in circulation and needs periodically to be withdrawn +and replaced. An epithet which is complimentary in one generation +is ironical in the next and eventually offensive. <i>Moody</i>, +with its northern form <i>Mudie</i>, which now means morose, was +once valiant (Chapter I); and pert, surviving in the name +<i>Peart</i>, meant active, brisk, etc.—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Awake the <i>pert</i> +and nimble spirit of mirth."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p><i>(Midsummer</i> <i>Night's</i> <i>Dream</i>, <i>i</i>. +<i>1</i>.<i>)</i></p> +<p> </p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a name="Toc80806" id="Toc80806">ARCHAIC +MEANINGS</a></b></p> +<p>To interpret an adjectival nickname we must go to its meaning +in Chaucer and his contemporaries. <i>Silly</i>, <i>Seeley</i>, +<i>Seely</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"This <i>sely</i>, +innocent Custance" (B, 682)—</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">still means innocent when we +speak of the "silly sheep," and happy in the phrase "silly +Suffolk." It is cognate with Ger. <i>selig</i>, blessed, often +used in speaking of the dead. We have compounds in +<i>Sillilant</i>, simple child (Chapter X), and <i>Selibarn</i>. +<i>Seely</i> was also used for Cecil or Cecilia. <i>Sadd</i> was +once sedate and steadfast</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"But thogh this mayde tendre were of age, <br> +Yet in the brest of hire virginitee<br> +Ther was enclosed rype and <i>sad</i> corage"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(E, 218);</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and as late as 1660 we find a +book in defence of Charles I. described as—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"A <i>sad</i> and +impartial inquiry whether the King or Parliament began the +war."</font></p> +</div> +<p><i>Stout</i>, valiant, now +used euphemistically for fat, is cognate with Ger. <i>stolz</i>, proud, +and possibly with Lat. <i>stultus</i>, foolish. The three ideas are not +incompatible, for fools are notoriously proud of their folly and +are said to be less subject to fear than the angels. <i>Sturdy, +Sturdee</i>, once meant rebellious, pig-headed—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"<i>Sturdy</i>, unbuxum, <i>rebellis, contumax, inobediens." (Prompt. Parv.)</i></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Cotgrave offers a much wider +choice for the French original—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Estourdi</i> +<i>(étourdi)</i>, dulled, amazed, astonished, +dizzie</font><font face="Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">headed, or whose head seemes very +much troubled; (hence) also, heedlesse, inconsiderate, unadvised, +witlesse, uncircumspect, rash, retchlesse, or carelesse; and +sottish, blockish, lumpish, lusk</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">like, without life, metall, spirit"</font></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p> </p> +</div> +<p><i>Sly</i> and its variant <i>Sleigh</i> have degenerated in +the same way as crafty and cunning, both of which once meant +skilled. Chaucer calls the wings of Daedalus "his playes +<i>slye</i>," <i>i.e</i>. his ingenious contrivances. +<i>Quick</i> meant alert, lively, as in "the <i>quick</i> and the +dead." <i>Slight</i>, cognate with Ger. <i>schlecht</i>, bad, +once meant plain or simple.</p> +<p>Many adjectives which are quite obsolete in literary English +survive as surnames. Mid. Eng. <i>Lyle</i> has been supplanted by +its derivative <i>Little</i>, the opposite pair surviving as +<i>Mutch</i> and <i>Mickle</i>. The poor parson did not +fail—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"In siknesse nor in meschief to visite<br> +The ferreste in his parisshe, <i>muche</i> and +<i>lyte</i>.<i>"</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(A, 493.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">We have for <i>Lyte</i> also +the imitative <i>Light;</i> cf. <i>Lightwood</i>. With +<i>Little</i> <i>may</i> be mentioned <i>Murch</i>, an obsolete +word for dwarf—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i>"Murch</i>, lytyl man, +<i>nanus</i>.<i>"</i> </p> +<div style="margin-left: 8em"> +<p>(Prompt. <i>Parv</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Lenain</font> is a fairly +common name in France. <i>Snell</i>, swift or valiant, had become +a personal name in Anglo-Saxon, but we find <i>le</i> <i>snel</i> +in the Middle Ages. <i>Freake</i>, <i>Frick</i>, also meant +valiant or warrior—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Ther was no +<i>freke</i> that ther wolde flye"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p><i>(Chevy</i> <i>Chase);</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">but the <i>Promptorium</i> +<i>Parvulorum</i> makes it equivalent to <i>Craske</i> (Chapter +XXII)—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Fryke</i>, or +<i>craske</i>, in grete helth, <i>crassus</i>.<i>"</i></font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">It is cognate with Ger. +<i>frech</i>, which now means impudent. <i>Nott</i> has already +been mentioned (Chapter II). Of the Yeoman we are +told—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"A <i>not</i> hed +hadde he, with a broun visage."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 20em"> +<p>(A, 109.)</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Stark</i>, cognate with starch, now usually means stiff, rather +than strong—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"I feele my lymes <i>stark</i> and suffisaunt <br> +To do al that a man bilongeth to."</p> +</div> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"><p>(E, 1458.) </p></div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80807" id="Toc80807"> +DISGUISED SPELLINGS</a></b></p> +<p>But <i>Stark</i> is also for an earlier Sterk (cf. Clark and +Clerk), which represents Mid. Eng. <i>stirk</i>, a heifer. In the +cow with the <i>crumpled</i> horn we have a derivative of Mid. +Eng. <i>crum</i>, crooked, whence the names <i>Crum</i> and +<i>Crump</i>. Ludwig's German Dict. (1715) explains krumm as +"<i>crump</i>, crooked, wry." The name <i>Crook</i> generally has +the same meaning, the Ger. Krummbein corresponding to our +<i>Cruikshank</i> or <i>Crookshanks</i>. It is possible that +<i>Glegg</i> and <i>Gleig</i> are Mid. Eng. <i>gleg</i>, skilful, +of Scand. origin.</p> +<p>There are some adjectival surnames which are not immediately +recognizable. <i>Bolt</i>, when not local (Chapter XIII) is for +bold, <i>Leaf</i> is imitative for <i>lief</i>, <i>i.e</i>. dear. +<i>Dear</i> itself is of course hopelessly mixed up with +<i>Deer</i>... The timorous-looking <i>Fear</i> is Fr. <i>le</i> +<i>fier</i>, the proud or fierce. <i>Skey</i> is an old form of +shy; <i>Bligh</i> is for <i>Blyth</i>; <i>Hendy</i> and +<i>Henty</i> are related to handy, and had in Mid. English the +sense of helpful, courteous—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p> "Oure hoost tho spak, 'A, sire, ye sholde be <i>hende</i> <br> +And curteys, as a man of youre estat.'"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(D, 1286.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">For <i>Savage</i> we find also +the archaic spelling <i>Salvage</i> (Lat. <i>silvaticus)</i>. +<i>Curtis</i> is Norman Fr. <i>curteis</i> <i>(courtois)</i>. The +adjective garish, now only poetical, but once commonly applied to +gaudiness in dress, has given <i>Gerrish</i>. Quaint, which has +so many meanings intermediate between its etymological sense of +known or familiar (Lat. <i>cognitus)</i> and its present sense of +unusual or unfamiliar, survives as <i>Quint</i>. But <i>Coy</i> +is usually local, from Quy (Cambridgeshire).</font></p> +<p><i>Orpwood</i> is a corruption of Mid. Eng. <i>orped</i>, +bold, warlike. <i>Craske</i> is an East Anglian word for fat, and +<i>Crouse</i> is used in the north for sprightly, confident. To +these we may add <i>Ketch</i>, <i>Kedge</i>, <i>Gedge</i>, from +an East Anglian adjective meaning lively—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i>"Kygge</i>, or joly, <i>jocundus</i>" +(Prompt. Parv.)