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+Project Gutenberg's etext, Memoir of the Proposed Territory of
+Arizona, by Sylvester Mowry
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+Memoir of the Proposed Territory of Arizona
+
+by Sylvester Mowry
+
+November, 2000  [Etext #2382]
+
+
+Project Gutenberg Etext, Memoir of the Proposed Territory of Arizona
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+
+
+MEMOIR OF THE PROPOSED TERRITORY OF ARIZONA.
+
+BY
+
+SYLVESTER MOWRY, U. S. A., DELEGATE ELECT.
+
+WASHINGTON: HENRY POLKINHORN, PRINTER. 1857.
+
+"The NEW TERRITORY of ARIZONA, better known as the GADSDEN
+PURCHASE, lies between the thirty-first and thirty-third
+parallels of latitude, and is bounded on the north by the Gila
+River, which separates it from the territory of New Mexico; on
+the east by the Rio Bravo del Norte, (Rio Grande), which
+separates it from Texas; on the south by Chihuahua and Sonora,
+Mexican provinces; and on the west by the Colorado River of the
+West, which separates it from Upper and Lower California. This
+great region is six hundred miles long by about fifty miles wide,
+and embraces an area of about thirty thousand square miles. It
+was acquired by purchase from Mexico, during the mission of
+General Gadsden, at a cost of ten millions of dollars. In the
+original treaty, as negotiated by General Gadsden, a more
+southern boundary than the one adopted by the Senate of the
+United States in confirming the treaty, was conceded by Santa
+Anna. The line at present is irregular in its course, and cuts
+off from our Territory the head of the Santa Cruz river and
+valley, the Sonoita valley, the San Bernardino valley, the whole
+course of the Colorado river from a point twenty miles below the
+mouth of the Gila river, and, worse than all, the control of the
+head of the Gulf of California, and the rich and extensive valley
+of Lake Guzman, besides a large and extremely valuable silver
+region, well known both to Mexicans and Americans--the planchas
+de la Platte. General Gadsden's line included nearly all the
+territory south of the Gila river to the thirty-first parallel of
+latitude--all the advantages above mentioned--gave us the mouth
+of the Colorado river, and probably a port near the head of the
+gulf at Adair's Bay. We have no accurate survey of the west coast
+of the Gulf of California, but I am strongly of opinion that the
+original line conceded by Mexico would have thrown a portion of
+the gulf into American hands, by cutting off an arm of it
+extending east and north from the main body of water. A port on
+the gulf is of great and immediate necessity to our Pacific
+possessions. Of this hereafter.
+
+The proposed boundaries, of the Territory of Arizona, are the
+34th parallel of latitude, with New Mexico on the north, from the
+103d meridian west to the Colorado; Texas on the east; Texas, and
+the Mexican provinces of New Mexico and Sonora on the south; and
+California on the west. The new Territory would thus contain
+within its borders the three largest rivers on the Continent,west of the Mississippiİ-the Rio Grande, Gila, and Colorado of
+the west, and embrace 90,000 square miles.
+
+The Gadsden purchase is attached by act of Congress to the
+Territory of New Mexico. At the time of its acquisition there was
+scarcely any population except a few scattering Mexicans in the
+Mesilla valley, and at the old town of Tucson, in the centre of
+the territory. The Apache Indian, superior in strength to the
+Mexican, had gradually extirpated every trace of civilization,
+and roamed uninterrupted and unmolested, sole possessor of what
+was once a thriving and populous Spanish province.
+
+Except the report of Col. A. B. Gray, there is scarcely anything
+in print with reference to the early history of Arizona, beyond
+the scanty but valuable notes of Major Emory and Hon. John R.
+Bartlett, in their reports, and in the appendix to Wilson's late
+book, "Mexico and its Religion." To this last I beg to refer any
+reader who desires accurate information respecting the Northern
+Mexican provinces, presented in a straightforward common-sense
+style.
+
+In the possession of the writer of these notes is a map drawn in
+1757, just one hundred years ago, presented by the Society of
+Jesuits to the King of Spain. The original of this map is now in
+the archives of the Mexican Government. It was copied, with the
+notes relating to the Territory, and to Sonora, Chihuahua, and
+Sinaloa, by Capt. C. P. Stone, late of the United States Army.
+The map bears the inscription, "Carte levee par la Societe des
+Jesuites, dediee au Roi d'Espagne en 1757."
+
+The copy of the map and the accompanying notes are certified as
+accurate by the officer of the Mexican Government in charge of
+the archives.
+
+My information, therefore, upon the early history of this
+comparatively unknown domain, is accurate and reliable. As early
+as 1687, a Jesuit missionary from the province of Sonora, which,
+in its southern portion, bore already the impress of Spanish
+civilization, descended the valley of Santa Cruz river to the
+Gila. Passing down the Gila to its mouth, after exploring the
+country, he retraced his steps, penetrated the country north of
+the Gila river for some distance, and ascended the Salinas or
+Salt river, and other northern branches of the Gila. The
+explorations of this energetic priest did not stop here.
+Proceeding east, he explored the valley of the San Pedro and its
+branches, thence along the Gila to the Mimbres, and probably to
+the Rio Grande and the Mesilla valley. Filled with the enthusiasm
+of his sect, he procured authority from the head of the order in
+Mexico, and established missions and settlements at every
+available point. In a report to the government of the viceroy of
+Spain, made during the early settlement of the province, I find
+the following language: "A scientific exploration of Sonora, with
+reference to mineralogy, along with the introduction of families,
+will lead to a discovery of gold and silver so marvellous thatthe result will be such as has never yet been seen in the
+world."
+
+The reports of the immense mineral wealth of the new country,
+made by the Jesuits, induced a rapid settlement. There are laid
+down on the map before me more than forty towns and villages.
+Many of these were of considerable size. There were a few north
+of the Gila, and several on the lower Gila, near the Colorado.
+The Santa Cruz and its tributary valleys teemed with an
+agricultural and mining population. Thousands of enterprising
+Spaniards cultivated the rich valley of the San Pedro, and
+scattered settlements flourished at every suitable stream and
+spring at the foot of the mountains towards the Rio Grande. The
+notes before me say: "All these settlements and missions were
+founded in fertile valleys, and by streams and springs, which
+produced luxuriant crops of wheat, corn, and beans, and in many
+parts grapes and other foreign fruits were cultivated."
+
+In the western part of the Territory were the missions of St.
+Pierre, St. Paul, St. Matthias, St. Simond, St. Francisco, Merci,
+the ranches of Eau Cheri, Eau de la Lune, and others; on the
+Santa Cruz the missions of San Xavier del Bac, Santiago, San
+Cayetano, and San Philipe, the towns of Tueson, Tubac, Reges, San
+Augusta, and many others. San Xavier del Bac is still in
+existence. It is a mission church of great size and beauty,
+magnificently ornamented within; forty thousand dollars in solid
+silver served to adorn the altar. Upon the San Pedro river were
+the missions of St. Mark, San Salvadore, San Pantaleon, Santa
+Cruz, and the towns of Quiduria, Rosario, Eugenia, Victoria, and
+San Fernando--the latter at the mouth--with many more. To the
+east some small settlements were found on the Valle del Sauz, on
+the Mimbres, at the copper mines north of the Mimbres, and to the
+south the immense grazing and stock-raising establishment of San
+Bernardino, where since have been raised hundreds of thousands of
+cattle and horses. The Indians in the vicinity of the missions
+were reduced first to obedience by the Jesuits, and then to
+slavery by the Spaniards.
+
+The notes referred to above contain the names and localities of
+more than a hundred silver and gold mines which were worked with
+great success by the Spaniards. The survey of the Jesuit priest
+about 1687 was repeated in 1710 with renewed discoveries, and
+consequent accession of population. From this time up to 1757 the
+conquest and settlement of the country was prosecuted with vigor,
+both by the Jesuits' Society and Spanish government.
+
+The missions and settlements were repeatedly destroyed by the
+Apaches, and the priests and settlers massacred or driven off. As
+often were they re-established. The Indians at length, thoroughly
+aroused by the cruelties of the Spaniards, by whom they were
+deprived of their liberty, forced to labor in the silver mines
+with inadequate food, and barbarously treated, finally rose,
+joined with tribes who had never been subdued, and gradually
+drove out or massacred their oppressors. A superior civilizationdisappeared before their devastating career, and to day there is
+scarcely a trace of it left, except scarcely visible ruins,
+evidence everywhere, of extensive and hastily-deserted mining
+operations, and the tradition of the country. The mission of San
+Xavier del Bac, and the old towns of Tueson and Tubac, are the
+most prominent of these remains. The labors of the Jesuits to
+civilize the Indians are still evident in the mission Indians,
+the Papagos and Pimas, who live in villages, cultivate crops of
+corn and wheat, and who, in the Christian and human elements of
+good faith and charity, are, to say the least, in no way inferior
+to the Mexicans. After the massacre of four of Crabbe's
+unfortunate party near Sonoita by the Mexicans, the Papago
+Indians buried carefully the bodies to which Mexican inhumanity
+had denied this last charitable office. It is a curious and
+suggestive fact that the latitude of places upon Gila, Santa
+Cruz, and San Pedro, determined by the Jesuits about 1750, has
+lately been verified by the observations of Park Michler, and
+Emory. The instruments used by the Jesuits were constructed by
+them, the lenses being made from pebbles.
