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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Conquest of the Old Southwest, by Archibald Henderson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: The Conquest of the Old Southwest
+       The Romantic Story of the Early Pioneers into Virginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Kentucky, 1740-1790
+
+Author: Archibald Henderson
+
+Release Date: November, 2000 [eBook #2390]
+[Most recently updated: March 31, 2023]
+
+Language: English
+
+Produced by: Dianne Bean, Robert Homa and Al Haines
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONQUEST OF THE OLD SOUTHWEST ***
+
+
+
+
+THE CONQUEST OF THE OLD SOUTHWEST:
+
+THE ROMANTIC STORY OF THE EARLY PIONEERS INTO VIRGINIA,
+THE CAROLINAS, TENNESSEE, AND KENTUCKY 1740-1790
+
+
+
+BY
+ARCHIBALD HENDERSON, Ph.D., D.C.L.
+
+Some to endure and many to fail,
+Some to conquer and many to quail
+Toiling over the Wilderness Trail.
+
+
+
+NEW YORK
+THE CENTURY CO.
+1920
+
+
+
+TO THE HISTORIAN OF
+OLD WEST AND NEW WEST
+FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER
+WITH ADMIRATION AND REGARD
+
+
+
+The country might invite a prince from his palace, merely for the
+pleasure of contemplating its beauty and excellence; but only add the
+rapturous idea of property, and what allurements can the world offer for
+the loss of so glorious a prospect?
+
+--Richard Henderson.
+
+The established Authority of any government in America, and the policy
+of Government at home, are both insufficient to restrain the
+Americans.... They acquire no attachment to Place: But wandering about
+Seems engrafted in their Nature; and it is a weakness incident to it,
+that they Should for ever immagine the Lands further off, are Still
+better than those upon which they are already settled.
+
+--Lord Dunmore,
+to the Earl of Dartmouth.
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+The romantic and thrilling story of the southward and westward migration
+of successive waves of transplanted European peoples throughout the
+entire course of the eighteenth century is the history of the growth and
+evolution of American democracy. Upon the American continent was wrought
+out, through almost superhuman daring, incredible hardship, and
+surpassing endurance, the formation of a new society. The European
+rudely confronted with the pitiless conditions of the wilderness soon
+discovered that his maintenance, indeed his existence, was conditioned
+upon his individual efficiency and his resourcefulness in adapting
+himself to his environment. The very history of the human race, from the
+age of primitive man to the modern era of enlightened civilization, is
+traversed in the Old Southwest throughout the course of half a century.
+
+A series of dissolving views thrown upon the screen, picturing the
+successive episodes in the history of a single family as it wended its
+way southward along the eastern valleys, resolutely repulsed the sudden
+attack of the Indians, toiled painfully up the granite slopes of the
+Appalachians, and pitched down into the transmontane wilderness upon the
+western waters, would give to the spectator a vivid conception, in
+miniature, of the westward movement. But certain basic elements in the
+grand procession, revealed to the sociologist and the economist, would
+perhaps escape his scrutiny. Back of the individual, back of the family,
+even, lurk the creative and formative impulses of colonization,
+expansion, and government. In the recognition of these social and
+economic tendencies the individual merges into the group; the group into
+the community; the community into a new society. In this clear
+perspective of historic development the spectacular hero at first sight
+seems to diminish; but the mass, the movement, the social force which he
+epitomizes and interprets, gain in impressiveness and dignity. [1]
+
+As the irresistible tide of migratory peoples swept ever southward and
+westward, seeking room for expansion and economic independence, a series
+of frontiers was gradually thrust out toward the wilderness in
+successive waves of irregular indentation. The true leader in this
+westward advance, to whom less than his deserts has been accorded by the
+historian, is the drab and mercenary trader with the Indians. The story
+of his enterprise and of his adventures begins with the planting of
+European civilization upon American soil. In the mind of the aborigines
+he created the passion for the fruits, both good and evil, of the white
+man's civilization, and he was welcomed by the Indian because he also
+brought the means for repelling the further advance of that
+civilization. The trader was of incalculable service to the pioneer in
+first spying out the land and charting the trackless wilderness. The
+trail rudely marked by the buffalo became in time the Indian path and
+the trader's "trace"; and the pioneers upon the westward march,
+following the line of least resistance, cut out their roads along these
+very routes. It is not too much to say that had it not been for the
+trader--brave, hardy, and adventurous however often crafty,
+unscrupulous, and immoral--the expansionist movement upon the American
+continent would have been greatly retarded.
+
+So scattered and ramified were the enterprises and expeditions of the
+traders with the Indians that the frontier which they established was at
+best both shifting and unstable. Following far in the wake of these
+advance agents of the civilization which they so often disgraced, came
+the cattle-herder or rancher, who took advantage of the extensive
+pastures and ranges along the uplands and foot-hills to raise immense
+herds of cattle. Thus was formed what might be called a rancher's
+frontier, thrust out in advance of the ordinary farming settlements and
+serving as the first serious barrier against the Indian invasion. The
+westward movement of population is in this respect a direct advance from
+the coast. Years before the influx into the Old Southwest of the tides
+of settlement from the northeast, the more adventurous struck straight
+westward in the wake of the fur-trader, and here and there erected the
+cattle-ranges beyond the farming frontier of the piedmont region. The
+wild horses and cattle which roamed at will through the upland barrens
+and pea-vine pastures were herded in and driven for sale to the city
+markets of the East.
+
+The farming frontier of the piedmont plateau constituted the real
+backbone of western settlement. The pioneering farmers, with the
+adventurous instincts of the hunter and the explorer, plunged deeper and
+ever deeper into the wilderness, lured on by the prospect of free and
+still richer lands in the dim interior. Settlements quickly sprang up in
+the neighborhood of military posts or rude forts established to serve as
+safeguards against hostile attack; and trade soon flourished between
+these settlements and the eastern centers, following the trails of the
+trader and the more beaten paths of emigration. The bolder settlers who
+ventured farthest to the westward were held in communication with the
+East through their dependence upon salt and other necessities of life;
+and the search for salt-springs in the virgin wilderness was an
+inevitable consequence of the desire of the pioneer to shake off his
+dependence upon the coast.
+
+The prime determinative principle of the progressive American
+civilization of the eighteenth century was the passion for the
+acquisition of land. The struggle for economic independence developed
+the germ of American liberty and became the differentiating principle of
+American character. Here was a vast unappropriated region in the
+interior of the continent to be had for the seeking, which served as
+lure and inspiration to the man daring enough to risk his all in its
+acquisition. It was in accordance with human nature and the principles
+of political economy that this unknown extent of uninhabited
+transmontane land, widely renowned for beauty, richness, and fertility,
+should excite grandiose dreams in the minds of English and Colonials
+alike. England was said to be "New Land mad and everybody there has his
+eye fixed on this country." [2] Groups of wealthy or well-to-do
+individuals organized themselves into land companies for the
+colonization and exploitation of the West. The pioneer promoter was a
+powerful creative force in westward expansion; and the activities of the
+early land companies were decisive factors in the colonization of the
+wilderness. Whether acting under the authority of a crown grant or
+proceeding on their own authority, the land companies tended to give
+stability and permanence to settlements otherwise hazardous and
+insecure.
+
+The second determinative impulse of the pioneer civilization was
+wanderlust--the passionately inquisitive instinct of the hunter, the
+traveler, and the explorer. This restless class of nomadic wanderers was
+responsible in part for the royal proclamation of 1763, a secondary
+object of which, according to Edmund Burke, was the limitation of the
+colonies on the West, as "the charters of many of our old colonies give
+them, with few exceptions, no bounds to the westward but the South Sea."
+The Long Hunters, taking their lives in their hands, fared boldly forth
+to a fabled hunter's paradise in the far-away wilderness, because they
+were driven by the irresistible desire of a Ponce de Leon or a De Soto
+to find out the truth about the unknown lands beyond.
+
+But the hunter was not only thrilled with the passion of the chase and
+of discovery; he was intent also upon collecting the furs and skins of
+wild animals for lucrative barter and sale in the centers of trade. He
+was quick to make "tomahawk claims" and to assert "corn rights" as he
+spied out the rich virgin land for future location and cultivation. Free
+land and no taxes appealed to the backwoodsman, tired of paying
+quit-rents to the agents of wealthy lords across the sea. Thus the
+settler speedily followed in the hunter's wake. In his wake also went
+many rude and lawless characters of the border, horse thieves and
+criminals of different sorts, who sought to hide their delinquencies in
+the merciful liberality of the wilderness. For the most part, however,
+it was the salutary instinct of the home-builder--the man with the ax,
+who made a little clearing in the forest and built there a rude cabin
+that he bravely defended at all risks against continued assaults--which,
+in defiance of every restraint, irresistibly thrust westward the thin
+and jagged line of the frontier. The ax and the surveyor's chain, along
+with the rifle and the hunting-knife, constituted the armorial bearings
+of the pioneer. With individual as with corporation, with explorer as
+with landlord, land-hunger was the master impulse of the era.
+
+The various desires which stimulated and promoted westward expansion
+were, to be sure, often found in complete conjunction. The trader sought
+to exploit the Indian for his own advantage, selling him whisky,
+trinkets, and firearms in return for rich furs and costly peltries; yet
+he was often a hunter himself and collected great stores of peltries as
+the result of his solitary and protracted hunting-expeditions. The
+rancher and the herder sought to exploit the natural vegetation of marsh
+and upland, the cane-brakes and pea-vines; yet the constantly recurring
+need for fresh pasturage made him a pioneer also, drove him ever nearer
+to the mountains, and furnished the economic motive for his westward
+advance. The small farmer needed the virgin soil of the new region, the
+alluvial river-bottoms, and the open prairies, for the cultivation of
+his crops and the grazing of his cattle; yet in the intervals between
+the tasks of farm life he scoured the wilderness in search of game and
+spied out new lands for future settlement.
+
+This restless and nomadic race, says the keenly observant Francis Baily,
+"delight much to live on the frontiers, where they can enjoy
+undisturbed, and free from the control of any laws, the blessings which
+nature has bestowed upon them." [3] Independence of spirit, impatience
+of restraint, the inquisitive nature, and the nomadic temperament--these
+are the strains in the American character of the eighteenth century
+which ultimately blended to create a typical democracy. The rolling of
+wave after wave of settlement westward across the American continent,
+with a reversion to primitive conditions along the line of the farthest
+frontier, and a marked rise in the scale of civilization at each
+successive stage of settlement, from the western limit to the eastern
+coast, exemplifies from one aspect the history of the American people
+during two centuries. [4] This era, constituting the first stage in our
+national existence, and productive of a buoyant national character
+shaped in democracy upon a free soil, closed only yesterday with the
+exhaustion of cultivable free land, the disappearance of the last
+frontier, and the recent death of "Buffalo Bill". The splendid
+inauguration of the period, in the region of the Carolinas, Virginia,
+Tennessee, and Kentucky, during the second half of the eighteenth
+century, is the theme of this story of the pioneers of the Old
+Southwest.
+
+
+
+
+                         CONTENTS
+        Introduction
+I.      The Migration of the Peoples                      3
+II.     The Cradle of Westward Expansion                 19
+III.    The Back Country and the Border                  32
+IV.     The Indian War                                   49
+V.      In Defense of Civilization                       64
+VI.     Crushing the Cherokees                           78
+VII.    The Land Companies                               96
+VIII.   The Long Hunters in the Twilight Zone           116
+IX.     Daniel Boone and Wilderness Exploration         130
+X.      Daniel Boone in Kentucky                        144
+XI.     The Regulators                                  160
+XII.    Watauga--Haven of Liberty                       175
+XIII.   Opening the Gateway--Dunmore's War              196
+XIV.    Richard Henderson and the Transylvania Company 	216
+XV.     Transylvania--A Wilderness Commonwealth 	237
+XVI.    The Repulse of the Red Men                      252
+XVII.   The Colonization of the Cumberland              269
+XVIII.  King's Mountain                                 289
+XIX.    The State of Franklin                           306
+XX.     The Lure of Spain--The Haven of Statehood       327
+        List of Notes                                   351
+        Bibliographical Notes                           363
+        Index                                           371
+
+
+
+
+THE CONQUEST OF THE OLD SOUTHWEST
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+The Migration of the Peoples
+
+Inhabitants flock in here daily, mostly from Pensilvania and other parts
+of America, who are over-stocked with people and some directly from
+Europe, they commonly seat themselves towards the West, and have got
+near the mountains.
+
+--Gabriel Johnston, Governor of North Carolina, to the Secretary of the
+Board of Trade, February 15, 1751.
+
+At the opening of the eighteenth century the tide of population had
+swept inland to the "fall line," the westward boundary of the
+established settlements. The actual frontier had been advanced by the
+more aggressive pioneers to within fifty miles of the Blue Ridge. So
+rapid was the settlement in North Carolina that in the interval 1717-32
+the population quadrupled in numbers. A map of the colonial settlements
+in 1725 reveals a narrow strip of populated land along the Atlantic
+coast, of irregular indentation, with occasional isolated nuclei of
+settlements further in the interior. The civilization thus established
+continued to maintain a close and unbroken communication with England
+and the Continent. As long as the settlers, for economic reasons, clung
+to the coast, they reacted but slowly to the transforming influences of
+the frontier. Within a triangle of continental altitude with its apex in
+New England, bounded on the east by the Atlantic, and on the west by the
+Appalachian range, lay the settlements, divided into two
+zones--tidewater and piedmont. As no break occurred in the great
+mountain system south of the Hudson and Mohawk valleys, the difficulties
+of cutting a passage through the towering wall of living green long
+proved an effective obstacle to the crossing of the grim mountain
+barrier.
+
+In the beginning the settlements gradually extended westward from the
+coast in irregular outline, the indentations taking form around such
+natural centers of attraction as areas of fertile soil, frontier posts,
+mines, salt-springs, and stretches of upland favorable for grazing.
+After a time a second advance of settlement was begun in New Jersey,
+Pennsylvania, and Maryland, running in a southwesterly direction along
+the broad terraces to the east of the Appalachian Range, which in North
+Carolina lies as far as two hundred and fifty miles from the sea. The
+Blue Ridge in Virginia and a belt of pine barrens in North Carolina were
+hindrances to this advance, but did not entirely check it. This second
+streaming of the population thrust into the long, narrow wedge of the
+piedmont zone a class of people differing in spirit and in tendency from
+their more aristocratic and complacent neighbors to the east.
+
+These settlers of the Valley of Virginia and the North Carolina piedmont
+region--English, Scotch-Irish, Germans, Scotch, Irish, Welsh, and a few
+French--were the first pioneers of the Old Southwest. From the joint
+efforts of two strata of population, geographically, socially, and
+economically distinct--tidewater and piedmont, Old South and New
+South--originated and flowered the third and greatest movement of
+westward expansion, opening with the surmounting of the mountain barrier
+and ending in the occupation and assumption of the vast medial valley of
+the continent.
+
+Synchronous with the founding of Jamestown in Virginia, significantly
+enough, was the first planting of Ulster with the English and Scotch.
+Emigrants from the Scotch Lowlands, sometimes as many as four thousand a
+year (1625), continued throughout the century to pour into Ulster.
+"Those of the North of Ireland...," as pungently described in 1679 by
+the Secretary of State, Leoline Jenkins, to the Duke of Ormond, "are
+most Scotch and Scotch breed and are the Northern Presbyterians and
+phanatiques, lusty, able-bodied, hardy and stout men, where one may see
+three or four hundred at every meeting-house on Sunday, and all the
+North of Ireland is inhabited by these, which is the popular place of
+all Ireland by far. They are very numerous and greedy after land."
+During the quarter of a century after the English Revolution of 1688 and
+the Jacobite uprising in Ireland, which ended in 1691 with the complete
+submission of Ireland to William and Mary, not less than fifty thousand
+Scotch, according to Archbishop Synge, settled in Ulster. Until the
+beginning of the eighteenth century there was no considerable emigration
+to America; and it was first set up as a consequence of English
+interference with trade and religion. Repressive measures passed by the
+English parliament (1665-1699), prohibiting the exportation from Ireland
+to England and Scotland of cattle, beef, pork, dairy products, etc., and
+to any country whatever of manufactured wool, had aroused deep
+resentment among the Scotch-Irish, who had built up a great commerce.
+This discontent was greatly aggravated by the imposition of religious
+disabilities upon the Presbyterians, who, in addition to having to pay
+tithes for the support of the established church, were excluded from all
+civil and military office (1704), while their ministers were made liable
+to penalties for celebrating marriages.
+
+This pressure upon a high-spirited people resulted inevitably in an
+exodus to the New World. The principal ports by which the Ulsterites
+entered America were Lewes and Newcastle (Delaware), Philadelphia and
+Boston. The streams of immigration steadily flowed up the Delaware
+Valley; and by 1720 the Scotch-Irish began to arrive in Bucks County. So
+rapid was the rate of increase in immigration that the number of
+arrivals soon mounted from a few hundred to upward of six thousand, in a
+single year (1729); and within a few years this number was doubled.
+According to the meticulous Franklin, the proportion increased from a
+very small element of the population of Pennsylvania in 1700 to one
+fourth of the whole in 1749, and to one third of the whole (350,000) in
+1774. Writing to the Penns in 1724, James Logan, Secretary of the
+Province, caustically refers to the Ulster settlers on the disputed
+Maryland line as "these bold and indigent strangers, saying as their
+excuse when challenged for titles, that we had solicited for colonists
+and they had come accordingly." The spirit of these defiant squatters is
+succinctly expressed in their statement to Logan that it "was against
+the laws of God and nature that so much land should be idle while so
+many Christians wanted it to work on and to raise their bread."
+
+The rising scale of prices for Pennsylvania lands, changing from ten
+pounds and two shillings quit-rents per hundred acres in 1719 to fifteen
+pounds ten shillings per hundred acres with a quit-rent of a halfpenny
+per acre in 1732, soon turned the eyes of the thrifty Scotch-Irish
+settlers southward and southwestward. In Maryland in 1738 lands were
+offered at five pounds sterling per hundred acres. Simultaneously, in
+the Valley of Virginia free grants of a thousand acres per family were
+being made. In the North Carolina piedmont region the proprietary, Lord
+Granville, through his agents was disposing of the most desirable lands
+to settlers at the rate of three shillings proclamation money for six
+hundred and forty acres, the unit of land-division; and was also making
+large free grants on the condition of seating a certain proportion of
+settlers. "Lord Carteret's land in Carolina," says North Carolina's
+first American historian, "where the soil was cheap, presented a
+tempting residence to people of every denomination. Emigrants from the
+north of Ireland, by the way of Pennsylvania, flocked to that country;
+and a considerable part of North Carolina ... is inhabited by those
+people or their descendants." [5] From 1740 onward, attracted by the
+rich lure of cheap and even free lands in Virginia and North Carolina, a
+tide of immigration swept ceaselessly into the valleys of the
+Shenandoah, the Yadkin, and the Catawba. The immensity of this mobile,
+drifting mass, which sometimes brought "more than 400 families with
+horse waggons and cattle" into North Carolina in a single year (1752-3),
+is attested by the fact that from 1732 to 1754, mainly as the result of
+the Scotch-Irish inundation, the population of North Carolina more than
+doubled.
+
+The second important racial stream of population in the settlement of
+the same region was composed of Germans, attracted to this country from
+the Palatinate. Lured on by the highly colored stories of the commercial
+agents for promoting immigration--the "newlanders," who were thoroughly
+unscrupulous in their methods and extravagant in their
+representations--a migration from Germany began in the second decade of
+the eighteenth century and quickly assumed alarming proportions.
+Although certain of the emigrants were well-to-do, a very great number
+were "redemptioners" (indentured servants), who in order to pay for
+their transportation were compelled to pledge themselves to several
+years of servitude. This economic condition caused the German immigrant,
+wherever he went, to become a settler of the back country, necessity
+compelling him to pass by the more expensive lands near the coast.
+
+For well-nigh sixty years the influx of German immigrants of various
+sects was very great, averaging something like fifteen hundred a year
+into Pennsylvania alone from 1727 to 1775. Indeed, Pennsylvania, one
+third of whose population at the beginning of the Revolution was German,
+early became the great distributing center for the Germans as well as
+for the Scotch-Irish. Certainly by 1727 Adam Müller and his fellow
+Germans had established the first permanent white settlement in the
+Valley of Virginia. [6] By 1732 Jost Heydt, accompanied by sixteen
+families, came from York, Pennsylvania, and settled on the Opeckon
+River, in the neighborhood of the present Winchester. [7] There is no
+longer any doubt that "the portion of the Shenandoah Valley sloping to
+the north was almost entirely settled by Germans."
+
+It was about the middle of the century that these pioneers of the Old
+Southwest, the shrewd, industrious, and thrifty Pennsylvania Germans
+(who came to be generally called "Pennsylvania Dutch" from the incorrect
+translation of Pennsylvänische Deutsche), began to pour into the
+piedmont region of North Carolina. In the autumn, after the harvest was
+in, these ambitious Pennsylvania pioneers would pack up their belongings
+in wagons and on beasts of burden and head for the southwest, trekking
+down in the manner of the Boers of South Africa. This movement into the
+fertile valley lands of the Yadkin and the Catawba continued unabated
+throughout the entire third quarter of the century. Owing to their
+unfamiliarity with the English language and the solidarity of their
+instincts, the German settlers at first had little share in government.
+But they devotedly played their part in the defense of the exposed
+settlements and often bore the brunt of Indian attack. [8]
+
+The bravery and hardihood displayed by the itinerant missionaries sent
+out by the Pennsylvania Synod under the direction of Count Zinzendorf
+(1742-8), and by the Moravian Church (1748-53), are mirrored in the
+numerous diaries, written in German, happily preserved to posterity in
+religious archives of Pennsylvania and North Carolina. These simple,
+earnest crusaders, animated by pure and unselfish motives, would visit
+on a single tour of a thousand miles the principal German settlements in
+Maryland and Virginia (including the present West Virginia). Sometimes
+they would make an extended circuit through North Carolina, South
+Carolina, and even Georgia, everywhere bearing witness to the truth of
+the gospel and seeking to carry the most elemental forms of the
+Christian religion, preaching and prayer, to the primitive frontiersmen
+marooned along the outer fringe of white settlements. These arduous
+journeys in the cause of piety place this type of pioneer of the Old
+Southwest in alleviating contrast to the often relentless and
+bloodthirsty figure of the rude borderer.
+
+Noteworthy among these pious pilgrimages is the Virginia journey of
+Brothers Leonhard Schnell and John Brandmüller (October 12 to December
+12, 1749). [9] At the last outpost of civilization, the scattered
+settlements in Bath and Alleghany counties, these courageous
+missionaries--feasting the while solely on bear meat, for there was no
+bread--encountered conditions of almost primitive savagery, of which
+they give this graphic picture: "Then we came to a house, where we had
+to lie on bear skins around the fire like the rest.... The clothes of
+the people consist of deer skins, their food of Johnny cakes, deer and
+bear meat. A kind of white people are found here, who live like savages.
+Hunting is their chief occupation." Into the valley of the Yadkin in
+December, 1752, came Bishop Spangenberg and a party of Moravians,
+accompanied by a surveyor and two guides, for the purpose of locating
+the one hundred thousand acres of land which had been offered them on
+easy terms the preceding year by Lord Granville. This journey was
+remarkable as an illustration of sacrifices willingly made and extreme
+hardships uncomplainingly endured for the sake of the Moravian
+brotherhood. In the back country of North Carolina near the Mulberry
+Fields they found the whole woods full of Cherokee Indians engaged in
+hunting. A beautiful site for the projected settlement met their
+delighted gaze at this place; but they soon learned to their regret that
+it had already been "taken up" by Daniel Boone's future father-in-law,
+Morgan Bryan.
+
+On October 8, 1753, a party of twelve single men headed by the Rev.
+Bernhard Adam Grube, set out from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, to trek down
+to the new-found haven in the Carolina hinterland--"a corner which the
+Lord has reserved for the Brethren"--in Anson County. [10] Following for
+the most part the great highway extending from Philadelphia to the
+Yadkin, over which passed the great throng sweeping into the back
+country of North Carolina--through the Valley of Virginia and past
+Robert Luhny's mill on the James River--they encountered many hardships
+along the way. Because of their "long wagon," they had much difficulty
+in crossing one steep mountain; and of this experience Brother Grube,
+with a touch of modest pride, observes: "People had told us that this
+hill was most dangerous, and that we would scarcely be able to cross it,
+for Morgan Bryan, the first to travel this way, had to take the wheels
+off his wagon and carry it piecemeal to the top, and had been three
+months on the journey from the Shanidore [Shenandoah] to the Etkin
+[Yadkin]."
+
+These men were the highest type of the pioneers of the Old Southwest,
+inspired with the instinct of home-makers in a land where, if idle rumor
+were to be credited, "the people lived like wild men, never hearing of
+God or His Word." In one hand they bore the implement of agriculture, in
+the other the book of the gospel of Jesus Christ. True faith shines
+forth in the simply eloquent words: "We thanked our Saviour that he had
+so graciously led us hither, and had helped us through all the hard
+places, for no matter how dangerous it looked, nor how little we saw how
+we could win through, everything always went better than seemed
+possible." The promise of a new day--the dawn of the heroic age--rings
+out in the pious carol of camaraderie at their journey's end:
+
+We hold arrival Lovefeast here,
+   In Carolina land,
+A company of Brethren true,
+   A little Pilgrim-Band,
+Called by the Lord to be of those
+   Who through the whole world go,
+To bear Him witness everywhere,
+   And nought but Jesus know.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+The Cradle of Westward Expansion
+
+In the year 1746 I was up in the country that is now Anson, Orange and
+Rowan Counties, there was not then above one hundred fighting men there
+is now at least three thousand for the most part Irish Protestants and
+Germans and dailey increasing.
+
+--Matthew Rowan, President of the North Carolina Council, to the Board
+of Trade, June 28, 1753.
+
+The conquest of the West is usually attributed to the ready initiative,
+the stern self-reliance, and the libertarian instinct of the expert
+backwoodsmen. These bold, nomadic spirits were animated by an
+unquenchable desire to plunge into the wilderness in search of an El
+Dorado at the outer verge of civilization, free of taxation, quit-rents,
+and the law's restraint. They longed to build homes for themselves and
+their descendants in a limitless, free domain; or else to fare deeper
+and deeper into the trackless forests in search of adventure. Yet one
+must not overlook the fact that behind Boone and pioneers of his stamp
+were men of conspicuous civil and military genius, constructive in
+purpose and creative in imagination, who devoted their best gifts to
+actual conquest and colonization. These men of large intellectual
+mold--themselves surveyors, hunters, and pioneers--were inspired with
+the larger vision of the expansionist. Whether colonizers, soldiers, or
+speculators on the grand scale, they sought to open at one great stroke
+the vast trans-Alleghany regions as a peaceful abode for mankind.
+
+Two distinct classes of society were gradually drawing apart from each
+other in North Carolina and later in Virginia--the pioneer democracy of
+the back country and the upland, and the planter aristocracy of the
+lowland and the tide-water region. From the frontier came the pioneer
+explorers whose individual enterprise and initiative were such potent
+factors in the exploitation of the wilderness. From the border counties
+still in contact with the East came a number of leaders. Thus in the
+heart of the Old Southwest the two determinative principles already
+referred to, the inquisitive and the acquisitive instincts, found a
+fortunate conjunction. The exploratory passion of the pioneer, directed
+in the interest of commercial enterprise, prepared the way for the great
+westward migration. The warlike disposition of the hardy backwoodsman,
+controlled by the exercise of military strategy, accomplished the
+conquest of the trans-Alleghany country.
+
+Fleeing from the traditional bonds of caste and aristocracy in England
+and Europe, from economic boycott and civil oppression, from religious
+persecution and favoritism, many worthy members of society in the first
+quarter of the eighteenth century sought a haven of refuge in the
+"Quackerthal" of William Penn, with its trustworthy guarantees of free
+tolerance in religious faith and the benefits of representative
+self-government. From East Devonshire in England came George Boone, the
+grandfather of the great pioneer, and from Wales came Edward Morgan,
+whose daughter Sarah became the wife of Squire Boone, Daniel's father.
+These were conspicuous representatives of the Society of Friends, drawn
+thither by the roseate representations of the great Quaker, William
+Penn, and by his advanced views on popular government and religious
+toleration. [11] Hither, too, from Ireland, whither he had gone from
+Denmark, came Morgan Bryan, settling in Chester County, prior to 1719;
+and his children, William, Joseph, James, and Morgan, who more than half
+a century later gave the name to Bryan's Station in Kentucky, were
+destined to play important rôles in the drama of westward migration.
+[12] In September, 1734, Michael Finley from County Armagh, Ireland,
+presumably accompanied by his brother Archibald Finley, settled in Bucks
+County, Pennsylvania. According to the best authorities, Archibald
+Finley was the father of John Finley, or Findlay as he signed himself,
+Boone's guide and companion in his exploration of Kentucky in 1769-71.
+[13] To Pennsylvania also came Mordecai Lincoln, great-grandson of
+Samuel Lincoln, who had emigrated from England to Hingham,
+Massachusetts, as early as 1637. This Mordecai Lincoln, who in 1720
+settled in Chester County, Pennsylvania, the great-great-grandfather of
+President Lincoln, was the father of Sarah Lincoln, who was wedded to
+William Boone, and of Abraham Lincoln, who married Anne Boone, William's
+first cousin. Early settlers in Pennsylvania were members of the Hanks
+family, one of whom was the maternal grandfather of President Lincoln.
+[14]
+
+No one race or breed of men can lay claim to exclusive credit for
+leadership in the hinterland movement and the conquest of the West. Yet
+one particular stock of people, the Ulster Scots, exhibited with most
+completeness and picturesqueness a group of conspicuous qualities and
+attitudes which we now recognize to be typical of the American character
+as molded by the conditions of frontier life. Cautious, wary, and
+reserved, these Scots concealed beneath a cool and calculating manner a
+relentlessness in reasoning power and an intensity of conviction which
+glowed and burned with almost fanatical ardor. Strict in religious
+observance and deep in spiritual fervor, they never lost sight of the
+main chance, combining a shrewd practicality with a wealth of devotion.
+It has been happily said of them that they kept the Sabbath and
+everything else they could lay their hands on. In the polity of these
+men religion and education went hand in hand; and they habitually
+settled together in communities in order that they might have teachers
+and preachers of their own choice and persuasion.
+
+In little-known letters and diaries of travelers and itinerant ministers
+may be found many quaint descriptions and faithful characterizations of
+the frontier settlers in their habits of life and of the scenes amidst
+which they labored. In a letter to Edmund Fanning, the cultured Robin
+Jones, agent of Lord Granville and Attorney-General of North Carolina,
+summons to view a piquant image of the western border and borderers:
+"The inhabitants are hospitable in their way, live in plenty and dirt,
+are stout, of great prowess in manly athletics; and, in private
+conversation, bold, impertinent, and vain. In the art of war (after the
+Indian manner) they are well-skilled, are enterprising and fruitful of
+strategies; and, when in action, are as bold and intrepid as the ancient
+Romans. The Shawnese acknowledge them their superiors even in their own
+way of fighting.... [The land] may be truly called the land of the
+mountains, for they are so numerous that when you have reached the
+summit of one of them, you may see thousands of every shape that the
+imagination can suggest, seeming to vie with each other which should
+raise his lofty head to touch the clouds.... It seems to me that nature
+has been wanton in bestowing her blessings on that country." [15]
+
+An excellent pen-picture of educational and cultural conditions in the
+backwoods of North Carolina, by one of the early settlers in the middle
+of the century, exhibits in all their barren cheerlessness the hardships
+and limitations of life in the wilderness. The father of William Few,
+the narrator, had trekked down from Maryland and settled in Orange
+County, some miles east of the little hamlet of Hillsborough. "In that
+country at that time there were no schools, no churches or parsons, or
+doctors or lawyers; no stores, groceries or taverns, nor do I recollect
+during the first two years any officer, ecclesiastical, civil or
+military, except a justice of the peace, a constable and two or three
+itinerant preachers.... These people had few wants, and fewer
+temptations to vice than those who lived in more refined society, though
+ignorant. They were more virtuous and more happy.... A schoolmaster
+appeared and offered his services to teach the children of the
+neighborhood for twenty shillings each per year.... In that simple state
+of society money was but little known; the schoolmaster was the welcome
+guest of his pupil, fed at the bountiful table and clothed from the
+domestic loom.... In that country at that time there was great scarcity
+of books." [16]
+
+The journals of itinerant ministers through the Valley of Virginia and
+the Carolina piedmont zone yield precious mementoes of the people, their
+longing after the things of the spirit, and their pitiful isolation from
+the regular preaching of the gospel. These missionaries were true
+pioneers in this Old Southwest, ardent, dauntless, and heroic--carrying
+the word into remote places and preaching the gospel beneath the trees
+of the forest. In his journal (1755-6), the Rev. Hugh McAden, born in
+Pennsylvania of Scotch-Irish parentage, a graduate of Nassau Hall
+(1753), makes the unconsciously humorous observation that wherever he
+found Presbyterians he found people who "seemed highly pleased, and very
+desirous to hear the word"; whilst elsewhere he found either dissension
+and defection to Baptist principles, or "no appearance of the life of
+religion." In the Scotch-Irish Presbyterian settlements in what is now
+Mecklenburg County, the cradle of American liberty, he found "pretty
+serious, judicious people" of the stamp of Moses, William, and James
+Alexander. While traveling in the upper country of South Carolina, he
+relates with gusto the story of "an old gentleman who said to the
+Governor of South Carolina, when he was in those parts, in treaty with
+the Cherokee Indians that 'he had never seen a shirt, been in a fair,
+heard a sermon, or seen a minister in all his life.' Upon which the
+governor promised to send him up a minister, that he might hear one
+sermon before he died." The minister came and preached; and this was all
+the preaching that had been heard in the upper part of South Carolina
+before Mr. McAden's visit. [17]
+
+Such, then, were the rude and simple people in the back country of the
+Old Southwest--the deliberate and self-controlled English, the
+aggressive, land-mongering Scotch-Irish, the buoyant Welsh, the thrifty
+Germans, the debonair French, the impetuous Irish, and the calculating
+Scotch. The lives they led were marked by independence of spirit,
+democratic instincts, and a forthright simplicity. In describing the
+condition of the English settlers in the backwoods of Virginia, one of
+their number, Doddridge, says: "Most of the articles were of domestic
+manufacture. There might have been incidentally a few things brought to
+the country for sale in a primitive way, but there was no store for
+general supply. The table furniture usually consisted of wooden vessels,
+either turned or coopered. Iron forks, tin cups, etc., were articles of
+rare and delicate luxury. The food was of the most wholesome and
+primitive kind. The richest meat, the finest butter, and best meal that
+ever delighted man's palate were here eaten with a relish which health
+and labor only know. The hospitality of the people was profuse and
+proverbial."
+
+The circumstances of their lives compelled the pioneers to become
+self-sustaining. Every immigrant was an adept at many trades. He built
+his own house, forged his own tools, and made his own clothes. At a very
+early date rifles were manufactured at the High Shoals of the Yadkin;
+Squire Boone, Daniel's brother, was an expert gunsmith. The difficulty
+of securing food for the settlements forced every man to become a hunter
+and to scour the forest for wild game. Thus the pioneer, through force
+of sheer necessity, became a dead shot--which stood him in good stead in
+the days of Indian incursions and bloody retaliatory raids. Primitive in
+their games, recreations, and amusements, which not infrequently
+degenerated into contests of savage brutality, the pioneers always set
+the highest premium upon personal bravery, physical prowess, and skill
+in manly sports. At all public gatherings, general musters, "vendues" or
+auctions, and even funerals, whisky flowed with extraordinary freedom.
+It is worthy of record that among the effects of the Rev. Alexander
+Craighead, the famous teacher and organizer of Presbyterianism in
+Mecklenburg and the adjoining region prior to the Revolution, were found
+a punch bowl and glasses.
+
+The frontier life, with its purifying and hardening influence, bred in
+these pioneers intellectual traits which constitute the basis of the
+American character. The single-handed and successful struggle with
+nature in the tense solitude of the forest developed a spirit of
+individualism, restive under control. On the other hand, the sense of
+sharing with others the arduous tasks and dangers of conquering the
+wilderness gave birth to a strong sense of solidarity and of human
+sympathy. With the lure of free lands ever before them, the pioneers
+developed a restlessness and a nervous energy, blended with a buoyancy
+of spirit, which are fundamentally American. Yet this same untrammeled
+freedom occasioned a disregard for law and a defiance of established
+government which have exhibited themselves throughout the entire course
+of our history. Initiative, self-reliance, boldness in conception,
+fertility in resource, readiness in execution, acquisitiveness,
+inventive genius, appreciation of material advantages--these, shot
+through with a certain fine idealism, genial human sympathy, and a high
+romantic strain--are the traits of the American national type as it
+emerged from the Old Southwest.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+The Back Country and the Border
+
+Far from the bustle of the world, they live in the most delightful
+climate, and richest soil imaginable; they are everywhere surrounded
+with beautiful prospects and sylvan scenes; lofty mountains, transparent
+streams, falls of water, rich valleys, and majestic woods; the whole
+interspersed with an infinite variety of flowering shrubs, constitute
+the landscape surrounding them; they are subject to few diseases; are
+generally robust; and live in perfect liberty; they are ignorant of want
+and acquainted with but few vices. Their inexperience of the elegancies
+of life precludes any regret that they possess not the means of enjoying
+them, but they possess what many princes would give half their dominion
+for, health, content, and tranquillity of mind.
+
+--Andrew Burnaby: Travels Through North America.
+
+The two streams of Ulstermen, the greater through Philadelphia, the
+lesser through Charleston, which poured into the Carolinas toward the
+middle of the century, quickly flooded the back country. The former
+occupied the Yadkin Valley and the region to the westward, the latter
+the Waxhaws and the Anson County region to the northwest. The first
+settlers were known as the "Pennsylvania Irish," because they had first
+settled in Pennsylvania after migrating from the north of Ireland; while
+those who came by way of Charleston were known as the "Scotch-Irish."
+The former, who had resided in Pennsylvania long enough to be good
+judges of land, shrewdly made their settlements along the rivers and
+creeks. The latter, new arrivals and less experienced, settled on
+thinner land toward the heads of creeks and water courses. [18]
+
+Shortly prior to 1735, Morgan Bryan, his wife Martha, and eight
+children, together with other families of Quakers from Pennsylvania,
+settled upon a large tract of land on the northwest side of the Opeckon
+River near Winchester. [19] A few years later they removed up the
+Virginia Valley to the Big Lick in the present Roanoke County, intent
+upon pushing westward to the very outskirts of civilization. In the
+autumn of 1748, leaving behind his brother William, who had followed him
+to Roanoke County, Morgan Bryan removed with his family to the Forks of
+the Yadkin River. [20] The Morgans, with the exception of Richard, who
+emigrated to Virginia, remained in Pennsylvania, spreading over
+Philadelphia and Bucks counties; while the Hanks and Lincoln families
+found homes in Virginia--Mordecai Lincoln's son, John, the
+great-grandfather of President Lincoln, removing from Berks to the
+Shenandoah Valley in 1765. On May 1, 1750, Squire Boone, his wife Sarah
+(Morgan), and their eleven children--a veritable caravan, traveling like
+the patriarchs of old--started south; and tarried for a space, according
+to reliable tradition, on Linville Creek in the Virginia Valley. In 1752
+they removed to the Forks of the Yadkin, and the following year received
+from Lord Granville three tracts of land, all situated in Rowan County.
+[21] About the hamlet of Salisbury, which in 1755 consisted of seven or
+eight log houses and the court house, there now rapidly gathered a
+settlement of people marked by strong individuality, sturdy
+independence, and virile self-reliance. The Boones and the Bryans
+quickly accommodated themselves to frontier conditions and immediately
+began to take an active part in the local affairs of the county. Upon
+the organization of the county court Squire Boone was chosen justice of
+the peace; and Morgan Bryan was soon appearing as foreman of juries and
+director in road improvements.
+
+The Great Trading Path, leading from Virginia to the towns of the
+Catawbas and other Southern Indians, crossed the Yadkin at the Trading
+Ford and passed a mile southeast of Salisbury. Above Sapona Town near
+the Trading Ford was Swearing Creek, which, according to constant and
+picturesque tradition, was the spot where the traders stopped to take a
+solemn oath never to reveal any unlawful proceedings that might occur
+during their sojourn among the Indians. [22] In his divertingly
+satirical "History of the Dividing Line" William Byrd in 1728 thus
+speaks of this locality: "The Soil is exceedingly rich on both sides the
+Yadkin, abounding in rank Grass and prodigiously large Trees; and for
+plenty of Fish, Fowl and Venison, is inferior to No Part of the Northern
+Continent. There the Traders commonly lie Still for some days, to
+recruit their Horses' Flesh as well as to recover their own spirits." In
+this beautiful country happily chosen for settlement by Squire
+Boone--who erected his cabin on the east side of the Yadkin about a mile
+and a quarter from Alleman's, now Boone's, Ford--wild game abounded.
+Buffaloes were encountered in eastern North Carolina by Byrd while
+running the dividing line; and in the upper country of South Carolina
+three or four men with their dogs could kill fourteen to twenty
+buffaloes in a single day. [23] Deer and bears fell an easy prey to the
+hunter; wild turkeys filled every thicket; the watercourses teemed with
+beaver, otter, and muskrat, as well as with shad and other delicious
+fish. Panthers, wildcats, and wolves overran the country; and the
+veracious Brother Joseph, while near the present Wilkesboro, amusingly
+records: "The wolves wh. are not like those in Germany, Poland and
+Lifland (because they fear men and don't easily come near) give us such
+music of six different cornets the like of wh. I have never heard in my
+life." [24] So plentiful was the game that the wild deer mingled with
+the cattle grazing over the wide stretches of luxuriant grass.
+
+In the midst of this sylvan paradise grew up Squire Boone's son, Daniel
+Boone, a Pennsylvania youth of English stock, Quaker persuasion, and
+Baptist proclivities. [25] Seen through a glorifying halo after the
+lapse of a century and three quarters, he rises before us a romantic
+figure, poised and resolute, simple, benign--as naïve and shy as some
+wild thing of the primeval forest--five feet eight inches in height,
+with broad chest and shoulders, dark locks, genial blue eyes arched with
+fair eyebrows, thin lips and wide mouth, nose of slightly Roman cast,
+and fair, ruddy countenance. Farming was irksome to this restless,
+nomadic spirit, who on the slightest excuse would exchange the plow and
+the grubbing-hoe for the long rifle and keen-edged hunting-knife. In a
+single day during the autumn season he would kill four or five deer; or
+as many bears as would make from two to three thousand pounds weight of
+bear-bacon. Fascinated with the forest, he soon found profit as well as
+pleasure in the pursuit of game; and at excellent fixed prices he sold
+his peltries, most often at Salisbury, some thirteen miles away,
+sometimes at the store of the old "Dutchman," George Hartman, on the
+Yadkin, and occasionally at Bethabara, the Moravian town sixty-odd miles
+distant. Skins were in such demand that they soon came to replace hard
+money, which was incredibly scarce in the back country, as a medium of
+exchange. Upon one occasion a caravan from Bethabara hauled three
+thousand pounds, upon another four thousand pounds, of dressed deerskins
+to Charleston. [26] So immense was this trade that the year after
+Boone's arrival at the Forks of Yadkin thirty thousand deerskins were
+exported from the province of North Carolina. We like to think that the
+young Daniel Boone was one of that band of whom Brother Joseph, while in
+camp on the Catawba River (November 12, 1752) wrote: "There are many
+hunters about here, who live like Indians, they kill many deer selling
+their hides, and thus live without much work." [27]
+
+In this very class of professional hunters, living like Indians, was
+thus bred the spirit of individual initiative and strenuous leadership
+in the great westward expansionist movement of the coming decade. An
+English traveler gives the following minute picture of the dress and
+accoutrement of the Carolina backwoodsman:
+
+Their whole dress is very singular, and not very materially different
+from that of the Indians; being a hunting shirt, somewhat resembling a
+waggoner's frock, ornamented with a great many fringes, tied round the
+middle with a broad belt, much decorated also, in which is fastened a
+tomahawk, an instrument that serves every purpose of defence and
+convenience; being a hammer at one side and a sharp hatchet at the
+other; the shot bag and powder-horn, carved with a variety of whimsical
+figures and devices, hang from their necks over one shoulder; and on
+their heads a flapped hat, of a reddish hue, proceeding from the
+intensely hot beams of the sun.
+
+Sometimes they wear leather breeches, made of Indian dressed elk, or
+deer skins, but more frequently thin trowsers.
+
+On their legs they have Indian boots, or leggings, made of coarse
+woollen cloth, that either are wrapped round loosely and tied with
+garters, or laced upon the outside, and always come better than half-way
+up the thigh.
+
+On their feet they sometimes wear pumps of their own manufacture, but
+generally Indian moccossons, of their own construction also, which are
+made of strong elk's, or buck's skin, dressed soft as for gloves or
+breeches, drawn together in regular plaits over the toe, and lacing from
+thence round to the fore part of the middle of the ancle, without a seam
+in them, yet fitting close to the feet, and are indeed perfectly easy
+and pliant.
+
+Their hunting, or rifle shirts, they have also died in a variety of
+colours, some yellow, others red, some brown, and many wear them quite
+white. [28]
+
+No less unique and bizarre, though less picturesque, was the dress of
+the women of the region--in particular of Surry County, North Carolina,
+as described by General William Lenoir:
+
+The women wore linsey [flax] petticoats and 'bed-gowns' [like a
+dressing-sack], and often went without shoes in the summer. Some had
+bonnets and bed-gowns made of calico, but generally of linsey; and some
+of them wore men's hats. Their hair was commonly clubbed. Once, at a
+large meeting, I noticed there but two women that had on long gowns. One
+of these was laced genteelly, and the body of the other was open, and
+the tail thereof drawn up and tucked in her apron or coat-string. [29]
+
+While Daniel Boone was quietly engaged in the pleasant pursuits of the
+chase, a vast world-struggle of which he little dreamed was rapidly
+approaching a crisis. For three quarters of a century this titanic
+contest between France and England for the interior of the continent had
+been waged with slowly accumulating force. The irrepressible conflict
+had been formally inaugurated at Sault Ste. Marie in 1671, when Daumont
+de Saint Lusson, swinging aloft his sword, proclaimed the sovereignty of
+France over "all countries, rivers, lakes, and streams ... both those
+which have been discovered and those which may be discovered hereafter,
+in all their length and breadth, bounded on the one side by the seas of
+the North and of the West, and on the other by the South Sea." Just
+three months later, three hardy pioneers of Virginia, despatched upon
+their arduous mission by Colonel Abraham Wood in behalf of the English
+crown, had crossed the Appalachian divide; and upon the banks of a
+stream whose waters slipped into the Ohio to join the Mississippi and
+the Gulf of Mexico, had carved the royal insignia upon the blazed trunk
+of a giant of the forest, the while crying: "Long live Charles the
+Second, by the grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France, Ireland
+and Virginia and of the territories thereunto belonging."
+
+La Salle's dream of a New France in the heart of America was blotted out
+in his tragic death upon the banks of the River Trinity (1687). Yet his
+mantle was to fall in turn upon the square shoulders of Le Moyne
+d'Iberville and of his brother--the good, the constant Bienville, who
+after countless and arduous struggles laid firm the foundations of New
+Orleans. In the precious treasury of Margry we learn that on reaching
+Rochelle after his first voyage in 1699 Iberville in these prophetic
+words voices his faith: "If France does not immediately seize this part
+of America which is the most beautiful, and establish a colony which is
+strong enough to resist any which England may have, the English colonies
+(already considerable in Carolina) will so thrive that in less than a
+hundred years they will be strong enough to seize all America." [30] But
+the world-weary Louis Quatorze, nearing his end, quickly tired of that
+remote and unproductive colony upon the shores of the gulf, so
+industriously described in Paris as a "terrestrial paradise"; and the
+"paternal providence of Versailles" willingly yielded place to the
+monumental speculation of the great financier Antoine Crozat. In this
+Paris of prolific promotion and amazed credulity, ripe for the colossal
+scheme of Law, soon to blow to bursting-point the bubble of the
+Mississippi, the very songs in the street echoed flamboyant,
+half-satiric panegyrics upon the new Utopia, this Mississippi Land of
+Cockayne:
+
+It's to-day no contribution
+To discuss the Constitution
+And the Spanish war's forgot
+For a new Utopian spot;
+And the very latest phase
+Is the Mississippi craze. [31]
+
+Interest in the new colony led to a great development of southwesterly
+trade from New France. Already the French coureurs de bois were
+following the water route from the Illinois to South Carolina. Jean
+Couture, a deserter from the service in New France, journeyed over the
+Ohio and Tennessee rivers to that colony, and was known as "the greatest
+Trader and Traveller amongst the Indians for more than Twenty years." In
+1714 young Charles Charleville accompanied an old trader from Crozat's
+colony on the gulf to the great salt-springs on the Cumberland, where a
+post for trading with the Shawanoes had already been established by the
+French. [32] But the British were preparing to capture this trade as
+early as 1694, when Tonti warned Villermont that Carolinians were
+already established on a branch of the Ohio. Four years later,
+Nicholson, Governor of Maryland, was urging trade with the Indians of
+the interior in the effort to displace the French. At an early date the
+coast colonies began to trade with the Indian tribes of the back
+country: the Catawbas of the Yadkin Valley; the Cherokees, whose towns
+were scattered through Tennessee; the Chickasaws, to the westward in
+northern Mississippi; and the Choctaws farther to the southward. Even
+before the beginning of the eighteenth century, when the South Carolina
+settlements extended scarcely twenty miles from the coast, English
+traders had established posts among the Indian tribes four hundred miles
+to the west of Charleston. Following the sporadic trading of individuals
+from Virginia with the inland Indians, the heavily laden caravans of
+William Byrd were soon regularly passing along the Great Trading Path
+from Virginia to the towns of the Catawbas and other interior tribes of
+the Carolinas, delighting the easily captivated fancy and provoking the
+cupidity of the red men with "Guns, Powder, Shot, Hatchets (which the
+Indians call Tomahawks), Kettles, red and blue Planes, Duffields,
+Stroudwater blankets, and some Cutlary Wares, Brass Rings and other
+Trinkets." [33] In Pennsylvania, George Croghan, the guileful diplomat,
+who was emissary from the Council to the Ohio Indians (1748), had
+induced "all-most all the Ingans in the Woods" to declare against the
+French; and was described by Christopher Gist as a "meer idol among his
+countrymen, the Irish traders."
+
+Against these advances of British trade and civilization, the French for
+four decades had artfully struggled, projecting tours of exploration
+into the vast medial valley of the continent and constructing a chain of
+forts and trading-posts designed to establish their claims to the
+country and to hold in check the threatened English thrust from the
+east. Soon the wilderness ambassador of empire, Céloron de Bienville,
+was despatched by the far-visioned Galissonière at Quebec to sow
+broadcast with ceremonial pomp in the heart of America the seeds of
+empire, grandiosely graven plates of lasting lead, in defiant yet futile
+symbol of the asserted sovereignty of France. Thus threatened in the
+vindication of the rights of their colonial sea-to-sea charters, the
+English threw off the lethargy with which they had failed to protect
+their traders, and in grants to the Ohio and Loyal land companies began
+resolutely to form plans looking to the occupation of the interior. But
+the French seized the English trading-house at Venango which they
+converted into a fort; and Virginia's protest, conveyed by a calm and
+judicious young man, a surveyor, George Washington, availed not to
+prevent the French from seizing Captain Trent's hastily erected military
+post at the forks of the Ohio and constructing there a formidable work,
+named Fort Duquesne. Washington, with his expeditionary force sent to
+garrison Captain Trent's fort, defeated Jumonville and his small force
+near Great Meadows (May, 1754); but soon after he was forced to
+surrender Fort Necessity to Coulon de Villiers.
