diff options
Diffstat (limited to '24366-8.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 24366-8.txt | 1980 |
1 files changed, 1980 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/24366-8.txt b/24366-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7912865 --- /dev/null +++ b/24366-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1980 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Disquisition on the Evils of Using Tobacco, by +Orin Fowler + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Disquisition on the Evils of Using Tobacco + and the Necessity of Immediate and Entire Reformation + +Author: Orin Fowler + +Release Date: January 20, 2008 [EBook #24366] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EVILS OF TOBACCO *** + + + + +Produced by David Garcia, Joe Longo and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Kentuckiana Digital Library) + + + + + + + + + +A + +DISQUISITION + +ON THE + +EVILS OF USING TOBACCO, + +AND THE NECESSITY OF + +IMMEDIATE AND ENTIRE REFORMATION. + +By REV. ORIN FOWLER A. M. + +THIRD EDITION. + +BOSTON: + +PUBLISHED BY GEO. GREGORY. + +For sale by D. S. KING, No. 1 Cornhill; JORDAN & CO. 121 +Washington Street. NEW YORK: JOHN S. TAYLOR, +145 Nassau Street. PROVIDENCE: WM. +APLIN, 65 South Main St. +1842. + + + + +A + +DISQUISITION + +ON THE + +EVILS OF USING TOBACCO, + +AND THE NECESSITY OF + +IMMEDIATE AND ENTIRE REFORMATION. + +Delivered before the Fall River Lyceum, and before the Congregation to whom +the Author statedly ministers + +BY ORIN FOWLER, A. M., + +PASTOR OF THE FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH IN FALL RIVER, MASS. + +Third Edition. + +BOSTON: +PUBLISHED BY GEO. GREGORY. + +For sale by D. S. KING, No. 1. Cornhill; JORDAN &. CO. 121 +Washington Street. NEW YORK: JOHN S. TAYLOR, +145 Nassau Street. PROVIDENCE: WM. +APLIN, 65 South Main St. + +1842. + + + + +Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1842, by ORIN +FOWLER, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. + + + + +INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, + +BY THE PUBLISHER. + + +Among the evils which a vitiated appetite has fastened upon mankind, +those that arise from the use of Tobacco hold a prominent place, and +call loudly for reform. We pity the poor Chinese, who stupifies body and +mind with opium, and the wretched Hindoo, who is under a similar slavery +to his favorite plant, the Betel; but _we_ present the humiliating +spectacle of an enlightened and christian nation, wasting annually more +than twenty-five millions of dollars, and destroying the health and the +lives of thousands, by a practice not at all less degrading than that of +the Chinese or Hindoo. + +Whether, then, we consider the folly and indecency of the habit, or the +waste of property, health and life which it occasions, it is time for +the Patriot, the Philanthropist and the Christian, to put forth united, +vigorous and systematic efforts to banish this injurious and disgusting +habit from the community. + +It is a fact, that one reform not only prepares the way for another, but +often so depends upon it, that the complete triumph of the one cannot be +effected without that of the other. Such appears to be the relationship +existing between the use of intoxicating drinks and that of the +stimulating narcotic, tobacco. The use of tobacco almost always +accompanies the use of alcoholic drinks, and it may be feared that total +abstinence from the latter will not be _permanent_, unless there is also +a total abstinence from the former. Our temperance brethren, +particularly our worthy Washingtonians, will do well to bear this in +mind. + +The tobacco reform, being similar to that of temperance, must be brought +about by similar means. Information must be diffused, the evils of the +practice exposed, and the attention of the public aroused to the +subject. To aid in this, is the object of the following pamphlet, two +editions of which have already been put in circulation, and it is said +to have been re-published in England. The favorable reception of the +former editions, as shown by the repeated editorial remarks, and the +numerous letters of thanks addressed to the author, affords much +encouragement for a vigorous prosecution of the enterprise. Three +members of the church of which the author is pastor, placed at his +disposal a sum sufficient to supply, gratuitously, each of the 1000 +Beneficiaries of the American Education Society, with a copy of the +essay. Orders were furnished for bundles for distribution. An individual +in Maine ordered 500 copies, and 1000 were ordered by E. C. Delevan, of +New York, the distinguished advocate of Temperance. + +Let the friends of true reform remember the early days of the temperance +cause, and take courage. All interested should exert themselves. +Clergymen can do much by lecturing and other means. Churches should form +Anti-Tobacco Societies, circulate information and induce as many as +possible to take a stand against the evil, by enrolling their names on a +_Pledge_. + +Teachers should speak on the subject, and endeavor to prevent the +formation of so vile and tyranical a habit, by those under their +influence; for it is a fact that lads in many of our public schools try +to hasten their claims to _manliness_, by learning to chew, smoke or +snuff. This being the case, we may expect, of course, to find these +practices prevalent in our academies and colleges, our medical and our +law schools and theological seminaries. + +In the early records of Harvard University, says Dr. Mussey, is a +regulation ordering that "no scholar shall take tobacco unless permitted +by the President, with the consent of his parents, on good reason first +given by a physician, and then only in a sober and private manner." How +different now! Probably one half, at least, of the students of our +colleges are, not in a "sober and private manner," but publicly addicted +to this slovenly and disgusting practice. + +As the use of tobacco is injurious to health, it is the duty of +physicians to exert their influence against it. Their authority upon +such subjects is generally respected, and is therefore very important. + +To the ladies, it would hardly seem necessary to say a word, in order to +secure their aid in a reform that so intimately concerns themselves. In +this matter, as in the vice of intemperance, woman, though comparatively +innocent, is by far the greatest sufferer. With what a melancholy +prospect does a young lady marry a man who uses the filthy plant in any +form. He may _at first_ do it in a neat, or even a genteel manner, and +neutralize the sickening odor by the most grateful perfumes; but this +trouble will soon be dispensed with, and in all probability he will, at +no distant day, become a sloven, with his garments saturated with smoke, +and himself steeped in tobacco juice. Alas, to think of being annoyed a +life-time by the nauseous odor of the vile tobacco worm, and of wasting +patience and strength in vain endeavors to preserve neatness in his +slimy trail! Little can be accomplished in this, or any other reform, +without the aid of females. Let them take hold of the subject, and exert +their legimate influence, and public opinion will soon be corrected; +young men and old too, will soon learn that by no rule in the code of +politeness and good breeding, can the use of tobacco be tolerated. + +A word to dealers. How can a man who regards the morals, the happiness +and the prosperity of his neighborhood and his country, deal out so +useless, so filthy, and so injurious an article as tobacco? Many will of +course, excuse themselves by saying as the rum-sellers once did, "If I +don't sell it, others will," This plea did not justify the rum-seller, +neither will it, the dealer in tobacco. Others will say, "I _must_ sell +it, or I shall offend my patrons and lose their custom." But this is not +valid even as a selfish argument. A large and increasing portion of the +community would be glad to patronize traders who sell only the useful +and necessary articles of life. Let respectable traders cease to sell +the article, and respectable customers would soon cease to buy it. + +The abominable filthiness of the practice of using tobacco, is a +sufficient argument to induce all decent people to wage war against it. +Stage coaches, rail cars, steamboats, public houses, courts of justice, +halls of legislation, and the temples of God, are all defiled by the +loathsome consumers of this dirty, Indian herb. For the sake of decency, +for the honor of humanity, let the land be purified from this worse than +beastly pollution! + +Let none be discouraged from engaging in this reform, because it relates +to a wide-spread and fashionable vice. With a moderate degree of effort +in each town and village, hundreds of thousands might in one year's +time, be induced to pledge themselves against all use of tobacco. + +During the last winter I drew up the following pledge, and obtained many +signatures here and in other parts of the state. + + ANTI-TOBACCO PLEDGE. + + _We, the subscribers, believing that the use of_ TOBACCO, + _in all its forms, is injurious to health, and knowing it to + be a slovenly, sluttish, and disgusting habit, do pledge + ourselves that we will not_ SMOKE _it_, CHEW _it, nor_ SNUFF + _it; and that we will use efforts to persuade those addicted + to the practice, to discontinue its use; and above all, that + we will not traffic in it, nor countenance those who do; and + that we will use our influence to banish the "vile stuff" + from New England, our country, and the world._ + +A gentleman in North Bridgewater, to whom I lent a pamphlet on this +subject, said he had not read it half through, before he emptied his +pockets of tobacco, and resolved to use no more. He also took a pledge +to circulate among his neighbors. + +Another man who had chewed tobacco thirty-three years, abandoned the +habit and remarked that he would not return to it for fifty dollars. + +Two benevolent individuals, in Providence, had two or three hundred +copies of the above pledge printed to circulate in the State of Rhode +Island. One of the principal clergymen in P. said, a member of his +church, a trader, told him that the money paid for tobacco in the city +was sufficient to support the public preaching. A gentleman there, who +has recently given up tobacco, said he would not go back to its use for +a thousand dollars, although it cost him a great effort to refrain from +it. A young man, after receiving a private lecture from an anti-tobacco +friend, committed to the flames half a dozen cigars he had