—</p> +</div> +<p>and <i>Spragg</i>, +etymologically akin to <i>Spry</i>. <i>Bragg</i> was once used +for bold or brave, without any uncomplimentary suggestion. The +<i>New English Dictionary</i> quotes (c. +1310) from a lyric poem— </p> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<p> "That maketh us so <i>brag</i> and bolde <br> +And biddeth us ben blythe."</p> +</div> +<p><i>Crease</i> is a +West-country word for squeamish, but the East Anglian name +<i>Creasey, Cressy</i>, is usually for the local <i>Kersey</i> (Suffolk). The +only solution of <i>Pratt</i> is that it is Anglo-Sax. <i>praett</i>, cunning, +adopted early as a personal name, while <i>Storr</i>, of Scandinavian +origin, means big, strong. It is cognate with <i>Steer</i>, a bull. +<i>Devey</i> and <i>Dombey</i> seem to be diminutive forms of deaf and dumb, +still used in dialect in reference to persons thus afflicted. We +find in French and German surnames corresponding to these very +natural nicknames. Cf. <i>Crombie</i> from <i>Crum</i> (Chapter XXII). </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80808" id="Toc80808">FRENCH +ADJECTIVES</a></b></p> +<p>A large proportion of our adjectival nicknames are of French +origin. <i>Le</i> <i>bel</i> appears not only as <i>Bell</i> but +also, through Picard, as <i>Beal</i>. Other examples are +<i>Boon</i>, <i>Bone</i>, <i>Bunn</i> (bon), <i>Grant</i> +(grand), <i>Bass</i> (bas) and its derivative <i>Bassett</i>, +<i>Dasent</i> (décent), <i>Follett</i> and +<i>Folliott</i>, dim. of <i>fol</i> (fou), mad, which also +appears in the compound <i>Foljambe</i>, <i>Fulljames</i>.</p> +<p><i>Mordaunt</i> means biting. <i>Power</i> is generally +Anglo-Fr. <i>le</i> <i>poure</i> (le pauvre) and <i>Grace</i> is +for <i>le</i> <i>gras</i>, the fat. <i>Jolige</i> represents the +Old French form of <i>joli—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"This Absolon, that <i>jolif</i> was and gay,<br> +Gooth with a sencer (censer) on the haliday."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(A, 3339.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>"<i>Prynne</i>, now <i>Pring</i>, is Anglo-Fr. <i>le prin</i>, the first, from the Old French adjective which +survives in <i>prin</i>temps. Cf. our name <i>Prime</i> and the French name +<i>Premier</i>. The Old French adjective <i>Gent</i>, now replaced by <i>gentil</i>, +generally means slender in Mid. English—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p align="justify"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Fair +was this yonge wyf, and therwithal</font><br>As any wezele hir body <i>gent</i> and +smal."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p align="justify">(A, 3233)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Petty</i> and <i>Pettit</i> are +variant forms of Fr. <i>petit</i>, small. In <i>Prowse</i> and <i>Prout</i> we have +the nominative and objective (Chapter I) of an Old French +adjective now represented by <i>preux</i> and <i>prude</i>, generally thought +to be related in some way to Lat. <i>pro</i> in <i>prosum</i>, and perhaps also +the source of our <i>Proud.</i></p> +<p><i>Gross</i> is of course Fr. <i>le</i> <i>gros</i>, but +<i>Grote</i> represents Du. <i>groot</i>, great, probably +unconnected with the French word. The Devonshire name +<i>Coffin</i>, which is found in that county in the twelfth +century, is the same as <i>Caffyn</i>, perhaps representing Fr. +<i>Chauvin</i>, bald, the name of the theologian whom we know +better in the latinized form <i>Calvin</i>. Here belongs probably +<i>Shovel</i>, Fr. <i>Chauvel</i>. We also have the simple +<i>Chaffe</i>, Old Fr. <i>chauf</i> <i>(chauve)</i>, bald. +<i>Gaylard</i>, sometimes made into the imitative <i>Gaylord</i>, +is Fr. <i>gaillard</i>, brisk, lively</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"<i>Gaillard</i> he was as goldfynch in the shawe."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 18em"> +<p>(A, 4367.)</p> +<p> </p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p> </p> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a name="Toc80809" id="Toc80809">COLOUR NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>Especially common are colour nicknames, generally due to the +complexion, but sometimes to the garb. As we have already seen +(Chapter XV), <i>Black</i> and its variant <i>Blake</i> sometimes +mean pale. <i>Blagg</i> is the same word; cf. <i>Jagg</i> for +<i>Jack</i>. <i>White</i> has no doubt been reinforced by +<i>wight</i>, valiant</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Oh for one hour of +Wallace <i>wight</i> <br> +Or well-skilled Bruce to rule the fight." </p> +<div style="margin-left: 20em"> +<p>(Marmion, vi. 20.)</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>As an epithet applied to the hair we often find <i>Hoar;</i> +cf. <i>Horlock</i>. <i>Redd</i> is rare, the usual forms being +the northern <i>Reid</i>, <i>Reed</i>, <i>Read;</i> but we also +have <i>Rudd</i> from Anglo-Sax. <i>rud</i>, whence ruddy and the +name <i>Ruddock</i>, really a bird nickname, the redbreast. To +these must be added <i>Rudge</i>, Fr. <i>rouge</i>, <i>Rouse</i>, +<i>Rush</i> and <i>Russ</i>, Fr, <i>roux</i>, and <i>Russell</i> +or <i>Rowsell</i>, Old Fr. <i>roussel</i> <i>(Rousseau)</i>. The +commonest nickname for a fair-haired person was <i>Blunt</i>, +<i>Blount</i>, Fr. <i>blond</i>, with its dim. <i>Blundell</i>, +but the true English name is <i>Fairfax</i>, from Anglo-Sax. +<i>feax</i>, hair. The <i>New</i> <i>English</i> +<i>Dictionary</i> quotes from the fifteenth century</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p align="justify"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Then +they lowsyd hur <i>feyre</i> <i>faxe</i>,</font><br> +That was yelowe as the waxe."</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The adjective dun was once a +regular name, like Dobbin or Dapple, for a cart-horse; hence the +name of the old rural sport "Dun in the mire"—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"If thou art +<i>dun</i> we'll draw thee from the mire." <i>(Romeo</i> +<i>and</i> <i>Juliet</i>, <i>i</i>. 4.)</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">It is possible that the name +Dunn is sometimes due to this specific application of the word. +The colour blue appears as <i>Blew</i>–</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"At last he rose, and +twitch'd his mantle <i>blew</i>:</font><br> +To<font face="Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">morrow to fresh woods and pastures +new"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p><i>(Lycidas</i>, 1. 192)—</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and earlier still as +<i>Blow—</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Blak, <i>blo</i>, grenysh, swartysh, reed." </p> +<div style="margin-left: 6em"> +<p align="justify"><i>(House</i> <i>of</i> <i>Fame</i>, iii. +557.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Other colour names of French +origin are <i>Morel</i>, swarthy, like a Moor, also found as +<i>Murrell</i> <i>[Footnote:</i> This, like <i>Merrill</i>, is +sometimes from Muriel.<i>];</i> and <i>Burnell</i>, +<i>Burnett</i>, dims. of <i>brun</i>, brown. Chaucer speaks +of—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Daun <i>Burnet</i> +the asse" (B, 4502);</font></p> +</div> +<p><i>[Footnote:</i> Lat. dominus; the masculine form of +<i>dame</i> in Old French.<i>]</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Daun <i>Russel</i> the fox" (B, 4524.)</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">But both <i>Burnell</i> and +<i>Burnett</i> may also be local from places ending in +-<i>hill</i> and -<i>head</i> (), and <i>Burnett</i> is sometimes +for <i>Burnard</i>. The same applies to <i>Burrell</i>, usually +taken to be from Mid. Eng. <i>borel</i>, a rough material, Old +Fr. <i>burel</i> <i>(bureau)</i>, also used metaphorically in the +sense of plain, uneducated</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"And moore we seen of +Cristes secree thynges<br> +Than <i>burel</i> folk, al though they weren kynges."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p>(D, 1871.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The name can equally well be +the local Burhill or Burwell.