+
+The titanic struggle, fittingly precipitated in the backwoods of the Old
+Southwest, was now on--a struggle in which the resolute pioneers of
+these backwoods first seriously measured their strength with the French
+and their copper-hued allies, and learned to surpass the latter in their
+own mode of warfare. The portentous conflict, destined to assure the
+eastern half of the continent to Great Britain, is a grim, prophetic
+harbinger of the mighty movement of the next quarter of a century into
+the twilight zone of the trans-Alleghany territory.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+The Indian War
+
+All met in companies with their wives and children, and set about
+building little fortifications, to defend themselves from such barbarian
+and inhuman enemies, whom they concluded would be let loose upon them at
+pleasure.
+
+--The Reverend Hugh McAden: Diary, July, 1755.
+
+Long before the actual outbreak of hostilities powerful forces were
+gradually converging to produce a clash between the aggressive colonials
+and the crafty Indians. As the settlers pressed farther westward into
+the domain of the red men, arrogantly grazing their stock over the
+cherished hunting-grounds of the Cherokees, the savages, who were
+already well disposed toward the French, began to manifest a deep
+indignation against the British colonists because of this callous
+encroachment upon their territory. During the sporadic forays by
+scattered bands of Northern Indians upon the Catawbas and other tribes
+friendly to the pioneers the isolated settlements at the back part of
+the Carolinas suffered rude and sanguinary onslaughts. In the summer of
+1753 a party of northern Indians warring in the French interest made
+their appearance in Rowan County, which had just been organized, and
+committed various depredations upon the scattered settlements. To repel
+these attacks a band of the Catawbas sallied forth, encountered a
+detached party of the enemy, and slew five of their number. Among the
+spoils, significantly enough, were silver crucifixes, beads,
+looking-glasses, tomahawks and other implements of war, all of French
+manufacture. [34]
+
+Intense rivalry for the good will of the near-by southern tribes existed
+between Virginia and South Carolina. In strong remonstrance against the
+alleged attempt of Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia to alienate the
+Cherokees, Catawbas, Muscogees, and Chickasaws from South Carolina and
+to attach them to Virginia, Governor Glen of South Carolina made pungent
+observations to Dinwiddie: "South Carolina is a weak frontier colony,
+and in case of invasion by the French would be their first object of
+attack. We have not much to fear, however, while we retain the affection
+of the Indians around us; but should we forfeit that by any
+mismanagement on our part, or by the superior address of the French, we
+are in a miserable situation. The Cherokees alone have several thousand
+gunmen well acquainted with every inch of the province ... their country
+is the key to Carolina." By a treaty concluded at Saluda (November 24,
+1753), Glen promised to build the Cherokees a fort near the lower towns,
+for the protection of themselves and their allies; and the Cherokees on
+their part agreed to become the subjects of the King of Great Britain
+and hold their lands under him. [35] This fort, erected this same year
+on the headwaters of the Savannah, within gunshot distance of the
+important Indian town of Keowee, was named Fort Prince George. "It is a
+square," says the founder of the fort (Governor Glen to the Board of
+Trade, August 26, 1754), "with regular Bastions and four Ravelins it is
+near Two hundred foot from Salient Angle to Salient Angle and is made of
+Earth taken out of the Ditch, secured with fachines and well rammed with
+a banquet on the Inside for the men to stand upon when they fire over,
+the Ravelins are made of Posts of Lightwood which is very durable, they
+are ten foot in length sharp pointed three foot and a half in the
+ground." [36] The dire need for such a fort in the back country was
+tragically illustrated by the sudden onslaught upon the "House of John
+Gutry & James Anshers" in York County by a party of sixty French Indians
+(December 16, 1754), who brutally murdered sixteen of the twenty-one
+persons present, and carried off as captives the remaining five. [37]
+
+At the outbreak of the French and Indian War in 1754 North Carolina
+voted twelve thousand pounds for the raising of troops and several
+thousand pounds additional for the construction of forts--a sum
+considerably larger than that voted by Virginia. A regiment of two
+hundred and fifty men was placed under the command of Colonel James
+Innes of the Cape Fear section; and the ablest officer under him was the
+young Irishman from the same section, Lieutenant Hugh Waddell. On June
+3, 1754, Dinwiddie appointed Innes, his close friend, commander-in-chief
+of all the forces against the French; and immediately after the disaster
+at Great Meadows (July, 1754), Innes took command. Within two months the
+supplies for the North Carolina troops were exhausted; and as Virginia
+then failed to furnish additional supplies, Colonel Innes had no
+recourse but to disband his troops and permit them to return home.
+Appointed governor of Fort Cumberland by General Braddock, he was in
+command there while Braddock advanced on his disastrous march.
+
+The lesson of Braddock's defeat (July 9, 1755) was memorable in the
+history of the Old Southwest. Well might Braddock exclaim with his last
+breath: "Who would have thought it? ... We shall know better how to deal
+with them another time." Led on by the reckless and fiery Beaujeu,
+wearing an Indian gorget about his neck, the savages from the protection
+of trees and rough defenses, a prepared ambuscade, poured a galling fire
+into the compact divisions of the English, whose scarlet coats furnished
+ideal targets. The obstinacy of the British commanders in refusing to
+permit their troops to fight Indian fashion was suicidal; for as Herman
+Alrichs wrote Governor Morris of Pennsylvania (July 22, 1755): "... the
+French and Indians had cast an Intrenchment across the road before our
+Army which they Discovered not Untill the [y] came Close up to it, from
+thence and both sides of the road the enemy kept a constant fireing on
+them, our Army being so confused, they could not fight, and they would
+not be admitted by the Genl or Sir John St. Clair, to break thro' their
+Ranks and Take behind trees." [38] Daniel Boone, who went from North
+Carolina as a wagoner in the company commanded by Edward Brice Dobbs,
+was on the battle-field; but Dobbs's company at the time was scouting in
+the woods. When the fierce attack fell upon the baggage train, Boone
+succeeded in effecting his escape only by cutting the traces of his team
+and fleeing on one of the horses. To his dying day Boone continued to
+censure Braddock's conduct, and reprehended especially his fatal neglect
+to employ strong flank-guards and a sufficient number of Provincial
+scouts thoroughly acquainted with the wilderness and all the wiles and
+strategies of savage warfare.
+
+For a number of months following Braddock's defeat there was a great
+rush of the frightened people southward. In a letter to Dinwiddie,
+Washington expresses the apprehension that Augusta, Frederick, and
+Hampshire County will soon be depopulated, as the whole back country is
+in motion toward the southern colonies. During this same summer Governor
+Arthur Dobbs of North Carolina made a tour of exploration through the
+western part of the colony, seeking a site for a fort to guard the
+frontier. [39] The frontier company of fifty men which was to garrison
+the projected fort was placed under the command of Hugh Waddell, now
+promoted to the rank of captain, though only twenty-one years old. In
+addition to Waddell's company, armed patrols were required for the
+protection of the Rowan County frontier; and during the summer Indian
+alarms were frequent at the Moravian village of Bethabara, whose
+inhabitants had heard with distress on March 31st of the slaughter of
+eleven Moravians on the Mahoni and of the ruin of Gnadenhütten. Many of
+the settlers in the outlying districts of Rowan fled for safety to the
+refuge of the little village; and frequently every available house,
+every place of temporary abode was filled with panic-stricken refugees.
+So persistent were the depredations of the Indians and so alarmed were
+the scattered Rowan settlers by the news of the murders and the
+destruction of Vaux's Fort in Virginia (June 25, 1756) that at a
+conference on July 5th the Moravians "decided to protect our houses with
+palisades, and make them safe before the enemy should invade our tract
+or attack us, for if the people were all going to retreat we would be
+the last left on the frontier and the first point of attack." By July
+23d, they had constructed a strong defense for their settlement,
+afterward called the "Dutch Fort" by the Indians. The principal
+structure was a stockade, triangular in plan, some three hundred feet on
+a side, enclosing the principal buildings of the settlement; and the
+gateway was guarded by an observation tower. The other defense was a
+stockade embracing eight houses at the mill some distance away, around
+which a small settlement had sprung up. [40]
+
+During the same year the fort planned by Dobbs was erected upon the site
+he had chosen--between Third and Fourth creeks; and the commissioners
+Richard Caswell and Francis Brown, sent out to inspect the fort, made
+the following picturesque report to the Assembly (December 21, 1756):
+
+That they had likewise viewed the State of Fort Dobbs, and found it to
+be a good and Substantial Building of the Dimentions following (that is
+to say) The Oblong Square fifty three feet by forty, the opposite Angles
+Twenty four feet and Twenty-Two In Height Twenty four and a half feet as
+by the Plan annexed Appears, The Thickness of the Walls which are made
+of Oak Logs regularly Diminished from sixteen Inches to Six, it contains
+three floors and there may be discharged from each floor at one and the
+same time about one hundred Musketts the same is beautifully scituated
+in the fork of Fourth Creek a Branch of the Yadkin River. And that they
+also found under Command of Capt Hugh Waddel Forty six Effective men
+Officers and Soldiers ... the said Officers and Soldiers Appearing well
+and in good Spirits. [41]
+
+As to the erection of a fort on the Tennessee, promised the Cherokees by
+South Carolina, difficulties between the governor of that province and
+of Virginia in regard to matters of policy and the proportionate share
+of expenses made effective coöperation between the two colonies
+well-nigh impossible. Glen, as we have seen, had resented Dinwiddie's
+efforts to win the South Carolina Indians over to Virginia's interest.
+And Dinwiddie had been very indignant when the force promised him by the
+Indians to aid General Braddock did not arrive, attributing this
+defection in part to Glen's negotiations for a meeting with the
+chieftains and in part to the influence of the South Carolina traders,
+who kept the Indians away by hiring them to go on long hunts for furs
+and skins. But there was no such contention between Virginia and North
+Carolina. Dinwiddie and Dobbs arranged (November 6, 1755) to send a
+commission from these colonies to treat with the Cherokees and the
+Catawbas. Virginia sent two commissioners, Colonel William Byrd, third
+of that name, and Colonel Peter Randolph; while North Carolina sent one,
+Captain Hugh Waddell. Salisbury, North Carolina, was the place of
+rendezvous. The treaty with the Catawbas was made at the Catawba Town,
+presumably the village opposite the mouth of Sugaw Creek, in York
+County, South Carolina, on February 20-21, 1756; that with the Cherokees
+on Broad River, North Carolina, March 13-17. As a result of the
+negotiations and after the receipt of a present of goods, the Catawbas
+agreed to send forty warriors to aid Virginia within forty days; and the
+Cherokees, in return for presents and Virginia's promise to contribute
+her proportion toward the erection of a strong fort, undertook to send
+four hundred warriors within forty days, "as soon as the said fort shall
+be built." Virginia and North Carolina thus wisely coöperated to
+"straighten the path" and "brighten the chain" between the white and the
+red men, in important treaties which have largely escaped the attention
+of historians. [42]
+
+On May 25, 1756, a conference was held at Salisbury between King Heygler
+and warriors of the Catawba nation on the one side and Chief Justice
+Henley, doubtless attended by Captain Waddell and his frontier company,
+on the other. King Heygler, following the lead set by the Cherokees,
+petitioned the Governor of North Carolina to send the Catawbas some
+ammunition and to "build us a fort for securing our old men, women and
+children when we turn out to fight the Enemy on their coming." The chief
+justice assured the King that the Catawbas would receive a necessary
+supply of ammunition (one hundred pounds of gunpowder and four hundred
+pounds of lead were later sent them) and promised to urge with the
+governor their request to have a fort built as soon as possible. Pathos
+not unmixed with dry humor tinges the eloquent appeal of good old King
+Heygler, ever the loyal friend of the whites, at this conference:
+
+I desire a stop may be put to the selling of strong Liquors by the White
+people to my people especially near the Indian nation. If the White
+people make strong drink, let them sell it to one another, or drink it
+in their own families. This will avoid a great deal of mischief which
+otherwise will happen from my people getting drunk and quarrelling with
+the White people. I have no strong prisons like you to confine them for
+it. Our only way is to put them under ground and all these (pointing
+proudly to his Warriors) will be ready to do that to those who shall
+deserve it. [43]
+
+In response to this request, the sum of four thousand pounds was
+appropriated by the North Carolina Assembly for the erection of "a Fort
+on our western frontier to protect and secure the Catawbas" and for the
+support of two companies of fifty men each to garrison this and another
+fort building on the sea coast. The commissioners appointed for the
+purpose recommended (December 21, 1756) a site for the fort "near the
+Catawba nation"; and on January 20, 1757, Governor Dobbs reported: "We
+are now building a Fort in the midst of their towns at their own
+Request." The fort thereupon begun must have stood near the mouth of the
+South Fork of the Catawba River, as Dobbs says it was in the "midst" of
+their towns, which are situated a "few miles north and south of 38°" and
+might properly be included within a circle of thirty miles radius. [44]
+
+During the succeeding months many depredations were committed by the
+Indians upon the exposed and scattered settlements. Had it not been for
+the protection afforded by all these forts, by the militia companies
+under Alexander Osborne of Rowan and Nathaniel Alexander of Anson, and
+by a special company of patrollers under Green and Moore, the back
+settlers who had been so outrageously "pilfered" by the Indians would
+have "retired from the Frontier into the inner settlements." [45]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+In Defense of Civilization
+
+We give thanks and praise for the safety and peace vouchsafed us by our
+Heavenly Father in these times of war. Many of our neighbors, driven
+hither and yon like deer before wild beasts, came to us for shelter, yet
+the accustomed order of our congregation life was not disturbed, no, not
+even by the more than 150 Indians who at sundry times passed by,
+stopping for a day at a time and being fed by us.
+
+--Wachovia Community Diary, 1757
+
+With commendable energy and expedition Dinwiddie and Dobbs, acting in
+concert, initiated steps for keeping the engagements conjointly made by
+the two colonies with the Cherokees and the Catawbas in the spring and
+summer of 1756. Enlisting sixty men, "most of them Artificers, with
+Tools and Provisions," Major Andrew Lewis proceeded in the late spring
+to Echota in the Cherokee country. Here during the hot summer months
+they erected the Virginia Fort on the path from Virginia, upon the
+northern bank of the Little Tennessee, nearly opposite the Indian town
+of Echota and about twenty-five miles southwest of Knoxville. [46] While
+the fort was in process of construction, the Cherokees were incessantly
+tampered with by emissaries from the Nuntewees and the Savannahs in the
+French interest, and from the French themselves at the Alibamu Fort. So
+effective were these machinations, supported by extravagant promises and
+doubtless rich bribes, that the Cherokees soon were outspokenly
+expressing their desire for a French fort at Great Tellico.
+
+Dinwiddie welcomed the departure from America of Governor Glen of South
+Carolina, who in his opinion had always acted contrary to the king's
+interest. From the new governor, William Henry Lyttelton, who arrived in
+Charleston on June 1, 1756, he hoped to secure effective coöperation in
+dealing with the Cherokees and the Catawbas. This hope was based upon
+Lyttelton's recognition, as stated in Dinwiddie's words, of the
+"Necessity of strict Union between the whole Colonies, with't any of
+them considering their particular Interest separate from the general
+Good of the whole." After constructing the fort "with't the least
+assistance from South Carolina," Major Lewis happened by accident upon a
+grand council being held in Echota in September. At that time he
+discovered to his great alarm that the machinations of the French had
+already produced the greatest imaginable change in the sentiment of the
+Cherokees. Captain Raymond Demere of the Provincials, with two hundred
+English troops, had arrived to garrison the fort; but the head men of
+all the Upper Towns were secretly influenced to agree to write a letter
+to Captain Demere, ordering him to return immediately to Charleston with
+all the troops under his command. At the grand council,
+Atta-kulla-kulla, the great Cherokee chieftain, passionately declared to
+the head men, who listened approvingly, that "as to the few soldiers of
+Captain Demere that was there, he would take their Guns, and give them
+to his young men to hunt with and as to their clothes they would soon be
+worn out and their skins would be tanned, and be of the same colour as
+theirs, and that they should live among them as slaves." With impressive
+dignity Major Lewis rose and earnestly pleaded for the observance of the
+terms of the treaty solemnly negotiated the preceding March. In
+response, the crafty and treacherous chieftains desired Lewis to tell
+the Governor of Virginia that "they had taken up the Hatchet against all
+Nations that were Enemies to the English"; but Lewis, an astute student
+of Indian Psychology, rightly surmised that all their glib professions
+of friendship and assistance were "only to put a gloss on their
+knavery." [47] So it proved; for instead of the four hundred warriors
+promised under the treaty for service in Virginia, the Cherokees sent
+only seven warriors, accompanied by three women. Although the Cherokees
+petitioned Virginia for a number of men to garrison the Virginia fort,
+Dinwiddie postponed sending the fifty men provided for by the Virginia
+Assembly until he could reassure himself in regard to the "Behaviour and
+Intention" of the treacherous Indian allies. This proved to be a prudent
+decision; for not long after its erection the Virginia fort was
+destroyed by the Indians.
+
+Whether on account of the dissatisfaction expressed by the Cherokees
+over the erection of the Virginia fort or because of a recognition of
+the mistaken policy of garrisoning a work erected by Virginia with
+troops sent from Charleston, South Carolina immediately proceeded to
+build another stronghold on the southern bank of the Tennessee at the
+mouth of Tellico River, some seven miles from the site of the Virginia
+fort; and here were posted twelve great guns, brought thither at immense
+labor through the wilderness. [48] To this fort, named Fort Loudoun in
+honor of Lord Loudoun, then commander-in-chief of all the English forces
+in America, the Indians allured artisans by donations of land; and
+during the next three or four years a little settlement sprang up there.
+
+The frontiers of Virginia suffered most from the incursions of hostile
+Indians during the fourteen months following May 1, 1755. In July, the
+Rev. Hugh McAden records that he preached in Virginia on a day set apart
+for fasting and prayer "on account of the wars and many murders,
+committed by the savage Indians on the back inhabitants." On July 30th a
+large party of Shawano Indians fell upon the New River settlement and
+wiped it out of existence. William Ingles was absent at the time of the
+raid; and Mrs. Ingles, who was captured, afterward effected her escape.
+[49] The following summer (June 25, 1756), Fort Vaux on the headwaters
+of the Roanoke, under the command of Captain John Smith, was captured by
+about one hundred French and Indians, who burnt the fort, killed John
+Smith junior, John Robinson, John Tracey and John Ingles, wounded four
+men, and captured twenty-two men, women, and children. Among the
+captured was the famous Mrs. Mary Ingles, whose husband, John Ingles,
+was killed; but after being "carried away into Captivity, amongst whom
+she was barbarously treated," according to her own statement, she
+finally escaped and returned to Virginia. [50] The frontier continued to
+be infested by marauding bands of French and Indians; and Dinwiddie
+gloomily confessed to Dobbs (July 22d): "I apprehend that we shall
+always be harrass'd with fly'g Parties of these Banditti unless we form
+an Expedit'n ag'st them, to attack 'em in y'r Towns." [51] Such an
+expedition, known as the Sandy River Expedition, had been sent out in
+February to avenge the massacre of the New River settlers; but the
+enterprise engaged in by about four hundred Virginians and Cherokees
+under Major Andrew Lewis and Captain Richard Pearis, proved a disastrous
+failure. Not a single Indian was seen; and the party suffered
+extraordinary hardships and narrowly escaped starvation. [52]
+
+In conformity with his treaty obligations with the Catawbas, Governor
+Dobbs commissioned Captain Hugh Waddell to erect the fort promised the
+Catawbas at the spot chosen by the commissioners near the mouth of the
+South Fork of the Catawba River. This fort, for which four thousand
+pounds had been appropriated, was for the most part completed by
+midsummer, 1757. But owing, it appears, both to the machinations of the
+French and to the intermeddling of the South Carolina traders, who
+desired to retain the trade of the Catawbas for that province, Oroloswa,
+the Catawba King Heygler, sent a "talk" to Governor Lyttelton,
+requesting that North Carolina desist from the work of construction and
+that no fort be built except by South Carolina. Accordingly, Governor
+Dobbs ordered Captain Waddell to discharge the workmen (August 11,
+1757); [53] and every effort was made for many months thereafter to
+conciliate the Catawbas, erstwhile friends of North Carolina. The
+Catawba fort erected by North Carolina was never fully completed; and
+several years later South Carolina, having succeeded in alienating the
+Catawbas from North Carolina, which colony had given them the best
+possible treatment, built for them a fort [54] at the mouth of Line
+Creek on the east bank of the Catawba River.
+
+In the spring and summer of 1757 the long-expected Indian allies arrived
+in Virginia, as many as four hundred by May--Cherokees, Catawbas,
+Tuscaroras, and Nottaways. But Dinwiddie was wholly unable to use them
+effectively; and in order to provide amusement for them, he directed
+that they should go "a scalping" with the whites--"a barbarous method of
+war," frankly acknowledged the governor, "introduced by the French,
+which we are oblidged to follow in our own defense." Most of the Indian
+allies discontentedly returned home before the end of the year, but the
+remainder waited until the next year, to take part in the campaign
+against Fort Duquesne. Three North Carolina companies, composed of
+trained soldiers and hardy frontiersmen, went through this campaign
+under the command of Major Hugh Waddell, the "Washington of North
+Carolina." Long of limb and broad of chest, powerful, lithe, and active,
+Waddell was an ideal leader for this arduous service, being fertile in
+expedient and skilful in the employment of Indian tactics. With true
+provincial pride Governor Dobbs records that Waddell "had great honor
+done him, being employed in all reconnoitring parties, and dressed and
+acted as an Indian; and his sergeant, Rogers, took the only Indian
+prisoner, who gave Mr. Forbes certain intelligence of the forces in Fort
+Duquesne, upon which they resolved to proceed." This apparently trivial
+incident is remarkable, in that it proved to be the decisive factor in a
+campaign that was about to be abandoned. The information in regard to
+the state of the garrison at Fort Duquesne, secured from the Indian, for
+the capture of whom two leading officers had offered a reward of two
+hundred and fifty pounds, emboldened Forbes to advance rather than to
+retire. Upon reaching the fort (November 25th), he found it abandoned by
+the enemy. Sergeant Rogers never received the reward promised by General
+Forbes and the other English officer; but some time afterward he was
+compensated by a modest sum from the colony of North Carolina. [55]
+
+A series of unfortunate occurrences, chiefly the fault of the whites,
+soon resulted in the precipitation of a terrible Indian outbreak. A
+party of Cherokees, returning home in May, 1758, seized some stray
+horses on the frontier of Virginia--never dreaming of any wrong, says an
+old historian, as they saw it frequently done by the whites. The owners
+of the horses, hastily forming a party, went in pursuit of the Indians
+and killed twelve or fourteen of the number. The relatives of the slain
+Indians, greatly incensed, vowed vengeance upon the whites. [56] Nor was
+the tactless conduct of Forbes calculated to quiet this resentment; for
+when Atta-kulla-kulla and nine other chieftains deserted in disgust at
+the treatment accorded them, they were pursued by Forbes's orders,
+apprehended and disarmed. [57] This rude treatment, coupled with the
+brutal and wanton murder of some Cherokee hunters a little earlier, by
+an irresponsible band of Virginians under Captain Robert Wade, still
+further aggravated the Indians. [58]
+
+Incited by the French, who had fled to the southward after the fall of
+Fort Duquesne, parties of bloodthirsty young Indians rushed down upon
+the settlements and left in their path death and desolation along the
+frontiers of the Carolinas. [59] On the upper branch of the Yadkin and
+below the South Yadkin near Fort Dobbs twenty-two whites fell in swift
+succession before the secret onslaughts of the savages from the lower
+Cherokee towns. [60] Many of the settlers along the Yadkin fled to the
+Carolina Fort at Bethabara and the stockade at the mill; and the sheriff
+of Rowan County suffered siege by the Cherokees, in his home, until
+rescued by a detachment under Brother Loesch from Bethabara. While many
+families took refuge in Fort Dobbs, frontiersmen under Captain Morgan
+Bryan ranged through the mountains to the west of Salisbury and guarded
+the settlements from the hostile incursions of the savages. So gravely
+alarmed were the Rowan settlers, compelled by the Indians to desert
+their planting and crops, that Colonel Harris was despatched post-haste
+for aid to Cape Fear, arriving there on July 1st. With strenuous energy
+Captain Waddell, then stationed in the east, rushed two companies of
+thirty men each to the rescue, sending by water-carriage six swivel guns
+and ammunition on before him; and these reinforcements brought relief at
+last to the harassed Rowan frontiers. [61] During the remainder of the
+year, the borders were kept clear by bold and tireless rangers--under
+the leadership of expert Indian fighters of the stamp of Griffith
+Rutherford and Morgan Bryan.
+
+When the Cherokee warriors who had wrought havoc along the North
+Carolina border in April arrived at their town of Settiquo, they proudly
+displayed the twenty-two scalps of the slain Rowan settlers. Upon the
+demand for these scalps by Captain Demere at Fort Loudon and under
+direction of Atta-kulla-kulla, the Settiquo warriors surrendered eleven
+of the scalps to Captain Demere who, according to custom in time of
+peace, buried them. New murders on Pacolet and along the Virginia Path,
+which occurred shortly afterward, caused gloomy forebodings; and it was
+plain, says a contemporary gazette, that "the lower Cherokees were not
+satisfied with the murder of the Rowan settlers, but intended further
+mischief." [62] On October 1st and again on October 31st, Governor Dobbs
+received urgent requests from Governor Lyttelton, asking that the North
+Carolina provincials and militia coöperate to bring him assistance.
+Although there was no law requiring the troops to march out of the
+province and the exposed frontiers of North Carolina sorely needed
+protection, Waddell, now commissioned colonel, assembled a force of five
+small companies and marched to the aid of Governor Lyttelton. But early
+in January, 1760, while on the march, Waddell received a letter from
+Lyttelton, informing him that the assistance was not needed and that a
+treaty of peace had been negotiated with the Cherokees. [63]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Crushing the Cherokees
+
+Thus ended the Cherokee war, which was among the last humbling strokes
+given to the expiring power of France in North America.
+
+--Hewatt: An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies
+of South Carolina and Georgia. 1779.
+
+Governor Lyttelton's treaty of "peace," negotiated with the Cherokees at
+the close of 1759, was worse than a crime: it was a crass and hideous
+blunder. His domineering attitude and tyrannical treatment of these
+Indians had aroused the bitterest animosity. Yet he did not realize that
+it was no longer safe to trust their word. No sooner did the governor
+withdraw his army from the borders than the cunning Cherokees, whose
+passions had been inflamed by what may fairly be called the treacherous
+conduct of Lyttelton, rushed down with merciless ferocity upon the
+innocent and defenseless families on the frontier. On February 1, 1760,
+while a large party (including the family of Patrick Calhoun), numbering
+in all about one hundred and fifty persons, were removing from the Long
+Cane settlement to Augusta, they were suddenly attacked by a hundred
+mounted Cherokees, who slaughtered about fifty of them. After the
+massacre, many of the children were found helplessly wandering in the
+woods. One man alone carried to Augusta no less than nine of the pitiful
+innocents, some horribly mutilated with the tomahawk, others scalped,
+and all yet alive.
+
+Atrocities defying description continued to be committed, and many
+people were slain. The Cherokees, under the leadership of Si-lou-ee, or
+the Young Warrior of Estatoe, the Round O, Tiftoe, and others, were
+baffled in their persistent efforts to capture Fort Prince George. On
+February 16th the crafty Oconostota appeared before the fort and under
+the pretext of desiring some white man to accompany him on a visit to
+the governor on urgent business, lured the commander, Lieutenant
+Coytomore, and two attendants to a conference outside the gates. At a
+preconceived signal a volley of shots rang out; the two attendants were
+wounded, and Lieutenant Coytomore, riddled with bullets, fell dead.
+Enraged by this act of treachery, the garrison put to death the Indian
+hostages within. During the abortive attack upon the fort, Oconostota,
+unaware of the murder of the hostages, was heard shouting above the din
+of battle: "Fight strong, and you shall be relieved." [64]
+
+Now began the dark days along the Rowan border, which were so sorely to
+test human endurance. Many refugees fortified themselves in the
+different stockades; and Colonel Hugh Waddell with his redoubtable
+frontier company of Indian-fighters awaited the onslaught of the
+savages, who were reported to have passed through the mountain defiles
+and to be approaching along the foot-hills. The story of the investment
+of Fort Dobbs and the splendidly daring sortie of Waddell and Bailey is
+best told in Waddell's report to Governor Dobbs (February 29, 1760):
+
+For several Days I observed a small party of Indians were constantly
+about the fort, I sent out several parties after them to no purpose, the
+Evening before last between 8 & 9 o'clock I found by the Dogs making an
+uncommon Noise there must be a party nigh a Spring which we sometimes
+use. As my Garrison is but small, and I was apprehensive it might be a
+scheme to draw out the Garrison, I took our Capt. Bailie who with myself
+and party made up ten: We had not marched 300 yds. from the fort when we
+were attacked by at least 60 or 70 Indians. I had given my party Orders
+not to fire until I gave the word, which they punctually observed: We
+recd the Indians' fire: When I perceived they had almost all fired, I
+ordered my party to fire which We did not further than 12 steps each
+loaded with a Bullet and 7 Buck Shot, they had nothing to cover them as
+they were advancing either to tomahawk us or make us Prisoners: They
+found the fire very hot from so small a Number which a good deal
+confused them: I then ordered my party to retreat, as I found the
+Instant our skirmish began another party had attacked the fort, upon our
+reinforcing the garrison the Indians were soon repulsed with I am sure a
+considerable Loss, from what I myself saw as well as those I can confide
+in they cou'd not have less than 10 or 12 killed and wounded; The next
+Morning we found a great deal of Blood and one dead whom I suppose they
+cou'd not find in the night. On my side I had 2 Men wounded one of whom
+I am afraid will die as he is scalped, the other is in way of Recovery,
+and one boy killed near the fort whom they durst not advance to scalp. I
+expected they would have paid me another visit last night, as they
+attack all Fortifications by Night, but find they did not like their
+Reception. [65]
+
+Alarmed by Waddell's "offensive-defensive," the Indians abandoned the
+siege. Robert Campbell, Waddell's ranger, who was scalped in this
+engagement, subsequently recovered from his wounds and was recompensed
+by the colony with the sum of twenty pounds. [66]
+
+In addition to the frontier militia, four independent companies were now
+placed under Waddell's command. Companies of volunteers scoured the
+woods in search of the lurking Indian foe. These rangers, who were clad
+in hunting-shirts and buckskin leggings, and who employed Indian tactics
+in fighting, were captained by such hardy leaders as the veteran Morgan
+Bryan, the intrepid Griffith Rutherford, the German partisan, Martin
+Phifer (Pfeiffer), and Anthony Hampton, the father of General Wade
+Hampton. They visited periodically a chain of "forest castles" erected
+by the settlers--extending all the way from Fort Dobbs and the Moravian
+fortifications in the Wachau to Samuel Stalnaker's stockade on the
+Middle Fork of the Holston in Virginia. About the middle of March,
+thirty volunteer Rowan County rangers encountered a band of forty
+Cherokees, who fortified themselves in a deserted house near the Catawba
+River. The famous scout and hunter, John Perkins, assisted by one of his
+bolder companions, crept up to the house and flung lighted torches upon
+the roof. One of the Indians, as the smoke became suffocating and the
+flames burned hotter, exclaimed: "Better for one to die bravely than for
+all to perish miserably in the flames," and darting forth, dashed
+rapidly hither and thither, in order to draw as many shots as possible.
+This act of superb self-sacrifice was successful; and while the rifles
+of the whites, who riddled the brave Indian with balls, were empty, the
+other savages made a wild dash for liberty. Seven fell thus under the
+deadly rain of bullets; but many escaped. Ten of the Indians, all told,
+lost their scalps, for which the volunteer rangers were subsequently
+paid one hundred pounds by the colony of North Carolina. [67]
+
+Beaten back from Fort Dobbs, sorely defeated along the Catawba, hotly
+pursued by the rangers, the Cherokees continued to lurk in the shadows
+of the dense forests, and at every opportunity to fall suddenly upon
+wayfaring settlers and isolated cabins remote from any stronghold. On
+March 8th William Fish, his son, and Thompson, a companion, were riding
+along the "trace," in search of provisions for a group of families
+fortified on the Yadkin, when a flight of arrows hurtled from the
+cane-brake, and Fish and his son fell dead. Although pierced with two
+arrows, one in the hip and one clean through his body, Thompson escaped
+upon his fleet horse; and after a night of ghastly suffering finally
+reached the Carolina Fort at Bethabara. The good Dr. Bonn, by skilfully
+extracting the barbed shafts from his body, saved Thompson's life. The
+pious Moravians rejoiced over the recovery of the brave messenger, whose
+sensational arrival gave them timely warning of the close proximity of
+the Indians. While feeding their cattle, settlers were shot from ambush
+by the lurking foe; and on March 11th, a family barricaded within a
+burning house, which they were defending with desperate courage, were
+rescued in the nick of time by the militia. No episode from Fenimore
+Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales surpasses in melancholy interest Harry
+Hicks's heroic defense of his little fort on Bean Island Creek.
+Surrounded by the Indians, Hicks and his family took refuge within the
+small outer palisade around his humble home. Fighting desperately
+against terrific odds, he was finally driven from his yard into his log
+cabin, which he continued to defend with dauntless courage. With every
+shot he tried to send a redskin to the happy hunting-grounds; and it was
+only after his powder was exhausted that he fell, fighting to the last,
+beneath the deadly tomahawk. So impressed were the Indians by his
+bravery that they spared the life of his wife and his little son; and
+these were afterward rescued by Waddell when he marched to the Cherokee
+towns in 1761. [68]
+
+The kindly Moravians had always entertained with generous hospitality
+the roving bands of Cherokees, who accordingly held them in much esteem
+and spoke of Bethabara as "the Dutch Fort, where there are good people
+and much bread." But now, in these dread days, the truth of their daily
+text was brought forcibly home to the Moravians: "Neither Nehemiah nor
+his brethren put off their clothes, but prayed as they watched." With
+Bible in one hand and rifle in the other, the inhabitant of Wachovia
+sternly marched to religious worship. No Puritan of bleak New England
+ever showed more resolute courage or greater will to defend the hard-won
+outpost of civilization than did the pious Moravian of the Wachau. At
+the new settlement of Bethania on Easter Day, more than four hundred
+souls, including sixty rangers, listened devoutly to the eloquent sermon
+of Bishop Spangenberg concerning the way of salvation--the while their
+arms, stacked without the Gemein Haus, were guarded by the watchful
+sentinel. On March 14th the watchmen at Bethania with well-aimed shots
+repelled the Indians, whose hideous yells of baffled rage sounded down
+the wind like "the howling of a hundred wolves." Religion was no
+protection against the savages; for three ministers journeying to the
+present site of Salem were set upon by the red men--one escaping,
+another suffering capture, and the third, a Baptist, losing his life. A
+little later word came to Fort Dobbs that John Long and Robert Gillespie
+of Salisbury had been shot from ambush and scalped--Long having been
+pierced with eight bullets and Gillespie with seven. [69]
+
+There is one beautiful incident recorded by the Moravians, which has a
+truly symbolic significance. While the war was at its height, a strong
+party of Cherokees, who had lost their chief, planned in retaliation to
+attack Bethabara. "When they went home," sets forth the Moravian Diary,
+"they said they had been to a great town, where there were a great many
+people, where the bells rang often, and during the night, time after
+time, a horn was blown, so that they feared to attack the town and had
+taken no prisoners." The trumpet of the watchman, announcing the passing
+of the hour, had convinced the Indians that their plans for attack were
+discovered; and the regular evening bell, summoning the pious to prayer,
+rang in the stricken ears of the red men like the clamant call to arms.
+
+Following the retirement from office of Governor Lyttelton,
+Lieutenant-Governor Bull proceeded to prosecute the war with vigor. On
+April 1, 1760, twelve hundred men under Colonel Archibald Montgomerie
+arrived at Charleston, with instructions to strike an immediate blow and
+to relieve Fort Loudon, then invested by the Cherokees. With his own
+force, two hundred and ninety-five South Carolina Rangers, forty picked
+men of the new "levies," and "a good number of guides," Montgomerie
+moved from Fort Ninety-Six on May 28th. On the first of June, crossing
+Twelve-Mile River, Montgomerie began the campaign in earnest,
+devastating and burning every Indian village in the Valley of Keowee,
+killing and capturing more than a hundred of the Cherokees, and
+destroying immense stores of corn. Receiving no reply to his summons to
+the Cherokees of the Middle and Upper Towns to make peace or suffer like
+treatment, Montgomerie took up his march from Fort Prince George on June
+24th, resolved to carry out his threat. On the morning of the 27th, he
+was drawn into an ambuscade within six miles of Et-chow-ee, eight miles
+south of the present Franklin, North Carolina, a mile and a half below
+Smith's Bridge, and was vigorously attacked from dense cover by some six
+hundred and thirty warriors led by Si-lou-ee. Fighting with Indian
+tactics, the Provincial Rangers under Patrick Calhoun particularly
+distinguished themselves; and the blood-curdling yells of the painted
+savages were responded to by the wild huzzas of the kilted Highlanders
+who, waving their Scotch bonnets, impetuously charged the redskins and
+drove them again and again from their lurking-places. Nevertheless
+Montgomerie lost from eighty to one hundred in killed and wounded, while
+the loss of the Indians was supposed to be about half the loss of the
+whites. Unable to care for his wounded and lacking the means of removing
+his baggage, Montgomerie silently withdrew his forces. In so doing, he
+acknowledged defeat, since he was compelled to abandon his original
+intention of relieving the beleaguered garrison of Fort Loudon.
+
+Captain Demere and his devoted little band, who had been resolutely
+holding out, were now left to their tragic fate. After the bread was
+exhausted, the garrison was reduced to the necessity of eating dogs and
+horses; and the loyal aid of the Indian wives of some of the garrison,
+who secretly brought them supplies of food daily, enabled them to hold
+out still longer. Realizing at last the futility of prolonging the
+hopeless contest, Captain Demere surrendered the fort on August 8, 1760.
+At daylight the next morning, while on the march to Fort Prince George,
+the soldiers were set upon by the treacherous Cherokees, who at the
+first onset killed Captain Demere and twenty-nine others. A humane
+chieftain, Outassitus, says one of the gazettes of the day, "went around
+the field calling upon the Indians to desist, and making such
+representations to them as stopped the further progress and effects of
+their barbarous and brutal rage," which expressed itself in scalping and
+hacking off the arms and legs of the defenseless whites.
+Atta-kulla-kulla, who was friendly to the whites, claimed Captain
+Stuart, the second officer, as his captive, and bore him away by
+stealth. After nine days' journey through the wilderness they
+encountered an advance party under Major Andrew Lewis, sent out by
+Colonel Byrd, head of a relieving army, to rescue and succor any of the
+garrison who might effect their escape. Thus Stuart was restored to his
+friends. This abortive and tragic campaign, in which the victory lay
+conclusively with the Indians, ended when Byrd disbanded his new levies
+and Montgomerie sailed from Charleston for the north (August, 1760).
+
+During the remainder of the year, the province of North Carolina
+remained free of further alarms from the Indians. But the view was
+generally entertained that one more joint effort of North Carolina,
+South Carolina, and Virginia would have to be made in order to humble
+the Cherokees. At the sessions of the North Carolina Assembly in
+November and again in December, matters in dispute between Governor
+Dobbs and the representatives of the people made impossible the passage
+of a proposed aid bill, providing for five hundred men to coöperate with
+Virginia and South Carolina. Nevertheless volunteers in large numbers
+patriotically marched from North Carolina to Charleston and the Congaree
+(December, 1760, to April, 1761), to enlist in the famous regiment being
+organized by Colonel Thomas Middleton. [70] On March 31, 1761, Governor
+Dobbs called together the Assembly to act upon a letter received from
+General Amherst, outlining a more vigorous plan of campaign appropriate
+to the succession of a young and vigorous sovereign, George III. An aid
+bill was passed, providing twenty thousand pounds for men and supplies;
+and one regiment of five companies of one hundred men each, under the
+command of Colonel Hugh Waddell, was mustered into service for seven
+months' duty, beginning May 1, 1761. [71]
+
+On July 7, 1761, Colonel James Grant, detached from the main army in
+command of a force of twenty-six hundred men, took up his march from
+Fort Prince George. Attacked on June 10th two miles south of the spot
+where Montgomerie was engaged the preceding year, Grant's army, after a
+vigorous engagement lasting several hours, drove off the Indians. The
+army then proceeded at leisure to lay waste the fifteen towns of the
+Middle Settlements; and, after this work of systematic devastation was
+over, returned to Fort Prince George. Peace was concluded in September
+as the result of this campaign; and in consequence the frontier was
+pushed seventy miles farther to the west.
+
+Meantime, Colonel Waddell with his force of five hundred North
+Carolinians had acted in concert with Colonel William Byrd, commanding
+the Virginia detachment. The combined forces went into camp at Captain
+Samuel Stalnaker's old place on the Middle Fork of Holston. Because of
+his deliberately dilatory policy, Byrd was superseded in the command by
+Colonel Adam Stephen. Marching their forces to the Long Island of
+Holston, Stephen and Waddell erected there Fort Robinson, in compliance
+with the instructions of Governor Fauquier, of Virginia. The Cherokees,
+heartily tired of the war, now sued for peace, which was concluded,
+independent of the treaty at Charleston, on November 19, 1761.
+
+The successful termination of this campaign had an effect of signal
+importance in the development of the expansionist spirit. The rich and
+beautiful lands which fell under the eye of the North Carolina and
+Virginia pioneers under Waddell, Byrd, and Stephen, lured them
+irresistibly on to wider casts for fortune and bolder explorations into
+the unknown, beckoning West.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+The Land Companies
+
+It was thought good policy to settle those lands as fast as possible,
+and that the granting them to men of the first consequence who were
+likeliest and best able to procure large bodies of people to settle on
+them was the most probable means of effecting the end proposed.
+
+--Acting-Governor Nelson of Virginia to the Earl of Hillsborough: 1770.
+
+Although for several decades the Virginia traders had been passing over
+the Great Trading Path to the towns of the Cherokees and the Catawbas,
+it was not until the early years of the eighteenth century that
+Virginians of imaginative vision directed their eyes to the westward,
+intent upon crossing the mountains and locating settlements as a firm
+barrier against the imperialistic designs of France. Acting upon his
+oft-expressed conviction that once the English settlers had established
+themselves at the source of the James River "it would not be in the
+power of the French to dislodge them," Governor Alexander Spotswood in
+1716, animated with the spirit of the pioneer, led an expedition of
+fifty men and a train of pack-horses to the mountains, arduously
+ascended to the summit of the Blue Ridge, and claimed the country by
+right of discovery in behalf of his sovereign. In the journal of John
+Fontaine this vivacious account is given of the historic episode: "I
+graved my name on a tree by the river side; and the Governor buried a
+bottle with a paper enclosed on which he writ that he took possession of
+this place in the name and for King George the First of England. We had
+a good dinner, and after it we got the men together and loaded all their
+arms and we drank the King's health in Burgundy and fired a volley, and
+all the rest of the Royal Family in claret and a volley. We drank the
+Governor's health and fired another volley."
+
+By this jovial picnic, which the governor afterward commemorated by
+presenting to each of the gentlemen who accompanied him a golden
+horseshoe, inscribed with the legend, Sic juvat transcendere montes,
+Alexander Spotswood anticipated by a third of a century the more
+ambitious expedition on behalf of France by Cèloron de Bienville (see
+Chapter III), and gave a memorable object-lesson in the true spirit of
+westward expansion. During the ensuing years it began to dawn upon the
+minds of men of the stamp of William Byrd and Joshua Gee that there was
+imperative need for the establishment of a chain of settlements in the
+trans-Alleghany, a great human wall to withstand the advancing wave of
+French influence and occupation. By the fifth decade of the century, as
+we have seen, the Virginia settlers, with their squatter's claims and
+tomahawk rights, had pushed on to the mountains; and great pressure was
+brought to bear upon the council to issue grants for vast tracts of land
+in the uncharted wilderness of the interior.
+
+At this period the English ministry adopted the aggressive policy
+already mentioned in connection with the French and Indian war,
+indicative of a determination to contest with France the right to occupy
+the interior of the continent. This policy had been inaugurated by
+Virginia with the express purpose of stimulating the adoption of a
+similar policy by North Carolina and Pennsylvania. Two land companies,
+organized almost simultaneously, actively promoted the preliminaries
+necessary to settlement, despatching parties under expert leadership to
+discover the passes through the mountains and to locate the best land in
+the trans-Alleghany.
+
+In June, 1749, a great corporation, the Loyal Land Company of Virginia,
+received a grant of eight hundred thousand acres above the North
+Carolina line and west of the mountains. Dr. Thomas Walker, an expert
+surveyor, who in company with several other gentlemen had made a tour of
+exploration through eastern Tennessee and the Holston region in 1748,
+was chosen as the agent of this company. Starting from his home in
+Albemarle County, Virginia, March 6, 1750, accompanied by five stalwart
+pioneers, Walker made a tour of exploration to the westward, being
+absent four months and one week. On this journey, which carried the
+party as far west as the Rockcastle River (May 11th) and as far north as
+the present Paintsville, Kentucky, they named many natural objects, such
+as mountains and rivers, after members of the party. Their two principal
+achievements were the erection of the first house built by white men
+between the Cumberland Mountains and the Ohio River--a feat, however,
+which led to no important developments; and the discovery of the
+wonderful gap in the Alleghanies to which Walker gave the name
+Cumberland, in honor of the ruthless conqueror at Culloden, the "bloody
+duke."
+
+In 1748 the Ohio Company was organized by Colonel Thomas Lee, president
+of the Virginia council, and twelve other gentlemen, of Virginia and
+Maryland. In their petition for five hundred thousand acres, one of the
+declared objects of the company was "to anticipate the French by taking
+possession of that country southward of the Lakes to which the French
+had no right...." By the royal order of May 19, 1749, the company was
+awarded two hundred thousand acres, free of quit-rent for ten years; and
+the promise was made of an additional award of the remainder petitioned
+for, on condition of seating a hundred families upon the original grant
+and the building and maintaining of a fort. Christopher Gist, summoned
+from his remote home on the Yadkin in North Carolina, was instructed "to
+search out and discover the Lands upon the river Ohio & other adjoining
+branches of the Mississippi down as low as the great Falls thereof." In
+this journey, which began at Colonel Thomas Cresap's, in Maryland, in
+October, 1750, and ended at Gist's home on May 18, 1751, Gist visited
+the Lower Shawnee Town and the Lower Blue Licks, ascended Pilot Knob
+almost two decades before Findlay and Boone, from the same eminence,
+"saw with pleasure the beautiful level of Kentucky," intersected
+Walker's route at two points, and crossed Cumberland Mountain at Pound
+Gap on the return journey. This was a far more extended journey than
+Walker's, enabling Gist to explore the fertile valleys of the Muskingum,
+Scioto, and Miami rivers and to gain a view of the beautiful meadows of
+Kentucky. [72]
+
+It is eminently significant of the spirit of the age, which was
+inaugurating an era of land-hunger unparalleled in American history,
+that the first authentic records of the trans-Alleghany were made by
+surveyors who visited the country as the agents of great land companies.
+The outbreak of the French and Indian War so soon afterward delayed for
+a decade and more any important colonization of the West. Indeed, the
+explorations and findings of Walker and Gist were almost unknown, even
+to the companies they represented. But the conclusion of peace in 1763,
+which gave all the region between the mountains and the Mississippi to
+the British, heralded the true beginning of the westward expansionist
+movement in the Old Southwest, and inaugurated the constructive
+leadership of North Carolina in the occupation and colonization of the
+imperial domain of Kentucky and the Ohio Valley.
+
+In the middle years of the century many families of Virginia gentry
+removed to the back country of North Carolina in the fertile region
+ranging from Williamsborough on the east to Hillsborough on the west.
+[73] There soon arose in this section of the colony a society marked by
+intellectual distinction, social graces, and the leisured dignity of the
+landlord and the large planter. So conspicuous for means, intellect,
+culture, and refinement were the people of this group, having "abundance
+of wealth and leisure for enjoyment," that Governor Josiah Martin, in
+passing through this region some years later, significantly observes:
+"They have great pre-eminence, as well with respect to soil and
+cultivation, as to the manners and condition of the inhabitants, in
+which last respect the difference is so great that one would be led to
+think them people of another region." [74] This new wealthy class which
+was now turning its gaze toward the unoccupied lands along the frontier
+was "dominated by the democratic ideals of pioneers rather than by the
+aristocratic tendencies of slave-holding planters." [75] From the
+cross-fertilization of the ideas of two social groups--this back-country
+gentry, of innate qualities of leadership, democratic instincts,
+economic independence, and expansive tendencies, and the primitive
+pioneer society of the frontier, frugal in taste, responsive to
+leadership, bold, ready, and thorough in execution--there evolved the
+militant American expansion in the Old Southwest.
+
+A conspicuous figure in this society of Virginia emigrants was a young
+man named Richard Henderson, whose father had removed with his family
+from Hanover County, Virginia, to Bute, afterward Granville County,
+North Carolina, in 1742. [76] Educated at home by a private tutor, he
+began his career as assistant of his father, Samuel Henderson, the High
+Sheriff of Granville County; and after receiving a law-license, quickly
+acquired an extensive practice. "Even in the superior courts where
+oratory and eloquence are as brilliant and powerful as in
+Westminster-hall," records an English acquaintance, "he soon became
+distinguished and eminent, and his superior genius shone forth with
+great splendour, and universal applause." This young attorney, wedded to
+the daughter of an Irish lord, often visited Salisbury on his legal
+circuit; and here he became well acquainted with Squire Boone, one of
+the "Worshipfull Justices," and often appeared in suits before him. By
+his son, the nomadic Daniel Boone, conspicuous already for his solitary
+wanderings across the dark green mountains to the sun-lit valleys and
+boundless hunting-grounds beyond, Henderson was from time to time
+regaled with bizarre and fascinating tales of western exploration; and
+Boone, in his dark hour of poverty and distress, when he was heavily
+involved financially, turned for aid to this friend and his partner, who
+composed the law-firm of Williams and Henderson. [77]
+
+Boone's vivid descriptions of the paradise of the West stimulated
+Henderson's imaginative mind and attracted his attention to the rich
+possibilities of unoccupied lands there. While the Board of Trade in
+drafting the royal proclamation of October 7, 1763, forbade the granting
+of lands in the vast interior, which was specifically reserved to the
+Indians, it was clearly not their intention to set permanent western
+limits to the colonies. [78] The prevailing opinion among the shrewdest
+men of the period was well expressed by George Washington, who wrote his
+agent for preëmpting western lands: "I can never look upon that
+proclamation in any other light (but I say this between ourselves) than
+as a temporary expedient to quiet the minds of the Indians." And again
+in 1767: "It [the proclamation of 1763] must fall, of course, in a few
+years, especially when those Indians consent to our occupying the lands.
+Any person, therefore, who neglects the present opportunity of hunting
+out good lands, and in some measure marking out and distinguishing them
+for his own, in order to keep others from settling them, will never
+regain it." Washington had added greatly to his holdings of bounty lands
+in the West by purchasing at trivial prices the claims of many of the
+officers and soldiers. Three years later we find him surveying extensive
+tracts along the Ohio and the Great Kanawha, and, with the vision of the
+expansionist, making large plans for the establishment of a colony to be
+seated upon his own lands. Henderson, too, recognized the importance of
+the great country west of the Appalachians. He agreed with the opinion
+of Benjamin Franklin, who in 1756 called it "one of the finest in North
+America for the extreme richness and fertility of the land, the healthy
+temperature of the air and the mildness of the climate, the plenty of
+hunting, fishing and fowling, the facility of trade with the Indians and
+the vast convenience of inland navigation or water carriage." [79]
+Henderson therefore proceeded to organize a land company for the purpose
+of acquiring and colonizing a large domain in the West. This
+partnership, which was entitled Richard Henderson and Company, was
+composed of a few associates, including Richard Henderson, his uncle and
+law-partner, John Williams, and, in all probability, their close friends
+Thomas and Nathaniel Hart of Orange County, North Carolina, immigrants
+from Hanover County, Virginia.