by him, and +signed the pledge. + +I have conversed with very many addicted to the use of tobacco, and +nearly all express regret at having formed the habit. + +A few days since in a town not far from Providence, as I was sitting in +the stage about starting for the city, up came a reverend gentleman, a +very fine man by the way, with a big cigar about half burned. He had too +much good breeding to get into the stage with it, and to all appearance, +disliked to part with so good a friend; he accordingly stood outside +and puffed away like a steamer, at the same time keeping an eye on the +driver; when all was ready, he scrambled in, and we drove off. What an +example, for a clergyman to stand in a public street and puff a cigar +like a loafer or a blackguard! + +Rev. Mr. C., in a village adjoining Providence relates, that a brother +clergyman called to preach for him. He was in the habit of chewing +tobacco, and Mr. C. took the opportunity to speak to him on the subject. +At first the brother remarked that there was nothing wrong or injurious +in it; but on Mr. C's pressing the matter and asking how he could preach +"righteousness, temperance" and good habits in all things, when he was +himself addicted to such a practice, the brother frankly acknowledged +that he knew he was setting a bad example, and that tobacco was +poisonous, injurious to health and shortened life, but he excused +himself by saying he _could not_ give it up, for he found it +_impossible_ to write a sermon or preach it with any success, without +taking tobacco. Sermons and preaching inspired by tobacco! What better +is this, than the inspiration of brandy? + +Rev. Mr.----, now of Boston, formerly of a neighboring city, is a most +excessive smoker and chewer, so much so that it was a matter of +notoriety and remark among his congregation and acquaintances of his +former residence. He was a very agreeable man in other respects, but his +study, his library, and every thing about him were so completely +saturated with tobacco smoke, that the ladies of his church rarely made +him a call, and more rarely borrowed a book from his extensive and +excellent library.--Is it not time for clergymen to reform themselves in +this particular, and then consistently to set about reforming others. + +I have recently learned that many _ladies_ are in the habit of _chewing +snuff!_ Some of them become so addicted to it as to use enormous +quantities in this way. "One of these snuff eaters," I was told, "was +accustomed to take herself by the under lip with one hand, and with the +thumb and four fingers of the other to fill in an embankment between her +lips and teeth." Shocking! Yet, what young lady who carries a concealed +snuff-box, can be sure of not coming to this? + +I saw a woman who commenced with chewing snuff, and is now a regular +tobacco chewer. She said however, that she intended to give up the habit +and refrain from tobacco in all its forms. + +Unless something is done to check the evil, who can say that we shall +not become as bad as the inhabitants of Cuba, where, according to Rev. +Mr. Ingersoll, "not only men, but _women_ and _children_ smoke, and some +at a large expense." And according to Rev. Dr. Abbot, "it was the common +estimate that in Havana, there was an average consumption of _ten +thousand dollars worth of cigars in a day_." + +BOSTON, July, 1842. + + + + +RECOMMENDATIONS. + + +_From the Rochester Observer._ + +"Fowler on the Evils of using Tobacco.--'A disquisition on the evils of +using tobacco, and the necessity of an immediate and entire reform,' by +Rev. Orin Fowler, of Fall River, Mass. This is a very valuable and +instructive discourse. We have for two years or more been fully +convinced that the use of tobacco, in its three common forms, ought +immediately to be abandoned; but never were we so fully sensible of the +alarming extent and tremendous ravages of this evil, as when we had read +this production. We think no _christian_, who is willing to know and do +his duty, can read this pamphlet, without saying on the spot, if he uses +tobacco, (except it be judiciously prescribed by a physician.) the use +of this poisonous, deleterious weed is a _grievous sin_, and I will +abandon it _immediately and forever_. + +Mr. F. lays down the position that it is the duty of every man and woman +to abstain immediately, entirely and forever, from all use of tobacco, +whether by chewing, smoking or snuffing, except it be as a medicine. + +In favor of this point he offers the following arguments, which we think +he has fully sustained, by well attested facts, quotations from approved +authors, and the deductions of sound reasoning. + +1. The history of this loathsome weed. It has ever since its discovery +been considered exceedingly injurious, and its general use opposed by +judicious men. + +2. Its ruinous effect upon the health and constitution of men. + +3. Its ruinous effects upon the intellect. + +4. Its ruinous effects upon public and private morals. + +5. The amazing waste of property which its use involves. + +6. The mortality which its use occasions. + +7. The apologies made by the lovers of tobacco. + +8. The eternal ruin which tobacco occasions. + +We intend in our next to give extracts from this discourse. We hope it +will have a wide circulation, and would commend it to the careful +perusal of all christians, especially to ministers, who use this vile +and ruinous plant." + + * * * * * + +Edward C. Delevan, Secretary of the New York State Temperance Society, +says, in a letter just received--"The subject of your Essay is one of +immense importance to the world and to the temperance cause. The use of +this vile weed has been the medium of forming the appetite for strong +drink, and ultimately destroying thousands of the most promising youth +of our country. You will hardly ever meet with an intemperate person +without finding him addicted to the use of tobacco. The public only want +light on this important subject, to act. Your able and convincing +Disquisition will be the means of doing much good. I hope funds will be +provided to furnish a copy to each clergyman in the United States. Send +me one thousand copies of the second edition, as soon as it is from the +press." + + * * * * * + +"Fowler on the Evils of using Tobacco.--We are anxious to see this work +extensively circulated, for we are confident that it will do good. The +pamphlet contains much valuable information, and will be found well +worth an attentive and frequent perusal." + + _The Unionist_, Brooklyn, Conn. + + * * * * * + +"Fowler on the Evils of using Tobacco.--The subject of which this +pamphlet treats is one which, we are persuaded, has received too small a +share of attention from those who are laboring to free our land, utterly +and forever, from the thraldom of intemperance. From our own +observation, limited as it has been, we are persuaded that the victims +of intemperance in the use of this poisonous weed are by no means +inconsiderable in number. Probably Mr. Fowler is correct when he +estimates the mortality occasioned by the use of tobacco in its various +forms, at five thousand annually. For ourself we are convinced that the +suppression of intemperance in spirituous liquors will never be effected +while the agents and advocates of our Temperance Societies, lecture with +a pinch of snuff in their fingers and a huge tobacco quid in their +mouths. Tobacco slays its thousands, and doubtless one tenth of the +drunkards in our land have become so by first indulging in the use of +the dirty plant, and thus creating an unnatural thirst that called for +liquid fire to quench it. + +Did our limits permit, we should be glad to give copious extracts from +Mr. Fowler's discourse." _Batharia Palladium._ + + * * * * * + + _Lisbon, Feb. 3d, 1841._ +Mr Fowler-- + +_Dear Sir_--We have in this county a monthly ministers' meeting. + +At the last the use of tobacco was discussed. I was appointed to write +on the subject, and derived important aid from your Disquisition on +tobacco. I feel that it is a very happy effort, and calculated to do +much good, and that it is desirable that it should have a much wider +circulation. + +The thought occurred to me whether it might not be published by the +Tract Society. + +This would give it the widest circulation it could have. + +I doubt not but you are desirous of having the greatest amount of good +accomplished by this effort, and will be ready to extend its circulation +if possible. + +Should it become a Tract, be so good as to inform me--for I should be +glad to place it in every family in my parish. + + Fraternally yours, JOSEPH AYER, Jr. + + * * * * * + +Notice by Dr. Alcott, Editor of the Library of Health. + +"A disquisition on the evils of using Tobacco. By Orin Fowler, A. M. +Second Edition. This pamphlet finds favor, * * * *. While we have the +kindliest feelings towards those who chew this disgusting substance, we +hold its use, in every form, in the most unqualified contempt. We care +not to whom the remark may apply, whether he be farmer, mechanic, +lawyer, doctor, minister, judge or president; but if in the light which +Mr. Fowler has shed on the subject, any man should continue to smoke or +chew tobacco, or take snuff, public opinion ought to frown him out of +the pale of all civilized society. He that will contribute in any way to +a tax upon this nation of $25,000,000 a year for such stuff, may well be +set down as a bad citizen, unless he does it in ignorance." + + + + +DISQUISITION. + + +In this age of benevolent action, when much is being done to drive away +the darkness and delusions of many generations, and to diffuse light and +truth through the earth; it excites the liveliest joy in every +philanthropic bosom to witness the triumphant results already achieved. +Recent efforts to banish the use of intoxicating drinks, have brought +well nigh half the civilized world to a solemn pause: and the work of +reformation in this matter of spirit-drinking has gone so far, and is +yet making such sure progress, that many are rejoicing in the lively +hope that the day is nigh, even at the doors, when drunkenness, with her +burning legion of evils, will cease from the earth; and the gospel of +the grace of God will have free course and be glorified, and the whole +family of man become temperate, holy and happy. The God of our salvation +hasten that day apace; that our eyes may see it, and rejoice and be glad +in it, before we go to the grave. + +But ere that day shall fully come, there is much land to be possessed. +Many a battle must yet be fought,--many a victory must yet be won. Much +light must yet be poured forth,--much darkness must yet be driven away. +The world is not yet half reformed. The majority in the best portions of +the earth--in this country even--are on the side of free indulgence in +every thing that pleases the appetite. + +Intemperance in the use of intoxicating drinks,--and intemperance in the +use of _tobacco_, in the several forms of _smoking_, _snuffing_ and +_chewing_; together with several other evils, which I need not here +specify, are even now predominant. + +By intemperance in the use of tobacco, I mean all use of this drug +except that which is under the direction of enlightened, judicious +medical advice. With this exception, _entire abstinence_ from this +narcotic substance constitutes the only safe and genuine +temperance.