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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoir of the Proposed Territory of Arizona, by 
+Sylvester Mowry
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Memoir of the Proposed Territory of Arizona
+
+Author: Sylvester Mowry
+
+Posting Date: November 5, 2008 [EBook #2382]
+Release Date: November, 2000
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROPOSED TERRITORY OF ARIZONA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Dianne Bean.  HTML version by Al Haines.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIR OF THE PROPOSED TERRITORY OF ARIZONA.
+
+BY
+
+SYLVESTER MOWRY, U. S. A., DELEGATE ELECT.
+
+
+WASHINGTON: HENRY POLKINHORN, PRINTER. 1857.
+
+"The NEW TERRITORY of ARIZONA, better known as the GADSDEN PURCHASE,
+lies between the thirty-first and thirty-third parallels of latitude,
+and is bounded on the north by the Gila River, which separates it from
+the territory of New Mexico; on the east by the Rio Bravo del Norte,
+(Rio Grande), which separates it from Texas; on the south by Chihuahua
+and Sonora, Mexican provinces; and on the west by the Colorado River of
+the West, which separates it from Upper and Lower California. This
+great region is six hundred miles long by about fifty miles wide, and
+embraces an area of about thirty thousand square miles. It was acquired
+by purchase from Mexico, during the mission of General Gadsden, at a
+cost of ten millions of dollars. In the original treaty, as negotiated
+by General Gadsden, a more southern boundary than the one adopted by
+the Senate of the United States in confirming the treaty, was conceded
+by Santa Anna. The line at present is irregular in its course, and cuts
+off from our Territory the head of the Santa Cruz river and valley, the
+Sonoita valley, the San Bernardino valley, the whole course of the
+Colorado river from a point twenty miles below the mouth of the Gila
+river, and, worse than all, the control of the head of the Gulf of
+California, and the rich and extensive valley of Lake Guzman, besides a
+large and extremely valuable silver region, well known both to Mexicans
+and Americans--the planchas de la Platte. General Gadsden's line
+included nearly all the territory south of the Gila river to the
+thirty-first parallel of latitude--all the advantages above
+mentioned--gave us the mouth of the Colorado river, and probably a port
+near the head of the gulf at Adair's Bay. We have no accurate survey of
+the west coast of the Gulf of California, but I am strongly of opinion
+that the original line conceded by Mexico would have thrown a portion
+of the gulf into American hands, by cutting off an arm of it extending
+east and north from the main body of water. A port on the gulf is of
+great and immediate necessity to our Pacific possessions. Of this
+hereafter.
+
+The proposed boundaries, of the Territory of Arizona, are the 34th
+parallel of latitude, with New Mexico on the north, from the 103d
+meridian west to the Colorado; Texas on the east; Texas, and the
+Mexican provinces of New Mexico and Sonora on the south; and California
+on the west. The new Territory would thus contain within its borders
+the three largest rivers on the Continent, west of the Mississippi--the
+Rio Grande, Gila, and Colorado of the west, and embrace 90,000 square
+miles.
+
+The Gadsden purchase is attached by act of Congress to the Territory of
+New Mexico. At the time of its acquisition there was scarcely any
+population except a few scattering Mexicans in the Mesilla valley, and
+at the old town of Tucson, in the centre of the territory. The Apache
+Indian, superior in strength to the Mexican, had gradually extirpated
+every trace of civilization, and roamed uninterrupted and unmolested,
+sole possessor of what was once a thriving and populous Spanish
+province.
+
+Except the report of Col. A. B. Gray, there is scarcely anything in
+print with reference to the early history of Arizona, beyond the scanty
+but valuable notes of Major Emory and Hon. John R. Bartlett, in their
+reports, and in the appendix to Wilson's late book, "Mexico and its
+Religion." To this last I beg to refer any reader who desires accurate
+information respecting the Northern Mexican provinces, presented in a
+straightforward common-sense style.
+
+In the possession of the writer of these notes is a map drawn in 1757,
+just one hundred years ago, presented by the Society of Jesuits to the
+King of Spain. The original of this map is now in the archives of the
+Mexican Government. It was copied, with the notes relating to the
+Territory, and to Sonora, Chihuahua, and Sinaloa, by Capt. C. P. Stone,
+late of the United States Army. The map bears the inscription, "Carte
+levee par la Societe des Jesuites, dediee au Roi d'Espagne en 1757."
+
+The copy of the map and the accompanying notes are certified as
+accurate by the officer of the Mexican Government in charge of the
+archives.
+
+My information, therefore, upon the early history of this comparatively
+unknown domain, is accurate and reliable. As early as 1687, a Jesuit
+missionary from the province of Sonora, which, in its southern portion,
+bore already the impress of Spanish civilization, descended the valley
+of Santa Cruz river to the Gila. Passing down the Gila to its mouth,
+after exploring the country, he retraced his steps, penetrated the
+country north of the Gila river for some distance, and ascended the
+Salinas or Salt river, and other northern branches of the Gila. The
+explorations of this energetic priest did not stop here. Proceeding
+east, he explored the valley of the San Pedro and its branches, thence
+along the Gila to the Mimbres, and probably to the Rio Grande and the
+Mesilla valley. Filled with the enthusiasm of his sect, he procured
+authority from the head of the order in Mexico, and established
+missions and settlements at every available point. In a report to the
+government of the viceroy of Spain, made during the early settlement of
+the province, I find the following language: "A scientific exploration
+of Sonora, with reference to mineralogy, along with the introduction of
+families, will lead to a discovery of gold and silver so marvellous
+that the result will be such as has never yet been seen in the world."
+
+The reports of the immense mineral wealth of the new country, made by
+the Jesuits, induced a rapid settlement. There are laid down on the map
+before me more than forty towns and villages. Many of these were of
+considerable size. There were a few north of the Gila, and several on
+the lower Gila, near the Colorado. The Santa Cruz and its tributary
+valleys teemed with an agricultural and mining population. Thousands of
+enterprising Spaniards cultivated the rich valley of the San Pedro, and
+scattered settlements flourished at every suitable stream and spring at
+the foot of the mountains towards the Rio Grande. The notes before me
+say: "All these settlements and missions were founded in fertile
+valleys, and by streams and springs, which produced luxuriant crops of
+wheat, corn, and beans, and in many parts grapes and other foreign
+fruits were cultivated."
+
+In the western part of the Territory were the missions of St. Pierre,
+St. Paul, St. Matthias, St. Simond, St. Francisco, Merci, the ranches
+of Eau Cheri, Eau de la Lune, and others; on the Santa Cruz the
+missions of San Xavier del Bac, Santiago, San Cayetano, and San
+Philipe, the towns of Tueson, Tubac, Reges, San Augusta, and many
+others. San Xavier del Bac is still in existence. It is a mission
+church of great size and beauty, magnificently ornamented within; forty
+thousand dollars in solid silver served to adorn the altar. Upon the
+San Pedro river were the missions of St. Mark, San Salvadore, San
+Pantaleon, Santa Cruz, and the towns of Quiduria, Rosario, Eugenia,
+Victoria, and San Fernando--the latter at the mouth--with many more. To
+the east some small settlements were found on the Valle del Sauz, on
+the Mimbres, at the copper mines north of the Mimbres, and to the south
+the immense grazing and stock-raising establishment of San Bernardino,
+where since have been raised hundreds of thousands of cattle and
+horses. The Indians in the vicinity of the missions were reduced first
+to obedience by the Jesuits, and then to slavery by the Spaniards.
+
+The notes referred to above contain the names and localities of more
+than a hundred silver and gold mines which were worked with great
+success by the Spaniards. The survey of the Jesuit priest about 1687
+was repeated in 1710 with renewed discoveries, and consequent accession
+of population. From this time up to 1757 the conquest and settlement of
+the country was prosecuted with vigor, both by the Jesuits' Society and
+Spanish government.
+
+The missions and settlements were repeatedly destroyed by the Apaches,
+and the priests and settlers massacred or driven off. As often were
+they re-established. The Indians at length, thoroughly aroused by the
+cruelties of the Spaniards, by whom they were deprived of their
+liberty, forced to labor in the silver mines with inadequate food, and
+barbarously treated, finally rose, joined with tribes who had never
+been subdued, and gradually drove out or massacred their oppressors. A
+superior civilization disappeared before their devastating career, and
+to day there is scarcely a trace of it left, except scarcely visible
+ruins, evidence everywhere, of extensive and hastily-deserted mining
+operations, and the tradition of the country. The mission of San Xavier
+del Bac, and the old towns of Tueson and Tubac, are the most prominent
+of these remains. The labors of the Jesuits to civilize the Indians are
+still evident in the mission Indians, the Papagos and Pimas, who live
+in villages, cultivate crops of corn and wheat, and who, in the
+Christian and human elements of good faith and charity, are, to say the
+least, in no way inferior to the Mexicans. After the massacre of four
+of Crabbe's unfortunate party near Sonoita by the Mexicans, the Papago
+Indians buried carefully the bodies to which Mexican inhumanity had
+denied this last charitable office. It is a curious and suggestive fact
+that the latitude of places upon Gila, Santa Cruz, and San Pedro,
+determined by the Jesuits about 1750, has lately been verified by the
+observations of Park Michler, and Emory. The instruments used by the
+Jesuits were constructed by them, the lenses being made from pebbles.