</font></p> +<p><i>Murray</i> is too common to be referred entirely to the +Scottish name and is sometimes for <i>murrey</i>, dark red (Fr. +<i>mûre</i>, mulberry). It may also represent merry, in its +variant form murie, which is Mid. English, and not, as might +appear, Amurrican—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"His murie men comanded he<br> +To make hym bothe game and glee."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p>(B, 2029.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Pook</i>, of uncertain +origin, is supposed to have been a dark russet colour. <i>Bayard</i>, a +derivative of bay, was the name of several famous war-horses. Cf. +<i>Blank</i> and <i>Blanchard</i>. The name <i>Soar</i> is from the Old French +adjective <i>sor</i>, bright yellow. It is of Germanic origin and +cognate with <i>sere.</i></p> +<p>The dim. <i>Sorrel</i> <i>may</i> be a colour name, but it was +applied in venery to a buck in the third year, of course in +reference to colour; and some of our names, e.g. <i>Brocket</i> +and <i>Prickett</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> Both words are connected +with the spiky young horns, Fr. <i>broche</i>, spit, being +applied in venery to the pointed horns of the second +year.<i>]</i> both applied to a two-year-old stag, must sometimes +be referred to this important department of medieval language. +Holofernes uses some of these terms in his idiotic verses</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"The preyful princess +pierc'd and prick'd a pretty pleasing <i>priket;</i><br> +Some say a <i>sore;</i> but not a <i>sore</i>, till now made +<i>sore</i> with shooting.<br> +The dogs did yell; put <i>l</i> to <i>sore</i>, then +<i>sorel</i> jumps from thicket."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p><i>(Love's</i> <i>Labour's</i> <i>Lost</i>, iv. 2.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">A few adjective nicknames of +Celtic origin are so common in England that they may be included +here. Such are the Welsh <i>Gough</i>, <i>Goff</i>, <i>Gooch</i>, +<i>Gutch</i>, red, <i>Gwynn</i> and <i>Wynne</i>, white, +<i>Lloyd</i>, grey, <i>Sayce</i>, Saxon, foreigner, +<i>Vaughan</i>, small, and the Gaelic <i>Bain</i>, <i>Bean</i>, +white, <i>Boyd</i>, <i>Bowie</i>, yellow-haired, <i>Dow</i>, +<i>Duff</i>, black, <i>Finn</i>, fair, <i>Glass</i>, grey, +<i>Roy</i>, <i>Roe</i>, red. From Cornish come <i>Coad</i>, old, +and <i>Couch</i>, <i>[Footnote:</i> Cognate with Welsh +<i>Gough</i>.<i>]</i> red, while <i>Bean</i> is the Cornish for +small, and <i>Tyacke</i> means a farmer. It is likely that both +<i>Begg</i> and <i>Moore</i> owe something to the Gaelic +adjectives for little and big, as in the well-known names of +Callum Beg, Edward Waverley's gillie, and McCallum More. The +Gaelic <i>Begg</i> is cognate with the Welsh <i>Vaughan</i>. Two +other famous Highland nicknames which <i>are</i> very familiar in +England are <i>Cameron</i>, crooked nose, and <i>Campbell</i>, +wry mouth. With these may be mentioned the Irish <i>Kennedy</i>, +ugly head, the name of the father of Brian Boru.</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc2144747" id="Toc2144747"></a><a name="Toc80810" +id="Toc80810">CHAPTER XXIII <b>BIRDS, BEASTS, AND +FISHES</b></a></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"As I think I have +already said, one of Umslopogaas'</font><br> +Zulu names was The Woodpecker."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(HAGGARD, <i>Allan</i> <i>Quatermain</i>, ch. vii.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The great majority of nicknames +coming under the headings typified by <i>Bird</i> and +<i>Fowell</i>, <i>Best</i>, and <i>Fish</i> or <i>Fisk</i> +(Scand.) are easily identified. But here, as everywhere in the +subject, pitfalls abound. The name <i>Best</i> itself is an +example of a now misleading spelling retained for obvious +reasons-—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"First, on the wal was +peynted a forest,</font><br> +In which ther dwelleth neither man nor <i>best</i>.<i>"</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(A, 1976.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">We do not find exotic animals, +nor even the beasts of heraldry, at all frequently. +<i>Leppard</i>, leopard, is in some cases for the Ger. +<i>Liebhart;</i> and <i>Griffin</i>, when not Welsh, should no +doubt be included among inn-signs. <i>Oliphant</i>, <i>i.e</i>. +elephant—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"For maystow +surmounten thise <i>olifauntes</i> in gretnesse or weighte of +body" (Boece, 782)—</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">may be a genuine nickname, but +Roland's ivory horn was also called by this name, and the surname +may go back to some legendary connection of the same kind. +<i>Bear</i> is not uncommon, captive bears being familiar to a +period in which the title bear-ward is frequently met +with.</font></p> + +<p>It is possible that <i>Drake</i> may sometimes represent +Anglo-Sax. <i>draca</i>, dragon, rather than the bird, but the +latter is unmistakable in <i>Sheldrick</i>, for sheldrake. As a +rule, animal nicknames were taken rather from the domestic +species with which the peasantry were familiar and whose habits +would readily suggest comparisons, generally disparaging, with +those of their neighbours.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80811" id="Toc80811">BIRDS</a></b></p> +<p>Bird names are especially common, and it does not need much +imagination to see how readily and naturally a man might be +nicknamed <i>Hawke</i> for his fierceness, <i>Crowe</i> from a +gloomy aspect, or <i>Nightingale</i> for the gift of sweet song. +Many of these surnames go back to words which are now either +obsolete or found only in dialect. The peacock was once the +<i>Poe</i>, an early loan from Lat. p<i>avo</i>, or, more fully, +<i>Pocock</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"A sheaf of +<i>pocok</i> arwes, bright and kene,</font><br> +Under his belt he bar ful thriftily."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(A, 104.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The name <i>Pay</i> is another +form of the same word. <i>Coe</i>, whence <i>Hedgecoe</i>, is an +old name for the jackdaw—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Cadow, or <i>coo</i>, +or chogh (chough), <i>monedula"</i> <i> (Prompt</i>. +<i>Parv</i>.<i>)—</i> </p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">but may also stand for cow, as +we find, in defiance of gender and sex, such entries as Robert +<i>le</i> <i>cow</i>, William <i>le</i> <i>vache</i>. Those birds +which have now assumed a font-name, such as Jack daw, Mag pie, of +course occur without it as surnames, e.g. <i>Daw</i> and +<i>Pye—</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"The thief the chough, +and eek the jangelyng <i>pye"</i> <i>(Parliament</i> <i>of</i> +<i>Fowls</i>, 305).</font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The latter has a dim. +<i>Pyatt</i>.</font></p> +<p><i>Rainbird</i> is a local name for the green woodpecker, but +as an East-Anglian name it is most likely an imitative form of +Fr. <i>Rimbaud</i> or <i>Raimbaud</i>, identical with Anglo-Sax. +Regenbeald. <i>Knott</i> is the name of a bird which frequents +the sea-shore and, mindful of Cnut's wisdom, retreats nimbly +before the advancing surf—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"The <i>knot</i> that +called was Canutus' bird of old."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, xxv. 368.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">This historical connection is +most probably due to folk-etymology. <i>Titmus</i> is of course +for tit-mouse. Dialect names for the woodpecker survive in +<i>Speight</i>, <i>Speke</i>, and <i>Spick</i>, <i>Pick</i> +(Chapter III). The same bird was also called +<i>woodwall</i>—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"In many places were +nyghtyngales,</font><br> +Alpes, fynches, and <i>wodewales"</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(Romaunt <i>of</i> <i>the</i> <i>Rose</i>, 567)—</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">hence, in some cases, the name +<i>Woodall</i>. The <i>Alpe</i>, or bullfinch, mentioned in the +above lines, also survives as a surname. <i>Dunnock</i> and +<i>Pinnock</i> are dialect names for the sparrow. It was called +in Anglo-Norman <i>muisson</i>, whence <i>Musson</i>. +<i>Starling</i> is a dim. of Mid. Eng. <i>stare</i>, which has +itself given the surname <i>Starr</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"The <i>stare</i>, that the counseyl can be-wrye." +<i> (Parliament of Fowls</i>, +<i>348</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Heron</font> is the French form +of the bird-name which was in English <i>Herne—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"</font>I come from +haunts of coot and <i>hern</i>.