--This principle has been adopted extensively, in its +application to intoxicating drinks; but before it shall be universally +adopted in that application, it must be applied, and applied +universally, to the _quid_, and the _pipe_, and the _snuff-box_. +Rum-drinking will not cease, till tobacco-chewing, and tobacco-smoking, +and snuff-taking, shall cease. Though all who are attached to the quid, +the pipe, or the snuff-box, are not attached to the bottle; yet a vast +multitude become attached to the bottle, and this attachment is +continued and increased, through the poisonous, bewitching, and debasing +influence of tobacco. + +Moreover, the use of tobacco involves a train of evils, superadded to +its influence in perpetuating drunkenness, which cries aloud for +immediate and universal reformation. It is my present purpose to +consider these evils. And I wish to premise that, in this consideration, +I shall urge; that it is the duty of every friend of humanity--of every +lover of his country--of every Christian--and of every minister of +Christ, to _abstain_, himself, _immediately_, and _forever_, from _all_ +use of tobacco, whether by _chewing_, _smoking_, or _snuffing_, except +it be _medicinally_; and to use the whole weight of his influence and +example to persuade others--and especially the young men and maidens of +this nation--to practice entire abstinence. + +I am fully aware that the topic which I have selected, the position +which I lay down, and the purpose at which I aim, are not popular. But +what then? Did Clarkson and Wilberforce abandon the cause of the +enslaved African, when they found that abolition was unpopular in the +British Senate? Did Columbus abandon his purpose of attempting to +discover a new world, when he perceived that the noble project of his +noble soul was unpopular, with princes and people, learned and ignorant? +Did Jesus Christ abandon his purpose to redeem a world lying in +wickedness, when it became manifest that his doctrines, and the pure +benevolence of his holy soul, were unpopular. And has it ever been +_seemly_ for one of his true and faithful disciples to abandon the cause +of human happiness, and the soul's everlasting salvation, because the +work of saving mercy is unpopular? + +The theme of our present consideration, is doubtless unpopular.--But we +_should_ not, we _will_ not, therefore abandon the purpose of exposing +the evils of smoking, and chewing, and snuffing, that dirty weed, which +is so hostile to animal life, and so offensive to every creature on +earth, that no living being but man--and a loathsome worm, called the +tobacco-worm--will taste, or touch, or handle it.[A] + +[A] It has recently been affirmed that there is a dirty goat in South +America which will eat this dirty plant. + +Though it be unpopular to expose the evils of using tobacco; these evils +are so appalling, it will not do to slumber over them longer.--We must +look at them; we must lay them open--we must raise our voice against +them; (we would gladly raise it so high that it should reach every +family in the nation.) Yes, we must cry aloud and spare not; or give up +our claim to patriotism, and benevolence. + +In approaching this subject, I am not unmindful of the pertinacity with +which men adhere to old habits. Dr. Rush speaks of a venerable clergyman +who closed a long sermon, in which he had controverted what he supposed +an heretical opinion, with these words: "I tell you--I tell you, my +brethren, I tell you again, that an _old error_ is better than a _new +truth_." There are few who will assent to this proposition in plain +terms; but there are thousands upon thousands, who act up to the very +letter of it, constantly.--The history of man is extensively a history +of folly, delusion, and sin. + +No error has been so absurd as not to find advocates--no habit has been +so foolish, or so deadly, as not to find martyrs. But of all the +delusions, which have prevailed among civilized men, there have been +few--perhaps none, but that of intoxication--so disgusting, so +inexcusable, so destructive to health, and wealth, and life, as the +habit which we now ask you to consider. + +It will be borne in mind that my position is this; it is the bounden +duty of every man and every woman to _abstain_, _immediately_, and +_forever_, from _all use_ of tobacco, whether by _chewing_, _smoking_, +or _snuffing_ except it be as a medicine. This position I maintain, + +I. From a consideration of the _history_ of this loathsome weed.--The +tobacco plant is a native of America. It was unknown in Europe until +some time after the discovery of America, by Columbus. It was first +carried to Europe by Sir Francis Drake, about the year 1560, less than +three hundred years ago. The natives of this continent called it +_petun_; the natives of the islands called it _yoli_. The Spaniards gave +it the name of _tobacco_, from _Tobaco_, a province of Yucatan in +Mexico, where they first found it, and first learned its use. Its +botanic name is _Nicotiana_, which it received from John Nicot, then +Ambassador from Francis II. to Portugal, who brought it from Lisbon, and +presented some of it to the Queen Catharine de Medicis, and to the Grand +Prior of the house of Lorraine; whence it was sometimes called the +Queen's herb, and the Grand Prior's herb. + +The practice of smoking it in England, was introduced by Sir Walter +Raleigh, about the year 1584. + +The cultivation of it is not uncommon in various parts of the globe; but +the seat of its most extensive culture is Virginia and Maryland, in this +country. In England its cultivation was forbidden--and we believe is +still forbidden--on penalty of forfeiting forty shillings for every rod +of ground planted with it. + +James I. wrote a treatise against the use of it, which he called his +"Counterblast to Tobacco." Pope Urban VIII. issued a Bull, to +excommunicate all who used tobacco in the churches. The civil power in +Russia, Turkey, and Persia, was early arrayed against it. The King of +Denmark, who wrote a treatise against tobacco, observes that "merchants +often lay it in bog-houses, that, becoming impregnated with the volatile +salts of the excrements, it may be rendered brisker, stronger, and more +f[oe]tid." It is said to be a fact, that in manufacturing tobacco, it is +frequently sprinkled with stale urine. + +The use of tobacco never was general in Europe; and within the last +fifty or one hundred years, it has been banished from all the polite +circles of that part of the world. John Adams, the former President of +the United States, speaking of his own use of tobacco, and referring to +his residence in Europe, says: "Twice I gave up the use of it; once when +Minister at the Court of Hague; and afterwards when Minister at the +Court of London; for _no such offensive practice is seen there_." + +But although the cultivation of tobacco has been forbidden in many +countries of Europe; and though the manufacture of it is frequently +attended with circumstances so disgusting and offensive, that the +modesty of this paper will not permit me to detail them,--and though the +use of it is abandoned by all the respectable and polished circles of +Europe; yet in this nation, and among the lower orders abroad, tobacco +has triumphed: and the only hope of expelling it from our land, lies in +enlisting against it the power of enlightened public opinion--a mightier +power than any eastern despot wields. + +Now from this brief sketch of the history of tobacco, it appears that it +was unknown to all the civilized world, till within three hundred years; +and that even now, all the polished and enlightened portion of community +abroad--and we add, a very respectable portion at home--have no +fellowship with the filthy weed. And can any man justify himself in the +daily use of a disgusting plant, against the practice, opinion, and +remonstrances of so large a portion of the civilized world? Can he be +discharging the obligations of his duty, and enjoying the full amount of +his privilege, while he suffers himself to be a bond-slave to his quid, +his pipe, or his snuff-box? Either an important article of the vegetable +kingdom, lay hid from the civilized world nearly six thousand years; or +since its discovery, the lovers of tobacco have formed an entirely +erroneous opinion of its properties. In the sequel, I trust it will +appear, that so far from possessing _valuable_ properties, it is one of +the most _noxious_ weeds that grows; that, as an article of medicine, it +possesses scarcely a redeeming quality; and that, though it was not made +in vain, if the world had remained ignorant of it six thousand years +longer, no cause of regret would have been occasioned. + +I maintain the position I have laid down, + +II. From a consideration of the ruinous effects of tobacco upon the +_health_ and _constitution_ of men. + +In considering this point, let us examine the _properties_ of this +weed,--the prominent diseases which the use of it induces,--and the +_experiences_ of unprejudiced observers. The properties of tobacco are +decidedly _poisonous_. In proof of this assertion, I appeal to ample and +unquestionable authority. + +Professor Hitchcock says, "I group _alcohol_, _opium_ and _tobacco_ +together, as alike to be rejected; because they agree in being +_poisonous_ in their natures." "In popular language," says he, "alcohol +is classed among the stimulants, and opium and tobacco among the +narcotics, whose ultimate effect upon the animal system is to produce +stupor and insensibility." He says, "Most of the powerful vegetable +poisons, such as hen-bane, hemlock, thorn-apple, prussic acid, deadly +night-shade, fox-glove and poison sumach, have an effect on the animal +system scarcely to be distinguished from that of opium and _tobacco_. +They impair the organs of digestion, and may bring on fatuity, palsy, +delirium, or apoplexy," He says, "In those not accustomed to it, +_tobacco_ excites nausea, vomiting, dizziness, indigestion, mental +dejection, and in short, the whole train of _nervous_ complaints." + +Dr. Rees, in his Cyclopedia, says; "A drop or two of the chemical oil of +tobacco, being put upon the tongue of a cat, produces violent +convulsions, and death itself in the space of a minute." + +Dr. Hossack classes _tobacco_ with opium, ether, mercury, and other +articles of the materia medica. He calls tobacco a "_fashionable +poison_," in the various forms in which that narcotic is employed.