+
+From 1757 down to 1820, the Spaniards and Mexicans continued to work
+many valuable mines near Barbacora, and the notes in my possession
+speak of many silver mines, most of which contained a percentage of
+gold. "The San Pedro gold mine in 1748 was worked with extraordinary
+success." Among the mines anciently worked, as laid down in the
+authorities heretofore referred to, were the Dolores, San Antonio, Casa
+Gordo, Cabrisa, San Juan Batista, Santa Anna, (which was worked to the
+depth of one hundred and twenty yards,) Rosario, Cata de Agua,
+Guadaloupe, Connilla, Prieta, Santa Catarina, Guzopa, Huratano, Arpa,
+Descuhidara, Nacosare, Arguage, Churinababi, Huacal, Pinal, and a great
+number of others which it would only be tedious to mention.
+
+The most celebrated modern localities are Arivaca, (also anciently
+famous as Aribac,) Sopori, the Arizona mountains, the Santa Rita range,
+the Cerro Colorado, the entire vicinity of Tubac, the Del Ajo, or
+Arizona copper mine, the Gadsonia copper mine, and the Gila river
+copper mines. These last are situated directly upon the Gila, only
+twenty-five miles from its mouth. The writer assures the public that
+there is no room for doubt as to the authenticity of these statements,
+or the immense resources of the new Territory in silver, copper, and
+probably gold. As late as 1820, the Mina Cobre de la Plata, (silver
+copper mines,) near Fort Webster, north of the Gila, were worked to
+great advantage; and so rich was the ore that it paid for
+transportation on muleback more than a thousand miles to the city of
+Mexico.
+
+Every exploration within the past few years has confirmed the
+statements of the ancient records. The testimony of living Mexicans,
+and the tradition of the country, all tend to the same end. Col. A. B.
+Gray, Col. Emory, Lt. Michler, Lt. Parke, the Hon. John R. Bartlett,
+late of the United States Boundary Commission, all agree in the
+statement that the Territory has immense resources in silver and
+copper. Col. Emory says in his report:
+
+"On account of the Gold Mania in California I kept the search for gold
+and other precious metals as much out of view as possible, scarcely
+allowing it to be a matter of conversation, much less of actual search.
+Yet, enough was ascertained to convince us that the whole region was
+teeming with the precious metals. We everywhere saw the remains of
+mining operations, conducted by the Spaniards, and more recently by the
+Mexicans."
+
+The report enumerates at considerable length the various localities
+examined by Col. Emory's party, and others, of which there could be no
+doubt.
+
+In view of these authorities, it is hoped that those who will not
+believe upon any evidence, will be content in their own incredulity.
+The most authentic reports of these immense mineral resources have been
+used as authorities against their existence. The authors of these
+denials either have never read what they pretend to quote, or think no
+one else has. The Hon. T. Butler King, who was the first to reveal to
+an incredulous public the wonders of the California gold mines, has had
+the singular good fortune to be also among the first to publish correct
+and authentic information relating to the silver treasures of Arizona.
+His report upon the resources of the new Territory has all the charm to
+the reader that his California report had, and its brilliant
+predictions will be as fully realized. To Gray and Emory is the country
+most indebted for the earliest and most important discoveries.
+
+The agricultural resources of Arizona, are sufficient to sustain a
+large mining population, and afford abundant supplies for the great
+immigration which will follow the development of its mineral resources.
+The whole valley of the Gila, more than four hundred miles in length,
+can be made with proper exertion to yield plentiful crops. The Pimos
+Indians, who live in villages on the Gila, one hundred and seventy
+miles from its mouth, raise large crops of cotton, wheat, and corn, and
+have for years supplied the thousands of emigrants who traverse the
+Territory en route to California. These Indians manufacture their
+cotton into blankets of fine texture and beautiful pattern, which
+command a high price. They also grind their corn and wheat, and make
+bread. In fact, the Pimos realize in their everyday life something of
+our ideas of Aztec civilization. A town will probably grow up just
+above the Pimos villages, as there is a rich back country, and the
+streams afford a valuable water power for running mills.
+
+The valley of the Santa Cruz traverses the territory from South to
+North, sinking near the town of Tueson, and probably finding its way to
+the Gila, as a subterranean stream. This valley, of the richest land,
+is about one hundred miles long, in many places of great width, and has
+on each side of it many rich valleys of limited extent, watered by
+streams from the mountains, which flow into the Santa Cruz. The valleys
+and Ranches of Arivaca, Sopori, Calabazas, and Tueson, are those at
+present most thickly settled. These produce all the fruits known to a
+Southern clime--grapes, wheat, corn, and cotton in great abundance. The
+San Pedro river and valley is also one of great richness, and is
+reported by Lieut. Parke as capable of sustaining a large population.
+The Valle de Sauz, still farther East, more limited than the San Pedro
+or Santa Cruz, can be made available for a considerable population. The
+Mimbres River also can, by a small outlay, be made to irrigate a large
+surface and supply a moderate settlement. The various springs laid down
+by Gray, Emory, Parke, and Bartlett, will all afford water for small
+settlements, and their supply can be much increased by a judicious
+outlay of money. The Rio Grande valley is very rich, and in places of
+great width. The Mesilla valley already contains a population of about
+five thousand souls, and there is ample room for many more.
+
+If, as proposed, the Northern boundary of the Arizona Territory should
+enclose the Northern branches of the Gila, an agricultural region will
+be opened to settlement sufficient in itself to sustain the population
+of an immense agricultural State. Col. Bonneville, who is now at the
+head of a large force exploring this region, writes to the Secretary of
+War that it is the finest country he has ever seen, "valleys capable of
+sustaining a population of twenty thousand each, teeming at every step
+with evidences of an immense population long ago-and an ancient and
+superior civilization." The Hon. John R. Bartlett says of the
+"Salinas," one of the Northern branches of the Gila, that it alone will
+supply food for a great State. It must be recollected, in this
+connection, that the great mineral wealth of Arizona will call for and
+amply repay for the redemption and expensive cultivation of all the
+available lands, and that irrigation produces immensely greater crops
+than the other method of planting. Throughout the whole of Utah,
+irrigation has been resorted to with the greatest success. The soil in
+Utah, in no place that the writer saw it, could in any way be compared
+to that of the bottom lands of Arizona.
+
+Captain Whipple in his valuable report of exploration for the Pacific
+Railroad, published by order of Congress, crossed the upper part of the
+region alluded to, and which is watered by the Rio Verde and Salinas.
+He fully sustains me in my remarks on those rich valleys.
+
+"We are in the pleasantest region we have seen since leaving the
+Choctaw country. Here are clear rivulets, with fertile valleys and
+forest trees. The wide belt of country that borders the Black Forest,
+and probably extends along the Rio Verde to the Salinas and Gila, bears
+every indication of being able to support a large agricultural and
+pastoral population. The valley of the Rio Verde is magnificently
+wooded with furs and oaks, affording excellent timber. Ancient ruins
+are said by trappers to be scattered over its whole length to the
+confluence with the Salinas. We, therefore, seem to have skirted the
+boundary of a country once populous, and worthy of becoming so again.
+Besides the advantages already enumerated, the mountains in this
+vicinity bear indications of mineral wealth. Vol. 3, p. 93."
+
+The notes before referred to, in the possession of the writer, speak of
+great farming and grazing establishments scattered over the whole face
+of the Territory, between 1610 and 1800, which produced abundant crops
+of cereals, fruits, and grapes. These statements are confirmed by the
+testimony of Major Emory and his report, where he enumerates several of
+the most extensive--by Gray, Bartlett, Parke, and Col. Bonneville. Many
+of the Ranches, deserted by the Mexicans on account of the Apache
+Indians, have upon them large, well-built adobe houses which must have
+cost the builders thousands of dollars. Many of these have been
+occupied under squatter titles by emigrants within the last few years.
+Of others, only the ruins remain, having been destroyed by the
+depredations of the Indians, or by the heavy rains of the succeeding
+years.
+
+The greater portion of these lands on the Santa Cruz and San Pedro are
+covered by Mexican titles--and many of these again by squatter claims.
+It is absolutely necessary that Congress should by some wise and speedy
+legislation settle, upon some definite basis, the land titles of
+Arizona. Until this is done, disorder and anarchy will reign supreme
+over the country. The present condition of California is in a great
+degree to be attributed to the want of any title to the most valuable
+real property in the State, and the millions which have been spent in
+fruitless litigation should teach a lesson of great practical value.
+Let those Spanish grants and Mexican titles which have been occupied in
+good faith be affirmed in the most expeditious and economical manner to
+the claimants, and they will immediately pass into American hands, and
+become productive. The remainder of the country should then be thrown
+open to settlers. No better code of mining law exists than the Spanish,
+adopted in the Senate bill introduced by the late General Rusk, and
+passed at the last session of Congress. A judicious and liberal
+donation law, giving to the actual settler a homestead, and to the
+enterprising miner and "prospector" a fair security for the fruit of
+his labors, will at once make of Arizona a popular, thriving and
+wealthy State, affording new markets for the productions of our
+Atlantic States, and yielding annually millions in silver and copper.