+
+From 1757 down to 1820, the Spaniards and Mexicans continued to
+work many valuable mines near Barbacora, and the notes in my
+possession speak of many silver mines, most of which contained a
+percentage of gold. "The San Pedro gold mine in 1748 was worked
+with extraordinary success." Among the mines anciently worked, as
+laid down in the authorities heretofore referred to, were the
+Dolores, San Antonio, Casa Gordo, Cabrisa, San Juan Batista,
+Santa Anna, (which was worked to the depth of one hundred and
+twenty yards,) Rosario, Cata de Agua, Guadaloupe, Connilla,
+Prieta, Santa Catarina, Guzopa, Huratano, Arpa, Descuhidara,
+Nacosare, Arguage, Churinababi, Huacal, Pinal, and a great number
+of others which it would only be tedious to mention.
+
+The most celebrated modern localities are Arivaca, (also
+anciently famous as Aribac,) Sopori, the Arizona mountains, the
+Santa Rita range, the Cerro Colorado, the entire vicinity of
+Tubac, the Del Ajo, or Arizona copper mine, the Gadsonia copper
+mine, and the Gila river copper mines. These last are situated
+directly upon the Gila, only twenty-five miles from its mouth.
+The writer assures the public that there is no room for doubt as
+to the authenticity of these statements, or the immense resources
+of the new Territory in silver, copper, and probably gold. As
+late as 1820, the Mina Cobre de la Plata, (silver copper mines,)
+near Fort Webster, north of the Gila, were worked to great
+advantage; and so rich was the ore that it paid for
+transportation on muleback more than a thousand miles to the city
+of Mexico.
+
+Every exploration within the past few years has confirmed the
+statements of the ancient records. The testimony of living
+Mexicans, and the tradition of the country, all tend to the same
+end. Col. A. B. Gray, Col. Emory, Lt. Michler, Lt. Parke, the
+Hon. John R. Bartlett, late of the United States Boundary
+Commission, all agree in the statement that the Territory hasimmense resources in silver and copper. Col. Emory says in his
+report:
+
+"On account of the Gold Mania in California I kept the search for
+gold and other precious metals as much out of view as possible,
+scarcely allowing it to be a matter of conversation, much less of
+actual search. Yet, enough was ascertained to convince us that
+the whole region was teeming with the precious metals. We
+everywhere saw the remains of mining operations, conducted by the
+Spaniards, and more recently by the Mexicans."
+
+The report enumerates at considerable length the various
+localities examined by Col. Emory's party, and others, of which
+there could be no doubt.
+
+In view of these authorities, it is hoped that those who will not
+believe upon any evidence, will be content in their own
+incredulity. The most authentic reports of these immense mineral
+resources have been used as authorities against their existence.
+The authors of these denials either have never read what they
+pretend to quote, or think no one else has. The Hon. T. Butler
+King, who was the first to reveal to an incredulous public the
+wonders of the California gold mines, has had the singular good
+fortune to be also among the first to publish correct and
+authentic information relating to the silver treasures of
+Arizona. His report upon the resources of the new Territory has
+all the charm to the reader that his California report had, and
+its brilliant predictions will be as fully realized. To Gray and
+Emory is the country most indebted for the earliest and most
+important discoveries.
+
+The agricultural resources of Arizona, are sufficient to sustain
+a large mining population, and afford abundant supplies for the
+great immigration which will follow the development of its
+mineral resources. The whole valley of the Gila, more than four
+hundred miles in length, can be made with proper exertion to
+yield plentiful crops. The Pimos Indians, who live in villages on
+the Gila, one hundred and seventy miles from its mouth, raise
+large crops of cotton, wheat, and corn, and have for years
+supplied the thousands of emigrants who traverse the Territory en
+route to California. These Indians manufacture their cotton into
+blankets of fine texture and beautiful pattern, which command a
+high price. They also grind their corn and wheat, and make bread.
+In fact, the Pimos realize in their everyday life something of
+our ideas of Aztec civilization. A town will probably grow up
+just above the Pimos villages, as there is a rich back country,
+and the streams afford a valuable water power for running mills.
+
+The valley of the Santa Cruz traverses the territory from South
+to North, sinking near the town of Tueson, and probably finding
+its way to the Gila, as a subterranean stream. This valley, of
+the richest land, is about one hundred miles long, in many places
+of great width, and has on each side of it many rich valleys of
+limited extent, watered by streams from the mountains, which flowinto the Santa Cruz. The valleys and Ranches of Arivaca, Sopori,
+Calabazas, and Tueson, are those at present most thickly settled.
+These produce all the fruits known to a Southern clime--grapes,
+wheat, corn, and cotton in great abundance. The San Pedro river
+and valley is also one of great richness, and is reported by
+Lieut. Parke as capable of sustaining a large population. The
+Valle de Sauz, still farther East, more limited than the San
+Pedro or Santa Cruz, can be made available for a considerable
+population. The Mimbres River also can, by a small outlay, be
+made to irrigate a large surface and supply a moderate
+settlement. The various springs laid down by Gray, Emory, Parke,
+and Bartlett, will all afford water for small settlements, and
+their supply can be much increased by a judicious outlay of
+money. The Rio Grande valley is very rich, and in places of great
+width. The Mesilla valley already contains a population of about
+five thousand souls, and there is ample room for many more.
+
+If, as proposed, the Northern boundary of the Arizona Territory
+should enclose the Northern branches of the Gila, an agricultural
+region will be opened to settlement sufficient in itself to
+sustain the population of an immense agricultural State. Col.
+Bonneville, who is now at the head of a large force exploring
+this region, writes to the Secretary of War that it is the finest
+country he has ever seen, "valleys capable of sustaining a
+population of twenty thousand each, teeming at every step with
+evidences of an immense population long ago-and an ancient and
+superior civilization." The Hon. John R. Bartlett says of the
+"Salinas," one of the Northern branches of the Gila, that it
+alone will supply food for a great State. It must be recollected,
+in this connection, that the great mineral wealth of Arizona will
+call for and amply repay for the redemption and expensive
+cultivation of all the available lands, and that irrigation
+produces immensely greater crops than the other method of
+planting. Throughout the whole of Utah, irrigation has been
+resorted to with the greatest success. The soil in Utah, in no
+place that the writer saw it, could in any way be compared to
+that of the bottom lands of Arizona.
+
+Captain Whipple in his valuable report of exploration for the
+Pacific Railroad, published by order of Congress, crossed the
+upper part of the region alluded to, and which is watered by the
+Rio Verde and Salinas. He fully sustains me in my remarks on
+those rich valleys.
+
+"We are in the pleasantest region we have seen since leaving the
+Choctaw country. Here are clear rivulets, with fertile valleys
+and forest trees. The wide belt of country that borders the Black
+Forest, and probably extends along the Rio Verde to the Salinas
+and Gila, bears every indication of being able to support a large
+agricultural and pastoral population. The valley of the Rio Verde
+is magnificently wooded with furs and oaks, affording excellent
+timber. Ancient ruins are said by trappers to be scattered over
+its whole length to the confluence with the Salinas. We,
+therefore, seem to have skirted the boundary of a country oncepopulous, and worthy of becoming so again. Besides the advantages
+already enumerated, the mountains in this vicinity bear
+indications of mineral wealth. Vol. 3, p. 93."
+
+The notes before referred to, in the possession of the writer,
+speak of great farming and grazing establishments scattered over
+the whole face of the Territory, between 1610 and 1800, which
+produced abundant crops of cereals, fruits, and grapes. These
+statements are confirmed by the testimony of Major Emory and his
+report, where he enumerates several of the most extensive--by
+Gray, Bartlett, Parke, and Col. Bonneville. Many of the Ranches,
+deserted by the Mexicans on account of the Apache Indians, have
+upon them large, well-built adobe houses which must have cost the
+builders thousands of dollars. Many of these have been occupied
+under squatter titles by emigrants within the last few years. Of
+others, only the ruins remain, having been destroyed by the
+depredations of the Indians, or by the heavy rains of the
+succeeding years.
+
+The greater portion of these lands on the Santa Cruz and San
+Pedro are covered by Mexican titles-İand many of these again by
+squatter claims. It is absolutely necessary that Congress should
+by some wise and speedy legislation settle, upon some definite
+basis, the land titles of Arizona. Until this is done, disorder
+and anarchy will reign supreme over the country. The present
+condition of California is in a great degree to be attributed to
+the want of any title to the most valuable real property in the
+State, and the millions which have been spent in fruitless
+litigation should teach a lesson of great practical value. Let
+those Spanish grants and Mexican titles which have been occupied
+in good faith be affirmed in the most expeditious and economical
+manner to the claimants, and they will immediately pass into
+American hands, and become productive. The remainder of the
+country should then be thrown open to settlers. No better code of
+mining law exists than the Spanish, adopted in the Senate bill
+introduced by the late General Rusk, and passed at the last
+session of Congress. A judicious and liberal donation law, giving
+to the actual settler a homestead, and to the enterprising miner
+and "prospector" a fair security for the fruit of his labors,
+will at once make of Arizona a popular, thriving and wealthy
+State, affording new markets for the productions of our Atlantic
+States, and yielding annually millions in silver and copper.