--He +says, "The great increase of dyspepsia; the late alarming frequency of +apoplexy, palsy, epilepsy, and other diseases of the nervous system; is +attributable, in part, to the use of tobacco." + +Dr. Waterhouse says that Linnæus, in his natural arrangement, has placed +tobacco in the class _Luridæ_--which signifies, pale, ghastly, livid, +dismal and fatal. "To the same ominous class," he adds, "belong +fox-glove, hen-bane, deadly night-shade, lobelia, and another poisonous +plant, bearing the tremendous name Atropa, one of the furies." He says, +"When tobacco is taken into the stomach for the first time, it creates +nausea and extreme disgust. If swallowed, it excites violent convulsions +of the stomach and of the bowels to eject the poison either upward or +downward. If it be not very speedily and entirety ejected, it produces +great anxiety, vertigo, faintness, and prostration of all the senses; +and, in some instances, death has followed." The oil of this plant, he +adds, is one of the strongest vegetable poisons, insomuch that we know +of no animal that can resist its mortal effects. Moreover, says Dr. +Waterhouse, after a long and honorable course of practice, "I never +observed so many pallid faces, and so many marks of declining health; +nor ever knew so many hectical habits, and consumptive affections, as of +late years; and I trace this alarming inroad on young constitutions, +_principally_ to the pernicious custom of smoking cigars." + +Professor Graham says "Tobacco is one of the most _powerful_ and _deadly +poisons_ in the vegetable kingdom." "Its effects on the living tissues +of the animal system," he adds, "are always to destroy life; as the +experiments made on pigeons, cats, and other animals abundantly prove." + +The Editors of the Journal of Health say, "Tobacco is in fact an +absolute poison. A very moderate quantity introduced into the system, +even applying the moistened leaves to the stomach, has been known very +suddenly to extinguish life. In whatever form it may be employed, a +portion of the active principles of tobacco, mixed with the saliva, +invariably finds its way to the stomach, and disturbs or impairs the +functions of that organ. Hence most, if not all, who are accustomed to +the use of tobacco, labor under dyspeptic symptoms. Our advice is to +desist immediately and entirely from the use of tobacco in every form, +and in any quantity, however small. A reform, to be efficacious, must be +entire and complete." + +Dr. Warren says, "The common belief that tobacco is beneficial to the +teeth, is entirely erroneous; on the contrary, by its poisonous and +relaxing qualities, it is positively injurious." Says another physician, +"Though snuff has been prescribed for the head-ache, catarrh, and some +species of opthalmia, and sometimes with good effect; yet in all cases +where its use is _continued_, it not only fails of its medical effect, +but commits great ravages on the whole nervous system, superinducing +hypochondria, tremors, a thickening of the voice, and premature decay of +all the intellectual powers." + +As a diuretic, Dr. Fowler, and others, have found it in some cases to be +valuable. Its narcotic properties have sometimes assuaged the +tooth-ache; but it always hastens the destruction of the teeth. But of +all substances in pharmacy, there seems to be a general agreement among +medical writers, that tobacco, though occasionally beneficial, is the +most unmanageable, and used with the least confidence. + +A multitude of cases, confirming these views, have actually occurred; +two or three of which I will cite. A clergyman, who commenced the use of +tobacco in youth, says, "that no very injurious consequences were +experienced till he entered the ministry, when his system began to feel +its dreadful effects. His voice, his appetite, and his strength failed; +and he was sorely afflicted with sickness at the stomach, indigestion, +emaciation, melancholy, and a prostration of the whole nervous system. +All this," says he, "I attribute to the pernicious habit of smoking and +chewing tobacco." At length he abandoned the quid and the pipe. His +voice, appetite, and strength were soon restored; all aches subsided, +and in a little time general health was enjoyed. + +Another clergyman writes, "I thank God, and I thank you, for your advice +to abandon smoking; my strength has doubled since I relinquished this +abominable practice." + +A respectable gentleman in middle life, who commenced chewing tobacco at +the age of eighteen, was long afflicted with depression of spirits, +great emaciation, and the usual dyspeptic symptoms.--All attempts to +relieve him were fruitless, till he was persuaded to dispense with his +quid. Immediately his spirits revived, and he soon regained his +health.[A] + +[A] Extracts in point might here be given from numerous letters received +by the Author, since the publication of the first edition; but it is +unnecessary. + +Cases of reform and cure are occurring by thousands, every year, all +over the land. Let every lover of tobacco, who is afflicted with +_dyspepsia_, and nervous maladies, _reform_, immediately and entirely; +and let him adopt a simple and rational system of diet, regimen, and +employment; and in nine cases out of ten, he may hope to enjoy good +health, and live long to bless the world. + +The conclusion from all this evidence is established, that tobacco _is_ +an _active poison_; that its constant use induces the most distressing +and fatal diseases; and that, as a medicine, it is rarely needful, and +never used, even _medicinally_, with entire confidence. This loathsome +weed, then, should not be used, even _medicinally_, except in extreme +cases, and then in the hands of a skillful physician. For every man--and +especially for every boy, who has hardly entered his teens--to take this +poison into his own hands, and determine for himself how much he will +use, is as preposterous, as if he were to take upon himself to deal out +arsenic, corrosive sublimate, or calomel. + +No man can devote himself to the pipe, the quid, or the snuff-box, +without certain injury to his health and constitution. He may not +perceive the injury at once, on account of immediate exhilaration; but +complicated chronic complaints will creep upon him apace, making life a +burden, and issuing in premature dissolution. And just so certain as it +is our duty to do no murder,--to use all lawful means to preserve our +lives, and the lives of others; as certain is it our duty and our +privilege to practice _entire abstinence_ from the use of tobacco. + +I maintain the position I have laid down, + +III. From the consideration of the ruinous effects of tobacco upon the +_intellect_. + +Here, again, let Professor Hitchcock speak. Says he, "Intoxicating +drinks, opium and tobacco, exert a pernicious influence upon the +intellect. They tend directly to debilitate the organs; and we cannot +take a more effectual course to cloud the understanding, weaken the +memory, unfix the attention, and confuse all the mental operations, than +by thus entailing upon ourselves the whole hateful train of nervous +maladies. These can bow down to the earth an intellect of giant +strength, and make it grind in bondage, like Sampson shorn of his locks +and deprived of his vision. The use of tobacco may seem to soothe the +feelings, and quicken the operations of the mind; but to what purpose is +it that the machine is furiously running and buzzing after the balance +wheel is taken off?" + +The late Gov. Sullivan, speaking of the use of tobacco, says, "It has +never failed to render me dull and heavy, to interrupt my usual +alertness of thought, and to weaken the powers of my mind in analyzing +subjects and defining ideas." + +The actual loss of _intellectual_ power, which tobacco has hitherto +occasioned, and is still causing, in this Christian nation, is immense. +How immense, it is impossible accurately to calculate. Many a man who +might have been a giant, has not risen above mediocrity; and many a man +who might have been respectable and useful, has sunk into obscurity, and +buried his talents in the earth. This is a consideration of deepest +interest to every philanthropist, patriot, and Christian in the land, +and especially to all our youth. We live at a time, and under +circumstances, which call for the exertion of all our intellectual +strength, cultivated, improved and sanctified, to the highest measure of +possibility. Error, ignorance, and sin, must be met and vanquished; they +must be met and vanquished by light and love. The eye of angels is upon +us,--the eye of God is upon us,--and shall we fetter, and palsy, and +ruin our intellectual capabilities, for the paltry pleasure of using one +of the most poisonous, loathsome, and destructive weeds found in the +whole vegetable kingdom? Let us rather shake off this abominable +practice, and rise, as individuals and as a nation, in all our +intellectual potency,--and let us go forth from day to day, to the noble +purposes of our destiny, untrammelled by the quid, or the pipe, or the +snuff-box; and before another generation shall lie down in the grave, +our efforts and our example may cause the light of human science, and +the light of civil and religious liberty, and the light of Bible truth, +to blaze through all our valleys, and over all our hills, from +Greenland to Cape Horn,--and with a lustre that shall illumine the +world. + +I maintain my position, + +IV. From a consideration of the ruinous effects of tobacco upon public +and private _morals_. + +The ruinous effects of tobacco upon public and private morals, are seen +in the idle, sauntering habits, which the use of it engenders,--in the +benumbing, grovelling, stupid sensations which it induces,--but +especially in perpetuating and extending the practice of using +intoxicating drinks. + +Governor Sullivan has truly said, "that the tobacco pipe excites a +demand for an extraordinary quantity of some beverage to supply the +waste of glandular