+
+In addition to the produce of Arizona, the immediate vicinity of the
+agricultural region of Sonora affords an abundant market for all
+necessary supplies, including sugar, which is manufactured by the
+Mexicans in great quantities from the cane. Guyamas, which one day will
+be ours, is one of the largest ports for the export of flour on the
+Pacific coast north of Chili. She also exports several millions in
+silver annually, which finds its way direct to the English market.
+Under an intelligent system, the Sonora mines would yield a hundred
+millions a year, and the supply is inexhaustible. If any reader doubts
+this statement, refer him to the statistics of Humboldt, Ward, and
+Wilson, most unquestioned and valuable authorities. Both Humboldt and
+Ward note the fact that the silver deposites grow richer as they are
+traced farther North. There can be no doubt that the most extensive and
+valuable mines, both of pure silver and silver mixed with copper and
+lead, are within the limits of Arizona.
+
+The yield of the silver mines of Mexico, as computed by Ward and
+Humboldt from the actual official returns to the Government, from the
+conquest to 1803, amounts to the enormous sum of $2,027,955,000, or
+more than two BILLIONS Of dollars. Again, Ward says: "I am aware that
+many of the statements in this and the preceding books respecting the
+mineral riches of the North of New Spain, (Sonora, including the
+'Gadsden Purchase,' Chihuahua, and Durango,) will be thought
+exaggerated. THEY ARE NOT SO; they will be confirmed by every future
+report, and in after years, the public, FAMILIARIZED WITH facts which
+are only questioned because they are new, will wonder at its present
+incredulity, and regret the loss of advantages which may not always be
+within its reach."
+
+Of the present mining operations in the Territory of Arizona, the most
+considerable, in point of labor performed and results, is "The Arizona
+Copper Mining Co." This company is incorporated by the California
+Legislature, with a capital of one million of dollars. The President is
+Major Robert Allen, U. S. A. The mines are old, and very celebrated in
+Mexico under the name of El-Ajo. This company, at an expense of
+$100,000, have supplied their mines with an abundance of water,
+extracted several hundred tons of ore, and erected buildings, smelting
+furnaces, and other appliances to facilitate their operations. They
+employ about one hundred men, mostly Mexican miners. Their supplies of
+breadstuffs and beef are obtained by contract from Sonora. These mines
+are situated one hundred and thirty miles from the mouth of the Gila
+River, and about sixty miles south of it. The ore varies in richness
+from thirty to sixty per cent, and the proceeds of some sales in London
+were quoted as being the highest prices ever paid for ore in that
+market. A portion of this mine is owned by English capitalists, and it
+is without doubt one of the most valuable in the world. The profits may
+be easily calculated, when it is known that the ore costs delivered in
+Swansea, England, not exceeding $125 per ton, and is worth from $200 to
+$375 per ton. Of course these profits will be greatly increased when
+the company is in a position to smelt its ores at the mine. The Sonora
+Exploring and Mining Company was organized in 1856, with a capital of
+two million dollars ($2,000,000). Its principal office is in
+Cincinnati, Ohio, and its seat of operations at Tubac, in the Santa
+Cruz valley. This company is managed in its mining operations by Chas.
+D. Poston, Esq., a gentleman of much experience on the Pacific coast,
+and of great energy of character.
+
+The Rancho of Arivaca, containing several valuable silver mines, and
+seventeen thousand acres of valuable land, has been purchased by this
+company. It has also acquired the titles to a number of other valuable
+mines of galena ore, and copper containing silver and gold. Hitherto,
+the exertions of the company have been directed principally to
+explorations and cleaning out the old mines, but they have at present
+above ground, ready for smelting, several thousand dollars worth of
+their ores. Prof. Booth, U. S. Assayer, as well as other distinguished
+authorities, have, after thorough experiment, given to the company
+certificates of the great richness of the ores already shipped to the
+east. The annual report of the Sonora Mining Co. is full of interest to
+the general reader. The Sopori mine is another very valuable property.
+It is owned by Messrs. Douglass, Aldrich, and another. Want of capital
+has prevented the extensive development of this mine. It affords its
+proprietors a handsome profit, worked in the smallest and cheapest
+manner. The vein is of great size, has been traced several rods in
+length, and pays about one dollar to the pound of ore. The writer has
+examined specimens from the "Sopori," taken at random, and so rich is
+the ore that the native silver can be cut out of it with a penknife, as
+out of a Mexican dollar. Undoubtedly the Sopori mine is destined to
+yield hundreds of millions. It is a peculiarity of the ores in this
+district that they run near the surface, making mining of comparative
+small cost. The Sopori mine is surrounded by a fine country, well
+watered and wooded. The "Gadsonia Copper Mining Co.," after taking out
+a few tons of exceedingly rich ore--averaging over eighty per
+cent.--was obliged to suspend operations on account of the cost of
+transportation. When the Territory shall be organized and capital
+protected by law, these mines will be worked to advantage. "The Gila
+River Copper Mines" are more favorably situated than any other yet
+opened, being directly on the Gila River, only twenty-five miles from
+its mouth. The ores can be taken from the mine, immediately shipped
+upon flat boats or a light draft steamer, and transported down the
+Colorado River to the head of the Gulf of California, when they can be
+transhipped to England at small cost. Upwards of twenty veins of copper
+ore have been opened, and the assays give results varying from 30 to 70
+per cent. These mines are owned by Messrs. Hooper, Hinton, Halstead,
+and another. Several thousand dollars have been already expended in
+prospecting and opening veins, and it was anticipated by the
+proprietors that the first cargo would be shipped to Swansea, England,
+this year.
+
+Smelting works will eventually be built at the mines, or at Colorado
+City, opposite Fort Yuma, and the profits of this company must be very
+great. The vicinity of the Colorado, and the abundance of wood and
+water, give the proprietors facilities for conducting their operations
+at small cost.
+
+Silver mining is also carried on in the vicinity of Mesilla Valley, and
+near the Rio Grande. Many other mining operations are constantly being
+commenced; but the depredations of the Apache Indians have almost
+entirely snatched success from the hard-working miner, who, besides
+losing his all, is often massacred in some ferocious manner.
+
+No protection, either civil or military, is extended over the greater
+portion of Arizona. This checks the development of all her
+resources--not only to her own injury, but that of California and the
+Atlantic States--by withholding a market for their productions, and the
+bullion which she is fully able to supply to an extent corresponding to
+the labor employed in obtaining it.
+
+A. B. Gray, Esq., late U. S. Surveyor under the treaty of Guadalupe
+Hidalgo, for running the Mexican Boundary, and subsequently Exploring
+Engineer and Surveyor of the Southern Pacific Railroad, has probably
+seen more of the proposed Territory of Arizona than any other person,
+his statements in reference to that region, embodied in a report to the
+Hon., the Secretary of the Interior, from actual field reconnoissances
+six years ago, will be read with much interest, particularly as since
+then, repeated developments in that country have proved the correctness
+of his judgment; his opinions are, therefore, of much importance, as
+expressed in his able report. It will be recollected that this was then
+Mexican Territory. Colonel Gray says:
+
+"The public, I think have been misled by misrepresentations made in
+regard to the resources of the region of country lying along the Gila
+and upon the line proposed for a railroad at or near the parallel of 32
+degrees north latitude. That portion of country east of the Rio Grande
+I can say but little of from personal observation, having been over but
+apart of the ground near the eastern division in Texas, and that in the
+vicinity of El Paso. At both these points, however, a fine country
+exists. Upon the Gila river grows cotton of the most superior kind. Its
+nature is not unlike that of the celebrated Sea Island cotton,
+possessing an equally fine texture, and, if anything, more of a silky
+fibre. The samples I procured at the Indian villages, from the rudely
+cultivated fields of the Pimas and Maricopas, have been spoken of as an
+extraordinary quality. Wheat, corn, and tobacco, together with beans,
+melons, etc., grow likewise upon the banks and in the valleys bordering
+the Gila and its tributaries. The sugar cane, too, I believe, will be
+found to thrive in this section of the country west of the Rio San
+Pedro. A sort of candied preserve and molasses, expressed from the
+fruit of the cereus giganteus and agave Americana was found by our
+party in 1851, as we passed through the Pinal Llano camps and among the
+Gila tribes, to be most acceptable. The candied preserve was a most
+excellent substitute for sugar. It is true that there are extensive
+wastes to be encountered west of the Rio Grande, yet they are not
+deserts of sand, but plains covered at certain seasons of the year with
+luxuriant grass, exhibiting green spots and springs not very remote
+from each other at all times. There is sufficient water in the Gila and
+its branches for all the purposes of irrigation when it is wanted, the
+streams being high during the season most needed. The Rio Salado, a
+tributary of the Gila, is a bold and far more beautiful river than the
+Gila itself, and, from the old ruins now seen there, must have had
+formerly a large settlement upon its banks. "To many persons merely
+travelling or emigrating across the country, with but one object in
+view, and that the reaching their destination on the Pacific, the
+country would generally present a barren aspect. But it will be
+recollected that the most productive fields in California, before
+American enterprise introduced the plough, and a different mode of
+cultivation from that of the natives of the country, presented somewhat
+similar appearance. Many believed, at first, from the cold and sterile
+look of the hills, and the parched appearance of the fields and
+valleys, over which the starving coyote is often seen prowling in
+search of something to subsist on, that California could never become
+an agricultural district, but must depend upon her other  resources for
+greatness, and trust to distant regions for the necessaries of life
+required for her increased population. It was natural enough, too, that
+this impression should be created in those accustomed to a different
+State of things, and particularly when it is considered that the very
+season of blossom and bloom of our Atlantic States was the winter of
+California; but these same fields and hills have a very different
+appearance in January, February, and March, clothed as they are in the
+brightest verdure and no one now will pretend to say that California
+does not possess within herself great agricultural as well as mineral
+wealth. This, I believe, will some day be the case with the country
+from the Rio Grande to the Gulf of California, adjacent to the Gila.
+Senate Ex. Doc. No. 55, 33rd Congress, 2nd Session."
+
+ * * * * * * * *
+
+In speaking of the resources of this region for a railroad, in the same
+report, Gray says:
+
+"The valley of Mesilla, extending from about twelve miles above the
+true boundary of the treaty to the parallel of 32 degrees 22 minutes
+north latitude, lies wholly within the disputed district, and is, for
+its extent, one of the most beautiful and fertile along the whole
+course of the Rio Grande. The town of Mesilla, only a few years old,
+contains several thousand people, and is a prosperous little place. It
+was not settled until after the cession of this territory to us by the
+treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Portions of the valley are highly
+cultivated, and produce the grains and fruits of our most thriving
+States. In connexion with the land on the east side of the river, the
+valley of the Messilla is capable of sustaining a considerable
+population. It is situated centrally with regard to a large district of
+country of lesser agricultural capacity. The section of the Rio Grande
+in the vicinity of El Paso and the valley of Mesilla, is proverbial for
+the production of fine vegetables and fruits. Indeed, about El Paso, it
+is a complete garden with flourishing vineyards, equalling in
+excellence those of the most celebrated grape growing countries.
+
+"By a judicious disposition of military stations along this line, only
+a few troops would be required to protect the great northern frontier
+of Sonora and Chihuahua, and enable us to carry out the 11th article of
+our late treaty with Mexico more effectually, and at the same time
+prevent any depredations which the Indians might be disposed to commit
+on the road. Soon after, the settlement of the country would make the
+presence of the military unnecessary, either for the safety of a
+railway of the security of the frontier. The strong holds of the
+Apaches, and their pathway to Mexico, would be cut off.
+
+"A wagon road established from the Gulf of California would enable
+supplies to be transported along this line at one-half of the present
+cost. The saving of one-third or more distance, through a comparatively
+unsettled country, in transportation is an important consideration in
+the construction of a railway, more especially when men and materials,
+to a great extent, must be brought from very remote points. The
+navigation of the Gulf of California is said to be very good. The
+trade-winds from the northwest, encountering the highlands of the
+peninsula of Lower California, and forming a counter current under its
+lee, enable sailing vessels to proceed advantageously along that coast.
+Returning, by keeping on the eastern aide, or along the shore of
+Sonora, they could avail themselves of the prevailing winds, which
+regain their usual direction after sweeping across the wide expanse of
+water. The trade of the Gulf, with its pearl fisheries and other
+resources, would be speedily developed.
+
+ * * * * * * * *
+
+"The advantages of such a thoroughfare are obvious. Five years would
+hardly elapse before inestimable benefits would be realized; and,
+should war threaten our Pacific possessions, a few days would suffice
+to send from the Mississippi valley an army that would defy any force
+that the most formidable power could array against us. The fine cotton
+region of the Gila, the rich copper, silver, and gold mines of New
+Mexico and Sonora would be at once developed, bringing a vast district
+of country into cultivation which now presents a fruitless waste, owing
+to Indian depredations and the absence of means of communication and
+protection. Mexico has tried for a century past to insure safety to her
+inhabitants in this region, but notwithstanding the expense she has
+incurred in keeping up her garrisons, she has failed to afford them
+protection.
+
+"The deserted appearance of the country from El Paso to the Colorado is
+no criterion by which to judge of its value. The beautiful valley of
+San Xavier, or Santa Cruz, some two years ago when I passed through it,
+was entirely deserted. The once thriving towns of Tumacacori and Tubac
+had not the sign of a living soul about them except the recent moccasin
+track of the Apaches. The orchards and vineyards of the once highly
+cultivated fields and gardens bore the marks of gradual decay and
+destruction. The ranchos of Calabazas, of San Bernardino, and numerous
+other places on this frontier, presented the same melancholy aspect,
+the result of the inability of Mexico to protect this portion of
+territory from the inroads of the savages. There are now but a few
+settlements throughout this district of country, but were it protected
+by a power that could and would defend it, what is now a waste in the
+hands of the savages might become a thriving country, with safety
+insured to its inhabitants." Senate Ex. Doc. No. 55, 33rd Congress, 2nd
+Sess.
+
+I quote the following language of Gray, from subsequent explorations
+made by him, three years after his first expedition, and contained in
+his report to the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. It was chiefly
+from the discoveries made by Gray, in this adventurous expedition,
+through regions unknown for many years past, between the Rio Grande and
+Gulf of California, together with the Gadsden Treaty, that induced
+parties at great expense to emigrate there, and commence working the
+vast mineral deposites, such as the Arabac silver mines, the Ajo copper
+mountain, and others, but which, through lack of proper protection and
+means of communication, have been greatly retarded in their development.
+
+After crossing the dividing ridge of the continent west of the Rio
+Grande, Gray thus alludes to the country:
+
+"There were large haciendas and fine cattle ranches in this
+neighborhood, until a war of extermination was declared by the Apaches
+against the Mexicans. Remains of the old San Pedro ranch are seen at
+this day; also the "Tres Alamos;" and the ruins of the hacienda of
+Babacomeri, whose walls and towers are still standing. These were among
+the wealthiest of Sonora in horses, cattle, sheep, etc., but it has
+been many years since. It is a fine grazing region, with wild cattle
+and mustangs constantly seen roaming over the plains. The district from
+San Pedro to Santa Cruz valley, nearly due west from our present
+crossing (latitude 31 degrees 34 minutes), will be to the Pacific slope
+what the region of Fort Chadbourne, in Texas, will be to the Atlantic.
+The mountains and hills are covered with splendid timber of the largest
+size, and for all purposes; and the valleys are full of springs, and
+the finest grass. To Tubac, a town in the valley of Santa Cruz, it is
+69 miles. This is by following the San Pedro about a league, passing
+over a few insignificant spurs, and ascending the Rio Babacomeri;
+thence continuing westward by a gradual rise over delightful plains to
+the divide between that and the Sonoita or Clover creek, and along the
+latter, until it loses itself in the porous earth, a mile from the
+Santa Cruz river, and by the broad valley of that stream to Tubac."
+
+ * * * * * * * *
+
+Of the line of Gray's exploration from the Rio San Pedro, he says:
+
+"It passes through the most desirable region, with the hills and
+mountains for forty miles, containing inexhaustible quantities of
+timber. We noticed tall cedar and oaks of every description; one kind
+more interesting than the others, being a white oak from twenty to
+forty feet in the body. Pine and spruce, with superior white ash and
+walnut, were found, and the most gigantic cotton-woods, particularly on
+the Sonoita. * * * * "The mountains in the neighborhood are filled with
+minerals, and the precious metals are said to abound. The famous
+Planchas de Plata and Arizona silver mines, which the Count Raouset de
+Boulbon attempted to take possession of, are in this section of
+country, not many miles below the present limits, and at several of the
+old ranchos and deserted mining villages which we visited, were found
+the argentiferous galena ore and gold. The Sierra Santa Rita runs along
+to the east of the Santa Cruz valley, and forms a part of this
+interesting region. It is very high and bold, filled with fertile
+valleys and flowing rivulets, and covered with a dense growth of
+timber. I saw much of this district, when here in 1851, on the survey
+of the boundary."
+
+ * * * * * * * *
+
+The country bordering immediately the head of the Gulf of California,
+through which Gray was probably the first to penetrate, lies adjacent
+to the proposed Arizona Territory, but not a part of the same, being a
+portion of the State of Sonora. He thus describes that section:
+
+"The Indians represent rich Placers existing throughout this region,
+and large numbers of them had lately come in with considerable
+quantities of the dust. They were trading it for trifles to the
+Mexicans. I got some specimens of it which was the same as the
+California Gold. This was not the time of year (June) for them to work
+the mines, but in the fall, after the rain has commenced. The greatest
+drawback to the profitable working of the Placers of this district, is
+the scarcity of water. If artesian wells succeed, there is little doubt
+that it will create an important change. West from Tuseon and Tubac,
+towards the Gulf of California, the country presents more the
+appearance of a barren waste or desert than any district I have seen.
+It nevertheless has occasional oases, with fine grazing lands about
+them, and the mountains, which are more broken and detached, have
+distinct marks of volcanic origin. The ranges though short, have
+generally the same parallel direction as those further east. It is the
+country of the Papago Indians, a peaceful and friendly tribe, extending
+down to the Gulf coast, where they are mixed up somewhat with the
+Cocopas of the Colorado. From Sonoita I explored to the Gulf shore,
+near the mouth of Adair Bay. It was 62 miles, following a dry arroya
+most of the way, and the point at which I struck the Gulf was in
+latitude 31 degrees 36 minutes 34 minutes. The "Bay" is about 15 miles
+across, and from all I could learn, 15 miles long, and represented as
+having four fathoms of water. It is completely encircled by a range of
+sand hills, reaching north-west to the Colorado river and south-east as
+far as the eye could discover. These "sables" are probably eighty or
+ninety miles in extent, by five to ten broad.
+
+"Notwithstanding it appears to be the most desolate and forlorn-looking
+spot for eighty miles around the head of the Gulf, the sand hills
+looking like a terrible desert, nature seems even here, where no rain
+had fallen for eight months, to have provided for the sustenance of
+man, one of the most nutritious and palatable vegetables.
+
+"East of the Tinaja Alta or high tank range, lie the famous Sierras del
+Ajo, now United States territory. These mountains derive their name
+from the vast deposits of red oxide and green carbonate of copper found
+about them, and which the Indians have made use of to paint (ajo)
+themselves with. The mines are unquestionably of great value, and must
+become important, more particularly from their being situated in the
+neighborhood of the contemplated railway. The tall Cereus Giganteus and
+Agave Americana are found in abundance. From the latter plant the
+natives make the pulque, mezcal and agua-diente; and the petahaya or
+cereus, produces a fruit from which is made a very pleasant preserve.
+At the Pimo and Maricopa villages are found wheat, corn, tobaco, and
+cotton, besides melons, pumpkins, beans, etc. The nature of the soil
+for great distances in the Gila valley is of a reddish loam; some parts
+coated with a beautiful crystallization of salt, a quarter to half an
+inch thick. This seems to be more particularly the case below the
+Maricopa villages and toward the Rio Salado. The cotton, of which I
+procured specimens, though cultivated by the Indians in the most
+primitive manner, exhibited a texture not unlike the celebrated Sea
+Island cotton. Its fibre is exceedingly soft and silky, but not of the
+longest staple. Large tracts of land on the Gila and in other portions
+of this district, appear to possess the same properties of soil; and
+where, I have no doubt, the finest cotton will soon be extensively
+raised and brought to its highest state of perfection by proper
+cultivation."
+
+The climate is thus referred to by Gray:
+
+"One of the most favorable features upon the route in the vicinity of
+the 32nd degree proposed for the Pacific railway is, its accessibility
+at all times, admitting of labor being performed in the open air at
+each season. The nature of the climate through Texas to the Rio Grande
+has already been referred to, and from thence to the Santa Cruz valley
+half way to the Colorado, over the elevated plateau of the Sierra
+Madra, it is equally salubrious and temperate. The rainy season falls
+in the summer months, and but seldom is snow seen even upon the
+mountain tops. Towards the Colorado river it is much drier and more
+torrid, but by no means unhealthy; nor does it prevent out door work
+the whole of the day during the heated term of summer.
+
+"The great riches of the country, however, are a total waste at the
+present time, but which the Pacific railroad will at once develop, and
+make to itself the foundation of a vast revenue. I refer to its
+metallic wealth, the silver, gold, and copper mines that abound in
+almost every mountain and valley, between the Rio Grande and the Gulf
+of California.
+
+"The ores of Chihuahua and Sonora [now Arizona. S. M.] are chiefly
+sulphuret (lead or iron), or native silver in porphyritic or stratified
+limestone rocks passing at greater depths into igneous rocks. From
+loose piles lying upon the surface and evidently picked over, I
+procured specimens of silver and copper. Three samples representing
+points on the line of our exploration about equi-distant from each
+other, viz.: the Rio Grande, the neighborhood of Tubac, and within 90
+miles of the junction of the Gila and Colorado rivers, were submitted
+to Dr. I. K. Chilton, of New York, for analysis. He found in one sample
+of lead ore (argentiferous galena), by fire assay 71 per cent. of lead,
+and the "LEAD YIELDED SILVER EQUIVALENT to 128 ounces, 1 dwt. to the
+ton" (of 2000 pounds).
+
+"In another, he found the lead obtained from it to yield silver in the
+proportion of 72 ounces 5 dwts. to the ton or 2000 pounds.
+
+"The copper specimen was the red oxide, and yielded as follows:
+
+  Copper,............  71.80
+  Iron,..............   7.84
+  Oxygen,............  12.34
+  Silicia, Alumina,..   8.02
+                      ------
+                      100 parts.
+
+"The Papagos and Pimas Indians, by proper management, might be made
+very useful, in working upon the road where there is not much rock
+excavation. They are unlike the Indians of Texas, or the Apaches,
+living in villages and cultivating the soil, besides manufacturing
+blankets, baskets, pottery, etc. Quiet and peaceable, they have no
+fears except from their enemies, the Apaches, and are very industrious,
+much more so than the lower order of Mexicans, and live far more
+comfortably. It is astonishing with what precision they construct their
+acequias--irrigating canals--some of them, the acequias madre, of very
+large size, and without the use of levelling apparatus, but simply by
+the eye. Their gardens and farms too are regularly ditched and fenced
+off into rectangles and circles, with hedges and trees planted as if
+done by more enlightened people."
+
+The population of the new Territory of Arizona is at present not far
+from eight thousand, and is rapidly increasing. The Mesilla Valley and
+the Rio Grande are probably the most thickly populated, containing
+about five thousand people. A majority of the Mesilla inhabitants are
+Mexicans, but they will be controlled by the American residents, whose
+number and influence is constantly on the increase. The Santa Cruz
+Valley, in which are situated the towns of Tueson, Tubac, Tumacacari,
+and the mining settlement of Sopori and others, is, next to Mesilla,
+the most thickly settled. Tueson was formerly a town of three thousand
+inhabitants; but the majority have been driven off by the Apache
+Indians. It is fast becoming a thriving American town, and will before
+long be a place of more importance than ever before. Real estate is
+already held at high rates, and the erection of buildings shows that
+American energy is about to change the face of the last half century.
+Tubac had been completely deserted by the Mexicans. It has been
+reoccupied by the Sonora Exploring and Mining Company, and now boasts a
+population of several hundred. The Calabazas valley is also fast
+filling up with an American population, and another year will see the
+whole centre of the Territory dotted with settlements. Many of the fine
+claims on the San Pedro River have already been located by emigrants
+under the general pre-emption law, but until protection is afforded to
+the settlers, but little progress will be made in agricultural
+pursuits. The Apache Indian regards the soil as his own, and having
+expelled the Spanish and Mexican invader, he feels little inclination
+to submit to the American. A small settlement of Americans is growing
+up at Colorado city, opposite Fort Yuma, at the junction of the Gila
+and Colorado rivers. This point is destined to be one of great
+commercial and pecuniary importance. Situated at the present head of
+navigation, at the point where the overland mail route crosses the
+Colorado, and where the Southern Pacific Railroad must bridge the
+stream, it is a necessary stopping place for all travel across the
+country. Here are transhipped all the ores coming from the Territory,
+which find their way to market down the Colorado to the Gulf of
+California, thence by steamer or sailing vessel to their destination.
+Here all supplies of merchandise for the Territory are landed, and from
+this point forwarded to their various owners. A thriving commerce has
+already sprung up between Arizona and San Francisco. In almost any
+daily paper in San Francisco may be seen vessels advertised for the
+mouth of the Colorado. Two steamers find active employment in
+transporting government stores from the head of the Gulf of California
+to Fort Yuma, and goods to Colorado city for the merchants of Tueson,
+Tubac, Calabazas, and for the mining companies. Should the exploration
+of the Upper Colorado by Lieutenant Ives, United States Army, now in
+progress, prove successful, Colorado city will become still more
+important, as the surplus products of the rich valleys of New Mexico,
+Utah, and California to the north, will all find a market down the
+Colorado. Property in this new city is held at high rates, and by the
+last San Francisco News Letter is quoted at an advance. The population
+of Arizona Territory has much increased within a few months by
+emigration from California. The massacre of Henry A. Crabbe and his
+party by the Mexicans at Cavorca created a desire for revenge
+throughout all California. Companies have been formed, and large
+parties are settling in Arizona, near the Mexican line, with the
+ulterior object of overrunning Sonora, and revenging the tragedy in
+which was shed some of the best blood of the State. The appropriation
+by the last Congress of two hundred thousand dollars for the
+construction of a wagon road from El Paso to Fort Yuma, and the two
+mail contracts, semi-monthly and semi-weekly, which involve an
+expenditure of nine hundred thousand dollars per annum, will afford
+employment to a host of people, and draw at once to the neighborhood of
+the route an active and energetic population. The new wagon and mail
+route traverses the Territory of Arizona throughout its entire length.
+Along the mail route, at intervals, military posts will be established.
+These and the necessary grazing stations will create points around
+which settlements will at once grow up, and the country, now bare, will
+show everywhere thriving villages. The Southern Pacific Railroad, which
+will be built because it is necessary to the country, will find its way
+easily through Arizona.
+
+It is no exaggeration to say that the mining companies, in their own
+interest, will be forced to subscribe enough to the stock of the
+company to insure its success. The Arizona Copper Mining Company is now
+paying $100 per ton for the transportation of its ores from the mines
+to Colorado city. One year's freight money at this rate would build
+many miles of the road. The silver mining companies will be only too
+glad to get their ores to market at so cheap a rate, as their
+proportion of the subscription to the railroad. Iron and coal are both
+found in the Territory,--the former especially in great abundance.
+Texas has guaranteed the road to El Paso, by her generous legislation;
+Arizona will build it, with her mineral wealth, to Fort Yuma, the
+eastern boundary of California, and California will do the rest. The
+first terminus of the Southern Pacific Railroad will doubt less be on
+the Gulf of California, at the Island of Tiburon, or more probably
+Guyamas. A steam ferry across the Gulf, a short railroad across the
+peninsula of Lower California to a secure harbor on the Pacific, (where
+a steamer will take passengers and freight in four days to San
+Francisco,) is the most natural course of this route. In view of this
+probability, all the available points for such a terminus on the Gulf
+have been, or are in progress of being, secured by capitalists, either
+by obtaining grants from the Mexican Government, or by purchase from
+private individuals. Already Guyamas is owned in great part by English
+and American capitalists. A port on the Gulf of California is necessary
+to our Pacific possessions, and must be ours sooner or later. The
+longer it is delayed, the worse for American progress on the Pacific.
+Arizona needs it at once, as a depot for the export of her ores, and
+for the import of goods for the supply of her population.
+
+The Mormon war has closed for years the great emigrant road to
+California and Oregon, over the South Pass and Salt Lake valley,
+leaving open only the route along the 32d parallel of latitude, through
+Arizona. This route is by far the most practicable at all seasons of
+the year, and the closing of the South Pass route by the Mormon
+difficulty is an additional and urgent argument in favor of the early
+organization of this Territory. Fifty thousand souls will move towards
+the Pacific early in the spring, if the route is opened to a secure
+passage.
+
+The present condition of Arizona Territory is deplorable in the
+extreme. Throughout the whole country there is no redress for crimes or
+civil injuries--no courts, no law, no magistrates. The Territory of New
+Mexico, to which it is attached by an act of Congress, affords it
+neither protection nor sustenance. The following extracts from letters
+received by the writer tell the story of the necessity for early action
+on the part of Congress, in urgent terms.
+
+
+TUBAC, GADSDEN PURCHASE, August 15, 1857.
+
+Affairs in the Territory have not improved. A party of Americans (our
+countrymen) had made an "excursion" into Sonora, captured a train of
+mules, and killed several Mexicans. Upon their return to the Territory
+with their ill-gotten booty, the citizens formed a company and took the
+property away from them, and returned it to the owners in Magdalena, [a
+town of Sonora--Ed.] and delivered the robbers up to Major Steen,
+commanding first dragoons, to be held in custody until Courts should be
+organized. They have again been turned loose upon the community. In
+justice to Major Fitzgerald I must say he was in favor of retaining
+them in custody, and has generally maintained favoring law and order in
+the Territory, but as he is only second in command he has no absolute
+authority.
+
+We have no remedy but to follow the example so wide spread in the
+Union, and form a "Vigilance Committee"--contrary to all good morals,
+law, order, and society. Can you do nothing to induce the government to
+establish authority and law in this country, and avert this unhappy
+alternative?
+
+It is not desired by any good citizens, and tends to anarchy and
+mobocracy, causing disloyalty in our own citizens and bringing the
+reproach of foreigners upon our republican institutions. It is
+impossible to progress in developing the resources of the country under
+this state of affairs. The greatest objection the capitalists of San
+Francisco have to aiding me in the development of silver mines, is the
+insecurity of property, want of protection from government, and general
+distrust of fair and honest legislation.
+
+They have no confidence that the guarantees of the GADSDEN TREATY will
+be respected by the United States, in regard to land titles under the
+Mexican government.
+
+The silver ore brought to San Francisco from our mines, has been tested
+by a dozen different officers, in as many different ways, and no result
+falls BELOW FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS PER TON OF ORE.
+
+Senator Gwin goes on to Washington soon, and will corroborate my
+statements. He has a piece of the silver, the first smelted in San
+Francisco, showing $8,735 20--EIGHT THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED AND
+THIRTY-FIVE 20-100 DOLLARS PER TON OF ORE. Mr. Dunbar is getting the
+petition to Congress signed--and moving in the affairs of the Territory
+in connection with Mr. Ehrenberg and our friends--but the government
+came near "crushing us out" by sending a Custom House Collector to
+consume and destroy what little we had saved from the Apaches. Can
+nothing be done to rid us of a Custom House? It is no protection. The
+Territory (as yet) produces nothing but minerals--and we have to pay
+duty upon every article of consumption. This is a very onerous tax upon
+our first feeble efforts to develop the resources of this remote and
+unprotected country.
+
+Very truly yours,
+  C. D. Poston.
+
+
+To Lieut. Mowry, U. S. A., Washington, D. C.
+
+"We are living without the protection of law or the ameliorations of
+society. New Mexico affords us no protection. We have not even received
+an order for election. Every one goes armed to the teeth, and a
+difficulty is sure to prove fatal. In this state of affairs it is
+impossible to hold a convention."
+
+
+Tueson, Oct. 1, 1857.
+
+We are pleased to hear that the prospect for Arizona is so bright. If
+you should succeed in getting a separate organization for Arizona, you
+will lay the people under many obligations to you. You have no doubt
+received many petitions for Congress, and also your certificate of
+election as delegate for this purchase. You received the entire vote;
+there was no difference of opinion among the voters.
+
+Your ob't serv't,
+  J. A. Douglas.
+
+
+Lt. Mowry, U. S. A.
+  Tucson, Oct. 25, 1857.
+
+I send you the last petition from the Territory. The work is now in
+your hands, and we say, God speed it.
+
+G. H. Oury.
+
+
+Tueson, Arizona Territory, Oct. 17, 1857.
+
+Every thing begins to look up in the Territory notwithstanding the
+difficulties we labor under. The Indians the other day came within
+eight hundred yards of Fort Buchanan and remained some time, and when
+they left carried off with them all the horses and mules in the valley
+for six or eight miles below. Try your hand in this matter of our
+Territory, and see if some change cannot be wrought to some benefit--we
+need it greatly.
+
+Very truly yours,
+  G. H. Oury.
+
+
+Tueson, Oct. 2, 1857.
+
+We have heard from Mesilla and they fully concur with us in all we have
+done, showing that you are the person chosen to act for them and to
+represent their interest in this matter. The people here are very much
+elated at the turn things are taking, and every one seems to be highly
+pleased with the course you have pursued. An election was held on the
+first Monday in September, at which you received all the votes given,
+and a certificate of your election, signed by the judges and clerks,
+has been forwarded to you. The country is being settled very fast, and
+there is somewhat of a stir to obtain cultivated lands. The lands
+already under cultivation are now fifty per cent. higher than a short
+time back. The great misfortune we labor under is want of protection.
+Thousands and thousands of acres of land, as rich and fertile as any on
+the face of the globe, lie idle and useless because they are not
+protected from the Apaches. We want only one thing besides the
+Territorial organization, and that is PROTECTION.
+
+Very truly yours,
+  S. Warner.
+
+
+Oct. 8, 1857.
+
+The guerilla warfare on the Sonora frontier continues with increased
+aggravation. We look for the happiest result from the exploration of
+this interesting region of the Colorado, about to be explored by Lieut.
+Ives, U. S. A. The ores from the Heintzelman mine took the premium at
+the mechanics' fair in San Francisco, just closed, where the ores from
+California and the western coast were on exhibition. So, Arizona leads
+California, the great mineral State.
+
+All we need is good government and honest, liberal legislation to make
+Arizona equal in production of precious metals, if not exceed,
+California.
+
+Yours truly,
+  C. D. Poston.
+
+
+Lt. Mowry, U. S. A.
+  Fort Yuma, June 2, 1857.
+
+News has just come in from the Arizona which represent an awful state
+of affairs. During the time Mr. Belknap was below at Sonora it was
+unsafe for him to go out unless accompanied by his friend, Don
+Gaudaloupe Orosco, and even then it was very dangerous. No news from
+Sonora nor even an arrival for the last twenty days. God knows what is
+going on; though of one thing we are certain--no American, never mind
+whatsoever he may be, can go into Sonora, with or without a passport.
+
+Very sincerely yours,
+  P. R. Brady.
+
+
+Aug. 5, 1850.
+
+The condition of the purchase has been extremely bad since the
+unfortunate and injudicious expedition of Crabbe into Sonora, and at
+the present time is but little better than a field of guerilla warfare,
+robbery and plunder.
+
+The exasperated state of feeling between the Mexicans and Americans
+prevents intercourse and commerce, upon which the Territory is
+dependent. Americans are afraid to venture into Sonora for supplies,
+and Mexicans afraid to venture over the line. Americans who had nothing
+to do with the fillibustering invasion have been treated badly in
+Sonora and driven out of the country, and Mexicans coming into the
+purchase with supplies and animals have been robbed and plundered by
+the returned fillibusters.
+
+The Americans in the Territory are by no means harmonious on these
+subjects--some in favor of filibustering and others opposed to it; some
+in favor of murdering and robbing Mexicans wherever found, and others
+opposed to it.
+
+It results that we are in a state of anarchy, and there is no
+government, no protection to life, property, or business; no law and no
+self-respect or morality among the people. We are living in a perfect
+state of nature, without the restraining influence of civil or military
+law, or the amelioration of society.