<i>"</i> + (Tennyson, <i>The</i> +<i>Brook</i>, 1. 1.)</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The Old French dim. +<i>heronceau</i> also passed into English—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"I wol nat tellen of +hir strange sewes (courses),</font><br> +Ne of hir swannes, ne of hire <i>heronsewes</i>.<i>"</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(F, 67.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">As a surname it has been +assimilated to the local, and partly identical, <i>Hearnshaw</i> +(Chapter XII). Some commentators go to this word to explain +Hamlet's use of <i>handsaw</i>-</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"I am but mad north-north-west<b>:</b> when the wind is southerly,<br> +I know a hawk from a <i>handsaw"</i> <i>(Hamlet</i>, +<i>ii</i>. 2).</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +</div> +<p>When the author's father was a boy in Suffolk eighty years +ago, the local name for the bird was pronounced exactly like +<i>answer</i>. <i>Grew</i> is Fr. <i>grue</i>, crane, Lat. +<i>grus</i>, <i>gru</i>-. <i>Butter</i>, Fr. <i>butor</i>, "a +bittor" (Cotgrave), is a dialect name for the bittern, called a +"butter-bump" by Tennyson's Northern Farmer (1. 31). +<i>Culver</i> is Anglo-Sax. <i>culfre</i>, a pigeon—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Columba</i>, a +<i>culver</i>, a dove"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(Cooper)—</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">hence the local +<i>Culverhouse</i>. <i>Dove</i> often becomes <i>Duff</i>. +<i>Gaunt</i> is sometimes a dialect form of gannet, used in +Lincolnshire of the crested grebe. <i>Popjoy</i> may have been +applied to the successful archer who became king of the popinjay +for the year. The derivation of the word, Old Fr. <i>papegai</i>, +whence Mid. Eng. <i>papejay</i>—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"The briddes synge, it is no nay,<br> +The sparhawk and the <i>papejay</i>,<br> +That joye it was to heere"</p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(B, 1956)—</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">is obscure, though various +forms of it are found in most of the European languages. In +English it was applied not only to the parrot, but also to the +green woodpecker. The London Directory form is +<i>Pobgee</i>.</font></p> +<p>With bird nicknames may be mentioned <i>Callow</i>, unfledged, +cognate with Lat. <i>calvus</i>, bald. Its opposite also survives +as <i>Fleck</i> and <i>Flick</i>-<i>—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Flygge, <i>as</i> byrdis, maturus, <i>volabilis</i>.<i>"</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(Prompt. <i>Parv</i>.<i>)</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Margaret Paston, writing (1460) +of the revived hopes of Henry VI., says—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Now he and alle his +olde felawship put owt their fynnes, and arn ryght <i>flygge</i> +and mery."</font></p> +<p> </p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> +<p><b><a name="Toc80812" id="Toc80812">HAWK NAMES</a></b></p> +<p>We have naturally a set of names taken from the various +species of falcons. To this class belongs <i>Haggard</i>, +probably related to Anglo-Sax. <i>haga</i>, hedge, and used of a +hawk which had acquired incurable habits of wildness by preying +for itself. But <i>Haggard</i> is also a personal name (Chapter +VIII). <i>Spark</i>, earlier <i>Sparhawk</i>, is the +sparrow-hawk. It is found already in Anglo-Saxon as a personal +name, and the full <i>Sparrowhawk</i> also exists. <i>Tassell</i> +is a corruption of <i>tiercel</i>, a name given to the male +peregrine, so termed, according to the legendary lore of +venery—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Because he is, commonly, a third part lesse than the female." + (Cotgrave, +) </p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Juliet calls Romeo her "tassell +gentle" (ii. 2). <i>Muskett</i> was a name given to the male +sparrow-hawk.</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Musket</i>, a +lytell hauke, <i>mouchet</i>.<i>"</i> + (Palsgrave.)</font></p> +</div> +<p><i>Mushet</i> is the same name. It comes from Ital. +<i>moschetto</i>, a little fly. For its later +application to a firearm cf. <i>falconet</i>. Other names of the hawk +class are <i>Buzzard</i> and <i>Puttock</i>, i.e. kite-— </p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Milan</i>, a kite, +<i>puttock</i>, glead"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(Cotgrave);</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and to the same bird we owe the +name <i>Gleed</i>, from a Scandinavian name for the +bird</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"And the <i>glede</i>, +and the kite, and the vulture after his kind." + (Deut. xiv. +13.) </p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">To this class also belongs +<i>Ramage—</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Ramage</i>, of, or +belonging to, branches; also, <i>ramage</i>, hagard, wild, +homely, rude"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 28em"> +<p>(Cotgrave)—</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and sometimes <i>Lennard</i>, +an imitative form of "lanner," the name of an inferior +hawk—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Falcunculus, a +<i>leonard</i>.<i>"</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>(Holyoak, Lat. Dict., 1612.)</p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p> </p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Povey</i> is a dialect name for the owl, a bird otherwise +absent from the surname list.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80813" id="Toc80813">BEASTS</a></b></p> +<p>Among beast nicknames we find special attention given, as in +modern vituperation, to the swine, although we do not find this +true English word, unless it be occasionally disguised as +<i>Swain</i>. <i>Hogg</i> does not belong exclusively to this +class, as it is used in dialect both of a young sheep and a +yearling colt. Anglo-Sax. <i>sugu</i>, sow, survives in +<i>Sugg</i>. <i>Purcell</i> is Old Fr. <i>pourcel</i> +<i>(pourceau)</i>, dim. of Lat. <i>porcus</i>, and I take +<i>Pockett</i> to be a disguised form of the obsolete +<i>porket—</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Porculus</font>, a +pygg: a shoote: <i>a</i> <i>porkes</i>.<i>"</i></p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(Cooper.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The word <i>shoote</i> in the +above gloss is now the dialect <i>shot</i>, a young pig, which +may have given the surname <i>Shott</i>. But <i>Scutt</i> is from +a Mid. English adjective meaning short—</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Scute</i>, or +shorte, <i>curtus</i>, <i>brevis</i>"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(Prompt. <i>Parv</i>.<i>)—</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and is also an old name for the +hare. Two other names for the pig are the northern <i>Galt</i> +and the Lincolnshire <i>Grice—</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"Marcassin, a young wild boare; a shoot or <i>grice</i>.<i>"</i> +(Cotgrave.)</p> +</div> +<p><i>Grice</i> also represents <i>le gris</i>, the grey; cf. <i>Grace</i> +for <i>le gras</i> (Chapter XXII). <i>Bacon</i> +looks like a nickname, but is invariably found without the +article. As it is common in French, it would appear to be an Old +French accusative to <i>Back</i>, going back to Germanic <i>Bacco</i> (Chapter +XIII). <i>Hinks</i> is Mid. Eng. <i>hengst</i>, a stallion, and is thus +identical with <i>Hengist</i> (Chapter XX). <i>Stott</i> means both a bullock +and a nag (Chapter XIX).</p> +<p>Everyone remembers Wamba's sage disquisition on the names of +animals in the first chapter of <i>Ivanhoe</i>. Like much of +Scott's archaeology it is somewhat anachronistic, for the live +animals were also called veals and muttons for centuries after +Wamba's death</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Mouton</font>, a +mutton, a weather"; "veau, a calfe, or veale." +(Cotgrave.)</i></p> +</div> +<p><i>Calf</i> has become very +rare as a surname, though <i>Kalb</i> is still common in Germany. +Bardsley regards <i>Duncalf</i> and <i>Metcalf</i> +as perverted from <i>dun-croft</i> +and <i>meadow-croft</i>. It seems possible that they may be for +<i>down-calf</i> and <i>mead-calf</i>, from the locality of the pasture, but +this is a pure guess on my part. It is curious that <i>beef</i> does not +appear to have survived, though <i>Leboeuf</i> is common in French, and +bullocks are still called "beeves" in Scotland. <i>Tegg</i> is still +used by butchers for a two-year-old sheep. Palsgrave gives it +another meaning— </p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Tegg</i>, or +pricket (Chapter XXII), <i>saillant</i>.<i>"</i></font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Roe</font> is also found in the +older forms <i>Rae</i> and <i>Ray</i>, of course confused with +<i>Wray</i> (Chapter XIII), as <i>Roe</i> itself is with +<i>Rowe</i> (Chapter I). <i>Doe</i> often becomes <i>Dowe</i>. +<i>Hind</i> is usually occupative (Chapter III), but Fr. +<i>Labiche</i> suggests that it must sometimes be a +nickname—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"<i>Biche</i>, a <i>hind</i>; the female of a stagge." + (Cotgrave.)</p> +</div> +<p><i>Pollard</i> was applied +to a beast or stag that had lost its horns—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"He has no horns, sir, has he?<br> +"No, sir, he's a <i>pollard</i>.<i>"</i></p></div> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>Philaster</i>, <i>v. +4</i>.<i>)</i></p> + +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Leverett</font> is certified by +the French surname <i>Levrault</i>. Derivation from <i>Lever</i>, +Anglo-Sax. <i>Leofhere</i>, whence <i>Levers</i>, +<i>Leverson</i>, or <i>Leveson</i>, is much less probable, as +these Anglo-Saxon names rarely form dims. (Chapter VII). +<i>Luttrel</i> is in French <i>Loutrel</i>, perhaps a dim. of +<i>loutre</i>, otter, Lat. <i>lutra</i>. From the medieval +<i>lutrer</i> or <i>lutrarius</i>, otter hunter, we get +<i>Lutterer</i>, no doubt confused with the musical +<i>Luter</i>.</p> +<p>While <i>Catt</i> is fairly common in the eastern counties, +Robertus le <i>chien</i> and Willelmus <i>le</i> <i>curre</i>, +who were living about the end of the twelfth century, are now +completely disguised as <i>Ken</i> and <i>Kerr</i>. Modern French +has both <i>Lechien</i> and the Norman <i>Lequien</i>. +<i>[Footnote: Lekain</i>, the name of a famous French actor, has +the same origin.<i>]</i> We owe a few other surnames to the +friend of man. <i>Kennett</i>, from a Norman dim. of +<i>chien</i>, meant greyhound—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Kenette</i>, +hounde, <i>leporarius</i>.<i>" + (Prompt</i>. +<i>Parv</i>.<i>)</i></font></p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">The origin of the name +<i>Talbot</i> is unknown, and it is uncertain whether the hound +or the family should have precedence; but Chaucer seems to use it +as the proper name of a hound</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"Ran Colle our dogge, +and <i>Talbot</i>, and Gerland,</font><br> +And Malkyn, with a dystaf in hir hand."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(B, 4573.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>The great Earl of Shrewsbury is +affectionately called "Talbot, our good dogge" in political rimes +of the fifteenth century. </p> +<p>In early dictionaries may be found long lists of the fanciful +names, such as Bright, Lightfoot, Ranger, Ringwood, Swift, +Tempest, given to hounds. This practice seems to throw some light +on such surnames as <i>Tempest</i>, with which we may compare the +German names <i>Storm</i> and <i>Sturm</i>. In the Pipe Rolls the +name <i>le</i> <i>esturmi</i>, the stormy, occurs several times. +To the same class belongs <i>Thunder</i>, found in the Pipe Rolls +as <i>Tonitruus</i>, and not therefore necessarily a perversion +of <i>Tunder</i>, <i>i.e</i>. <i>Sherman</i> (Chapter +XVIII)—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"<i>Tondeur de draps</i>, a shearman, or clothworker." + (Cotgrave.)</p> +</div> +<p><i>Garland</i>, used by Chaucer as a dog's name, was earlier +<i>graland</i>, and, as <i>le garlaund</i> is also found, it may be referred +to Old Fr. <i>grailler</i>, to trumpet. It no doubt has other origins.</p> +<p>We should expect <i>Fox</i> to be strongly represented, and we +find the compounds <i>Colfox</i> and <i>Stelfox</i>. The first +means black fox—</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"A <i>colfox</i> ful +of sly iniquitee"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p>(B, 4405)—</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">and I conjecture that the first +part of <i>Stelfox</i> is connected with stealing, as in the +medieval name <i>Stele</i>-<i>cat—</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"The two constables +made a thorough search and found John <i>Stelfox</i> hiding +behind some bushes. Some of the jewellery was found upon +him"</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 16em"> +<p><i>(Daily</i> <i>Chronicle</i>, June 3, 1913).</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">In the north a fox is called +<i>Tod</i>, whence <i>Todhunter</i>. This <i>Tod</i> is probably +a personal name, like the French <i>Renard</i> and the Scottish +<i>Lawrie</i> or <i>Lowrie</i>, applied to the same animal. Allan +Ramsay calls him "slee Tod Lowrie." From the badger we have +<i>Brock</i> and sometimes <i>Gray—</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Blaireau</font>, a +badger, <i>gray</i>, boason, <i>brock</i> (Cotgrave)—</p> +</div> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">but <i>Badger</i> itself is +occupative (Chapter XIX). The polecat survives as <i>Fitch</i>, +<i>Fitchett</i>, and <i>Fitchew—</i></font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">"<i>Fissau</i>, a +<i>filch</i>, or fulmart."</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 14em"> +<p>(Cotgrave.)</p> +<p> </p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p> </p> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a name="Toc80814" id="Toc80814">FISHES</a></b></p> +<p>On fish-names Bardsley remarks, "We may quote the famous +chapter on 'Snakes in Iceland': 'There are no snakes in Iceland,' +and say there are no fish-names in England." This is almost true. +The absence of marked traits of character in the, usually +invisible, fish would militate against the adoption of such +names. We should not expect to find the shark to be represented, +for the word is of too late occurrence. But <i>Whale</i> is +fairly common. <i>Whale</i> the mariner received two pounds from +Henry VII's privy purse in 1498. The story of Jonah, or very +generous proportions, may have originated the name +<i>Whalebelly</i>, "borne by a respectable family in south-east +England" (Bardsley).</p> +<p>But there would obviously be no great temptation to go fishing +for nicknames when the beasts of the farmyard and the forest, the +birds of the marshes and the air, offered on every side easily +understood comparisons. At the same time Bardsley's statement +goes a little too far. He explains <i>Gudgeon</i> as a corruption +of Goodison. But this, true though it may be in some cases, will +not explain the very common French surname <i>Goujon</i>. The +phrase "greedy gudgeon" suggests that in this case a certain +amount of character had been noticed in the fish. <i>Sturgeon</i> +also seems to be a genuine fish-name. We find Fr. +<i>Lesturgeon</i> and Ger. <i>Stoer</i>, both meaning the same. +We have also <i>Smelt</i> and the synonymous <i>Spurling</i>. In +French and German we find other surnames which undoubtedly belong +to this class, but they are not numerous and probably at first +occurred only in regions where fishing or fish-curing were +important industries.</p> +<p>A few examples will show that apparent fish-names are usually +not genuine. <i>Chubb</i> is for Job (Chapter III), <i>Eeles</i> +is one of the numerous derivatives of Elias (Chapter IX), +<i>Hake</i> is, like <i>Hack</i>, from the Scandinavian Hacun, +<i>Haddock</i> is sometimes a perversion of the local Haydock, +<i>Lamprey</i> comes via Old French from Old High Ger. +Landprecht, which has usually given <i>Lambert</i>.</p> +<p><i>Pike</i> <i>is</i> local (Chapter XII), <i>Pilchard</i> is +for <i>Pilcher</i> (Chapter XVIII), <i>Roach</i> is Fr. +<i>Laroche</i>, <i>Salmon</i> is for Salomon, and <i>Turbot</i> +is the Anglo-Sax. Thurbeorht, which has also given <i>Tarbut</i>, +as Thurgod has given <i>Targett</i>. But in few of the above +examples is the possibility of fish origin absolutely +excluded.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><a name="Toc80815" id="Toc80815">SPECIAL +FEATURES</a></b></p> +<p>We have also many surnames due to physical resemblances not +extending beyond one feature. <i>Birdseye</i> may be sometimes of +local origin, from <i>ey</i>, island (Chapter XII), but as a +genuine nickname it is as natural as the sobriquet of Hawkeye +which Natty Bumppo received from the Hurons. German has the much +less pleasing <i>Gansauge</i>, goose-eye; and Alan <i>Oil</i> +<i>de</i> <i>larrun</i>, thief's eye, was fined for very +reprehensible conduct in 1183. To explain <i>Crowfoot</i> as an +imitative variant of Crawford is absurd when we find a dozen +German surnames of the same class and formation and as many in +Old or Modern French beginning with <i>pied</i> <i>de</i>. Cf. +<i>Pettigrew</i> (Chapter XXI) and <i>Sheepshanks</i>. We find in +the Paris Directory not only <i>Piedeleu</i> (Old Fr. <i>leu</i>, +wolf) and <i>Piedoie</i> <i>(oie</i>, goose), but even the full +<i>Pied</i>-<i>de</i>-<i>Lièvre</i>, Professeur à +la Faculté de droit. The name <i>Bulleid</i> was spelt in +the sixteenth century <i>bul</i>-<i>hed</i>, <i>i.e</i>. +bull-head, a literal rendering of Front de Boeuf. +<i>Weatherhead</i> (Chapter XIX) is perhaps usually a +nickname</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>"For that old <i>weather-headed</i> fool, I know how to laugh at him."</p> +<div style="margin-left: 12em"> +<p>(Congreve, <i>Love</i> <i>for</i> <i>Love</i>, ii. 7.)</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Coxhead</i> is another +obvious nickname. A careful analysis of some of the most +important medieval name-lists would furnish hundreds of further +examples, some too outspoken to have survived into our degenerate +age, and others which are now so corrupted that their original +vigour is quite lost. </p> +<p>Puns and jokes upon proper names are, <i>pace</i> Gregory the +Great and Shakespeare, usually very inept and stupid; but the +following lines by James Smith, which may be new to some of my +readers, are really clever—</p> +Men once were surnamed from their shape or estate +<br> +(You all may from History worm it); +<br>There was Lewis the Bulky, and Henry the Great, +<br> +John Lackland, and Peter the Hermit. +<br> +But now, when the door-plates of Misters and Dames +<br> +Are read, each so constantly varies +<br>From the owner's trade, figure, and calling, Surnames +<br> +Seem given by the rule of contraries. + +<p>Mr. <i>Box</i>, though provoked, never doubles his fist, +<br> +Mr. Burns, in his grate, has no fuel; <br> +<i>Mr. Playfair</i> won't catch me at hazard or whist, +<br> +Mr. <i>Coward</i> was wing'd in a duel. +<br>Mr. <i>Wise</i> is a dunce, Mr. <i>King</i> is a whig, +<br> +Mr. Coffin's uncommonly sprightly, +<br> +And huge Mr. <i>Little</i> broke down in a gig, +<br> +While driving fat Mrs. <i>Golightly</i>.</p> + +<p>Mrs. <i>Drinkwater's</i> apt to indulge in a dram, +<br> +Mrs. <i>Angel</i>’s an absolute fury, +<br> +And meek Mr. <i>Lyon</i> let fierce Mr. <i>Lamb</i> +<br> +Tweak his nose in the lobby of Drury. +<br> +At Bath, where the feeble go more than the stout, +<br> +(A conduct well worthy of Nero), +<br> +Over poor Mr. <i>Lightfoot</i>, confined with the gout, +<br> +Mr. <i>Heaviside</i> danced a Bolero.</p> + +<p>Miss J<i>oy</i>, wretched maid, when she chose Mr. +<i>Love</i>,<br> +Found nothing but sorrow await her; +<br> +She now holds in wedlock, as true as a dove, +<br> +That fondest of mates, Mr. <i>Hayter</i>. +<br> +Mr. <i>Oldcastle</i> dwells in a modern-built hut, +<br> +Miss <i>Sage</i> is of madcaps the archest; +<br> +Of all the queer bachelors Cupid e'er cut, +<br> +Old Mr. Younghusband's the starchest.</p> + +<p><i>Mr. Child</i>, in a passion, knock'd down Mr. +<i>Rock</i>, +<br> +Mr. <i>Stone</i> like an aspen-leaf shivers; +<br> +Miss <i>Poole</i> used to dance, but she stands like a +stock +<br> +Ever since she became Mrs. <i>Rivers;</i> +<br> +Mr. <i>Swift</i> hobbles onward, no mortal knows how, +<br> +He moves as though cords had entwin'd him; +<br> +Mr. <i>Metcalfe</i> ran off, upon meeting a cow, +<br> +With pale Mr. <i>Turnbull</i> behind him. +<p>Mr. <i>Barker's</i> as mute as a fish in the sea, +<br> +Mr. <i>Miles</i> never moves on a journey; +<br> +Mr. <i>Gotobed</i> sits up till half-after three, +<br> +Mr. <i>Makepeace</i> was bred an attorney. +<br> +Mr. <i>Gardiner</i> can't tell a flower from a root, +<br> +Mr. <i>Wilde</i> with timidity draws back, +<br> +Mr. <i>Ryder</i> performs all his journeys on foot, +<br> +Mr. <i>Foote</i> all his journeys on horseback.</p> +<p> +Mr. <i>Penny</i>, whose father was rolling in wealth, +<br> +Kick'd down all his fortune his dad won; +<br> +Large Mr. <i>Le</i> <i>Fever's</i> the picture of health, +<br> +Mr. <i>Goodenough</i> is but a bad one. +<br> +Mr. <i>Cruickshank</i> stept into three thousand a year, +<br> +By showing his leg to an heiress: — +<br> +Now I hope you'll acknowledge I've made it quite clear +<br> +That surnames ever go by contraries.</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center">***********************************************</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center">Printed <i>by</i> <i>Hazell</i>, <i>Watson</i> +<i>&</i> <i>Viney</i>, <i>Ld</i>., <i>London</i> <i>and</i> +<i>Aylesbury</i>, <i>England</i>.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p><p align="center">***********************************************</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80816" id="Toc80816">Advertising material from +the end of the book</a></font></b></p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4">By +Ernest Weekley, M.A.</font></p> +<p align="center"><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Professor</font> of French and Head of the Modern Language +Department</i></p> +<p align="center">at <i>University</i> <i>College</i>, +<i>Nottingham</i>.</p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4">AN +ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF MODERN ENGLISH</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">Crown 4to. +Pounds 2 2s. net.</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">This is +somewhat of a new departure in etymological dictionaries. It +embraces a much larger vocabulary than has been handled by +previous etymologists and pays special attention to the +colloquialisms and neologisms which, to the curious mind, are +often of more interest than the established literary language. +The origin and cognates of each word are given as concisely as +possible, but "etymology" has been taken in its widest sense as a +science dealing not only with the phonetic elements of which +words are composed, but also with the adventures which they have +met with during their life in the language and the strange paths +that many of them have followed in reaching a current sense or +use often widely remote from the original. So far as possible, +the date or epoch of the first appearance of each word is noted, +and the book will be found to contain much curious information +for which earlier etymological dictionaries would be ransacked in +vain.</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4">THE +ROMANCE OF WORDS</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Large +Crown 8vo. Fourth Impression. 6s. net.</font></p> +<p align="center">Observer—"A book of extraordinary +interest; every one interested in words should immediately obtain +a copy, and those who do not yet realise how enthralling a +subject word<font face="Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">history is, could not do better than +sample its flavour in Mr. Weekley's admirable book."</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4">SURNAMES</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Large +Crown 8vo. Second Edition. 6s. net.</font></p> +<p align="center">The Times—"Mr. Weekley has so artfully +sprinkled his pages with odd and impossible names that we simply +cannot help reading him."</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style"> </font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4">Works +by Henry Cecil Wyld</font></p> +<p align="center"><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Merton Professor of the English Language in the University of +Oxford.</font></i></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4">SHORT +HISTORY OF ENGLISH</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Second +Edition. Crown 8vo. 9s.. net.</font></p> +<p align="center">This is a scholar's book, written for those who +wish to make a scientific study of the subject upon the lines of +modern philological method. It should be of use to students of +English in the Universities, and to teachers elsewhere who desire +to know the results of recent research.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4">THE +HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE MOTHER TONGUE</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">An +Introduction to Philological Method. Fourth Impression. 10s. 6d. +net.</font></p> +<p align="center">The object of this book is to give not a +history of our language but some indications of the point of view +from which the history of a language should be studied, and of +the principal points of method in such a study, and to prepare +the way for the beginner to the study of at least some of the +great writers.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">THE GROWTH OF +ENGLISH</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">An +Elementary Account of the Present Form of our Language and its +Development. Fifth Impression. 5s. net.</font></p> +<p align="center">This book is intended for students in Secondary +Schools and Training Colleges. The ground covered is +approximately that required by the Board of Education in their +Regulations for the Training of Teachers.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">THE TEACHING OF +READING IN TRAINING COLLEGES</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">2s. 6d. +net.</font></p> +<p align="center">This book is intended as a practical guide for +those who have to teach Primary Teachers in Training how to read +their own language. It contains a collection of extracts in prose +and verse, suitable for reading aloud, transcribed into a simple +phonetic notation.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">THE PLACE OF THE +MOTHER TONGUE INNATIONAL EDUCATION</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Demy +8vo. 1s. net.</font></p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">THE STUDENT'S +ENGLISH LITERATURE</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">A +History of English Literature and of the chief English Writers +founded upon the Manual of Thomas B. Shaw.</font></p> +<p align="center">By A. Hamilton Thomson, B.A., of St. John's +College, Cambridge, and University Extension Lecturer in English +Literature. With Notes, etc. Fifth Impression. 9s.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">SMALLER HISTORY +OF ENGLISH LITERATURE</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Giving +a Sketch of the Lives of our chief English Writers.</font></p> +<p align="center">By James Rowley. 15th Impression. Small Crown +8vo. 4s.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">SHAKSPERE'S +PREDECESSORS IN THE ENGLISH DRAMA</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">By J. +A. Symonds. New Edition. 10s. 6d. net.</font></p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">SHAKSPERE AND +HIS PREDECESSORS IN THE ENGLISH DRAMA</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">By F. +S. Boas, M.A., sometime Professor of English Literature, Queen's +College, Belfast. 7s. 6d. net.</font></p> +<p align="center">An invaluable book for all students. Every play +and character is carefully analysed, and the whole subject is +treated in a thoroughly original and attractive way.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">THE ENGLISH +NOVEL FROM ITS ORIGIN TO SIR WALTER SCOTT</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">By Sir +Walter Raleigh, M.A., Professor of English Literature in the +University of Oxford. 4s. 6d. net.</font></p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">OUTLINES OF +ENGLISH LITERATURE</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">By +William Renton. With Illustrative Diagrams. 4s. 6d. +net.</font></p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">INTRODUCTION TO +POETRY</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Poetic +Expression, Poetic Truth, the Progress of Poetry.</font></p> +<p align="center">By Laurie Magnus, M.A. Second Edition. 2s. 6d. +net.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="5">MURRAY'S ENGLISH LITERATURE SERIES</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">BY E. +W. EDMUNDS, M.A., B.Sc. (Lond.)</font></p> +<p align="center">BISHOP'S<font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">STORTFORD COLLEGE</font></p> +<p align="center">Press Opinions on the Series.</p> +<p align="center">Athenaeum. - "For inculcating an intelligent +and lasting acquaintance with its subject the present series is +likely, in our opinion, to prove the best of its kind."</p> +<p align="center">Educational Times—"The collection is +excellent, and it will usefully extend the range of English +reading in schools."</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">THE STORY OF +ENGLISH LITERATURE</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">Three +Volumes, 5s. each.</font></p> +<p align="center">Vol. I. THE ELIZABETHAN PERIOD, 1558 +<font face="Bookman Old Style">-</font> <font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">625.</font></p> +<p align="center">Vol. II. SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES, +1625 <font face="Bookman Old Style">-</font> <font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">1780.</font></p> +<p align="center">Vol. III. NINETEENTH CENTURY, 1780 <font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font> <font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">1880.</font></p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">READINGS IN +ENGLISH LITERATURE</font></p> +<p align="center"><i><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">The</font> Three Grades are designed to cover the whole +period of School life. No Class needs to use more than one Book +at a time.</i></p> +<p align="center"><i> </i></p> +<p align="center">I. THE ELIZABETHAN PERIOD, 1558<font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">1625.</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p align="center">Junior course. 2s.</p> +<p align="center">Intermediate course. 2s.</p> +<p align="center">Senior course. 2s. 6d.</p> +</div> +<p align="center">II. SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES, +1625<font face="Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">1780.</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p align="center">Junior course. 2s.</p> +<p align="center">Intermediate course. 2s.</p> +<p align="center">Senior course. 2s. 6d.</p> +</div> +<p align="center">III. NINETEENTH CENTURY, 1780<font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">1880.</font></p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p align="center">Junior course. 2s.</p> +<p align="center">Intermediate course. 2s.</p> +<p align="center">Senior course. 2s. 6d.</p> +</div> +<p align="center">Junior Course — For Higher Elementary +Schools, Preparatory Schools (Higher Forms), Lower Forms in +Secondary Schools, and Evening Schools.