secretion, in proportion to the expense of saliva; +and ardent spirits are the common substitutes; and the smoker is often +reduced to a state of dram drinking, and finishes his life as a sot." + +Dr. Agnew has truly said, that "the use of the pipe leads to the +immoderate use of ardent spirits." + +Dr. Rush has truly said, "that smoking and chewing tobacco, by rendering +water and other simple liquors insipid to the taste, dispose very much +to the stronger stimulus of ardent spirits; hence [says he] the practice +of smoking cigars, has been followed by the use of brandy and water as +common drink." + +A writer in the Genius of Temperance, says that his practice of smoking +and chewing the filthy weed, "produced a continual thirst for +stimulating drinks; and this tormenting thirst [says he] led me into the +habit of drinking ale, porter, brandy, and other kinds of spirit, even +to the extent, at times, of partial intoxication." He adds, "I reformed; +and after I had subdued this appetite for tobacco, I lost all desire for +stimulating drinks." + +Now the fact that some chew, and smoke, and snuff without becoming sots, +proves nothing against the general principle, that it is the natural +tendency of using tobacco to promote intoxication. Probably _one tenth_, +at least, of all the drunkards annually made in the nation, and +throughout the world, are made drunkards through the use of tobacco. If +thirty thousand drunkards are made annually in the United States, three +thousand must be charged to the use of tobacco. If thirty thousand +drunkards die annually, in the United States, three thousand of these +deaths must be charged to the use of tobacco. If twenty thousand +criminals are sentenced to our penitentiaries in twenty years, through +the influence of strong drink, two thousand must be charged to the use +of tobacco. If fifty-six millions of gallons of ardent spirits have been +annually consumed in this country, five and a half millions must be +charged to the use of tobacco. And of all the Sabbath-breaking, +profanity, quarrelling, and crime of every description, caused by the +use of intoxicating drink; a tithe must be charged to the use of +tobacco. And what friend of good morals,--what friend of man,--what +friend of his country,--what friend of Christ and true religion,--and +especially, what friend of the temperance cause,--can look at these +results with the eye of candor and compassion for his fellow-men, and +then not deliberately resolve that he will never chew another quid, nor +smoke another whiff, nor snuff another pinch of the dirty weed? + +I maintain my position, + +V. From a consideration of the amazing _waste of property_, which the +use of tobacco involves. On this point I have been unable to obtain the +means for making out a perfectly accurate statistical result. I can only +approximate a definite calculation. This approximation, however, will +serve all the purposes of this argument. + +We will examine _three items_: the _cost_ of the article,--the _time_ +wasted by the use of it,--and the _pauperism_ it occasions. From a +statement lately furnished me from the Treasury department of our +National Government, exhibiting the quantity and value of cigars and +snuff, exported from and imported into the United States, annually, from +1st October, 1820 to 30th September, 1832, it appears that the value of +cigars imported into the United States in 1821, was $113,601. In 1827 it +was $174,931. In 1832 it was $473,134; while from the same document it +appears that the value of cigars exported, in each of those years, was +about one quarter the value of imports. + +Hence it appears that, in 1832, about half a million of dollars were +paid for imported cigars; while in 1821, only $113,601 were paid; being +more than a four-fold increase in eleven years. Whether there has been a +corresponding increase in the value of domestic cigars consumed, I have +no means of determining. From the fact of so prodigious an increase of +imported cigars, I am led to fear that the evil of cigar smoking has +increased in this country within ten years, far more rapidly than the +increase of population. From this treasury document, it appears also, +that in 1824, the value of unmanufactured tobacco exported from the +United States, was + + $4,855,566 + Of manufactured tobacco, the value was 2,477,990 + Of snuff, 203,789 + ---------- + Making a total of $7,537,345 + +In 1832, the value of unmanufactured tobacco exported, + was $5,999,769 + Of manufactured tobacco, 3,456,071 + Of snuff, 295,771 + ---------- + Making a total of $9,751,611 + for 1832, and an increase from the year 1824, of $2,214,266 + +Whether the quantity consumed in this country equals the quantity +exported, or exceeds that quantity, I have no data enabling me to give a +definite answer. But from the fact that large quantities of tobacco are +raised in various other parts of the world, for foreign consumption; and +from the fact that the people of this country are, above all other +people under the sun, a chewing, smoking, snuffing people; I have very +little doubt that the amount used in this country is double that +exported. If so, the sum total paid annually, for this vile weed, in +this christian country, is $19,503,222. But as I wish in this +examination, to put the estimate _below_ rather than _above_ the truth, +I will set down the value of tobacco, cigars, and snuff, consumed +annually in this nation, as equal to the amount exported; that is, in +round numbers, $10,000,000. + +That this is a very _low_ estimate, will appear by another conclusive +calculation. + +According to the census of 1830, the population of the U. States, over +twenty years of age, is about six millions. Suppose one in four of our +adult population, use tobacco in some form; (and this is a very moderate +supposition,) it gives one million, five hundred thousand: and suppose +one in twelve of those who have not reached the age of twenty, use it; +it gives five hundred thousand more: making a total of two millions--or +one sixth of our population--who use tobacco in some form. + +Now suppose the expense to the consumers of this noxious drug, varies +according to the quantity, and mode of using it. The expense to some is +two dollars a year, to some it is five, and to others ten, twenty, and +even fifty dollars a year. A laboring man, of my acquaintance, who did +not use tobacco extravagantly, and only by chewing, told me that it cost +him five dollars a year. A young lady of my acquaintance, says her snuff +costs eight dollars a year. If a man pay three cents a day for cigars, +it amounts to ten dollars, ninety-five cents a year. If he pay six +cents, it amounts to twenty-one dollars, ninety cents a year. If he pay +twelve and a half cents, it amounts to forty-four dollars, sixty-two +cents a year. + +It is the opinion of good judges, that very many, who smoke freely and +use Spanish cigars, pay more than fifty dollars a year for this foolish +gratification. + +King James, in his "Counterblast," says, "Some of the gentry of this +land, bestow three, some four hundred pounds a year, upon this precious +stink." + +It will certainly be a moderate calculation to put down one quarter of +the consumers at two dollars a year,--one quarter at five,--one quarter +at eight,--and one quarter at ten dollars a year. Then the several items +will stand thus:-- + + Half a million at two dollars, is $1,000,000 + Half a million at five dollars, is 2,500,000 + Half a million at eight dollars, is 4,000,000 + Half a million at ten dollars, is 5,000,000 + _________ + Total, $12,500,000. + +Again: the amount of tobacco annually consumed in France, as appears +from authentic documents, is about seven millions of pounds; which is +about one pound to every four persons. The amount annually consumed in +England, as appears from authentic documents, is about seventeen +millions; which is about one pound to every man, woman and child, in +that nation.[A] In the United States, probably there are eight times as +much used as in France, and three times as much as in England, in +proportion to our population. If so, the quantity used in this country +cannot fall short of thirty-five millions of pounds;[B] which, at thirty +cents a pound, amounts to ten and a half millions of dollars; not +including cigars and snuff, which cost half as much more; making the +total sum fifteen and three fourths millions of dollars. And this +enormous sum is doubtless _below_ what the article actually cost the +consumers. + +[A] The tobacco imported and used for home consumption in Great Britain +and Ireland in 1832, amounted to 20,313,651 pounds--the duty on which +was 15,300,000 dollars. + +[B] 1,765,000 pounds of tobacco passed up the Erie Canal in seven and a +half months in 1834. + +From these _three_ results, we believe there cannot be a doubt that the +actual expense of tobacco, in its various forms, to the consumers in +this country, may safely be set down at _ten millions of dollars a +year_. + +The amount of _time_ lost by the consumers of tobacco, is another item +of no inconsiderable moment. Some spend two, three, and four hours a day +in this vile indulgence. To all who use the article, in any way, it +occasions the loss of more or less time. If we put down the average +amount at half an hour a day; and reckon the time thus lost at four +cents an hour, it will amount--not reckoning Sabbaths--to six dollars, +twenty-six cents a year, for each individual; which, for the whole +company of consumers, is an amount of $12,520,000. + +The _pauperism_ which tobacco occasions, is another fearful item. +Multitudes who are scarcely able to procure the necessaries of life, +will shift, by sacrificing health and comfort, to procure the daily +_quantum sufficit_ of tobacco. Many very poor families use tobacco, in +all ways. Now suppose a poor family use twenty-five cents' worth of +tobacco a week; it will amount to twelve dollars fifty cents a +year,--and in fifty years, reckoning principal and interest, it will +amount to three thousand five hundred and fifty-two dollars. + +Just look at this tax for snuff and tobacco, in a single aspect more. +Many think it will make _no_ man the poorer, to pay six cents a day for +this indulgence. It will make _every_ man the poorer. Let any young +mechanic, or farmer, or merchant, consume six and a quarter cents' worth +of this drug a day--beginning at twenty years of age, and continuing +until he is sixty years old--and the sum total, reckoning principal and +interest, will amount, in these forty years, to three thousand five +hundred and twenty-nine dollars, thirty-six