+
+There have not been many conflicts and murders, because every man goes
+armed to the teeth, and a difficulty is always fatal on one side or the
+other. In the midst of all this, the Government has blessed us with a
+custom house at Calabazos to collect duties upon the necessaries of
+life which, by chance and "running the gauntlet," we may get from
+Sonora.
+
+God send that we had been left alone with the Apaches. We should have
+been a thousand times better off in every respect.
+
+In this state of affairs it is scarcely to be expected that the people
+will meet together in a convention; there was no arrangement for that
+purpose up to the time of my leaving, and none could be made.
+
+We have never had any orders of election from Santa Fe, nor heard of
+any convention.
+
+Yours truly,
+  C. D. Poston.
+
+
+Major Fitzgerald, U. S. A., whose long experience on the Pacific coast
+makes his opinion very valuable, in a letter dated Fort Buchanan,
+Arizona, Sept. 17th, 1854, says:
+
+"The citizens of this country are very desirous of a territorial
+organization, with its courts, &c. Murders are committed and stock is
+stolen by white men with impunity. There is no court nearer than the
+Rio Grande (300 miles) to take cognizance of crime. Some few of the
+emigrants of this year have remained in the Santa Cruz valley. More
+would have done so, no doubt, if they had not started from the States
+originally with stock for the California market.
+
+The country around us is now beautiful. It has been raining almost
+daily since the 1st of July, and the vegetation is most luxuriant. Many
+of the Mexican citizens come over the line for purposes of trade,
+bringing flour, fruit, and leather. If there was no custom house at
+Calabazas, these articles could be had very cheaply.
+
+We have very excellent gardens, and plenty of vegetables. There is said
+to be a good deal of cultivable land on the upper Gila, and if a
+territory is created, it should embrace this. This would also include a
+large part of the Colorado valley above the junction of the Gila. That
+you may succeed in your wishes with regard to Arizona, is the sincere
+desire of
+
+Your friend and obliged serv't,
+  E. H. Fitzgerald."
+
+Lt. Mowry, U. S. A.
+
+
+A subsequent letter from Major Fitzgerald dated Oct. 1st, says Tueson
+contains rising five hundred inhabitants, the remainder of the Santa
+Cruz altogether enough to make considerable over a thousand,
+independent of the population towards and upon the Gila and Colorado,
+of which he remarks,
+
+"You know more than I." "There is not a doubt but that upon the
+location of the mail route, there will be a considerable emigration to
+this country, and if a portion of Sonora be organized, large numbers
+will come both from the East and West. The country is an excellent one
+for stock of all kinds, of which there were great numbers where the
+Apaches were gathered under the wing of the Catholic church. The
+valleys of Santa Cruz, San Pedro, and Upper Gila, and also that of
+Messilla, contain large bodies of productive lands, and all the cereals
+grow luxuriantly therein. THAT THERE IS MUCH SILVER IN THE TERRITORY
+THERE IS NO DOUBT, but it requires capital to develop it. As yet but
+little progress has been made in mining. Evidences of old works are
+seen on many of the water courses, but operations have not yet been
+recommenced, except at Arizona, Sopori, and Ariaola, principally
+because the country is very partially settled, and it is not safe to be
+at any distance from the mass of the population, and the troops. Copper
+ore is found in many localities, but little gold is yet discovered. If
+the road from El Paso to Fort Yuma be located by Parke's route, as many
+suppose, A FINE COUNTRY WILL BE OPENED on the Gila and Lower San Pedro,
+which will produce ample supplies. The Territory presents no
+difficulties of importance to the successful establishment of the road.
+Frequent stations and PROPER PROTECTION ARE ONLY REQUISITE TO ENSURE
+SUCCESS AS COMPLETELY AS THE MOST SANGUINE ANTICIPATE. Should Sonora,
+or even a portion of it be organized, this will be one of the most
+pleasant localities of our country. A delightful climate, plenty of
+fine fruit, facility of supply by a port on the Pacific, semi-weekly
+mails from the east and west,--are only some of the attractions which
+it would possess.
+
+Sonora is quiet. Many of the wealthy men there are in favor of
+annexation, it is said, but they have to keep silent on the subject for
+fear of noisy patriots, who would proclaim them traitors at once, if
+they made a parade of their inclinations. The San Antonio and San Deigo
+mail passes through Tueson once a fortnight, and seems to have met with
+no important obstacle yet. A drove of mules accompanies it, which are
+harnessed in turn. When regular stations are established its speed will
+be much increased. My last letter was not written with a view of the
+use being made of it you mentioned, yet if it answers a good purpose, I
+have no objection. It was but a careless note, but its contents were
+truths, nevertheless." (This note demonstrated the facility of supply
+for the Territory from the Pacific.)
+
+"Most truly your friend,
+  (Signed,) E. H. Fitzgerald."
+
+
+Tubac, Gadsden's Purchase, 22d Oct., 1857.
+
+"We have of late been seriously annoyed by the Apaches. Nearly all the
+animals belonging to the citizens residing around Fort Buchanan have
+been driven off by the Apaches. They are very impudent, and commit
+their depredations in broad day-light, talk to the people while they
+are driving off the animals, and always escape without being molested.
+
+The other day they came within 800 yards of the Fort and looked down
+upon it.
+
+In order to bring them to terms the Government ought to enlist 1000
+Pinos and Papagos to accompany the military. Indians are the only
+persons who can successfully traverse these mountains and hunt up their
+hiding places. If this is not done, they will surely break up our
+settlements here. Forts ought to be established in the very heart of
+the Apache country, in the places fit, and used by them for
+cultivation. If this is done we will soon bring them to terms.
+
+Until now, our mining establishments have not been molested by them,
+and we are going on in high glee. This is undoubtedly the richest
+silver mining country in the world. If the United States will make just
+and liberal laws for us; give us protection; remove those trifling and
+unprofitable custom houses on the frontier, at least for 5 or 6 years;
+procure us a transit through Sonora to Guaymas, and hasten along the
+rail-road to California, this will indeed be a prosperous country, and
+will astonish the world with its production of silver and copper. But
+with such terrible obstacles as those mentioned above and the great
+length of transit to transport goods over the roads which we have to
+take at present, progress only is possible for such as find mines of
+the extraordinary and incredible richness of the Heintzelman vein. If
+the present promises of few of these mines are realized, by working
+them on a scale commensurate with their extent and richness, I have no
+doubt but that they will equal in production the whole silver exports
+of Mexico.
+
+I think an appropriation ought to be made to sink artesian wells
+through the Papagos country, between San Xavier and the lower Gila.
+This route cuts off about 100 miles from the best route via the Pinos
+villages. It is laid down on my map, as a rail-road route, now at the
+office of the Sonora Exploring and Mining Company, at Cincinnati, Ohio.
+
+The country consists of a succession of plains and isolated mountain
+ridges, none of which need to be crossed. In fact it is a dead level to
+Fort Yuma, and, in consequence, no grading is necessary. There is
+scarcity of water, but the soil in general is excellent and grass
+abounds all along the line, while the mountains teem with minerals of
+the richest description. The oxides and the sulphurets of copper are
+the most beautiful and richest in the world. Silver undoubtedly exists
+of equal richness.
+
+All the foothills contain gold, but I hardly think it will be extracted
+by the whites, as the localities are devoid of water, and they are not
+probably rich enough to pay without sluicing on an extensive scale."
+
+I am, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient servant,
+  Herman Ehrenberg.
+
+To Lieut. S. Mowry, U. S. A.,
+  Delegate elect from Arizona,
+    Washington, D. C.
+
+
+The only comment the writer has to make upon these statements is, that
+two years' residence among and acquaintance with the people of Arizona,
+has convinced him of their absolute truth. At the last session of
+Congress a petition was presented, praying for a separate Territorial
+organization. The necessity for some legislation was admitted by both
+Senate and House; and bills creating a separate judicial district and
+land offices, passed both Houses, but owing to some minor differences
+and the lateness of the session, the bills failed to become a law.
+
+With an increased population and prolonged grievances, the people of
+Arizona are again about to present themselves as supplicants for that
+right inherent in the American heart--the right of self-government--and
+of protection under the law. Their petition sets forth in brief, plain
+terms, their situation and necessities, and prays simply for a
+separation from New Mexico and a Territorial organization under the
+name of Arizona. As a matter of necessity for the successful carriage
+of the mail across the country, this Territorial organization is
+imperative. No contract for labor or supplies can be enforced in the
+present condition of the country. Courts of law must be established,
+with officers to enforce their mandates, or the contractors will be
+utterly unable to carry out their contract.
+
+The great necessity of a safe and speedy overland communication with
+the Pacific, has directed public attention to the organization of
+Arizona as a separate Territory, and the desired legislation has
+received the unanimous endorsement of the press of the whole country.
+Petitions with thousands of signatures from leading citizens of the
+majority of the states of the Union, will be presented to Congress
+asking for the immediate organization of the new Territory as the best
+means to at once open a highway to the Pacific; and so important has
+this view of the question been deemed as to call from the President of
+the United States a recommendation in his message to Congress. No
+opposition has been made to the most just prayer of the people of
+Arizona, and it is believed that none will be made, unless it comes
+from New Mexico. It must be born in mind that the Gadsden Purchase was
+not originally an integral part of New Mexico; that it was acquired
+years after the treaty of Gaudaloupe Hidalgo, and was only attached to
+the territory of New Mexico as a temporary expedient. It must also be
+remembered that the Gadsden Purchase, with the portion of New Mexico
+which it is proposed to include within the limits of the territory of
+Arizona, is separated from New Mexico proper by natural boundaries;
+that it derives no benefit from the present connection, and that any
+opposition to the desired legislation arises from the Mexican
+population, which fears the influence of a large American emigration.
+Moreover, that New Mexico contains upwards of 200,000 square miles, and
+that its organic act provides for its partition; showing clearly that
+Congress anticipated, at no remote day, the settlement of the country
+by an American population, and its erection into several territories
+and states. The only effect of the present connection of Arizona with
+New Mexico is to crush out the voice and sentiment of the American
+people in the territory; and years of emigration, under present
+auspices, would not serve to counterbalance or equal the influence of
+the 60,000 Mexican residents of New Mexico. New Mexico has never
+encouraged American population. She is thoroughly Mexican in sentiment,
+and desires to remain so.
+
+As a matter of State policy, the organization of Arizona is of the
+first importance. Situated between New Mexico and Sonora, it is
+possible now to make it a thoroughly American State, which will
+constantly exert its influence in both directions, to nationalize the
+other two. New Mexico is at present thoroughly Mexican in its character
+and vote. Sonora, if we acquire it at once, will be the same. By
+separating Arizona from it, and encouraging an American emigration, it
+will become "the leaven which shall leaven the whole lump." By allowing
+it to remain attached to New Mexico, or by attaching it to Sonora when
+acquired, the American influence will be swallowed up in the great
+preponderance of the Mexican vote. The Apache Indian is preparing
+Sonora for the rule of a higher civilization than the Mexican. In the
+past half century, the Mexican element has disappeared from what is now
+called Arizona, before the devastating career of the Apache. It is
+every day retreating further South, leaving to us, when it is ripe for
+our possession, the territory without the population.
+
+The incentives to emigration to Arizona, in addition to the charm which
+the discovery of mineral wealth carries to every mind, are very great.
+The writer, in an extended tour through the Southern States, found many
+people, mostly young men of moderate means, ready and anxious to
+emigrate. The movement is still stronger in Southwestern States, and
+already many a train of wagons is on its way. It will have no end for
+years, for so mild and healthy is the climate that emigration is
+practicable at all seasons. Snow never lies on the soil, and frost is
+almost unknown. The contracts already authorized by Congress involve
+the expenditure of six millions of dollars in the next six years; the
+troops in the Territory will cost as much more. Here is enough money in
+hard sub-treasury coin, to draw a large population, independent of
+other considerations. All ready in many places the enterprising
+merchant exposes his stock of goods only two months from San Francisco,
+but he does it with the prayer that the Apache may pass him by, and too
+often he sees his hard-earned profits disappear before the Indian's
+successful foray.
+
+The establishment of a firm government in Arizona will extend the
+protection of the United States over American citizens resident in the
+adjoining Mexican provinces. This protection is most urgently demanded.
+Englishmen in Sonora enjoy not only perfect immunity in the pursuit of
+business, but also encouragement. Americans are robbed openly by
+Mexican officials, insulted, thrown into prison, and sometimes put to
+death. No redress is ever demanded or received. This state of things
+has so long existed that the name of American has become a byword and a
+reproach in northern Mexico, and the people of that frontier believe
+that we have neither the power nor the inclination to protect our own
+citizens. The influence of a Territorial government, with the tide of
+American emigration which will surely follow it, must entirely change
+the tone and temper of these Mexican States.
+
+The population of Arizona to-day, exceeds that of Washington Territory,
+and is far greater than was that of Minnesota, Kansas or Nebraska, at
+the time of their organization. An election for a Delegate has been
+held, at which several hundred votes were polled, and the writer
+returned without opposition. The unsettled and dangerous condition of
+the country prevented a convention being held, but letters have been
+received from all parts of the Territory, expressing a hearty
+concurrence in the election on the part of those unable to vote, and an
+earnest desire for the Territorial organization.
+
+A number of gentlemen at present in Washington, can testify from actual
+observation, to the truth of the statements here made in reference to
+Arizona--among them I am permitted to name General Anderson, late U. S.
+Senator from Tennessee, who almost alone, with rare perseverance and
+courage, explored, in 1850, the whole length of the Territory, Major
+Heintzelman, U. S. A., whose long station at Fort Yuma made him
+acquainted with the resources of the country, and who has shown at once
+his intelligence and foresight and his faith in the prospective wealth
+of the silver region, by large investments of capital, Col. A. B. Gray,
+late U. S. Surveyor of the Mexican Boundary line, I. Smith McMicken,
+Esq., whose residence for many years on the Mexican frontier has
+entitled his opinion to some weight, and A. H. Campbell, Esq.,
+Superintendent of Wagon Roads, whose information is full and reliable.
+To these names it may not be improper to add that of the writer, who
+has for two years past, while residing at the junction of the Gila and
+Colorado Rivers, made the new Territory and its resources, an object of
+constant observation and study, and whose experience on the Pacific
+coast, and in the frontier Territories, and on the route across the
+continent, during the past five years, has enabled him to speak
+understandingly of the capabilities and necessities of a new country,
+and of a frontier people.
+
+In five years a great State may be built upon this remote frontier, and
+a population gathered, such as will, when we make further acquisition
+of territory, spread at once over it, diffusing national sentiment and
+extending the area of American principles.
+
+Aside from these considerations, justice and humanity, imperatively
+demand that Congress shall bear and at once answer the prayer of the
+people of Arizona for protection. If these considerations fail, then
+they offer INTEREST; for the organization of the Territory is the
+guarantee of a supply of silver, which will create as great a
+revolution in the commercial world as has the gold of California.
+Arizona will be known as the silver State, and the prediction of
+Humboldt, that the balance between gold and silver, destroyed by the
+California discoveries, would one day be restored, will be made good,
+from the resources of the Gadsden purchase.
+
+
+TO THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED:
+
+The undersigned, your humble petitioners, citizens of the United
+States, and residents of the Territory known as the Gadsden Purchase,
+respectfully represent:
+
+That since the annexation of their Territory to the United States, they
+have been totally unprotected from Indian depredations and civil crimes.
+
+That the protection of the Mexican Government has been with drawn, and
+that it has not been replaced by any visible protection from the United
+States.
+
+That the annexation of the Purchase to New Mexico, carried with it no
+protection for life or property.
+
+That the present force of United States troops, four companies of
+dragoons, reduced by desertion and death to about one half, is entirely
+inadequate to protect us against the depredations of the Apaches.
+
+That many of your petitioners have expended their time and means in
+opening and prospecting rich mines of Copper and Silver, and have been
+driven from them by the Indians--losing their all, and also many
+valuable lives.
+
+That the Territory is immensely rich in minerals, especially Silver and
+Copper; and, as your petitioners most firmly believe, the development
+of these mines will make a change in the currency of the world, only
+equalled by that caused by the gold mines of California.
+
+That a great part of the Territory, between the Rio Grande and Tueson,
+is susceptible of cultivation and will support a large agricultural
+population.
+
+That this portion of the Territory is in the hands of the Apaches, and
+useless, unless redeemed from their grasp and protected to the farmer.
+
+That the highways of the Territory are stained with the blood of
+citizens of the United States, shed by Indians and by public marauders,
+who commit their crimes in open day, knowing there is no law to
+restrain and no magistrate to arrest them.
+
+That this Territory, under a separate organization, would attract a
+large population and become immediately developed: and, that its
+isolation--its large Indian population--its proximity to a
+semi-civilized Mexican province, and its peculiar and wonderful
+resources, demand protection from the Government more emphatically than
+any other territory yet recognised.
+
+That our soil has been stained with the blood of American citizens,
+shed by Mexican hands, in an armed invasion of our Territory near
+Sonoita, and that there is no civil magistrate or officer here to even
+protest against such an outrage.
+
+That throughout their whole Territory, from the Rio Grande to the Rio
+Colorado, six hundred miles, there is no Court of Record, and no
+redress except that inefficiently administered in a Justice's Court,
+for civil injuries or crimes.
+
+That the population of the Territory is much greater than was that of
+Kansas or Nebraska or Washington Territory, at the time of their
+organization, and that it is steadily increasing, and will, under the
+influence of the Road and Mail Bills of the last Congress, be greatly
+augmented.
+
+That there are no post routes or mail facilities throughout the
+Territory, and that finally, we are cut off from all the comforts of
+civilization--and that we claim, as a right, that protection which the
+United States should everywhere extend to her humblest citizen.
+Wherefore your petitioners humbly pray that the Gadsden Purchase may be
+separated from New Mexico and erected into a separate Territory under
+the name of Arizona, with such boundaries as may seem proper to your
+honorable bodies, and that such other legislation may be made as shall
+be best calculated to place us on the same footing as our more
+fortunate brethren of Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, Oregon and
+Washington, that we may be enabled to build up a prosperous and
+thriving State, and to nourish on this extreme frontier a healthy
+national sentiment. And we, as in duty bound, will ever pray.
+
+[Signed by more than five hundred resident voters.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoir of the Proposed Territory of
+Arizona, by Sylvester Mowry
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