+
+Seizing the opportunity presented just after the conclusion of peace,
+the company engaged Daniel Boone as scout and surveyor. He was
+instructed, while hunting and trapping on his own account, to examine,
+with respect to their location and fertility, the lands which he
+visited, and to report his findings upon his return. The secret
+expedition must have been transacted with commendable circumspection;
+for although in after years it became common knowledge among his friends
+that he had acted as the company's agent, Boone himself consistently
+refrained from betraying the confidence of his employers. [80] Upon a
+similar mission, Gist had carefully concealed from the suspicious
+Indians the fact that he carried a compass, which they wittily termed
+"land stealer"; and Washington likewise imposed secrecy upon his land
+agent Crawford, insisting that the operation be carried on under the
+guise of hunting game. [81] The discreet Boone, taciturn and given to
+keeping his own counsel, in one instance at least deemed it advantageous
+to communicate the purpose of his mission to some hunters, well known to
+him, in order to secure the results of their information in regard to
+the best lands they had encountered in the course of their hunting
+expedition. Boone came among the hunters, known as the "Blevens
+connection," at one of their Tennessee station camps on their return
+from a long hunt in Kentucky, in order, as expressed in the quaint
+phraseology of the period, to be "informed of the geography and
+locography of these woods, saying that he was employed to explore them
+by Henderson & Company." [82] The acquaintance which Boone on this
+occasion formed with a member of the party, Henry Scaggs, the skilled
+hunter and explorer, was soon to bear fruit; for shortly afterward
+Scaggs was employed as prospector by the same land company. In 1764
+Scaggs had passed through Cumberland Gap and hunted for the season on
+the Cumberland; and accordingly the following year, as the agent of
+Richard Henderson and Company, he was despatched on an extended
+exploration to the lower Cumberland, fixing his station at the salt lick
+afterward known as Mansker's Lick. [83]
+
+Richard Henderson thus, it appears, "enlisted the Harts and others in an
+enterprise which his own genius planned," says Peck, the personal
+acquaintance and biographer of Boone, "and then encouraged several
+hunters to explore the country and learn where the best lands lay." Just
+why Henderson and his associates did not act sooner upon the reports
+brought back by the hunters--Boone and Scaggs and Callaway, who
+accompanied Boone in 1764 in the interest of the land company--is not
+known; [84] but in all probability the fragmentary nature of these
+reports, however glowing and enthusiastic, was sufficient cause for the
+delay of five years before the land company, through the agency of Boone
+and Findlay, succeeded in having a thorough exploration made of the
+Kentucky region. Delay was also caused by rival claims to the territory.
+In the Virginia Gazette of December 1, 1768, Henderson must have read
+with astonishment not unmixed with dismay that "the Six Nations and all
+their tributaries have granted a vast extent of country to his majesty,
+and the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania, and settled an advantageous
+boundary line between their hunting country and this, and the other
+colonies to the Southward as far as the Cherokee River, for which they
+received the most valuable present in goods and dollars that was ever
+given at any conference since the settlement of America." The news was
+now bruited about through the colony of North Carolina that the
+Cherokees were hot in their resentment because the Northern Indians, the
+inveterate foes of the Cherokees and the perpetual disputants for the
+vast Middle Ground of Kentucky, had received at the Treaty of Fort
+Stanwix, November 5, 1768, an immense compensation from the crown for
+the territory which they, the Cherokees, claimed from time immemorial.
+[85] Only three weeks before, John Stuart, Superintendent for Indian
+Affairs in the Southern Department, had negotiated with the Cherokees
+the Treaty of Hard Labor, South Carolina (October 14th), by which
+Governor Tryon's line of 1767, from Reedy River to Tryon Mountain, was
+continued direct to Colonel Chiswell's mine, the present Wytheville,
+Virginia, and thence in a straight line to the mouth of the Great
+Kanawha. [86] Thus at the close of the year 1768 the crown through both
+royal governor and superintendent of Indian affairs acknowledged in fair
+and open treaty the right of the Cherokees, whose Tennessee villages
+guarded the gateway, to the valley lands east of the mountain barrier as
+well as to the dim mid-region of Kentucky. In the very act of
+negotiating the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, Sir William Johnson privately
+acknowledged that possession of the trans-Alleghany could be legally
+obtained only by extinguishing the title of the Cherokees. [87]
+
+These conflicting claims soon led to collisions between the Indians and
+the company's settlers. In the spring of 1769 occurred one of those
+incidents in the westward advance which, though slight in itself, was to
+have a definite bearing upon the course of events in later years. In
+pursuance of his policy, as agent of the Loyal Land Company, of
+promoting settlement upon the company's lands, Dr. Thomas Walker, who
+had visited Powell's Valley the preceding year and come into possession
+of a very large tract there, simultaneously made proposals to one party
+of men including the Kirtleys, Captain Rucker, and others, and to
+another party led by Joseph Martin, trader of Orange County, Virginia,
+afterward a striking figure in the Old Southwest. The fevered race by
+these bands of eighteenth-century "sooners" for possession of an early
+"Cherokee Strip" was won by the latter band, who at once took possession
+and began to clear; so that when the Kirtleys arrived, Martin coolly
+handed them "a letter from Dr. Walker that informed them that if we got
+to the valley first, we were to have 21,000 acres of land, and they were
+not to interfere with us." Martin and his companions were delighted with
+the beautiful valley at the base of the Cumberland, quickly "eat and
+destroyed 23 deer--15 bears--2 buffaloes and a great quantity of
+turkeys," and entertained gentlemen from Virginia and Maryland who
+desired to settle more than a hundred families there. The company
+reckoned, however, without their hosts, the Cherokees, who, fortified by
+the treaty of Hard Labor (1768) which left this country within the
+Indian reservation, were determined to drive Martin and his company out.
+While hunting on the Cumberland River, northwest of Cumberland Gap,
+Martin and his company were surrounded and disarmed by a party of
+Cherokees who said they had orders from Cameron, the royal agent, to rob
+all white men hunting on their lands. When Martin and his party arrived
+at their station in Powell's Valley, they found it broken up and their
+goods stolen by the Indians, which left them no recourse but to return
+to the settlements in Virginia. It was not until six years later that
+Martin, under the stable influence of the Transylvania Company, was
+enabled to return to this spot and erect there the station which was to
+play an integral part in the progress of westward expansion. [88]
+
+Before going on to relate Boone's explorations of Kentucky under the
+auspices of the land company, it will be convenient to turn back for a
+moment and give some account of other hunters and explorers who visited
+that territory between the time of its discovery by Walker and Gist and
+the advent of Boone.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+The Long Hunters in the Twilight Zone
+
+The long Hunters principally resided in the upper countries of Virginia
+& North Carolina on New River & Holston River, and when they intended to
+make a long Hunt (as they calld it) they Collected near the head of
+Holston near whare Abingdon now stands....
+
+--General William Hall.
+
+Before the coming of Walker and Gist in 1750 and 1751 respectively, the
+region now called Kentucky had, as far as we know, been twice visited by
+the French, once in 1729 when Chaussegros de Léry and his party visited
+the Big Bone Lick, and again in the summer of 1749 when the Baron de
+Longueuil with four hundred and fifty-two Frenchmen and Indians, going
+to join Bienville in an expedition against "the Cherickees and other
+Indians lying at the back of Carolina and Georgia," doubtless encamped
+on the Kentucky shore of the Ohio. Kentucky was also traversed by John
+Peter Salling with his three adventurous companions in their journey
+through the Middle West in 1742. But all these early visits, including
+the memorable expeditions of Walker and Gist, were so little known to
+the general public that when John Filson wrote the history of Kentucky
+in 1784 he attributed its discovery to James McBride in 1754. More
+influential upon the course of westward expansion was an adventure which
+occurred in 1752, the very year in which the Boones settled down in
+their Yadkin home.
+
+In the autumn of 1752, a Pennsylvania trader, John Findlay, with three
+or four companions, descended the Ohio River in a canoe as far as the
+falls at the present Louisville, Kentucky, and accompanied a party of
+Shawanoes to their town of Es-kip-pa-ki-thi-ki, eleven miles east of
+what is now Winchester. This was the site of the "Indian Old Corn
+Field," the Iroquois name for which ("the place of many fields," or
+"prairie") was Ken-ta-ke, whence came the name of the state. Five miles
+east of this spot, where still may be seen a mound and an ellipse
+showing the outline of the stockade, is the famous Pilot Knob, from the
+summit of which the fields surrounding the town lie visible in their
+smooth expanse. During Findlay's stay at the Indian town other traders
+from Pennsylvania and Virginia, who reported that they were "on their
+return from trading with the Cuttawas (Catawbas), a nation who live in
+the Territories of Carolina," assembled in the vicinity in January,
+1753. Here, as the result of disputes arising from their barter, they
+were set upon and captured by a large party of straggling Indians
+(Coghnawagas from Montreal) on January 26th; but Findlay and another
+trader named James Lowry were so fortunate as to escape and return
+through the wilderness to the Pennsylvania settlements. [89] The
+incident is of important historic significance; for it was from these
+traders, who must have followed the Great Warriors' Path to the country
+of the Catawbas, that Findlay learned of the Ouasioto (Cumberland) Gap
+traversed by the Indian path. His reminiscences--of this gateway to
+Kentucky, of the site of the old Indian town on Lulbegrud Creek, a
+tributary of the Red River, and of the Pilot Knob--were sixteen years
+later to fire Boone to his great tour of exploration in behalf of the
+Transylvania Company.
+
+During the next two decades, largely because of the hostility of the
+savage tribes, only a few traders and hunters from the east ranged
+through the trans-Alleghany. But in 1761, a party of hunters led by a
+rough frontiersman, Elisha Walden, penetrated into Powell's Valley,
+followed the Indian trail through Cumberland Gap, explored the
+Cumberland River, and finally reached the Laurel Mountain where,
+encountering a party of Indians, they deemed it expedient to return.
+With Walden went Henry Scaggs, afterward explorer for the Henderson Land
+Company, William Blevens and Charles Cox, the famous Virginia hunters,
+one Newman, and some fifteen other stout pioneers. Their itinerary may
+be traced from the names given to natural objects in honor of members of
+the party--Walden's Mountain and Walden's Creek, Scaggs' Ridge and
+Newman's Ridge. Following the peace of 1763, which made travel in this
+region moderately safe once more, the English proceeded to occupy the
+territory which they had won. In 1765 George Croghan with a small party,
+on the way to prepare the inhabitants of the Illinois country for
+transfer to English sovereignty, visited the Great Bone Licks of
+Kentucky (May 30th, 31st); and a year later Captain Harry Gordon, chief
+engineer in the Western Department in North America, visited and
+minutely described the same licks and the falls. But these, and numerous
+other water-journeys and expeditions of which no records were kept,
+though interesting enough in themselves, had little bearing upon the
+larger phases of westward expansion and colonization.
+
+The decade opening with the year 1765 is the epoch of bold and ever
+bolder exploration--the more adventurous frontiersmen of the border
+pushing deep into the wilderness in search of game, lured on by the
+excitements of the chase and the profit to be derived from the sale of
+peltries. In midsummer, 1766, Captain James Smith, Joshua Horton, Uriah
+Stone, William Baker, and a young mulatto slave passed through
+Cumberland Gap, hunted through the country south of the Cherokee and
+along the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, and as Smith reports "found
+no vestige of any white man." During the same year a party of five
+hunters from South Carolina, led by Isaac Lindsey, penetrated the
+Kentucky wilderness to the tributary of the Cumberland, named Stone's
+River by the former party, for one of their number. Here they
+encountered two men, who were among the greatest of the western
+pioneers, and were destined to leave their names in historic association
+with the early settlement of Kentucky--James Harrod and Michael Stoner,
+a German, both of whom had descended the Ohio from Fort Pitt. With the
+year 1769 began those longer and more extended excursions into the
+interior which were to result in conveying at last to the outside world
+graphic and detailed information concerning "the wonderful new country
+of Cantucky." In the late spring of this year Hancock and Richard Taylor
+(the latter the father of President Zachary Taylor), Abraham
+Hempinstall, and one Barbour, all true-blue frontiersmen, left their
+homes in Orange County, Virginia, and hunted extensively in Kentucky and
+Arkansas. Two of the party traveled through Georgia and East and West
+Florida; while the other two hunted on the Washita during the winter of
+1770-1. Explorations of this type became increasingly hazardous as the
+animosity of the Indians increased; and from this time onward for a
+number of years almost all the parties of roving hunters suffered
+capture or attack by the crafty red men. In this same year Major John
+McCulloch, living on the south branch of the Potomac, set out
+accompanied by a white man-servant and a negro, to explore the western
+country. While passing down the Ohio from Pittsburgh McCulloch was
+captured by the Indians near the mouth of the Wabash and carried to the
+present site of Terre Haute, Indiana. Set free after four or five
+months, he journeyed in company with some French voyageurs first to
+Natchez and then to New Orleans, whence he made the sea voyage to
+Philadelphia. Somewhat later, Benjamin Cleveland (afterward famous in
+the Revolution), attended by four companions, set out from his home on
+the upper Yadkin to explore the Kentucky wilderness. After passing
+through Cumberland Gap, they encountered a band of Cherokees who
+plundered them of everything they had, even to their hats and shoes, and
+ordered them to leave the Indian hunting-grounds. On their return
+journey they almost starved, and Cleveland, who was reluctantly forced
+to kill his faithful little hunting-dog, was wont to declare in after
+years that it was the sweetest meat he ever ate.
+
+Fired to adventure by the glowing accounts brought back by Uriah Stone,
+a much more formidable band than any that had hitherto ventured
+westward--including Uriah Stone as pilot, Gasper Mansker, John Rains,
+the Bledsoes, and a dozen others--assembled in June, 1769, in the New
+River region. "Each Man carried two horses," says an early pioneer in
+describing one of these parties, "traps, a large supply of powder and
+led, and a small hand vise and bellows, files and screw plate for the
+purpose of fixing the guns if any of them should get out of fix."
+Passing through Cumberland Gap, they continued their long journey until
+they reached Price's Meadow, in the present Wayne County, Kentucky,
+where they established their encampment. In the course of their
+explorations, during which they gave various names to prominent natural
+features, they established their "station camp" on a creek in Sumner
+County, Tennessee, whence originated the name of Station Camp Creek.
+Isaac Bledsoe and Gasper Mansker, agreeing to travel from here in
+opposite directions along a buffalo trace passing near the camp, each
+succeeded in discovering the famous salt-lick which bears his
+name--namely Bledsoe's Lick and Mansker's Lick. The flat surrounding the
+lick, about one hundred acres in extent, discovered by Bledsoe,
+according to his own statement "was principally Covered with buffelows
+in every direction--not hundreds but thousands." As he sat on his horse,
+he shot down two deer in the lick; but the buffaloes blindly trod them
+in the mud. They did not mind him and his horse except when the wind
+blew the scent in their nostrils, when they would break and run in
+droves. Indians often lurked in the neighbourhood of these
+hunters--plundering their camp, robbing them, and even shooting down one
+of their number, Robert Crockett, from ambush. After many trials and
+vicissitudes, which included a journey to the Spanish Natchez and the
+loss of a great mass of peltries when they were plundered by Piomingo
+and a war party of Chickasaws, they finally reached home in the late
+spring of 1770. [90]
+
+The most notable expedition of this period, projected under the auspices
+of two bold leaders extraordinarily skilled in woodcraft, Joseph Drake
+and Henry Scaggs, was organized in the early autumn of 1770. This
+imposing band of stalwart hunters from the New River and Holston
+country, some forty in number, garbed in hunting shirts, leggings, and
+moccasins, with three pack-horses to each man, rifles, ammunition,
+traps, dogs, blankets, and salt, pushed boldly through Cumberland Gap
+into the heart of what was later justly named the "Dark and Bloody
+Ground" (see Chapter XIV)--"not doubting," says an old border
+chronicler, "that they were to be encountered by Indians, and to subsist
+on game." From the duration of their absence from home, they received
+the name of the Long Hunters--the romantic appellation by which they are
+known in the pioneer history of the Old Southwest. Many natural objects
+were named by this party--in particular Dick's River, after the noted
+Cherokee hunter, Captain Dick, who, pleased to be recognized by Charles
+Scaggs, told the Long Hunters that on his river, pointing it out, they
+would find meat plenty--adding with laconic significance: "Kill it and
+go home." From the Knob Lick, in Lincoln County, as reported by a member
+of the party, "they beheld largely over a thousand animals, including
+buffaloe, elk, bear, and deer, with many wild turkies scattered among
+them; all quite restless, some playing, and others busily employed in
+licking the earth.... The buffaloe and other animals had so eaten away
+the soil, that they could, in places, go entirely underground." Upon the
+return of a detachment to Virginia, fourteen fearless hunters chose to
+remain; and one day, during the absence of some of the band upon a long
+exploring trip, the camp was attacked by a straggling party of Indians
+under Will Emery, a half-breed Cherokee. Two of the hunters were carried
+into captivity and never heard of again; a third managed to escape. In
+embittered commemoration of the plunder of the camp and the destruction
+of the peltries, they inscribed upon a poplar, which had lost its bark,
+this emphatic record, followed by their names:
+
+2300 Deer Skins lost     Ruination by God [91]
+
+Undismayed by this depressing stroke of fortune, they continued their
+hunt in the direction of the lick which Bledsoe had discovered the
+preceding year. Shortly after this discovery, a French voyageur from the
+Illinois who had hunted and traded in this region for a decade, Timothé
+de Monbreun, subsequently famous in the history of Tennessee, had
+visited the lick and killed an enormous number of buffaloes for their
+tallow and tongues with which he and his companion loaded a keel boat
+and descended the Cumberland. An early pioneer, William Hall, learned
+from Isaac Bledsoe that when "the long hunters Crossed the ridge and
+came down on Bledsoe's Creek in four or five miles of the Lick the Cane
+had grown up so thick in the woods that they thought they had mistaken
+the place until they Came to the Lick and saw what had been done.... One
+could walk for several hundred yards a round the Lick and in the lick on
+buffellows Skuls, & bones and the whole flat round the Lick was bleached
+with buffellows bones, and they found out the Cause of the Canes growing
+up so suddenly a few miles around the Lick which was in Consequence of
+so many buffellows being killed."
+
+This expedition was of genuine importance, opening the eyes of the
+frontiersmen to the charms of the country and influencing many to settle
+subsequently in the West--some in Tennessee, some in Kentucky. The
+elaborate and detailed information brought back by Henry Scaggs exerted
+an appreciable influence, no doubt, in accelerating the plans of Richard
+Henderson and Company for the acquisition and colonization of the
+trans-Alleghany. But while the "Long Hunters" were in Tennessee and
+Kentucky the same region was being more extensively and systematically
+explored by Daniel Boone. To his life, character, and attainments, as
+the typical "long hunter" and the most influential pioneer we may now
+turn our particular attention.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Daniel Boone and Wilderness Exploration
+
+Here, where the hand of violence shed the blood of the innocent; where
+the horrid yells of the savages, and the groans of the distressed,
+sounded in our ears, we now hear the praises and adorations of our
+Creator; where wretched wigwams stood, the miserable abodes of savages,
+we behold the foundations of cities laid, that, in all probability, will
+equal the glory of the greatest upon earth.
+
+--Daniel Boone, 1784.
+
+The wandering life of a border Nimrod in a surpassingly beautiful
+country teeming with game was the ideal of the frontiersman of the
+eighteenth century. As early as 1728, while running the dividing line
+between North Carolina and Virginia, William Byrd encountered along the
+North Carolina frontier the typical figure of the professional hunter:
+"a famous Woodsman, call'd Epaphroditus Bainton. This Forester Spends
+all his time in ranging the Woods, and is said to make great Havock
+among the Deer, and other Inhabitants of the Forest, not much wilder
+than himself." By the middle of the century, as he was threading his way
+through the Carolina piedmont zone, the hunter's paradise of the Yadkin
+and Catawba country, Bishop Spangenberg found ranging there many
+hunters, living like Indians, who killed thousands of deer each year and
+sold the skins in the local markets or to the fur-traders from Virginia
+whose heavy pack-trains with their tinkling bells constantly traversed
+the course of the Great Trading Path.
+
+The superlative skill of one of these hunters, both as woodsman and
+marksman, was proverbial along the border. The name of Daniel Boone
+became synonymous with expert huntsmanship and almost uncanny wisdom in
+forest lore. The bottoms of the creek near the Boone home, three miles
+west of present Mocksville, contained a heavy growth of beech, which
+dropped large quantities of its rich nuts or mast, greatly relished by
+bears; and this creek received its name, Bear Creek, because Daniel and
+his father killed in its rich bottoms ninety-nine bears in a single
+hunting-season. After living for a time with his young wife, Rebecca
+Bryan, in a cabin in his father's yard, Daniel built a home of his own
+upon a tract of land, purchased from his father on October 12, 1759, and
+lying on Sugar Tree, a tributary of Dutchman's Creek. Here he dwelt for
+the next five years, with the exception of the period of his temporary
+removal to Virginia during the terrible era of the Indian war. Most of
+his time during the autumn and winter, when he was not engaged in
+wagoning or farming, he spent in long hunting-journeys into the
+mountains to the west and northwest. During the hunting-season of 1760
+he struck deeper than ever before into the western mountain region and
+encamped in a natural rocky shelter amidst fine hunting-grounds, in what
+is now Washington County in east Tennessee. Of the scores of
+inscriptions commemorative of his hunting-feats, which Boone with
+pardonable pride was accustomed throughout his life-time to engrave with
+his hunting-knife upon trees and rocks, the earliest known is found upon
+a leaning beech tree, only recently fallen, near his camp and the creek
+which since that day has borne his name. This is a characteristic and
+enduring record in the history of American exploration:
+
+        D. Boon
+  CillED   A. BAR  On
+                  Tree
+     in      The
+         yEAR
+             1760
+
+Late in the summer of the following year Boone marched under the command
+of the noted Indian-fighter of the border, Colonel Hugh Waddell, in his
+campaign against the Cherokees. From the lips of Waddell, who was
+outspoken in his condemnation of Byrd's futile delays in road-cutting
+and fort-building, Boone learned the true secret of success in Indian
+warfare, which was lost upon Braddock, Forbes, and later St. Clair: that
+the art of defeating red men was to deal them a sudden and unexpected
+blow, before they had time either to learn the strength of the force
+employed against them or to lay with subtle craft their artful
+ambuscade.
+
+In the late autumn of 1761, Daniel Boone and Nathaniel Gist, the son of
+Washington's famous guide, who were both serving under Waddell,
+temporarily detached themselves from his command and led a small party
+on a "long hunt" in the Valley of the Holston. While encamping near the
+site of Black's Fort, subsequently built, they were violently assailed
+by a pack of fierce wolves which they had considerable difficulty in
+beating off; and from this incident the locality became known as Wolf
+Hills (now Abingdon, Virginia). [92]
+
+From this time forward Boone's roving instincts had full sway. For many
+months each year he threaded his way through that marvelously beautiful
+country of western North Carolina felicitously described as the
+Switzerland of America. Boone's love of solitude and the murmuring
+forest was surely inspired by the phenomenal beauties of the country
+through which he roamed at will. Blowing Rock on one arm of a great
+horseshoe of mountains and Tryon Mountain upon the other arm, overlooked
+an enormous, primeval bowl, studded by a thousand emerald-clad
+eminences. There was the Pilot Mountain, the towering and isolated pile
+which from time immemorial had served the aborigines as a guide in their
+forest wanderings; there was the dizzy height of the Roan on the border;
+there was Mt. Mitchell, portentous in its grandeur, the tallest peak on
+the continent east of the Rockies; and there was the Grandfather, the
+oldest mountain on earth according to geologists, of which it has been
+written:
+
+Oldest of all terrestrial things--still holding
+   Thy wrinkled forehead high;
+Whose every seam, earth's history enfolding,
+   Grim science doth defy!
+
+Thou caught'st the far faint ray from Sirius rising,
+   When through space first was hurled
+The primal gloom of ancient voids surprising,
+   This atom, called the World!
+
+What more gratifying to the eye of the wanderer than the luxuriant
+vegetation and lavish profusion of the gorgeous flowers upon the
+mountain slopes, radiant rhododendron, rosebay, and laurel, and the
+azalea rising like flame; or the rare beauties of the water--the
+cataract of Linville, taking its shimmering leap into the gorge, and
+that romantic river poetically celebrated in the lines:
+
+Swannanoa, nymph of beauty,
+I would woo thee in my rhyme,
+Wildest, brightest, loveliest river
+Of our sunny Southern clime.
+        • • •
+Gone forever from the borders
+But immortal in thy name,
+Are the Red Men of the forest
+Be thou keeper of their fame!
+Paler races dwell beside thee,
+Celt and Saxon till thy lands
+Wedding use unto thy beauty--
+Linking over thee their hands.
+
+The long rambling excursions which Boone made through western North
+Carolina and eastern Tennessee enabled him to explore every nook and
+corner of the rugged and beautiful mountain region. Among the companions
+and contemporaries with whom he hunted and explored the country were his
+little son James and his brother Jesse; the Linville who gave the name
+to the beautiful falls; Julius Cæsar Dugger, whose rock house stood near
+the head of Elk Creek; and Nathaniel Gist, who described for him the
+lofty gateway to Kentucky, through which Christopher Gist had passed in
+1751. Boone had already heard of this gateway, from Findlay, and it was
+one of the secret and cherished ambitions of his life to scale the
+mountain wall of the Appalachians and to reach that high portal of the
+Cumberland which beckoned to the mysterious new Eden beyond. Although
+hunting was an endless delight to Boone he was haunted in the midst of
+this pleasure, as was Kipling's Explorer, by the lure of the
+undiscovered:
+
+Till a voice as bad as conscience, rang interminable changes
+On one everlasting whisper day and night repeated--so:
+'Something hidden. Go and find it. Go and look behind the ranges--
+'Something lost behind the ranges. Lost and waiting for you. Go.'
+
+Of Boone's preliminary explorations for the land company known as
+Richard Henderson and Company, an account has already been given; and
+the delay in following them up has been touched on and in part
+explained. Meanwhile Boone transferred his efforts for a time to another
+field. Toward the close of the summer of 1765 a party consisting of
+Major John Field, William Hill, one Slaughter, and two others, all from
+Culpeper County, Virginia, visited Boone and induced him to accompany
+them on the "long Journey" to Florida, whither they were attracted by
+the liberal offer of Colonel James Grant, governor of the eastern
+section, the Florida of to-day. On this long and arduous expedition they
+suffered many hardships and endured many privations, found little game,
+and on one occasion narrowly escaped starvation. They explored Florida
+from St. Augustine to Pensacola; and Boone, who relished fresh scenes
+and a new environment, purchased a house and lot in Pensacola in
+anticipation of removal thither. But upon his return home, finding his
+wife unwilling to go, Boone once more turned his eager eye toward the
+West, that mysterious and alluring region beyond the great range, the
+fabled paradise of Kentucky.
+
+The following year four young men from the Yadkin, Benjamin Cutbird,
+John Stewart (Boone's brother-in-law who afterwards accompanied him to
+Kentucky), John Baker, and James Ward made a remarkable journey to the
+westward, crossing the Appalachian mountain chain over some unknown
+route, and finally reaching the Mississippi. The significance of the
+journey, in its bearing upon westward expansion, inheres in the fact
+that while for more than half a century the English traders from South
+Carolina had been winning their way to the Mississippi along the lower
+routes and Indian trails, this was the first party from either of the
+Carolinas, as far as is known, that ever reached the Mississippi by
+crossing the great mountain barrier. When Cutbird, a superb woodsman and
+veritable Leatherstocking, narrated to Boone the story of his
+adventures, it only confirmed Boone in his determination to find the
+passage through the mountain chain leading to the Mesopotamia of
+Kentucky.
+
+Such an enterprise was attended by terrible dangers. During 1766 and
+1767 the steady encroachments of the white settlers upon the ancestral
+domain which the Indians reserved for their imperial hunting-preserve
+aroused bitter feelings of resentment among the red men. Bloody reprisal
+was often the sequel to such encroachment. The vast region of Tennessee
+and the trans-Alleghany was a twilight zone, through which the savages
+roamed at will. From time to time war parties of northern Indians, the
+inveterate foes of the Cherokees, scouted through this no-man's land and
+even penetrated into the western region of North Carolina, committing
+murders and depredations upon the Cherokees and the whites
+indiscriminately. During the summer of 1766, while Boone's friend and
+close connection, Captain William Linville, his son John, and another
+young man, named John Williams, were in camp some ten miles below
+Linville Falls, they were unexpectedly fired upon by a hostile band of
+Northern Indians, and before they had time to fire a shot, a second
+volley killed both the Linvilles and severely wounded Williams, who
+after extraordinary sufferings finally reached the settlements. [93] In
+May, 1767, four traders and a half-breed child of one of them were
+killed in the Cherokee country. In the summer of this year Governor
+William Tryon of North Carolina laid out the boundary line of the
+Cherokees, and upon his return issued a proclamation forbidding any
+purchase of land from the Indians and any issuance of grants for land
+within one mile of the boundary line. Despite this wise precaution,
+seven North Carolina hunters who during the following September had
+lawlessly ventured into the mountain region some sixty miles beyond the
+boundary were fired upon, and several of them killed, by the resentful
+Cherokees. [94]
+
+Undismayed by these signs of impending danger, undeterred even by the
+tragic fate of the Linvilles, Daniel Boone, with the determination of
+the indomitable pioneer, never dreamed of relinquishing his
+long-cherished design. Discouraged by the steady disappearance of game
+under the ruthless attack of innumerable hunters, Boone continued to
+direct his thoughts toward the project of exploring the fair region of
+Kentucky. The adventurous William Hill, to whom Boone communicated his
+purpose, readily consented to go with him; and in the autumn of 1767
+Boone and Hill, accompanied, it is believed, by Squire Boone, Daniel's
+brother, set forth upon their almost inconceivably hazardous expedition.
+They crossed the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies, the Holston and Clinch
+rivers near their sources, and finally reached the head waters of the
+West Fork of the Big Sandy. Surmising from its course that this stream
+must flow into the Ohio, they pushed on a hundred miles to the westward
+and finally, by following a buffalo path, reached a salt-spring in what
+is now Floyd County, in the extreme eastern section of Kentucky. Here
+Boone beheld great droves of buffalo that visited the salt-spring to
+drink the water or lick the brackish soil. After spending the winter in
+hunting and trapping, the Boones and Hill, discouraged by the forbidding
+aspect of the hilly country which with its dense growth of laurel was
+exceedingly difficult to penetrate, abandoned all hope of finding
+Kentucky by this route and wended their arduous way back to the Yadkin.
+
+The account of Boone's subsequent accomplishment of his purpose must be
+postponed to the next chapter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Daniel Boone in Kentucky
+
+He felt very much as Columbus did, gazing from his caravel on San
+Salvador; as Cortes, looking down from the crest of Ahualco, on the
+Valley of Mexico; or Vasco Nuñez, standing alone on the peak of Darien,
+and stretching his eyes over the hitherto undiscovered waters of the
+Pacific.
+
+--William Gilmore Simms: Views and Reviews.
+
+A chance acquaintance formed by Daniel Boone, during the French and
+Indian War, with the Irish lover of adventure, John Findlay, [95] was
+the origin of Boone's cherished longing to reach the El Dorado of the
+West. In this slight incident we may discern the initial inspiration for
+the epochal movement of westward expansion. Findlay was a trader and
+horse peddler, who had early migrated to Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He had
+been licensed a trader with the Indians in 1747. During the same year he
+was married to Elizabeth Harris, daughter of John Harris, the
+Indian-trader at Harris's Ferry on the Susquehanna River, after whom
+Harrisburg was named. During the next eight years Findlay carried on his
+business of trading in the interior. Upon the opening of the French and
+Indian War he was probably among "the young men about Paxtang who
+enlisted immediately," and served as a waggoner in Braddock's
+expedition. Over the camp-fires, during the ensuing campaign in 1765,
+young Boone was an eager listener to Findlay's stirring narrative of his
+adventures in the Ohio Valley and on the wonderfully beautiful levels of
+Kentucky in 1752. The fancies aroused in his brooding mind by Findlay's
+moving recital and his description of an ancient passage through the
+Ouasioto or Cumberland Gap and along the course of the Warrior's Path,
+inspired him with an irrepressible longing to reach that alluring
+promised land which was the perfect realization of the hunter's
+paradise.
+
+Thirteen years later, while engaged in selling pins, needles, thread,
+and Irish linens in the Yadkin country, Findlay learned from the
+Pennsylvania settlers at Salisbury or at the Forks of the Yadkin of
+Boone's removal to the waters of the upper Yadkin. At Boone's rustic
+home, in the winter of 1768-9, Findlay visited his old comrade-in-arms
+of Braddock's campaign. On learning of Boone's failure during the
+preceding year to reach the Kentucky levels by way of the inhospitable
+Sandy region, Findlay again described to him the route through the
+Ouasioto Gap traversed sixteen years before by Pennsylvania traders in
+their traffic with the Catawbas. Boone, as we have seen, knew that
+Christopher Gist, who had formerly lived near him on the upper Yadkin,
+had found some passage through the lofty mountain defiles; but he had
+never been able to discover the passage. Findlay's renewed descriptions
+of the immense herds of buffaloes he had seen in Kentucky, the great
+salt-licks where they congregated, the abundance of bears, deer, and elk
+with which the country teemed, the innumerable flocks of wild turkeys,
+geese, and ducks, aroused in Boone the hunter's passion for the chase;
+while the beauty of the lands, as mirrored in the vivid fancy of the
+Irishman, inspired him with a new longing to explore the famous country
+which had, as John Filson records, "greatly engaged Mr. Findlay's
+attention."
+
+In the comprehensive designs of Henderson, now a judge, for securing a
+graphic report of the trans-Alleghany region in behalf of his land
+company, Boone divined the means of securing the financial backing for
+an expedition of considerable size and ample equipment. [96] In numerous
+suits for debt, aggregating hundreds of dollars, which had been
+instituted against Boone by some of the leading citizens of Rowan,
+Williams and Henderson had acted as Boone's attorneys. In order to
+collect their legal fees, they likewise brought suit against Boone; but
+not wishing to press the action against the kindly scout who had
+hitherto acted as their agent in western exploration, they continued the
+litigation from court to court, in lieu of certain "conditions
+performed" on behalf of Boone, during his unbroken absence, by his
+attorney in this suit, Alexander Martin. [97] Summoned to appear in 1769
+at the March term of court at Salisbury, Boone seized upon the occasion
+to lay before Judge Henderson the designs for a renewed and extended
+exploration of Kentucky suggested by the golden opportunity of securing
+the services of Findlay as guide. Shortly after March 6th, when Judge
+Henderson reached Salisbury, the conference, doubtless attended by John
+Stewart, Boone's brother-in-law, John Findlay, and Boone, who were all
+present at this term of court, must have been held, for the purpose of
+devising ways and means for the expedition. Peck, the only reliable
+contemporary biographer of the pioneer, who derived many facts from
+Boone himself and his intimate acquaintances, draws the conclusion
+(1847): "Daniel Boone was engaged as the master spirit of this
+exploration, because in his judgment and fidelity entire confidence
+could be reposed.... He was known to Henderson and encouraged by him to
+make the exploration, and to examine particularly the whole country
+south of the Kentucky--or as then called the Louisa River." [98] As
+confidential agent of the land company, Boone carried with him letters
+and instructions for his guidance upon this extended tour of
+exploration. [99]
+
+On May 1, 1769, with Findlay as guide, and accompanied by four of his
+neighbors, John Stewart, a skilled woodsman, Joseph Holden, James
+Mooney, and William Cooley, Boone left his "peaceable habitation" on the
+upper Yadkin and began his historic journey "in quest of the country of
+Kentucky." Already heavily burdened with debts, Boone must have incurred
+considerable further financial obligations to Judge Henderson and
+Colonel Williams, acting for the land company, in order to obtain the
+large amount of supplies requisite for so prolonged an expedition. Each
+of the adventurers rode a good horse of strength and endurance; and
+behind him were securely strapped the blanket, ammunition, salt, and
+cooking-utensils so indispensable for a long sojourn in the wilderness.
+In Powell's Valley they doubtless encountered the party led thither by
+Joseph Martin (see Chapter VII), and there fell into the "Hunter's
+Trail" commented on in a letter written by Martin only a fortnight
+before the passing of Boone's cavalcade. Crossing the mountain at the
+Ouasioto Gap, they made their first "station camp" in Kentucky on the
+creek, still named after that circumstance, on the Red Lick Fork. After
+a preliminary journey for the purpose of locating the spot, Findlay led
+the party to his old trading-camp at Es-kip-pa-ki-thi-ki, where then
+(June 7, 1769) remained but charred embers of the Indian huts, with some
+of the stockading and the gate-posts still standing. In Boone's own
+words, he and Findlay at once "proceeded to take a more thorough survey
+of the country"; and during the autumn and early winter, encountering on
+every hand apparently inexhaustible stocks of wild game and noting the
+ever-changing beauties of the country, the various members of the party
+made many hunting and exploring journeys from their "station camp" as
+base. On December 22, 1769, while engaged in a hunt, Boone and Stewart
+were surprised and captured by a large party of Shawanoes, led by
+Captain Will, who were returning from the autumn hunt on Green River to
+their villages north of the Ohio. Boone and Stewart were forced to pilot
+the Indians to their main camp, where the savages, after robbing them of
+all their peltries and supplies and leaving them inferior guns and
+little ammunition, set off to the northward. They left, on parting, this
+menacing admonition to the white intruders: "Now, brothers, go home and
+stay there. Don't come here any more, for this is the Indians'
+hunting-ground, and all the animals, skins, and furs are ours. If you
+are so foolish as to venture here again, you may be sure the wasps and
+yellow jackets will sting you severely."
+
+Chagrined particularly by the loss of the horses, Boone and Stewart for
+two days pursued the Indians in hot haste. Finally approaching the
+Indians' camp by stealth in the dead of night, they secured two of the
+horses, upon which they fled at top speed. In turn they were immediately
+pursued by a detachment of the Indians, mounted upon their fleetest
+horses; and suffered the humiliation of recapture two days later.
+Indulging in wild hilarity over the capture of the crestfallen whites,
+the Indians took a bell from one of the horses and, fastening it about
+Boone's neck, compelled him under the threat of brandished tomahawks to
+caper about and jingle the bell, jeering at him the while with the
+derisive query, uttered in broken English: "Steal horse, eh?" With as
+good grace as they could summon--wry smiles at best--Boone and Stewart
+patiently endured these humiliations, following the Indians as captives.
+Some days later (about January 4, 1770), while the vigilance of the
+Indians was momentarily relaxed, the captives suddenly plunged into a
+dense cane-brake and in the subsequent confusion succeeded in effecting
+their escape. Finding their camp deserted upon their return, Boone and
+Stewart hastened on and finally overtook their companions. Here Boone
+was both surprised and delighted to encounter his brother Squire, loaded
+down with supplies. Having heard nothing from Boone, the partners of the
+land company had surmised that he and his party must have run short of
+ammunition, flour, salt, and other things sorely needed in the
+wilderness; and because of their desire that the party should remain, in
+order to make an exhaustive exploration of the country, Squire Boone had
+been sent to him with supplies. [100] Findlay, Holden, Mooney, and
+Cooley returned to the settlements; but Stewart, Squire Boone, and
+Alexander Neely, who had accompanied Squire, threw in their lot with the
+intrepid Daniel, and fared forth once more to the stirring and bracing
+adventures of the Kentucky wilderness. In Daniel Boone's own words, he
+expected "from the furs and peltries they had an opportunity of taking
+... to recruit his shattered circumstances; discharge the debts he had
+contracted by the adventure; and shortly return under better auspices,
+to settle the newly discovered country." [101]
+
+Boone and his party now stationed themselves near the mouth of the Red
+River, and soon provided themselves, against the hardships of the long
+winter, with jerk, bear's oil, buffalo tallow, dried buffalo tongues,
+fresh meat, and marrow-bones as food, and buffalo robes and bearskins as
+shelter from the inclement weather. Neely had brought with him, to while
+away dull hours, a copy of "Gulliver's Travels"; and in describing
+Neely's successful hunt for buffalo one day, Boone in after years
+amusingly deposed: "In the year 1770 I encamped on Red River with five
+other men, and we had with us for our amusement the History of Samuel
+Gulliver's Travels, wherein he gave an account of his young master,
+Glumdelick, careing him on market day for a show to a town called
+Lulbegrud. A young man of our company called Alexander Neely came to
+camp and told us he had been that day to Lulbegrud, and had killed two
+Brobdignags in their capital." [102] Far from unlettered were pioneers
+who indulged together in such literary chat and gave to the near-by
+creek the name (after Dean Swift's Lorbrulgrud) of Lulbegrud which name,
+first seen on Filson's map of Kentucky (1784), it bears to this day.
+From one of his long, solitary hunts Stewart never returned; and it was
+not until five years later, while cutting out the Transylvania Trail,
+that Boone and his companions discovered, near the old crossing at
+Rockcastle, Stewart's remains in a standing hollow sycamore. The
+wilderness never gave up its tragic secret.
+
+The close of the winter and most of the spring were passed by the
+Boones, after Neely's return to the settlements, in exploration,
+hunting, and trapping beaver and otter, in which sport Daniel
+particularly excelled. Owing to the drain upon their ammunition, Squire
+was at length compelled to return to the settlements for supplies; and
+Daniel, who remained alone in the wilderness to complete his
+explorations for the land company, must often have shared the feelings
+of Balboa as, from lofty knob or towering ridge, he gazed over the waste
+of forest which spread from the dim outlines of the Alleghanies to the
+distant waters of the Mississippi. He now proceeded to make those
+remarkable solitary explorations of Kentucky which have given him
+immortality--through the valley of the Kentucky and the Licking, and
+along the "Belle Rivière" (Ohio) as low as the falls. He visited the Big
+Bone Lick and examined the wonderful fossil remains of the mammoth found
+there. Along the great buffalo roads, worn several feet below the
+surface of the ground, which led to the Blue Licks, he saw with
+amazement and delight thousands of huge shaggy buffalo gamboling,
+bellowing, and making the earth rumble beneath the trampling of their
+hooves. One day, while upon a cliff near the junction of the Kentucky
+and Dick's Rivers, he suddenly found himself hemmed in by a party of
+Indians. Seizing his only chance of escape, he leaped into the top of a
+maple tree growing beneath the cliffs and, sliding to safety full sixty
+feet below, made his escape, pursued by the sound of a chorus of
+guttural "Ughs" from the dumbfounded savages.
+
+Finally making his way back to the old camp, Daniel was rejoined there
+by Squire on July 27, 1770. During the succeeding months, much of their
+time was spent in hunting and prospecting in Jessamine County, where two
+caves are still known as Boone's caves. Eventually, when ammunition and
+supplies had once more run low, Squire was compelled a second time to
+return to the settlements. Perturbed after a time by Squire's failure to
+rejoin him at the appointed time, Daniel started toward the settlements,
+in search of him; and by a stroke of good fortune encountered him along
+the trail. Overjoyed at this meeting (December, 1770) the indomitable
+Boones once more plunged into the wilderness, determined to conclude
+their explorations by examining the regions watered by the Green and
+Cumberland rivers and their tributaries. In after years, Gasper Mansker,
+the old German scout, was accustomed to describe with comic effect the
+consternation created among the Long Hunters, while hunting one day on
+Green River, by a singular noise which they could not explain.
+Stealthily slipping from tree to tree, Mansker finally beheld with
+mingled surprise and amusement a hunter, bare-headed, stretched flat
+upon his back on a deerskin spread on the ground, singing merrily at the
+top of his voice! It was Daniel Boone, joyously whiling away the
+solitary hours in singing one of his favorite songs of the border. In
+March, 1771, after spending some time in company with the Long Hunters,
+the Boones, their horses laden with furs, set their faces homeward. On
+their return journey, near Cumberland Gap, they had the misfortune to be
+surrounded by a party of Indians who robbed them of their guns and all
+their peltries. With this humiliating conclusion to his memorable tour
+of exploration, Daniel Boone, as he himself says, "once more reached
+home after experiencing hardships which would defy credulity in the
+recital." [103]
+
+Despite the hardships and the losses, Boone had achieved the ambition of
+years: he had seen Kentucky, which he "esteemed a second paradise." The
+reports of his extended explorations, which he made to Judge Henderson,
+were soon communicated to the other partners of the land company; and
+their letters of this period, to one another, bristle with glowing and
+minute descriptions of the country, as detailed by their agent. Boone
+was immediately engaged to act in the company's behalf to sound the
+Cherokees confidentially with respect to their willingness to lease or
+sell the beautiful hunting-grounds of the trans-Alleghany. [104] The
+high hopes of Henderson and his associates at last gave promise of
+brilliant realization. Daniel Boone's glowing descriptions of Kentucky
+excited in their minds, says a gifted early chronicler, the "spirit of
+an enterprise which in point of magnitude and peril, as well as
+constancy and heroism displayed in its execution, has never been
+paralleled in the history of America."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+The Regulators
+
+It is not a persons labour, nor yet his effects that will do, but if he
+has but one horse to plow with, one bed to lie on, or one cow to give a
+little milk for his children, they must all go to raise money which is
+not to be had. And lastly if his personal estate (sold at one tenth of
+its value) will not do, then his lands (which perhaps has cost him many
+years of toil and labour) must go the same way to satisfy these cursed
+hungry caterpillars, that are eating and will eat out the bowels of our
+Commonwealth, if they be not pulled down from their nests in a very
+short time.
+
+--George Sims: A Serious Address to the Inhabitants of Granville County,
+containing an Account of our deplorable Situation we suffer ... and some
+necessary Hints with Respect to a Reformation. June 6, 1765.
+
+It is highly probable that even at the time of his earlier explorations
+in behalf of Richard Henderson and Company, Daniel Boone anticipated
+speedy removal to the West. Indeed, in the very year of his first tour
+in their interest, Daniel and his wife Rebeckah sold all their property
+in North Carolina, consisting of their home and six hundred and forty
+acres of land, and after several removals established themselves upon
+the upper Yadkin. This removal and the later western explorations just
+outlined were due not merely to the spirit of adventure and discovery.
+Three other causes also were at work. In the first place there was the
+scarcity of game. For fifteen years the shipments of deerskins from
+Bethabara to Charleston steadily increased; and the number of skins
+bought by Gammern, the Moravian storekeeper, ran so high that in spite
+of the large purchases made at the store by the hunters he would
+sometimes run entirely out of money. Tireless in the chase, the
+far-roaming Boone was among "the hunters, who brought in their skins
+from as far away as the Indian lands"; and the beautiful upland pastures
+and mountain forests, still teeming with deer and bear, doubtless lured
+him to the upper Yadkin, where for a time in the immediate neighborhood
+of his home abundance of game fell before his unerring rifle. Certainly
+the deer and other game, which were being killed in enormous numbers to
+satisfy the insatiable demand of the traders at Salisbury, the Forks,
+and Bethabara, became scarcer and scarcer; and the wild game that was
+left gradually fled to the westward. Terrible indeed was the havoc
+wrought among the elk; and it was reported that the last elk was killed
+in western North Carolina as early as 1781.
+
+Another grave evil of the time with which Boone had to cope in the back
+country of North Carolina was the growth of undisguised outlawry,
+similar to that found on the western plains of a later era. This
+ruthless brigandage arose as the result of the unsettled state of the
+country and the exposed condition of the settlements due to the Indian
+alarms. When rude borderers, demoralized by the enforced idleness
+attendant upon fort life during the dark days of Indian invasion,
+sallied forth upon forays against the Indians, they found much valuable
+property--horses, cattle, and stock--left by their owners when hurriedly
+fleeing to the protection of the frontier stockades. The temptations
+thus afforded were too great to resist; and the wilder spirits of the
+backwoods, with hazy notions of private rights, seized the property
+which they found, slaughtered the cattle, sold the horses, and
+appropriated to their own use the temporarily abandoned household goods
+and plantation tools. The stealing of horses, which were needed for the
+cultivation of the soil and useful for quickly carrying unknown thieves
+beyond the reach of the owner and the law, became a common practice; and
+was carried on by bands of outlaws living remote from one another and
+acting in collusive concert.
+
+Toward the end of July, 1755, when the Indian outrages upon the New
+River settlements in Virginia had frightened away all the families at
+the Town Fork in the Yadkin country, William Owen, a man of Welsh stock,
+who had settled in the spring of 1752 in the upper Yadkin near the
+Mulberry Fields, was suspected of having robbed the storekeeper on the
+Meho. Not long afterward a band of outlaws who plundered the exposed
+cabins in their owners' absence, erected a rude fort in the mountain
+region in the rear of the Yadkin settlements, where they stored their
+ill-gotten plunder and made themselves secure from attack. Other members
+of the band dwelt in the settlements, where they concealed their robber
+friends by day and aided them by night in their nefarious projects of
+theft and rapine.
+
+The entire community was finally aroused by the bold depredations of the
+outlaws; and the most worthy settlers of the Yadkin country organized
+under the name of Regulators to break up the outlaw band. When it was
+discovered that Owen, who was well known at Bethabara, had allied
+himself with the highwaymen, one of the justices summoned one hundred
+men; and seventy, who answered the call, set forth on December 26, 1755,
+to seek out the outlaws and to destroy their fortress. Emboldened by
+their success, the latter upon one occasion had carried off a young girl
+of the settlements. Daniel Boone placed himself at the head of one of
+the parties, which included the young girl's father, to go to her
+rescue; and they fortunately succeeded in effecting the release of the
+frightened maiden. One of the robbers was apprehended and brought to
+Salisbury, where he was thrown into prison for his crimes. Meanwhile a
+large amount of plunder had been discovered at the house of one
+Cornelius Howard; and the evidences of his guilt so multiplied against
+him that he finally confessed his connection with the outlaw band and
+agreed to point out their fort in the mountains.
+
+Daniel Boone and George Boone joined the party of seventy men, sent out
+by the colonial authorities, under the guidance of Howard, to attack the
+stronghold of the bandits. Boone afterward related that the robbers'
+fort was situated in the most fitly chosen place for such a purpose that
+he could imagine--beneath an overhanging cliff of rock, with a large
+natural chimney, and a considerable area in front well stockaded. The
+frontiersmen surrounded the fort, captured five women and eleven
+children, and then burned the fort to the ground. Owen and his wife,
+Cumberland, and several others were ultimately made prisoners; but
+Harman and the remainder of the band escaped by flight. Owen and his
+fellow captives were then borne to Salisbury, incarcerated in the prison
+there, and finally (May, 1756) condemned to the gallows. Owen sent word
+to the Moravians, petitioning them to adopt his two boys and to
+apprentice one to a tailor, the other to a carpenter. But so infuriated
+was Owen's wife by Howard's treachery that she branded him as a second
+Judas; and this at once fixed upon him the sobriquet "Judas" Howard--a
+sobriquet he did not live long to bear, for about a year later he was
+ambushed and shot from his horse at the crossing of a stream. He thus
+paid the penalty of his betrayal of the outlaw band. For a number of
+years, the Regulators continued to wage war against the remaining
+outlaws, who from time to time committed murders as well as thefts. As
+late as January, 1768, the Regulators caught a horse thief in the
+Hollows of Surry County and brought him to Bethabara, whence Richter and
+Spach took him to the jail at Salisbury. After this year, the outlaws
+were heard of no more; and peace reigned in the settlements.
+
+Colonel Edmund Fanning--of whom more anon--declared that the Regulation
+began in Anson County which bordered upon South Carolina. [105] Certain
+it is that the upper country of that province was kept in an uproar by
+civil disturbances during this early period. Owing to the absence of
+courts in this section, so remote from Charleston, the inhabitants found
+it necessary, for the protection of property and the punishment of
+outlaws, to form an association called, like the North Carolina society,
+the Regulation. Against this association the horse thieves and other
+criminals made common cause, and received tacit support from certain
+more reputable persons who condemned "the irregularity of the
+Regulators." The Regulation which had been thus organized in upper South
+Carolina as early as 1764 led to tumultuous risings of the settlers; and
+finally in the effort to suppress these disorders, the governor, Lord
+Charles Montagu, appointed one Scovil, an utterly unworthy
+representative, to carry out his commands. After various disorders,
+which became ever more unendurable to the law-abiding, matters came to a
+crisis (1769) as the result of the high-handed proceedings of Scovil,
+who promiscuously seized and flung into prison all the Regulators he
+could lay hands on. In the month of March the back country rose in
+revolt against Scovil and a strong body of the settlers was on the point
+of attacking the force under his command when an eleventh-hour letter
+arrived from Montagu, dismissing Scovil from office. Thus was happily
+averted, by the narrowest of margins, a threatened precursor of the
+fight at Alamance in 1771 (see Chapter XII). As the result of the
+petition of the Calhouns and others, courts were established in 1760,
+though not opened until four years later. Many horse thieves were
+apprehended, tried, and punished. Justice once more held full sway.
+
+Another important cause for Boone's removal from the neighborhood of
+Salisbury into the mountain fastnesses was the oppressive administration
+of the law by corrupt sheriffs, clerks, and tax-gatherers, and the
+dissatisfaction of the frontier squatters with the owners of the soil.
+At the close of the year 1764 reports reached the town of Wilmington,
+after the adjournment of the assembly in November, of serious
+disturbances in Orange County, due, it was alleged, to the exorbitant
+exactions of the clerks, registers, and some of the attorneys. [106] As
+a result of this disturbing news, Governor Dobbs issued a proclamation
+forbidding any officer to take illegal fees. Troubles had been brewing
+in the adjacent county of Granville ever since the outbreak of the
+citizens against Francis Corbin, Lord Granville's agent (January 24,
+1759), and the issuance of the petition of Reuben Searcy and others
+(March 23d) protesting against the alleged excessive fees taken and
+injustices practised by Robert (Robin) Jones, the famous lawyer. These
+disturbances were cumulative in their effect; and the people at last
+(1765) found in George Sims, of Granville, a fit spokesman of their
+cause and a doughty champion of popular rights. In his "Serious Address
+to the Inhabitants of Granville County, containing an Account of our
+deplorable Situation we suffer ... and some necessary Hints with Respect
+to a Reformation," recently brought to light, he presents a crushing
+indictment of the clerk of the county court, Samuel Benton, the
+grandfather of Thomas Hart Benton. After describing in detail the system
+of semi-peonage created by the merciless exactions of lawyers and petty
+court officials, and the insatiable greed of "these cursed hungry
+caterpillars," Sims with rude eloquence calls upon the people to pull
+them down from their nests for the salvation of the Commonwealth. [107]
+
+Other abuses were also recorded. So exorbitant was the charge for a
+marriage-license, for instance, that an early chronicler records: "The
+consequence was that some of the inhabitants on the head-waters of the
+Yadkin took a short cut. They took each other for better or for worse;
+and considered themselves as married without further ceremony." The
+extraordinary scarcity of currency throughout the colony, especially in
+the back country, was another great hardship and a perpetual source of
+vexation. All these conditions gradually became intolerable to the
+uncultured but free-spirited men of the back country. Events were slowly
+converging toward a crisis in government and society. Independent in
+spirit, turbulent in action, the backwoodsmen revolted not only against
+excessive taxes, dishonest sheriffs, and extortionate fees, but also
+against the rapacious practices of the agents of Lord Granville. These
+agents industriously picked flaws in the titles to the lands in
+Granville's proprietary upon which the poorer settlers were seated; and
+compelled them to pay for the land if they had not already done so, or
+else to pay the fees twice over and take out a new patent as the only
+remedy of the alleged defect in their titles. In Mecklenburg County the
+spirit of backwoods revolt flamed out in protest against the proprietary
+agents. Acting under instructions to survey and close bargains for the
+lands or else to eject those who held them, Henry Eustace McCulloh, in
+February, 1765, went into the county to call a reckoning. The settlers,
+many of whom had located without deeds, indignantly retorted by offering
+to buy only at their own prices, and forbade the surveyors to lay out
+the holdings when this smaller price was declined. They not only
+terrorized into acquiescence those among them who were willing to pay
+the amount charged for the lands, but also openly declared that they
+would resist by force any sheriff in ejectment proceedings. On May 7th
+an outbreak occurred; and a mob, led by Thomas Polk, set upon John
+Frohock, Abraham Alexander, and others, as they were about to survey a
+parcel of land, and gave them a severe thrashing, even threatening the
+young McCulloh with death. [108]
+
+The choleric backwoodsmen, instinctively in agreement with Francis
+Bacon, considered revenge as a sort of wild justice. Especial objects of
+their animosity were the brothers Frohock, John and Thomas, the latter
+clerk of the court at Salisbury, and Edmund Fanning, a cultured
+gentleman-adventurer, associate justice of the superior court. So
+rapacious and extortionate were these vultures of the courts who preyed
+upon the vitals of the common people, that they were savagely lampooned
+by Rednap Howell, the backwoods poet-laureate of the Regulation. The
+temper of the back country is well caught in Howell's lines anent this
+early American "grafter," the favorite of the royal governor:
+
+When Fanning first to Orange came,
+   He looked both pale and wan;
+An old patched coat was on his back,
+   An old mare he rode on.
+
+Both man and mare wan't worth five pounds,
+   As I've been often told;
+But by his civil robberies,
+   He's laced his coat with gold. [109]
+
+The germs of the great westward migration in the coming decade were thus
+working among the people of the back country. If the tense nervous
+energy of the American people is the transmitted characteristic of the
+border settlers, who often slept with loaded rifle in hand in grim
+expectation of being awakened by the hideous yells, the deadly tomahawk,
+and the lurid firebrand of the savage, the very buoyancy of the national
+character is in equal measure "traceable to the free democracy founded
+on a freehold inheritance of land." The desire for free land was the
+fundamental factor in the development of the American democracy. No
+colony exhibited this tendency more signally than did North Carolina in
+the turbulent days of the Regulation. The North Carolina frontiersmen
+resented the obligation to pay quit-rents and firmly believed that the
+first occupant of the soil had an indefeasible right to the land which
+he had won with his rifle and rendered productive by the implements of
+toil. Preferring the dangers of the free wilderness to the paying of
+tribute to absentee landlords and officials of an intolerant colonial
+government, the frontiersman found title in his trusty rifle rather than
+in a piece of parchment, and was prone to pay his obligations to the
+owner of the soil in lead rather than in gold.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Watauga--Haven of Liberty
+
+The Regulators despaired of seeing better times and therefore quitted
+the Province. It is said 1,500 departed since the Battle of Alamance and
+to my knowledge a great many more are only waiting to dispose of their
+plantations in order to follow them.
+
+--Reverend Morgan Edwards, 1772.
+
+The five years (1766-1771) which saw the rise, development, and ultimate
+defeat of the popular movement known as the Regulation, constitute a
+period not only of extraordinary significance in North Carolina but also
+of fruitful consequences in the larger movements of westward expansion.
+With the resolute intention of having their rulers "give account of
+their stewardship," to employ their own words, the Sandy Creek
+Association of Baptists (organized in 1758), in a series of papers known
+as Regulators' Advertisements (1766-8) proceeded to mature, through
+popular gatherings, a rough form of initiative and referendum. At
+length, discouraged in its efforts, and particularly in the attempt to
+bring county officials to book for charging illegal fees, this
+association ceased actively to function. It was the precursor of a
+movement of much more drastic character and formidable proportions,
+chiefly directed against Colonel Edmund Fanning and his associates. This
+movement doubtless took its name, "the Regulation," from the bands of
+men already described who were organized first in North Carolina and
+later in South Carolina, to put down highwaymen and to correct many
+abuses in the back country, such as the tyrannies of Scovil and his
+henchmen. Failing to secure redress of their grievances through legal
+channels, the Regulators finally made such a powerful demonstration in
+support of their refusal to pay taxes that Governor William Tryon of
+North Carolina, in 1768, called out the provincial militia, and by
+marching with great show of force through the disaffected regions,
+succeeded temporarily in overawing the people and thus inducing them to
+pay their assessments. [110]
+
+The suits which had been brought by the Regulators against Edmund
+Fanning, register, and Francis Nash, clerk, of Orange County, resulted
+in both being "found guilty of taking too high fees." [111] Fanning
+immediately resigned his commission as register; while Nash, who in
+conjunction with Fanning had fairly offered in 1766 to refund to any one
+aggrieved any fee charged by him which the Superior Court might hold
+excessive, gave bond for his appearance at the next court. Similar suits
+for extortion against the three Frohocks in Rowan County in 1769 met
+with failure, however; and this outcome aroused the bitter resentment of
+the Regulators, as recorded by Herman Husband in his "Impartial
+Relation." During this whole period the insurrectionary spirit of the
+people, who felt themselves deeply aggrieved but recognized their
+inability to secure redress, took the form of driving local justices
+from the bench and threatening court officials with violence.
+
+An Impartial
+RELATION
+of the
+First Rise and Cause
+of the
+Recent DIFFERENCES,
+in
+Publick AFFAIRS,
+
+In the Province of North-Carolina; and of the past Tumults and Riots
+that lately happened in that Province.
+
+Containing most of the true and genuine Copies of Letters, Messages and
+Remonstrances, between the Parties contending:------By which any
+impartial Man may easily gather and see the true Ground and Reasons of
+the dissatisfaction that universally reigns all over said Province in
+more or less Degree.
+
+Printed for the Compiler, 1770.
+
+At the session of the Superior Court at Hillsborough, September 22,
+1770, an elaborate petition prepared by the Regulators, demanding
+unprejudiced juries and the public accounting for taxes by the sheriffs,
+was handed to the presiding justice by James Hunter, a leading
+Regulator. This justice was our acquaintance, Judge Richard Henderson,
+of Granville County, the sole high officer in the provincial government
+from the entire western section of the colony. In this petition occur
+these trenchant words: "As we are serious and in good earnest and the
+cause respects the whole body of the people it would be loss of time to
+enter into arguments on particular points for though there are a few men
+who have the gift and art of reasoning, yet every man has a feeling and
+knows when he has justice done him as well as the most learned." [112]
+On the following Monday (September 24th), upon convening of court, some
+one hundred and fifty Regulators, led by James Hunter, Herman Husband,
+Rednap Howell, and others, armed with clubs, whips, and cudgels, surged
+into the court-room and through their spokesman, Jeremiah Fields,
+presented a statement of their grievances. "I found myself," says Judge
+Henderson, "under a necessity of attempting to soften and turn away the
+fury of these mad people, in the best manner in my power, and as such
+could well be, pacify their rage and at the same time preserve the
+little remaining dignity of the court." [113]
+
+During an interim, in which the Regulators retired for consultation,
+they fell without warning upon Fanning and gave him such rough treatment
+that he narrowly escaped with his life. The mob, now past control,
+horsewhipped a number of leading lawyers and citizens gathered there at
+court, and treated others, notably the courtly Mr. Hooper of Boston,
+"with every mark of contempt and insult." Judge Henderson was assured by
+Fields that no harm should come to him provided he would conduct the
+court in accordance with the behest of the Regulators: namely, that no
+lawyer, save the King's Attorney, should be admitted to the court, and
+that the Regulators' cases should be tried with new jurors chosen by the
+Regulators. With the entire little village terrorized by this campaign
+of "frightfulness," and the court wholly unprotected, Judge Henderson
+reluctantly acknowledged to himself that "the power of the judiciary was
+exhausted." Nevertheless, he says, "I made every effort in my power
+consistent with my office and the duty the public is entitled to claim
+to preserve peace and good order." [114] Agreeing under duress to resume
+the session the following day, the judge ordered an adjournment. But
+being unwilling, on mature reflection, to permit a mockery of the court
+and a travesty of justice to be staged under threat and intimidation, he
+returned that night to his home in Granville and left the court
+adjourned in course. Enraged by the judge's escape, the Regulators took
+possession of the court-room the following morning, called over the
+cases, and in futile protest against the conditions they were powerless
+to remedy, made profane entries which may still be seen on the record:
+"Damned rogues," "Fanning pays cost but loses nothing," "Negroes not
+worth a damn, Cost exceeds the whole," "Hogan pays and be damned," and,
+in a case of slander, "Nonsense, let them argue for Ferrell has gone
+hellward." [115]
+
+The uprising of these bold and resolute, simple and imperfectly educated
+people, which had begun as a constitutional struggle to secure justice
+and to prevent their own exploitation by dishonest lawyers of the county
+courts, now gave place to open anarchy and secret incendiarism. [116] In
+the dead of night, November 12th and 14th, Judge Henderson's barn,
+stables, and dwelling house were fired by the Regulators and went up in
+flames. Glowing with a sense of wrong, these misguided people, led on by
+fanatical agitators, thus vented their indiscriminate rage, not only
+upon their oppressors, but also upon men wholly innocent of injuring
+them--men of the stamp of William Hooper, afterward signer of the
+Declaration of Independence, Alexander Martin, afterward governor and
+United States Senator, and Richard Henderson, popular representative of
+the back country and a firm champion of due process of law. It is
+perhaps not surprising in view of these events that Governor Tryon and
+the ruling class, lacking a sympathy broad enough to ensure justice to
+the oppressed people, seemed to be chiefly impressed with the fact that
+a widespread insurrection was in progress, threatening not only life and
+property, but also civil government itself. The governor called out the
+militia of the province and led an army of well-nigh one thousand men
+and officers against the Regulators, who had assembled at Alamance to
+the number of two thousand. Tryon stood firm upon the demands that the
+people should submit to government and disperse at a designated hour.
+The Regulators, on their side, hoped to secure the reforms they desired
+by intimidating the governor with a great display of force. The battle
+was a tragic fiasco for the Regulators, who fought bravely, but without
+adequate arms or real leadership. With the conclusion of this desultory
+action, a fight lasting about two hours (May 16, 1771), the power of the
+Regulators was completely broken. [117]
+
+Among these insurgents there was a remarkable element--an element whose
+influence upon the course of American history has been but imperfectly
+understood--which now looms into prominence as the vanguard of the army
+of westward expansion. There were some of the Regulators who, though
+law-abiding and conservative, were deeply imbued with ideas of liberty,
+personal independence, and the freedom of the soil. Through the
+influence of Benjamin Franklin, with whom one of the leaders of the
+group, Herman Husband, was in constant correspondence, the patriotic
+ideas then rapidly maturing into revolutionary sentiments furnished the
+inspiration to action. As early as 1766, the Sandy Creek leaders,
+referred to earlier in this chapter, issued a call to each neighborhood
+to send delegates to a gathering for the purpose of investigating the
+question "whether the free men of this country labor under any abuses of
+power or not." The close connection between the Sandy Creek men and the
+Sons of Liberty is amply demonstrated in this paper wherein the Sons of
+Liberty in connection with the "stamp law" are praised for "redeeming us
+from Tyranny" and for having "withstood the lords in Parliament in
+behalf of true liberty." [118] Upon the records of the Dutchman's Creek
+Church, of "regular" Baptists, at the Forks of the Yadkin, to which
+Daniel Boone's family belonged, may be found this memorable entry,
+recognizing the "American Cause" well-nigh a year before the declaration
+of independence at Philadelphia: "At the monthly meeting it was agreed
+upon concerning the American Cause, if any of the brethren see cause to
+join it they have the liberty to do it without being called to an
+account by the church. But whether they join or do not join they should
+be used with brotherly love." [119]
+
+The fundamental reasons underlying the approaching westward hegira are
+found in the remarkable petition of the Regulators of Anson County
+(October 9, 1769), who request that "Benjamin Franklin or some other
+known patriot" be appointed agent of the province in London to seek
+redress at the source. They exposed the basic evil in the situation by
+pointing out that, in violation of the law restricting the amount of
+land that might be granted to each person to six hundred and forty
+acres, much of the most fertile territory in the province had been
+distributed in large tracts to wealthy landlords. In consequence "great
+numbers of poor people are necessitated to toil in the cultivation of
+the bad Lands whereon they hardly can subsist." [120] It was these poor
+people, "thereby deprived of His Majesties liberality and Bounty," who
+soon turned their gaze to the westward and crossed the mountains in
+search of the rich, free lands of the trans-Alleghany region.
+
+This feverish popular longing for freedom, stimulated by the economic
+pressure of thousands of pioneers who were annually entering North
+Carolina, set in motion a wave of migration across the mountains in
+1769. Long before Alamance, many of the true Americans, distraught by
+apparently irremediable injustices, plunged fearlessly into the
+wilderness, seeking beyond the mountains a new birth of liberty, lands
+of their own selection free of cost or quit-rents, and a government of
+their own choosing and control. [121] The glad news of the rich valleys
+beyond the mountains early lured such adventurous pioneers as Andrew
+Greer and Julius Cæsar Dugger to the Watauga country. The glowing
+stories, told by Boone, and disseminated in the back country by
+Henderson, Williams, and the Harts, seemed to give promise to men of
+this stamp that the West afforded relief from oppressions suffered in
+North Carolina. During the winter of 1768-9 there was also a great rush
+of settlers from Virginia into the valley of the Holston. A party from
+Augusta County, led by men who had been delighted with the country
+viewed seven years before when they were serving under Colonel William
+Byrd against the Cherokees, found that this region, a wilderness on
+their outward passage in 1768, was dotted with cabins on every spot
+where the grazing was good, upon their return the following year.
+Writing to Hillsborough on October 18, 1770, concerning the "many
+hundred families" in the region from Green River to the branches of the
+Holston, who refused to comply with the royal proclamation of 1763,
+Acting-Governor Nelson of Virginia reports that "very little if any Quit
+Rents have been received for His Majesty's use from that Quarter for
+some time past"--the people claiming that "His Majesty hath been pleased
+to withdraw his protection from them since 1763." [122]
+
+In the spring of 1770, with the express intention of discovering
+suitable locations for homes for himself and a number of others, who
+wished to escape the accumulating evils of the times, James Robertson of
+Orange County, North Carolina, made an arduous journey to the pleasing
+valley of the Watauga. Robertson, who was born in Brunswick County,
+Virginia, June 28, 1742, of excellent Scotch-Irish ancestry, was a
+noteworthy figure of a certain type--quiet, reflective, conservative,
+wise, a firm believer in the basic principles of civil liberty and the
+right of local self-government. Robertson spent some time with a man
+named Honeycut in the Watauga region, raised a crop of corn, and chose
+for himself and his friends suitable locations for settlement. Lost upon
+his return in seeking the mountain defiles traversed by him on the
+outward journey, Robertson probably escaped death from starvation only
+through the chance passing of two hunters who succored him and set him
+upon the right path. On arriving in Orange he found political and social
+conditions there much worse than before, many of the colonists declining
+to take the obligatory oath of allegiance to the British Crown after the
+Battle of Alamance, preferring to carve out for themselves new homes
+along the western waters. Some sixteen families of this stamp, indignant
+at the injustices and oppressions of British rule, and stirred by
+Robertson's description of the richness and beauty of the western
+country, accompanied him to Watauga shortly after the battle.
+
+This vanguard of the army of westward advance, independent Americans in
+spirit with a negligible sprinkling of Loyalists, now swept in a great
+tide into the northeastern section of Tennessee. The men of Sandy Creek,
+actuated by independent principles but out of sympathy with the anarchic
+side of the Regulation, left the colony almost to a man. "After the
+defeat of the Regulators," says the historian of the Sandy Creek
+Association, "thousands of the oppressed, seeing no hope of redress for
+their grievances, moved into and settled east Tennessee. A large
+proportion of these were of the Baptist population. Sandy Creek Church
+which some time previous to 1771, numbered 606, was afterward reduced to
+fourteen members!" [123] This movement exerted powerful influence in
+stimulating westward expansion. Indeed, it was from men of Regulating
+principles--Boone, Robertson, and the Searcys--who vehemently condemned
+the anarchy and incendiarism of 1770, that Judge Henderson received
+powerful coöperation in the opening up of Kentucky and Tennessee. [124]
+
+The several treaties concerning the western boundary of white
+settlement, concluded in close succession by North Carolina, Virginia,
+and the Crown with the Southern and Northern Indians, had an important
+bearing upon the settlement of Watauga. The Cherokee boundary line, as
+fixed by Governor Tryon (1767) and by John Stuart (1768), ran from Reedy
+River to Tryon Mountain, thence straight to Chiswell's Mine, and thence
+direct to the mouth of the Great Kanawha River. By the treaty at Fort
+Stanwix (November 5, 1768), in the negotiation of which Virginia was
+represented by Dr. Thomas Walker and Major Andrew Lewis, the Six Nations
+sold to the Crown their shadowy claim to a vast tract of western
+country, including in particular all the land between the Ohio and the
+Tennessee Rivers. The news of the cession resulted in a strong
+southwestward thrust of population, from the neighborhood of Abingdon,
+in the direction of the Holston Valley. [125] Recognizing that hundreds
+of these settlers were beyond the line negotiated by Stuart, but on
+lands not yet surveyed, Governor Botetourt instructed the Virginia
+commissioners to press for further negotiations, through Stuart, with
+the Cherokees. Accordingly, on October 18, 1770, a new treaty was made
+at Lochaber, South Carolina, by which a new line back of Virginia was
+established, beginning at the intersection of the
+North Carolina-Cherokee line (a point some seventy-odd miles east of
+Long Island), running thence in a west course to a point six miles east
+of Long Island, and thence in a direct course to the confluence of the
+Great Kanawha and Ohio Rivers. At the time of the treaty, it was agreed
+that the Holston River, from its intersection with the
+North Carolina-Virginia line, and down the course of the same, should be
+a temporary southern boundary of Virginia until the line should be
+ascertained by actual survey. [126] A strong influx of population into
+the immense new triangle thus released for settlement brought powerful
+pressure to bear upon northern Tennessee, the point of least resistance
+along the western barrier. Singularly enough, this advance was not
+opposed by the Cherokees, whose towns were strung across the extreme
+southeast corner of Tennessee.
+
+When Colonel John Donelson ran the line in the latter part of 1771, The
+Little Carpenter, who with other Indian chiefs accompanied the surveying
+party, urged that the line agreed upon at Lochaber should break off at
+the head of the Louisa River, and should run thence to the mouth
+thereof, and thence up the Ohio to the mouth of the Great Kanawha. For
+this increase in the territory of Virginia they of course expected
+additional payment. As a representative of Virginia, Donelson agreed to
+the proposed alteration in the boundary line; and accordingly promised
+to send the Cherokees, in the following spring, a sum alleged by them to
+have been fixed at five hundred pounds, in compensation for the
+additional area. This informal agreement, it is believed, was never
+ratified by Virginia; nor was the promised compensation ever paid the
+Cherokees. [127]
+
+Under the belief that the land belonged to Virginia, Jacob Brown with
+one or two families from North Carolina settled in 1771 upon a tract of
+land on the northern bank of the Nonachunheh (corruption, Nolichucky)
+River. During the same year, an experimental line run westward from
+Steep Rock and Beaver Creek by Anthony Bledsoe showed that upon the
+extension of the boundary line, these settlers would fall within the
+bounds of North Carolina. Although thus informally warned of the
+situation, the settlers made no move to vacate the lands. But in the
+following year, after the running of Donelson's line, Alexander Cameron,
+Stuart's deputy, required "all persons who had made settlements beyond
+the said line to relinquish them." Thus officially warned, Brown and his
+companions removed to Watauga. [128] Cameron's order did not apply,
+however, to the settlement north of the Holston River, south and east of
+Long Island; and the settlement in Carter's Valley, north of the Holston
+and west of the Long Island, although lying without the Virginia
+boundary, strangely enough remained unmolested. The order was directed
+at the Watauga settlers, who were seated south of the Holston River in
+the Watauga Valley.
+
+The plight in which the Watauga settlers now found themselves was truly
+desperate; and the way in which they surmounted this apparently
+insuperable difficulty is one of the most striking and characteristic
+events in the pre-Revolutionary history of the Old Southwest. It
+exhibits the indomitable will and fertile resource of the American
+character at the margin of desperation. The momentous influence of the
+Watauga settlers, inadequately reckoned hitherto by historians, was soon
+to make itself powerfully felt in the first epochal movement of westward
+expansion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+Opening the Gateway--Dunmore's War
+
+Virginia, we conceive, can claim this Country [Kentucky] with the
+greatest justice and propriety, its within the Limits of their Charter.
+They Fought and bled for it. And had it not been for the memorable
+Battle, at the Great Kanaway those vast regions had yet continued
+inaccessable.
+
+--The Harrodsburg Petition.
+June 7-15, 1776.
+
+It was fortunate for the Watauga settlers that the Indians and the
+whites were on the most peaceful terms with each other at the time the
+Watauga Valley was shown, by the running of the boundary line, to lie
+within the Indian reservation. With true American self-reliance, the
+settlers met together for deliberation and counsel, and deputed James
+Robertson and John Been, as stated by Tennessee's first historian, "to
+treat with their landlords, and agree upon articles of accomodation and
+friendship. The attempt succeeded. For though the Indians refused to
+give up the land gratuitously, they consented, for a stipulated amount
+of merchandise, muskets, and other articles of convenience, to lease all
+the country on the waters of the Watauga." [129] In addition to the land
+thus leased for ten years, several other tracts were purchased from the
+Indians by Jacob Brown, who reoccupied his former location on the
+Nolichucky.
+
+In taking this daring step, the Watauga settlers moved into the
+spotlight of national history. For the inevitable consequence of leasing
+the territory was the organization of a form of government for the
+infant settlement. Through his familiarity with the North Carolina type
+of "association," in which the settlers had organized for the purpose of
+"regulating" abuses, and his acquaintance with the contents of the
+"Impartial Relation," in which Husband fully expounded the principles
+and practices of this association, Robertson was peculiarly fitted for
+leadership in organizing this new government. The convention at which
+Articles of Association, unfortunately lost, were drawn up, is
+noteworthy as the first governmental assemblage of free-born American
+citizens ever held west of the Alleghanies. The government then
+established was the first free and independent government, democratic in
+spirit, representative in form, ever organized upon the American
+continent. In describing this mimic republic, the royal Governor of
+Virginia says: "They appointed magistrates, and framed laws for their
+present occasion, and to all intents and purposes, erected themselves
+into, though an inconsiderable, yet a separate State." [130] The most
+daring spirit in this little state was the young John Sevier, of French
+Huguenot family (originally spelled Xavier), born in Augusta County,
+Virginia, on September 23, 1745. It was from Millerstown in Shenandoah
+County where he was living the uneventful life of a small farmer, that
+he emigrated (December, 1773) to the Watauga region. With his arrival
+there begins one of the most fascinating and romantic careers recorded
+in the varied and stirring annals of the Old Southwest. In this daring
+and impetuous young fellow, fair-haired, blue-eyed, magnetic,
+debonair--of powerful build, splendid proportions, and athletic
+skill--we hold the gallant exemplar of the truly heroic life of the
+border. The story of his life, thrilling in the extreme, is rich in all
+the multi-colored elements which impart romance to the arduous struggle
+of American civilization in the opening years of the republic.
+
+The creative impulses in the Watauga commonwealth are hinted at by
+Dunmore, who observes, in the letter above quoted, that Watauga "sets a
+dangerous example to the people America, of forming governments distinct
+from and independent of his Majesty's authority." It is true that the
+experiment was somewhat limited. The organization of the Watauga
+association, which constituted a temporary expedient to meet a crisis in
+the affairs of a frontier community cut off by forest wilderness and
+mountain barriers from the reach of the arm of royal or provincial
+government, is not to be compared with the revolutionary assemblage at
+Boonesborough, May 23, 1775, or with the extraordinary demands for
+independence in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, during the same
+month. Nevertheless the Watauga settlers defied both North Carolina and
+the Crown, by adopting the laws of Virginia and by ignoring Governor
+Josiah Martin's proclamation (March 26, 1774) "requiring the said
+settlers immediately to retire from the Indian Territories." [131]
+Moreover, Watauga really was the parent of a series of mimic republics
+in the Old Southwest, gradually tending toward higher forms of
+organization, with a larger measure of individual liberty. Watauga,
+Transylvania, Cumberland, Franklin represent the evolving political
+genius of a free people under the creative leadership of three
+constructive minds--James Robertson, John Sevier, and Richard Henderson.
+Indeed, Watauga furnished to Judge Henderson precisely the "dangerous
+example" of which Dunmore prophetically speaks. [132]
+
+Immediately upon his return in 1771 from the extended exploration of
+Kentucky, Daniel Boone as already noted was engaged as secret agent, to
+treat with the Cherokees for the lease or purchase of the
+trans-Alleghany region, on behalf of Judge Henderson and his associates.
+Embroiled in the exciting issues of the Regulation and absorbed by his
+confining duties as colonial judge, Henderson was unable to put his bold
+design into execution until after the expiration of the court itself
+which ceased to exist in 1773. Disregarding the royal proclamation of
+1763 and Locke's Fundamental Constitutions for the Carolinas, which
+forbade private parties to purchase lands from the Indians, Judge
+Henderson applied to the highest judicial authorities in England to know
+if there was any law in existence forbidding purchase of lands from the
+Indian tribes. Lord Mansfield gave Judge Henderson the "sanction of his
+great authority in favor of the purchase." [133] Lord Chancellor Camden
+and Mr. Yorke had officially advised the King in 1757, in regard to the
+petition of the East Indian Company, "that in respect to such
+territories as have been, or shall be acquired by treaty or grant from
+the Great Mogul, or any of the Indian princes or governments, your
+Majesty's letters patent are not necessary; the property of the soil
+vesting in the company by the Indian grant subject only to your
+Majesties right of sovereignty over the settlements, as English
+settlements, and over the inhabitants, as English subjects, who carry
+with them your Majesties laws wherever they form colonies, and receive
+your Majesties protection by virtue of your royal charters." [134] This
+opinion, with virtually no change, was rendered in regard to the Indian
+tribes of North America by the same two authorities, certainly as early
+as 1769; [135] and a true copy, made in London, April 1, 1772, was
+transmitted to Judge Henderson. [136] Armed with the legal opinions
+received from England, Judge Henderson was fully persuaded that there
+was no legal bar whatsoever to his seeking to acquire by purchase from
+the Cherokees the vast domain of the trans-Alleghany. [137] A golden
+dream of empire, with its promise of an independent republic in the form
+of a proprietary colony, casts him under the spell of its alluring
+glamour.
+
+In the meantime, the restless Boone, impatient over the delay in the
+consummation of Judge Henderson's plans, resolved to establish himself
+in Kentucky upon his own responsibility. Heedless of the question of
+title and the certain hazards incident to invading the territory of
+hostile savages, Boone designated a rendezvous in Powell's Valley where
+he and his party of five families were to be met by a band under the
+leadership of his connections, the Bryans, and another company led by
+Captain William Russell, a daring pioneer of the Clinch Valley. A small
+detachment of Boone's party was fiercely attacked by Shawanoes in
+Powell's Valley on October 10, 1773, and almost all were killed,
+including sons of Boone and Russell, and young John and Richard
+Mendenhall of Guilford County, North Carolina. As the result of this
+bloody repulse, Boone's attempt to settle in Kentucky at this time was
+definitely abandoned. His failure to effect a settlement in Kentucky was
+due to that characteristic disregard of the territorial rights of the
+Indians which was all too common among the borderers of that period.
+
+This failure was portentous of the coming storm. The reign of the Long
+Hunters was over. Dawning upon the horizon was the day of stern
+adventurers, fixed in the desperate and lawless resolve to invade the
+trans-Alleghany country and to battle savagely with the red man for its
+possession. More successful than Boone was the McAfee party, five in
+number, from Botetourt County, Virginia, who between May 10th and
+September 1, 1773, safely accomplished a journey through Kentucky and
+carefully marked well-chosen sites for future location. [138] An ominous
+incident of the time was the veiled warning which Cornstalk, the great
+Shawanoe chieftain, gave to Captain Thomas Bullitt, head of a party of
+royal surveyors, sent out by Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia.
+Cornstalk at Chillicothe, June 7, 1773, warned Bullitt concerning the
+encroachments of the whites, "designed to deprive us," he said, "of the
+hunting of the country, as usual ... the hunting we stand in need of to
+buy our clothing." During the preceding summer, George Rogers Clark, an
+aggressive young Virginian, with a small party, had descended the Ohio
+as low as Fish Creek, where he built a cabin; and in this region for
+many months various parties of surveyors were busily engaged in locating
+and surveying lands covered by military grants. Most significant of the
+ruthless determination of the pioneers to occupy by force the Kentucky
+area was the action of the large party from Monongahela, some forty in
+number, led by Captain James Harrod, who penetrated to the present
+Miller County, where in June, 1774, they made improvements and actually
+laid out a town.
+
+A significant, secretly conducted movement, of which historians have
+taken but little account, was now in progress under the manipulation of
+Virginia's royal governor. As early as 1770 Dr. John Connolly proposed
+the establishment of an extensive colony south of the Ohio; and the
+design of securing such territory from the Indians found lodgment in the
+mind of Lord Dunmore. But this design was for the moment thwarted when
+on October 28, 1773, an order was issued from the Privy Council chamber
+in Whitehall granting an immense territory, including all of the present
+West Virginia and the land alienated to Virginia by Donelson's agreement
+with the Cherokees (1772), to a company including Thomas Walpole, Samuel
+Wharton, Benjamin Franklin, and others. This new colony, to be named
+"Vandalia," seemed assured. A clash between Dunmore and the royal
+authorities was imminent; for Virginia under her sea-to-sea charter
+claimed the vast middle region of the continent, extending without known
+limit to west and northwest. Moreover, Dunmore was interested in great
+land speculations on his own account; and while overtly vindicating
+Virginia's claim to the trans-Alleghany by despatching parties of
+surveyors to the western wilderness to locate and survey lands covered
+by military grants, he with the collusion of certain members of the
+"Honourable Board," his council, as charged by Washington, was more than
+"lukewarm," secretly restricting as rigorously as he dared the extent
+and number of the soldiers' allotments. According to the famous Virginia
+Remonstrance, he was in league with "men of great influence in some of
+the neighboring states" to secure, under cover of purchases from the
+Indians, large tracts of country between the Ohio and the Mississippi.
+[139] In shaping his plans Dunmore had the shrewd legal counsel of
+Patrick Henry, who was equally intent upon making for himself a private
+purchase from the Cherokees. It was Henry's legal opinion that the
+Indiana purchase from the Six Nations by the Pennsylvania traders at
+Fort Stanwix (November 5, 1768) was valid; and that purchase by private
+individuals from the Indians gave full and ample title. [140] In
+consequence of these facts, William Murray, in behalf of himself and his
+associates of the Illinois Land Company, and on the strength of the
+Camden-Yorke decision, purchased two large tracts, on the Illinois and
+Ohio respectively, from the Illinois Indians (July 5, 1773); and in
+order to win the support of Dunmore, who was ambitious to make a fortune
+in land speculation, organized a second company, the Wabash (Ouabache)
+Land Company, with the governor as the chief share-holder. In response
+to Murray's petition on behalf of the Illinois Land Company, Dunmore
+(May, 1774) recommended it to Lord Dartmouth, Secretary of State for the
+Colonies, and urged that it be granted; and in a later letter he
+disingenuously disclaimed any personal interest in the Illinois
+speculation.
+
+The party of surveyors sent out under the direction of Colonel William
+Preston, on the request of Washington and other leading eastern men, in
+1774 located lands covered by military grants on the Ohio and in the
+Kentucky area for prominent Virginians, including Washington, Patrick
+Henry, William Byrd, William Preston, Arthur Campbell, William Fleming,
+and Andrew Lewis, among others, and also a large tract for Dr. Connolly.
+Certain of these grants fell within the Vandalia area; and in his reply
+(September 10, 1774) to Dunmore's letter, Lord Dartmouth sternly
+censured Dunmore for allowing these grants, and accused the white
+settlers of having brought on, by such unwarrantable aggressions, the
+war then raging with the Indians. This charge lay at the door of Dunmore
+himself; and there is strong evidence that Dunmore personally fomented
+the war, ostensibly in support of Virginia's charter rights, but
+actually in order to further his own speculative designs. [141]
+Dunmore's agent, Dr. Connolly, heading a party posing as Virginia
+militia, fired without provocation upon a delegation of Shawanoe chiefs
+assembled at Fort Pitt (January, 1774). Taking advantage of the alarming
+situation created by the conflict of the claims of Virginia and
+Pennsylvania, Connolly, inspired by Dunmore without doubt, then issued
+an incendiary circular (April 21, 1774), declaring a state of war to
+exist. Just two weeks before the Battle of the Great Kanawha, Patrick
+Henry categorically stated, in conversation with Thomas Wharton:
+
+that he was at Williamsburg with Ld. D. when Dr. Conolly first came
+there, that Conolly is a chatty, sensible man, and informed Ld. Dunmore
+of the extreme richness of the lands which lay on both sides of the
+Ohio; that the prohibitory orders which had been sent him relative to
+the land on the hither side (or Vandalia) had caused him to turn his
+thoughts to the opposite shore, and that as his Lordship was determined
+to settle his family in America he was really pursueing this war, in
+order to obtain by purchase or treaty from the natives a tract of
+territory on that side; he then told me that he was convinced from every
+authority that the law knew, that a purchase from the natives was as
+full and ample a title as could be obtained, that they had Lord Camden
+and Mr. York's opinion on that head, which opinion with some others that
+Ld. Dunmore had consulted, and with the knowledge Conolly had given him
+of the quality of the country and his determined resolution to settle
+his family on this continent, were the real motives or springs of the
+present expedition. [142]
+
+At this very time, Patrick Henry, in conjunction with William Byrd 3d
+and others, was negotiating for a private purchase of lands from the
+Cherokees; and when Wharton, after answering Henry's inquiry as to where
+he might buy Indian goods, remarked: "It's not possible you mean to
+enter the Indian trade at this period," Henry laughingly replied: "The
+wish-world is my hobby horse." "From whence I conclude," adds Wharton,
+"he has some prospect of making a purchase of the natives, but where I
+know not."
+
+The war, thus promulgated, we believe, at Dunmore's secret instigation
+and heralded by a series of ghastly atrocities, came on apace. After the
+inhuman murder of the family of Logan, the Indian chieftain, by one
+Greathouse and his drunken companions (April 30th), Logan, who contrary
+to romantic views was a black-hearted and vengeful savage, harried the
+Tennessee and Virginia borders, burning and slaughtering. Unable to
+arouse the Cherokees, owing to the opposition of Atta-kulla-kulla, Logan
+as late as July 21st said in a letter to the whites: "The Indians are
+not angry, only myself," and not until then did Dunmore begin to give
+full execution to his warlike plans. The best woodsmen of the border,
+Daniel Boone and the German scout Michael Stoner, having been despatched
+on July 27th by Colonel William Preston to warn the surveyors of the
+trans-Alleghany, made a remarkable journey on foot of eight hundred
+miles in sixty-one days. Harrod's company at Harrodsburg, a company of
+surveyors at Fontainebleau, Floyd's party on the Kentucky, and the
+surveyors at Mann's Lick, thus warned, hurried in to the settlements and
+were saved. Meanwhile, Dunmore, in command of the Virginia forces,
+invaded territory guaranteed to the Indians by the royal proclamation of
+1763 and recently (1774) added to the province of Quebec, a fact of
+which he was not aware, conducted a vigorous campaign, and fortified
+Camp Charlotte, near Old Chillicothe. Andrew Lewis, however, in charge
+of the other division of Dunmore's army, was the one destined to bear
+the real brunt and burden of the campaign. His division, recruited from
+the very flower of the pioneers of the Old Southwest, was the most
+representative body of borderers of this region that up to this time had
+assembled to measure strength with the red men. It was an army of the
+true stalwarts of the frontier, with fringed leggings and hunting-capes,
+rifles and powder-horns, hunting-knives and tomahawks.
+
+The Battle of the Great Kanawha, at Point Pleasant, was fought on
+October 10, 1774, between Lewis's force, eleven hundred strong, and the
+Indians, under Cornstalk, somewhat inferior in numbers. It was a
+desultory action, over a greatly extended front and in very brushy
+country between Crooked Creek and the Ohio. Throughout the long day, the
+Indians fought with rare craft and stubborn bravery--loudly cursing the
+white men, cleverly picking off their leaders, and derisively inquiring,
+in regard to the absence of the fifes: "Where are your whistles now?"
+Slowly retreating, they sought to draw the whites into an ambuscade and
+at a favorable moment to "drive the Long Knives like bullocks into the
+river." No marked success was achieved on either side until near sunset,
+when a flank movement directed by young Isaac Shelby alarmed the
+Indians, who mistook this party for the expected reinforcement under
+Christian, and retired across the Ohio. In the morning the whites were
+amazed to discover that the Indians, who the preceding day so splendidly
+heeded the echoing call of Cornstalk, "Be strong! Be strong!", had quit
+the battle-field and left the victory with the whites. [143]
+
+The peace negotiated by Dunmore was durable. The governor had
+accomplished his purpose, defied the authority of the crown, and
+vindicated the claim of Virginia, to the enthusiastic satisfaction of
+the backwoodsmen. While tendering their thanks to him and avowing their
+allegiance to George III, at the close of the campaign, the borderers
+proclaimed their resolution to exert all their powers "for the defense
+of American liberty, and for the support of her just rights and
+privileges, not in any precipitous, riotous or tumultuous manner, but
+when regularly called forth by the unanimous voice of our countrymen."
+Dunmore's War is epochal, in that it procured for the nonce a state of
+peace with the Indians, which made possible the advance of Judge
+Henderson over the Transylvania Trail in 1775, and, through his
+establishment of the Transylvania Fort at Boonesborough, the ultimate
+acquisition by the American Confederation of the imperial domain of the
+trans-Alleghany. [144]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Richard Henderson and the Transylvania Company
+
+I happened to fall in company, and have a great deal of conversation
+with one of the most singular and extraordinary persons and excentric
+geniuses in America, and perhaps in the world. His name is Richard
+Henderson.
+
+--J. F. D. Smyth: A Tour in the United States of America.
+
+Early in 1774, chastened by his own disastrous failure the preceding
+autumn, Boone advised Judge Henderson that the time was auspicious for
+opening negotiations with the Cherokees for purchasing the
+trans-Alleghany region. [145] In organizing a company for this purpose,
+Henderson chose men of action and resource, leaders in the colony, ready
+for any hazard of life and fortune in this gigantic scheme of
+colonization and promotion. The new men included, in addition to the
+partners in the organization known as Richard Henderson and Company,
+were Colonel John Luttrell, destined to win laurels in the Revolution,
+and William Johnston, a native of Scotland, the leading merchant of
+Hillsborough. [146]
+
+Meeting in Hillsborough on August 27, 1774, these men organized the new
+company under the name of the Louisa Company. In the articles then drawn
+up they agreed to "rent or purchase" a tract of land from the Indian
+owners of the soil for the express purpose of "settling the country."
+Each partner obligated himself to "furnish his Quota of Expenses
+necessary towards procuring the grant." In full anticipation of the
+grave dangers to be encountered, they solemnly bound themselves, as
+"equal sharers in the property," to "support each other with our lives
+and fortunes." [147] Negotiations with the Indians were begun at once.
+Accompanied by Colonel Nathaniel Hart and guided by the experienced
+Indian-trader, Thomas Price, Judge Henderson visited the Cherokee
+chieftains at the Otari towns. After elaborate consultations, the latter
+deputed the old chieftain, Atta-kulla-kulla, a young buck, and a squaw,
+"to attend the said Henderson and Hart to North Carolina, and there
+examine the Goods and Merchandize which had been by them offered as the
+Consideration of the purchase." The goods purchased at Cross Creek (now
+Fayetteville, North Carolina), in which the Louisa Company "had embarked
+a large amount," met the entire approval of the Indians--the squaw in
+particular shrewdly examining the goods in the interest of the women of
+the tribe. [148]
+
+On January 6, 1775, the company was again enlarged, and given the name
+of the Transylvania Company--the three new partners being David Hart,
+brother to Thomas and Nathaniel, Leonard Henley Bullock, a prominent
+citizen of Granville, and James Hogg, of Hillsborough, a native
+Scotchman and one of the most influential men in the colony. In the
+elaborate agreement drawn up reference is explicitly made to the
+contingency of "settling and voting as a proprietor and giving Rules and
+Regulations for the Inhabitants etc." [149] Hillsborough was the actual
+starting-point for the westward movement, the first emigrants traveling
+thence to the Sycamore Shoals of the Watauga. In speaking of the
+departure of the settlers, the first movement of extended and permanent
+westward migration, an eye-witness quaintly says: "At this place
+[Hillsborough] I saw the first party of emigrant families that moved to
+Kentucky under the auspices of Judge Henderson. They marched out of the
+town with considerable solemnity, and to many their destination seemed
+as remote as if it had been to the South Sea Islands." [150]
+
+Meanwhile, the "Proposals for the encouragement of settling the lands
+etc.," issued on Christmas Day, 1774, were quickly spread broadcast
+through the colony and along the border. [151] It was the greatest
+sensation North Carolina had known since Alamance; and Archibald
+Neilson, deputy-auditor and naval officer of the colony, inquired with
+quizzical anxiety: "Pray, is Dick Henderson out of his head?" The most
+liberal terms, proffered by one quite in possession of his head, were
+embodied in these proposals. Land at twenty shillings per hundred acres
+was offered to each emigrant settling within the territory and raising a
+crop of corn before September 1, 1775, the emigrant being permitted to
+take up as much as five hundred acres for himself and two hundred and
+fifty acres for each tithable person under him. In these "Proposals"
+there was no indication that the low terms at which the lands were
+offered would be maintained after September 1, 1775. [152] In a letter
+to Governor Dunmore (January, 1775), Colonel William Preston, county
+surveyor of Fincastle County, Virginia, says: "The low price he
+[Henderson] proposes to sell at, together with some further
+encouragement he offers, will I am apprehensive induce a great many
+families to remove from this County (Fincastle) & Carolina and settle
+there." [153] Joseph Martin, states his son, "was appointed entry-Taker
+and agent for the Powell Valley portion" of the Transylvania Purchase on
+January 20, 1775; and "he (Joseph Martin) and others went on in the
+early part of the year 1775 and made their stand at the very spot where
+he had made corn several years before." [154] In speaking of the
+startling design, unmasked by Henderson, of establishing an independent
+government, Colonel Preston writes to George Washington of the
+contemplated "large Purchase by one Col.o Henderson of North Carolina
+from the Cherokees.... I hear that Henderson talks with great Freedom &
+Indecency of the Governor of Virginia, sets the Government at Defiance &
+says if he once had five hundred good Fellows settled in that Country he
+would not Value Virginia." [155]
+
+Early in 1775 runners were sent off to the Cherokee towns to summon the
+Indians to the treaty ground at the Sycamore Shoals of the Watauga; and
+Boone, after his return from a hunt in Kentucky in January, was summoned
+by Judge Henderson to aid in the negotiations preliminary to the actual
+treaty. The dominating figure in the remarkable assemblage at the treaty
+ground, consisting of twelve hundred Indians and several hundred whites,
+was Richard Henderson, "comely in person, of a benign and social
+disposition," with countenance betokening the man of strenuous
+action--"noble forehead, prominent nose, projecting chin, firm-set jaw,
+with kindness and openness of expression." Gathered about him,
+picturesque in garb and striking in appearance, were many of the
+buckskin-clad leaders of the border--James Robertson, John Sevier, Isaac
+Shelby, William Bailey Smith, and their compeers--as well as his
+Carolina friends John Williams, Thomas and Nathaniel Hart, Nathaniel
+Henderson, Jesse Benton, [156] and Valentine Searcy.
+
+Little was accomplished on the first day of the treaty (March 14th); but
+on the next day, the Cherokees offered to sell the section bargained for
+by Donelson acting as agent for Virginia in 1771. Although the Indians
+pointed out that Virginia had never paid the promised compensation of
+five hundred pounds and had therefore forfeited her rights, Henderson
+flatly refused to entertain the idea of purchasing territory to which
+Virginia had the prior claim. Angered by Henderson's refusal, The
+Dragging Canoe, leaping into the circle of the seated savages, made an
+impassioned speech touched with the romantic imagination peculiar to the
+American Indian. With pathetic eloquence he dwelt upon the insatiable
+land-greed of the white men, and predicted the extinction of his race if
+they committed the insensate folly of selling their beloved
+hunting-grounds. Roused to a high pitch of oratorical fervor, the savage
+with uplifted arm fiercely exhorted his people to resist further
+encroachments at all hazards--and left the treaty ground. This incident
+brought the conference to a startling and abrupt conclusion. On the
+following day, however, the savages proved more tractable, agreeing to
+sell the land as far south as the Cumberland River. In order to secure
+the additional territory watered by the tributaries of the Cumberland,
+Henderson agreed to pay an additional sum of two thousand pounds. Upon
+this day there originated the ominous phrase descriptive of Kentucky
+when The Dragging Canoe, dramatically pointing toward the west, declared
+that a Dark Cloud hung over that land, which was known as the Bloody
+Ground.
+
+On the last day, March 17th, the negotiations were opened with the
+signing of the "Great Grant." The area purchased, some twenty millions
+of acres, included almost all the present state of Kentucky, and an
+immense tract in Tennessee, comprising all the territory watered by the
+Cumberland River and all its tributaries. For "two thousand weight of
+leather in goods" Henderson purchased "the lands lying down Holston and
+between the Watauga lease, Colonel Donelson's line and Powell's
+Mountain" as a pathway to Kentucky--the deed for which was known as the
+"Path Deed." By special arrangement, Carter's Valley in this tract went
+to Carter and Lucas; two days later, for two thousand pounds, Charles
+Robertson on behalf of the Watauga Association purchased a large tract
+in the valleys of the Holston, Watauga, and New Rivers; and eight days
+later Jacob Brown purchased two large areas, including the Nolichucky
+Valley. This historic treaty, which heralds the opening of the West, was
+conducted with absolute justice and fairness by Judge Henderson and his
+associates. No liquor was permitted at the treaty ground; and Thomas
+Price, the ablest of the Cherokee traders, deposed that "he at that time
+understood the Cherokee language, so as to comprehend everything which
+was said and to know that what was observed on either side was fairly
+and truly translated; that the Cherokees perfectly understood, what
+Lands were the subject of the Treaty...." The amount paid by the
+Transylvania Company for the imperial domain was ten thousand pounds
+sterling, in money and in goods. [157]
+
+Although Daniel Boone doubtless assisted in the proceedings prior to the
+negotiation of the treaty, his name nowhere appears in the voluminous
+records of the conference. Indeed, he was not then present; for a
+fortnight before the conclusion of the treaty he was commissioned by
+Judge Henderson to form a party of competent woodmen to blaze a passage
+through the wilderness. On March 10th this party of thirty ax-men, under
+the leadership of Boone, started from the rendezvous, the Long Island of
+Holston, to engage in the arduous labor of cutting out the Transylvania
+Trail. [158]
+
+Henderson, the empire-builder, now faced with courage and resolution the
+hazardous task of occupying the purchased territory and establishing an
+independent government. No mere financial promoter of a vast speculative
+enterprise, he was one of the heroic figures of the Old Southwest; and
+it was his dauntless courage, his unwavering resolve to go forward in
+the face of all dangers, which carried through the armed "trek" to a
+successful conclusion. At Martin's Station, where Henderson and his
+party tarried to build a house in which to store their wagons, as the
+road could be cleared no further, they were joined by another party, of
+five adventurers from Prince William County, Virginia. [159] In
+Henderson's party were some forty men and boys, with forty pack-horses
+and a small amount of powder, lead, salt, and garden-seeds. The warning
+freely given by Joseph Martin of the perils of the path was soon
+confirmed, as appears from the following entry in Henderson's diary:
+
+Friday the 7th. [April] About Brake of Day began to snow. About 11
+oClock received a letter from Mr. Luttrells camp that were five persons
+killd. on the road to the Cantuckie by Indians. Capt. [Nathaniel] Hart,
+uppon the receipt of this News Retreated back with his Company, &
+determined to Settle in the Valley to make Corn for the Cantucky people.
+The same Day Received a Letter from Dan. Boone, that his Company was
+fired uppon by Indians, Kill'd Two of his men--tho he kept the ground &
+saved the Baggage &c. [160]
+
+The following historic letter, which reveals alike the dogged resolution
+of Boone and his reliance upon Henderson and his company in this black
+hour of disaster, addressed "Colonel Richard Henderson--these with
+care," is eloquent in its simplicity:
+
+Dear Colonel: After my compliments to you, I shall acquaint you of our
+misfortunes. On March the 25 a party of Indians fired on my Company
+about half an hour before day, and killed Mr. Twitty and his negro, and
+wounded Mr. Walker very deeply, but I hope he will recover.