cents. + +If the _cost_ of tobacco,--the _neglect of business_ which it +occasions,--the expense of the _pipes_ and the _boxes_, and the various +_apparatus_ which the use of it involves,--and the _intoxication_ to +which it leads,--all be reckoned up, the amount of _pauperism_ which +this weed brings upon the nation, cannot be less than one quarter of the +sum total of all our pauperism. And the sum total of the pauperism in +this nation, has been shown, again and again, to be not less than twelve +millions of dollars, annually. Hence the pauper tax, occasioned by the +use of tobacco, may be set down at three millions of dollars, annually. + + Here we have, then, the _expense_ of tobacco, $10,000,000 + The _time_ lost by the use of it, $12,520,000 + The _pauper tax_ which it occasions, $3,000,000 + ___________ + Total, $25,520,000 + +To this sum should be added one-tenth of the waste of property, which +strong drink occasions; inasmuch as one-tenth of the rum-drinking must +be charged to tobacco. Now, it has been estimated that the whole cost of +strong drink used annually, in this country, amounts to one hundred and +twenty-five millions of dollars; a tenth of which is twelve and a half +millions of dollars. If this tithe be added to the above estimate, it +will make the sum total thirty-eight and a half millions. But as I +intend my estimates shall be _moderate_, I will say nothing of the waste +of property which tobacco occasions in connection with strong drink. I +will put down the sum total as above twenty-five millions of dollars. + +Twenty-five millions of dollars, consumed by the use of tobacco, in this +Christian nation, annually; and not a little of it by professors of +religion, and ministers of the gospel, who are required by their Lord +and Master to deny themselves,--to take up their cross,--to let their +light shine before men, that they may see their good works, and glorify +our Father in heaven. Nearly the whole of this twenty-five millions of +dollars is a _dead loss_ to the nation; yes, it is infinitely _worse_ +than a dead loss; it not only does no good, but it actually goes to make +fools and beggars, idlers and sots,--to purchase dyspepsia, early graves +and everlasting shame. And what would this vast amount of property +accomplish, if saved and devoted to useful purposes. + +Twenty-five millions of dollars annually, if applied to the improvement +of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, and to the advancement of +the arts, sciences, and true religion, would accomplish everything for +this nation, that the enlightened patriot and true Christian can ask +for. + +Twenty-five millions of dollars, annually, would soon furnish canals, +and rail-roads, and all other desirable facilities for +intercommunication throughout the nation. Twenty-five millions of +dollars, annually, would sustain all our colleges, academies and other +schools, and all the religious and benevolent institutions of this whole +country. It would rear seminaries of learning in every State where they +are needed; and it would plant a Sabbath school, with a sufficient +library in every school district. + +Twenty-five millions of dollars, annually, if applied in all feasible +and suitable ways, would give freedom, with all the blessings of +Christianity to the colored race in our own country, and throughout the +continent of Africa in a very few years: and would terminate slavery and +the slave-trade in every part of the world. + +Twenty-five millions of dollars annually, would send forth to the +nations now perishing in heathen darkness, ten thousand missionaries, +and five millions of tracts, every year, provided the men could be +found. + +Twenty-five millions of dollars, annually, would, in five years, furnish +all the money necessary to carry into complete execution, that noble +purpose of the American Bible Society, of giving a copy of the Bible, +within a specified time, to every accessible family on the earth. And +what friend of man is there among us,--what patriot is there,--what +Christian is there,--who can look at these truths, and not make up his +mind to abandon all use of tobacco, _forever_; and to exert the whole +weight of his influence and example to persuade others to do the same? + +I am aware, indeed, that it may be said, if the whole company of +tobacco-chewers, smokers, and snuffers, should at once abandon all use +of this weed, and thus withdraw their whole patronage, this twenty-five +millions of dollars, which now gives wealth to many a man engaged in +growing, manufacturing, and vending the poison, would be so much capital +unemployed; and the means of living would be cut off from many a +family,--and bankruptcy, and wretchedness would be the consequent +portion of many an individual. This may be true. And it may be true, +too, that the like consequences would follow the universal abandonment +of intoxicating liquors. But what then? Shall one sixth part of the +nation continue to use this poison, because, forsooth, the _producers_ +and _venders_ of it will lose their profits if it be abandoned? Shall +the _intellect_, and _health_, and _comfort_, and _wealth_, and _lives_ +of hundreds and thousands of our fellow citizens, be sacrificed yearly; +and widows and orphans be multiplied by scores and fifties, in every +section of this wide-spreading country; and one of the prominent +auxiliaries of _intemperance_,--and consequently of _crime_, and +_insanity_, and _eternal woe_--be cherished; and twenty-five millions of +dollars be _wasted_, and worse than wasted; and all this, that the +_producers_ and _venders_ may feed and fatten on the gains? This +objection lies equally against the temperance reform and every other +reform, where cupidity and avarice are involved. + +As to the producers, it is affirmed on good authority, that hemp and +corn, and other useful articles may be substituted without loss, and +even with advantage. As to the venders, their capital may all be +profitably employed upon valuable merchandise, without damage. But if it +were not so; where _health_, _life_, and _happiness_ are involved, no +good man can hesitate. The path of duty is plain. We are bound to walk +in it, even though it run counter to the gains of those engaged in +unlawful commerce. + +I maintain my position, + +VI. From a consideration of the _mortality_ which tobacco occasions. + +Some of my readers may be startled at this consideration. They may not +have dreamed, even, that tobacco _kills_ any body. So insidious are the +effects of this poison, and so insensible have the community been to its +abominations, that very few have regarded the use of tobacco as the +cause of swelling our bills of mortality. But though appalling, it is +nevertheless true, that tobacco carries vast multitudes to the grave, +all over our country, every year. Says Dr. Salmon, "I am confident more +people have died of apoplexies, since the use of snuff in one year, than +have died of that disease in an hundred years before; and most, if not +all, whom I have observed to die, of late of that disease, were extreme +and constant snuff-takers." The late Rev. Dr. Samuel Cooper, of Boston, +by constant use of snuff, brought on a disorder of the head, which was +thought to have ended his days. A very large quantity of hardened Scotch +snuff was found, by a _post mortem_ examination, between the external +nose and the brain. The late Gov. Sullivan, speaking of Gov. Hancock, +the early President of Congress, says, "Gov. Hancock was an immoderate +chewer of tobacco; but being a well-bred man, and a perfect gentleman, +he, from a sense of decorum, refrained from spitting in company, or in +well-dressed rooms. This produced the habit of swallowing the juice of +the tobacco, the consequence of which was, his stomach became inactive, +and a natural appetite seldom returned; the agreeable sensations of +hunger could not be experienced but by the use of stimulants, to satisfy +which he swallowed more food than his digestive powers could dispose of. +This derangement in chylification increased his gout, his stomach became +paralytic, and he died at the age of fifty-eight." + +Again, says Governor Sullivan, "My own brother, the active General +Sullivan, began early in life to take snuff. It injured essentially a +fine voice which he possessed as a public speaker. When he was an +officer in the American army, he carried his snuff loose in his pocket. +He said he did this because the opening of a snuff-box in the field of +review, or on the field of battle, was inconvenient. At times he had +violent pains in the head; the intervals grew shorter and shorter, and +the returns more violent, when his sufferings ended in a stroke of +palsy, which rendered him insensible to pain, made him helpless and +miserable, and lodged him in the grave before he was fifty years of age; +and I have no doubt [says the Governor,] but all this sprung from the +use of snuff." He adds, "I have known some persons live to old age, in +the extravagant use of tobacco; but they bear a small proportion to +those who, by the habit of using tobacco, have been swept into the grave +in _early_ or _middle_ life." + +Professor Silliman mentions two affecting cases of young men, in the +Institution with which he is connected, who were carried to an early +grave by tobacco. One of them, he says, entered college with an athletic +frame; but he acquired the habit of using tobacco, and would sit and +smoke by the hour together. His friends tried to persuade him to quit +the practice; but he loved his lust, and would have it, live or die: the +consequence was, he went down to the grave, a suicide. + +One of the German periodicals says, the chief German physiologists +compute, that of twenty deaths of men between eighteen and twenty-five, +ten, that is, one half, originate in the waste of the constitution by +smoking. They declare, also, with much truth, that tobacco burns out the +_blood_, the _teeth_, the _eyes_, and the _brain_. + +To this unequivocal testimony, which is confirmed by the observation of +every intelligent person who has turned his attention to this matter, +much more might be added; but it is unnecessary. How large a proportion +of the twenty thousand deaths--reckoning one death to a hundred +souls--which occur annually, among the two millions of tobacco consumers +in this country, are to be charged to the use of this deadly narcotic, I +am unable definitely to determine. If we suppose one quarter of these +deaths to be caused by tobacco, it will give us the number of five +thousand. Five thousand deaths in these United States, every year from +the use of tobacco! and this is doubtless far below the actual number. +Five thousand valuable lives sacrificed in this enlightened land, +annually, in the use of a dirty plant, that no living creature, except +man and the tobacco worm, will touch, or taste, or handle. Five thousand +men and women carried to the grave, yearly, by a poisonous weed, which +does _no good_, and which, for filthiness and disgust, scarcely has its +parallel in the whole vegetable kingdom. Is there a _Christian_,--is +there a _patriot_,--is there a _friend_ of humanity,--is there an +_individual_, that values his own probationary existence,--who can look +at the sweeping mortality which tobacco brings upon the nation, and +longer indulge his attachment to his quid, his pipe or his snuff-box? Is +there one who will pause and look at this matter, and not resolve that +he will, _forthwith_, _entirely_, and _forever_, abandon a practice +which does so much to people the grave? + +I maintain my position, + +VII.