+
+In addition to the produce of Arizona, the immediate vicinity of
+the agricultural region of Sonora affords an abundant market for
+all necessary supplies, including sugar, which is manufactured by
+the Mexicans in great quantities from the cane. Guyamas, which
+one day will be ours, is one of the largest ports for the export
+of flour on the Pacific coast north of Chili. She also exports
+several millions in silver annually, which finds its way direct
+to the English market. Under an intelligent system, the Sonora
+mines would yield a hundred millions a year, and the supply is
+inexhaustible. If any reader doubts this statement, refer him to
+the statistics of Humboldt, Ward, and Wilson, most unquestionedand valuable authorities. Both Humboldt and Ward note the fact
+that the silver deposites grow richer as they are traced farther
+North. There can be no doubt that the most extensive and valuable
+mines, both of pure silver and silver mixed with copper and lead,
+are within the limits of Arizona.
+
+The yield of the silver mines of Mexico, as computed by Ward and
+Humboldt from the actual official returns to the Government, from
+the conquest to 1803, amounts to the enormous sum of
+$2,027,955,000, or more than two BILLIONS Of dollars. Again, Ward
+says: "I am aware that many of the statements in this and the
+preceding books respecting the mineral riches of the North of New
+Spain, (Sonora, including the 'Gadsden Purchase,' Chihuahua, and
+Durango,) will be thought exaggerated. THEY ARE NOT SO; they will
+be confirmed by every future report, and in after years, the
+public, FAMILIARIZED WITH facts which are only questioned because
+they are new, will wonder at its present incredulity, and regret
+the loss of advantages which may not always be within its
+reach."
+
+Of the present mining operations in the Territory of Arizona, the
+most considerable, in point of labor performed and results, is
+"The Arizona Copper Mining Co." This company is incorporated by
+the California Legislature, with a capital of one million of
+dollars. The President is Major Robert Allen, U. S. A. The mines
+are old, and very celebrated in Mexico under the name of El-Ajo.
+This company, at an expense of $100,000, have supplied their
+mines with an abundance of water, extracted several hundred tons
+of ore, and erected buildings, smelting furnaces, and other
+appliances to facilitate their operations. They employ about one
+hundred men, mostly Mexican miners. Their supplies of breadstuffs
+and beef are obtained by contract from Sonora. These mines are
+situated one hundred and thirty miles from the mouth of the Gila
+River, and about sixty miles south of it. The ore varies in
+richness from thirty to sixty per cent, and the proceeds of some
+sales in London were quoted as being the highest prices ever paid
+for ore in that market. A portion of this mine is owned by
+English capitalists, and it is without doubt one of the most
+valuable in the world. The profits may be easily calculated, when
+it is known that the ore costs delivered in Swansea, England, not
+exceeding $125 per ton, and is worth from $200 to $375 per ton.
+Of course these profits will be greatly increased when the
+company is in a position to smelt its ores at the mine. The
+Sonora Exploring and Mining Company was organized in 1856, with a
+capital of two million dollars ($2,000,000). Its principal office
+is in Cincinnati, Ohio, and its seat of operations at Tubac, in
+the Santa Cruz valley. This company is managed in its mining
+operations by Chas. D. Poston, Esq., a gentleman of much
+experience on the Pacific coast, and of great energy of
+character.
+
+The Rancho of Arivaca, containing several valuable silver mines,
+and seventeen thousand acres of valuable land, has been purchased
+by this company. It has also acquired the titles to a number ofother valuable mines of galena ore, and copper containing silver
+and gold. Hitherto, the exertions of the company have been
+directed principally to explorations and cleaning out the old
+mines, but they have at present above ground, ready for smelting,
+several thousand dollars worth of their ores. Prof. Booth, U. S.
+Assayer, as well as other distinguished authorities, have, after
+thorough experiment, given to the company certificates of the
+great richness of the ores already shipped to the east. The
+annual report of the Sonora Mining Co. is full of interest to the
+general reader. The Sopori mine is another very valuable
+property. It is owned by Messrs. Douglass, Aldrich, and another.
+Want of capital has prevented the extensive development of this
+mine. It affords its proprietors a handsome profit, worked in the
+smallest and cheapest manner. The vein is of great size, has been
+traced several rods in length, and pays about one dollar to the
+pound of ore. The writer has examined specimens from the
+"Sopori," taken at random, and so rich is the ore that the native
+silver can be cut out of it with a penknife, as out of a Mexican
+dollar. Undoubtedly the Sopori mine is destined to yield hundreds
+of millions. It is a peculiarity of the ores in this district
+that they run near the surface, making mining of comparative
+small cost. The Sopori mine is surrounded by a fine country, well
+watered and wooded. The "Gadsonia Copper Mining Co.," after
+taking out a few tons of exceedingly rich ore--averaging over
+eighty per cent.--was obliged to suspend operations on account of
+the cost of transportation. When the Territory shall be organized
+and capital protected by law, these mines will be worked to
+advantage. "The Gila River Copper Mines" are more favorably
+situated than any other yet opened, being directly on the Gila
+River, only twenty-five miles from its mouth. The ores can be
+taken from the mine, immediately shipped upon flat boats or a
+light draft steamer, and transported down the Colorado River to
+the head of the Gulf of California, when they can be transhipped
+to England at small cost. Upwards of twenty veins of copper ore
+have been opened, and the assays give results varying from 30 to
+70 per cent. These mines are owned by Messrs. Hooper, Hinton,
+Halstead, and another. Several thousand dollars have been already
+expended in prospecting and opening veins, and it was anticipated
+by the proprietors that the first cargo would be shipped to
+Swansea, England, this year.
+
+Smelting works will eventually be built at the mines, or at
+Colorado City, opposite Fort Yuma, and the profits of this
+company must be very great. The vicinity of the Colorado, and the
+abundance of wood and water, give the proprietors facilities for
+conducting their operations at small cost.
+
+Silver mining is also carried on in the vicinity of Mesilla
+Valley, and near the Rio Grande. Many other mining operations are
+constantly being commenced; but the depredations of the Apache
+Indians have almost entirely snatched success from the
+hard-working miner, who, besides losing his all, is often
+massacred in some ferocious manner.
+ŒNo protection, either civil or military, is extended over the
+greater portion of Arizona. This checks the development of all
+her resources--not only to her own injury, but that of California
+and the Atlantic States--by withholding a market for their
+productions, and the bullion which she is fully able to supply to
+an extent corresponding to the labor employed in obtaining it.
+
+A. B. Gray, Esq., late U. S. Surveyor under the treaty of
+Guadalupe Hidalgo, for running the Mexican Boundary, and
+subsequently Exploring Engineer and Surveyor of the Southern
+Pacific Railroad, has probably seen more of the proposed
+Territory of Arizona than any other person, his statements in
+reference to that region, embodied in a report to the Hon., the
+Secretary of the Interior, from actual field reconnoissances six
+years ago, will be read with much interest, particularly as since
+then, repeated developments in that country have proved the
+correctness of his judgment; his opinions are, therefore, of much
+importance, as expressed in his able report. It will be
+recollected that this was then Mexican Territory. Colonel Gray
+says:
+
+"The public, I think have been misled by misrepresentations made
+in regard to the resources of the region of country lying along
+the Gila and upon the line proposed for a railroad at or near the
+parallel of 32 degrees north latitude. That portion of country
+east of the Rio Grande I can say but little of from personal
+observation, having been over but apart of the ground near the
+eastern division in Texas, and that in the vicinity of El Paso.
+At both these points, however, a fine country exists. Upon the
+Gila river grows cotton of the most superior kind. Its nature is
+not unlike that of the celebrated Sea Island cotton, possessing
+an equally fine texture, and, if anything, more of a silky fibre.
+The samples I procured at the Indian villages, from the rudely
+cultivated fields of the Pimas and Maricopas, have been spoken of
+as an extraordinary quality. Wheat, corn, and tobacco, together
+with beans, melons, etc., grow likewise upon the banks and in the
+valleys bordering the Gila and its tributaries. The sugar cane,
+too, I believe, will be found to thrive in this section of the
+country west of the Rio San Pedro. A sort of candied preserve and
+molasses, expressed from the fruit of the cereus giganteus and
+agave Americana was found by our party in 1851, as we passed
+through the Pinal Llano camps and among the Gila tribes, to be
+most acceptable. The candied preserve was a most excellent
+substitute for sugar. It is true that there are extensive wastes
+to be encountered west of the Rio Grande, yet they are not
+deserts of sand, but plains covered at certain seasons of the
+year with luxuriant grass, exhibiting green spots and springs not
+very remote from each other at all times. There is sufficient
+water in the Gila and its branches for all the purposes of
+irrigation when it is wanted, the streams being high during the
+season most needed. The Rio Salado, a tributary of the Gila, is a
+bold and far more beautiful river than the Gila itself, and, from
+the old ruins now seen there, must have had formerly a large
+settlement upon its banks. "To many persons merely travelling oremigrating across the country, with but one object in view, and
+that the reaching their destination on the Pacific, the country
+would generally present a barren aspect. But it will be
+recollected that the most productive fields in California, before
+American enterprise introduced the plough, and a different mode
+of cultivation from that of the natives of the country, presented
+somewhat similar appearance. Many believed, at first, from the
+cold and sterile look of the hills, and the parched appearance of
+the fields and valleys, over which the starving coyote is often
+seen prowling in search of something to subsist on, that
+California could never become an agricultural district, but must
+depend upon her other  resources for greatness, and trust to
+distant regions for the necessaries of life required for her
+increased population. It was natural enough, too, that this
+impression should be created in those accustomed to a different
+State of things, and particularly when it is considered that the
+very season of blossom and bloom of our Atlantic States was the
+winter of California; but these same fields and hills have a very
+different appearance in January, February, and March, clothed as
+they are in the brightest verdure and no one now will pretend to
+say that California does not possess within herself great
+agricultural as well as mineral wealth. This, I believe, will
+some day be the case with the country from the Rio Grande to the
+Gulf of California, adjacent to the Gila. Senate Ex. Doc. No. 55,
+33rd Congress, 2nd Session."
+
+ * * * * * * * *
+
+In speaking of the resources of this region for a railroad, in
+the same report, Gray says:
+
+"The valley of Mesilla, extending from about twelve miles above
+the true boundary of the treaty to the parallel of 32 degrees 22
+minutes north latitude, lies wholly within the disputed district,
+and is, for its extent, one of the most beautiful and fertile
+along the whole course of the Rio Grande. The town of Mesilla,
+only a few years old, contains several thousand people, and is a
+prosperous little place. It was not settled until after the
+cession of this territory to us by the treaty of Guadalupe
+Hidalgo. Portions of the valley are highly cultivated, and
+produce the grains and fruits of our most thriving States. In
+connexion with the land on the east side of the river, the valley
+of the Messilla is capable of sustaining a considerable
+population. It is situated centrally with regard to a large
+district of country of lesser agricultural capacity. The section
+of the Rio Grande in the vicinity of El Paso and the valley of
+Mesilla, is proverbial for the production of fine vegetables and
+fruits. Indeed, about El Paso, it is a complete garden with
+flourishing vineyards, equalling in excellence those of the most
+celebrated grape growing countries.
+
+"By a judicious disposition of military stations along this line,
+only a few troops would be required to protect the great northern
+frontier of Sonora and Chihuahua, and enable us to carry out thellth article of our late treaty with Mexico more effectually, and
+at the same time prevent any depredations which the Indians might
+be disposed to commit on the road. Soon after, the settlement of
+the country would make the presence of the military unnecessary,
+either for the safety of a railway of the security of the
+frontier. The strong holds of the Apaches, and their pathway to
+Mexico, would be cut off.
+
+"A wagon road established from the Gulf of California would
+enable supplies to be transported along this line at one-half of
+the present cost. The saving of one-third or more distance,
+through a comparatively unsettled country, in transportation is
+an important consideration in the construction of a railway, more
+especially when men and materials, to a great extent, must be
+brought from very remote points. The navigation of the Gulf of
+California is said to be very good. The trade-winds from the
+northwest, encountering the highlands of the peninsula of Lower
+California, and forming a counter current under its lee, enable
+sailing vessels to proceed advantageously along that coast.
+Returning, by keeping on the eastern aide, or along the shore of
+Sonora, they could avail themselves of the prevailing winds,
+which regain their usual direction after sweeping across the wide
+expanse of water. The trade of the Gulf, with its pearl fisheries
+and other resources, would be speedily developed.
+
+ * * * * * * * * 
+
+"The advantages of such a thoroughfare are obvious. Five years
+would hardly elapse before inestimable benefits would be
+realized; and, should war threaten our Pacific possessions, a few
+days would suffice to send from the Mississippi valley an army
+that would defy any force that the most formidable power could
+array against us. The fine cotton region of the Gila, the rich
+copper, silver, and gold mines of New Mexico and Sonora would be
+at once developed, bringing a vast district of country into
+cultivation which now presents a fruitless waste, owing to Indian
+depredations and the absence of means of communication and
+protection. Mexico has tried for a century past to insure safety
+to her inhabitants in this region, but notwithstanding the
+expense she has incurred in keeping up her garrisons, she has
+failed to afford them protection.
+
+"The deserted appearance of the country from El Paso to the
+Colorado is no criterion by which to judge of its value. The
+beautiful valley of San Xavier, or Santa Cruz, some two years ago
+when I passed through it, was entirely deserted. The once
+thriving towns of Tumacacori and Tubac had not the sign of a
+living soul about them except the recent moccasin track of the
+Apaches. The orchards and vineyards of the once highly cultivated
+fields and gardens bore the marks of gradual decay and
+destruction. The ranchos of Calabazas, of San Bernardino, and
+numerous other places on this frontier, presented the same
+melancholy aspect, the result of the inability of Mexico to
+protect this portion of territory from the inroads of thesavages. There are now but a few settlements throughout this
+district of country, but were it protected by a power that could
+and would defend it, what is now a waste in the hands of the
+savages might become a thriving country, with safety insured to
+its inhabitants." Senate Ex. Doc. No. 55, 33rd Congress, 2nd
+Sess.
+
+I quote the following language of Gray, from subsequent
+explorations made by him, three years after his first expedition,
+and contained in his report to the Southern Pacific Railroad
+Company. It was chiefly from the discoveries made by Gray, in
+this adventurous expedition, through regions unknown for many
+years past, between the Rio Grande and Gulf of California,
+together with the Gadsden Treaty, that induced parties at great
+expense to emigrate there, and commence working the vast mineral
+deposites, such as the Arabac silver mines, the Ajo copper
+mountain, and others, but which, through lack of proper
+protection and means of communication, have been greatly retarded
+in their development.
+
+After crossing the dividing ridge of the continent west of the
+Rio Grande, Gray thus alludes to the country:
+
+"There were large haciendas and fine cattle ranches in this
+neighborhood, until a war of extermination was declared by the
+Apaches against the Mexicans. Remains of the old San Pedro ranch
+are seen at this day; also the "Tres Alamos;" and the ruins of
+the hacienda of Babacomeri, whose walls and towers are still
+standing. These were among the wealthiest of Sonora in horses,
+cattle, sheep, etc., but it has been many years since. It is a
+fine grazing region, with wild cattle and mustangs constantly
+seen roaming over the plains. The district from San Pedro to
+Santa Cruz valley, nearly due west from our present crossing
+(latitude 31 degrees 34 minutes), will be to the Pacific slope
+what the region of Fort Chadbourne, in Texas, will be to the
+Atlantic. The mountains and hills are covered with splendid
+timber of the largest size, and for all purposes; and the valleys
+are full of springs, and the finest grass. To Tubac, a town in
+the valley of Santa Cruz, it is 69 miles. This is by following
+the San Pedro about a league, passing over a few insignificant
+spurs, and ascending the Rio Babacomeri; thence continuing
+westward by a gradual rise over delightful plains to the divide
+between that and the Sonoita or Clover creek, and along the
+latter, until it loses itself in the porous earth, a mile from
+the Santa Cruz river, and by the broad valley of that stream to
+Tubac."
+
+ * * * * * * * *
+
+Of the line of Gray's exploration from the Rio San Pedro, he
+says:
+
+"It passes through the most desirable region, with the hills and
+mountains for forty miles, containing inexhaustible quantities oftimber. We noticed tall cedar and oaks of every description; one
+kind more interesting than the others, being a white oak from
+twenty to forty feet in the body. Pine and spruce, with superior
+white ash and walnut, were found, and the most gigantic
+cotton-woods, particularly on the Sonoita. * * * * "The mountains
+in the neighborhood are filled with minerals, and the precious
+metals are said to abound. The famous Planchas de Plata and
+Arizona silver mines, which the Count Raouset de Boulbon
+attempted to take possession of, are in this section of country,
+not many miles below the present limits, and at several of the
+old ranchos and deserted mining villages which we visited, were
+found the argentiferous galena ore and gold. The Sierra Santa
+Rita runs along to the east of the Santa Cruz valley, and forms a
+part of this interesting region. It is very high and bold, filled
+with fertile valleys and flowing rivulets, and covered with a
+dense growth of timber. I saw much of this district, when here in
+1851, on the survey of the boundry."
+
+ * * * * * * * *
+
+The country bordering immediately the head of the Gulf of
+California, through which Gray was probably the first to
+penetrate, lies adjacent to the proposed Arizona Territory, but
+not a part of the same, being a portion of the State of Sonora.İŞHe thus describes that section:
+
+"The Indians represent rich Placers existing throughout this
+region, and large numbers of them had lately come in with
+considerable quantities of the dust. They were trading it for
+trifles to the Mexicans. I got some specimens of it which was the
+same as the California Gold. This was not the time of year (June)
+for them to work the mines, but in the fall, after the rain has
+commenced. The greatest drawback to the profitable working of the
+Placers of this district, is the scarcity of water. If artesian
+wells succeed, there is little doubt that it will create an
+important change. West from Tuseon and Tubac, towards the Gulf of
+California, the country presents more the appearance of a barren
+waste or desert than any district I have seen. It nevertheless
+has occasional oases, with fine grazing lands about them, and the
+mountains, which are more broken and detached, have distinct
+marks of volcanic origin. The ranges though short, have generally
+the same parallel direction as those further east. It is the
+country of the Papago Indians, a peaceful and friendly tribe,
+extending down to the Gulf coast, where they are mixed up
+somewhat with the Cocopas of the Colorado. From Sonoita I
+explored to the Gulf shore, near the mouth of Adair Bay. It was
+62 miles, following a dry arroya most of the way, and the point
+at which I struck the Gulf was in latitude 31 degrees 36 minutes
+34 minutes. The "Bay" is about 15 miles across, and from all I
+could learn, 15 miles long, and represented as having four
+fathoms of water. It is completely encircled by a range of sand
+hills, reaching north-west to the Colorado river and south-east
+as far as the eye could discover. These "sables" are probably
+eighty or ninety miles in extent, by five to tenbroad.
+
+"Notwithstanding it appears to be the most desolate and
+forlorn-looking spot for eighty miles around the head of the
+Gulf, the sand hills looking like a terrible desert, nature seems
+even here, where no rain had fallen for eight months, to have
+provided for the sustenance of man, one of the most nutritious
+and palatable vegetables.
+
+"East of the Tinaja Alta or high tank range, lie the famous
+Sierras del Ajo, now United States territory. These mountains
+derive their name from the vast deposits of red oxide and green
+carbonate of copper found about them, and which the Indians have
+made use of to paint (ajo) themselves with. The mines are
+unquestionably of great value, and must become important, more
+particularly from their being situated in the neighborhood of the
+contemplated railway. The tall Cereus Giganteus and Agave
+Americana are found in abundance. From the latter plant the
+natives make the pulque, mezcal and agua-diente; and the petahaya
+or cereus, produces a fruit from which is made a very pleasant
+preserve. At the Pimo and Maricopa villages are found wheat,
+corn, tobaco, and cotton, besides melons, pumpkins, beans, etc.
+The nature of the soil for great distances in the Gila valley is
+of a reddish loam; some parts coated with a beautiful
+crystallization of salt, a quarter to half an inch thick. This
+seems to be more particularly the case below the Maricopa
+villages and toward the Rio Salado. The cotton, of which I
+procured specimens, though cultivated by the Indians in the most
+primitive manner, exhibited a texture not unlike the celebrated
+Sea Island cotton. Its fibre is exceedingly soft and silky, but
+not of the longest staple. Large tracts of land on the Gila and
+in other portions of this district, appear to possess the same
+properties of soil; and where, I have no doubt, the finest cotton
+will soon be extensively raised and brought to its highest state
+of perfection by proper cultivation."
+
+The climate is thus referred to by Gray:
+
+"One of the most favorable features upon the route in the
+vicinity of the 32nd degree proposed for the Pacific railway is,
+its accessibility at all times, admitting of labor being
+performed in the open air at each season. The nature of the
+climate through Texas to the Rio Grande has already been referred
+to, and from thence to the Santa Cruz valley half way to the
+Colorado, over the elevated plateau of the Sierra Madra, it is
+equally salubrious and temperate. The rainy season falls in the
+summer months, and but seldom is snow seen even upon the mountain
+tops. Towards the Colorado river it is much drier and more
+torrid, but by no means unhealthy; nor does it prevent out door
+work the whole of the day during the heated term of summer.
+
+"The great riches of the country, however, are a total waste at
+the present time, but which the Pacific railroad will at once
+develop, and make to itself the foundation of a vast revenue. Irefer to its metallic wealth, the silver, gold, and copper mines
+that abound in almost every mountain and valley, between the Rio
+Grande and the Gulf of California.
+
+"The ores of Chihuahua and Sonora [now Arizona. S. M.] are
+chiefly sulphuret (lead or iron), or native silver in porphyritic
+or stratified limestone rocks passing at greater depths into
+igneous rocks. From loose piles lying upon the surface and
+evidently picked over, I procured specimens of silvier and
+copper. Three samples representing points on the line of our
+exploration about equi-distant from each other, viz.: the Rio
+Grande, the neighborhood of Tubac, and within 90 miles of the
+junction of the Gila and Colorado rivers, were submitted to Dr.
+I. K. Chilton, of New York, for analysis. He found in one sample
+of lead ore (argentiferous galena), by fire assay 71 per cent. of
+lead, and the "LEAD YIELDED SILVER EQUIVALENT to 128 ounces, 1
+dwt. to the ton" (of 2000 pounds).
+
+"In another, he found the lead obtained from it to yield silver
+in the proportion of 72 ounces 5 dwts. to the ton or 2000 pounds.
+
+"The copper specimen was the red oxide, and yielded as follows:
+
+   Copper,............ 71.80
+   Iron,............... 7.84
+   Oxygen,.............12.34
+   Silicia, Alumina,....8.02
+                      ------
+                     100 parts.
+
+"The Papagos and Pimas Indians, by proper management, might be
+made very useful, in working upon the road where there is not
+much rock excavation. They are unlike the Indians of Texas, or
+the Apaches, living in villages and cultivating the soil, besides
+manufacturing blankets, baskets, pottery, etc. Quiet and
+peaceable, they have no fears except from their enemies, the
+Apaches, and are very industrious, much more so than the lower
+order of Mexicans, and live far more comfortably. It is
+astonishing with what precision they construct their
+acequias--irrigating canals--some of them, the acequias madre, of
+very large size, and without the use of levelling apparatus, but
+simply by the eye. Their gardens and farms too are regularly
+ditched and fenced off into rectangles and circles, with hedges
+and trees planted as if done by more enlightened people."
+
+The population of the new Territory of Arizona is at present not
+far from eight thousand, and is rapidly increasing. The Mesilla
+Valley and the Rio Grande are probably the most thickly
+populated, containing about five thousand people. A majority of
+the Mesilla inhabitants are Mexicans, but they will be controlled
+by the American residents, whose number and influence is
+constantly on the increase. The Santa Cruz Valley, in which are
+situated the towns of Tueson, Tubac, Tumacacari, and the mining
+settlement of Sopori and others, is, next to Mesilla, the mostthickly settled. Tueson was formerly a town of three thousand
+inhabitants; but the majority have been driven off by the Apache
+Indians. It is fast becoming a thriving American town, and will
+before long be a place of more importance than ever before. Real
+estate is already held at high rates, and the erection of
+buildings shows that American energy is about to change the face
+of the last half century. Tubac had been completely deserted by
+the Mexicans. It has been reoccupied by the Sonora Exploring and
+Mining Company, and now boasts a population of several hundred.
+The Calabazas valley is also fast filling up with an American
+population, and another year will see the whole centre of the
+Territory dotted with settlements. Many of the fine claims on the
+San Pedro River have already been located by emigrants under the
+general pre-emption law, but until protection is afforded to the
+settlers, but little progress will be made in agricultural
+pursuits. The Apache Indian regards the soil as his own, and
+having expelled the Spanish and Mexican invader, he feels little
+inclination to submit to the American. A small settlement of
+Americans is growing up at Colorado city, opposite Fort Yuma, at
+the junction of the Gila and Colorado rivers. This point is
+destined to be one of great commercial and pecuniary importance.
+Situated at the present head of navigation, at the point where
+the overland mail route crosses the Colorado, and where the
+Southern Pacific Railroad must bridge the stream, it is a
+necessary stopping place for all travel across the country. Here
+are transhipped all the ores coming from the Territory, which
+find their way to market down the Colorado to the Gulf of
+California, thence by steamer or sailing vessel to their
+destination. Here all supplies of merchandise for the Territory
+are landed, and from this point forwarded to their various
+owners. A thriving commerce has already sprung up between Arizona
+and San Francisco. In almost any daily paper in San Francisco may
+be seen vessels advertised for the mouth of the Colorado. Two
+steamers find active employment in transporting government stores
+from the head of the Gulf of California to Fort Yuma, and goods
+to Colorado city for the merchants of Tueson, Tubac, Calabazas,
+and for the mining companies. Should the exploration of the Upper
+Colorado by Lieutenant Ives, United States Army, now in progress,
+prove successful, Colorado city will become still more important,
+as the surplus products of the rich valleys of New Mexico, Utah,
+and California to the north, will all find a market down the
+Colorado. Property in this new city is held at high rates, and by
+the last San Francisco News Letter is quoted at an advance. The
+population of Arizona Territory has much increased within a few
+months by emigration from California. The massacre of Henry A.
+Crabbe and his party by the Mexicans at Cavorca created a desire
+for revenge throughout all California. Companies have been
+formed, and large parties are settling in Arizona, near the
+Mexican line, with the ulterior object of overrunning Sonora, and
+revenging the tragedy in which was shed some of the best blood of
+the State. The appropriation by the last Congress of two hundred
+thousand dollars for the construction of a wagon road from El
+Paso to Fort Yuma, and the two mail contracts, semi-monthly and
+semi-weekly, which involve an expenditure of nine hundredthousand dollars per annum, will afford employment to a host of
+people, and draw at once to the neighborhood of the route an
+active and energetic population. The new wagon and mail route
+traverses the Territory of Arizona throughout its entire length.
+Along the mail route, at intervals, military posts will be
+established. These and the necessary grazing stations will create
+points around which settlements will at once grow up, and the
+country, now bare, will show everywhere thriving villages. The
+Southern Pacific Railroad, which will be built because it is
+necessary to the country, will find its way easily through
+Arizona.
+
+It is no exaggeration to say that the mining companies, in their
+own interest, will be forced to subscribe enough to the stock of
+the company to insure its success. The Arizona Copper Mining
+Company is now paying $100 per ton for the transportation of its
+ores from the mines to Colorado city. One year's freight money at
+this rate would build many miles of the road. The silver mining
+companies will be only too glad to get their ores to market at so
+cheap a rate, as their proportion of the subscription to the
+railroad. Iron and coal are both found in the Territory,--the
+former especially in great abundance. Texas has guaranteed the
+road to El Paso, by her generous legislation; Arizona will build
+it, with her mineral wealth, to Fort Yuma, the eastern boundary
+of California, and California will do the rest. The first
+terminus of the Southern Pacific Railroad will doubt less be on
+the Gulf of California, at the Island of Tiburon, or more
+probably Guyamas. A steam ferry across the Gulf, a short railroad
+across the peninsula of Lower California to a secure harbor on
+the Pacific, (where a steamer will take passengers and freight in
+four days to San Francisco,) is the most natural course of this
+route. In view of this probability, all the available points for
+such a terminus on the Gulf have been, or are in progress of
+being, secured by capitalists, either by obtaining grants from
+the Mexican Government, or by purchase from private individuals.
+Already Guyamas is owned in great part by English and American
+capitalists. A port on the Gulf of California is necessary to our
+Pacific possessions, and must be ours sooner or later. The longer
+it is delayed, the worse for American progress on the Pacific.
+Arizona needs it at once, as a depot for the export of her ores,
+and for the import of goods for the supply of her population.
+
+The Mormon war has closed for years the great emigrant road to
+California and Oregon, over the South Pass and Salt Lake valley,
+leaving open only the route along the 32d parallel of latitude,
+through Arizona. This route is by far the most practicable at all
+seasons of the year, and the closing of the South Pass route by
+the Mormon difficulty is an additional and urgent argument in
+favor of the early organization of this Territory. Fifty thousand
+souls will move towards the Pacific early in the spring, if the
+route is opened to a secure passage.
+
+The present condition of Arizona Territory is deplorable in the
+extreme. Throughout the whole country there is no redress forcrimes or civil injuries-İno courts, no law, no magistrates. The
+Territory of New Mexico, to which it is attached by an act of
+Congress, affords it neither protection nor sustenance. The
+following extracts from letters received by the writer tell the
+story of the necessity for early action on the part of Congress,
+in urgent terms.
+
+
+TUBAC, GADSDEN PURCHASE, August 15, 1857.
+
+Affairs in the Territory have not improved. A party of Americans
+(our countrymen) had made an "excursion" into Sonora, captured a
+train of mules, and killed several Mexicans. Upon their return to
+the Territory with their ill-gotten booty, the citizens formed a
+company and took the property away from them, and returned it to
+the owners in Magdalena, [a town of SonoraİİEd.] and delivered
+the robbers up to Major Steen, commanding first dragoons, to be
+held in custody until Courts should be organized. They have again
+been turned loose upon the community. In justice to Major
+Fitzgerald I must say he was in favor of retaining them in
+custody, and has generally maintained favoring law and order in
+the Territory, but as he is only second in command he has no
+absolute authority.
+
+We have no remedy but to follow the example so wide spread in the
+Union, and form a "Vigilance Committee"--contrary to all good
+morals, law, order, and society. Can you do nothing to induce the
+government to establish authority and law in this country, and
+avert this unhappy alternative?
+
+It is not desired by any good citizens, and tends to anarchy and
+mobocracy, causing disloyalty in our own citizens and bringing
+the reproach of foreigners upon our republican institutions. It
+is impossible to progress in developing the resources of the
+country under this state of affairs. The greatest objection the
+capitalists of San Francisco have to aiding me in the development
+of silver mines, is the insecurity of property, want of
+protection from government, and general distrust of fair and
+honest legislation.
+
+They have no confidence that the guarantees of the GADSDEN TREATY
+will be respected by the United States, in regard to land titles
+under the Mexican government.
+
+The silver ore brought to San Francisco from our mines, has been
+tested by a dozen different officers, in as many different ways,
+and no result falls BELOW FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS PER TON OF ORE.
+
+Senator Gwin goes on to Washington soon, and will corroborate my
+statements. He has a piece of the silver, the first smelted in
+San Francisco, showing $8,735 20--EIGHT THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED
+AND THIRTY-FIVE 20-100 DOLLARS PER TON OF ORE. Mr. Dunbar is
+getting the petition to Congress signed--and moving in the
+affairs of the Territory in connection with Mr. Ehrenberg and ourfriends--but the government came near "crushing us out" by
+sending a Custom House Collector to consume and destroy what
+little we had saved from the Apaches. Can nothing be done to rid
+us of a Custom House? It is no protection. The Territory (as yet)
+produces nothing but minerals--and we have to pay duty upon every
+article of consumption. This is a very onerous tax upon our first
+feeble efforts to develop the resources of this remote and
+unprotected country.
+
+ Very truly yours,  C. D. Poston.
+
+ To Lieut. Mowry, U. S. A., Washington, D. C.
+
+"We are living without the protection of law or the ameliorations
+of society. New Mexico affords us no protection. We have not even
+received an order for election. Every one goes armed to the
+teeth, and a difficulty is sure to prove fatal. In this state of
+affairs it is impossible to hold a convention."
+
+
+Tueson, Oct. 1, 1857.
+
+We are pleased to hear that the prospect for Arizona is so
+bright. If you should succeed in getting a separate organization
+for Arizona, you will lay the people under many obligations to
+you. You have no doubt received many petitions for Congress, and
+also your certificate of election as delegate for this purchase.
+You received the entire vote; there was no difference of opinion
+among the voters.
+
+ Your ob't serv't, J. A. Douglas.
+
+ Lt. Mowry, U. S. A. Tueson, Oct. 25, 1857.
+
+
+I send you the last petition from the Territory. The work is now
+in your hands, and we say, God speed it.
+
+ G. H. Oury.
+
+
+Tueson, Arizona Territory, Oct. 17, 1857.
+
+Every thing begins to look up in the Territory notwithstanding
+the difficulties we labor under. The Indians the other day came
+within eight hundred yards of Fort Buchanan and remained some
+time, and when they left carried off with them all the horses and
+mules in the valley for six or eight miles below. Try your hand
+in this matter of our Territory, and see if some change cannot be
+wrought to some benefit--we need it greatly.
+
+ Very truly yours, G. H. Oury.
+
+ŒTueson, Oct. 2, 1857.
+
+We have heard from Mesilla and they fully concur with us in all
+we have done, showing that you are the person chosen to act for
+them and to represent their interest in this matter. The people
+here are very much elated at the turn things are taking, and
+every one seems to be highly pleased with the course you have
+pursued. An election was held on the first Monday in September,
+at which you received all the votes given, and a certificate of
+your election, signed by the judges and clerks, has been
+forwarded to you. The country is being settled very fast, and
+there is somewhat of a stir to obtain cultivated lands. The lands
+already under cultivation are now fifty per cent. higher than a
+short time back. The great misfortune we labor under is want of
+protection. Thousands and thousands of acres of land, as rich and
+fertile as any on the face of the globe, lie idle and useless
+because they are not protected from the Apaches. We want only one
+thing besides the Territorial organization, and that is
+PROTECTION.
+
+ Very truly yours, S. Warner.
+
+
+Oct. 8, 1857.
+
+The guerilla warfare on the Sonora frontier continues with
+increased aggravation. We look for the happiest result from the
+exploration of this interesting region of the Colorado, about to
+be explored by Lieut. Ives, U. S. A. The ores from the
+Heintzelman mine took the premium at the mechanics' fair in San
+Francisco, just closed, where the ores from California and the
+western coast were on exhibition. So, Arizona leads California,
+the great mineral State.
+
+All we need is good government and honest, liberal legislation to
+make Arizona equal in production of precious metals, if not
+exceed, California.
+
+ Yours truly, C. D. Poston.  Lt. Mowry, U. S. A.
+
+
+Fort Yuma, June 2, 1857.
+
+News has just come in from the Arizona which represent an awful
+state of affairs. During the time Mr. Belknap was below at Sonora
+it was unsafe for him to go out unless accompanied by his friend,
+Don Gaudaloupe Orosco, and even then it was very dangerous. No
+news from Sonora nor even an arrival for the last twenty days.
+God knows what is going on; though of one thing we are
+certain--no American, never mind whatsoever he may be, can go
+into Sonora, with or without a passport.
+
+ Very sincerely yours, P. R. Brady.
+ŒAug. 5, 1850.
+
+The condition of the purchase has been extremely bad since the
+unfortunate and injudicious expedition of Crabbe into Sonora, and
+at the present time is but little better than a field of guerilla
+warfare, robbery and plunder.
+
+The exasperated state of feeling between the Mexicans and
+Americans prevents intercourse and commerce, upon which the
+Territory is dependent. Americans are afraid to venture into
+Sonora for supplies, and Mexicans afraid to venture over the
+line. Americans who had nothing to do with the fillibustering
+invasion have been treated badly in Sonora and driven out of the
+country, and Mexicans coming into the purchase with supplies and
+animals have been robbed and plundered by the returned
+fillibusters.
+
+The Americans in the Territory are by no means harmonious on
+these subjects--some in favor of filibustering and others opposed
+to it; some in favor of murdering and robbing Mexicans wherever
+found, and others opposed to it.
+
+It results that we are in a state of anarchy, and there is no
+government, no protection to life, property, or business; no law
+and no self-respect or morality among the people. We are living
+in a perfect state of nature, without the restraining influence
+of civil or military law, or the amelioration of society.
+
+There have not been many conflicts and murders, because every man
+goes armed to the teeth, and a difficulty is always fatal on one
+side or the other. In the midst of all this, the Government has
+blessed us with a custom house at Calabazos to collect duties
+upon the necessaries of life which, by chance and "running the
+gauntlet," we may get from Sonora.
+
+God send that we had been left alone with the Apaches. We should
+have been a thousand times better off in every respect.
+
+In this state of affairs it is scarcely to be expected that the
+people will meet together in a convention; there was no
+arrangement for that purpose up to the time of my leaving, and
+none could be made.
+
+We have never had any orders of election from Santa Fe, nor heard
+of any convention.
+
+Yours truly, C. D. Poston.
+
+
+Major Fitzgerald, U. S. A., whose long experience on the Pacific
+coast makes his opinion very valuable, in a letter dated Fort
+Buchanan, Arizona, Sept. 17th, 1854, says:
+
+"The citizens of this country are very desirous of a territorialorganization, with its courts, &c. Murders are committed and
+stock is stolen by white men with impunity. There is no court
+nearer than the Rio Grande (300 miles) to take cognizance of
+crime. Some few of the emigrants of this year have remained in
+the Santa Cruz valley. More would have done so, no doubt, if they
+had not started from the States originally with stock for the
+California market.
+
+The country around us is now beautiful. It has been raining
+almost daily since the 1st of July, and the vegetation is most
+luxuriant. Many of the Mexican citizens come over the line for
+purposes of trade, bringing flour, fruit, and leather. If there
+was no custom house at Calabazas, these articles could be had
+very cheaply.
+
+We have very excellent gardens, and plenty of vegetables. There
+is said to be a good deal of cultivable land on the upper Gila,
+and if a territory is created, it should embrace this. This would
+also include a large part of the Colorado valley above the
+junction of the Gila. That you may succeed in your wishes with
+regard to Arizona, is the sincere desire of
+
+ Your friend and obliged serv't, E. H. Fitzgerald."
+
+ Lt. Mowry, U. S. A.
+
+
+A subsequent letter from Major Fitzgerald dated Oct. 1st, says
+Tueson contains rising five hundred inhabitants, the remainder of
+the Santa Cruz altogether enough to make considerable over a
+thousand, independent of the population towards and upon the Gila
+and Colorado, of which he remarks,
+
+"You know more than I." "There is not a doubt but that upon the
+location of the mail route, there will be a considerable
+emigration to this country, and if a portion of Sonora be
+organized, large numbers will come both from the East and West.
+The country is an excellent one for stock of all kinds, of which
+there were great numbers where the Apaches were gathered under
+the wing of the Catholic church. The valleys of Santa Cruz, San
+Pedro, and Upper Gila, and also that of Messilla, contain large
+bodies of productive lands, and all the cereals grow luxuriantly
+therein. THAT THERE IS MUCH SILVER IN THE TERRITORY THERE IS NO
+DOUBT, but it requires capital to develop it. As yet but little
+progress has been made in mining. Evidences of old works are seen
+on many of the water courses, but operations have not yet been
+recommenced, except at Arizona, Sopori, and Ariaola, principally
+because the country is very partially settled, and it is not safe
+to be at any distance from the mass of the population, and the
+troops. Copper ore is found in many localities, but little gold
+is yet discovered. If the road from El Paso to Fort Yuma be
+located by Parke's route, as many suppose, A FINE COUNTRY WILL BE
+OPENED on the Gila and Lower San Pedro, which will produce ample
+supplies. The Territory presents no difficulties of importance tothe successful establishment of the road. Frequent stations and
+PROPER PROTECTION ARE ONLY REQUISITE TO ENSURE SUCCESS AS
+COMPLETELY AS THE MOST SANGUINE ANTICIPATE. Should Sonora, or
+even a portion of it be organized, this will be one of the most
+pleasant localities of our country. A delightful climate, plenty
+of fine fruit, facility of supply by a port on the Pacific,
+semi-weekly mails from the east and west,--are only some of the
+attractions which it would possess.
+
+Sonora is quiet. Many of the wealthy men there are in favor of
+annexation, it is said, but they have to keep silent on the
+subject for fear of noisy patriots, who would proclaim them
+traitors at once, if they made a parade of their inclinations.
+The San Antonio and San Deigo mail passes through Tueson once a
+fortnight, and seems to have met with no important obstacle yet.
+A drove of mules accompanies it, which are harnessed in turn.
+When regular stations are established its speed will be much
+increased. My last letter was not written with a view of the use
+being made of it you mentioned, yet if it answers a good purpose,
+I have no objection. It was but a careless note, but its contents
+were truths, nevertheless." (This note demonstrated the facility
+of supply for the Territory from the Pacific.)
+  "Most truly your friend,
+  (Signed,) E. H. Fitzgerald."
+
+
+Tubac, Gadsden's Purchase, 22d Oct., 1857.
+
+"We have of late been seriously annoyed by the Apaches. Nearly
+all the animals belonging to the citizens residing around Fort
+Buchanan have been driven off by the Apaches. They are very
+impudent, and commit their depredations in broad day-light, talk
+to the people while they are driving off the animals, and always
+escape without being molested.
+
+The other day they came within 800 yards of the Fort and looked
+down upon it.
+
+In order to bring them to terms the Government ought to enlist
+1000 Pinos and Papagos to accompany the military. Indians are the
+only persons who can successfully traverse these mountains and
+hunt up their hiding places. If this is not done, they will
+surely break up our settlements here. Forts ought to be
+established in the very heart of the Apache country, in the
+places fit, and used by them for cultivation. If this is done we
+will soon bring them to terms.
+
+Until now, our mining establishments have not been molested by
+them, and we are going on in high glee. This is undoubtedly the
+richest silver mining country in the world. If the United States
+will make just and liberal laws for us; give us protection;
+remove those trifling and unprofitable custom houses on the
+frontier, at least for 5 or 6 years; procure us a transit through
+Sonora to Guaymas, and hasten along the rail-road to California,this will indeed be a prosperous country, and will astonish the
+world with its production of silver and copper. But with such
+terrible obstacles as those mentioned above and the great length
+of transit to transport goods over the roads which we have to
+take at present, progress only is possible for such as find mines
+of the extraordinary and incredible richness of the Heintzelman
+vein. If the present promises of few of these mines are realized,
+by working them on a scale commensurate with their extent and
+richness, I have no doubt but that they will equal in production
+the whole silver exports of Mexico.
+
+I think an appropriation ought to be made to sink artesian wells
+through the Papagos country, between San Xavier and the lower
+Gila. This route cuts off about 100 miles from the best route via
+the Pinos villages. It is laid down on my map, as a rail-road
+route, now at the office of the Sonora Exploring and Mining
+Company, at Cincinnati, Ohio.
+
+The country consists of a succession of plains and isolated
+mountain ridges, none of which need to be crossed. In fact it is
+a dead level to Fort Yuma, and, in consequence, no grading is
+necessary. There is scarcity of water, but the soil in general is
+excellent and grass abounds all along the line, while the
+mountains teem with minerals of the richest description. The
+oxides and the sulphurets of copper are the most beautiful and
+richest in the world. Silver undoubtedly exists of equal
+richness.
+
+All the foothills contain gold, but I hardly think it will be
+extracted by the whites, as the localities are devoid of water,
+and they are not probably rich enough to pay without sluicing on
+an extensive scale."
+
+I am, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient servant,
+ Herman Ehrenberg.
+
+ To Lieut. S. Mowry, U. S. A.,
+ Delegate elect from Arizona,
+ Washington, D. C.
+
+
+The only comment the writer has to make upon these statements is,
+that two years' residence among and acquaintance with the people
+of Arizona, has convinced him of their absolute truth. At the
+last session of Congress a petition was presented, praying for a
+separate Territorial organization. The necessity for some
+legislation was admitted by both Senate and House; and bills
+creating a separate judicial district and land offices, passed
+both Houses, but owing to some minor differences and the lateness
+of the session, the bills failed to become a law.
+
+With an increased population and prolonged grievances, the people
+of Arizona are again about to present themselves as supplicants
+for that right inherent in the American heart--the right of selfgovernment--and of protection under the law. Their petition sets
+forth in brief, plain terms, their situation and necessities, and
+prays simply for a separation from New Mexico and a Territorial
+organization under the name of Arizona. As a matter of necessity
+for the successful carriage of the mail across the country, this
+Territorial organization is imperative. No contract for labor or
+supplies can be enforced in the present condition of the country.
+Courts of law must be established, with officers to enforce their
+mandates, or the contractors will be utterly unable to carry out
+their contract.
+
+The great necessity of a safe and speedy overland communication
+with the Pacific, has directed public attention to the
+organization of Arizona as a separate Territory, and the desired
+legislation has received the unanimous endorsement of the press
+of the whole country. Petitions with thousands of signatures from
+leading citizens of the majority of the states of the Union, will
+be presented to Congress asking for the immediate organization of
+the new Territory as the best means to at once open a highway to
+the Pacific; and so important has this view of the question been
+deemed as to call from the President of the United States a
+recommendation in his message to Congress. No opposition has been
+made to the most just prayer of the people of Arizona, and it is
+believed that none will be made, unless it comes from New Mexico.
+It must be born in mind that the Gadsden Purchase was not
+originally an integral part of New Mexico; that it was acquired
+years after the treaty of Gaudaloupe Hidalgo, and was only
+attached to the territory of New Mexico as a temporary expedient.
+It must also be remembered that the Gadsden Purchase, with the
+portion of New Mexico which it is proposed to include within the
+limits of the territory of Arizona, is separated from New Mexico
+proper by natural boundries; that it derives no benefit from the
+present connection, and that any opposition to the desired
+legislation arises from the Mexican population, which fears the
+influence of a large American emigration. Moreover, that New
+Mexico contains upwards of 200,000 square miles, and that its
+organic act provides for its partition; showing clearly that
+Congress anticipated, at no remote day, the settlement of the
+country by an American population, and its erection into several
+territories and states. The only effect of the present connection
+of Arizona with New Mexico is to crush out the voice and
+sentiment of the American people in the territory; and years of
+emigration, under present auspices, would not serve to
+counterbalance or equal the influence of the 60,000 Mexican
+residents of New Mexico. New Mexico has never encouraged American
+population. She is thoroughly Mexican in sentiment, and desires
+to remain so.
+
+As a matter of State policy, the organization of Arizona is of
+the first importance. Situated between New Mexico and Sonora, it
+is possible now to make it a thoroughly American State, which
+will constantly exert its influence in both directions, to
+nationalize the other two. New Mexico is at present thoroughly
+Mexican in its character and vote. Sonora, if we acquire it atonce, will be the same. By separating Arizona from it, and
+encouraging an American emigration, it will become "the leaven
+which shall leaven the whole lump." By allowing it to remain
+attached to New Mexico, or by attaching it to Sonora when
+acquired, the American influence will be swallowed up in the
+great preponderance of the Mexican vote. The Apache Indian is
+preparing Sonora for the rule of a higher civilization than the
+Mexican. In the past half century, the Mexican element has
+disappeared from what is now called Arizona, before the
+devastating career of the Apache. It is every day retreating
+further South, leaving to us, when it is ripe for our possession,
+the territory without the population.
+
+The incentives to emigration to Arizona, in addition to the charm
+which the discovery of mineral wealth carries to every mind, are
+very great. The writer, in an extended tour through the Southern
+States, found many people, mostly young men of moderate means,
+ready and anxious to emigrate. The movement is still stronger in
+Southwestern States, and already many a train of wagons is on its
+way. It will have no end for years, for so mild and healthy is
+the climate that emigration is practicable at all seasons. Snow
+never lies on the soil, and frost is almost unknown. The
+contracts already authorized by Congress involve the expenditure
+of six millions of dollars in the next six years; the troops in
+the Territory will cost as much more. Here is enough money in
+hard sub-treasury coin, to draw a large population, independent
+of other considerations. All ready in many places the
+enterprising merchant exposes his stock of goods only two months
+from San Francisco, but he does it with the prayer that the
+Apache may pass him by, and too often he sees his hard-earned
+profits disappear before the Indian's successful foray.
+
+The establishment of a firm government in Arizona will extend the
+protection of the United States over American citizens resident
+in the adjoining Mexican provinces. This protection is most
+urgently demanded. Englishmen in Sonora enjoy not only perfect
+immunity in the pursuit of business, but also encouragement.
+Americans are robbed openly by Mexican officials, insulted,
+thrown into prison, and sometimes put to death. No redress is
+ever demanded or received. This state of things has so long
+existed that the name of American has become a byword and a
+reproach in northern Mexico, and the people of that frontier
+believe that we have neither the power nor the inclination to
+protect our own citizens. The influence of a Territorial
+government, with the tide of American emigration which will
+surely follow it, must entirely change the tone and temper of
+these Mexican States.
+
+The population of Arizona to-day, exceeds that of Washington
+Territory, and is far greater than was that of Minnesota, Kansas
+or Nebraska, at the time of their organization. An election for a
+Delegate has been held, at which several hundred votes were
+polled, and the writer returned without opposition. The unsettled
+and dangerous condition of the country prevented a conventionbeing held, but letters have been received from all parts of the
+Territory, expressing a hearty concurrence in the election on the
+part of those unable to vote, and an earnest desire for the
+Territorial organization.
+
+A number of gentlemen at present in Washington, can testify from
+actual observation, to the truth of the statements here made in
+reference to Arizona--among them I am permitted to name General
+Anderson, late U. S. Senator from Tennessee, who almost alone,
+with rare perseverance and courage, explored, in 1850, the whole
+length of the Territory, Major Heintzelman, U. S. A., whose long
+station at Fort Yuma made him acquainted with the resources of
+the country, and who has shown at once his intelligence and
+foresight and his faith in the prospective wealth of the silver
+region, by large investments of capital, Col. A. B. Gray, late U.
+S. Surveyor of the Mexican Boundary line, I. Smith McMicken,
+Esq., whose residence for many years on the Mexican frontier has
+entitled his opinion to some weight, and A. H. Campbell, Esq.,
+Superintendent of Wagon Roads, whose information is full and
+reliable. To these names it may not be improper to add that of
+the writer, who has for two years past, while residing at the
+junction of the Gila and Colorado Rivers, made the new Territory
+and its resources, an object of constant observation and study,
+and whose experience on the Pacific coast, and in the frontier
+Territories, and on the route across the continent, during the
+past five years, has enabled him to speak understandingly of the
+capabilities and necessities of a new country, and of a frontier
+people.
+
+In five years a great State may be built upon this remote
+frontier, and a population gathered, such as will, when we make
+further acquisition of territory, spread at once over it,
+diffusing national sentiment and extending the area of American
+principles.
+
+Aside from these considerations, justice and humanity,
+imperatively demand that Congress shall bear and at once answer
+the prayer of the people of Arizona for protection. If these
+considerations fail, then they offer INTEREST; for the
+organization of the Territory is the guarantee of a supply of
+silver, which will create as great a revolution in the commercial
+world as has the gold of California. Arizona will be known as the
+silver State, and the prediction of Humboldt, that the balance
+between gold and silver, destroyed by the California discoveries,
+would one day be restored, will be made good, from the resources
+of the Gadsden purchase.
+
+
+TO THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED:
+
+The undersigned, your humble petitioners, citizens of the United
+States, and residents of the Territory known as the Gadsden
+Purchase, respectfully represent:
+ŒThat since the annexation of their Territory to the United
+States, they have been totally unprotected from Indian
+depredations and civil crimes.
+
+That the protection of the Mexican Government has been with
+drawn, and that it has not been replaced by any visible
+protection from the United States.
+
+That the annexation of the Purchase to New Mexico, carried with
+it no protection for life or property.
+
+That the present force of United States troops, four companies of
+dragoons, reduced by desertion and death to about one half, is
+entirely inadequate to protect us against the depredations of the
+Apaches.
+
+That many of your petitioners have expended their time and means
+in opening and prospecting rich mines of Copper and Silver, and
+have been driven from them by the Indians--losing their all, and
+also many valuable lives.
+
+That the Territory is immensely rich in minerals, especially
+Silver and Copper; and, as your petitioners most firmly believe,
+the development of these mines will make a change in the currency
+of the world, only equalled by that caused by the gold mines of
+California.
+
+That a great part of the Territory, between the Rio Grande and
+Tueson, is susceptible of cultivation and will support a large
+agricultural population.
+
+That this portion of the Territory is in the hands of the
+Apaches, and useless, unless redeemed from their grasp and
+protected to the farmer.
+
+That the highways of the Territory are stained with the blood of
+citizens of the United States, shed by Indians and by public
+marauders, who commit their crimes in open day, knowing there is
+no law to restrain and no magistrate to arrest them.
+
+That this Territory, under a separate organization, would attract
+a large population and become immediately developed: and, that
+its isolation--its large Indian population--its proximity to a
+semi-civilized Mexican province, and its peculiar and wonderful
+resources, demand protection from the Government more
+emphatically than any other territory yet recognised.
+
+That our soil has been stained with the blood of American
+citizens, shed by Mexican hands, in an armed invasion of our
+Territory near Sonoita, and that there is no civil magistrate or
+officer here to even protest against such an outrage.
+
+That throughout their whole Territory, from the Rio Grande to the
+Rio Colorado, six hundred miles, there is no Court of Record, andno redress except that inefficiently administered in a Justice's
+Court, for civil injuries or crimes.
+
+That the population of the Territory is much greater than was
+that of Kansas or Nebraska or Washington Territory, at the time
+of their organization, and that it is steadily increasing, and
+will, under the influence of the Road and Mail Bills of the last
+Congress, be greatly augmented.
+
+That there are no post routes or mail facilities throughout the
+Territory, and that finally, we are cut off from all the comforts
+of civilization--and that we claim, as a right, that protection
+which the United States should everywhere extend to her humblest
+citizen. Wherefore your petitioners humbly pray that the Gadsden
+Purchase may be separated from New Mexico and erected into a
+separate Territory under the name of Arizona, with such
+boundaries as may seem proper to your honorable bodies, and that
+such other legislation may be made as shall be best calculated to
+place us on the same footing as our more fortunate brethren of
+Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, Oregon and Washington, that we may
+be enabled to build up a prosperous and thriving State, and to
+nourish on this extreme frontier a healthy national sentiment.
+And we, as in duty bound, will ever pray.
+
+[Signed by more than five hundred resident voters.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg etext of Memoir of the Proposed
+Territory of Arizona, by Sylvester Mowry.
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