+
+On March the 28 as we were hunting for provisions, we found Samuel
+Tate's son, who gave us an account that the Indians fired on their camp
+on the 27th day. My brother and I went down and found two men killed and
+sculped, Thomas McDowell and Jeremiah McFeters. I have sent a man down
+to all the lower companies in order to gather them all at the mouth of
+Otter Creek.
+
+My advice to you, Sir, is to come or send as soon as possible. Your
+company is desired greatly, for the people are very uneasy, but are
+willing to stay and venture their lives with you. and now is the time to
+flusterate their [the Indians'] intentions, and keep the country, whilst
+we are in it. If we give way to them now, it will ever be the case. This
+day we start from the battle ground, for the mouth of Otter Creek, where
+we shall immediately erect a Fort, which will be done before you can
+come or send, then we can send ten men to meet you, if you send for
+them.
+
+I am, Sir, your most obedient
+   Omble Sarvent
+      Daniel Boone.
+
+N.B. We stood on the ground and guarded our baggage till day, and lost
+nothing. We have about fifteen miles to Cantuck [Kentucky River] at
+Otter Creek. [161]
+
+This dread intelligence caused the hearts of strong men to quail and
+induced some to turn back, but Henderson, the jurist-pioneer, was made
+of sterner stuff. At once (April 8th) he despatched an urgent letter in
+hot haste to the proprietors of Transylvania, enclosing Boone's letter,
+informing them of Boone's plight and urging them to send him immediately
+a large quantity of powder and lead, as he had been compelled to abandon
+his supply of saltpeter at Martin's Station. "We are all in high
+spirits," he assures the proprietors, "and on thorns to fly to Boone's
+assistance, and join him in defense of so fine and valuable a country."
+Laconically eloquent is this simple entry in his diary: "Saturday the
+8th. Started abt. 10 oClock Crossed Cumberland Gap about 4 miles met
+about 40 persons Returning from the Cantucky, on Acct. of the Late
+Murders by the Indians could prevail on one only to return. Memo Several
+Virginians who were with us return'd."
+
+There is no more crucial moment in early Western history than this, in
+which we see the towering form of Henderson, clad in the picturesque
+garb of the pioneer, with outstretched arm resolutely pointing forward
+to the "dark and bloody ground," and in impassioned but futile eloquence
+pleading with the pale and panic-stricken fugitives to turn about, to
+join his company, and to face once more the mortal dangers of pioneer
+conquest. Significant indeed are the lines:
+
+Some to endure, and many to fail,
+Some to conquer, and many to quail,
+Toiling over the Wilderness Trail.
+
+The spirit of the pioneer knight-errant inspires Henderson's words: "In
+this situation, some few, of genuine courage and undaunted resolution,
+served to inspire the rest; by the help of whose example, assisted by a
+little pride and some ostentation, we made a shift to march on with all
+the appearance of gallantry, and, cavalier like, treated every
+insinuation of danger with the utmost contempt."
+
+Fearing that Boone, who did not even know that Henderson's cavalcade was
+on the road, would be unable to hold out, Henderson realized the
+imperative necessity for sending him a message of encouragement. The
+bold young Virginian, William Cocke, volunteered to brave alone the
+dangers of the murder-haunted trail--to undertake a ride more truly
+memorable and hazardous than that of Revere. "This offer, extraordinary
+as it was, we could by no means refuse," remarks Henderson, who shed
+tears of gratitude as he proffered his sincere thanks and wrung the
+brave messenger's hand. Equipped with "a good Queen Anne's musket,
+plenty of ammunition, a tomahawk, a large cuttoe knife [French,
+couteau], a Dutch blanket, and no small quantity of jerked beef," Cocke
+on April 10th rode off "to the Cantuckey to Inform Capt Boone that we
+were on the road." The fearful apprehensions felt for Cocke's safety
+were later relieved, when along the road were discovered his letters
+informing Henderson of his arrival and of his having been joined on the
+way by Page Portwood of Rowan. On his arrival at Otter Creek, Cocke
+found Boone and his men, and on relating his adventures, "came in for
+his share of applause." Boone at once despatched the master woodman,
+Michael Stoner, with pack-horses to assist Henderson's party, which he
+met on April 18th at their encampment "in the Eye of the Rich Land."
+Along with "Excellent Beef in plenty," Stoner brought the story of
+Boone's determined stand and an account of the erection of a rude little
+fortification which they had hurriedly thrown up to resist attack. With
+laconic significance Henderson pays the following tribute to Boone which
+deserves to be perpetuated in national annals: "It was owing to Boone's
+confidence in us, and the people's in him, that a stand was ever
+attempted in order to wait for our coming."
+
+In the course of their journey over the mountains and through the
+wilderness, the pioneers forgot the trials of the trail in the face of
+the surpassing beauties of the country. The Cumberlands were covered
+with rich undergrowth of the red and white rhododendron, the delicate
+laurel, the mountain ivy, the flame-azalea, the spicewood, and the cane;
+while the white stars of the dogwood and the carmine blossoms of the
+red-bud, strewn across the verdant background of the forest, gleamed in
+the eager air of spring. "To enter uppon a detail of the Beuty &
+Goodness of our Country," writes Nathaniel Henderson, "would be a task
+too arduous.... Let it suffice to tell you it far exceeds any country I
+ever saw or herd off. I am conscious its out of the power of any man to
+make you clearly sensible of the great Beuty and Richness of Kentucky."
+Young Felix Walker, endowed with more vivid powers of description, says
+with a touch of native eloquence:
+
+Perhaps no Adventureor Since the days of donquicksotte or before ever
+felt So Cheerful & Ilated in prospect, every heart abounded with Joy &
+excitement ... & exclusive of the Novelties of the Journey the
+advantages & accumalations arising on the Settlement of a new Country
+was a dazzling object with many of our Company.... As the Cain ceased,
+we began to discover the pleasing & Rapturous appearance of the plains
+of Kentucky, a New Sky & Strange Earth to be presented to our view....
+So Rich a Soil we had never Saw before, Covered with Clover in full
+Bloom. the Woods alive abounding in wild Game, turkeys so numerous that
+it might be said there appeared but one flock Universally Scattered in
+the woods ... it appeared that Nature in the profusion of her Bounties,
+had Spread a feast for all that lives, both for the Animal & Rational
+World, a Sight so delightful to our View and grateful to our feelings
+almost Induced us, in Immitation of Columbus in Transport to Kiss the
+Soil of Kentucky, as he haild & Saluted the sand on his first setting
+his foot on the Shores of America. [162]
+
+On the journey Henderson was joined in Powell's Valley by Benjamin
+Logan, afterward so famous in Kentucky annals, and a companion, William
+Galaspy. At the Crab Orchard they left Henderson's party; and turning
+their course westward finally pitched camp in the present Lincoln
+County, where Logan subsequently built a fort. On Sunday, April 16th, on
+Scaggs's Creek, Henderson records: "About 12 oClock Met James McAfee
+with 18 other persons Returning from Cantucky." They advised Henderson
+of the "troublesomeness and danger" of the Indians, says Robert McAfee
+junior: "but Henderson assured them that he had purchased the whole
+country from the Indians, that it belonged to him, and he had named it
+Transylvania.... Robt, Samuel, and William McAfee and 3 others were
+inclined to return, but James opposed it, alleging that Henderson had no
+right to the land, and that Virginia had previously bought it. The
+former (6) returned with Henderson to Boonesborough." Among those who
+had joined Henderson's party was Abraham Hanks from Virginia, the
+maternal grandfather of Abraham Lincoln; but alarmed by the stories
+brought by Stewart and his party of fugitives, Hanks and Drake, as
+recorded by William Calk on that day (April 13th), turned back. [163]
+
+At last the founder of Kentucky with his little band reached the
+destined goal of their arduous journeyings. Henderson's record on his
+birthday runs: "Thursday the 20th [April] Arrived at Fort Boone on the
+Mouth of Oter Creek Cantuckey River where we were Saluted by a running
+fire of about 25 Guns; all that was then at Fort.... The men appeared in
+high spirits & much rejoiced in our arrival." It is a coincidence of
+historic interest that just one day after the embattled farmers at
+Lexington and Concord "fired the shots heard round the world," the
+echoing shots of Boone and his sturdy backwoodsmen rang out to announce
+the arrival of the proprietor of Transylvania and the birth of the
+American West.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+Transylvania--A Wilderness Commonwealth
+
+You are about a work of the utmost importance to the well-being of this
+country in general, in which the interest and security of each and every
+individual are inseparably connected.... Our peculiar circumstances in
+this remote country, surrounded on all sides with difficulties, and
+equally subject to one common danger, which threatens our common
+overthrow, must, I think, in their effects, secure to us an union of
+interests, and, consequently, that harmony in opinion, so essential to
+the forming good, wise and wholesome laws.
+
+--Judge Richard Henderson: Address to the Legislature of Transylvania,
+May 23, 1775.
+
+The independent spirit displayed by the Transylvania Company, and
+Henderson's procedure in open defiance of the royal governors of both
+North Carolina and Virginia, naturally aroused grave alarm throughout
+these colonies and South Carolina. "This in my Opinion," says Preston in
+a letter to George Washington (January 31, 1775), "will soon become a
+serious Affair, & highly deserves the Attention of the Government. For
+it is certain that a vast Number of People are preparing to go out and
+settle on this Purchase; and if once they get fixed there, it will be
+next to impossible to remove them or reduce them to Obedience; as they
+are so far from the Seat of Government. Indeed it may be the Cherokees
+will support them." [164] Governor Martin of North Carolina, already
+deeply disturbed in anticipation of the coming revolutionary cataclysm,
+thundered in what was generally regarded as a forcible-feeble
+proclamation (February 19, 1775) against "Richard Henderson and his
+Confederates" in their "daring, unjust and unwarrantable proceedings."
+[165] In a letter to Dartmouth he denounces "Henderson the famous
+invader" and dubs the Transylvania Company "an infamous Company of land
+Pyrates."
+
+Officials who were themselves eager for land naturally opposed
+Henderson's plans. Lord Dunmore, who in 1774, as we have seen, was
+heavily interested in the Wabash Land Company engineered by William
+Murray, took the ground that the Wabash purchase was valid under the
+Camden-Yorke decision. This is so stated in the records of the Illinois
+Company, likewise under Murray's control. But although the "Ouabache
+Company," of which Dunmore was a leading member, was initiated as early
+as May 16, 1774, the purchase of the territory was not formally effected
+until October 18, 1775--too late to benefit Dunmore, then deeply
+embroiled in the preliminaries to the Revolution. Under the cover of his
+agent's name, it is believed, Dunmore, with his "passion for land and
+fees," illegally entered tracts aggregating thousands of acres of land
+surveyed by the royal surveyors in the summer of 1774 for Dr. John
+Connolly. [166] Early in this same year, Patrick Henry, who, as already
+pointed out, had entered large tracts in Kentucky in violation of
+Virginia's treaty obligations with the Cherokees, united with William
+Byrd 3d, John Page, Ralph Wormley, Samuel Overton, and William
+Christian, in the effort to purchase from the Cherokees a tract of land
+west of Donelson's line, being firmly persuaded of the validity of the
+Camden-Yorke opinion. Their agent, William Kenedy, considerably later in
+the year, went on a mission to the Cherokee towns, and upon his return
+reported that the Indians might be induced to sell. When it became known
+that Judge Henderson had organized the Transylvania Company and
+anticipated Patrick Henry and his associates, Colonel Arthur Campbell,
+as he himself states, applied to several of the partners of the
+Transylvania Company on behalf of Patrick Henry, requesting that Henry
+be taken in as a partner. [167] It was afterward stated, as commonly
+understood among the Transylvania proprietors, that both Patrick Henry
+and Thomas Jefferson desired to become members of the company; but that
+Colonel Richard Henderson was instrumental in preventing their admission
+"lest they should supplant the Colonel [Henderson] as the guiding spirit
+of the company." [168]
+
+Fully informed by Preston's elaborate communication on the gravity of
+the situation, Dunmore acted energetically, though tardily, to prevent
+the execution of Henderson's designs. On March 21st Dunmore sent flying
+through the back country a proclamation, demanding the immediate
+relinquishment of the territory by "one Richard Henderson and other
+disorderly persons, his associates," and "in case of refusal, and of
+violently detaining such possession, that he or they be immediately
+fined and imprisoned." [169] This proclamation, says a peppery old
+chronicler, may well rank with the one excepting those arch traitors and
+rebels, Samuel Adams and John Hancock, from the mercy of the British
+monarch. In view of Dunmore's confidence in the validity of the
+Camden-Yorke decision, it is noteworthy that no mention of the royal
+proclamation of 1763 occurs in his broadside; and that he bases his
+objection to the Transylvania purchase upon the king's instructions that
+all vacant lands "within this colony" be laid off in tracts, from one
+hundred to one thousand acres in extent, and sold at public auction.
+This proclamation which was enclosed, oddly enough, in a letter of
+official instructions to Preston warning him not to survey any lands
+"beyond the line run by Colonel Donaldson," proved utterly ineffective.
+At the same time, Dunmore despatched a pointed letter to Oconostota,
+Atta-kulla-kulla, Judge's Friend, and other Cherokee chieftains,
+notifying them that the sale of the great tract of land below the
+Kentucky was illegal and threatening them with the king's displeasure if
+they did not repudiate the sale. [170]
+
+News of the plans which Henderson had already matured for establishing
+an independent colony in the trans-Alleghany wilderness, now ran like
+wild-fire through Virginia. In a letter to George Washington (April 9,
+1775), Preston ruefully says: "Henderson I hear has made the Purchase &
+got a Conveyance of the great and Valluable Country below the Kentucky
+from the Cherokees. He and about 300 adventurers are gone out to take
+Possession, who it is said intends to set up an independent Government &
+form a Code of Laws for themselves. How this may be I cant say, but I am
+affraid the steps taken by the Government have been too late. Before the
+Purchase was made had the Governor interfered it is believed the Indians
+would not have sold." [171]
+
+Meanwhile Judge Henderson, with strenuous energy, had begun to erect a
+large stockaded fort according to plans of his own. Captain James Harrod
+with forty-two men was stationed at the settlement he had made the
+preceding year, having arrived there before the McAfees started back to
+Virginia; and there were small groups of settlers at Boiling Spring, six
+miles southeast of Harrod's settlement, and at St. Asaph's, a mile west
+of the present Stanford. A representative government for Transylvania
+was then planned. When the frank and gallant Floyd arrived at the
+Transylvania Fort on May 3d, he "expressed great satisfaction," says
+Judge Henderson, "on being informed of the plan we proposed for
+Legislation & sayd he must most heartily concur in that & every other
+measure we should adopt for the well Governg or good of the Community in
+Genl." In reference to a conversation with Captain James Harrod and
+Colonel Thomas Slaughter of Virginia, Henderson notes in his diary (May
+8th): "Our plan of Legislation, the evils pointed out--the remedies to
+be applyed &c &c &c were Acceeded to without Hesitation. The plann was
+plain & Simple--'twas nothing novel in its essence a thousand years ago
+it was in use, and found by every year's experience since to be
+unexceptionable. We were in four distinct settlemts. Members or
+delegates from every place by free choice of Individuals they first
+having entered into writings solemnly binding themselves to obey and
+carry into Execution Such Laws as representatives should from time to
+time make, Concurred with, by A Majority of the Proprietors present in
+the Country."
+
+In reply to inquiries of the settlers, Judge Henderson gave as his
+reason for this assembling of a Transylvania Legislature that "all power
+was derived from the people." Six days before the prophetic arrival of
+the news of the Battle of Lexington and eight days before the
+revolutionary committee of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina,
+promulgated their memorable Resolves establishing laws for an
+independent government, the pioneers assembled on the green beneath the
+mighty plane-tree at the Transylvania Fort. In his wise and
+statesmanlike address to this picturesque convention of free Americans
+(May 23, 1775), an address which Felix Walker described as being
+"considered equal to any of like kind ever delivered to any deliberate
+body in that day and time," Judge Henderson used these memorable words:
+
+You, perhaps, are fixing the palladium, or placing the first corner
+stone of an edifice, the height and magnificence of whose superstructure
+... can only become great in proportion to the excellence of its
+foundation.... If any doubt remain amongst you with respect to the force
+or efficiency of whatever laws you now, or hereafter make, be pleased to
+consider that all power is originally in the people; make it their
+interest, therefore, by impartial and beneficent laws, and you may be
+sure of their inclination to see them enforced.
+
+An early writer, in speaking of the full-blooded democracy of these
+"advanced" sentiments, quaintly comments: "If Jeremy Bentham had been in
+existence of manhood, he would have sent his compliments to the
+President of Transylvania." This, the first representative body of
+American freemen which ever convened west of the Alleghanies, is surely
+the most unique colonial government ever set up on this continent. The
+proceedings of this backwoods legislature--the democratic leadership of
+the principal proprietor; the prudence exhibited in the laws for
+protecting game, breeding horses, etc.; the tolerance shown in the
+granting of full religious liberty--all display the acumen and practical
+wisdom of these pioneer law-givers. As the result of Henderson's
+tactfulness, the proprietary form of government, thoroughly democratized
+in tone, was complacently accepted by the backwoodsmen. From one who,
+though still under royal rule, vehemently asserted that the source of
+all political power was the people, and that "laws derive force and
+efficiency from our mutual consent," Western democracy thus born in the
+wilderness was "taking its first political lesson." In their answer to
+Henderson's assertion of freedom from alien authority the pioneers
+unhesitatingly declared: "That we have an absolute right, as a political
+body, without giving umbrage to Great Britain, or any of the colonies,
+to form rules for the government of our little society, cannot be
+doubted by any sensible mind and being without the jurisdiction of, and
+not answerable to any of his Majesty's courts, the constituting
+tribunals of justice shall be a matter of our first contemplation...."
+In the establishment of a constitution for the new colony, Henderson
+with paternalistic wisdom induced the people to adopt a legal code based
+on the laws of England. Out of a sense of self-protection he reserved
+for the proprietors only one prerogative not granted them by the people,
+the right of veto. He clearly realized that if this power were given up,
+the delegates to any convention that might be held after the first would
+be able to assume the claims and rights of the proprietors.
+
+A land-office was formally opened, deeds were issued, and a store was
+established which supplied the colonists with powder, lead, salt,
+osnaburgs, blankets, and other chief necessities of pioneer existence.
+Writing to his brother Jonathan from Leestown, the bold young George
+Rogers Clark, soon to plot the downfall of Transylvania,
+enthusiastically says (July 6, 1775): "A richer and more Beautifull
+Cuntry than this I believe has never been seen in America yet. Col.
+Henderson is hear and Claims all ye Country below Kentucke. If his Claim
+Should be good, land may be got Reasonable Enough and as good as any in
+ye World." [172] Those who settled on the south side of Kentucky River
+acknowledged the validity of the Transylvania purchase; and Clark in his
+Memoir says: "the Proprietors at first took great pains to Ingratiate
+themselves in the favr. of the people."
+
+In regard to the designs of Lord Dunmore, who, as noted above, had
+illegally entered the Connolly grant on the Ohio and sought to outlaw
+Henderson, and of Colonel William Byrd 3d, who, after being balked in
+Patrick Henry's plan to anticipate the Transylvania Company in effecting
+a purchase from the Cherokees, was supposed to have tried to persuade
+the Cherokees to repudiate the "Great Treaty," Henderson defiantly says:
+"Whether Lord Dunmore and Colonel Byrd have interfered with the Indians
+or not, Richard Henderson is equally ignorant and indifferent. The
+utmost result of their efforts can only serve to convince them of the
+futility of their schemes and possibly frighten some few faint-hearted
+persons, naturally prone to reverence great names and fancy everything
+must shrink at the magic of a splendid title." [173]
+
+Prompted by Henderson's desire to petition the Continental Congress then
+in session for recognition as the fourteenth colony, the Transylvania
+legislature met again on the first Thursday in September and elected
+Richard Henderson and John Williams, among others, as delegates to the
+gathering at Philadelphia. [174] Shortly afterward the Proprietors of
+Transylvania held a meeting at Oxford, North Carolina (September 25,
+1775), elected Williams as the agent of the colony, and directed him to
+proceed to Boonesborough there to reside until April, 1776. James Hogg,
+of Hillsborough, chosen as Delegate to represent the Colony in the
+Continental Congress, was despatched to Philadelphia, bearing with him
+an elaborate memorial prepared by the President, Judge Henderson,
+petitioning the Congress "to take the infant Colony of Transylvania into
+their protection." [175]
+
+Almost immediately upon his arrival in Philadelphia, James Hogg was
+presented to "the famous Samuel and John Adams." The latter warned Hogg,
+in view of the efforts then making toward reconciliation between the
+colonies and the king, that "the taking under our protection a body of
+people who have acted in defiance of the King's proclamation, will be
+looked on as a confirmation of that independent spirit with which we are
+daily reproached." Jefferson said that if his advice were followed, all
+the use the Virginians should make of their charter would be "to prevent
+any arbitrary or oppressive government to be established within the
+boundaries of it"; and that it was his wish "to see a free government
+established at the back of theirs [Virginia's] properly united with
+them." He would not consent, however, that Congress should acknowledge
+the colony of Transylvania, until it had the approbation of the Virginia
+Convention. The quit-rents imposed by the company were denounced in
+Congress as a mark of vassalage; and many advised a law against the
+employment of negroes in the colony. "They even threatened us with their
+opposition," says Hogg, with precise veracity, "if we do not act upon
+liberal principles when we have it so much in our power to render
+ourselves immortal." [176]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+The Repulse of the Red Men
+
+To this short war may be properly attributed all the kind feelings and
+fidelity to treaty stipulations manifested by the Cherokees ever
+afterwards. General Rutherford instilled into the Indians so great a
+fear of the whites, that never afterwards were they disposed to engage
+in any cruelty, or destroy any of the property of our frontier men.
+
+--David L. Swain: The Indian War of 1776.
+
+During the summer of 1775 the proprietors of Transylvania were
+confronted with two stupendous tasks--that of winning the favor and
+support of the frontiersmen and that of rallying the rapidly dwindling
+forces in Kentucky in defense of the settlements. Recognizing the
+difficulty of including Martin's Station, because of its remoteness,
+with the government provided for Transylvania, Judge Henderson prepared
+a plan of government for the group of settlers located in Powell's
+Valley. In a letter to Martin (July 30th), in regard to the recent
+energetic defense of the settlers at that point against the Indians,
+Henderson says: "Your spirited conduct gives me much pleasure.... Keep
+your men in heart if possible, now is our time, the Indians must not
+drive us." The gloom which had been occasioned by the almost complete
+desertion of the stations at Harrodsburg, the Boiling Spring, and the
+Transylvania Fort or Boonesborough was dispelled with the return of
+Boone, accompanied by some thirty persons, on September 8th, and of
+Richard Callaway with a considerable party on September 26th. The crisis
+was now passed; and the colony began for the first time really to
+flourish. The people on the south side of the Kentucky River universally
+accepted proprietary rule for the time being. But the seeds of
+dissension were soon to be sown among those who settled north of the
+river, as well as among men of the stamp of James Harrod, who, having
+preceded Henderson in the establishment of a settlement in Kentucky,
+naturally resented holding lands under the Transylvania Company.
+
+The great liberality of this organization toward incoming settlers had
+resulted in immense quantities of land being taken up through their
+land-office. [177] The ranging, hunting, and road-building were paid for
+by the company; and the entire settlement was furnished with powder,
+lead, and supplies, wholly on credit, for this and the succeeding year.
+"Five hundred and sixty thousand acres of land are now entered," reports
+Floyd on December 1st, "and most of the people waiting to have it run
+out." [178] After Dunmore, having lost his hold upon the situation,
+escaped to the protection of a British vessel, the Fowey, Colonel
+Preston continued to prevent surveys for officers' grants within the
+Transylvania territory; and his original hostility to Judge Henderson
+gave place to friendship and support.
+
+On December 1st, Colonel John Williams, resident agent of the
+Transylvania Company, announced at Boonesborough the long-contemplated
+and widely advertised advance in price of the lands, from twenty to
+fifty shillings per hundred acres, with surveying fees of four dollars
+for tracts not exceeding six hundred and forty acres. [179] At a meeting
+of the Transylvania legislature, convened on December 21st, John Floyd
+was chosen surveyor general of the colony, Nathaniel Henderson was
+placed in charge of the Entering Office, and Richard Harrison given the
+post of secretary. At this meeting of the legislature, the first open
+expression of discontent was voiced in the "Harrodsburg Remonstrance,"
+questioning the validity of the proprietors' title, and protesting
+against any increase in the price of lands, as well as the taking up by
+the proprietors and a few other gentlemen of the best lands at the Falls
+of the Ohio. Every effort was made to accommodate the remonstrants, who
+were led by Abraham Hite. Office fees were abolished, and the payment of
+quit-rents was deferred until January 1, 1780. Despite these efforts at
+accommodation, grave doubts were implanted by this Harrodsburg
+Remonstrance in the minds of the people; and much discussion and
+discontent ensued.
+
+By midsummer, 1775, George Rogers Clark, a remarkably enterprising and
+independent young pioneer, was "engrossing all the land he could" in
+Kentucky. Upon his return to Virginia, as he relates, he "found there
+was various oppinions Respecting Henderson claim. many thought it
+go[o]d, others douted whether or not Virginia coud with propriety have
+any pretentions to the cuntrey." [180] Jefferson displayed a liberal
+attitude toward the claims of the Transylvania proprietors; and Patrick
+Henry openly stated that, in his opinion, "their claim would stand
+good." But many others, of the stamp of George Mason and George
+Washington, vigorously asserted Virginia's charter rights over the
+Western territory. [181] This sharp difference of opinion excited in
+Clark's mind the bold conception of seizing the leadership of the
+country and making terms with Virginia under threat of secession.
+
+With the design of effecting some final disposition in regard to the
+title of the Transylvania proprietors, Judge Henderson and Colonel
+Williams set off from Boonesborough about May 1st, intending first to
+appeal to the Virginia Convention and ultimately to lay their claims
+before the Continental Congress. "Since they have gone," reports Floyd
+to Preston, "I am told most of the men about Harrodsburg have re-assumed
+their former resolution of not complying with any of the office rules
+whatever. Jack Jones, it is said, is at the head of the party &
+flourishes away prodigiously." [182] John Gabriel Jones was the mere
+figurehead in the revolt. The real leader, the brains of the conspiracy, 
+was the unscrupulous George Rogers Clark. At Clark's instance, an
+eight-day election was held at Harrodsburg (June 7-15), at which time a
+petition to the Virginia Convention was drawn up; [183] and Clark and
+Jones were elected delegates. Clark's plan, the scheme of a bold
+revolutionist, was to treat with Virginia for terms; and if they were
+not satisfactory, to revolt and, as he says, "Establish an Independent
+Government" ... "giving away great part of the Lands and disposing of
+the Remainder." In a second petition, prepared by the self-styled
+"Committee of West Fincastle" (June 20th), it was alleged that "if these 
+pretended Proprietors have leave to continue to act in their arbitrary
+manner out the controul of this colony [Virginia] the end must be
+evident to every well wisher to American Liberty." [184]
+
+The contest which now ensued between Richard Henderson and George Rogers
+Clark, waged upon the floor of the convention and behind the scenes,
+resulted in a conclusion that was inevitable at a moment in American
+history marked by the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
+Virginia, under the leadership of her new governor, Patrick Henry, put
+an end to the proprietary rule of the Transylvania Company. On December
+7th such part of Transylvania as lay within the chartered limits of
+Virginia was erected by the legislature of that colony into the County
+of Kentucky. The proprietary form of government with its "marks of
+vassalage," although liberalized with the spirit of democracy, was
+unendurable to the independent and lawless pioneers, already intoxicated
+with the spirit of freedom swept in on the first fresh breezes of the
+Revolution. Yet it is not to be doubted that the Transylvania Company,
+through the courage and moral influence of its leaders, made a permanent
+contribution to the colonization of the West, which, in providential
+timeliness and effective execution, is without parallel in our early
+annals. [185]
+
+While events were thus shaping themselves in Kentucky--events which made
+possible Clark's spectacular and meteoric campaign in the Northwest and
+ultimately resulted in the establishment of the Mississippi instead of
+the Alleghanies as the western boundary of the Confederation--the
+pioneers of Watauga were sagaciously laying strong the foundations of
+permanent occupation. In September, 1775, North Carolina, through her
+Provincial Congress, provided for the appointment in each district of a
+Committee of Safety, to consist of a president and twelve other members.
+Following the lead thus set, the Watauga settlers assumed for their
+country the name of "Washington District"; and proceeded by unanimous
+vote of the people to choose a committee of thirteen, which included
+James Robertson and John Sevier. This district was organized "shortly
+after October, 1775," according to Felix Walker; and the first step
+taken after the election of the committee was the organization of a
+court, consisting of five members. Felix Walker was elected clerk of the
+court thus organized, and held the position for about four years. James
+Robertson and John Sevier, it is believed, were also members of this
+court. To James Robertson who, with the assistance of his colleagues,
+devised this primitive type of frontier rule--a true commission form of
+government, on the "Watauga Plan"--is justly due distinctive recognition
+for this notable inauguration of the independent democracy of the Old
+Southwest. The Watauga settlement was animated by a spirit of deepest
+loyalty to the American cause. In a memorable petition these hardy
+settlers requested the Provincial Council of North Carolina not to
+regard them as a "lawless mob," but to "annex" them to North Carolina
+without delay. "This committee (willing to become a party in the present
+unhappy contest)", states the petition, which must have been drafted
+about July 15, 1776, "resolved (which is now on our records), to adhere
+strictly to the rules and orders of the Continental Congress, and in
+open committee acknowledged themselves indebted to the united colonies
+their full proportion of the Continental expense." [186]
+
+While these disputes as to the government of the new communities were in
+progress an additional danger threatened the pioneers. For a whole year
+the British had been plying the various Indian tribes from the lakes to
+the gulf with presents, supplies, and ammunition. In the Northwest
+bounties had actually been offered for American scalps. During the
+spring of 1776 plans were concerted, chiefly through Stuart and Cameron,
+British agents among the Southern Indians, for uniting the Loyalists and
+the Indians in a crushing attack upon the Tennessee settlements and the
+back country of North Carolina. Already the frontier of South Carolina
+had passed through the horrors of Indian uprising; and warning of the
+approaching invasion had been mercifully sent the Holston settlers by
+Atta-kulla-kulla's niece, Nancy Ward, the "Pocahontas of the
+West"--doubtless through the influence of her daughter, who loved Joseph
+Martin. The settlers, flocking for refuge into their small stockaded
+forts, waited in readiness for the dreaded Indian attacks, which were
+made by two forces totaling some seven hundred warriors.
+
+On July 20th, warned in advance of the approach of the Indians, the
+borderers, one hundred and seventy in all, marched in two columns from
+the rude breastwork, hastily thrown up at Eaton's Station, to meet the
+Indians, double their own number, led by The Dragging Canoe. The scouts
+surprised one party of Indians, hastily poured in a deadly fire, and
+rushed upon them with such impetuous fury that they fled precipitately.
+Withdrawing now toward their breastwork, in anticipation of encountering
+there a larger force, the backwoodsmen suddenly found themselves
+attacked in their rear and in grave danger of being surrounded.
+Extending their own line under the direction of Captain James Shelby,
+the frontiersmen steadily met the bold attack of the Indians, who,
+mistaking the rapid extension of the line for a movement to retreat,
+incautiously made a headlong onslaught upon the whites, giving the
+war-whoop and shouting: "The Unakas are running!" In the ensuing hot
+conflict at close quarters, in some places hand to hand, the Indians
+were utterly routed--The Dragging Canoe being shot down, many warriors
+wounded, and thirteen left dead upon the field.
+
+On the day after Thompson, Cocke, Shelby, Campbell, Madison, and their
+men were thus winning the battle of the Long Island "flats," Robertson,
+Sevier, and their little band of forty-two men were engaged in repelling
+an attack, begun at sunrise, upon the Watauga fort near the Sycamore
+Shoals. This attack, which was led by Old Abraham, proved abortive; but
+as the result of the loose investment of the log fortress, maintained by
+the Indians for several weeks, a few rash venturers from the fort were
+killed or captured, notably a young boy who was carried to one of the
+Indian towns and burned at the stake, and the wife of the pioneer
+settler, William Been, who was rescued from a like fate by the
+intercession of the humane and noble Nancy Ward. It was during this
+siege, according to constant tradition, that a frontier lass, active and
+graceful as a young doe, was pursued to the very stockade by the
+fleet-footed savages. Seeing her plight, an athletic young officer
+mounted the stockade at a single leap, shot down the foremost of the
+pursuers, and leaning over, seized the maiden by the hands and lifted
+her over the stockade. The maiden who sank breathless into the arms of
+the young officer, John Sevier, was "Bonnie Kate Sherrill"--who, after
+the fashion of true romance, afterward became the wife of her gallant
+rescuer.
+
+While the Tennessee settlements were undergoing the trials of siege and
+attack, the settlers on the frontiers of Rowan were falling beneath the
+tomahawk of the merciless savage. In the first and second weeks of July
+large forces of Indians penetrated to the outlying settlements; and in
+two days thirty-seven persons were killed along the Catawba River. On
+July 13th, the bluff old soldier of Rowan, General Griffith Rutherford,
+reported to the council of North Carolina that "three of our Captains
+are killed and one wounded"; and that he was setting out that day with
+what men he could muster to relieve Colonel McDowell, ten men, and one
+hundred and twenty women and children, who were "besieged in some kind
+of a fort." Aroused to extraordinary exertions by these daring and
+deadly blows, the governments of North Carolina, South Carolina,
+Virginia, and Georgia instituted a joint campaign against the Cherokees.
+It was believed that, by delivering a series of crushing blows to the
+Indians and so conclusively demonstrating the overwhelming superiority
+of the whites, the state governments in the Old Southwest would convince
+the savages of the futility of any attempt ever again to oppose them
+seriously.
+
+Within less than a week after sending his despatches to the council
+Rutherford set forth at the head of twenty-five hundred men to protect
+the frontiers of North Carolina and to overwhelm the foe. Leading the
+South Carolina army of more than eighteen hundred men, Colonel Andrew
+Williamson directed his attack against the lower Cherokee towns; while
+Colonel Samuel Jack led two hundred Georgians against the Indian towns
+at the heads of the Chattahoochee and Tugaloo Rivers. Assembling a force
+of some sixteen hundred Virginians, Colonel William Christian
+rendezvoused in August at the Long Island of Holston, where his force
+was strengthened by between three and four hundred North Carolinians
+under Colonels Joseph Williams and Love, and Major Winston. The various
+expeditions met with little effective opposition on the whole,
+succeeding everywhere in their design of utterly laying waste the towns
+of the Cherokees. One serious engagement occurred when the Indians
+resolutely challenged Rutherford's advance at the gap of the Nantahala
+Mountains. Indian women--heroic Amazons disguised in war-paint and armed
+with the weapons of warriors and the courage of despair--fought side by
+side with the Indian braves in the effort to arrest Rutherford's
+progress and compass his defeat. More than forty frontiersmen fell
+beneath the deadly shots of this truly Spartan band before the final
+repulse of the savages.
+
+The most picturesque figures in this overwhelmingly successful campaign
+were the bluff old Indian-fighter, Griffith Rutherford, wearing "a tow
+hunting shirt, dyed black, and trimmed with white fringe" as a uniform;
+Captain Benjamin Cleveland, a rude paladin of gigantic size, strength,
+and courage; Lieutenant William Lenoir (Le Noir), the gallant and
+recklessly brave French Huguenot, later to win a general's rank in the
+Revolution; and that militant man of God, the Reverend James Hall,
+graduate of Nassau Hall, stalwart and manly, who carried a rifle on his
+shoulder and, in the intervals between the slaughter of the savages,
+preached the gospel to the vindictive and bloodthirsty backwoodsmen.
+Such preaching was sorely needed on that campaign--when the whites,
+maddened beyond the bounds of self-control by the recent ghastly
+murders, gladly availed themselves of the South Carolina bounty offered
+for fresh Indian scalps. At times they exultantly displayed the reeking
+patches of hair above the gates of their stockades; at others, with many
+a bloody oath, they compelled their commanders either to sell the Indian
+captives into slavery or else see them scalped on the spot. Twenty years
+afterward Benjamin Hawkins relates that among Indian refugees in extreme
+western Georgia the children had been so terrorized by their parents'
+recitals of the atrocities of the enraged borderers in the campaign of
+1776, that they ran screaming from the face of a white man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+The Colonization of the Cumberland
+
+March 31, 1780. Set out this day, and after running some distance, met
+with Col. Richard Henderson, who was running the line between Virginia
+and North Carolina. At this meeting we were much rejoiced. He gave us
+every information we wished, and further informed us that he had
+purchased a quantity of corn in Kentucky, to be shipped at the Falls of
+Ohio, for the use of the Cumberland settlement. We are now without
+bread, and are compelled to hunt the buffalo to preserve life.
+
+--John Donelson: Journal of a Voyage, intended by God's permission, in
+the good boat Adventure, from Fort Patrick Henry, on Holston River, to
+the French Salt Springs on Cumberland River.
+
+To the settlements in Tennessee and Kentucky, which they had seized and
+occupied, the pioneers held on with a tenacious grip which never
+relaxed. From these strongholds, won through sullen and desperate
+strokes, they pushed deeper into the wilderness, once again to meet with
+undimmed courage the bitter onslaughts of their resentful foes. The
+crushing of the Cherokees in 1776 relieved the pressure upon the
+Tennessee settlers, enabling them to strengthen their hold and prepare
+effectively for future eventualities; the possession of the gateway to
+Kentucky kept free the passage for Western settlement; Watauga and its
+defenders continued to offer a formidable barrier to British invasion of
+the East from Kentucky and the Northwest during the Revolution; while
+these Tennessee frontiersmen were destined soon to set forth again to
+invade a new wilderness and at frightful cost to colonize the
+Cumberland.
+
+The little chain of stockades along the far-flung frontier of Kentucky
+was tenaciously held by the bravest of the race, grimly resolved that
+this chain must not break. The Revolution precipitated against this
+chain wave after wave of formidable Indian foes from the Northwest under
+British leadership. At the very time when Griffith Rutherford set out
+for the relief of McDowell's Fort, a marauding Indian band captured by
+stealth near the Transylvania Fort, known as Boone's Fort
+(Boonesborough), Elizabeth and Frances Callaway, and Jemima Boone, the
+daughters of Richard Callaway and Daniel Boone, and rapidly marched them
+away toward the Shawanoe towns on the Ohio. A relief party, in two
+divisions, headed respectively by the young girls' fathers, and composed
+among others of the lovers of the three girls, Samuel Henderson, John
+Holder, and Flanders Callaway, pursued them with almost incredible
+swiftness. Guided by broken twigs and bits of cloth surreptitiously
+dropped by Elizabeth Callaway, they finally overtook the unsuspecting
+savages, killed two of them, and rescued the three maidens unharmed.
+This romantic episode--which gave Fenimore Cooper the theme for the most
+memorable scene in one of his Leatherstocking Tales--had an even more
+romantic sequel in the subsequent marriage of the three pairs of lovers.
+
+This bold foray, so shrewdly executed and even more sagaciously foiled,
+was a true precursor of the dread happenings of the coming years. Soon
+the red men were lurking in the neighborhood of the stations; and relief
+was felt when the Transylvania Fort, the great stockade planned by Judge
+Henderson, was completed by the pioneers (July, 1776). Glad tidings
+arrived only a few days later when the Declaration of Independence, read
+aloud from the Virginia Gazette, was greeted with wild huzzas by the
+patriotic backwoodsmen. During the ensuing months occasional invasions
+were made by savage bands; but it was not until April 24, 1777, that
+Henderson's "big fort" received its first attack, being invested by a
+company of some seventy-five savages. The twenty-two riflemen in the
+fort drove off the painted warriors, but not before Michael Stoner,
+Daniel Boone, and several others were severely wounded. As he lay
+helpless upon the ground, his ankle shattered by a bullet, Boone was
+lifted by Simon Kenton and borne away upon his shoulders to the haven of
+the stockade amid a veritable shower of balls. The stoical and taciturn
+Boone clasped Kenton's hand and gave him the accolade of the wilderness
+in the brief but heartfelt utterance; "You are a fine fellow." On July
+4th of this same year the fort was again subjected to siege, when two
+hundred gaudily painted savages surrounded it for two days. But owing to
+the vigilance and superb markmanship of the defenders, as well as to the
+lack of cannon by the besieging force, the Indians reluctantly abandoned
+the siege, after leaving a number dead upon the field. Soon afterward
+the arrival of two strong bodies of prime riflemen, who had been hastily
+summoned from the frontiers of North Carolina and Virginia, once again
+made firm the bulwark of white supremacy in the West.
+
+Kentucky's terrible year, 1778, opened with a severe disaster to the
+white settlers--when Boone with thirty men, while engaged in making salt
+at the "Lower Salt Spring," was captured in February by more than a
+hundred Indians, sent by Governor Hamilton of Detroit to drive the white
+settlers from "Kentucke." Boone remained in captivity until early
+summer, when, learning that his Indian captors were planning an attack
+in force upon the Transylvania Fort, he succeeded in effecting his
+escape. After a break-neck journey of one hundred and sixty miles,
+during which he ate but one meal, Boone finally arrived at the big fort
+on June 20th. The settlers were thus given ample time for preparation,
+as the long siege did not begin until September 7th. The fort was
+invested by a powerful force flying the English flag--four hundred and
+forty-four savages gaudy in the vermilion and ochre of their war-paint,
+and eleven Frenchmen, the whole being commanded by the French-Canadian,
+Captain Dagniaux de Quindre, and the great Indian Chief, Black-fish, who
+had adopted Boone as a son. [187] In the effort to gain his end de
+Quindre resorted to a dishonorable stratagem, by which he hoped to
+outwit the settlers and capture the fort with but slight loss. "They
+formed a scheme to deceive us," says Boone, "declaring it was their
+orders, from Governor Hamilton, to take us captives, and not to destroy
+us; but if nine of us would come out and treat with them, they would
+immediately withdraw their forces from our walls, and return home
+peacably." Transparent as the stratagem was, Boone incautiously agreed
+to a conference with the enemy; Callaway alone took the precaution to
+guard against Indian duplicity. After a long talk, the Indians proposed
+to Boone, Callaway, and the seven or eight pioneers who accompanied them
+that they shake hands in token of peace and friendship. As picturesquely
+described by Daniel Trabue:
+
+The Indians sayed two Indians must shake hands with one white man to
+make a Double or sure peace at this time the Indians had hold of the
+white men's hands and held them. Col. Calloway objected to this but the
+other Indians laid hold or tryed to lay hold of the other hand but
+Colonel Calloway was the first that jerked away from them but the
+Indians seized the men two Indians holt of one man or it was mostly the
+case and did their best to hold them but while the man and Indians was a
+scuffling the men from the Fort agreeable to Col. Calloway's order fired
+on them they had a dreadful skuffel but our men all got in the fort safe
+and the fire continued on both sides. [188]
+
+During the siege Callaway, the leader of the pioneers, made a wooden
+cannon wrapped with wagon tires, which on being fired at a group of
+Indians "made them scamper perdidiously." The secret effort of the
+Indians to tunnel a way underground into the fort, being discovered by
+the defenders, was frustrated by a countermine. Unable to outwit,
+outfight, or outmaneuver the resourceful Callaway, de Quindre finally
+withdrew on September 16th, closing the longest and severest attack that
+any of the fortified stations of Kentucky had ever been called upon to
+withstand.
+
+The successful defense of the Transylvania Fort, made by these
+indomitable backwoodsmen who were lost sight of by the Continental
+Congress and left to fight alone their battles in the forests, was of
+national significance in its results. Had the Transylvania Fort fallen,
+the northern Indians in overwhelming numbers, directed by Hamilton and
+led by British officers, might well have swept Kentucky free of
+defenders and fallen with devastating force upon the exposed settlements
+along the western frontiers of North Carolina, Virginia, and
+Pennsylvania. This defense of Boonesborough, therefore, is deserving of
+commemoration in the annals of the Revolution, along with Lexington and
+Bunker's Hill. Coupled with Clark's meteoric campaign in the Northwest
+and the subsequent struggles in the defense of Kentucky, it may be
+regarded as an event basically responsible for the retention of the
+trans-Alleghany region by the United States. The bitter struggles,
+desperate sieges, and bloody reprisals of these dark years came to a
+close with the expeditions of Clark and Logan in November, 1782, which
+appropriately concluded the Revolution in the West by putting a definite
+end to all prospect of formidable invasion of Kentucky.
+
+In November, 1777, "Washington District," the delegates of which had
+been received in the preceding year by the Provincial Congress of North
+Carolina, was formed by the North Carolina General Assembly into
+Washington County; and to it were assigned the boundaries of the whole
+of the present state of Tennessee. While this immense territory was thus
+being definitely included within the bounds of North Carolina, Judge
+Henderson on behalf of the Transylvania Company was making a vigorous
+effort to secure the reëstablishment of its rights from the Virginia
+Assembly. By order of the Virginia legislature, an exhaustive
+investigation of the claims of the Transylvania Company was therefore
+made, hearings being held at various points in the back country. On July
+18, 1777, Judge Henderson presented to the peace commissioners for North
+Carolina and Virginia at the Long Island treaty ground an elaborate
+memorial in behalf of the Transylvania Company, which the commissioners
+unanimously refused to consider, as not coming under their jurisdiction.
+[189] Finally, after a full and impartial discussion before the Virginia
+House of Delegates, that body declared the Transylvania purchase void.
+[190] But in consideration of "the very great expense [incurred by the
+company] in making the said purchase, and in settling the said lands, by
+which the commonwealth is likely to receive great advantage, by
+increasing its inhabitants, and establishing a barrier against the
+Indians," the House of Delegates granted Richard Henderson and Company
+two hundred thousand acres of land situated between the Ohio and Green
+rivers, where the town of Henderson, Kentucky, now stands. [191] With
+this bursting of the Transylvania bubble and the vanishing of the golden
+dreams of Henderson and his associates for establishing the fourteenth
+American colony in the heart of the trans-Alleghany, a first romantic
+chapter in the history of Westward expansion comes to a close.
+
+But another and more feasible project immediately succeeded.
+Undiscouraged by Virginia's confiscation of Transylvania, and
+disregarding North Carolina's action in extending her boundaries over
+the trans-Alleghany region lying within her chartered limits, Henderson,
+in whom the genius of the colonizer and the ambition of the speculative
+capitalist were found in striking conjunction, was now inspired to
+repeat, along broader and more solidly practical lines, the
+revolutionary experiment of Transylvania. It was not his purpose,
+however, to found an independent colony; for he believed that millions
+of acres in the Transylvania purchase lay within the bounds of North
+Carolina, and he wished to open for colonization, settlement, and the
+sale of lands, the vast wilderness of the valley of the Cumberland
+supposed to lie within those confines. But so universal was the
+prevailing uncertainty in regard to boundaries that it was necessary to
+prolong the North Carolina-Virginia line in order to determine whether
+or not the Great French Lick, the ideal location for settlement, lay
+within the chartered limits of North Carolina. [192]
+
+Judge Henderson's comprehensive plans for the promotion of an extensive
+colonization of the Cumberland region soon began to take form in
+vigorous action. Just as in his Transylvania project Henderson had
+chosen Daniel Boone, the ablest of the North Carolina pioneers, to spy
+out the land and select sites for future location, so now he chose as
+leader of the new colonizing party the ablest of the Tennessee pioneers,
+James Robertson. Although he was the acknowledged leader of the Watauga
+settlement and held the responsible position of Indian agent for North
+Carolina, Robertson was induced by Henderson's liberal offers to leave
+his comparatively peaceful home and to venture his life in this
+desperate hazard of new fortunes. The advance party of eight white men
+and one negro, under Robertson's leadership, set forth from the Holston
+settlement on February 6, 1779, to make a preliminary exploration and to
+plant corn "that bread might be prepared for the main body of emigrants
+in the fall." After erecting a few cabins for dwellings and posts of
+defense, Robertson plunged alone into the wilderness and made the long
+journey to Post St. Vincent in the Illinois, in order to consult with
+George Rogers Clark, who had entered for himself in the Virginia Land
+Office several thousand acres of land at the French Lick. After
+perfecting arrangements with Clark for securing "cabin rights" should
+the land prove to lie in Virginia, Robertson returned to Watauga to take
+command of the migration.
+
+Toward the end of the year two parties set out, one by land, the other
+by water, for the wonderful new country on the Cumberland of which Boone
+and Scaggs and Mansker had brought back such glowing descriptions.
+During the autumn Judge Henderson and other commissioners from North
+Carolina, in conjunction with commissioners from Virginia, had been
+running out the boundary line between the two states. On the very
+day--Christmas, 1779--that Judge Henderson reached the site of the
+Transylvania Fort, now called Boonesborough, the swarm of colonists from
+the parent hive at Watauga, under Robertson's leadership, reached the
+French Lick; and on New Year's Day, 1780, crossed the river on the ice
+to the present site of Nashville.
+
+The journal of the other party, which, as has been aptly said, reads
+like a chapter from one of Captain Mayne Reid's fascinating novels of
+adventure, was written by Colonel John Donelson, the father-in-law of
+Andrew Jackson. Setting out from Fort Patrick Henry on Holston River,
+December 22, 1779, with a flotilla consisting of about thirty flatboats,
+dugouts, and canoes, they encountered few difficulties until they began
+to run the gauntlet of the Chickamauga towns on the Tennessee. Here they
+were furiously attacked by the Indians, terrible in their red and black
+war-paint; and a well-filled boat lagging in the rear, with smallpox on
+board, was driven to shore by the Indians. The occupants were massacred;
+but the Indians at once contracted the disease and died by the hundreds.
+This luckless sacrifice of "poor Stuart, his family and friends," while
+a ghastly price to pay, undoubtedly procured for the Cumberland
+settlements comparative immunity from Indian forays until the new-comers
+had firmly established themselves in their wilderness stronghold.
+Eloquent of the granite endurance and courageous spirit of the typical
+American pioneer in its thankfulness for sanctuary, for reunion of
+families and friends, and for the humble shelter of a log cabin, is the
+last entry in Donelson's diary (April 24, 1780):
+
+This day we arrived at our journey's end at the Big Salt Lick, where we
+have the pleasure of finding Capt. Robertson and his company. It is a
+source of satisfaction to us to be enabled to restore to him and others
+their families and friends, who were intrusted to our care, and who,
+some time since, perhaps, despaired of ever meeting again. Though our
+prospects at present are dreary, we have found a few log cabins which
+have been built on a cedar bluff above the Lick by Capt. Robertson and
+his company. [193]
+
+In the midst of the famine during this terrible period of the "hard
+winter," Judge Henderson was sorely concerned for the fate of the new
+colony which he had projected, and immediately proceeded to purchase at
+huge cost a large stock of corn. On March 5, 1780, this corn, which had
+been raised by Captain Nathaniel Hart, was "sent from Boonesborough in
+perogues [pettiaugers or flatboats] under the command of William Bailey
+Smith.... This corn was taken down the Kentucky River, and over the
+Falls of Ohio, to the mouth of the Cumberland, and thence up that river
+to the fort at the French Lick. It is believed have been the only bread
+which the settlers had until it was raised there in 1781." [194] There
+is genuine impressiveness in this heroic triumphing over the obstacles
+of obdurate nature and this paternalistic provision for the exposed
+Cumberland settlement--the purchase by Judge Henderson, the shipment by
+Captain Hart, and the transportation by Colonel Smith, in an awful
+winter of bitter cold and obstructed navigation, of this indispensable
+quantity of corn purchased for sixty thousand dollars in depreciated
+currency.
+
+Upon his arrival at the French Lick, shortly after the middle of April,
+Judge Henderson at once proceeded to organize a government for the
+little community. On May 1st articles of association were drawn up; and
+important additions thereto were made on May 13th, when the settlers
+signed the complete series. The original document, still preserved, was
+drafted by Judge Henderson, being written throughout in his own
+handwriting; and his name heads the list of two hundred and fifty and
+more signatures. [195] The "Cumberland Compact," as this paper is
+called, is fundamentally a mutual contract between the copartners of the
+Transylvania Company and the settlers upon the lands claimed by the
+company. It represents the collective will of the community; and on
+account of the careful provisions safeguarding the rights of each party
+to the contract it may be called a bill of rights. The organization of
+this pure democracy was sound and admirable--another notable early
+example of the commission form of government. The most remarkable
+feature of this backwoods constitution marks Judge Henderson as a
+pioneer in the use of the political device so prominent to-day, one
+hundred and forty years later--the "recall of judges." In the following
+striking clause this innovation in government was recognized thus early
+in American history as the most effective means of securing and
+safeguarding justice in a democracy:
+
+As often as the people in general are dissatisfied with the doings of
+the Judges or Triers so to be chosen, they may call a new election in
+any of the said stations, and elect others in their stead, having due
+respect to the number now agreed to be elected at each station, which
+persons so to be chosen shall have the same power with those in whose
+room or place they shall or may be chosen to act.
+
+A land-office was now opened, the entry-taker being appointed by Judge
+Henderson, in accordance with the compact; and the lands, for costs of
+entry, etc., were registered for the nominal fee of ten dollars per
+thousand acres. But as the Transylvania Company was never able to secure
+a "satisfactory and indisputable title," the clause resulted in
+perpetual nonpayment. In 1783, following the lead of Virginia in the
+case of Transylvania, North Carolina declared the Transylvania Company's
+purchase void, but granted the company in compensation a tract of one
+hundred and ninety thousand acres in Powell's Valley. [196] As
+compensation, the grants of North Carolina and Virginia were quite
+inadequate, considering the value of the service in behalf of permanent
+western colonization rendered by the Transylvania company. [197]
+
+James Robertson was chosen as presiding officer of the court of twelve
+commissioners, and was also elected commander-in-chief of the military
+forces of the eight little associated settlements on the Cumberland.
+Here for the next two years the self-reliant settlers under Robertson's
+wise and able leadership successfully repelled the Indians in their
+guerrilla warfare, firmly entrenched themselves in their forest-girt
+stronghold, and vindicated their claim to the territory by right of
+occupation and conquest. Here sprang up in later times a great and
+populous city--named, strangely enough, neither for Henderson, the
+founder, nor for Robertson and Donelson, the leaders of the two
+colonizing parties, but for one having no association with its history
+or origins, the gallant North Carolinian, General Francis Nash, who was
+killed at the Battle of Germantown.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+King's Mountain
+
+With the utmost satisfaction I can acquaint you with the sudden and
+favorable turn of our public affairs. A few days ago destruction hung
+over our heads. Cornwallis with at least 1500 British and Tories waited
+at Charlotte for the reinforcement of 1000 from Broad River, which
+reinforcement has been entirely cut off, 130 killed and the remainder
+captured. Cornwallis immediately retreated, and is now on his way toward
+Charleston, with part of our army in his rear....
+
+--Elizabeth Maxwell Steel:
+Salisbury, October 25, 1780.
+
+So thoroughly had the Cherokees been subdued by the devastations of the
+campaign of 1776 that for several years thereafter they were unable to
+organize for a new campaign against the backwoodsmen along the frontiers
+of North Carolina and Tennessee. During these years the Holston settlers
+principally busied themselves in making their position secure, as well
+as in setting their house in order by severely punishing the lawless
+Tory element among them. In 1779 the Chickamaugas, with whom The
+Dragging Canoe and his irreconcilable followers among the Cherokees had
+joined hands after the campaign of 1776, grew so bold in their bloody
+forays upon small exposed settlements that North Carolina and Virginia
+in conjunction despatched a strong expedition against them. Embarking on
+April 10th at the mouth of Big Creek near the present Rogersville,
+Tennessee, three hundred and fifty men led by Colonel Evan Shelby
+descended the Tennessee to the fastnesses of the Chickamaugas. Meeting
+with no resistance from the astonished Indians, who fled to the shelter
+of the densely wooded hills, they laid waste the Indian towns and
+destroyed the immense stores of goods collected by the British agents
+for distribution among the red men. The Chickamaugas were completely
+quelled; and during the period of great stress through which the
+Tennessee frontiersmen were soon to pass, the Cherokees were restrained
+through the wise diplomacy of Joseph Martin, Superintendent of Indian
+affairs for Virginia.
+
+The great British offensive against the Southern colonies, which were
+regarded as the vulnerable point in the American Confederacy, was fully
+launched upon the fall of Charleston in May, 1780. Cornwallis
+established his headquarters at Camden; and one of his lieutenants, the
+persuasive and brilliant Ferguson, soon rallied thousands of Loyalists
+in South Carolina to the British standard. When Cornwallis inaugurated
+his campaign for cutting Washington wholly off from the Southern
+colonies by invading North Carolina, the men upon the western waters
+realized that the time had come to rise, in defense of their state and
+in protection of their homes. Two hundred Tennessee riflemen from
+Sullivan County, under Colonel Isaac Shelby, were engaged in minor
+operations in South Carolina conducted by Colonel Charles McDowell; and
+conspicuous among these engagements was the affair at Musgrove's Mill on
+August 18th when three hundred horsemen led by Colonel James Williams, a
+native of Granville County, North Carolina, Colonel Isaac Shelby, and
+Lieutenant-Colonel Clark of Georgia repulsed with heavy loss a British
+force of between four and five hundred.
+
+These minor successes availed nothing in face of the disastrous defeat
+of Gates by Cornwallis at Camden on August 16th and the humiliating blow
+to Sumter at Rocky Mount on the following day. Ferguson hotly pursued
+the frontiersmen, who then retreated over the mountains; and from his
+camp at Gilbert Town he despatched a threatening message to the Western
+leaders, declaring that if they did not desist from their opposition to
+the British arms and take protection under his standard, he would march
+his army over the mountains and lay their country waste with fire and
+sword. Stung to action, Shelby hastily rode off to consult with Sevier
+at his log castle near Jonesboro; and together they matured a plan to
+arouse the mountain men and attack Ferguson by surprise. In the event of
+failure, these wilderness free-lances planned to leave the country and
+find a home with the Spaniards in Louisiana. [198]
+
+At the original place of rendezvous, the Sycamore Shoals of the Watauga,
+the over-mountain men gathered on September 25th. There an eloquent
+sermon was preached to them by that fiery man of God, the Reverend
+Samuel Doak, who concluded his discourse with a stirring invocation to
+the sword of the Lord and of Gideon--a sentiment greeted with the loud
+applause of the militant frontiersmen. Here and at various places along
+the march they were joined by detachments of border fighters summoned to
+join the expedition--Colonel William Campbell, who with some reluctance
+had abandoned his own plans in response to Shelby's urgent and repeated
+message, in command of four hundred hardy frontiersmen from Washington
+County, Virginia; Colonel Benjamin Cleveland, with the wild fighters of
+Wilkes known as "Cleveland's Bulldogs"; Colonel Andrew Hampton, with the
+stalwart riflemen of Rutherford; Major Joseph Winston, the cousin of
+Patrick Henry, with the flower of the citizenry of Surry; the McDowells,
+Charles and Joseph, with the bold borderers of Burke; Colonels Lacy and
+Hill, with well-trained soldiers of South Carolina; and
+Brigadier-General James Williams, leading the intrepid Rowan volunteers.
+
+Before breaking camp at Quaker Meadows, the leading officers in
+conference chose Colonel William Campbell as temporary officer of the
+day, until they could secure a general officer from headquarters as
+commander-in-chief. The object of the mountaineers and big-game hunters
+was, in their own terms, to pursue Ferguson, to run him down, and to
+capture him. In pursuance of this plan, the leaders on arriving at the
+ford of Green River chose out a force of six hundred men, with the best
+mounts and equipment; and at daybreak on October 6th this force of
+picked mounted riflemen, followed by some fifty "foot-cavalry" eager to
+join in the pursuit, pushed rapidly on to the Cowpens. Here a second
+selection took place; and Colonel Campbell, was again elected commander
+of the detachment, now numbering some nine hundred and ten horsemen and
+eighty odd footmen, which dashed rapidly on in pursuit of Ferguson.
+
+The British commander had been apprised of the coming of the
+over-mountain men. Scorning to make a forced march and attempt to effect
+a junction with Cornwallis at Charlotte, Ferguson chose to make a stand
+and dispose once for all of the barbarian horde whom he denounced as
+mongrels and the dregs of mankind. After despatching to Cornwallis a
+message asking for aid, Ferguson took up his camp on King's Mountain,
+just south of the North Carolina border line, in the present York
+County, South Carolina. Here, after his pickets had been captured in
+silence, he was surprised by his opponents. At three o'clock in the
+afternoon of October 7th the mountain hunters treed their game upon the
+heights.
+
+The battle which ensued presents an extraordinary contrast in the
+character of the combatants and the nature of the strategy and tactics.
+[199] Each party ran true to form--Ferguson repeating Braddock's
+suicidal policy of opposing bayonet charges to the deadly fusillade of
+riflemen, who in Indian fashion were carefully posted behind trees and
+every shelter afforded by the natural inequalities of the ground. In the
+army of the Carolina and Virginia frontiersmen, composed of independent
+detachments recruited from many sources and solicitous for their own
+individual credit, each command was directed in the battle by its own
+leader. Campbell--like Cleveland, Winston, Williams, Lacey, Shelby,
+McDowell, Sevier, and Hambright--personally led his own division; but
+the nature of the fighting and the peculiarity of the terrain made it
+impossible for him, though the chosen commander of the expedition,
+actually to play that rôle in the battle. The plan agreed upon in
+advance by the frontier leaders was simple enough--to surround and
+capture Ferguson's camp on the high plateau. The more experienced Indian
+fighters, Sevier and Shelby, unquestionably suggested the general scheme
+which in any case would doubtless have been employed by the
+frontiersmen; it was to give the British "Indian play"--namely to take
+cover everywhere and to fire from natural shelter. Cleveland, a Hercules
+in strength and courage who had fought the Indians and recognized the
+wisdom of Indian tactics, ordered his men, as did some of the other
+leaders, to give way before a bayonet charge, but to return to the
+attack after the charge had spent its force.
+
+"My brave fellows," said Cleveland, "every man must consider himself an
+officer, and act from his own judgment. Fire as quick as you can, and
+stand your ground as long as you can. When you can do no better, get
+behind trees, or retreat; but I beg you not to run quite off. If we are
+repulsed, let us make a point of returning and renewing the fight;
+perhaps we may have better luck in the second attempt than in the
+first."
+
+The plateau upon which Ferguson was encamped was the top of an eminence
+some six hundred yards long and about two hundred and fifty yards from
+one base across to the other; and its shape was that of an Indian
+paddle, varying from one hundred and twenty yards at the blade to sixty
+yards at the handle in width. Outcropping boulders upon the outer edge
+of the plateau afforded some slight shelter for Ferguson's force; but,
+unsuspicious of attack, Ferguson had made no abatis to protect his camp
+from the assault to which it was so vulnerable because of the protection
+of the timber surrounding it on all sides. As to the disposition of the
+attacking force, the center to the northeast was occupied by Cleveland
+with his "Bulldogs," Hambright with his South Fork Boys from the Catawba
+(now Lincoln County, North Carolina), and Winston with his Surry
+riflemen; to the south were the divisions of Joseph McDowell, Sevier,
+and Campbell; while Lacey's South Carolinians, the Rowan levies under
+Williams, and the Watauga borderers under Shelby were stationed upon the
+north side. Ferguson's forces consisted of Provincial Rangers, one
+hundred and fifty strong, and other well-drilled Loyalists, between
+eight and nine hundred in number; but his strength was seriously
+weakened by the absence of a foraging party of between one and two
+hundred who had gone off on the morning the battle occurred. Shelby's
+men, before getting into position, received a hot fire, the opening
+shots of the engagement. This inspired Campbell, who now threw off his
+coat, to shout encouraging orders to his men posted on the side of the
+mountain opposite to Shelby's force. When Campbell's Virginians uttered
+a series of piercing shouts, the British officer, De Peyster, second in
+command, remarked to his chief: "These things are ominous--these are the
+damned yelling boys."
+
+The battle, which lasted some minutes short of an hour, was waged with
+terrific ferocity. The Loyalist militia, whenever possible, fired from
+the shelter of the rocks; while the Provincial Corps, with fixed
+bayonets, steadily charged the frontiersmen, who fired at close range
+and then rapidly withdrew to the very base of the mountain. After each
+bayonet charge the Provincials coolly withdrew to the summit, under the
+accumulating fire of the returning mountaineers, who quickly gathered in
+their rear. Owing to their elevated location, the British, although
+using the rapid-fire breech-loading rifle invented by Ferguson himself,
+found their vision deflected, and continually fired high, thus suffering
+from nature's handicap, refraction. [200] The militia, using sharpened
+butcher-knives which Ferguson had taught them to utilize as bayonets,
+charged against the mountaineers; but their fire, in answer to the
+deadly fusillade of the expert squirrel-shooters, was belated, owing to
+the fact that they could not fire while the crudely improvised bayonets
+remained inserted in their pieces. The Americans, continually firing
+upward, found ready marks for their aim in the clearly delineated
+outlines of their adversaries, and felt the fierce exultation which
+animates the hunter who has tracked to its lair and surrounded wild game
+at bay.
+
+The leaders of the various divisions of the mountaineers bore themselves
+with impetuous bravery, recklessly rushing between the lines of fire and
+with native eloquence, interspersed with profanity, rallying their
+individual commands again and again to the attack. The valiant Campbell
+scaled the rugged heights, loudly encouraging his men to the ascent.
+Cleveland, resolutely facing the foe, urged on his Bulldogs with the
+inspiriting words: "Come, boys; let's try 'em again. We'll have better
+luck next time." No sooner did Shelby's men reach the bottom of the
+hill, in retreating before a charge, than their commander, fiery and
+strenuous, ardently shouted: "Now boys, quickly reload your rifles, and
+let's advance upon them, and give them another hell of a fire." The most
+deadly charge, led by De Peyster himself, fell upon Hambright's South
+Fork boys; and one of their gallant officers, Major Chronicle, waving
+his military hat, was mortally wounded, the command, "Face to the
+hill!", dying on his lips. These veteran soldiers, unlike the
+mountaineers, firmly met the shock of the charge, and a number of their
+men were shot down or transfixed; but the remainder, reserving their
+fire until the charging column was only a few feet away, poured in a
+deadly volley before retiring. The gallant William Lenoir, whose
+reckless bravery made him a conspicuous target for the enemy, received
+several wounds and emerged from the battle with his hair and clothes
+torn by balls. The ranking American officer, Brigadier-General James
+Williams, was mortally wounded while "on the very top of the mountain,
+in the thickest of the fight"; and as he momentarily revived, his first
+words were: "For God's sake, boys, don't give up the hill." [201]
+Hambright, sorely wounded, his boot overflowing with blood and his hat
+riddled with three bullet holes, declined to dismount, but pressed
+gallantly forward, exclaiming in his "Pennsylvania Dutch": "Huzza, my
+prave poys, fight on a few minutes more, and the pattle will be over!"
+On the British side, Ferguson was supremely valorous, rapidly dashing
+from one point to another, rallying his men, oblivious to all danger.
+Wherever the shrill note of his silver whistle sounded, there the
+fighting was hottest and the British resistance the most stubborn. His
+officers fought with the characteristic steadiness of the British
+soldier; and again and again his men charged headlong against the
+wavering and fiery circle of the frontiersmen. [202]
+
+Ferguson's boast that "he was on King's Mountain, that he was king of
+the Mountain, and God Almighty could not drive him from it" was
+doubtless prompted, less by a belief in the impregnability of his
+position, than by a desperate desire to inspire confidence in his men.
+His location was admirably chosen for defense against attack by troops
+employing regulation tactics; but, never dreaming of the possibility of
+sudden investment, Ferguson had erected no fortifications for his
+encampment. His frenzied efforts on the battle-field seem like a mad
+rush against fate; for the place was indefensible against the peculiar
+tactics of the frontiersmen. While the mountain flamed like a volcano
+and resounded with the thunder of the guns, a steady stricture was in
+progress. The lines were drawn tighter and tighter around the trapped
+and frantically struggling army; and at last the fall of their
+commander, riddled with bullets, proved the tragic futility of further
+resistance. The game was caught and bagged to a man. When Winston, with
+his fox-hunters of Surry, dashed recklessly through the woods, says a
+chronicler of the battle, and the last to come into position,
+
+   Flow'd in, and settling, circled all the lists,
+
+then
+
+   From all the circle of the hills
+      death sleeted in upon the doomed.
+
+The battle was decisive in its effect--shattering the plans of
+Cornwallis, which till then appeared certain of success. The victory put
+a full stop to the invasion of North Carolina, which was then well under
+way. Cornwallis abandoned his carefully prepared campaign and
+immediately left the state. After ruthlessly hanging nine prisoners, an
+action which had an effectively deterrent effect upon future Tory
+murders and depredations, the patriot force quietly disbanded. The
+brilliant initiative of the buckskin-clad borderers, the strenuous
+energy of their pursuit, the perfection of their surprise--all
+reinforced by the employment of ideal tactics for meeting the given
+situation--were the controlling factors in this overwhelming victory of
+the Revolution. The pioneers of the Old Southwest--the independent and
+aggressive yeomanry of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina--had
+risen in their might. Without the aid or authority of blundering state
+governments, they had created an army of frontiersmen, Indian-fighters,
+and big-game hunters which had found no parallel or equal on the
+continent since the Battle of the Great Kanawha.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+The State of Franklin
+
+Designs of a more dangerous nature and deeper die seem to glare in the
+western revolt.... I have thought proper to issue this manifesto, hereby
+warning all persons concerned in the said revolt ... that the honour of
+this State has been particularly wounded, by seizing that by violence
+which, in time, no doubt, would have been obtained by consent, when the
+terms of separation would have been explained or stipulated, to the
+mutual satisfaction of the mother and new State.... Let your proposals
+be consistent with the honour of the State to accede to, which, by your
+allegiance as good citizens, you cannot violate and I make no doubt but
+her generosity, in time, will meet your wishes.
+
+--Governor Alexander Martin: Manifesto against the State of Franklin,
+April 25, 1785.
+
+To the shrewd diplomacy of Joseph Martin, who held the Cherokees in
+check during the period of the King's Mountain campaign, the settlers in
+the valleys of the Watauga and the Holston owed their temporary immunity
+from Indian attack. But no sooner did Sevier and his over-mountain men
+return from the battle-field of King's Mountain than they were called
+upon to join in an expedition against the Cherokees, who had again gone
+on the war-path at the instigation of the British. After Sevier with his
+command had defeated a small party of Indians at Boyd's Creek in
+December, the entire force of seven hundred riflemen, under the command
+of Colonel Arthur Campbell, with Major Joseph Martin as subordinate,
+penetrated to the heart of the Indian country, burned Echota, Chilhowee,
+Settiquo, Hiawassee, and seven other principal villages, and destroyed
+an immense amount of property and supplies. In March, suspecting that
+the arch-conspirators against the white settlers were the Cherokees at
+the head waters of the Little Tennessee, Sevier led one hundred and
+fifty horsemen through the devious mountain defiles and struck the
+Indians a swift and unexpected blow at Tuckasegee, near the present
+Webster, North Carolina. In this extraordinarily daring raid, one of his
+most brilliant feats of arms, Sevier lost only one man killed and one
+wounded; while upon the enemy he inflicted the loss of thirty killed,
+took many more prisoners, burned six Indian towns, and captured many
+horses and supplies. Once his deadly work was done, Sevier with his bold
+cavaliers silently plunged again into the forest whence he had so
+suddenly emerged, and returned in triumph to the settlements.
+
+Disheartened though the Indians were to see the smoke of their burning
+towns, they sullenly remained averse to peace; and they did not keep the
+treaty made at Long Island in July, 1781. The Indians suffered from very
+real grievances at the hands of the lawless white settlers who persisted
+in encroaching upon the Indian lands. When the Indian ravages were
+resumed, Sevier and Anderson, the latter from Sullivan County, led a
+punitive expedition of two hundred riflemen against the Creeks and the
+Chickamaugas; and employing the customary tactics of laying waste the
+Indian towns, administered stern and salutary chastisement to the
+copper-colored marauders.
+
+During this same period the settlers on the Cumberland were displaying a
+grim fortitude and stoical endurance in the face of Indian attack
+forever memorable in the history of the Old Southwest. On the night of
+January 15, 1781, the settlers at Freeland's Station, after a desperate
+resistance, succeeded in beating off the savages who attacked in force.
+At Nashborough on April 2d, twenty of the settlers were lured from the
+stockade by the artful wiles of the savages; and it was only after
+serious loss that they finally won their way back to the protection of
+the fort. Indeed, their return was due to the fierce dogs of the
+settlers, which were released at the most critical moment, and attacked
+the astounded Indians with such ferocity that the diversion thus created
+enabled the settlers to escape from the deadly trap. During the next two
+years the history of the Cumberland settlements is but the gruesome
+recital of murder after murder of the whites, a few at a time, by the
+lurking Indian foe. Robertson's dominant influence alone prevented the
+abandonment of the sorely harassed little stations. The arrival of the
+North Carolina commissioners for the purpose of laying off bounty lands
+and settlers' preemptions, and the treaty of peace concluded at the
+French Lick on November 5 and 6, 1783, gave permanence and stability to
+the Cumberland settlements. The lasting friendship of the Chickasaws was
+won; but the Creeks for some time continued to harass the Tennessee
+pioneers. The frontiersmen's most formidable foe, the Cherokees,
+stoically, heroically fighting the whites in the field, and smallpox,
+syphilis, and drunkenness at home, at last abandoned the unequal battle.
+The treaty at Hopewell on November 28, 1785, marks the end of an
+era--the Spartan yet hopeless resistance of the intrepid red men to the
+relentless and frequently unwarranted expropriation by the whites of the
+ancient and immemorial domain of the savage.
+
+The skill in self-government of the isolated people beyond the
+mountains, and the ability they had already demonstrated in the
+organization of "associations," received a strong stimulus on June 2,
+1784, when the legislature of North Carolina ceded to the Congress of
+the United States the title which that state possessed to the land west
+of the Alleghanies. Among the terms of the Cession Act were these
+conditions: that the ceded territory should be formed into a separate
+state or states; and that if Congress should not accept the lands thus
+ceded and give due notice within two years, the act should be of no
+force and the lands should revert to North Carolina. [203] No sooner did
+this news reach the Western settlers than they began to mature plans for
+the organization of a government during the intervening twelve months.
+Their exposed condition on the frontiers, still harassed by the Indians,
+and North Carolina's delay in sending goods promised the Indians by a
+former treaty, both promoted Indian hostility; and these facts, combined
+with their remote location beyond the mountains, rendering them almost
+inaccessible to communication with North Carolina--all rendered the
+decision of the settlers almost inevitable. Moreover, the allurements of
+high office and the dazzling dreams of ambition were additional motives
+sufficiently human in themselves to give driving power to the movement
+toward independence.
+
+At a convention assembled at Jonesborough on August 23, 1784, delegates
+from the counties of Washington, Sullivan, and Greene characteristically
+decided to organize an "Association." They solemnly declared by
+resolution: "We have a just and undeniable right to petition to Congress
+to accept the session made by North Carolina, and for that body to
+countenance us for forming ourselves into a separate government, and to
+frame either a permanent or temporary constitution, agreeably to a
+resolve of Congress...." Meanwhile, Governor Martin, largely as the
+result of the prudent advice of North Carolina's representative in
+Congress, Dr. Hugh Williamson, was brought to the conclusion that North
+Carolina, in the passage of the cession act, had acted precipitately.
+This important step had been taken without the full consideration of the
+people of the state. Among the various arguments advanced by Williamson
+was the impressive contention that, in accordance with the procedure in
+the case of other states, the whole expense of the huge Indian
+expeditions in 1776 and the heavy militia aids to South Carolina and
+Georgia should be credited to North Carolina as partial fulfilment of
+her continental obligations before the cession should be irrevocably
+made to the Federal government. Williamson's arguments proved
+convincing; and it was thus primarily for economic reasons of
+far-reaching national importance that the assembly of North Carolina
+(October 22 to November 25, 1784) repealed the cession act made the
+preceding spring. [204]
+
+Before the news of the repeal of the cession act could reach the western
+waters, a second convention met at Jonesborough on December 17th.
+Sentiment at this time was much divided, for a number of the people,
+expecting the repeal of the cession act, genuinely desired a continued
+allegiance to North Carolina. Of these may well have been John Sevier,
+who afterward declared to Joseph Martin that he had been "Draged into
+the Franklin measures by a large number of the people of this country."
+[205] The principal act of this convention was the adoption of a
+temporary constitution for six months and the provision for a convention
+to be held within one year, at the expiration of which time this
+constitution should be altered, or adopted as the permanent constitution
+of the new state. [206] The scholars on the western waters, desiring to
+commemorate their aspirations for freedom, chose as the name of the
+projected new state: "Frankland"--the Land of the Free. The name finally
+chosen, however, perhaps for reasons of policy, was "Franklin," in honor
+of Benjamin Franklin. Meanwhile, in order to meet the pressing needs for
+a stable government along the Tennessee frontier, the North Carolina
+assembly, which repealed the cession act, created out of the four
+western counties the District of Washington, with John Haywood as
+presiding judge and David Campbell as associate, and conferred upon John
+Sevier the rank of brigadier-general of the new district. The first week
+in December Governor Martin sent to Sevier his military commission; and
+replying to Joseph Martin's query (December 31, 1784, prompted by
+Governor Martin) as to whether, in view of the repeal of the cession
+act, he intended to persist in revolt or await developments, Sevier gave
+it out broadcast that "we shall pursue no furtheir measures as to a new
+State."
+
+Owing to the remoteness of the Tennessee settlements and the difficulty
+of appreciating through correspondence the atmosphere of sentiment in
+Franklin, Governor Martin realized the necessity of sending a personal
+representative to discover the true state of affairs in the disaffected
+region beyond the mountains. For the post of ambassador to the new
+government, Governor Martin selected a man distinguished for mentality
+and diplomatic skill, a pioneer of Tennessee and Kentucky, Judge Richard
+Henderson's brother, Colonel Samuel Henderson. Despite Sevier's
+disavowal of any further intention to establish a new state, the
+governor gave Colonel Henderson elaborate written instructions, the
+purport of which was to learn all that he could about the political
+complexion of the Tennessee frontiersmen, the sense of the people, and
+the agitation for a separate commonwealth. Moreover, in the hope of
+placating the leading chieftains of the Cherokees, who had bitterly
+protested against the continued aggressions and encroachments upon their
+lands by the lawless borderers, he instructed Colonel Henderson also to
+learn the temper and dispositions of the Indians, and to investigate the
+case of Colonel James Hubbardt who was charged with the murder of
+Untoola of Settiquo, a chief of the Cherokees.
+
+When Colonel Henderson arrived at Jonesborough, he found the third
+Franklin legislature in session, and to this body he presented Governor
+Martin's letter of February 27, 1785. In response to the governor's
+request for an "account of the late proceedings of the people in the
+western country," an extended reply was drafted by the new legislature;
+and this letter, conveyed to Governor Martin by Colonel Henderson, in
+setting forth in detail the reasons for the secession, made the
+following significant statement: "We humbly thank North Carolina for
+every sentiment of regard she has for us, but are sorry to observe, that
+as it is founded upon principles of interest, as is aparent from the
+tenor of your letter, we are doubtful, when the cause ceases which is
+the basis of that affection, we shall lose your esteem." At the same
+time (March 22nd), Sevier, who had just been chosen Governor of the
+State of Franklin, transmitted to Governor Martin by Colonel Henderson a
+long letter, not hitherto published in any history of the period, in
+which he outspokenly says:
+
+It gives me great pain to think there should arise any Disputes between
+us and North Carolina, & I flatter myself when North Carolina states the
+matter in a fair light she will be fully convinced that necessity and
+self-preservation have Compelled Us to the measures we Have taken, and
+could the people have discovered that No. Carolina would Have protected
+and Govern'd them, They would have remained where they were; but they
+perceived a neglect and Coolness, and the Language of Many of your most
+leading members Convinced them they were Altogether Disregarded. [207]
+
+Following the issuance of vigorous manifestos by Martin (April 25th) and
+Sevier (May 15th), [208] the burden of the problem fell upon Richard
+Caswell, who in June succeeded Martin as Governor of North Carolina.
+
+Meantime the legislature of the over-mountain men had given the name of
+Franklin to the new state, although for some time it continued to be
+called by many Frankland, and its adherents Franks. The legislature had
+also established an academy named after Governor Martin, and had
+appointed (March 12th) William Cocke as a delegate to the Continental
+Congress, urging its acceptance of the cession. In the Memorial from the
+Franklin legislature to the Continental Congress, dealing in some detail
+with North Carolina's failure to send the Cherokees some goods promised
+them for lands acquired by treaty, it is alleged:
+
+She [North Carolina] immediately stoped the goods she had promised to
+give the Indians for the said land which so exasperated them that they
+begun to commit hostalities on our frontiers in this situation we were
+induced to a declaration of Independence not doubting we should be
+excused by Congress ... as North Carolina seemed quite regardless of our
+interest and the Indians daily murdering our friends and relations
+without distinction of age or sex. [209]
+
+Sympathizing with the precarious situation of the settlers, as well as
+desiring the cession, Congress urged North Carolina to amend the
+repealing act and execute a conveyance of the western territory to the
+Union.
+
+A
+DECLARATION of RIGHTS
+ALSO, THE
+CONSTITUTION
+OR
+FORM of GOVERNMENT
+
+Agreed to, and resolved upon, by the Representatives of the Freemen of
+the
+
+STATE of FRANKLAND,
+
+Elected and chosen for that particular purpose, in Convention assembled
+at Greeneville, the 14th of November, 1785.
+
+PHILADELPHIA:
+
+Printed by Francis Bailey, at Yorick's Head.
+M.DCC.LXXXVI.
+
+
+Among the noteworthy features of the Franklin movement was the
+constitution prepared by a committee, headed by the Reverend Samuel
+Houston of Washington County, and presented at the meeting of the
+Franklin legislature, Greeneville, November 14, 1785. This eccentric
+constitution was based in considerable part upon the North Carolina
+model; but it was "rejected in the lump" and the constitution of North
+Carolina, almost unchanged, was adopted. Under this Houston
+constitution, the name "Frankland" was chosen for the new state. The
+legislature was to consist of but a single house. In a section excluding
+from the legislature "ministers of the gospel, attorneys at law, and
+doctors of physics," those were declared ineligible for office who were
+of immoral character or guilty of "such flagrant enormities as
+drunkenness, gaming, profane swearing, lewdness, Sabbath-breaking and
+such like," or who should deny the existence of God, of heaven, and of
+hell, the inspiration of the Scriptures, or the existence of the
+Trinity. Full religious liberty and the rights of conscience were
+assured--but strict orthodoxy was a condition for eligibility to office.
+No one should be chosen to office who was "not a scholar to do the
+business." This remarkable document, which provided for many other
+curious innovations in government, was the work of pioneer
+doctrinaires--Houston, Campbell, Cocke, and Tipton--and deserves study
+as a bizarre reflection of the spirit and genius of the western
+frontiersmen. [210]
+
+The liberal policy of Martin, followed by the no less conciliatory
+attitude of his successor, Caswell, for the time proved wholly abortive.
+However, Martin's appointment of Evan Shelby in Sevier's place as
+brigadier, and of Jonathan Tipton as colonel of his county, produced
+disaffection among the Franks; and the influence of Joseph Martin
+against the new government was a powerful obstacle to its success. At
+first the two sets of military, civil, and judicial officers were able
+to work amicably together; and a working-basis drawn up by Shelby and
+Sevier, although afterward repudiated by the Franklin legislature,
+smoothed over some of the rapidly accumulating difficulties. The
+persistent and quiet assertion of authority by North Carolina, without
+any overt act of violence against the officers of Franklin state,
+revealed great diplomatic skill in Governors Martin and Caswell. It was
+doubtless the considerate policy of the latter, coupled with the
+defection from Sevier's cause of men of the stamp of Houston and Tipton,
+after the blundering and cavalier rejection of their singular
+constitution, which undermined the foundations of Franklin. Sevier
+himself later wrote with considerable bitterness: "I have been
+faithfull, and my own breast acquits myself that I have acted no part
+but what has been Consistent with honor and justice, tempered with
+Clemency and mercy. How far our pretended patriots have supported me as
+their pretended chiefe magistrate, I leave the world at large to Judge."
+Arthur Campbell's plans for the formation of a greater Franklin, through
+the union of the people on the western waters of Virginia with those of
+North Carolina, came to nought when Virginia in the autumn of 1785 with
+stern decisiveness passed an act making it high treason to erect an
+independent government within her limits unless authorized by the
+assembly. Sevier, however, became more fixed in his determination to
+establish a free state, writing to Governor Caswell: "We shall continue
+to act independent and would rather suffer death, in all its various and 
+frightful shapes, than conform to anything that is disgraceful." North
+Carolina, now proceeding with vigor (November, 1786), fully reassumed
+its sovereignty and jurisdiction over the mountain counties, but passed
+an act of pardon and oblivion, and in many ways adopted moderate and
+conciliatory measures.
+
+Driven to extremities, Cocke and Sevier in turn appealed for aid and
+advice to Benjamin Franklin, in whose honor the new state had been
+named. In response to Cocke, Franklin wrote (August 12, 1786): "I think
+you are perfectly right in resolving to submit them [the Points in
+Dispute] to the Decision of Congress and to abide by their
+Determination." [211] Franklin's views change in the interim; for when,
+almost a year later, Sevier asks him for counsel, Franklin has come to
+the conclusion that the wisest move for Sevier was not to appeal to
+Congress, but to endeavor to effect some satisfactory compromise with
+North Carolina (June 30, 1787):
+
+There are only two Things that Humanity induces me to wish you may
+succeed in: The Accomodating your Misunderstanding with the Government
+of North Carolina, by amicable Means; and the Avoiding an Indian war, by
+preventing Encroaching on their Lands.... The Inconvenience to your
+People attending so remote a Seat of Government, and the difficulty to
+that Government in ruling well so remote a People, would I think be
+powerful Inducements with it, to accede to any fair & reasonable
+Proposition it may receive from you towards an Accommodation. [212]
+
+Despite Sevier's frenzied efforts to achieve independence--his treaty
+with the Indians, his sensational plan to incorporate the Cherokees into
+the new state, his constancy to an ideal of revolt against others in
+face of the reality of revolt against himself, his struggle, equivocal
+and half-hearted, with the North Carolina authorities under
+Tipton--despite all these heroic efforts, the star of Franklin swiftly
+declined. The vigorous measures pursued by General Joseph Martin, and
+his effective influence focussed upon a movement already honey-combed
+with disaffection, finally turned the scale. To the Franklin leaders he
+sent the urgent message: "Nothing will do but a submission to the laws
+of North Carolina." Early in April, 1788, Martin wrote to Governor
+Randolph of Virginia: "I returned last evening from Green Co. Washington
+destrict, North Carolina, after a tower through that Co'ntry, and am
+happy to inform your Excellency that the late unhappy dispute between
+the State of North Carolina, and the pretended State of Franklin is
+subsided." Ever brave, constant, and loyal to the interest of the
+pioneers, Sevier had originally been drawn into the movement against his
+best judgment. Caught in the unique trap, created by the passage of the
+cession act and the sudden volte-face of its repeal, he struggled
+desperately to extricate himself. Alone of all the leaders, the governor
+of ill-starred Franklin remained recalcitrant.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+The Lure of Spain[213]--The Haven of Statehood
+
+The people of this region have come to realize truly upon what part of
+the world and upon which nation their future happiness and security
+depend, and they immediately infer that their interest and prosperity
+depend entirely upon the protection and liberality of your government.
+
+--John Sevier to Don Diego de Gardoqui, September 12, 1788.
+
+From the early settlements in the eastern parts of this Continent to the
+late & more recent settlements on the Kentucky in the West the same
+difficulties have constantly occurred which now oppress you, but by a
+series of patient sufferings, manly and spirited exertions and
+unconquerable perseverance, they have been altogether or in great
+measure subdued.
+
+--Governor Samuel Johnston to James Robertson and Anthony Bledsoe,
+January 29, 1788.
+
+A strange sham-battle, staged like some scene from opéra bouffe, in the
+bleak snow-storm of February, 1788, is really the prelude to a
+remarkable drama of revolt in which Sevier, Robertson, Bledsoe, and the
+Cumberland stalwarts play the leading rôles. On February 27th, incensed
+beyond measure by the action of Colonel John Tipton in harboring some of
+his slaves seized by the sheriff under an execution issued by one of the
+North Carolina courts, Sevier with one hundred and fifty adherents
+besieged Tipton with a few of his friends in his home on Sinking Creek.
+The siege was raised at daybreak on February 29th by the arrival of
+reinforcements under Colonel Maxwell from Sullivan County; and Sevier,
+who was unwilling to precipitate a conflict, withdrew his forces after
+some desultory firing, in which two men were killed and several wounded.
+Soon afterward Sevier sent word to Tipton that on condition his life be
+spared he would submit to North Carolina. On this note of tragi-comedy
+the State of Franklin appeared quietly to expire. The usually sanguine
+Sevier, now thoroughly chastened, sought shelter in the distant
+settlements--deeply despondent over the humiliating failure of his plans
+and the even more depressing defection of his erstwhile friends and
+supporters. The revolutionary designs and separatist tendencies which he
+still harbored were soon to involve him in a secret conspiracy to give
+over the State of Franklin into the protection of a foreign power.
+
+The fame of Sevier's martial exploits and of his bold stroke for
+independence had long since gone abroad, astounding even so famous an
+advocate of liberty as Patrick Henry and winning the sympathy of the
+Continental Congress. One of the most interested observers of the
+progress of affairs in the State of Franklin was Don Diego de Gardoqui,
+who had come to America in the spring of 1785, bearing a commission to
+the American Congress as Spanish chargé d'affaires (Encargados de
+Negocios) to the United States. In the course of his negotiations with
+Jay concerning the right of navigation of the Mississippi River, which
+Spain denied to the Americans, Gardoqui was not long in discovering the
+violent resentment of the Western frontiersmen, provoked by Jay's crass
+blunder in proposing that the American republic, in return for
+reciprocal foreign advantages offered by Spain, should waive for
+twenty-five years her right to navigate the Mississippi. The Cumberland
+traders had already felt the heavy hand of Spain in the confiscation of
+their goods at Natchez; but thus far the leaders of the Tennessee
+frontiersmen had prudently restrained the more turbulent agitators
+against the Spanish policy, fearing lest the spirit of retaliation, once
+aroused, might know no bounds. Throughout the entire region of the
+trans-Alleghany, a feeling of discontent and unrest prevailed--quite as
+much the result of dissatisfaction with the central government which
+permitted the wholesale restraint of trade, as of resentment against the
+domination of Spain.
+
+No sooner had the shrewd and watchful Gardoqui, who was eager to utilize
+the separatist sentiment of the western settlements in the interest of
+his country, learned of Sevier's armed insurrection against the
+authority of North Carolina than he despatched an emissary to sound the
+leading men of Franklin and the Cumberland settlements in regard to an
+alliance. This secret emissary was Dr. James White, who had been
+appointed by the United States Government as Superintendent of Indian
+Affairs for the Southern Department on November 29, 1786. Reporting as
+instructed to Don Estevan Miró, governor of Louisiana, White, the
+corrupt tool of Spain, stated concerning his confidential mission that
+the leaders of "Frankland" and "Cumberland district" had "eagerly
+accepted the conditions" laid down by Gardoqui: to take the oath of
+allegiance to Spain, and to renounce all submission or allegiance
+whatever to any other sovereign or power. Satisfied by the secret
+advices received, the Spanish minister reported to the home authorities
+his confident belief that the Tennessee backwoodsmen, if diplomatically
+handled, would readily throw in their lot with Spain. [214]
+
+After the fiasco of his siege of Tipton's home, Sevier had seized upon
+the renewal of hostilities by the Cherokees as a means of regaining his
+popularity. This he counted upon doing by rallying his old
+comrades-in-arms under his standard and making one of his meteoric,
+whirlwind onslaughts upon their ancient Indian foe. The victory of this
+erstwhile popular hero, the beloved "Nolichucky Jack of the Border,"
+over the Indians at a town on the Hiwassee "so raised him in the esteem
+of the people on the frontier," reports Colonel Maxwell, "that the
+people began [once more] to flock to his standard." Inspirited by this
+good turn in his fortunes, Sevier readily responded to Dr. White's
+overtures.
+
+Alarmed early in the year over the unprovoked depredations and murders
+by the Indians in several Tennessee counties and on the Kentucky road,
+Sevier, Robertson, and Anthony Bledsoe had persuaded Governor Samuel
+Johnston of North Carolina to address Gardoqui and request him to exert
+his influence to prevent further acts of savage barbarity. In letters to
+Governor Johnston, to Robertson, and to Sevier, all of date April 18th,
+Gardoqui expressed himself in general as being "extremely surprised to
+know that there is a suspicion that the good government of Spain is
+encouraging these acts of barbarity." The letters to Robertson and
+Sevier, read between the lines as suggestive reinforcements of Spain's
+secret proposals, possess real significance. The letter to Sevier
+contains this dexterously expressed sentiment: "His Majesty is very
+favorably inclined to give the inhabitants of that region all the
+protection that they ask for and, on my part, I shall take very great
+pleasure in contributing to it on this occasion and other occasions."
+
+This letter, coupled with the confidential proposals of Dr. White,
+furnished a convenient opening for correspondence with the Spaniards;
+and in July Sevier wrote to Gardoqui indicating his readiness to accede
+to their proposals. After secret conferences with men who had supported
+him throughout the vicissitudes of his ill-starred state, Sevier
+carefully matured his plans. The remarkable letter of great length which
+he wrote to Gardoqui on September 12, 1788, reveals the conspiracy in
+all its details and presents in vivid colors the strong separatist
+sentiment of the day. Sevier urgently petitions Gardoqui for the loan of
+a few thousand pounds, to enable him to "make the most expedient and
+necessary preparations for defense"; and offers to repay the loan within
+a short time "by sending the products of this region to the lower
+ports." Upon the vital matter of "delivering" the State of Franklin to
+Spain, he forthrightly says:
+
+Since my last of the 18th of July, upon consulting with the principal
+men of this country, I have been particularly happy to find that they
+are equally disposed and ready as I am to accept your propositions and
+guarantees. You may be sure that the pleasing hopes and ideas which the
+people of this country hold with regard to the probability of an
+alliance with, and commercial concessions from, you are very ardent, and
+that we are unanimously determined on that score. The people of this
+region have come to realize truly upon what part of the world and upon
+which nation their future happiness and security depend, and they
+immediately infer that their interest and prosperity depend entirely
+upon the protection and liberality of your government.... Being the
+first from this side of the Appalachian Mountains to resort in this way
+to your protection and liberality, we feel encouraged to entertain the
+greatest hope that we shall be granted all reasonable aid by him who is
+so amply able to do it, and to give the protection and help that is
+asked of him in this petition. You know our delicate situation and the
+difficulties in which we are in respect to our mother State which is
+making use of every strategem to impede the development and prosperity
+of this country.... Before I conclude, it may be necessary to remind you
+that there will be no more favorable occasion than the present one to
+put this plan into execution. North Carolina has rejected the
+Constitution and moreover it seems to me that a considerable time will
+elapse before she becomes a member of the Union, if that event ever
+happens.
+
+Through Miró, Gardoqui was simultaneously conducting a similar
+correspondence with General James Wilkinson. The object of the Spanish
+conspiracy, matured as the result of this correspondence, was to seduce
+Kentucky from her allegiance to the United States. Despite the
+superficial similarity between the situation of Franklin and Kentucky,
+it would be doing Sevier and his adherents a capital injustice to place
+them in the category of the corrupt Wilkinson and the malodorous
+Sebastian. Moreover, the secessionists of Franklin, as indicated in the
+above letter, had the excuse of being left virtually without a country.
+On the preceding August 1st, North Carolina had rejected the
+Constitution of the United States; and the leaders of Franklin, who were
+sorely aggrieved by what they regarded as her indifference and neglect,
+now felt themselves more than ever out of the Union and wholly
+repudiated by the mother state. Again, Sevier had the embittered feeling
+resultant from outlawry. Because of his course in opposing the laws and
+government of North Carolina and in the killing of several good
+citizens, including the sheriff of Washington County, by his forces at
+Sinking Creek, Sevier, through the action of Governor Johnston of North
+Carolina, had been attainted of high treason. Under the heavy burden of
+this grave charge, he felt his hold upon Franklin relax. Further, an
+atrocity committed in the recent campaign under Sevier's
+leadership--Kirk's brutal murder of Corn Tassel, a noble old Indian, and
+other chieftains, while under the protection of a flag of truce--had
+placed a bar sinister across the fair fame of this stalwart of the
+border. Utter desperation thus prompted Sevier's acceptance of
+Gardoqui's offer of the protection of Spain.
+
+John Sevier's son, James, bore the letter of September 12th to Gardoqui.
+By a strangely ironic coincidence, on the very day (October 10, 1788)
+that Gardoqui wrote to Miró, recommending to the attention of Spain Dr.
+White and James Sevier, the emissaries of Franklin, with their plans and
+proposals, John Sevier was arrested by Colonel Tipton at the Widow
+Brown's in Washington County, on the charge of high treason. He was
+handcuffed and borne off, first to Jonesborough and later to Morganton.
+But his old friends and former comrades-in-arms, Charles and Joseph
+McDowell, gave bond for his appearance at court; and Morrison, the
+sheriff, who also had fought at King's Mountain, knocked the irons from
+his wrists and released him on parole. Soon afterward a number of
+Sevier's devoted friends, indignant over his arrest, rode across the
+mountains to Morganton and silently bore him away, never to be arrested
+again. In November an act of pardon and oblivion with respect to
+Franklin was passed by the North Carolina Assembly. Although Sevier was
+forbidden to hold office under the state, the passage of this act
+automatically operated to clear him of the alleged offense of high
+treason. With affairs in Franklin taking this turn, it is little wonder
+that Gardoqui and Miró paid no further heed to Sevier's proposal to
+accept the protection of Spain. Sevier's continued agitation in behalf
+of the independence of Franklin inspired Governor Johnston with the fear
+that he would have to be "proceeded against to the last extremity." But
+Sevier's opposition finally subsiding, he was pardoned, given a seat in
+the North Carolina assembly, and with extraordinary consideration
+honored with his former rank of brigadier-general.
+
+When Dr. White reported to Miró that the leaders of "Frankland" had
+eagerly accepted Gardoqui's conditions for an alliance with Spain, he
+categorically added: "With regard to Cumberland district, what I have
+said of Frankland applies to it with equal force and truth." James
+Robertson and Anthony Bledsoe had but recently availed themselves of the
+good offices of Governor Johnston of North Carolina in the effort to
+influence Gardoqui to quiet the Creek Indians. The sagacious and
+unscrupulous half breed Alexander McGillivray had placed the Creeks
+under the protection of Spain in 1784; and shortly afterward they began
+to be regularly supplied with ammunition by the Spanish authorities. At
+first Spain pursued the policy of secretly encouraging these Indians to
+resist the encroachments of the Americans, while she remained on
+outwardly friendly terms with the United States. During the period of
+the Spanish conspiracy, however, there is reason to believe that Miró
+endeavored to keep the Indians at peace with the borderers, as a
+friendly service, intended to pave the way for the establishment of
+intimate relations between Spain and the dwellers in the
+trans-Alleghany. Yet his efforts cannot have been very effective; for
+the Cumberland settlements continued to suffer from the ravages and
+depredations of the Creeks, who remained "totally averse to peace,
+notwithstanding they have had no cause of offence"; and Robertson and
+Bledsoe reported to Governor Caswell (June 12, 1787): "It is certain,
+the Chickasaws inform us, that Spanish traders offer a reward for scalps
+of the Americans." The Indian atrocities became so frequent that
+Robertson later in the summer headed a party on the famous Coldwater
+Expedition, in which he severely chastised the marauding Indians.
+Aroused by the loss of a number of chiefs and warriors at the hands of
+Robertson's men, and instigated, as was generally believed, by the
+Spaniards, the Creeks then prosecuted their attacks with renewed
+violence against the Cumberland settlements.
+
+Unprotected either by the mother state or by the national government,
+unable to secure free passage to the Gulf for their products, and sorely
+pressed to defend their homes, now seriously endangered by the incessant
+attacks of the Creeks, the Cumberland leaders decided to make secret
+overtures to McGillivray, as well as to communicate to Miró, through Dr.
+White, their favorable inclination toward the proposals of the one
+country which promised them protection. In a letter which McGillivray
+wrote to Miró (transmitted to Madrid, June 15, 1788) in regard to the
+visit of Messrs. Hackett and Ewing, two trusty messengers sent by
+Robertson and Bledsoe, he reports that the two delegates from the
+district of Cumberland had not only submitted to him proposals of peace
+but "had added that they would throw themselves into the arms of His
+Majesty as subjects, and that Kentucky and Cumberland are determined to
+free themselves from their dependence on Congress, because that body can
+not protect either their property, or favor their commerce, and they
+therefore believe that they no longer owe obedience to a power which is
+incapable of protecting them." Commenting upon McGillivray's
+communication, Miró said in his report to Madrid (June 15, 1788): "I
+consider as extremely interesting the intelligence conveyed to
+McGillivray by the deputies on the fermentation existing in Kentucky,
+with regard to a separation from the Union. Concerning the proposition
+made to McGillivray by the inhabitants of Cumberland to become the
+vassals of His Majesty, I have refrained from returning any precise
+answer."
+
+In his long letter of reply to Robertson and Bledsoe, McGillivray agreed
+to make peace between his nation, the Creeks, and the Cumberland
+settlers. This letter was most favorably received and given wide
+circulation throughout the West. In a most ingratiating reply, offering
+McGillivray a fine gun and a lot in Nashville, Robertson throws out the
+following broad suggestion, which he obviously wishes McGillivray to
+convey to Miró: "In all probability we cannot long remain in our present
+state, and if the British or any commercial nation who may be in
+possession of the mouth of the Mississippi would furnish us with trade,
+and receive our produce there cannot be a doubt but the people on the
+west side of the Appalachian mountains will open their eyes to their
+real interest." Robertson actually had the district erected out of the
+counties of Davidson, Sumner, and Tennessee given the name of "Miró" by
+the Assembly of North Carolina in November, 1788--a significant symbol
+of the desires of the Cumberland leaders. In a letter (April 23, 1789),
+Miró, who had just received letters from Robertson (January 29th) and
+Daniel Smith (March 4th) postmarked "District of Miró," observes: "The
+bearer, Fagot, a confidential agent of Gen. Smith, informed me that the
+inhabitants of Cumberland, or Miró, would ask North Carolina for an act
+of separation the following fall, and that as soon as this should be
+obtained other delegates would be sent from Cumberland to New Orleans,
+with the object of placing that territory under the domination of His
+Majesty. I replied to both in general terms." [215]
+
+Robertson, Bledsoe, and Smith were successful in keeping secret their
+correspondence with McGillivray and Miró; and few were in the secret of
+Sevier's effort to deliver the State of Franklin to Spain. Joseph Martin
+was less successful in his negotiations; and a great sensation was
+created throughout the Southern colonies when a private letter from
+Joseph Martin to McGillivray (November 8, 1788) was intercepted. In this
+letter Martin said: "I must beg that you write me by the first
+opportunity in answer to what I am now going to say to you.... I hope to
+do honor to any part of the world I settle in, and am determined to
+leave the United States, for reasons that I can assign to you when we
+meet, but durst not trust it to paper." The general assembly of Georgia
+referred the question of the intercepted letter to the governor of North
+Carolina (January 24, 1789); and the result was a legislative
+investigation into Martin's conduct. Eleven months later, the North
+Carolina assembly exonerated him. From the correspondence of Joseph
+Martin and Patrick Henry, it would appear that Martin, on Henry's
+advice, had acted as a spy upon the Spaniards, in order to discover the
+views of McGillivray, to protect the exposed white settlements from the
+Indians, and to fathom the designs of the Spaniards against the United
+States. [216]
+
+The sensational disclosures of Martin's intercepted letter had no
+deterrent effect upon James Robertson in the attempted execution of his
+plan for detaching the Cumberland settlements from North Carolina.
+History has taken no account of the fact that Robertson and the
+inhabitants now deliberately endeavored to secure an act of separation
+from North Carolina. In the event of success, the next move planned by
+the Cumberland leaders, as we have already seen, was to send delegates
+to New Orleans for the purpose of placing the Cumberland region under
+the domination of Spain.
+
+A hitherto unknown letter, from Robertson to (Miró), dated Nashville,
+September 2, 1789, proves that a convention of the people was actually
+held--the first overt step looking to an alliance with Spain. In this
+letter Robertson says:
+
+I must beg your Excellency's permission to take this early opportunity
+of thanking you for the honor you did me in writing by Mr. White.
+
+I still hope that your Government, and these Settlements, are destined
+to be mutually friendly and usefull, the people here are impressed with
+the necessity of it.
+
+We have just held a Convention; which has agreed that our members shall
+insist on being Seperated from North Carolina.
+
+Unprotected, we are to be obedient to the new Congress of the United
+States; but we cannot but wish for a more interesting Connection.
+
+The United States afford us no protection. The district of Miró is daily
+plundered and the inhabitants murdered by the Creeks, and Cherokees,
+unprovoked.
+
+For my own part, I conceive highly of the advantages of your Government.
+[217]
+
+A serious obstacle to the execution of the plans of Robertson and the
+other leaders of the Cumberland settlements was the prompt action of
+North Carolina. In actual conformity with the wishes of the Western
+people, as set forth in the petition of Robertson and Hayes, their
+representatives, made two years earlier, [218] the legislature of North
+Carolina in December passed the second act of cession, by which the
+Western territory of North Carolina was ceded to the United States.
+Instead of securing an act of separation from North Carolina as the
+preparatory step to forming what Robertson calls "a more interesting
+connection" with Spain, Robertson and his associates now found
+themselves and the transmontane region which they represented flung
+bodily into the arms of the United States. Despite the unequivocal offer
+of the calculating and desperate Sevier to "deliver" Franklin to Spain,
+and the ingenious efforts of Robertson and his associates to place the
+Cumberland region under the domination of Spain, the Spanish court by
+its temporizing policy of evasion and indecision definitely relinquished
+the ready opportunities thereby afforded, of utilizing the powerful
+separatist tendencies of Tennessee for the purpose of adding the empire
+upon the Western waters to the Spanish domain in America.
+
+The year 1790 marks the end of an era--the heroic age of the pioneers of
+the Old Southwest. Following the acceptance of North Carolina's deed of
+cession of her Western lands to the Union (April 2, 1790) the Southwest
+Territory was erected on May 26th; and William Blount, a North Carolina
+gentleman of eminence and distinction, was appointed on June 8th to the
+post of governor of the territory. Two years later (June 1, 1792)
+Kentucky was admitted into the Union.
+
+It is a remarkable and inspiring circumstance, in testimony of the
+martial instincts and unwavering loyalty of the transmontane people,
+that the two men to whom the Western country in great measure owed its
+preservation, the inciting and flaming spirits of the King's Mountain
+campaign, were the unopposed first choice of the people as leaders in
+the trying experiment of Statehood--John Sevier of Tennessee and Isaac
+Shelby of Kentucky. Had Franklin possessed the patient will of Kentucky,
+she might well have preceded that region into the Union. It was not,
+however, until June 1, 1796, that Tennessee, after a romantic and
+arduous struggle, finally passed through the wide-flung portals into the
+domain of national statehood.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF NOTES
+
+1 Roosevelt's The Winning of the West, a stirring recital with chief
+stress thrown upon the militant characteristics of the frontiersmen, is
+open to grave criticism because of failure to give adequate account of
+social and economic tendencies, the development of democracy, and the
+evolution of government under the pressure of frontier conditions.
+
+2 Johnson MSS., xii, No. 127.
+
+3 Journal of a Tour in Unsettled Parts of North America in 1796 and
+1797, 217.
+
+4 Turner: "Significance of the Frontier in American History," American
+Historical Association Report, 1893.
+
+5 Hugh Williamson: History of North Carolina (1812), ii, 71-2.
+
+6 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 133; William and Mary Quarterly,
+ix, 132.
+
+7 Virginia Historical Magazine, op. cit. Cf. also West Virginia
+Historical Magazine, April, 1903.
+
+8 Bernheim: The German Element and the Lutheran Church in the Carolinas.
+
+9 For this and other Moravian diaries, see Virginia Historical Magazine,
+vols xi and xii.
+
+10 Original diary in German in Archives of the Moravian Church,
+Winston-Salem, N. C. Cf. Mereness, Travels in the American Colonies
+1690-1783, 327-356.
+
+11 Cf. original minutes of Abington and Gwynedd Monthly Meetings, Pa.
+
+12 MS. History of Bryan family, compiled by Col. W. L. Bryan, Boone,
+N. C.
+
+13 Ely: The Finleys of Bucks (Publications, Bucks County Historical
+Society); also "Historic Associations of Neshaminy Valley," Daily
+Intelligencer (Reading, Pa.), July 29, 1913. See also Wisconsin State
+Historical Society, Draper MSS., 2 B 161.
+
+14 "The Creative Forces in Westward Expansion," American Historical
+Review, xx, 1.
+
+15 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 100-101.
+
+16 Magazine of American History, November, 1881.
+
+17 Foote: Sketches of North Carolina, xiii.
+
+18 Howe: History of the Presbyterian Church in South Carolina.
+
+19 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 127-8-9.
+
+20 Draper: MS. Life of Boone; Draper Collection, Wisconsin State
+Historical Society.
+
+21 Rowan County Records, Salisbury, N. C.
+
+22 Rumple: History of Rowan County.
+
+23 Logan: History of Upper South Carolina.
+
+24 "Diary of Bishop Spangenberg" (1752), North Carolina Colonial
+Records, v.
+
+25 Sheets: History of Liberty Baptist Association.
+
+26 Moravian Community Diary, preserved at Winston-Salem, N. C.
+
+27 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 6.
+
+28 J. F. D. Smyth: A Tour in the United States of America (London:
+1784), vol. 1. Chapter xxiii.
+
+29 Unpublished MS.: "In the Olden Time."
+
+30 Margry: Navigation of the Mississippi, iv, 322.
+
+31 Raunié: Chansonnier historique du xviiie siècle, iii, 132-3. This
+translation is by Barbara Henderson.
+
+32 J. Haywood: Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee (1823), 223.
+
+33 Byrd: History of the Dividing Line.
+
+34 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 25.
+
+35 D. D. Wallace: The Life of Henry Laurens, Appendix iv.
+
+36 See also Hewit in Carroll's Collections, i, 435. Fort Prince George
+was located in the fork of the Six Mile Creek and Keowee River, in the
+southwestern part of Pickens County, and was completed probably by the
+end of 1753 (South Carolina Gazette, December 17, 1753).
+
+37 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 140.
+
+38 Cited in Channing, History of the United States, ii, 5-73 n.
+
+39 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 333, 357.
+
+40 Moravian Community Diary.
+
+41 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 849.
+
+42 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 225-264. North Carolina Colonial
+Records, v, 560, 617.
+
+43 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 579.
+
+44 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 641, 742, 849. Cf. also Hunter:
+Sketches of Western North Carolina, 325.
+
+45 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 604, 639.
+
+46 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 263; North Carolina Colonial
+Records, v, 606, 609, 613.
+
+47 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 585, 612-4, 635, 637.
+
+48 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 610; Cf. Timberlake's "A Draught
+of the Cherokee Country" in Avery's History of the United States, iv,
+facing p. 347; Ramsey, History of Tennessee, 57.
+
+49 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 57-60.
+
+50 Virginia Historical Magazine, xv, 254-7; Waddell, Augusta County
+(second edition), 115-6, 150-1.
+
+51 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 606-8.
+
+52 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 60-1.
+
+53 Williamson: History of North Carolina, ii, 37, footnote.
+
+54 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 563; xi, map facing p. 80, and
+p. 227.
+
+55 North Carolina Colonial Records, v. Introduction, pp. xxx-xxxi.
+
+56 Carroll's Collections, i, 433; ii, 519-20; Draper's MS. Life of
+Boone, iii, 65-6.
+
+57 Sparks: Washington, ii, 322.
+
+58 Journal: "Concerning a March that Capt. Robt. Wade took to the New
+River," in Summers, Southwest Virginia. 62-66.
+
+59 Carroll's Collections, i, 443-4.
+
+60 South Carolina Gazette, May 12, 1759.
+
+61 South Carolina Gazette, July 14, 1759.
+
+62 South Carolina Gazette, Aug. 4, Sept. 22, 1759.
+
+63 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 221.
+
+64 Draper: MS. Life of Boone, iii, 75.
+
+65 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 229-230.
+
+66 For a full account of the part which Fort Dobbs played in this Indian
+warfare see the monograph, Fort Dobbs, by Mrs. M. H. Eliason.
+
+67 Maryland Gazette, May 8, 1760; Haywood: Natural and Aboriginal
+History of Tennessee, 239-40; North Carolina Colonial Records, xxii,
+822.
+
+68 "Notes on the Indians and the Early Settlers of Western North
+Carolina," Collections of the North Carolina Historical Commission.
+Printed in Papers of A. D. Murphy, ii, 380 et seq.
+
+69 Maryland Gazette, May 8, 1760.
+
+70 South Carolina Gazette, Dec. 23, 1760; Feb. 28, April 11, 1761.
+
+71 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 622.
+
+72 J. S. Johnston: The First Explorations of Kentucky. Filson Club
+Publications, No. 13.
+
+73 William and Mary College Quarterly, xii, 129-134; Young: Genealogical
+Narrative of the Hart Family (1882); Nash: "History of Orange County,"
+North Carolina Booklet; Henderson: "A Federalist of the Old School,"
+North Carolina Booklet.
+
+74 North Carolina Colonial Records, ix, 349.
+
+75 Turner: "The Old West," Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings,
+1908.
+
+76 Cf. "Memoir of Pleasant Henderson," Draper MSS. 2CC21-23; W. H.
+Battle: "A Memoir of Leonard Henderson," North Carolina University
+Magazine, Nov., 1859; T. B. Kingsbury: "Chief Justice Leonard
+Henderson," Wake Forest Student, November, 1898.
+
+77 "The Life and Times of Richard Henderson," in the Charlotte Observer,
+March 9 to June 1, 1913; Draper's MS. Life of Boone; Morehead's Address
+at Boonesborough, 105 n.
+
+78 C. W. Alvord: "The Genesis of the Proclamation of 1763," Michigan
+Pioneer and Historical Collections, xxxvi.
+
+79 Sparks: Works of Franklin (1844), iii, 69-77.
+
+80 J. M. Peck to L. C. Draper, May 15, 1854.
+
+81 Washington to Crawford, September 21, 1767, in Sparks: Life and
+Writings of Washington, ii, 346-50.
+
+82 Haywood: Civil and Political History of Tennessee (1823), 35.
+
+83 Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee (1853), 69-70.
+
+84 Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee, 69.
+
+85 Cf. C. W. Alvord: "The British Ministry and the Treaty of Fort
+Stanwix," Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1908.
+
+86 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 851-855. For Tryon's line,
+ibid., 245, 460, 470, 508.
+
+87 Johnson to Gage, December 16, 1768.
+
+88 Jefferson MSS. Department of state. Cf. also Weeks: General Joseph
+Martin.
+
+89 Hanna: The Wilderness Trail, ii, 216, 230, 255; Darlington: Journals
+of Gist, 131.
+
+90 "Narrative of General William Hall," Draper MSS., Wisconsin State
+Historical Society.
+
+91 Draper: MS. Life of Boone, viii, 238.
+
+92 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 76.
+
+93 Papers of A. D. Murphy, ii, 386.
+
+94 Pennsylvania Journal, October 29, 1769.
+
+95 Compare "John Finley; and Kentucky before Boone," being chapter seven
+in volume two of C. A. Hanna's The Wilderness Trail (1911).
+
+96 J. W. Monette: History of the Discovery and Settlement of the Valley
+of the Mississippi (1846), ii, 53.
+
+97 Court Records of Rowan County.
+
+98 Cf. "The Pioneers of the West" in Missouri Republican (1847). Cf.
+also Putnam: Middle Tennessee, 20.
+
+99 J. M. Peck to L. C. Draper, May 15, 1854.
+
+100 Missouri Republican (1847).
+
+101 A Memorial to the Legislature of Kentucky (1812).
+
+102 Deposition Book No. 1, p. 156, Clark County Court, Kentucky.
+
+103 Cf. "Daniel Boone and the Wilderness Trail," Bristol
+(Tennessee-Virginia) Herald Courier, Boone Trail Edition, April, 1917.
+
+104 Hall: The Romance of Western History (1857), 150-1, 158-9.
+
+105 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 713.
+
+106 Martin: History of North Carolina, ii, 191.
+
+107 "The Origin of the Regulation in North Carolina," American
+Historical Review, xxi, No. 2.
+
+108 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 14-31, 32-4, 37.
+
+109 Raleigh (N. C.) Register, June 2, 1825.
+
+110 Cf. Tryon's Journal, North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 819-838.
+
+111 Tryon to Hillsborough, December 24, 1768.
+
+112 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 231-4.
+
+113 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 241-244.
+
+114 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 241-244.
+
+115 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 236-240.
+
+116 Cf. J. S. Bassett: "The Regulators of North Carolina (1765-1771)",
+American Historical Association Report for 1894.
+
+117 North Carolina Colonial Records, x, 1019-1022; Caruthers: Life of
+Caldwell, 145-158.
+
+118 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 250.
+
+119 Alderman: "The Baptists at the Forks of the Yadkin," in Baptist
+Historical Papers.
+
+120 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 70-80.
+
+121 The discovery of an immense quantity of contemporary documents,
+since Roosevelt's The Winning of the West was written, betrays the
+numerous inaccuracies of that fascinating work, as well as the imperfect
+perspective in the picture of the westward expansionist movement. Mr.
+Roosevelt's virile apotheosis of the strenuous pioneer seems today
+almost as old-fashioned in its method and outlook as is Draper's work on
+King's Mountain.
+
+122 Bancroft Transcripts, Library of Congress.
+
+123 Purefoy: History of Sandy Creek Baptist Association (1859).
+
+124 Cf. "Pioneer Contributions of North Carolina to Kentucky," Charlotte
+(N. C.) Observer, November 10, 1913.
+
+125 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 616-8.
+
+126 North Carolina Colonial Records, xiv, 314. Cf. Farrand: "The Indian
+Boundary Line," American Historical Review, x.
+
+127 Dunmore to Hillsborough, March, 1772. Cf. also Draper, MS. Life of
+Boone, Draper MSS., 3 B 87, 88.
+
+128 North Carolina Colonial Records, x, 885-6.
+
+129 Moses Fisk: "A Summary Notice of the First Settlements made by White
+People within the Limits which Bound the State of Tennessee," in
+Massachusetts Historical Collections, 1st series (1816).
+
+130 Dunmore to Dartmouth, May 16, 1774.
+
+131 North Carolina Colonial Records, ix, 825-6, 982. MS. Copy in Minutes
+of Council, Public Record Office, Colonial Office, 5:355.
+
+132 Haywood: Civil and Political History of Tennessee (1823), 40.
+
+133 Butler: History of Kentucky (1836), p. lxvii, note. Also Draper
+MSS., 2 CC 34.
+
+134 Wharton: Plain Facts (1781), 9.
+
+135 Alvord: The Illinois-Wabash Land Company Manuscript.
+
+136 A copy of the opinion, bearing this date, is in the Henderson
+papers, Draper collection, Wisconsin Historical Society.
+
+137 Extended investigation establishes beyond question that Judge
+Henderson was proceeding in strict accordance with law in seeking to
+acquire title by purchase from the Cherokees instead of applying to the
+royal government for a grant. When Virginia's sea-to-sea charter was
+abrogated in 1624, Virginia became a royal province and the settlement
+of boundaries a royal prerogative. Of the three presumed Indian
+claimants to the trans-Alleghany region, viz., the Iroquois, Shawanoes,
+and Cherokees, the Iroquois by defeating the Shawanoes and their
+confederates in the Ohio Valley at the battle of Sandy Island in 1672
+acquired title, as understood by the Indians, to this region. By the
+treaties of Lancaster (1744), Loggstown (1752), and Fort Stanwix (1768),
+the claims of the Shawanoes and the Iroquois to the trans-Alleghany
+territory were ceded to the crown. While the Shawanoes and the Cherokees
+acquiesced in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the crown fully acknowledged
+the claim of the Cherokees to the trans-Alleghany region; and by the
+treaties of Hard Labor (1768) and Lochaber (1770) confirmed them in
+possession of this region to the west of the boundary line (See Chapter
+XII). The sovereignty of England extended over this territory, the right
+of eminent domain being vested in the crown. Henderson was legally
+justified in disregarding the royal proclamation of 1763 which was
+largely in the nature of a temporary expedient, and in purchasing the
+title to the trans-Alleghany region from the Cherokees in 1775. The
+right of eminent domain over the trans-Alleghany region still vested in
+the crown after the treaty of Sycamore Shoals.
+
+138 MS. Journals of James and Robert McAfee. Durrett Collection,
+University of Chicago. These journals are printed in Woods-McAfee
+Memorial.
+
+139 Hening: Virginia Statutes at Large, x, 558.
+
+140 Wharton: Plain Facts, 96 et seq. See also text ff.
+
+141 Alvord: The Mississippi Valley in British Politics, ii, ch. 7;
+Cotterill: History of Pioneer Kentucky, 65-66.
+
+142 T. Wharton to Walpole, September 23, 1774, in "Letter Book of Thomas
+Wharton," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, xxxiii
+(October, 1909).
+
+143 For ample materials, cf. Thwaites and Kellogg: Documentary History
+of Dunmore's War--1774.
+
+144 Cf. "The Inauguration of Westward Expansion," News and Observer
+(Raleigh, N. C.) July 5, 1914.
+
+145 Letter of Major Pleasant Henderson, in The Harbinger (Chapel Hill,
+N. C), 1834.
+
+146 Cf. "The Beginnings of Westward Expansion," North Carolina Review,
+September and October, 1910.
+
+147 Draper MSS. 1 CC 2-9, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
+
+148 Jefferson MSS. 5th Series, v. 8. In MSS. Division, Library of
+Congress.
+
+149 Draper MSS. 1 CC 2-9.
+
+150 Diary of Morgan Brown in Tennessee Historical Magazine.
+
+151 Enclosure 6 in Dunmore to Dartmouth, No. 25, March 14, 1775, Public
+Record Office, Colonial Office, 5:1353.
+
+152 North Carolina Colonial Records, ix, 1117, 1129-1131.
+
+153 Draper MSS. 4 QQ 1.
+
+154 Virginia Historical Magazine, viii, 355. Cf. also Draper MSS. 2 CC
+5.
+
+155 Letters to Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
+
+156 I am indebted to Miss Lucretia Hart Clay for the privilege of
+examining the extensive collection of Hart and Benton MSS. in her
+possession.
+
+157 The voluminous records of the treaty are found in the Jefferson
+MSS., vol. 5. MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
+
+158 "Narrative of Felix Walker," Original MS. owned by C. L. Walker.
+
+159 Hulbert: Boone's Road.
+
+160 Original of Henderson's Journal is in Draper MSS., 1 CC 21-130 A. D.
+
+161 Hall: Sketches of the West, i, 254-5.
+
+162 This quotation is taken from the original manuscript. The version in
+De Bow's Review, 1854, is imperfect. For better printed versions of
+Walker's two accounts, see Memoirs of Felix Walker, New Orleans (1877),
+and Journal of American History, i, No. 1 (1907).
+
+163 Original journal of William Calk, owned by Mrs. Price Calk.
+
+164 Letters to Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
+
+165 North Carolina Gazette.
+
+166 Draper MSS., 1 CC 160-194, deposition of Arthur Campbell.
+
+167 Draper MSS., 1 CC 160-194, deposition of Arthur Campbell.
+
+168 Draper Collection, Kentucky MSS., ii. For a contrary view, cf. P.
+Henry's deposition, Kentucky MSS., i.
+
+169 Published in Virginia Gazette, March 23, 1775. Cf. "Forerunners of
+the Republic", Neale's Monthly, January-June, 1913.
+
+170 Draper MSS., 4 QQ 17.
+
+171 Letters to George Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
+
+172 Draper MSS., 1 L 20.
+
+173 Henderson and Luttrell to the Proprietors, July 18, 1775; printed in
+Louisville News-Letter, May 9, 1840.
+
+174 Nathaniel Henderson to John Williams, October 5, 1775. Copy supplied
+by heirs of B. J. Lossing.
+
+175 "The Struggle for the Fourteenth American Colony," News and Observer
+(Raleigh, N. C.), May 19, 1918.
+
+176 In connection with Transylvania, consult G. W. Ranck: Boonesborough:
+Filson Club Publications, No. 16; F. J. Turner: "State Making in the
+Revolutionary Era", American Historical Review, i; G. H. Alden: "New
+Governments West of the Alleghanies before 1780."
+
+177 In a "Proposal for the Sale of its Lands" (Virginia Gazette, Sept.
+30, 1775), the Transylvania Company offered to any settlers before June
+1, 1776, land, limited in amount, at the rate of fifty shillings
+sterling per hundred acres, subject to an annual quit-rent of two
+shillings. Cf. facsimile.
+
+178 Draper MSS., 2 CC 25.
+
+179 These increased rates were voted at a meeting of the Proprietors of
+Transylvania at Oxford, N. C., September 25, 1775. American Archives,
+iv.
+
+180 Draper MSS., 47 J 1. This memoir has often been printed.
+
+181 Cf. for example, Mason to Washington, March 9, 1775, in Letters to
+Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
+
+182 Letter of date May 19, 1776. Draper MSS., 33 S 292-295.
+
+183 Original in Virginia State Archives.
+
+184 Original in Virginia State Archives. This and the aforementioned
+petition are printed in the Virginia Historical Magazine, xvi, 157-163.
+See also J. R. Robertson: Petitions of the Early Inhabitants of
+Kentucky, Filson Club Publications, No. 27.
+
+185 Cf. "Richard Henderson and the Occupation of Kentucky, 1775,"
+Mississippi Valley Historical Review, December, 1914. Also A. B.
+Hulbert: Pilots of the Republic.
+
+186 Original in North Carolina State Archives. Printed in Ramsey: Annals
+of Tennessee (1853), 134-138.
+
+187 Haldimand MSS.
+
+188 Original in Draper MSS. Collections. It has recently been printed in
+Colonial Men and Times (1915), by Lillie Du P. Van C. Harper.
+
+189 Haywood: Civil and Political History of Tennessee, (1823), Appendix,
+500-503.
+
+190 Journal Virginia House of Delegates, Nov. 4-17, 1778.
+
+191 Hening: Statutes at Large, ix, 571. Cf. also Starling: History of
+Henderson County, Kentucky.
+
+192 Cf. Sioussat: "The Journal of Daniel Smith," Tennessee Historical
+Magazine, March, 1915.
+
+193 The original journal is in the archives of the Tennessee State
+Historical Society.
+
+194 N. Hart, Jr., to Wilkins Tannehill, April 27, 1839, in Louisville
+News-Letter, May 23, 1840.
+
+195 The original document is preserved in the archives of the Tennessee
+Historical Society. It is printed, with a number of minor inaccuracies,
+in Putnam: Middle Tennessee, 94-102.
+
+196 Acts of North Carolina, 1783, ch. xxxviii, North Carolina State
+Records, xxiv, 530-531.
+
+197 For a more extended treatment of the subjects dealt with in the
+present chapter, see "Richard Henderson, the Authorship of the
+Cumberland Compact, and the Founding of Nashville," Tennessee Historical
+Magazine, September, 1916.
+
+198 "Isaac Shelby, Revolutionary Patriot and Border Hero," in North
+Carolina Booklet, xvi, No. 3, 109-144.
+
+199 While Draper's King's Mountain and its Heroes is most valuable as a
+source book, it is very faulty in style and arrangement. The account of
+the battle, in particular, is deficient in perspective; and in general
+no clear line is drawn between traditionary and authentic testimony.
+
+200 F. B. McDowell: The Battle of King's Mountain (Raleigh, 1907). This
+account was prepared chiefly from unpublished letters from Isaac Shelby
+to Franklin Brevard.
+
+201 A Sketch of the Life and Career of Colonel James D. Williams, by
+Rev. J. D. Bailey (Cowpens, S. C., 1898).
+
+202 A valuable source is the King's Mountain Expedition, by David Vance
+and Robert Henry, edited by D. L. Schenck (Greensboro, 1891).
+
+203 Cf. Acts of North Carolina, 1784, April Session, Chapters XI and
+XII.
+
+204 Sioussat: "The North Carolina Cession of 1784 in its Federal
+Aspects," Mississippi Valley Historical Association Proceedings, ii.
+
+205 Quoted in Alden: "The State of Franklin," American Historical
+Review, viii.
+
+206 See Charlotte (N. C.) Observer, September 25, 1904. Also consult
+North Carolina State Records, xxii, 664 ff.
+
+207 State Archives of North Carolina.
+
+208 Pennsylvania Packet, August 9, 1785.
+
+209 State Department MSS., Library of Congress.
+
+210 A single complete draft, in pamphlet form, printed in 1786, is
+preserved in the archives of the Tennessee Historical Society. Cf. "The
+Provisional Constitution of Frankland," American Historical Magazine, i.
+
+211 Franklin Papers, vii, folio 1651. MSS. Division, Library of
+Congress.
+
+212 Franklin Papers, viii, folio 1803. MSS. Division, Library of
+Congress.
+
+213 For a more extended treatment of matters dealt with in this chapter,
+compare "The Spanish Conspiracy in Tennessee," Tennessee Historical
+Magazine, December, 1917.
+
+214 Gardoqui to Floridablanca, April 18, 1788.
+
+215 On April 30th Miró wrote to Valdez, in Spain, informing him of the
+proposals received through McGillivray and stating that he had returned
+conciliatory replies but had refrained from committing the Spanish
+Government until the pleasure of the king should be known.
+
+216 W. W. Henry: Life, Correspondence and Speeches of Patrick Henry,
+iii, 409, 412-5.
+
+217 Archives of the Indies, Seville, Spain.
+
+218 Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee (1853), 502-3.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
+
+For the entire period (1740-1790) covered by this volume, an
+exceptionally rich store of materials is to be found in the Colonial
+Records of North Carolina, 1662-1775 (published 1886-1890), and its
+continuation, the State Records of North Carolina, 1776-1790 (published
+1895-1905), thirty volumes in all, including the four volumes of index.
+The introductions and supplementary matter in these volumes constitute a
+survey of the period. Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the West
+(1889-1896; various editions), a vigorous and stirring narrative,
+over-accentuates the strenuous life, largely underemphasises economic
+and governmental phases, and is by no means free from error.
+
+For the Scotch-Irish migrations one should read C. A. Hanna, The
+Scotch-Irish (2 vols., 1902), a large collection of original materials,
+imperfectly coördinated; and the excellent historical sketch by H. J.
+Ford, The Scotch-Irish in America (1905). For the German migrations,
+adequate and readable accounts are A. B. Faust, The German Element in
+the United States (2 vols., 1909); J. H. Clewell, History of Wachovia in
+North Carolina (1902); J. W. Wayland, The German Element of the
+Shenandoah Valley of Virginia (1907); and G. D. Bernheim, History of the
+German Settlements and of the Lutheran Church in North and South
+Carolina (1872).
+
+The best original sources for the life of the people in this period are:
+the State Archives of North Carolina at Raleigh, scientifically ordered
+and accessible to collectors; the Lyman C. Draper Collection at Madison,
+Wisconsin; the Reuben T. Durrett Collection at the University of
+Chicago; the State Archives of South Carolina, especially rich in
+collections of contemporary newspapers; the collections of the North
+Carolina Historical Society at Chapel Hill; and the Archives of the
+Moravian Church, in Pennsylvania and at Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
+The State Archives of Virginia, an unexplored mine of great riches, are
+as yet inaccessible, properly speaking, to investigators. The state of
+Tennessee has not yet made any provision for the conservation of
+historical materials; but the Tennessee Historical Society has preserved
+much valuable documentary material.
+
+Books shedding light, from various quarters, upon the life of the people
+in this period are: W. H. Foote, Sketches of North Carolina, Historical
+and Biographical (1846; reprinted 1913), dealing almost exclusively with
+the Presbyterian Church and the Scotch-Irish; J. F. D. Smyth, A Tour in
+the United States of America (2 vols., 1784), untrustworthy as to
+historical events and partisan as to politics, but graphic in
+description of the people and the country; William Bartram, Travels
+through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida (1791),
+delightful in its simplicity and genial tone; William Byrd, History of
+the Dividing Line and other writings (J. S. Bassett's edition, 1901), of
+sprightly style and instinct with literary charm, pungently satirical,
+untrustworthy as to North Carolina; Joseph Doddridge, Notes on the
+Settlement and Indian Wars &c. (1824; reprinted 1912), photographic in
+its realistic delineation of backwoods conditions; J. H. Logan, History
+of Upper South Carolina (1859); J. Rumple, Rowan County (1881; reprinted
+1916); Biographical History of North Carolina (8 volumes printed,
+1905-); S. Dunbar, A History of Travel in America(4 vols., 1915), first
+volume; Travels in the American Colonies, 1690-1783 (Edited by N. D.
+Mereness, 1916); and O. Taylor, Historic Sullivan (1909).
+
+Many valuable articles, of both local and national interest, are found
+in the excellent periodical publications: James Sprunt Historical
+Monographs and Publications (16 vols., 1900-), published by the
+University of North Carolina; North Carolina Booklet (18 vols., 1901-),
+published by the N. C. Society, D. A. R.; Virginia Magazine of History
+and Biography (27 vols., 1893-); American Historical Magazine (8 vols.,
+1896-1903); Tennessee Historical Magazine (4 vols., 1915-); Register of
+the Kentucky State Historical Society (17 vols., 1902-); Mississippi
+Valley Historical Review (6 vols., 1914-). A notable study is F. J.
+Turner, The Old West (Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1908).
+
+There is no adequate account in print of the French and Indian War, in
+the Old Southwest. Useful sources are E. McCrady, South Carolina under
+the Royal Government, 1719-1776 (1899); S. A. Ashe, History of North
+Carolina, 1584-1783 (1 vol., 1908); L. P. Summers, History of South-West
+Virginia, 1746-1786 (1903); J. P. Hale, Trans-Alleghany Pioneers (1886);
+J. A. Waddell, Annals of Augusta County, Virginia (1886); S. Kercheval,
+A History of the Valley of Virginia (third edition, 1902); A. S.
+Withers, Chronicles of Border Warfare (R. G. Thwaites' edition, 1908);
+B. R. Carroll, Historical Collections of South Carolina (2 vols., 1886);
+E. M. Avery, History of the United States (7 vols., 1908), fourth
+volume; J. G. M. Ramsey, Annals of Tennessee (1853); Calendar Virginia
+State Papers (11 vols., 1875-1893). An interesting biography is A. M.
+Waddell, A Colonial Officer and his Times (1890).
+
+The early explorations of the West, and the career of Boone, are treated
+with reasonable fullness in the admirable publications of the Filson
+Club of Kentucky (27 vols., 1884-); C. A. Hanna, The Wilderness Trail (2
+vols., 1911); John Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee
+(1823; reprinted 1891), written in delightfully quaint style; L. and
+R. H. Collins, History of Kentucky (2 vols., 1882), a mine of
+conglomerate material; N. M. Woods, The Woods-McAfee Memorial (1905);
+A. B. Hulbert, Pilots of the Republic (1905) and Boone's Wilderness Road
+(1903), attractively written; R. G. Thwaites, Daniel Boone (1911), a
+lifeless condensation of Draper's sprawling projected (MS.) biography;
+and John Filson, Kentucke (1784).
+
+Of the voluminous mass of literature dealing with the Regulation in
+North Carolina, one should read: J. S. Bassett, The Regulators of North
+Carolina, 1765-1771 (American Historical Association Report, 1894); M.
+DeL. Haywood, Governor Tryon of North Carolina (1903); H. Husband, An
+Impartial Relation of the First Rise and Cause of the Present
+Differences in Publick Affairs, in the Province of North Carolina
+(1770); and Archibald Henderson, The Origin of the Regulation in North
+Carolina (American Historical Review, 1916).
+
+In addition to titles already mentioned, the following books and
+monographs give the best accounts of the Watauga and Cumberland
+settlements and of the State of Franklin: A. W. Putnam, History of
+Middle Tennessee (1859), a remarkably interesting book by a real
+"character"; J. W. Caldwell, Constitutional History of Tennessee (second
+edition, 1907); F. M. Turner, Life of General John Sevier (1910), in
+pedestrian style, reasonably accurate for the romantic period only;
+G. H. Alden, The State of Franklin (American Historical Review, 1903);
+S. B. Weeks, Joseph Martin (American Historical Association Report,
+1894); Archibald Henderson, Isaac Shelby (North Carolina Booklet,
+1917-1918). The source book for the Indian war of 1774 is Documentary
+History of Dunmore's War (Edited by R. G. Thwaites and L. P. Kellogg,
+1905). For exhaustive data concerning the King's Mountain campaign and
+its preliminaries, read L. C. Draper, King's Mountain and its Heroes
+(1881), though the book is lacking in discrimination and deficient in
+perspective. For a briefer treatment, read D. L. Schenck, North
+Carolina, 1780-1781 (1889).
+
+Other books and monographs dealing with the period, the westward
+movement, the settlement of the trans-Alleghany, and the little
+governments, to be consulted are: James Hall, Sketches of the West (2
+vols., 1835) and The Romance of Western History (1857); Journals of the
+House of Burgesses of Virginia for 1766-1769 and 1770-1772 (published
+1906); G. H. Alden, New Governments West of the Alleghanies before 1780
+(published 1897); C. W. Alvord, The Mississippi Valley in British
+Politics (2 vols., 1917), a notable work, ably written and embodying an
+immense amount of information; J. T. Morehead, Address at Boonesborough,
+May 25, 1840 (published 1840); F. J. Turner, The Significance of the
+Frontier in American History (Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings,
+1894) and Western State-Making in the Revolutionary Era (American
+Historical Review, 1895-1896), papers characterised by both brilliance
+and depth; and Archibald Henderson, The Creative Forces in Westward
+Expansion (American Historical Review, 1914), The Occupation of Kentucky
+in 1775 (Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 1914), The Founding of
+Nashville (Tennessee Historical Magazine, 1916), and The Spanish
+Conspiracy in Tennessee (Tennessee Historical Magazine, 1917).
+
+On the subject of Indian tribes and Indian treaties, the Annual Reports
+of the Bureau of Ethnology, in especial numbers 5, 18, and 19, although
+compiled from secondary historical sources and occasionally erroneous in
+important matters, are useful--as is also Bulletin 22: J. Mooney, Siouan
+Tribes of the East (1895). Rare and interesting works dealing with the
+Eastern Indian tribes are H. Timberlake, Memoirs (1765); J. Haywood,
+Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee (1823); and J. Adair,
+American Indians (1775).
+
+For both wider and more intensive reading in the history of this period,
+consult: F. J. Turner, List of References on the History of the West
+(Edition of 1915); A Critical Bibliography of Kentucky History, in R. M.
+McElroy, Kentucky in the Nation's History (1909); S. B. Weeks, A
+Bibliography of the Historical Literature of North Carolina (1895);
+E. G. Swem, A Bibliography of Virginia (Part I, 1916); and the
+bibliographies in J. Phelan, History of Tennessee (1888); E. McCrady,
+South Carolina under the Royal Government, 1719-1776 (published 1899)
+and South Carolina in the Revolution, 1775-1780 (published 1901); and
+E. M. Avery, A History of the United States (1908), volumes 4, 5, and 6.
+
+Note. For the use of a complete set of transcripts of the Richard
+Henderson Papers in the Draper Collection, I am indebted to the North
+Carolina Historical Commission through the courtesy of the Secretary,
+Mr. R. D. W. Connor.
+
+
+INDEX
+A
+Abingdon: 134, 191.
+Adams, John: 250.
+Adams, Samuel: 241, 250.
+Ahualco: 144.
+Alamance: see Battles.
+Alexander, Abraham: 172.
+Alexander, James: 27.
+Alexander, Moses: 27.
+Alexander, Capt. Nathaniel: 62.
+Alexander, William: 27.
+Alibamu Fort: 65.
+Alleghany Mountains: 100, 142, 155, 246, 259, 311.
+Alleman's Ford: 36.
+Alrichs, Herman: describes ambuscade of Braddock's army, 54.
+Amazons: 267.
+America: 111, 134, 159, 234, 248, 329; continent of, 198; history of,
+286; emigration to, 7; people of, 173, 186, 198, 199; democracy in, ch.
+XIV-ch. XV, 174; colonies of, necessity for union, 65-66.
+American: cause, 185; congress, 329, 341; confederation, 215, 259, 291;
+republic, 329.
+American Revolution: 12, 123, 239, 259, 267, 270, 277, 305.
+American Union: 319, 335, 336, 342, 348, 349; see Union.
+Americans: 190, 300, 329, 339, 340; pioneers, 283; civilization of, ch.
+X, 199; character of, ch. X, 30-31, 195.
+Amherst, Gen. Jeffrey: 93.
+Anderson, Colonel: 308.
+Anshers, James: 52.
+Appalachian Mountains: 4, 5, 42, 107, 137, 139, 334, 343.
+Arkansas: 122.
+Atlantic Ocean: 4.
+Atta-kulla-kulla, Cherokee chief: 66, 74, 76, 217, 242, 262.
+Augusta: 79.
+
+
+B
+Bacon, Francis: 172.
+Bailey, Capt. Andrew: leads sortie from Fort Dobbs, 80-82.
+Baily, Francis: on frontiersmen, ch. XIV.
+Baker, John: 139.
+Baker, William: 121.
+Bainton, Epaphroditus: 130.
+Balboa: 155.
+Baptists: 175, 185, 190.
+Barbour, explorer: 122.
+Battles: Alamance, 168, 175, 182-183, 186, 189, 219; Great Kanawha, of
+the, 203-204, 209, 305; King's Mountain, at, ch. XVIII, 289, 327;
+Lexington, 244, 277; Long Island Flats, of, 262-263; Musgrove's Mill,
+at, 291.
+Beaujeu, Captain: 53.
+Been, John: 196.
+Been, Mrs. William: 264.
+"Belle Riviere": 156; see Ohio River.
+Bentham, Jeremy: 246.
+Benton, Jesse: 222.
+Benton, Samuel: 170.
+Benton, Thomas Hart: 170.
+Bethabara: 38, 56, 75, 85, 161, 162, 166; invested by Indians, 88.
+Bethania: 87.
+Bienville (Blainville) Céloron de: 46-47, 98, 116.
+Bienville, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur de: 42.
+Big Bone Lick: 116, 156; see Great Bone Lick.
+Big Lick: 33.
+Big Salt Lick: 284; see French Lick, French Salt Springs, Great French
+Lick, Great Salt Springs.
+Black Fish, Shawanoe chief: adopts Daniel Boone, 274.
+Bledsoe, Anthony: 194, 327, 332, 339, 340, 341, 342, 344.
+Bledsoe family: 123.
+Bledsoe, Isaac: 126; discovers lick, 124.
+Bledsoe's Lick: discovery of, described, 124-125.
+Blevens: hunters named, 109.
+Blevens, William: 119.
+Blount, William: 348.
+Blowing Rock: 134.
+Blue Licks: 156.
+Blue Ridge: 3, 5, 97, 142.
+Board of Trade: Johnston to, 3; Glen to, 51; draft royal proclamation,
+106.
+Boiling Spring: 243, 253.
+Bonn, Dr. Jacob: 85.
+Boone, Anne: 23.
+Boone, Daniel: 16, 20, 22, 29, 38, 41, 101, 108, 110, 115, 119, 129,
+130, ch. IX, 131, 132, 133, 134, 142, 144, 148, 153, 155, 156, 158, 159,
+160, 164, 165, 166, 185, 190, 200, 212, 221, 225, 226, 227, 231, 232,
+235, 236, 280, 282; personal appearance, 37; at Braddock's Defeat,
+54-55; meets Richard Henderson, 105; explores Tennessee for Henderson &
+Company, 109; serves under Waddell, 133; explores Kentucky for Richard
+Henderson, ch. X; clears Transylvania Trail, 226; asks aid of Judge
+Henderson, 227-228; returns to Boonesborough, 253; rescues daughter,
+271; rescued by Kenton, 272; captured, 272; adopted by Black Fish, 274;
+deceived by Indians, 274.
+Boone family: settles in North Carolina, 34, 36, 117.
+Boone, George: 21, 165.
+Boone, James: 137.
+Boone, Jemima: captured by Indians, 271.
+Boone, Jesse: 137.
+Boone, Squire: 21, 34, 35, 36, 37, 105.
+Boone, Squire, Jr.: 29, 142, 156-157; sent by Transylvania Company to
+aid Daniel Boone, 153.
+Boone, William: 23.
+Boonesborough: 199, 215, 254, 277; Henderson arrives at, 235;
+Transylvania convention at, 244-248; Boone returns to, 253; capture of
+girls at, 270-271; besieged by Indians, 272, 273, 274-276; Henderson
+returns to, 282; corn sent to, from French Lick, 284, 285.
+Boone's Caves: 157.
+Boone's Ford: 36.
+Boston: 8, 180.
+Botetourt; Governor, of Virginia: 192.
+Boyd's Creek: 307.
+Braddock, Gen. Edward: 53, 58, 135, 295; defeat of, described, 53-55.
+Brandmüller, John: pilgrimage of, 14-15.
+British: 49, 102, 189, 261, 270, 276, 289, 290, 292, 294, 296, 299, 302,
+342; Crown, 191, 200.
+Brobdignags: 154.
+Brown, Francis: 57.
+Brown, Jacob: 194, 224.
+Brown, the widow: 337.
+Bryan family: 203.
+Bryan, James: 22.
+Bryan, Joseph: 22.
+Bryan, Martha: 33.
+Bryan, Morgan: 22, settled in Pennsylvania, 22; in Virginia, 23; in
+North Carolina, 16, 34; leads frontier rangers, 75-76, 83; in Rowan, 35.
+Bryan, Morgan, Jr.: 22.
+Bryan, Rebeckah: 132, 160.
+Bryan, William: 22, 33.
+Bryan's Station: 22.
+"Buffalo Bill" (W. F. Cody): ch. XV.
+Bull, Lieut. Gov. William: 88.
+Bullitt, Capt. Thomas: 204.
+Bullock, Leonard Henley: Member Transylvania Company, 218.
+Bunker's Hill: battle of, 277.
+Burke, Edmund: on charters, ch. XI.
+Burnaby, Andrew: describes life in backwoods, 32.
+Byrd, Col. William, 3rd.: 59, 91, 92, 94, 133, 187, 208, 210, 249.
+Byrd, William: 36, 45, 98, 130; describes Yadkin region, 35.
+
+
+C
+Calhoun, Patrick: family attacked, 79; commands Provincial Rangers, 89;
+relatives of, 168.
+Calk, William: 235; with exploring party from Virginia, 226.
+Callaway, Elizabeth: captured by Indians, 271; rescued, 271.
+Callaway, Flanders: 271.
+Callaway, Frances: capture by Indians, 271; rescued, 271.
+Callaway, Col. Richard: 253; commands in defence of Transylvania Fort,
+275-276.
+Callaway, Samuel: 110.
+Camden: 292.
+Camden, Lord Chancellor: 201.
+Camden-Yorke opinion: 207, 239, 240, 241.
+Cameron, Alexander: 194, 261.
+Camp Charlotte: 212.
+Campbell, Col. Arthur: interested in Kentucky lands, 208; seeks
+partnership in Transylvania Company for Patrick Henry, 240; leads force
+against Cherokees, 307; plans Greater Franklin, 323.
+Campbell, Colonel William: leads Virginians, 293; elected commander
+King's Mountain expedition, 294; at King's Mountain, 296, 299, 300.
+Campbell, David: 314, 321.
+Campbell, John: 263.
+Campbell, Robert: scalped, 82.
+Cape Fear: 53, 75.
+Captain Will: 151.
+Carlisle: 144.
+Carolina: 116, 118.
+Carolinas, the two: 75, 139, 201.
+Carter, John: 224.
+Carter's Valley: 195, 224.
+Carteret, Lord: lands of, 9.
+Caswell, Gov. Richard: 57, 318, 322, 340.
+Catawba Town: 59.
+Catawba Valley: 10, 13.
+Catawbas: 35, 45, 59-62, 64, 65, 70, 71, 72, 96, 118, 146; towns of, 96;
+country, 131.
+Cession Act: 310-311, 326.
+Charles the Second: 42.
+Charleston: 32, 33, 38, 66, 68, 88, 94, 161, 167, 289.
+Charleville, Charles: at French Lick, 44.
+Charlotte: 289, 294.
+Cherokees: 15, 28, 49, 59-60, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 78, 86, 88,
+89, 91, 96, 111, 112, 114, 116, 123, 127, 133, 140, 141, 159, 187, 192,
+193, 202, 206, 216, 221, 222, 225, 239, 242, 249, 252, 265, 266, 270,
+290, 307, 310, 316, 331, 346; fort promised to, by South Carolina, 58;
+treaty with, 59; hunters, 74; attack on Long Cane settlement, 79;
+warriors, 76; defeated, 83, 265; boundary line, 191; chiefs, 217, 242,
+316; country of, 64.
+Chickamaugas: 308; town of, 283; bloody forage of, 289-290; quelled,
+290.
+Chickasaws: 125, 310, 340.
+Chilhowee: 307.
+Chillicothe: 204.
+Chiswell's Mine: 112, 191.
+Choctaws: 45.
+Christian, Col. William: member of company to purchase Cherokee lands,
+239; leads Virginia forces against Cherokees, 266.
+Chronicle, Major William: killed at King's Mountain, 301.
+Clark, George Rogers: 255, 259, 277; prospecting in Kentucky, 205;
+opinion of Transylvania title, 248; Memoir of, cited as to Henderson
+Claim, 255-256; threatens Virginia with revolt in Kentucky, 257; visited
+by James Robertson, 281.
+Clark, Jonathan: 248.
+Cleveland, Col. Benjamin: 296; explores West, 123; leads pioneers
+against Indians, 267; leads Wilkes volunteers at King's Mountain, 293;
+addresses troops at King's Mountain, 297, 301.
+"Cleveland's Bulldogs": 293, 301.
+Clinch Valley: 203.
+Cocke, William: 231, 263, 321; delegate from Franklin to Continental
+Congress, 318; appeals to Benjamin Franklin, 324.
+Coldwater Expedition: 340.
+Columbus, Christopher: 144, 234.
+Committee of Safety: 259.
+Concord: 236.
+Coghnawagas: 118.
+Connolly, Dr. John: 205, 208, 209, 210, 239.
+Constitution: rejected by North Carolina, 335, 336.
+Continent, European: 4.
+Continental Congress: 249, 250, 257, 261, 276, 318, 319, 324, 329.
+Cooley, William: explores Kentucky, 149, 153.
+Cooper, James Fenimore: 85, 271.
+Corbin, Francis: 169.
+Cornstalk, Shawanoe chief: 204; leads Indians at the Great Kanawha,
+213-214.
+Corn Tassel, Indian Chief: 337.
+Cornwallis, Lord Charles: 289, 291, 292, 294, 295, 304.
+Cortez, Hernando: 144.
+Counties: Albemarle, 99; Anson, 16, 19, 32, 162, 167, 185; Armagh, 22;
+Augusta, 55, 198; Berks, 34; Botetourt, 204; Brunswick, 188; Bucks, 8,
+22, 34; Burke, 293; Chester, 22-23; Culpeper, 138; Davidson, 343;
+Fincastle, 220; Floyd, 142; Frederick, 55; Granville, 160, 169, 170,
+179, 181, 218, 291; Greene, 312, 326; Guilford, 203; Hampshire, 55;
+Hanover, 108; Jessamine, 157; Kentucky, 258; Lincoln, 126, 234, 298;
+Mecklenburg, 27, 30, 171, 200, 245; Miller, 205; Orange, North Carolina,
+19, 25-30, 169, 177, 189; Orange, Virginia, 113, 122; Philadelphia, 34;
+Prince William, 226; Roanoke, 33; Rowan, 19, 34, 56, 147, 177, 232, 294,
+298; Rutherford, 293; Shenandoah, 198; Sullivan, 291, 308, 312, 328;
+Sumner, 124, 343; Surry, 40, 166, 293, 298, 303; Tennessee, 343;
+Washington, 132, 277, 293, 312, 319, 336, 337; Wayne, 124; Wilkes, 293;
+York, Pennsylvania, 52, 59; York, South Carolina, 295.
+Couture, Jean: 44.
+Cowpens: 294.
+Cox, Charles: 119.
+Coytomore, Lieut.: murdered by Indians, 80.
+Craighead, Rev. Alexander: 30.
+Crawford, William: Washington to, on Western lands, 106, 108.
+Creeks: 308, 310, 339, 340, 341, 342, 346.
+Creeks: Bean Island, 85; Bear, 131; Beaver, 194; Bledsoe's, 128;
+Crooked, 213; Cross, 218; Dutchman's, 132; Elk, 137; Fish, 205; Fourth,
+57, 58; Line, 71; Linville, 34; Lulbegrud, 119, 154; Otter, 228, 229,
+236; Sinking, 328, 336; Sugar Tree, 132; Sugaw, 59; Swearing, 135;
+Station Camp, 124, 150; Third, 57; Walden's, 120.
+Cresap, Col. Thomas: 101.
+Crockett, Robert: 125.
+Croghan, George: 46, 120.
+Cross Creek (Fayetteville): 218.
+Crozat, Antoine: 43, 44.
+Culloden: 100.
+Cumberland: Colony, 200, 341, 342, 343; leaders, 341; desire alliance
+with Spain, 343, 345; traders, 330, settlements, 283, 288, 309, 310,
+330, 340, 345, 346; settlers, 328, 342; desire separation from North
+Carolina, 343; valley, 280; region, ch. XVII, 280, 345, 347.
+Cumberland: outlaw, 165.
+"Cumberland Compact": drafted by Richard Henderson, 285-286.
+Cumberland District: 331, 339, 341.
+Cumberland, Duke of: 100.
+Cumberland Gap: names, 100, 115; traversed by traders, 118, 119, 121,
+123, 124, 126, 145, 158, 229; see Ouasioto Gap.
+Cumberland Mountains: 100, 113, 138, 233.
+Cutbird, Benjamin: 139.
+
+
+D
+Darien: 144.
+Dark and Bloody Ground: 126; origin of name, 223-224.
+Dartmouth, Earl of: 208, 209, 238.
+Dean Swift: 154.
+Declaration of Independence: 258; read at Boonesborough, 272.
+Delaware: 8; valley, 8.
+Demere, Capt. Raymond: 76; takes command of Virginia Fort, 66;
+surrenders Fort Loudon, 90-91.
+De Peyster: 298, 299, 301.
+De Soto, Fernando: ch. XII.
+Detroit: 273.
+Devonshire, East: 21.
+Dick, Captain: Cherokee hunter, 126.
+Dinwiddie, Gov. Robert: 50, 53, 55, 58, 65; 67, 70, 72.
+Dividing Line: running of the North Carolina-Virginia, 269; William
+Byrd's History of the, 35.
+Doak, Rev. Samuel: 293.
+Dobbs, Gov. Arthur: 55, 73, 77, 92, 93, 169; sends commissioner to treat
+with Indians, 59; begins erection of Catawba Fort, 62, 70; orders
+building discontinued, 71.
+Dobbs, Edwards Brice: 54.
+Doddridge, Joseph: on conditions of pioneer life, 125.
+Donelson, Col, John: 194, 206, 222, 288; runs boundary line, 193; meets
+Richard Henderson, 269; leads party by water route to French Lick, 282;
+diary of, quoted, 269, 283-284.
+Donelson's line: 194, 224, 239, 242.
+Dragging Canoe, the Cherokee chief: 223, 290; leads Indians in battle,
+262-263.
+Drake, Enoch: 235.
+Drake, Joseph: 125.
+Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of: 196, 198, 199, 200, 204, 206, 210, 211,
+220, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 248, 249, 254.
+Dunmore's War: ch. XIII, 196, 214.
+Dugger, Julius  Cæsar: Tennessee pioneer, 137, 187.
+Dutch, Pennsylvania: 12, 302.
+Dutchman's Creek Church: 185.
+
+
+E
+East India Company: 201.
+Eaton's Station: defence of, 262.
+Echota: 64, 66, 307.
+Edwards, Rev. Morgan: on exodus of Regulators for North Carolina, 175.
+Emery, Will: 127.
+England: land-mad, ch. XI, 4, 21, 43, 201, 247.
+English: 67, 120, 274; settlers, 5, 96; Revolution, 6; parliament, 7;
+colonies, 13; troops, 66; settlements, 46.
+Es-kip-pa-ki-thi-ki: 117, 150.
+Et-chow-ee: 89.
+
+
+F
+Fagot: 343.
+Falls of the Ohio River (Louisville): 255, 284.
+Fanning, Col. Edmund: 22, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180, 182.
+Fauquier, Gov, Francis: 94.
+Fayetteville: 218.
+Ferguson, Col. Patrick: 291, 292, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300; conduct
+at King's Mountain, 302; killed, 303.
+Few, William: describes life in backwoods, 25.
+Fields, Jeremiah: 180, 181.
+Filson, John: 117, 147.
+Fincastle, Committee of West: drafts protest against Transylvania
+Company, 257, 258.
+Findlay, Findley, Finley: Archibald, 22; Michael, 22.
+Findlay, John: visits Kentucky, 117-118; meets Boone, 144; visits Boone
+on the Yadkin, 22, 101, 138, 148, 149, 150, 153.
+Fish, William: murdered by Indians, 84.
+Fleming, Col. William: 208.
+Florida: 138; East, 122, 138; West, 122.
+Floyd, John: 212, 243, 254; appointed Surveyor General of Transylvania,
+255.
+Fontaine, John: journal of, 97.
+Fontainebleau: 212.
+Forbes, Gen. John: 73, 74, 133.
+Forks of Ohio River: 47.
+Forts: Bethabara, at, 75; Boone's, 236, 270; chain of, 83; Carolina, 75,
+84-85; Catawba, 62, 70, 71; Cumberland, 53; Dobbs, 55, 57-58, 75, 80-82,
+84, 87; Duquesne, 47, 72-73, 74; Dutch, 57, 83, 86;--at mouth of Line
+Creek, 71; Loudoun, 68, 76, 88-90; McDowell's, 265, 270; Necessity, 48;
+Ninety-Six, 89; Patrick Henry, 269, 282-283; Pitt, 121, 209; Prince
+George, 51-52, 79-80, 91, 93, 94; Robinson, 94; Stalnaker's, 83, 94;
+Stanwix, treaty of, 111, 112, 191, 207;--on Tellico River, 68;
+Transylvania, 215, 243, 244, 245, 253, 270, 272, 274, 276, 282; Vaux's,
+56, 69; Virginia, 64, 67, 68, 69; Watauga, 263.
+Fowey: 254.
+France: 43, 78, 96, 99.
+Frankland: 318, 331, 339; origin of name, 314, 321.
+Franklin: 89.
+Franklin, Benjamin: 8, 107, 184, 185; new state named for, 314, 324; to
+Cocke, 324; to Sevier, 324-325.
+Franklin, State of: 200, ch. XIX, 315, 317, 318, 323, 325, 326, 328,
+339, 334, 335, 336, 317, 338, 344, 347, 348;--leaders of, 326, 330;
+--legislature of, 312, 313-314, 316, 318;--Greater, 323; origin of name,
+314, 324.
+Freeland's Station: 309.
+French: 45, 47, 48, 49, 65, 66, 70, 97, 116, 274; coureurs de bois, 44;
+Huguenot, 198; voyageurs, 123, 128;--Canadian, 274; immigration of, 5;
+settlers, 28; traders, 44; explorations, 46.
+French Lick: 281; treaty of peace at, 269, See French Salt Springs,
+Great French Lick, Great Salt Springs.
+French and Indian War: 52, 102, 144, 145.
+Frohock, John: 172, 177.
+Frohock, Thomas: 172, 177.
+Frontier: ch. VII.
+
+
+G
+Galaspy, William: 234.
+Galissonière, Roland Michel Barrin, Marquis de la: 47.
+Gammern: storekeeper on Yadkin, 161.
+Gardoqui, Diego de: 327, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 338, 339.
+Gee, Joshua: 98.
+George I: 97.
+George III: 93, 214.
+Georgia: 116, 122, 265, 268, 291, 313;--Assembly of, 344; tours into,
+14.
+German: pioneers, 11-18, 28;--Palatinate, 11; immigration, 5, 11-12, 19.
+Gilbert Town: 292.
+Gillespie, Robert: slain from ambush by Indians, 87.
+Gist, Christopher: 46, 108, 114, 116, 117, 137, 146; makes exploration
+for Ohio Company, 101-102.
+Gist, Nathaniel: 134, 137.
+Glen, Governor James: 58-59, 65; describes South Carolina's condition,
+50-51; promises Cherokees a fort, 51; concludes treaty at Saluda, 51.
+Glumdelick: 154.
+Gnadenhütten: 56.
+Gordon, Capt. Harry: 120.
+Grandfather Mountain: 135.
+Grant, Col. James: 138; leads expedition against Indians, 93.
+Granville, Edward, Earl of Clarendon, Lord: 15; lands of, 9-10, 34, 171.
+Great Bone Licks: 120.
+Great Britain: 48, 247.
+Great French Lick: 280; See Great Salt Springs, French Lick, French Salt
+Springs.
+Great Grant: 224.
+Greathouse, Daniel: 211.
+Great Meadows: 48, 53.
+Great Mogul: 201.
+Great Tellico: 65.
+Great Trading Path: 35, 45, 96, 131.
+Great Treaty: 249.
+Great Salt Springs, 44, 269, See French Lick, French Salt Springs, Great
+French Lick.
+Great Warrior's Path: 118, 119.
+Green: 62.
+Greeneville: 319.
+Greer, Andrew: 187.
+Grube, Rev. Bernhard Adam: heads settlers into North Carolina, 16.
+Gulf of Mexico: 43, 44, 341.
+"Gulliver's Travels": 154.
+Gutry, John: 52.
+
+
+H
+Hackett: 341.
+Hall, Gen. William: 116, 128.
+Hall, Rev. James: 267.
+Hambright, Lt. Col. Frederick: at King's Mountain, 296, 302.
+Hamilton, Gov. Henry: 273, 274, 276.
+Hampton, Anthony: leads Rowan rangers, 83.
+Hampton, Col. Andrew: leads Rutherford riflemen, 293.
+Hampton, Gen. Wade: 83.
+Hancock, John: 241.
+Hanks: family, 23, 34;--Abraham, 23, 235.
+Hard Labor: treaty at, 112, 114.
+Harman, outlaw: 165.
+Harris, Col.: 75.
+Harris: Elizabeth, 144; John, 145.
+Harris's Ferry: 145.
+Harrisburg: 145.
+Harrison, Richard: 255.
+Harrod, James: 121, 205, 212, 243, 244, 253.
+Harrodsburg: 253; election held at, 257.
+Harrodsburg Remonstrance: 255.
+Hart: David, 187, 218;--Nathaniel, 108, 187, 217, 218, 222, 227, 284;
+--Thomas, 108, 187, 218, 222.
+Hartman, George: 38.
+Hawkins, Benjamin: 268.
+Hayes: 347.
+Haywood, John: 314.
+Hempinstall, Abraham: 122.
+Henderson, Kentucky: 279.
+Henderson, Col. Samuel: chosen special envoy to Franklin, 315-316;
+negotiates with John Sevier, 316-318.
+Henderson, Nathaniel: 222, 233, 255.
+Henderson, Richard: born in Virginia, 104; removes to North Carolina,
+104; acquainted with Boones, 105; promotes Western exploration, 110; in
+law suits involving Boone, 147; promotes Western exploration under
+Boone's leadership, 148-149; sends supplies to Boone, 153; court broken
+up by Regulators, 179-181; burned out by Regulators, 182; secures from
+English authorities sanction for purchase of Indian lands, 201-202;
+reorganizes Richard Henderson & Co. into Louisa Company, 217; visits
+Otari towns, 217-218; organizes Transylvania Company, 218-219;
+negotiates Great Treaty with Cherokees, 221-225; despatches Boone to
+clean Transylvania Trail, 225-226; receives urgent appeal from Boone,
+227-229; hastens to Boone's rescue, 229-232; reaches Fort Boone, 236;
+draws up plan of government for Transylvania, 243-244; addresses
+Legislature of Transylvania, 237, 245; elected delegate from
+Transylvania to Continental Congress, 249; prepares plan of government
+for Powell's Valley settlement, 252; attends Virginia Convention,
+256-257; purchases corn for Cumberland settlement, 269; runs North
+Carolina-Virginia dividing line, 269, 282; presents memorial on
+Transylvania purchase, 278; plans colonization of Cumberland region,
+279-280; despatches Robertson on prospecting tour, 280-281; sends corn
+to French Lick, 284-285; organizes government on Cumberland, 285; author
+of "Cumberland Compact," 286-287; introduces recall of judges, 286-287;
+founder of Nashville, personal appearance, 221-222; diary of, quoted,
+227, 229; mentioned, 158, 159, 183, 187, 190, 200, 203, 215, ch. XIV
+passim, 216, 220, 234, 235, 238, 240, 241, 242, 246, 247, 248, 253, 258,
+272, 282, 315.
+Henderson, Richard & Company: organized, 107; despatch Boone on Western
+exploration, 109, 160, 216-217; granted 200,000 acres by Virginia; see
+Land Companies.
+Henderson, Samuel: 104.
+Henderson & Company; 109; see Richard Henderson & Company.
+Henley, Chief Justice Peter: 60.
+Henry, Patrick: 209, 211, 249, 293, 329; pronounces Camden-Yorke
+decision valid, 210; endeavors to purchase lands from Cherokees,
+239-240; desires to become partner in Transylvania Company, 240;
+considers Transylvania title good, 256; confiscates Transylvania, 258;
+correspondence of, with Joseph Martin, 344-345.
+Hewatt, Rev. Alexander: 78.
+Heydt, Jost: settles in Virginia, 12.
+Heygler, King, Catawba chief: petitions for fort, 60; prevents
+completion of fort, 71; see Oroloswa.
+Hiawassee: 307.
+Hicks, Harry: heroic defence of home against Indian attack, 85-86.
+High Shoals: 29.
+Highlanders: 90.
+Hill, William: 138, 142, 143.
+Hillsborough: 26, 103, 179, 188, 217, 218, 219.
+Hillsborough, Earl of: 96.
+Hingham: 22.
+Hogg, James: 251; partner in Transylvania Company, 218; appointed
+delegate from Transylvania to Continental Congress, 250.
+Holder, John: rescues sweetheart, 271.
+Holden, Joseph: 149, 153.
+Hollows, the: 166.
+Holston: region, 99, 126; settlement, 281;--settlers, 262; valley of,
+134, 187, 191-192, 306.
+Honeycut: 189.
+Hooper, William: 180, 182.
+Hopewell: 310.
+Horton, Joshua: 121.
+Houston, Rev. Samuel: 321, 323; drafts constitution for Frankland, 319;
+features of constitution drafted by, 321-322.
+Howard, Cornelius: 165, 166.
+Howell, Rednap: poet-laureate of the Regulation, 173, 179.
+Hubbardt, Col. James: 316.
+Hudson Valley: 4.
+Hunter, James: 179.
+Hunter's Trail: 150.
+Husband, Herman: author of "Impartial Relation," 177, 178, 197; leader
+in insurrection at Hillsborough, 179; in correspondence with Benjamin
+Franklin, 184.
+
+
+I
+Iberville, Le Moyne d': 42, 43.
+Illinois Company: see Land Companies. Illinois country: 120, 128, 281.
+"Impartial Relation": 177, 197.
+Indian: agent, 281;--Allies, 72; chiefs, 211, 217, 274, 337;
+--depredations, 56, 163, 308, 340;--expeditions, 313; governments, 201;
+Grant, 202; hostages, 80;--lands, 161, 308;--outbreak, 74, 262;
+--princes, 201;--territories, 200;--towns, 76, 89, 93, 117, 290, 307,
+308;--trade, 44-46, 145;--traders, 144, 145, 217, 225;--trails, 119,
+139;--tribes, 45, 201, 261;--war, 325;--warfare, 133, 295-296, 297;
+--affairs, superintendent of, 111.
+Indians: 44, 46, 49, 57, 58-63, 68, 69, 74, 75, 85, 86, 87, 88, 112,
+119, 122, 125, 127, 140, 151, 152, 156, 162, 196, 197, 200, 204, 205,
+207, 209, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 221, 222, 223, 227, 228, 229,
+240, 242, 249, 252, 253, 261, 262, 263, 265, 267, 268, 270, 273, 275,
+276, 283, 288, 290, 297, 306, 307, 308, 311, 332, 339, 340, 345;
+--Northern, 49, 111, 141, 191;--Southern, 35, 191, 261.
+Indiana: 123.
+Ingles: John, 69;--Mrs. Mary, 69;--William, 69;--Mrs. William, 69.
+Innes, Col. James: 53.
+Ireland, 7, 22, 33; character of inhabitants of North of, 6-7.
+Irish: immigration of, 5;--Pennsylvania, 33; settlers, 28.
+Iroquois: 117.
+
+
+J
+Jack, Col. Samuel: 265.
+Jackson, Andrew: 282.
+Jacobite uprising: 7.
+Jamestown: 6.
+Jay, John: 329-330.
+Jefferson, Thomas: desires to join Transylvania Company, 240; favors
+free government back of Virginia, 250-251; attitude of, toward
+Transylvania claim, 256.
+Jenkins, Leoline: on character of Scotch-Irish, 6.
+Johnson, Sir William: 112.
+Johnston, Gov. Gabriel: on immigration into North Carolina, 3.
+Johnston, Gov. Samuel: 332, 336, 338, 339; to Robertson and Bledsoe,
+327.
+Johnston, William: 217.
+Jones, John Gabriel: 257.
+Jones, Robert (Robin): 169; characterization of Scotch-Irish by, 24-25.
+Jonesborough: 292, 312, 313, 316, 337.
+Joseph, Miller: describes conditions of North Carolina backwoods, 36,
+38.
+Judge's Friend, Cherokee chief: 242.
+
+
+K
+Kenedy, William: agent for Virginia gentlemen to purchase Cherokee
+lands, 240.
+Kenton, Simon: rescues Daniel Boone, 272.
+Kentucky (Cantucky, Cantuckey, Cantuckie, Cantuck): ch. XV, 22, 100,
+101, 102, 107, 111, 112, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 129, 137,
+139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 153, 155, 156, 191, 196,
+200, 203, 204, 205, 221, 223, 224, 227, 229, 231, 233, 234, 235, 256,
+259, 269, 270, 273, 276, 277, 279, 315, 327, 335, 341, 342, 348, 349;
+origin of name, 117;--road, 332.
+Keowee: 51;--valley of, 89.
+King's Mountain: 295, 303.
+King's Mountain campaign: 306, 348.
+Kipling, Rudyard: 137.
+Kirk: 337.
+Kirtleys, the: pioneers, 113.
+Knob Lick: 126.
+
+
+L
+Lacey, Col. William: 293, 296.
+Land: policy of selling large tracts of, 113.
+Land Companies: Illinois, 207-208, 239; Louisa, 217, 218; Loyal, 47, 
+99-100, 113; Ohio, 47; organized, 100; sends out exploring expedition,
+101-102; Richard Henderson & Company, organized, 107; Transylvania
+Company, 114, 218; Wabash (Ouabache), 209, 238-239.
+Land of Cockayne: 44.
+La Salle, Robert Cavelier de: 42.
+Laurel Mountain: 119.
+"Leatherstocking Tales": 85, 271.
+Leestown: 248.
+Lewes: 8.
+Lenoir (Le Noir), Gen. William: describes costume of pioneer women,
+40-41; marches against Indians; at King's Mountain, 301-302.
+Léry, Chaussegros de: 116.
+Lewis, Major Andrew: 66-67, 81, 191, 208; erects Virginia Fort, 64-65;
+leads Sandy River expedition, 70; commands at Battle of Great Kanawha,
+212, 214-215.
+Lexington: 236.
+Lincoln: family, 34;--Abraham, 23, 34, 235; John, 34;--Mordecai, 22-23,
+34; Samuel, 22;--Sarah, 23.
+Lindsay, Isaac, 121.
+Linville: John, 140, 142; Capt. William, 137, 140, 142.
+Linville Falls: 136, 141.
+Lochaber: 192, 193.
+Locke, John: "Fundamental Constitutions" of, 203.
+Loesch, Brother: 75.
+Logan, Cayuga Mingo chief: 211.
+Logan, Col. Benjamin: 234, 277.
+Logan, James: on character of squatters, 8-9.
+London: 202.
+Loudoun, Lord: 68.
+Long Cane Settlement: 79.
+Long Hunters: ch. XII, ch. VIII, 126, 128, 129, 157, 158, 204.
+Long Island of Holston River: 94, 194, 195, 226, 266, 278, 308.
+Long, John: slain by Indians, 87.
+Long Knives: 213.
+Longueuil, Charles de Moyne, Baron de: 116.
+Lorbrulgrud: 154.
+Louis Quatorze: 43.
+Louisa Company: see Land Companies.
+Louisiana: 292, 331.
+Love, Col.: 266.
+Lower Blue Licks: 101.
+Lower Salt Spring: 273.
+Lower Shawnee Town: 101.
+Lowry, James: 118.
+Loyal Company: see Land Companies.
+Loyalists: 190, 261, 291, 298, 299.
+Lucas, Robert: 224.
+Luhny, Robert, mill of, on James River, 16.
+Lulbegrud: 154.
+Luttrell, Col. John: 227; joins Transylvania Company, 217.
+Lyttelton, Gov. William Henry: 65-66, 71, 77, 78, 88.
+
+
+M
+Madison, Thomas: 263.
+Madrid: 341, 342.
+Mansfield, Low: 201.
+Mansker, Gasper, pioneer: 123, 282; discovers lick, 124; encounters
+Boone, 157-158.
+Mansker's Lick: 110, 124.
+Margry, Pierre: 43.
+Martin, Gov. Alexander: 182, 312, 315, 316, 322; attorney for Daniel
+Boone, 148; appoints Samuel Henderson ambassador to Franklin, 315;
+issues manifesto against State of Franklin, 306, 318; Sevier to, on
+Franklin, 317-318; academy named for, 318.
+Martin, Col Joseph: 150, 227, 262, 290, 306, 307, 313, 322, 325; settles
+in Powell's Valley, 113; driven out, 114; appointed agent for
+Transylvania Company, 202; Richard Henderson to, 252-253; letter of, to
+Governor Randolph, 326; exonerated of treason by North Carolina
+Assembly, 344; acts as spy on Spaniards, 344-345.
+Martin, Gov. Josiah: 103, 200; issues proclamation against Transylvania
+Company, 238.
+Martin's Station: 226, 229; founded, 220-221; Henderson draws up plan of
+government for, 252; brave defence of, against Indians, 253.
+Maryland: 5, 14, 24, 101, 114; price of lands in, 9.
+Mason, George: opposed to Transylvania claim, 256.
+Maxwell, Col. George: 328, 332.
+McAden, Rev. Hugh: diary of, 27-28, 49, 69.
+McAfees: 243; exploring party, 204; return home, 235;--James, 235;
+--Robert, 235; Robert, Jr., 235; Samuel, 235; William, 235.
+McBride, James: 117.
+McCulloch, Major John: 122.
+McCulloh, Henry Eustace: 172.
+McDowell, Col.: 265.
+McDowell, Col. Charles: 291, 293, 337.
+McDowell, Col. Joseph: 293, 296, 298, 337.
+McDowell, Thomas: 228.
+McFeters, Jeremiah: 228.
+McGillivray, Alexander: 339, 342, 344, 345; receives overtures from
+Cumberland leaders, 341.
+Mendenhall: John, 203;--Richard, 203.
+Middle Ground: 111.
+Middle Settlements: 93.
+Middleton, Col. Thomas: 93.
+Middle Towns: 89.
+Middle West: 117.
+Millerstown: 198.
+Miró, District of: 343, 346.
+Miró, Gov. Estevan: 331, 335, 338, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345; reports
+on separatist movement in West, 342.
+Mississippi Bubble: 43.
+Mohawk Valley: 4.
+Monbreun, Timothé de: hunts on Cumberland, 128.
+Monongahela: 205.
+Montagu, Lord Charles: 168-169.
+Montgomerie, Col. Archibald: abortive campaign of, against Indians,
+88-89; sails, 92.
+Montreal: 118.
+Mooney, James: explores Kentucky, 149, 153.
+Moore: 62.
+Moravian: church, 1, 3, 88-89, 166;--community diary, 88;--brotherhood,
+15-16;--town, 56; Gemein Haus, 87;--store-keeper, 161.
+Moravians: 166; eleven killed, 56; warned against Indians, 85;
+hospitable to Indians, 86.
+Morgan family: 34;--Edward, 21; Sarah, 21, 34;--Richard, 34.
+Morganton: 337, 338.
+Morris, Gov. Samuel: 54.
+Morrison: 337.
+Mount Mitchell: 135.
+Mulberry Fields: 15, 163.
+Müller, Adam: settles in Virginia, 12.
+Murray, William: 207, 208, 238, 239.
+
+
+N
+Nantahala Mountains: 267.
+Nash, Gen. Francis: 177, 288.
+Nashborough: 309.
+Nashville: 282, 342, 345.
+Nassau Hall: 27, 267.
+Natchez: 123, 125, 330.
+Neely, Alexander: 153, 154.
+Neilson, Archibald: 219.
+Nelson, Acting Governor William: 96, 188.
+Newcastle: 8.
+New England: 4, 86.
+New Jersey: 5.
+"Newlanders": 11.
+Newman, hunter: 119.
+Newman's Ridge: 119.
+New Orleans: 123, 343, 345.
+New River: region, 123, 126;--settlement, 69;--settlers, 70.
+"Nolichucky Jack of the Border": 332.
+Nolichucky: Valley, 224.
+North America: 120, 202.
+North Carolina: ch. XV, 5, 10, 13, 14, 15, 43, 52, 55, 59, 71, 73, 84,
+99, 101, 107, 116, 130, 134, 136, 140, 160, 162, 163, 167, 174, 175,
+176, 186, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 200, 203, 218, 219, 220,
+221, 222, 237, 238, 245, 259, 260, 261, 265, 269, 277, 278, 279, 280,
+281, 282, 288, 289, 290, 291, 295, 304, 305, 307, 310, 311, 312, 313,
+317, 319, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 330, 332, 335, 339, 343, 344,
+345, 346, 347; frontier conditions in, 25-28;--border, 76;--back
+country, 261; grants lands in Tennessee to Transylvania Company, 287;
+immigration into, 10, 13; increase in population of, 3, 11;--piedmont,
+9, 26;--hunters, 141; pioneers, 95; governor of, 60; commissioners of,
+310; troops, 53, 72, 77, 89, 93, 94, 266, 273; cedes Western territory
+to United States, 347; legislature of, passes second cession act, 347;
+lands accepted by Congress, 348.
+North Carolina Assembly: 57-58, 61, 92, 93, 277, 313, 314, 338, 343.
+North Carolina: Provincial Congress of, 259, 277; Provincial Council of,
+260, 265, 266.
+Northwest: 259, 261, 270, 277.
+Nottaway Indians: 72.
+Nuntewees: 65.
+
+
+O
+Oconostota, Cherokee chief: 242; treacherously murders Lieut. Coytomore,
+79-80.
+Ohio Company: see Land Companies.
+Ohio Indians: 46.
+Ohio Valley: 102, 145.
+Old Abraham: 263.
+Old Chillicothe: 212.
+Old Southwest: 104, 126, 195, 198, 212, 226, 260, 265, 305, 309, 348;
+pioneers of, ch. XV, 5, 12, 14, 17, 28-31; pioneer democracy of, 20-21,
+103-104;--planter aristocracy of, 20;--Mimic republics of, 200;
+--colonizers of, 20.
+Ormond, Duke of: to Leoline Jenkins, 6.
+Oroloswa, Catawba Chief: 71, see King Heygler.
+Osborne, Captain Alexander: leads Rowan militia, 62.
+Otari towns: 217.
+Ouasioto Gap: 118, 145, 146, 150, see Cumberland Gap.
+Outassitus, Cherokee chief: 91.
+Overton, Samuel: 239.
+Owen, William: 163, 164, 165.
+Oxford: 249.
+
+
+P
+Pacific Ocean: 144.
+Page, John: 239.
+Paintsville: 100.
+Paris: 43.
+Path Deed: 224.
+Paxtang: 145.
+Pearis, Capt. Richard: 70.
+Peck, John M.: 148.
+Penn, William: 8, 21, 22.
+Pennsylvania: 5, 10, 13, 27, 33, 45, 54, 99, 118, 144, 209, 277;
+population of, 8; lands, 9; immigrants into, 12;--Synod, 13;--settlers,
+146;--Proprietaries of, 111;--traders, 146, 207.
+Pensacola: 138, 139.
+Perkins, John: defeats Indians by strategy, 83-84.
+Phifer, Martin: leads frontier rangers, 83.
+Philadelphia: 8, 32, 123, 185, 249, 250.
+Pilot Knob: 102, 118, 119.
+Pilot Mountain: 135.
+Piomingo, Chickasaw chief: 125.
+Pioneer: farmer, ch. IX; promoter, ch. XI.
+Pittsburgh: 122.
+"Pocahontas of the West": 262; see Nancy Ward.
+Point Pleasant: 213.
+Polk, Thomas: 172.
+Ponce de Leon: ch. XII.
+Portwood, age: 232.
+Post St. Vincent: 281.
+Pound Gap: 102.
+Powell's Mountain: 224.
+Powell's Valley: 113, 114, 149, 203, 224, 252; lands in, granted to
+Transylvania Company, 287-288.
+Presbyterians: in Ireland, 7;--Scotch-Irish, 27.
+Preston, Col. William: 208, 212, 240; to Lord Dunmore on Henderson's
+offers of land, 220; to George Washington on Transylvania, 237-238,
+242-243;--supports Judge Henderson, 254.
+Price, Thomas, Indian trader: guides Henderson at Hart to Otari towns,
+217; testifies regarding Great Treaty, 225.
+Price's Meadow: 124.
+Privy Council: 206.
+"Proposals for the encouragement of settling the lands, etc.": issued by
+Transylvania Company, 219, 220.
+Puritan: 86.
+
+
+Q
+Quaker Meadows: 294.
+Quakers: 20-21.
+Quebec: 212.
+Quindre, Dagniaux de: commands at siege of Transylvania Fort, 274-276.
+
+
+R
+Rains, John: 123.
+Randolph, Col. Peter: treaty commissioner, 59.
+Recall of Judges: early example, 286-287.
+Red Lick Fork: 150.
+Regulation: 167, 173, 174, 175, 176, 182, 192.
+Regulators: ch. XI, 166, 167, 168, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 183,
+185, 190.
+Reid, Capt. Mayne: 282.
+Revere, Paul: 231.
+Richard Henderson & Company: 119, 129, 138; organized, 107; despatch
+Boone on exploring expedition, 109; granted land by Virginia, 279; see
+Land Companies.
+Richter: 166.
+Rivers: Big Sandy, west fork of, 142; Broad, 59, 289; Catawba, 62, 70,
+83, 84;--South fork of, 298; Chattahoochee, 266; Cherokee, 111, 121;
+Clinch, 142; Cumberland, 44, 109, 114, 119, 121, 128, 157, 223, 224,
+269, 284, 288, 308; Dick's, 126, 156; Great Kanawha, 107, 112, 191, 192,
+193; Green, 151, 157, 188, 279, 294; Hiwassee, 332; Holston, 142, 192,
+194, 195, 224, 283; Illinois, 207; James, 16, 96-97; Kentucky, 156, 159,
+212, 236, 242, 248, 253, 284; Licking, 156; Little Tennessee, 65, 307;
+Louisa, 149, 193; Meho, 163; Miami, 102; Mississippi, 42, 102, 139, 155,
+259, 329, 330, 343; Muskingum, 102; New, 224; Nonachunheh, Nolichucky,
+194, 197; Ohio, 42, 44, 45, 100, 107, 116, 117, 121, 122, 142, 151, 156,
+191, 192, 193, 207, 213, 279;--falls of the, 255, 284;--forks of the,
+47; Opeckon, 12; Pacolet, 76; Potomac, 122; Red, 119, 153, 154; Reedy,
+112, 191; Roanoke, 69; Rockcastle, 100, 155; Scioto, 102; Shenandoah,
+17; Stone's, 121; Swannanoa, 136; Tellico, 68; Tennessee, 44, 58, 121,
+191, 283, 290; Trinity, 42; Tugaloo, 266; Twelve Mile, 89; Wabash, 123;
+Washita, 122; Watauga, 197, 219, 221, 224, 293.
+Robertson, Charles: 224.
+Robertson, James: 188, 189, 190, 196, 197, 200, 222, 260, 263, 287, 309,
+327, 332, 339, 340, 341, 342, 344, 347; leads scouting party for
+Transylvania Company, 280-281; guides party to French Lick, 282; joined
+by Donelson and party, 284; names Miró District, 343; desires union with
+Spain, 343; seeks separation of Cumberland from North Carolina, 345; to
+Miró on separatist movement, 346.
+Robinson, John: 69.
+Rochelle: 43.
+Rocky Mountains: 135.
+Rogers, Sergt.: 73.
+Rogersville: 290.
+Roan Mountain: 135.
+Round-O, Cherokee chief: 79.
+Rowan, Matthew: 19, 76.
+Rowan rangers: 83; described, 82-83.
+Rowan: settlers murdered, 77, 265.
+Rucker, Capt.: 113.
+Rutherford, Gen. Griffith: leads Rowan rangers, 76, 83; leads rescuing
+force, 265, 270; leads army against Cherokees, 267.
+Russell, Capt. William: 203.
+
+
+S
+Saint Augustine: 138.
+Saint Lusson, Daumont de: 41-42.
+Salem: 87.
+Salisbury: 34, 38, 59, 146, 148, 162, 165, 166, 168, 172, 289.
+Salling, John Peter: 117.
+San Salvador: 144.
+Sandy Creek Association: 175, 184, 185, 190.
+Sandy River expedition: 70.
+Sapona Town: 35.
+Sault Ste. Marie: 41.
+Savannah: 51.
+Savannah Indians: 65.
+Scaggs, Charles: 126.
+Scaggs, Henry: 282; meets Daniel Boone, 109; agent for Richard Henderson
+& Co., 109-110; explores Cumberland region, 119; leads Long Hunters into 
+Kentucky, 125-126.
+Scaggs' Ridge: 120.
+Schnell, Leonard: pilgrimage of, 14-15.
+Scotch Lowlands: 6.
+Scotch-Irish: 7, 11, 27, 33, 188; in Pennsylvania, 8;--immigration of,
+5, 19; settlers, 28.
+Scotchman: 218.
+Scotland: 217.
+Scovil: 168.
+Searcy: connection, 190; Reuben, 169; Valentine, 222.
+Settiquo: 76, 307, 316.
+Sevier, James: emissary of Franklin to Miró, 337-338.
+Sevier, John: 200, 222, 260, 298, 313-314, 322, 325, 326, 327, 330, 337,
+344, 347; early life, 198; defends Watauga Fort, 263; rescues Bonny Kate
+Sherrill, 264; with Shelly plans King's Mountain campaign, 292, 296;
+defeats Indians, 307-308; disavows revolutionary intent, 315; elected
+Governor of Franklin, 317; writes defiant letter to Caswell, 323-324;
+appeals to Benjamin Franklin, 324; besieges Tipton, 330; attacks
+Indians, 331-332; writes Gardoqui, offering to "deliver" Franklin to
+Spain, 333-335; arrested for high treason, imprisoned, 337; rescued,
+338; restored to office by North Carolina, 338; elected first governor
+of Tennessee, 348.
+Shawanoes, Shawnese: 25, 44, 69, 117, 151, 203, 205, 209, 271;--chief
+of, 204.
+Shelby, Col. Evan: leads force against Chickamaugas, 290; appointed
+brigadier-general, 322.
+Shelby, Isaac: 222, 291, 298; at Battle of Great Kanawha, 213-214;
+initiates King's Mountain campaign, 292; at King's Mountain, 301;
+elected first governor of Kentucky, 348.
+Shelby, Capt. James: 263.
+Shenandoah Valley: 10, 34.
+Sherrill, Katherine: rescued by John Sevier, 264.
+Silonee, Cherokee chief: 79; checks Montgomerie, 89; see Young Warrior
+of Estatoe.
+Sims, George: writes A Serious Address, etc., 160, 169, 170.
+Simms, William Gilmore: 144.
+Six Nations: 111, 191.
+Slaughter: 138.
+Slaughter, Col. Thomas: 244.
+Smith, Capt. John: 69.
+Smith, Gen. Daniel: 343, 344.
+Smith, James: 121.
+Smith, John, Jr.: 69.
+Smith, William Bailey: 222; carries corn to French Lick, 284.
+Smith's Bridge: 89.
+Smyth, J. F. D.: describes North Carolina backwoodsmen, 39-40.
+South Carolina: ch. XV, 14, 27-28, 43, 45, 58, 66, 68, 71, 112, 121,
+139, 167, 192, 237, 262, 265, 268, 291, 294, 295, 305, 313; rangers, 89;
+traders, 71.
+South Fork of Catawba River, 62, 70;--Boys, 298, 301.
+South Sea: ch. XI, 42.
+South Sea Islands: 219.
+Southwest: see Old Southwest.
+Southwest Territory: 348.
+Southern Department: 111, 331.
+Spach: 166.
+Spain: ch. XX, 330, 331, 332, 337, 338, 339, 340, 344, 345, 347.
+Spangenberg, Bishop Augustus Gottlieb: makes exploring tour, 13, 14,
+131; preaches at Bethania, 87.
+Spaniards: 292, 332, 340, 345.
+Spanish: authorities, 339; charged affairs, 329;--conspiracy in
+Kentucky, 335, 339;--conspiracy in Tennessee, ch. XX, 339;--court,
+347;--domain, 348;--government, 346;--minister, 331;--traders, 340.
+Spotswood, Gov. Alexander: 97, 98.
+St. Asaph's: 243.
+St. Clair, Sir John: 54.
+St. Clair, Gen. Arthur: 133.
+Stalnaker, Samuel: 83, 94.
+Stanford: 243.
+Steep Rock: 194.
+Stephen, Col. Adam: 94, 95.
+Stewart, John: 139, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153.
+Stone, Uriah: 121, 123.
+Stoner, Michael: 121, 212, 232, 272.
+Stuart, Capt. John: 91-92.
+Stuart, John: 111, 191, 192, 194, 261.
+Stuart, pioneer: 283.
+Superintendent of Indian Affairs: 112, 331.
+Swan, David L.: 252.
+Switzerland: 134.
+Sycamore Shoals of Watauga River: 219, 221, 263, 293.
+Synge, Archbishop: 7.
+
+
+T
+Tate, Samuel: 228.
+Taylor: Hancock, 122;--Richard, 122; Zachary, 122.
+Tennessee: ch. XV, 9, 112, 124, 128, 129, 132, 140, 190, 191, 192, 196,
+211, 224, 269, 289, 290, 315, 348, 349; countries, 332;--riflemen,
+291;--settlements, 261, 264, 314, 315;--settlers, 270, 281, 330, 331.
+Terre Haute: 123.
+Thompson: 84.
+Thompson, James: 263.
+Tiftoe, Cherokee Chief: 79.
+Tipton, Col. John: 321, 322, 328, 331.
+Tipton, Jonathan: 322.
+Tonti, Henry de: 45.
+Tories: 289, 305.
+Town Fork: 163.
+Trabue, Daniel: diary of, 275.
+Tracey, John: 69.
+Trade: British, 46.
+Traders: with Indians, ch. VII-ch. IX, 44, 46, 59, 113, 117, 118, 136.
+Trading Ford: 35.
+Trading House: British, 47.
+Trans-Alleghany: 21, 48, 99, 102, 119, 129, 140, 147, 159, 185, 201,
+202, 204, 206, 212, 215, 216, 242, 277, 279, 330, 340.
+Transylvania: 200, 235, ch. XV, 243, 248, 252, 258, 279, 280, 287;
+colony of, 25; president of, 246; proprietors of, 229, 236, 244, 248,
+256.
+Transylvania Company: 114, 119, ch. XII, 237, 238, 240, 249, 253, 254,
+258, 278, 287, 288; compact of, with Cumberland settlers, 285-286;
+organized, 218; permanent contribution of, to colonization of West, 259.
+Transylvania Legislature: 244, 249, 255.
+Transylvania Purchase: 220, 248, 278.
+Transylvania Trail: 215, 226.
+Treaty: with Indians, 59; at Charleston, 94; at Fort Stanwix, 111; at
+Hard Labor, 112, 114; at Lochaber, 192; at Sycamore Shoals, 221-225.
+Trent, Capt. William: 47.
+Tryon, Gov. William: 112, 141, 176, 183, 191.
+Tryon Mountain: 112, 135, 191.
+Tryon's Line: 112.
+Tuckasegee: 307.
+Tuscarora Indians: 72.
+
+
+U
+Ulster: 6-7.
+Ulster Scots: characterization of, 23, 32.
+Unakas: 263.
+Union: 319, 335, 336, 342, 348, 349; see American Union.
+United States: 277, 335, 339, 344, 345, 346, 347.
+United States Congress: 310, 311, 312, 346.
+Untoola: 316.
+Upper Towns: 66, 89.
+Utopia: 44.
+
+
+V
+Valley of Mexico: 144.
+Vandalia: 206, 208.
+Vasco Nuñez: 144.
+Venango: 47.
+Versailles: 43.
+Villiers, Coulon de: 48.
+Virginia: pioneers of, 95, 296;--traders, 96;--troops, 212, 266, 273;
+--frontier, 74; Gazette, 110, 272;--backwoods, 28-29;--Valley of, 9, 16,
+26, 33, 34;--Convention, 251, 257;--Land Office, 281;--Assembly, 67,
+278;--Militia, 209;--House of Delegates, 278, 279;--Governor of, 67,
+198;--Path, 64, 76;--Remonstrance, 207, ch. XV, 10, 14, 42, 45, 47, 52,
+53, 58, 59, 64, 68, 69, 70, 72, 83, 96, 99, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118,
+127, 130, 131, 132, 134, 138, 163, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 195, 198,
+200, 204, 205, 206, 209, 211, 214, 220, 221, 222, 226, 235, 237, 239,
+242, 243, 244, 251, 256, 258, 265, 269, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282, 287,
+290, 305, 323, 326.
+Virginians: 96, 205, 208, 230, 231, 251, 299.
+
+
+W
+Wabash (Ouabache) Land Company: see Land Companies.
+Wachau: 83, 87.
+Wachovia: 86;--community diary, 64.
+Wade, Capt. Robert: 74.
+Waddell, Gen. Hugh: 53, 55-56, 95, 133, 134; appointed Indian
+commissioner, 59; begins erection of Catawba Fort, 70; discontinues work
+on fort, 71; in Fort Duquesne campaign, 72; hastens to Rowan's defence,
+76; marches to aid South Carolina, 77; report of, on defeat of Indians
+at Fort Dobbs, 81-82; rescues captives, 86; leads North Carolina troops,
+93, 94.
+Walden, Elisha: 119.
+Walden's Mountain: 119-120.
+Walker, Dr. Thomas: 99, 102, 115, 116, 117, 191; makes exploration for
+Loyal Land Company, 99-100; sells land to Joseph Martin, 113.
+Walker, Felix: 228, 245, 260; describes Kentucky, 233-234.
+Walpole, Thomas, 206.
+Ward, James: 139.
+Ward, Nancy: 262, 264.
+Washington District: 260, 277, 314, 326.
+Washington, George: 47, 55, 72, 134, 256, 291; opinion of royal
+proclamation, 106; purchases Western lands, 106-107; makes charges
+against Dunmore, 206-207; secures military grants for Western lands,
+208; Preston to, on Henderson purchase and Transylvania Company, 221,
+237-238, 242-243.
+Watauga: ch. XII, 191, 194, 200, 270, 281-282;--commonwealth, 199;
+valley of, 188, 195, 196, 306;--country, 187, 189; settlers, 195, 196,
+197, 200, 259;--Articles of Association, 197;--Association, 224;
+settlement, 260, 281.
+"Watauga Plan": commission form of government, 260.
+Waxhaws: 32.
+Webster: 307.
+Welsh: immigration of, 5;--settlers, 28;--stock, 163.
+West: 160, 187, 259, 273, 277, 327, 342, 348.
+West Virginia: 14, 206.
+Western: leaders, 292;--people, 347;--settlers, 311, 329; territory,
+347, 348;--waters, 314, 348.
+Wharton: Samuel, 206;--Thomas, 209-211.
+White, Dr. James: 331, 332, 338, 346; emissary of Franklin, 337.
+Whitehall: 206.
+Wilderness Trail: 230.
+Wilkinson, General James: 335, 336.
+Williams, Brigadier-General James: 291, 294; killed at King's Mountain,
+302.
+Williams, Col. John: 105, 107, 149, 187, 222, 254; elected delegate from
+Transylvania to Continental Congress, 249.
+Williams, John: 141.
+Williams and Henderson, law firm: 105, 147.
+Williamsborough: 103.
+Williamsburg: 210.
+Williamson, Col. Andrew: 266.
+Williamson, Dr. Hugh: 10, 312-313.
+Wilmington: 169.
+Winchester, Kentucky: 117.
+Winchester, Virginia: 12.
+Winston, Major Joseph: leads North Carolina troops against Cherokees,
+266; leads Surry riflemen at King's Mountain, 293, 298, 303-304.
+Wolf Hills (Abingdon): 134.
+Wood, Col. Abraham: 42.
+Wormley, Ralph: 239.
+Wytheville: 112.
+
+
+Y
+Yadkin: country, 117, 131, 139, 143, 145, 163, 164;--Forks of the, 33,
+34, 162, 185;--valley, 10, 13, 15, 32.
+York, Pennsylvania: 12.
+Yorke, Charles: renders legal opinion, 201.
+Young Warrior of Estatoe, Cherokee chief: 79; see Silonee.
+
+
+Z
+Zinzendorf, Count: 13.
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+
+Introduction:
+
+We have retained the original punctuation and spelling in the book, but
+not in the index. Obvious errors were corrected--and all of these
+changes can be found in the Detailed Notes Section of these notes. The
+Detailed Notes Section also includes issues that have come up during
+transcription. One common issue is that words are sometimes split into
+two lines for spacing purposes. These words are hyphenated in the
+physical book, but there is a question sometimes as to whether the
+hyphen should be retained in transcription. The reasons behind some of
+these decisions are itemized.
+
+There were numerous errors in the index. Places like the Ouasioto Gap
+and the Green River, which were spelled consistently and correctly
+throughout the text, ended up as "Onasioto" and "Guen" in the index.
+Such errors detract from the index. Therefore, corrections were made to
+the index and listed in the Detailed Notes Section.
+
+
+Detailed Notes Section:
+
+
+Introduction
+
+• Page viii:
+In his letter to the Earl of Dartmouth, Lord Dunmore wrote the clause
+"Should for ever immagine the Lands further off..." This is a direct
+quote; the spelling is correct.
+
+
+Preface
+
+• Page xvii:
+Home-builder is hyphenated and split between two lines for spacing
+purposes, giving us two choices on how to transcribe the word. The word
+was not used again in the book. However, "home-makers" was used on Page
+17, and the word included a hyphen and was in the middle of the line. We
+believe that the author's use of home-makers signals the author's intent
+to keep the hyphen in "home-builder." So we kept the hyphen.
+
+
+Chapter III
+
+• Page 39:
+Powder-horn is hyphenated and split between two lines for spacing
+purposes, giving us two choices on how to transcribe the word. On Page
+213, powder-horns with the hyphen appears in the middle of a line. That
+was the only other occurrence of the word in the book. Therefore, we
+kept the hyphen.
+
+
+Chapter VI
+
+• Page 68:
+The author used the original spelling of the fort on page 68 in the
+clause "To this fort, named Fort Loudoun in honor of Lord Loudoun," but
+changed the spelling to modern usage (Fort Loudon) on pages 76, 88, and
+90. We made no modifications and retained the spelling from the text.
+
+
+Chapter VII
+
+• Page 98:
+Céloron de Bienville is spelled with a grave accent despite the correct
+spelling (according to Wikipedia) of Céloron on Page 46. The spelling in
+the book was retained.
+
+
+Chapter VIII
+
+• Page 127:
+Half-breed is hyphenated and split between two lines for spacing
+purposes, giving us two choices on how to transcribe the word. On Page
+141, half-breed with the hyphen appears in the middle of a line. That
+was the only other occurrence of the word in the book. Therefore, we
+kept the hyphen.
+
+
+Chapter IX
+
+• Page 133:
+Life-time is hyphenated and split between two lines for spacing
+purposes, giving us two choices on how to transcribe the word. There was
+no other occurrence of life-time or lifetime in the book. We kept the
+hyphen.
+
+
+Chapter XII
+
+• Page 181:
+Court-room is hyphenated and split between two lines for spacing in the
+clause "the Regulators took possession of the court-room." On page 180,
+court-room is spelled with a hyphen in the middle of a sentence, so we
+retained the hyphen here.
+• Page 194:
+There is a printer's mistake on page 194: the first line of page 194 is
+actually the last line of page 194. The line "ston River, south and east
+of Long Island;" which is on the top line of page 194 in the printed
+book, should be on the bottom line, below "however, to the settlement
+north of the Hol-." We have transcribed the book making this adjustment
+to the text.
+• Page 195: We have removed (See map for settlement and treaty lines.)
+because our transcription does not have images scanned.
+
+Chapter XIV
+
+• Page 224:
+(Compare map.) after "including the Nolichucky Valley." was removed
+because maps and images have not been scanned and included in our
+transcription of the book.
+
+Chapter XVI
+
+• Page 266:
+Rendez-voused was hyphenated for spacing and split between two lines in
+the clause "Colonel William Christian rendez-voused." Rendezvous is
+written without the hyphen on pages 59, 203, 226, and 292. Therefore,
+the hyphen was omitted in transcribing rendezvoused.
+
+Chapter XVII
+
+• Page 270:
+Far-flung is hyphenated for spacing and split between two lines in the
+clause "along the farflung frontier of Kentucky." There are no other
+occurrences of the word. Far-away, far-visioned, and far-reaching were
+used in the book. Far west, far north, and far faint were used in the
+book, but replacing the hyphen with a space is not an option in
+transcribing hyphenated words. There weren't any options with far being
+part of a conjoined word. The hyphen was retained in far-flung.
+• Page 283:
+Flat-boats is hyphenated for spacing and split between two lines in the
+clause: "about thirty flatboats, dugouts." On Page 285, flatboats is not
+hyphenated, so the hyphen was not kept in transcribing the same word on
+page 283.
+• Page 286:
+Co-partners is hyphenated for spacing and split between two lines in the
+clause: "contract between the copartners." There were no other
+occurrences of the word. We did not use the hyphen here.
+• Page 287:
+Entry-taker is hyphenated for spacing and split between two lines in the
+clause: "the entry-taker being appointed by Judge Henderson." On Page
+220, "entry-Taker" was used in a quote from Joseph Martin. There were no
+other occurrences of the word. We retained the hyphen.
+
+Chapter XVII
+
+• Page 293:
+Over-mountain men is hyphenated for spacing and split between two lines
+in the clause: "the over-mountain men gathered on September 25th." This
+word was used other times in the book, on pages 295, 306, and 316. Each
+time it was spelled with a hyphen, so we have kept the hyphen here, too.
+• Page 303:
+Battle-field is hyphenated for spacing and split between two lines in
+the clause: "His frenzied efforts on the battle-field ..." This word was
+used three other times, on pages 54, 214, and 306. Each time it was
+spelled with a hyphen, so we have kept the hyphen here, too.
+
+Chapter XIX
+
+• Page 315:
+In Sevier's quote, "we shall pursue no furtheir measures as to a new
+State," the spelling of furtheir matches that of Henderson's book.
+Because this is a quote, no change was made, although Sevier meant
+further.
+
+Index
+
+• Page 393:
+In the book, the clause "begins erection of Catawba" is embedded between
+"see Land Companies" in the Index entry for Wabash Land Companies. That
+clause belongs before "Fort, 70;" in the entry under Hugh Waddell. We
+have made the correction.
+
+Spelling Errors in the Index
+
+As described in the Introduction to the Transcriber Notes, the book has
+numerous spelling errors in the index. Here is a list of changes made
+only to the Index, and only because a new, incorrect variation of the
+word was introduced in the index.
+
+• Changed "Bieville, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur de: 42." to
+Bienville.
+• Changed "Bathama" to Bethania in preaches index under Bishop
+Spangenberg.
+• Changed "corn sent from to French Lick" to corn sent to, from French
+Lick, in index entry under Boonesborough.
+• Changed "Black Fish, Schawano chief" to Shawanoe.
+• Changed "Celoron de Blainville" to Céloron.
+• Changed "Charleville; Charles" to Charleville, Charles.
+• Changed "Conewagoes" to Coghnawagas.
+• Changed "Cullodan" to Culloden.
+• Changed "Onasioto" to Ouasioto in entry under Cumberland Gap.
+• Changed "Laudown" to Loudon in entry under Captain Demere.
+• Changed "Dugger, Julius Caesar" to Dugger, Julius Cæsar.
+• Changed "Es-Kippa-Ki-Thi-Ki" to Es-kip-pa-ki-thi-ki.
+• Changed "Etchowee" to Et-chow-ee.
+• Changed "Gnadenhutten" to Gnadenhütten.
+• Changed "Greathouse, Darmel" to Daniel.
+• Changed "Howell, Rednup" to Howell, Rednap.
+• Changed "Onabache" to Ouabache in the entry for Land Companies, under
+the subtopic Wabash.
+• Changed "Lockaber" to Lochaber.
+• Changed "Lorbulgrud" to Lorbrulgrud. Also added index entry for
+Lulbegrud. Lulbegrud is the name of the creek in Kentucky; Lorbrulgrud
+is the capital metropolis of Brobdingnag in Swift's Gulliver's Travels.
+• Changed "Miro, District of:" to Miró.
+• Changed "Monbrenn" to Monbreun under Timothé de Montbreun.
+• Changed "Paxtong" to Paxtang.
+• Changed "Guen" under Rivers to Green.
+• Changed "Nonachunbreh" and "Nolichuetry" under Rivers to Nonachunheh
+and Nolichucky.
+• Changed "Trabum, Damie" to Trabue, Daniel.
+• Changed "Tascarora Indians" to Tuscarora Indians. Moved index entry
+from the top of the T's to the bottom to reflect the proper alphabetical
+order with the changed spelling.
+• Changed "Vasco Nunez" to Vasco Nuñez.
+• Moved "begins erection of Catawba," misplaced under index entry Wabash
+Land Company to Waddell, Gen. Hugh. The sub-entry is "begins erection of
+Catawba Fort, 70;" which is after "Indian commissioner, 59."
+• Changed "Wachan" to Wachau.
+• Changed "Wachonia" to Wachovia.
+• Changed "Young Warrior of Estaloe" to Estatoe.
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONQUEST OF THE OLD SOUTHWEST ***
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