--From a consideration of the _apologies_ of the lovers of tobacco. + +I call them _apologies_. They cannot be considered _reasons_. Almost +every lover of the dirty weed, feels that he needs an apology. One will +tell us he has a cold, watery stomach, and he thinks that tobacco, by +promoting expectoration, relieves the difficulty. Another will tell us +he is very much troubled with indigestion, and he thinks tobacco +relieves the difficulty; though, in truth, tobacco is the very worst +drug he could use to relieve that disease, and is among the primordial +causes of inducing it. Another will tell us that he is afflicted with +the rising of his food after eating, and he thinks tobacco gives +immediate relief; not suspecting, perhaps, that this rising of the food +is occasioned by over eating. Another will tell us he has a distressing +difficulty in the head, and brain, and he thinks a little good Scotch +snuff affords relief; as though the filling the pores, and cavities of +the head, and clogging up the brain, with this dirty stuff, would remove +a disease which in most cases it originates. + +Others use tobacco to preserve the teeth; and this, though it is a +solemn truth, that many a one loses his teeth by smoking and chewing +the poisonous plant. Others, again, use tobacco to excite the mind to +more vigorous intellectual effort. But when and where do we find great +lovers of tobacco great students, and intellectual giants? Dr. Rush +says, "I suspect tobacco is oftener used for the _want_ of ideas, than +to excite them." There are some whose apology for using tobacco is, that +it guards them against the power of contagious diseases. But Dr. Rees +affirms that tobacco does not contain an antidote against contagion, and +that, in general, it has no antiseptic power; and is therefore of no +special use. There is another class still, who use tobacco because it +soothes the irksomeness of life. They fear solitude; and to prevent +self-examination, and to while away their probation time, they fly to +the _pipe_, _quid_, and _snuff-box_; and soon, by an easy transition, to +the wine-glass and brandy-bottle. + +These are the _usual apologies_ of the devotees to tobacco. And what do +they amount to? In truth, the common opinion that tobacco is good for +the head-ache,--weak eyes,--cold and watery stomachs,--the preservation +of the teeth,--and the like, is sheer delusion. Let every man and woman, +who would live long, and usefully, and happily, awake from this +delusion; and let no one, as he values health, life, and salvation, +_taste_, _touch_, or _handle_, the filthy poison. + +I maintain my position, + +VIII, AND LASTLY.--From a consideration of the _eternal ruin_ which +tobacco occasions. On this point, a word or two only, will suffice. That +tobacco carries many a soul down to the pit of eternal woe, is manifest +from its connection with drunkenness, and from its inducing disease and +death. Every man who dies a drunkard, and every man who, knowingly and +recklessly, brings upon himself disease and death through the influence +of tobacco, is a _suicide_. And drunkards and suicides cannot inherit +the kingdom of God. How many will at last, ascribe their eternal ruin to +alcohol and tobacco, cannot now be told. + +That it will be a great multitude, (perhaps a great multitude which no +man can number,) we have no reason to doubt. + +What then, I ask, _ought_ to be _done_? What _can_ be done? What _must_ +be done? If this poisonous narcotic be of _recent_ origin; if it be +ruinous to the _health_ and _constitution_, and _intellect_, and +_public_ and _private morals_; if it occasions an amazing _waste of +property_,--and a multitude of _deaths_,--and _eternal ruin_ to many +precious souls; and if it do no good,--and there be no _apology_ for +using it, which will bear examination; then _something ought to be +done_, and it ought to be done _immediately_. And, _only one_ thing need +be done. And that _can_ be done, and it ought to be done. It is +this:--_tobacco can be abandoned_. And if moral influence enough can be +enlisted, it _will_ be abandoned. + +TOTAL ABSTINENCE is the only sure remedy. TOTAL ABSTINENCE will deliver +us from all the evils which this weed has brought down upon individuals +and families, and the nation.--Nothing else will do it. And total +abstinence can be adopted and practiced. True; in some cases, it may +cost an _effort_; but, in every instance, three weeks' perseverance will +overcome the habit. Three weeks' _total abstinence_, will disenthrall +every victim, and give him the prospect of _freedom_, _plenty_, +_health_, and _happiness_. And shall this effort be made? A _mighty_ +effort it must be, to liberate and save this whole nation--and +especially our young men and maidens--from the curses of the _quid_, the +_pipe_, and the _snuff-box_. + +I appeal to my fellow citizens. I appeal to the _nation_, and the _whole +nation_. _Shall_ the effort be made? + +I appeal to _patriots_. Patriotism forbids the man who loves his +country, to shrink from any personal sacrifice, if he can thereby arrest +some great national evil. That the use of tobacco is a great national +evil, appears from the considerations which have been laid before you. +It has been shown that tobacco is weakening the physical and mental +energies of this nation,--that it is depraving our morals, and +destroying the public conscience,--and that it is causing an amazing +waste of property, and health and life. I ask every patriot to look at +this portentous evil. Every true patriot, who will examine the length, +breadth, and depth of this evil, cannot but feel that it claims his +attention. And he will enquire what efforts, what sacrifices, can +deliver us from the curses of this narcotic? The answer to this inquiry +is an _easy_ answer,--the effort is an _easy_ effort,--the sacrifice is +an _easy_ sacrifice. Let every true patriot in our country abstain from +the poison, _immediately_, _entirely_, and _forever_; and let him use +the whole weight of his influence and example to persuade others--and +especially the young men and maidens of this republic--to practice +entire abstinence; and the work will soon be done. We put the question +to every true patriot: _will you do it_? + +I appeal to _Christians_. Your religion requires you to abstain from the +very appearance of evil. It requires you to deny yourselves, to take up +your cross, and to follow Christ through evil, as well as through good +report. Is there no appearance of evil, in the use of tobacco? Can the +Christian deny himself and follow Christ, with the quid, or pipe in his +mouth, or the contents of the snuff-box in his nose? If Christ himself, +were here on earth, in this age of action, when six hundred millions of +men, for whom he died, are perishing for lack of vision--think you he +would waste a single cent of _property_, or a single moment of _time_, +or a single ounce of health and mental energy, in the habitual use of +this narcotic? Would he _handle_, _touch_, or _taste_, the poison? And +will _you_, whose names are written in his book,--_you_, who have been +bought with his blood, and sanctified through his grace, and made heirs +of all the riches of his kingdom,--_you_, whom he requires to be +_examples_ in all things,--will you _handle_, or _touch_ or _taste_ it? +Let every Christian in our country, abstain from this poison, +_immediately_, _entirely_, and _forever_; and let him use the whole +weight of his influence and example, to persuade others to practice +_entire abstinence_; and this work of reform will soon be done. We put +the question to every true Christian: _will you do it_? + +I appeal to the _youth_ of both sexes. You are the flower and the hope +not only of this nation, but of all nations struggling for freedom. The +destinies of this republic are about being placed, under God, in your +hands; and inasmuch as all the friends of freedom, everywhere, are +looking up to our institutions for light and aid, the destinies of the +world will rest with a mightier weight of responsibility upon your +shoulders, than upon any other generation that has come forth upon the +stage of action, for twenty centuries. The importance of sound and +enlightened principles--of pure and elevated examples, and independent +and decided action in _you_, is above all estimation. You are placed in +the moral Thermopylæ of the world. The evils arising from _alcohol_ and +_tobacco_, which you have it in your power to avert from your country, +are more dreadful than the invasion of Xerxes with his millions. The +cause of moral reform, in the use of the latter of these articles, which +we urge upon you with deepest and sincerest solicitude, is far more +urgent than that in which the Bruti and the Gracchi offered up their +lives. Some of you have not yet handled or tasted the fatal drug. Let +all such stand firm henceforward, and never yield to the power of +custom, temptation and lust. Some of you, on the other hand, have +permitted yourselves to become the victims of this drug. Let all such be +urged by the voice of patriotism, religion, self-respect, reason, +conscience, and duty, to _abstain_ from this poison, _immediately_, +_entirely_, and _forever_. And then every young man, and every young +woman, in the republic, shall be free from all the calamities attending +the use of this narcotic; and love, and peace, and joy, will run through +the land, and flow over the world. We put the question to every youth: +_will you do it_? + +I appeal to the _friends of temperance_. You have enlisted your energies +to expel intoxicating drinks from common use throughout