</p> +<p align="center">Intermediate Course—For Middle Forms of +Secondary Schools, Pupil Teachers, and Higher Evening +Schools.</p> +<p align="center">Senior Course — For the Higher Forms of +Secondary Schools, Teachers in Training, University Extension +Students, and University Undergraduates.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="5">Popular +Editions of Mr. Murray's Standard Works</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">CAPTAIN +JAMES COOK, R.N., F.R.S.,</font></p> +<p align="center">The Circumnavigator. By Arthur Kitson. With +Illustrations.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">JOHN MURRAY: A Publisher and his Friends.</p> +<p align="center">Memoir and Correspondence of the second John +Murray, with an Account of the Origin and Progress of the House, +1768-1843.</p> +<p align="center">By Samuel Smiles, LLD. Edited by Thomas +Mackay.</p> +<p align="center">With Portraits. In One Volume.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF LIEUTENANT<font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">GENERAL SIR HARRY SMITH, 1787</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">1819.</font></p> +<p align="center">Edited by G. C. Moore Smith. With Maps and +Portrait.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">BIRD LIFE AND BIRD LORE.</p> +<p align="center">By R. Bosworth Smith.</p> +<p align="center">With Illustrations.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">A COTSWOLD VILLAGE;</p> +<p align="center">or, Country Life and Pursuits in +Gloucestershire.</p> +<p align="center">By J. Arthur Gibbs. With Illustrations.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">THE VOYAGE OF THE "FOX" IN THE ARCTIC SEAS</p> +<p align="center">In Search Of Franklin And His Companions.</p> +<p align="center">By the late Admiral Sir F. Leopold McClintock, +R.N.</p> +<p align="center">With Portraits and other Illustrations and +Maps.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">THE STORY of the BATTLE of WATERLOO.</p> +<p align="center">By the Rev. G. R. Gleig. With Map and +Illustrations.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">LIFE OF ROBERT, FIRST LORD CLIVE.</p> +<p align="center">By the Rev. G. R. Gleig. Illustrated.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">THE WILD SPORTS and NATURAL HISTORY OF THE +HIGHLANDS.</p> +<p align="center">By Charles St. John. With Illustrations.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="5">Mr. +Murray's Standard Works</font></p> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="3">ROUND +the HORN BEFORE the MAST.</font></p> +<p align="center">An Account of a Voyage from San Francisco round +Cape Horn to Liverpool in a Fourmasted "Windjammer," experiences +of the life of an Ordinary Seaman.</p> +<p align="center">By Basil Lubbock With Illustrations.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">LETTERS FROM HIGH LATITUDES.</p> +<p align="center">Being some Account of a Voyage in 1856, in the +Sohooner Yacht Foam, to Iceland, Jan Meyen, and Spitzbergen. By +the late Marquess Of Dufferin. With Portrait and +Illustrations.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">FIELD PATHS and GREEN LANES in SURREY AND +SUSSEX.</p> +<p align="center">By Louis J. Jennings. Illustrated.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">THE LION HUNTER OF SOUTH AFRICA.</p> +<p align="center">Five Years' Adventure in the Far Interior of +South Africa. With Notices of the Native Tribes and Savages. By +R. Gordon Cumming. With 16 Woodcuts.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">DOG BREAKING.</p> +<p align="center">The most Expeditious, Certain, and Easy Method. +With Odds and Ends for those who love the Dog and Gun.</p> +<p align="center">By General W. N. Hutchinson. With numerous +Illustrations.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">THE ROB ROY ON THE JORDAN.</p> +<p align="center">A Canoe Cruise in Palestine, Egypt, and the +Waters of Damascus.</p> +<p align="center">By John Macgregor, M.A., Captain of the Royal +Canoe Club. With Maps and Illustrations.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">A HISTORY OF THE SIEGE OF GIBRALTAR, +1779<font face="Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">1783.</font></p> +<p align="center">With a Description and Account of that Garrison +from the Earliest Times.</p> +<p align="center">By John Drinkwater, Captain in the +Seventy<font face="Bookman Old Style">-</font><font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="3">second Regiment of Royal Manchester +Volunteers. With Plans.</font></p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">The Life Of John Nicholson, Soldier and +Administrator.</p> +<p align="center">By Captain Lionel J. Trotter. With Portrait and +3 Maps.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">A SMALLER DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE.</p> +<p align="center">By Sir William Smith. With Maps and +Illustrations.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">A POPULAR HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND.</p> +<p align="center">From the Earliest Times to the Present Day.</p> +<p align="center">By William Boyd Carpenter, Bishop of Ripon, +Hon. D.C.L., Oxon.</p> +<p align="center">With 26 Illustrations.</p> +<p> </p> +<p align="center"><b><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">****************</font></b></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4"><a name="Toc80817" +id="Toc80817">Transcriber’s notes:</a></font></b></p> +<ul> +<li><font face="Bookman Old Style">Although I worked from +material in good condition, scanning and preparing subject matter +of this type is much harder work than preparing a novel or the +like, so obviously I should never have bothered with preparing +this book if I had not though it to be worthwhile. In fact I +consider it to be very rewarding, informative, and entertaining. +I hope you also find it rewarding, and I present it in much the +same mood that I assume it was written in: not that it is fully +correct or definitive, but that both the material and the lines +of thought that the book comprises, are useful, thoughtful, and +enjoyable, taken for what they are worth. The book certainly is +based on a formidable level of erudition, however cheerful the +author’s style may be.</font></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>For the most part I have tried to remain true to the source, +but this is not an attempt to reproduce the volume I scanned; my +objective was to render its content available. Accordingly, I did +not hesitate to correct minor, obvious errors, or to adopt my +preferences for spacing and the like. Also, the means that I employed +in preparing this material did not lend themselves satisfactorily to +preservation of the original pagination or of numbering and cross +reference of pages. However, as the product is machine readable, +search is easier than working from an index, and I tried to +support the use of such facilities. Anyone who feels strongly +that an index remains necessary, is welcome to add an index to +the version that I have presented here, without crediting me for +the body of the work.</li> +<li>I have however, substituted cross-reference between sections +or chapters for the (now meaningless) cross-references between +pages. Also, like many books of that day, the original had many +page headings such as "MYTHICAL ETYMOLOGIES" or "HILL AND DALE", +without incorporating them in the table of contents or the text, +or even making it clear just where those page headings fitted +into the text. I have changed such page headings to sub-headings +within the text, where they are more useful, given that they no +longer are necessary for the original purpose of aiding the +process of flipping through the pages of a paper book.</li> +<li>I have relocated footnotes from the feet of the pages to just +after the text that they qualified. Apart from thereby rendering +the text less dependent of changes of format, this arguably +renders the footnotes more useful and less disruptive to the +reader. Footnotes are marked as such, so as to avoid +confusion.</li> +<li>I have of course tried to produce as clean a product as +possible, but I apologetically assure you that some errors remain +in the text. 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