the world. Go +on, and prosper. But, as you go, remember, that complete success will +not crown your exertions unless you are consistent,--unless you abandon +all use of tobacco, the companion and sister of alcohol. As you go forth +to the noble work you have undertaken, you will be met at every corner, +with the declaration of A. B. and C., _I_ am ready to abstain from +alcohol when _you_ do from tobacco; and how effectually will this +declaration shut your mouth, and destroy your influence. Be +_consistent_. Carry your principles into _all_ your evil habits, and a +moral potency will be diffused through what you say and do, that nothing +can resist. We put the question to every friend of temperance: _will you +do it_? + +I appeal to American _females_. As mothers, wives and daughters, you +have it in your power (without turning aside from your appropriate +duties) to put an end to the use of this disgusting weed. The children +and youth of this nation, to say nothing of the young men and fathers, +are almost exclusively under your control; and may be moulded at your +pleasure. You know how _filthy_, _disgusting_, _ruinous_, is the +practice against which we ask you to set your faces. Only practice +ENTIRE ABSTINENCE yourselves, and urge this practice upon all within +your reach; and in less than twenty years, this reformation will be +completed. We put the question to every mother, wife, daughter: _will +you do it_? + +I appeal to the _medical_ profession. You are the guardians of the +health of the republic. You are acquainted with the deadly properties of +the drug in question. You can understand the necessity, and appreciate +the importance of reform. You know that _entire abstinence_ is urged by +paramount considerations. In the work of reform from spirit-drinking, +you have acted in a manner that reflects honor upon your profession. In +the work of reform now urged upon your notice, we calculate upon your +active, hearty co-operation. If you put your hand to this work, by +_precept_, and by _example_; if you abstain _entirely_, and _forever_, +from all use of this plant, and inculcate entire abstinence, as you have +opportunity; the work which now bespeaks your attention will soon be +done. We put the question to every medical man: _will you do it_? + +Finally--I appeal to _ministers_ of the Gospel. You are stationed on the +watch-towers of Zion, as guardians of the public morals. Against every +abomination your great Master requires you to cry aloud and spare not; +to lift up your voice like a trumpet; to show the people their +transgressions, and the house of Jacob their sins. He requires you to be +_examples_ to the flock, in all things, that, while + + "You allure to brighter worlds," + +you "may lead the way." I ask you to look at the influence of tobacco +upon the _health_, _wealth_, _morals_, and _lives_ of this republic; and +then to decide, as in the fear of God, whether the blood of souls may +not be found on your garments, if you do not _abstain_ yourselves from +all common use of this drug, and warn every man around you to do +likewise.[A] Suffer us to point you to Him who went about doing good, +and pleased not himself, and set a pure and perfect example in +everything; and also to that early servant of his, who would abstain +from things good and lawful, rather than prejudice the interests of +Zion. What reception would the Apostles have met, when they went about +to enlighten and reform the world, if they had carried with them their +_snuff-boxes_, _pipes_, _cigars_, and _pig-tail_ tobacco? But a word to +the wise is sufficient. Let all who minister in holy things, abstain +from this poison, immediately, entirely, and forever; and let them use +the whole weight of their influence, and example, to persuade +others--and especially our youth--to practice entire abstinence; and +this good work will soon be done. We put the question to every minister +of Christ: _will you do it_? + +[A] Says a distinguished correspondent--the most efficient officer of +one of our benevolent institutions, "Not long since a clergyman called +on me as agent for one of the most popular Societies for spreading the +knowledge of Christ crucified throughout the world: his breath was +intolerable, and the tobacco juice had formed a current from each corner +of his mouth downward. I need not describe to you my feelings at this +exhibition." + + + + +JUST PUBLISHED. + + +"Facts and Important Information from distinguished Physicians and other +sources." Fourth Edition. Published by Geo. Gregory. For sale by D. S. +King, 1 Cornhill, Jordan & Co., 121 Washington St., Boston--John S. +Taylor, 145 Nassau St., N. Y.--Wm. Aplin, 65 South Main Street, +Providence. + +Price--12 1-2 cts. single, $1 per dozen, $8 a hundred, and $7 a hundred, +by the thousand. All communications addressed, post paid, to either of +the sellers, and all orders accompanied with the cash, will receive +prompt attention. + +This little work relates to an important subject and it has met with a +remarkably favorable reception; as shown by the fact, that four +editions--_twenty thousand_ copies in all--have been published within +ten months; and the sale is rapidly increasing. + + +RECOMMENDATIONS. + +_The following highly valuable testimonials are from President_ EDWARDS, +_Professor_ STUART, _Rev. Dr._ WOODS, _and Professor_ EMERSON, _of the +Andover Theological Seminary_. + +Having read the FACTS, &c., I am satisfied that it is well adapted to do +good, and wish that it may have an extensive circulation among the youth +of our country. + + J. EDWARDS. + +_Andover, Aug. 16, 1841._ + + _Andover, 29th, July, 1841._ + +I have read a pamphlet entitled "FACTS, etc., from DISTINGUISHED +PHYSICIANS AND OTHER SOURCES," respecting a vice which is undermining +the health and happiness of many, and degrading them, in some respects, +below the brute creation. + +I think there is nothing in the manner of this pamphlet which can be +matter of just offence to any considerate mind. I am persuaded, that, +delicate as the task may be, the time has come when benevolence demands +that some effort should be made to enlighten the public mind on the +subject of which this pamphlet treats; and both the remarks of the +pamphlet, and the facts stated in it, seem to be well adapted for this +purpose. Most heartily do I wish success to that benevolence which is +willing to undertake a task so delicate and so difficult as this. + +It is time for those who love the purity, the well-being and the most +interesting relations of human society, to speak out upon a vice which +is dangerous in proportion to the secrecy and silence in which it has +been involved. + + We fully concur in the above. M. STUART. + L. WOODS. + R. EMERSON. + +Recommended by the Boston Recorder, Zion's Herald, and many other +papers; also by numerous clergymen, teachers, physicians, &c. + +Dr. Woodward, of the Worcester Hospital, has done much to expose this +solitary vice. He says no cause is more influential in producing +insanity. According to the Report of the Institution, for 1838, out of +199 patients, 42 are considered victims of masturbation. + + +RECOMMENDATIONS. + +_From President Humphrey, of Amherst College._ + + AMHERST COLLEGE, April 17, 1842. + +REV. ORIN FOWLER:--Rev. and Dear Sir--I thank you heartily for your +pamphlet, on the use of that vile narcotic, _tobacco_. It ought to be +the abhorring of all mankind, as it is of all other flesh; and the +extensive circulation of your timely and powerful antidote, cannot fail +of doing great good. The public in general have no idea of the enormous +expense of smoking and chewing in this country; much less of the waste +of health and life occasioned by it. I rejoice that your essay begins to +be loudly called for, and wish that as many copies might be circulated +as there are miserable slaves to the habit, which, next to alcoholic +drinking, is stupefying more brains, and probably shortening more lives +than any other. + + Very sincerely and affectionately yours, + H. HUMPHREY. + + +_From Rev. M. Tucker, D. D._ + +PROVIDENCE, April 30, 1842. + +I have read with interest the Rev. Orin Fowler's Essay on the evils of +the use of Tobacco. A perusal cannot fail to convince every candid mind. +The use of tobacco in most cases is an evil. The subject is ably +discussed in this essay. The arguments are sound, the facts abundant, +and the conclusions fair and forcible. They who can resist such appeals +must be slaves indeed. I shall rejoice in its wide circulation. + + M. TUCKER. + + +_From Edward C. Delevan_. + +E. C. Delevan, former Secretary of the New York State Temperance +Society, says, in a letter to the author--"The subject of your Essay is +one of immense importance to the world and to the temperance cause. The +use of this vile weed has been the medium of forming the appetite for +strong drink, and ultimately destroying thousands of the most promising +youth of our country. You will hardly ever meet with an intemperate +person without finding him addicted to the use of tobacco. The public +only want light on this important subject, to act. Your able and +convincing Disquisition will be the means of doing much good. I hope +funds will be provided to furnish a copy to each clergyman in the United +States. Send me one thousand copies of the second edition, as soon as it +is from the press." + +For other recommendations, see 7th and 8th pages. + +PRICE.--12 1-2 single, $1 per dozen, $8 a hundred, and $7 a hundred by +the thousand. + +The co-operation of Societies, and of benevolent individuals, is +earnestly requested, in this important reform. Young men are invited to +engage in circulating this work. + +All communications addressed post paid, to either of the Booksellers +named on the cover; and all orders accompanied with the cash, will +receive prompt attention. + + ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| Transcriber's Note | +| Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as | +| possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other | +| inconsistencies. | +| | +| Minor punctuation and printing errors have been corrected. | ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Disquisition on the Evils of Using +Tobacco, by Orin Fowler + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EVILS OF TOBACCO *** + +***** This file should be named 24366-8.txt or 24366-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/3/6/24366/ + +Produced by David Garcia, Joe Longo and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Kentuckiana Digital Library) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |