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diff --git a/23813-h/23813-h.htm b/23813-h/23813-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac4fd05 --- /dev/null +++ b/23813-h/23813-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4427 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Newly Discovered System of Electrical Medication, by Daniel Clark + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + + h2 {text-align: center; clear: both;} + h1 {text-align: center; clear: both; line-height: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} + h3 {text-align: center; clear: both; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} + + hr {width: 65%; margin: 2em auto; clear: both;} + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + .toc1 {text-align: left; font-variant: small-caps; padding-right: 5em;} + .toc2 {text-align: right;} + .toc3 {text-align: center; font-size: large; padding: 1.5em 0 .5em;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 94%; font-size: smaller; + font-style: normal; text-align: right;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .smcapl {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} + .sci {font-variant: normal;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px; margin-top: 2em;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: 0.25em; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .trans1 {border: solid 1px; margin: 3em 15%; padding: .25em 1em; text-align: justify;} + + .trnhd {text-align: center; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;} + + a:link {text-decoration:none;} + a:visited {text-decoration:none;} + + .author1 {text-align: left; margin-left: 75%; margin-bottom: 0;} + .author2 {margin-left: 2em; margin-top: 0;} + + .pub1 {text-align: center; margin-top: 7em; font-size: small;} + .pub2 {text-align: center; font-size: small;} + + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Newly Discovered System of Electrical +Medication, by Daniel Clark + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Newly Discovered System of Electrical Medication + +Author: Daniel Clark + +Release Date: December 11, 2007 [EBook #23813] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ELECTRICAL MEDICATION *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from scans of public domain works at the +University of Michigan's Making of America collection.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<h1><small>A NEWLY DISCOVERED SYSTEM</small><br /> +<small><small>OF</small></small><br /> +<span class="smcap">ELECTRICAL MEDICATION.</span></h1> + +<h2><span class="smcap">By</span> DANIEL CLARK, A. M.</h2> + +<p class="pub1"><big>CINCINNATI:</big><br /> +PRINTED BY HITCHCOCK AND WALDEN,<br /> +<small>FOR THE AUTHOR.</small><br /> +1875.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="pub2">Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Daniel Clark, A. M.,</span><br /> +<br /> +In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the<br /> +Northern District of Illinois.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + +<p><span class="smcap">In</span> the summer of 1866, the author of this little +book, moved by the repeated and earnest solicitation +of his Medical Classes, prepared and printed a small +pamphlet entitled <i>Practical Principles of Medical +Electricity</i>, designed more particularly, as the present +work also is, as a <i>Hand-Book</i> to assist the memory +of those who have taken a regular course of <span class="smcap">Lectures</span> +from himself, or from some other competent +instructor in the same general system of Practice. +The edition of that work was exhausted somewhat +more than a year ago. Still, the book has continued +to be frequently called for. The author has, therefore, +prepared, and now offers to the Profession, the +present volume, comprising the substance of the +previous work—corrected, improved in arrangement +and form, and about doubled in size by the introduction +of new matter. While he has reason for +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span>gratitude that the former manual, referred to above, +has met with so favorable a reception, he can not +but hope that the present work will be found even +more acceptable and valuable to both practitioners +and their patients.</p> + +<p>It is but justice to say that the most essential +principles of <i>practice</i> here presented did not originate +with the present author, but with <span class="smcap">Prof. C. H. +Bolles</span>, of Philadelphia, their discoverer, from +whom the writer received his first introduction to +them. Yet, the <i>explanations</i> here given of the Law +of Polarization, as respects the electric current in +the circuit of the artificial machine, as well as +respecting the natural magnets and magnetic currents +of the human organism; the introduction of +the <i>long cord</i>, with the explanation of its advantages; +and also nearly everything of the <i>philosophic +theories</i> here brought to view, the author alone is +responsible for.</p> + +<p>This work, like its little predecessor from the +same pen, has been adapted exclusively to the use of +<span class="smcap">Dr. Jerome Kidder's</span> Electro-Magnetic Machine, +manufactured and sold, at present, at No. 544 Broadway, +New York; because the author, having used in +his own practice a considerable variety of the most +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span>popular machines intended for therapeutic purposes, +and having examined several others, believes this to +be incomparably <i>the best in use</i>. Dr. Kidder has, +with most laudable zeal, pressed on his researches +and improvements in the manufacture of these instruments, +until there seems to be scarcely anything +more in them to be desired. They are certainly not +equalled by any others in America, and probably not +surpassed, if equalled, by any in the world.</p> + +<p class="author1">D. C.</p> +<p class="author2"><span class="smcap">Plainfield, Ill.</span>, June, 1869.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="toc1"></td><td class="toc2">Page.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Introduction</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc3" colspan="2">FIRST PRINCIPLES.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc1">Dr. Jerome Kidder's Electro-Magnetic Machine</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Polarization</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">The Electric Circuit</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Polarization of the Circuit</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">The Central Point of the Circuit</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">The Current</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Modifications of Electricity</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">The Vital Forces—Animal and Vegetable</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Extent of Electric Agency</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Theory of Man</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">The Lower Animals</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">The Vegetable Kingdom</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Natural Polarization of Man's Physical Organism</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Electrical Classification of Diseases</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Philosophy of Disease and Cure</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc3" colspan="2">PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii"><small>[viii]</small></a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc1">Polar Antagonism</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Importance of Noting the Central Point</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Distinctive Use of Each Pole</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Use of the Long Cord</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">The Inward and the Outward Current</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Mechanical Effect of Each Pole</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Relaxed and Atrophied Conditions</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">General Direction of the Current</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Treating With Electrolytic Currents</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Positive and Negative Manifestations</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Healing</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Diagnosis</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc3" colspan="2">PRESCRIPTIONS.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Preliminary Remarks</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">General Tonic Treatment</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Common Colds</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Cephalagia (<span class="sci">Headache</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Deafness</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc1">Noises in the Head</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Inflamed Eyes</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Amaurosis</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Strabismus (<span class="sci">Discordance of the Eyes</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Catarrh (<span class="sci">Acute</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Catarrh (<span class="sci">Chronic</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc1">Diphtheria</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Aphonia (<span class="sci">Loss of Voice</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_106">106</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Croup</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Asthma</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Hepatization of Lungs</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Pneumonia</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc1">Pulmonary Phthisis (<span class="sci">Consumption</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Neuralgia and Rheumatism of the Heart</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Enlargement and Ossification of the Heart</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Palpitation of the Heart</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Torpid Liver</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc1">Hepatitis (<span class="sci">Inflammation of Liver</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Enlargement of Liver</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Biliary Calculi (<span class="sci">Gravel in Liver</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Intermittent Fever (<span class="sci">Ague and Fever</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Nephritis (<span class="sci">Inflammation of Kidneys</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc1">Renal Calculi (<span class="sci">Gravel in the Kidneys</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Diabetes (<span class="sci">A Kidney Disease</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Dyspepsia</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Acute Diarrhœa</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Chronic Diarrhœa</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc1">Cholic (<span class="sci">of whatever kind</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Cholera Morbus</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Cholera (<span class="sci">Malignant</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Dysentery</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Constipation of Bowels</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc1">Hæmorrhoids (<span class="sci">Piles</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Rheumatism (<span class="sci">Acute Inflammatory</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Rheumatism (<span class="sci">Chronic</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_125">125</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc1">Dropsy</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Neuralgia</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Sciatica</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Paralysis</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Erysipelas</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc1">Eruptive Cutaneous Diseases</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Common Cramp</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Trismus (<span class="sci">Lockjaw</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Tetanus</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Cancers</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc1">Asphyxia (<span class="sci">Suspended Animation</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Recent Wounds, Contusions and Burns</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Old Ulcers</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Hemorrhage</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Chlorosis (<span class="sci">Green Sickness</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="toc1">Amenorrhœa (<span class="sci">Suppressed Menstruation</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Dysmenorrhœa (<span class="sci">Painful Menstruation</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Menorrhagia (<span class="sci">Excessive Menstruation</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Prolapsus Uteri (<span class="sci">Falling of the Womb</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Leucorrhœa (<span class="sci">Whites</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Spermatorrhœa</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="toc1">Impotence</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr> + +</table></div> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></p> +<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2> + +<p><span class="smcap">Considerable</span> parts of this book have been written +for the unlearned. For the scholarly reader such +parts, of course, would be wholly superfluous; yet it +is hoped that they to whom these are familiar will be +patient in passing through them for the sake of +others to whom they may be instructive. Other parts, +again, it is believed, will be found new to the most of +even educated minds. But men of the largest intellectual +attainments are commonly the most docile. +Such men, meeting this little work, will not shrink +from a candid examination of its contents merely on +account of their comparative novelty, nor because the +views expressed differ essentially from those usually +held by the medical faculty. The candid, yet critical, +attention of such gentlemen, the author especially +solicits. He assures them that he does not write at +random, but from careful research and practical experience. +His <i>philosophic theories</i> he offers only for +what they are worth. His <i>principles of practice</i> he +believes to be scientifically correct and of great value.</p> + +<p>Let it not be supposed that the author, in this +work, assumes a belligerent attitude towards the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span> +members of the medical profession. Although anxious +to modify and elevate their estimate of electricity +as a remedial agent, and to improve their methods of +using it, he has no sympathy with those who profess +to believe, and who assert, that medicines of the +apothecary never effect the cure of disease; that where +they are thought to cure, they simply do not kill; +and who contend that the patient would have recovered +quicker and better to have taken no medicine at +all. He knows that such allegations are false, as +they are extravagant; and so does every candid and +unprejudiced observer whose experience has given +him ordinary opportunities to judge. The writer believes +it can be perfectly demonstrated that the advancement +of medical science in modern times—say +within the last two or three hundred years—has +served to essentially prolong the average term of +human life. The world owes to medical instructors +and practitioners a debt of gratitude which can never +be paid. Their laborious and often perilous research +in the fields of their profession, and their untiring +assiduity in the application of their science and skill +to the relief of human suffering, entitle them to a degree +of confidence and affectionate esteem which few +other classes of public servants can rightly claim. +For one, the author of this little book most sincerely +concedes to them, as a body, his confidence, his sympathy, +and his grateful respect. And the most that +he is willing to say to their discredit, (if it be so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span> +construed), is that he regards them as having not yet +attained <i>perfection</i> in their high profession, and as +not being generally as willing as they should be to +examine fairly into the alleged merits of remedial +agents and improved principles of practice, (claimed +to be such), when brought forward by intelligent, +cultivated and respectable men, outside of "the regular +profession." This is said at the same time that +the author gives much weight to their commonly +offered defense, viz: that, in the midst of professional +engagements, they have not always the time to spare +for such examination; and that, since the most of alleged +improvements in the healing art, particularly +of those introduced by persons who have not received +a regular medical education, sooner or later prove +themselves to be worthless, the <i>presumption</i>—though +not the <i>certainty</i>—is, whenever a new agent, or a new +method or principle is proposed by an "outsider," +that this, too, if not willful charlatanism, is a mistake; +and therefore, the sooner it comes to an end +the better it will be for the public health, and that +neglect is the surest way to kill it.</p> + +<p>But the medical faculty have too widely employed +electricity in the treatment of disease, and that with +too frequent success, to admit of its being denied a +place among important therapeutic agents by any respectable +practitioner. The only questions concerning +it now are those which relate to the <i>versatility</i> of +its power, the <i>scope</i> of its useful applicability, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</a></span> +the <i>principles</i> which should guide in the administration +of it. The general subject embraced in these +questions is one in which suffering humanity has a +right to claim that physicians shall be at home.</p> + +<p>And yet it will scarcely be denied that, in the exhibition +of electricity, more than of almost any other +therapeutic agent, medical practitioners feel incertitude +as to what shall be its effect. Now and then it +acts as they expected it to do; sometimes it pleasantly +surprises them; oftener it offensively disappoints +them. They find it <i>unreliable</i>. Of other remedial +agents, they commonly know, before administering +them, what <i>sort</i> of effect will be produced; but in employing +this, while they have hope, they are generally +more or less in doubt. They regard it as <i>a +stimulant</i>; although its action on the living organism +appears to them to be largely veiled in mystery. In +many cases of disease, particularly those of acutely +inflammatory or febrile character, they judge it to be +not at all indicated. To administer it in a case of +bilious or typhoid fever, or in a case of pneumonia, +pleuritis, gastritis, inflammatory rheumatism, or +acute, and especially <i>epidemic</i> or malignant dysentery, +or in a case of pulmonary phthisis, would probably +be viewed by the most of physicians as the +rashest empiricism, if not the next thing to madness. +<i>The idea of producing antagonistic effects with it at +will</i>, they would, for the most part, esteem preposterous. +Rather, perhaps, it may be said of the majority<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[xv]</a></span> +of medical practitioners that such an idea has +never entered their minds; so foreign is it to their +conceptions of truth and propriety. But, at whatever +risk of discredit or censure, the writer of the +present volume avers that this idea is both scientifically +sound and of every day's practical verification. +The various and opposite forms of disease—acute +and chronic, hypersthenic and asthenic—are habitually +treated and <i>cured</i>, in his own practice and that +of his students, by electricity alone.</p> + +<p>But "<i>cui bono?</i>" may be asked. "What if it be +true that these things can be done with electricity? +They are also done with medicines, which are more +quickly and conveniently administered, and usually +less annoying to the patient. What, therefore, is +the <i>practical utility</i> of your electric system above +the ordinary practice, especially if we include, in the +latter, electrical treatment as occasionally employed +by the most of respectable physicians?"</p> + +<p>This is the important question—that to which +the author desires to call particular attention. He, +therefore, answers:</p> + +<p><i>First.</i>—It is manifestly true that the most of diseases, +(the exceptions are comparatively few), can be +cured by the use of medicines. It is also true that +these can generally be administered with more convenience +and less expenditure of time to the practitioner +than electricity; and this is a great advantage. +The author is often asked if he thinks his electric<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</a></span> +system will ever supersede the use of medicines. +His answer is uniformly, "No." It takes too much +time for that. Where the population is crowded, as +in cities and large towns, it is often the case, especially +in times of prevailing epidemic, that a physician +can prescribe medicine for half a dozen or more +patients in the time required to treat one electrically. +To reject medicines and rely alone on electricity would, +in periods and places of prevailing sickness, leave +many sufferers without professional service, or would +require that the proportion of doctors to the whole +population should be largely increased—a thing certainly +not often to be desired. So much, candor +must concede.</p> + +<p><i>Second.</i>—It is not quite true that medicines are +usually less annoying to the patient than electricity +as <i>we</i> use it. As administered by others, it is often +nearly intolerable. In our hands, on the contrary, it +seldom inflicts any pain or distress, and almost invariably +becomes agreeable to the patient after a very +few applications. We have no occasion to torture +our patients in order to cure them. But the cases +are comparatively rare where medicines are not +offensive; commonly they are excessively so.</p> + +<p><i>Third.</i>—In not a few diseases, and these among +the most dangerous or distressful, the electric current, +employed according to the system here taught, +is able to reach, control and cure, with facility, where +medicines are but slowly, and in most instances imperfectly +successful, or fail altogether. This is said,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</a></span> +or meant to be said, not invidiously nor boastingly, +but in the candid utterance of a great and practically +demonstrated truth. It is, perhaps, most <i>often</i> exemplified +in neuralgic, rheumatic and paralytic affections. +The author is happy to acknowledge that +these diseases are frequently mitigated, and occasionally +cured, by means of electrical treatment administered +by those who know nothing of the system +here taught. But the important fact is, in <i>their</i> +hands there is <i>no certainty</i> as to the effect before +trial. Under <i>this</i> system, the kind of effect is as +certainly known before as after the trial, since it can +be made one thing or another <i>at will</i>.</p> + +<p>Cases are not unfrequently presented of <i>inflammatory +action</i>, more especially where it is internal—traumatic +cases and others—which the practitioner +finds it impossible to subdue with medicine. But, +with a proper knowledge of the system herein taught, +he has at his command a power with which he can +control such cases with almost infallible certainty, +provided he can get access to them within reasonable +time. The same may be said of fevers, particularly +those occasioned by miasmatic or infectious virus. +These are often difficult to manage by the use of +medicine, and not seldom prove fatal, in spite of the +best talent and skill which the profession can afford. +But the electric current, rightly selected and scientifically +applied, destroys or neutralizes the virus +and restores the normal polarization, and so effects +a cure.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[xviii]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Neuralgic affections</i> are frequently found difficult, +or even impossible, to be cured by means of medicines, +and yet, in the very same cases, these affections +yield and disappear with comparative facility when +brought under the electric current, judiciously applied, +according to the principles of this new system.</p> + +<p><i>Chronic cases, and others of an asthenic character</i>, +are often very stubborn under the medicines of pharmacy, +and are commonly the dread of physicians; +yet, under scientific treatment by electricity, they +rarely fail to lose their formidable character and to +become obedient to the remedial agent.</p> + +<p><i>Fourth.</i>—In enumerating a few of the peculiar +advantages of this system, I should add that it corrects +the usual <i>electric</i> practice of the profession, so +far as they become acquainted with it. As before +intimated, the mass of physicians at present, who +treat more or less electrically, do so with no knowledge, +or next to none, of the great <i>versatility</i> of +action of which the electric current is capable. They +know nothing of the electrical polarization of the +living organism in health, nor how it is variously +affected in disease. The particular <i>electrical</i> state +of the diseased organs is a matter foreign to their +minds. They appear to suppose the point to be +immediately aimed at as a means of cure is to get +the electricity from the machine into the affected +part or parts; whereas it should be to change, by +correction, the <i>polarization</i> of the part or parts; and, +if there be virus present, to neutralize that. Equally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[xix]</a></span> +unacquainted are they generally with the diverse +physiological action of the several modifications of +the electric force—galvanism, magnetism, faradism, +and frictional electricity. This, in their candor, they +commonly acknowledge. And, for the most part, +they are little or nothing better acquainted with the +<i>distinctive</i> effects on the system of the positive and +negative poles of the instrument. There is, therefore, +plainly no <i>science</i> in their electrical practice. +Every thing is done at random—all is empirical.</p> + +<p>But the system here taught opens the light upon +all of these points. For practical purposes, at least, +it is, in its essential features, the only system of +electrical therapeutics which has in it any real +merit—the only system which <i>can be true</i>. By this, +the writer does not mean to assert, or to imply, that +the little book now before the reader contains no +error, either in respect to theory or practice. In this +early stage of our system's history, it would be +remarkable if it did not contain errors in both these +respects. But what it is intended to affirm is, that +the book presents the <i>cardinal features</i> of a true, +and the only possibly true, system of electrical practice. +All possibly true systems of geometry must +necessarily be essentially the same; and so, too, all +possibly true systems of electrical medication must +be essentially one. That one system, it is candidly +and confidently believed, is briefly contained in the +present little volume.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> +<h1>ELECTRICAL MEDICATION.</h1> + +<h2>FIRST PRINCIPLES.</h2> + +<h3>DR. JEROME KIDDER'S ELECTRO-MAGNETIC +MACHINE.</h3> + +<p>On opening the machine-box, as it comes +from the manufacturer, there will be found a +glass bottle, intended to hold the battery fluid +when not in use; a glass cup or jar, to serve +as the battery cell; a pair of insulated metallic +conducting cords; two tin electrodes; a brass +clamp; and, under the helix-box, (which raise), +the battery metals and two connecting wires to +unite the battery with the helix.</p> + +<p>To put the machine in working condition—ready +for use—proceed, step by step, as follows, +viz: Prepare the <i>Battery Fluid</i> by mixing +twelve parts, by measure, of water with one +part of sulphuric acid, (good commercial acid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +is pure enough), sufficient to fill the cell two-thirds +or three-fourths full, and place in it +about one-third of an ounce of quicksilver.</p> + +<p>Next, place the platina plate between the +two zinc plates, standing on their legs upon a +table before you; and bring the top of the +wooden bar (in a groove of which the platina +is set) up flush with the top of the zinc plates. +Let the brass post, standing on the top of this +bar and soldered to the platina plate below, be +toward the left-hand side. Then take the brass +clamp and place it across the top of these metallic +plates, a little to the right of the brass +post, or about midway between the right and +left sides, having its thumb-screw towards you, +and with it screw the three plates firmly +together. The platina is shorter than the zincs, +to prevent its reaching the quicksilver in the +bottom of the cell; and the wax balls on its +sides are to insulate it from the zinc plates. +This platina should never be allowed to touch +the mercury or the zinc.</p> + +<p>Let the plates, properly screwed together, be +now placed in the cell with the Battery Fluid. +Then, with the two copper connecting-wires, +connect the post which stands on the wooden +bar above the platina with the post stamped P<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +on the helix-box, and the brass clamp N with +the post N on the helix-box.</p> + +<p>If, now, the screws regulating the vibrating +armature be in perfect adjustment, the current +will commence to run, with a buzzing sound; +or it may be made to start by touching the +hammer-like head of the flat steel spring. If +not, the screws may be rightly adjusted in the +following way: The top screw, which at its +lower point is tipped with a small coil of platina +wire, should be made to press delicately upon +the center of the little iron plate on the upper +side of the spring, so as to bear the latter +down very slightly. Then raise or depress the +screw-magnet, which turns up or down under +the hammer, like the seat of a piano-stool, +until the vibration of the spring commences. +The <i>rapidity of the vibrations</i>, by which is secured +the alternate closing and breaking of the +electric circuit (or rather what, in practical effect, +is equivalent to this—the <i>direct</i> and <i>reverse</i> +action of the current in alternation) is increased +by raising the screw-magnet and diminished by +lowering it. When it is raised above what is +required for ordinary use, the noise becomes +too loud and harsh for many nervous patients +to bear. It should then be depressed a little.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p> + +<p>With respect to curative power, I have discovered +but little perceptible difference, produced +by the various degrees of rapidity in the vibrations, +effected within the range of this magnet.</p> + +<p><i>The force</i> of the current is regulated by +means of a tubular magnet, which slides over +the helix, and is called <i>the plunger</i>. It is approached +under a brass cap at the right-hand +end of the machine. The plunger is withdrawn, +more or less, to increase the force; pushed in +to diminish it. If in any case the current can +not be softened sufficiently with the plunger, +the quantity of battery fluid in use must be +made less.</p> + +<p>After a time the current will become weak, +and fail to run well. Then renew the battery +fluid. When the quicksilver is all taken up +by the zinc plates, the machine may be run +for a while without adding more. But after it +has considerably disappeared from the inside +surface of the zinc plates, the latter will begin +to show more rapid corrosion, while the current +will be less. Then let a small quantity +of quicksilver—one-fourth to one-third of an +ounce—again be placed in the fluid.</p> + +<p>When the machine is not in use, let the +metals be removed from the fluid; and, if not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +to be soon again used, let them be rinsed with +water, carefully avoiding to wet the wooden +bar in which the platina is set.</p> + +<p><i>The posts</i>, with which the conducting-cords +are to be connected, are arranged in a row +near the front of the helix-box, and are marked +A, B, C, D. Either two of these posts may be +used to obtain a current; and since they admit +of six varying combinations, six different currents +are afforded by the machine, viz: the +A B current, the A C current, the A D current, +the B C current, the B D current, and +the C D current. Whichever current is used, +it may always be known which of the two posts +employed is the positive and which the negative, +by observing the letters stamped upon +their tops. The one whose letter comes first +in the order of the alphabet is positive; the +other is negative. Also, the one standing +towards the left hand is positive, and that at +the right hand is negative. <i>The qualities</i> of +the several currents are stated in a descriptive +paper on the inside of the lid of the machine, +which see. It will there be found that three +of the currents—viz, the A B, the A C and the +A D currents—are <i>electrolytic</i>: that is, dissolving +by electric action. These electrolytic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +currents require to be used—one or another +of them—whenever any chemical action is +needed; as, in decomposing or neutralizing +<i>virus</i> in the system, destroying cancers, reducing +glands when chronically enlarged, removing +tumors or other abnormal growths, and in +treating old ulcers and chronic irritation of +mucous membranes. The other three, being +Faradaic or induction currents, and having no +perceptibly chemical action, are used where +only change of electro-vital polarization is required. +These Faradaic currents differ from +each other in respect to being <i>concentrative</i> or +<i>diffusive</i> in their effects, and in their <i>sensational</i> +force. B C is concentrative and delicately sensational. +C D is also concentrative, though +less so than B C, and is more strongly sensational. +B D is diffusive, and the most energetically +sensational of the three.</p> + +<h3>POLARIZATION.</h3> + +<p>It may be proper, in this place, to spend a few +words upon electrical polarization in general.</p> + +<p><i>Electrical polarity</i> may be defined as a characteristic +of the electric or magnetic fluid, by +virtue of which its opposite qualities, as those +of <i>attraction</i> and <i>repulsion</i> towards the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +object, are manifested in opposite parts of the +electric or magnetic body. These opposite +parts are called the <i>poles</i> of the body, as the +<i>positive</i> and <i>negative</i> poles. The difference +between the positive and negative poles is +believed to be that of <i>plus</i> and <i>minus</i>—plus +being positive and minus negative. This is +the Franklinian view, and, if I mistake not, +is the one most in favor with men of science +at the present day. This view supposes that +the electricity or magnetism arranges itself in +<i>maximum</i> quantity and intensity at the one +extremity or pole of the magnetized body, and +in <i>minimum</i> quantity and intensity at the opposite +extremity or pole; and that, between +these points—the maximum and the minimum—the +fluid is distributed, in respect to +quantity and intensity, upon a scale of regular +graduation from the one to the other. The +idea may be represented by a <i>line</i>, commencing +in a <i>point</i> at the one end, and extending, +with regularly increasing breadth, to the other +end. The larger end would represent the positive +pole, and the smaller, the negative pole. +Or perhaps a better representation of the magnet +would be a line of equal breadth from end +to end, but having the one end <i>white</i>, or slightly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +tinted, say, with <i>red</i>, and the color gradually +and regularly increasing in strength to the +other end, where it becomes a <i>deep scarlet</i>. +Let the coloring-matter represent the magnetism +in the body charged, and we have the +magnet illustrated in its polarization: the deep-red +end is the positive pole, and the white or +faintly-colored end is the negative pole.</p> + +<p>It is a law of polarization that the positive +poles of different magnets repel each other, and +the negative poles repel each other; while positive +and negative poles attract each other. +The same law of polarization rules in electric +or magnetic <i>currents</i> as in magnets at rest.</p> + +<h3>THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT.</h3> + +<p><i>The Electric Circuit</i> is made up of any thing +and every thing which serves to conduct the +electric current in its passage—outward and +returning—from where it leaves the inner surfaces +of the zinc plates in the battery cell to +where it comes back again to the outer surfaces +of the same plates. When the conducting-cords +are not attached to the machine, or +when the communication between the cords is +not complete, if the machine be running, the +circuit is then composed of the battery fluid,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +the platina plate, the posts, the connecting-wires, +which unite the battery with the helix, +the helical wires, and their appendages for the +vibrating action. But when a patient is under +treatment, the conducting-cords, the electrodes, +and so much of the patient's person as is traversed +by the current while passing from the +positive electrode through to the negative electrode, +are also included in the whole circuit. +And whatever elements may serve to conduct +the current in any part of its circuit—be they +metal, fluid, nerve, muscle, or bone—the same +are all, for the time, component parts of <i>one +complete magnet</i>, which, in all its parts, is subject +to the law of polarization, precisely as if +it were one magnetized bar of steel. Usually, +however, it is sufficient for <i>practical</i> purposes +to contemplate the circuit as consisting only of +that which the current passes through in going +from the point where it leaves the positive +post and enters into the negative cord, around +to the point where it leaves the positive cord +and enters into the negative post.</p> + +<h3>POLARIZATION OF THE CIRCUIT.</h3> + +<p>I have said, in effect, a little above, that, +while the current is running, <i>the entire circuit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +is one complete magnet</i>, which extends from +the inner or positive sides of the zinc plates, +where the current commences, all the way +around to the outer or negative aides of the +zinc plates, to which it returns. Viewed in +this light its negative pole or end is the +battery fluid, next to the positive surfaces of +the zinc plates, and its positive pole or end is +the brass clamp which, holding the metals +together, is in contact with the outer and negative +surfaces of the zincs.</p> + +<p>But, for practical purposes, it is sufficiently +exact to consider the <i>magnetic circuit</i> as extending +only from the positive <i>post</i> around +through the conducting cords, the electrodes +and the person of the patient to the <i>negative</i> +post. The negative end or pole of this magnet +is the wire end of the cord placed in the +positive post, and the positive end or pole is the +wire end of the cord placed in the negative post.</p> + +<p>But any magnet may be viewed either as +one whole, or be conceived as composed of a +succession of shorter magnets placed end to +end. If we view it as one entire magnet, we +call the end in which the magnetic essence is in +greatest quantity the <i>positive</i> end, and the end +where it is in least quantity the <i>negative</i> end.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +But if we imagine the one whole magnet as +being divided up into several sections, then we +conceive of each section as a distinct magnet, +having its own positive and negative poles. +And, all the way through, these sectional magnets +will be arranged with the positive pole of +the one joined to the negative pole of the next +in advance of it.</p> + +<p>It is just so in respect to the magnetic circuit +of a moving current. The whole circuit, +as before remarked, is in reality one long magnet. +But in applying the terms <i>positive</i> and +<i>negative</i> in our practice we often view the +whole circuit—the one long magnet—as composed +of a series of shorter ones, arranged +with positive and negative ends in contact; +and all the way the current in each section is +supposed to be running from the positive pole +of the magnet behind to the negative pole of +the magnet before.</p> + +<p>We consider the circuit, from the positive +post around to the negative post, as composed +of three magnets, as follows: Magnet No. 1, +which extends from the positive post, along +the cord and electrode, to the body of the patient, +where the positive electrode is placed. +The <i>negative pole</i> of this magnet is the <i>wire<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +end of the cord</i> placed in the positive post, and +its <i>positive</i> pole in the <i>positive electrode</i> placed +upon the person of the patient. No. 2, which +is composed of the parts of the patient traversed +by the current between the two electrodes. +Its negative end or pole is the part in +contact with the positive pole of magnet No. 1, +and its positive pole is the part in contact with +the negative pole of magnet No. 3. No. 3 extends +from the positive pole of No. 2, through +the electrode and along the cord, to the negative +post. Its negative pole is the <i>negative +electrode</i> in contact with the positive end or +pole of magnet No. 2, and its positive pole is +the <i>wire end of the cord</i> in the negative post.</p> + +<p>Since in every magnet the magnetic fluid is +supposed to be regularly graduated from minimum +quantity in the negative end to maximum +quantity in the positive end, this is true +in respect to the one magnet, consisting of the +whole magnetic circuit, as well as in respect +to each one of the sectional series. Consequently +there must be the same quantity of +magnetism in each negative pole of the sections +as there is in the positive pole of the +section immediately behind it. And the magnetism +of the whole circuit between the positive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +and the negative posts is in its <i>least</i> +volume next to the <i>positive post</i>, and in <i>fullest</i> +volume next to the <i>negative post</i>. If we consider +the circuit as divided into two equal +halves, the <i>negative half</i> is plainly that which +joins the <i>positive post</i>, and the <i>positive half</i> +that which joins the <i>negative post</i>.</p> + +<p>From this it will be seen that what in practice +are designated as the positive and negative +<i>posts</i>, and also positive and negative <i>poles</i> or +<i>electrodes</i> are <i>not</i> such <i>in relation to each other</i>, +but the <i>reverse</i> of it; that is to say, the positive +<i>post</i> is not <i>positive</i> in relation to the <i>negative +post</i>, but is <i>negative</i> to it; and the positive +<i>electrode or pole</i> is not positive in relation to +the <i>negative</i> electrode, but <i>negative</i> to it. The +positive <i>post</i>, like the positive <i>electrode</i>, is +called <i>positive</i>, because it is the positive end +of the sectional magnet next <i>behind</i> it. And +the <i>negative</i> post, as also the negative electrode, +is <i>called negative</i> because it is the negative +end of the sectional magnet next <i>in +advance</i> of it.</p> + +<h3>THE CENTRAL POINT OF THE CIRCUIT.</h3> + +<p><i>The central point</i> of the circuit—that point +which divides between its positive and negative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +halves—is reckoned, in practice, to be the +midway point in the line over which the current +passes, in its whole course from the positive +post around to the negative post. When +the cords are of equal length, this point will +always be in the person of the patient, about +midway between the parts where the two electrodes +are applied. This central point, or +"point of centrality," is practically neuter—neither +positive nor negative; and upon the +two opposite halves of the circuit, the positive +and negative <i>qualities</i> of the current are in +greatest force nearest to the posts, and in least +force nearest to the central point. At this +point they cease altogether, and the central +point is <i>neuter</i>.</p> + +<p>It may, perhaps, be observed that, in <i>apparent</i> +contradiction of this statement, the <i>sensational</i> +effect of the current on the negative +half of the circuit is <i>least</i> nearest to the positive +post, and becomes regularly <i>greater</i> as the +current advances towards the central point; +and that <i>at</i> this point it is greater than at any +other point between this and the positive post. +To relieve this seeming contradiction, it is +only necessary to consider that, in fact, the +<i>positive</i> state on the negative half of the current<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +<i>does</i> increase regularly from the positive post +to the central point. But that which is the +<i>increase</i> of the positive state is the <i>decrease</i> of +the negative state. So it is still true that on +the negative half of the circuit, the <i>negative</i> +qualities <i>diminish</i> as we advance towards the +central point just as on the positive half, the +<i>positive</i> qualities diminish regularly towards +the central point, as stated above.</p> + +<h3>THE CURRENT.</h3> + +<p><i>The current</i> is that moving electric essence +which traverses the circuit. The <i>course</i> of the +current is always from the positive to the negative. +It leaves the machine at the positive +post, where it enters the cord which holds the +positive electrode or pole. Thence it advances +around the circuit, going out from the opposite +cord where that connects with the negative +post. The forward end of the current is its +positive end; the rear, of course, is its negative +end. At its forward end it is in its greatest +volume. At its rear end the volume is least. +At the <i>central point</i> of its circuit there is the +<i>mean</i> quantity—the <i>average</i> volume. And +because the positive and negative forces on +either side exactly balance each other upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +the central point, therefore this point is practically +neuter—neither positive nor negative.</p> + +<h3>MODIFICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY.</h3> + +<p>In the present stage of electric science, the +conviction has become very general among experimenters +that galvanism, magnetism, faradism, +frictional electricity and the electricity +of the storm-cloud are, in their essential nature, +one and the same; being diversified in appearance +and effects by the different modes and +circumstances of their development. This conviction +has been reached in various ways; but +chiefly, perhaps, by observing the many analogies +between the phenomena of these several +forces, and also by the fact that each of them +can be made to produce or be produced by one +or more of the others. But I must forego any +detailed discussion of this matter, since my +limits will not admit of it, and shall assume that +these apparently several agents are but modifications +of the same generic force.</p> + +<p>There are two other phases or modifications +of the electric principle, as I judge them to be, +which are not so generally classed here. I +refer to the forces of animal and vegetable +vitality, as viewed in the next section.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p> + +<h3>VITAL FORCES—ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE.</h3> + +<p>Upon these points I must be permitted to +offer a few words.</p> + +<p>Of the <i>animal kingdom</i>, I regard the "nervous +fluid" or "nervous influence," popularly so +called, as being the very principle of <i>animal +vitalization</i>—the life force; and that, a modification +of the <i>electric</i> force. It is, I think, +pretty generally conceded at this day that +the "nervous influence" is probably electric. +There are some alleged facts, and other certain +facts, which go far to sustain this view. It is +said that if we transfix, with a steel needle, a +large nerve of a living animal, as the great +ischiatic, and let it remain in that condition a +suitable time, the needle becomes permanently +magnetized. So, too, if the point of a lancet +be held for some length of time between the +severed ends of a newly-divided large nerve, +that point, as I have heard it affirmed, on what +appeared to be good authority, becomes magnetized; +although I have not attempted to +verify either of these cases by experiment. +However, admitting them to be true, the metal +is charged with simply the "nervous fluid." +But the fact on which I myself chiefly rely for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +evidence of this identification, being almost +daily conversant with it in my practice, is this: +<i>The "nervous influence" obeys the laws of electrical +polarization, attraction and repulsion.</i> +When I treat a paralyzed part, in which, to +all appearance, the action of the nerve force +is suspended, I have but to assume that this +force is electric, and apply the poles of my +instrument accordingly, and I <i>bring it in</i> from +the more healthy parts, along with the inorganic +current from my machine. Forcing conduction +through the nerves, by means of my +artificial apparatus, I rouse the susceptibility +of the nerves until they will normally conduct +the "nervous influence" or electro-vital fluid, +as I term it, and the paralysis is removed. +Again, if I treat an inflamed part, in which the +capillaries are engorged with arterial blood, +I have but to assume that the affected part +is overcharged with the electro-vital fluid, +through the nerves and the arterial blood, and +so to apply my electrodes, according to well +known electrical law, as to produce mutual +repulsion, and the inflammatory action is sure +to be repressed. I manifestly change the polarization +of the parts. This thing is so perfectly +regular and constant that I am entirely assured,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +before touching the patient, what sort +of effect will be produced by this or that +arrangement in the application of the poles of +the instrument. If I desire to increase or depress +the nervous force in any given case, I +find myself able, on this principle, to produce +the one effect or the other, at will. Hence, I +say, the nervous influence obeys the electric +laws, just as does the inorganic electricity. I +find this subtle agent not in the nerves only, +but also in muscle and blood—more especially +in arterial blood. Indeed it seems to pervade, +more or less, the entire solids and fluids of the +animal system. And wherever it exists, its +action is just that of an <i>electro-vital</i> force. +Examples of this fact will appear further along +in the present work. While, therefore, I can +not <i>affirm</i> the identity of animal electricity and +animal vitality, the theory of their identification, +to my view, best accords with the manifestations +under correct therapeutic treatment, +and I am unaware of any established fact to +disprove it.</p> + +<p><i>Vegetable vitality</i>, also, I regard as another +modification of the electric force. The fact +has been proved by repeated experiments, that +galvanic currents, passed among the roots of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +vegetables, causes a quickened development of +the plants to a degree that would be deemed +incredible by almost any one who had neither +seen it nor learned its <i>rationale</i>. I have seen +it stated, on authority which commanded my +credence, that by this process lettuce leaves +may be grown, within a few hours only, "from +the size of a mouse's ear to dimensions large +enough for convenient use on the dinner-table."</p> + +<p>The following experiment has been related +to me by several different parties, as having +been made by <i>Judge Caton</i>, of Ottawa, Illinois; +and subsequently the same has been confirmed +to me by his brother, Deacon Wm. P. Caton, +of Plainfield, Illinois. It is said that the Judge +had some interesting <i>evergreens</i> which appeared +to be affected by an unhealthy influence, causing +a suspension of growth and withering of +branches here and there, until such branches +died. So the process went on, terminating +after a little time in the death of the trees. +In this way he had lost some valuable specimens. +At length a very fine and favorite +evergreen was similarly attacked. He felt, of +course, annoyed by the destructive process, +and especially reluctant to lose this particular<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +tree. Probably calling to his recollection something +analogous to what I have referred to +above, he resolved to try the efficacy of galvanism +to reinforce the vitality of the shrub. +Having a telegraphic wire extending from the +main line in Ottawa to his own residence, he +availed himself of this facility, and caused a +wire to be passed among the roots of this tree +in such a way as to bring the galvanic current +to act upon them. It was not long before he +saw, to his delight, a new set of foliage starting +from the twigs, and after a little time the +tree was again flourishing in all its beauty. +The electric current had evidently imparted to +it a fresh vitality.</p> + +<p>To insure the success of such an experiment, +a proper regard to polarization must be had, +such as is taught in the system presented in +this book. There may not have been any attention +to this matter in the case just related; +but if not, the Judge must have <i>stumbled</i> upon +the correct application of poles. To have +brought the roots under the influence of the +wrong pole would have made sure the death of +his tree.</p> + +<p>Now, although, if taken by themselves, such +experiments could not be regarded as <i>conclusive</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +in favor of the electric nature of vegetable +vitality, notwithstanding that this theory best +explains the phenomena; yet, when considered +in connection with the fact that the nervous +fluid of the animal kingdom is evidently a modification +of electricity, and probably constitutes +the vital force of the animal, the theory of its +identification, under another modification, with +the vital principle in the vegetable kingdom +also, as deduced from experiments like those +just adverted to, receives strong confirmation, +and is now, I believe, being adopted by many +of the best philosophers of the age.</p> + +<h3>EXTENT OF ELECTRIC AGENCY.</h3> + +<p>When we have settled upon the position that +the electricity of the heavens and of the artificial +machine are identical, and that their +identity is essentially one with galvanism, +magnetism, the electro-vital fluid of animal and +the life-force of the vegetable kingdoms, it +requires no extravagant imagination, nor remarkable +degree of enthusiastic credulity, to +suppose that all the forms of physical attraction +and repulsion are due, under God, to the diversified +modifications of the same all-pervading +agent—<span class="smcap">Electricity</span>. Indeed, for myself,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +I feel no hesitation in expressing it as my +belief that electricity, in one phase or another, +and controlled only by <span class="smcapl">WILL</span>, is the grand +motive-power of the universe. I believe that, +in the form of electro-vital fluid, the great +Creator employs it as His immediate agent to +carry on all the functions of animal life; and +that, in respect to voluntary functions, He subordinates +it as a servant to the will of the creature, +to effect such cerebral action and such +muscular contractions as are demanded by the +creature's volitions. I am disposed to think +that, by the omnipotent power of His will, He +controls and uses electricity, in its various +modifications, as the immediate moving-force +by which He accomplishes all the changes in +the physical universe. It is fast becoming a +generally-received opinion among modern <i>savans</i>, +that every body in nature is really magnetic, +more or less; and that all visible or +sensible changes are but the result of changing +poles. Chemical affinities and revulsions are +believed to be only the more delicate forms of +electrical attraction and repulsion; the ultimate +particles of matter, no less than matter in +masses, being subject to the control of electrical +laws. The imponderable agents, light and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +caloric, under the ingenious tests of scientific +scrutiny, are beginning to give some very decided +indications of being simply electric phenomena. +Indeed, the doctrine or theory that +supposes caloric to be simply <i>atomic motion</i> is +even now being very generally accepted by the +scientific world. And that motion in the atoms +of a body which causes in us the sensation of +heat is probably electric motion. And permit +me to observe that, though the operations of +nature seem, at first thought, to be wonderfully +complex and mysterious, yet if the views here +presented be correct, the marvel is changed; +and we are brought to a profound admiration +of the <i>simplicity</i> of the means by which the +Almighty conducts His material operations. A +<i>single</i> agent made to perform processes so infinitely +numerous, diversified and apparently +complex! How amazing! Simplicity in complexity!—majestic, +like the mind of God.</p> + +<h3>THEORY OF MAN.</h3> + +<p>Let the question now be raised—<i>What is +man?</i> The answer will have much to do with +the remedial system which I aim to teach. +For this reason it is thus early introduced.</p> + +<p>My answer to the above question is as follows:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +<i>Man is a threefold being, composed of a +body material, a body electrical, and a spirit +rational and indestructible.</i></p> + +<p>Let the elements of this definition be a little +amplified:</p> + +<p>1. <i>The material body.</i> This is composed of +various metals, earths, carbon, phosphorus, and +gases. I need not go into a representation of +their multiplied and curious combinations to +form the many parts of the body complete. +But these are the ultimate elements; and a +most superb and wonderful structure they here +compose. Yet, notwithstanding all the manifest +skillfulness of its contrivance, and the +power of its accomplishment, and the niceness +and beauty of its execution, it were a useless +display if unaccompanied with the invisible +agents which compose the two other grand constituents +of man, to wit: the body electrical +and the spirit, or mind. Without these, it +would quickly fall into decay, as we see it +when deprived of them, and would be resolved +into its original elements again. But to our +gross material bodies the Creator has added,</p> + +<p>2. <i>The body electrical.</i> By this, I mean that +which has commonly been termed "nervous +influence," "nervous fluid," "nervo-vital<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> +fluid," and "nervo-electric fluid." I object, +however, to each and all of these designations. +They are too restricted and specific. They all +seem to imply that it is an agent or influence +which appertains especially to the <i>nervous</i> system; +whereas the entire organism is under its +pervading force. I do not doubt but its chief +action is in and through the nervous system; +but it also pervades and, as I think, vitalizes +the whole body. The nervous system seems +to be created as one principal means for its +replenishment,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> and to serve as the medium of +its ministrations to the body at large. I choose +to term it <i>electro-vital fluid</i>, or <i>electro-vitality</i>. +My reasons for so designating it are the following: +(1) It is demonstrably electrical in its +nature. (2) It appears to be identified, or at +least connected immediately, with the vitalization +of the body. (3) I wish, by its name, to +distinguish it from <i>mental</i> vitality, or the vitality +of <i>spirit</i>. Whether, as a peculiar manifestation +of the electric principle, it vitalizes +by its own nature and action solely, or whether<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +it be <i>charged</i> with another mysterious element—a +<i>life-force</i>—and vitalizes by ministering +the latter to the material organism, I will +not positively affirm. Whichever it be, the +name I assign to it seems sufficiently appropriate. +But I strongly incline to the theory +that this electro-vital principle does itself, by +virtue of its own nature, vitalize the system. +In other words, I am disposed to think that +God makes it the <i>immediate</i> agent of vitalization; +having constituted it the <i>vis vitæ</i> of both +the animal and the vegetable kingdoms. Nor +does this idea, as I conceive, necessarily conflict +at all with the doctrine of <i>cell-life</i>, as +maintained by the best physiologists of the +present day. I also sometimes style this electro-vital +element the <i>body electrical</i>, because it +is certainly an entity, coëxtensive with and, +in greater or less force, wholly pervading the +visible, material body.</p> + +<p>At this point I will take the liberty to introduce, +although somewhat digressively, a +few thoughts on the <span class="smcapl">DISTINCTIONS OF VITALITY +OR LIFE.</span></p> + +<p>There are, as I suppose, the following several +kinds of life: (1) <i>Spirit life</i>; (2) <i>Moral life</i>; +(3) <i>Electric life</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> + +<p>(1.) There is <i>spirit</i> life. And here are to +be made several subdivisions.</p> + +<p>[1.] <i>Uncreated</i> spirit life. This is the life +of God. Of the nature of the Divine Essence +we know nothing; yet that God is a real, living +entity, we do know. My own conviction +is that the divine essence and the divine life +are identical; that God, a spirit, is necessary, +infinite, conscious <span class="smcap">Vitality</span>—the voluntary +Originator of all existencies besides himself. +But as to what is the essential nature of this +vitality—this eternal spirit-life—we can have +no conception, only that this life is God.</p> + +<p>[2.] <i>Created</i> spirit-life. And here we make +another subdivision.</p> + +<p>(<i>a</i>) The life of created <i>immortal</i> spirit. This +is a rational, intelligent entity, representing +the spirit of man and of unembodied, created +intelligences above him. This spirit God created +as it pleased him—"in his own likeness"—a +living, indestructible essence; and, +as I suppose, its essence and its life the same.</p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>) The life of created <i>mortal</i> spirit, as the +spirit of the beast. Of the intrinsic essence of +this spirit, we are also necessarily ignorant. +Yet, of its attributes we know that it has <i>consciousness</i>, +<i>sensibility</i>, and <i>will</i>. Of its life we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +know as little as of its essence; both of which, +however, as I conjecture, are also one and the +same—the spirit substance being itself essentially +vital.</p> + +<p>(2.) We pass next to <i>moral</i> life. This life +is identical with <i>holiness</i>—the very opposite of +that defilement that characterizes moral <i>death</i>, +which is a state of <i>sin</i>. But let me again subdivide.</p> + +<p>[1.] As to the moral life of <i>God</i>, it consists +in his infinite moral purity—his <i>veracity</i>, <i>justice</i> +and <i>benevolence</i> or <i>love</i>—qualities which, +in their combination make up his holiness.</p> + +<p>[2.] The moral life of <i>man, as also of other +rational creatures</i>. This consists in his <i>sympathy +of spirit with God</i> in respect to those +pure qualities which constitute the Divine +holiness.</p> + +<p>(3.) Finally, there is <i>electric</i> or <i>physical life</i>. +But here again there are varieties.</p> + +<p>[1.] There is <i>animal</i> life, as of man and the +lower animals. This I have already represented +as consisting in the electro-vital force.</p> + +<p>[2.] <i>Vegetable</i> life. This is another modification +of the same essential principle—electro-vitality.</p> + +<p>But now, to return to the <i>physical</i> or <i>animal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +life of man</i>—the electro-vital element. While +this is in such <i>immediate</i> relation to the visible +body on the one hand, it holds, also, on the +other hand, an <i>immediate</i> relation to the mental +part, both of man and of the other animated +beings of earth. It serves to transmit, through +the nervous system to the mind, all sensations +and impressions from the outer world. It, +moreover, receives from the mind the action of +its volitions and imaginary conceptions, and +conveys through the nerves the impressions or +impulsions thus obtained to the various parts of +the body, and there secures the fulfillment of +the mind's behests. It appears to be only in +this way that communication is had between +the mind and its outer body. The natures of +spirit and of gross matter are so totally unlike, +that it seems impracticable for the mind and +body to come into <i>immediate</i> mutual relation, +or to act reciprocally, without the aid of a +<i>medium</i>—ethereal, semi-material and semi-spiritual, +such as is the electro-vital fluid. And +the Creator has accordingly provided this mysterious, +invisible medium between the two, and +thus, in a degree, extended man's likeness to +himself by making him <i>a trinity in unity</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <i>The mind or spirit.</i> This is immeasurably<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +the highest and most important constituent +of man. His body material may fall back +to dust. His body electrical may be reabsorbed +in the great ocean of natural electricity that +fills the earth and the heavens. But his mind +is immortal. His spirit, made in the divine +image, lives and acts, thinks and feels, independently +of every other existence save Him +from whom its being came. While in connection +with its visible body, its good or ill, its +bliss or woe, has, indeed, much to do with its +bodily state. But, when separated from this +body, its high and more independent existence +is at once asserted; and then its good or ill +are determined by its Author only in accordance +with the workings and affections within +itself. A spiritual and indestructible being +like its Creator, it can never cease to be while +he exists.</p> + +<p>But our present concern is with the mind in +its relation to that electro-vital medium between +it and the body, and to the body itself. The +mind's influence upon both of these lower parts +of the entire man is truly wonderful, although +perceptible mostly on the material body. Few +persons are aware how much the state of the +mind affects the bodily health, although the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +degree is often very great. Yet this is done +by the mind's action, first on the electro-vital +functions, and through these, by way of the +nerves, upon the bodily tissue. Changes in +the mental states will, in this way, frequently +produce changed polarization in the physical +organs, and thus determine infallibly the matter +of health or disease. So, too, the condition +of the bodily health will often determine irresistibly +the mental state. Whatever bodily +changes affect the polarization of the electro-vital +medium in any part of the organism, do +thereby produce corresponding changes in the +mind.</p> + +<p>These views of the reciprocal action between +mind and body, through the medium of the +electro-vital element, may serve to explain +those psychological wonders exhibited in the +cure of diseases by the imagination, as well as +in diseases and even death induced by the imagination. +I would much like to unfold and +illustrate this bearing of the subject; and, also, +in the light of it, to show the <i>philosophy</i> of one +mind acting intelligibly on another mind, with, +and even <i>without</i>, the aid of the physical +organs, as is sometimes seen in the facts of +mesmerism. This I have done in my written<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +lectures, for the instruction of classes; but my +limits will not admit of it here.</p> + +<p>There is another thought which I will offer +in this connection. I maintain that all <i>functional</i> +action of our bodily organism, <i>ab initio</i>, +is conducted by <i>thinking mind</i>, through the +medium of organic electricity or the electro-vital +fluid. Every organ as a whole, and every +life-cell in detail, is charged with this active +principle. I believe that every one of then is +controlled and guided incessantly in its propagating, +organizing and entire functional force +by <i>intelligent mind</i>, acting through this wonder-working +agent—the electro-vital fluid. In respect +to our <i>voluntary</i> exercises, this organic +electrical force is made subject to our own +mental activities, and executes its office upon +the bodily organism mainly through the medium +of the nerves. But, as regards all the +<i>involuntary</i> functions, I believe that control is +exercised <i>directly</i> by the omniscient and all-pervading +God, although in accordance with +his own established laws.</p> + +<p>Once more of the <i>mind</i> let me remark, that +<i>consciousness, sensation, and will belong to it +alone</i>. The <i>body</i> never thinks nor feels; nor +does the organic electricity within it. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +popular idea, especially with the less educated +masses, is that, if a man burn his finger, it is +the finger that smarts. But this can not be +true. Pain can exist only where consciousness +is. And there is no consciousness in the +finger, nor in any material part. Only the +<i>mind</i> is conscious of <i>existence</i>, even; and hence +only the mind can be conscious of pleasure or +pain. If a limb be paralyzed, by interrupting +in any way the flow of the electro-vital fluid +through its nerves, and thus depriving the +<i>mind</i> of its medium of communication with it, +you may burn that limb to a crisp and the +subject will feel no pain. When you burn your +finger or break your arm, you disturb the +action of the electro-vitality in the injured +part, deranging its poles. This electric agent +instantly communicates its disturbance along +the nerves to the brain, where it reports to +the mind and tells where the disturbance is. +The conscious mind takes cognizance of the +fact and feels distress.</p> + +<h3>THE LOWER ANIMALS.</h3> + +<p>It may, by some, be objected that, if we +regard sensation as existing only in the <i>mind</i>, +as affirmed above, then we must concede mind<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +to the lower animal tribes, since they are subjects +of consciousness, sensation and will, as +truly as ourselves. I admit this necessity, and +unhesitatingly take the position, as has been +already done in the classification of minds, that +the lower animals are in fact endowed with a +something higher and more spiritual than their +material bodies or their animal vitality—something +which bears distinguishing characteristics +of <i>mind</i>. I would not, however, be understood +to say, or to imply, that they possess <i>all</i> +the characteristics of our minds, even in a +rudimental degree. I do not believe they do. +My theory does not accord to them either +reason or immortality. Yet, in respect to the +latter, my views are less decisive, and my +utterances usually more reserved. But I think +their minds may, and probably do, perish with +their bodies. Nevertheless, the existence of +consciousness, sensation and will, in any orders, +does evidently presuppose some sort of mental +constitution. And such mental structure, in +them as well as in us, must be distinct from +and superior to the animal vitality—compelling +service from the latter, and using it as a +medium for communicating with the body, and +with the outer world in general.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.</h3> + +<p>As to the vegetable kingdom, there is here, +so far as we can discover, only a duality of +principle, viz: the material body and a modified +phase of electro-vitality. These component +parts appear to sustain to each other, in +the vegetable, relations quite analogous to those +of the corresponding parts in the animal. But +here the <i>mental</i> part is wanting; and consequently +there is no consciousness, sensation, +nor will; and the electro-vital action is guided +in its elaborate and beautiful operations for +the forming and developing of the plant, and +in all its vital functions, by the all-pervading +mind of God.</p> + +<h3>NATURAL POLARIZATION OF MAN'S PHYSICAL +ORGANISM.</h3> + +<p><i>The electro-vital fluid</i>, in the animal economy, +is subject to the same principles of polarization +as the magnetic current from the +artificial machine, or the magnetism of the +bar-magnet. In the material organism of man, +the great nerve-centers—the brain, the spinal +cord, and the ganglions—appear to act the +part of fixed magnets, charged with the electro-vital<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +fluid. Indeed, there is much reason +to believe that this fluid is elaborated within +these nerve-centers—more especially within +the brain—from the inorganic electricity of +the outer world, which is supplied through the +lungs in respiration, and conducted thence to +these laboratories by a remarkably interesting +process—a process which I have not room +here to describe, but which I have drawn out +in detail in a manuscript lecture on the circulation +of the blood, for my classes, and which +may some day see the light. These nerve-centers, +viewed as magnets of electro-vitality, +require to be regarded as having each a positive +nucleus in the interior, on which are +ranged the negative ends of the currents which +go out from this positive nucleus in every direction +to the surface of the medullary organ—so +radiating, as it were, from center to periphery. +And the nerve-lines and ramifications +which issue from these great nerve-centers are +polarized evidently in the same way—the +electro-vital fluid being disposed with its negative +ends to the positive surfaces of the +nerve-centers, and its positive or plus ends to +the "vital organs," and especially to the surfaces +of the organism as a whole. There are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +many other polarizations in the human system, +subordinate to those mentioned above; but I +have no room to speak of them in detail.</p> + +<h3>ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES.</h3> + +<p>There are two, and only two, primary classes +of disease—those in which the electro-vital +force is abnormally <i>positive</i>, and those where +it is preternaturally <i>negative</i>. The former class +comprises every variety and phase of hypersthenia, +and the latter, every sort and degree of +anæsthesia, or rather, of azoödynamia. <i>Inflammation</i> +may be taken as a general representative +of the positive or hypersthenic class—those +forms of disease in which there is too +much electro-vitality, or in which the vital +force may be said to be too active. <i>Paralysis</i> +may stand as a general representative of the +negative or azoödynamic class—those in which +the vital action is too low or weak.</p> + +<h3>PHILOSOPHY OF DISEASE AND CURE.</h3> + +<p>In every part of the animal economy, polar +derangements in the electro-vital principle are +liable to occur. These derangements are always +the real foundation of disease. They may be +occasioned by a thousand agencies, which act<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +as the <i>procuring</i> cause of disease; but the +<i>proximate</i> and <i>sustaining</i> cause is polar disturbance—derangement +of the electro-vital +poles. Parts which, in health, are relatively +positive, may become negative, and that which +should be negative may become positive. Or +again, a part, naturally positive to its counterpart, +may become <i>excessively</i> so, and that which +should be relatively negative may become negative +to a <i>morbid degree</i>.</p> + +<p>To correct these polar disturbances and restore +the normal polarization, is to <i>cure the +complaint</i>. This is, under the treatment of +most physicians, often accomplished by the use +of medicines, and by mechanical or surgical +agency. We accomplish it by the proper application +of the <i>poles</i> of our electrical apparatus. +In cases where there is <i>virus</i> to be destroyed, +or <i>abnormal growths</i> to be removed, we also +secure the <i>chemical</i> action appropriate to these +ends by the proper <i>selection of our current</i>. +It often happens that <i>mechanical</i> or <i>surgical +action</i> is demanded. In many <i>such</i> cases, we +do not profess to secure normal polarization +and consequent cure by means of electricity +alone. Yet, in a large proportion of the cases +where mechanical or surgical agency is usually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +thought to be indispensable, we are able to +cure by electric action only, since by it we +can exert very considerable mechanical force +at will; and can also, in many instances, attain +much more happily, by means of electricity, +the very ends or the <i>best</i> ends which would be +aimed at by skillful surgical operations.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> +<h2>PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE.</h2> + +<h3>POLAR ANTAGONISM.</h3> + +<p><i>When the conducting cords are of equal length</i>, +as commonly they should be, each of the two +poles or electrodes produces a polar effect in +the patient directly the opposite of that produced +by the other. Also, <i>at any point</i> in +either half of the circuit, if it be within the +person of the patient, the polar effect produced +is the very reverse of what is experienced at +the corresponding point in the other half of +the circuit. And further; each half of the +current produces a polar effect, at every point +in the parts of the patient through which it +runs, the same in <i>kind</i>, though differing in +<i>degree</i>, as is produced immediately under the +pole or electrode with which it is connected; +yet an effect antagonistic to that which is produced +under the other pole, or at the corresponding +point in the other half of the current.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p> + +<h3>IMPORTANCE OF NOTING THE CENTRAL POINT.</h3> + +<p>From the above observations, it will be plain +that, when we wish to bring a diseased organ +under the influence of the <i>positive</i> pole, we +must carefully place our electrodes so that +none of the organ, or none of the diseased +part of it, shall appear on the positive<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> side +of the <i>central point of the circuit</i>; it being understood +that the current moves as nearly in +direct lines as the best conducting medium will +admit. Or again, if it be desired to bring a +diseased organ, or any extended part of it, +under the influence of the <i>negative</i> pole, we +must first calculate in placing our electrodes +about where the central point will come, and +then so apply them that no part of the lesion +or disease shall appear on the negative<a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> side +of the central point; otherwise so much of it +as lies on that side will come under the force +of the wrong pole, and thus be affected in a +way the opposite of what was intended. The +characteristic influence of each pole is felt +throughout its own half of the circuit.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p> + +<h3>DISTINCTIVE USE OF EACH POLE.</h3> + +<p>I have said that every disease is preternaturally +either positive or negative. I have +further said, that the application of either pole +to a given part produces an effect the opposite +of what would be produced in the same part by +a reversal of the poles. The way is now prepared +for me to announce <span class="smcapl">THE CENTRAL PRINCIPLE</span> +of our system of practice. The reader +will bear in mind that all acutely inflammatory +or hypersthenic affections are electrically <i>positive</i> +in excess—having too much vital action—being +<i>overcharged</i> with the electro-vital fluid; +and that all paralytic diseases, or those of a +sluggish, azoödynamic character, are electrically +<i>negative</i>—having too little electro-vital +fluid—too little vital action. It is a universal +law of electricity that positives repel each +other, and that negatives repel each other; +but that positives and negatives attract each +other. This is a principle of electric action +everywhere known, where any thing is known +on the subject. <i>We appropriate it practically +to therapeutic purposes.</i> Therefore, when I +wish to repress or repel inflammation, which +is electrically positive in excess, I put the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +positive pole to it; or, at least, I bring it under +that half of the circuit with which the positive +pole is connected, and as near to the pole or +electrode as possible. And because two positives +repel each other, and also because the +direction of the current is always from the +positive to the negative pole, carrying the +electro-vital fluid with it, either I must withdraw +my positive electrode, or that excess of +electro-vitality in the diseased part which +makes it morbidly positive, and thus produces +inflammation, must give way. I <i>will not</i> withdraw +my positive pole, and therefore the +positive inflammation <i>must</i> retreat and be +dispersed. In treating this case, I will place +my <i>negative</i> electrode either on some healthy +part, or, if there be perceptible anywhere in +the system a morbidly negative part, as is +often the case, I will place my negative pole +there. For example: if I am treating for +<i>nephritis</i>—inflammation of the kidneys—when +I do not perceive any part to be abnormally +negative, I manipulate with my positive electrode +over the inflamed kidney, having the +negative electrode placed at the coccyx—lowest +part of the spine. My positive pole +repels the positive inflammation from the kidney;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +or, rather, repels from it that excess of +electro-vital fluid which makes it morbidly +positive and induces the inflammation, while +the negative pole attracts the same towards +the coccyx. On its way, it becomes more or +less diverted to adjacent nerves; or, if gathered +in the healthy part, under the negative pole, it +is immediately dispersed by the normal circulation +as soon as the electrode is removed. +But if I find <i>a spinal irritation</i>, say in one or +more of the cervical or dorsal vertebræ, and, +at the same time, a stomach affected with +<i>chronic dyspepsia</i>, accompanied with <i>constipation +of bowels</i>, I will work over the inflamed +or irritated spine with my positive pole, because +I know from its irritation that there is +an excess of electro-vital fluid in the part, +making it improperly positive; and, with my +negative electrode, I will, at the same time, +treat over the stomach, bowels and liver; +because I know, from the <i>inaction</i> of these +organs, that there is a lack of the vital force—a +deficiency of the electro-vital fluid—there, +and that, consequently, they are too negative. +Adopting this method, I accomplish two objects +in the same treatment. <i>First</i>, my positive +pole, applied to the spinal disease, repels from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +it the excess of electro-vital fluid which was +there doing mischief; and, <i>second</i>, my negative +pole attracts the same, along with the artificial +or inorganic electricity, to the stomach and +bowels where it is wanted, since negatives +attract positives. Or I wish to rouse to action +a <i>torpid liver</i>. Now, if I find <i>inflammation, or +enlargement</i> of the spleen, as is commonly the +case in <i>chills and fever</i>, I place the positive +pole upon the spleen, at the left side, just +below the false ribs, and the negative pole on +the liver, which is best reached immediately +below the ribs on the right side, and around +backward and upward as far as to the spine. +The positive pole repels the excess of electro-vitality +away from the positive spleen, and so +reduces the improper excitement there, while +at the same time it rushes, by attraction, to +the negative liver, under the negative pole, +and makes that more positive, and so more +active. In this way, I change the polarization +of the parts, and, in so doing, remove the +sustaining cause of the disease. You here +perceive that I treat a positive part with the +positive pole, so as to repel the excess of +electro-vitality from it, and thus repress its +excessive action; and that I treat a negative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +part with the negative pole, so as to attract +the electro-vital fluid, along with the current +from the machine, to it from under the positive +pole, and thus increase the action by +making it more positive.</p> + +<p>But suppose I do what nearly all of the doctors +do, who use electricity with any regard to +polarity; that is, if treating acutely inflamed +eyes, for example, apply the negative pole to +the eyes, thinking thereby to make them more +negative; or, if treating amaurosis, apply the +positive electrode to the affected parts, thinking +thereby to make them more positive! I +say, suppose I do this same thing, do you not +see that, by the fixed laws of electricity, I +necessarily increase the evils that I would +remedy? Do you not see that, by placing my +negative pole on the already overcharged and +inflamed eyes, I attract to them yet more of +the electro-vital fluid, and so increase their +positive condition and aggravate the inflammation? +and that, by presenting my positive electrode +to the eyes already more or less paralyzed, +I repel what little electro-vitality there was +there, and so make the nerves all the more +negative and dead? And yet, I repeat it, this +is precisely the plan of almost all the men who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +use electricity in therapeutic practice with any +regard to its polarization. They treat a positive +disease—rather, a <i>hypersthenic</i> disease, +(for they seldom know anything of the <i>electrical</i> +states of diseased parts), with the negative +pole, and an azoödynamic disease, which is +negative, with the positive pole!—all directly +antagonistic to science and success.</p> + +<p>But the great mass of physicians, who attempt +to treat electrically, have no knowledge either +of the electrical condition of the various forms +of disease, nor of the distinctive and peculiar +effects produced by either pole of the artificial +current; and consequently all their use of this +powerful agent is entirely empirical—merely +haphazard experiment.</p> + +<p>I may have raised an inquiry a few moments +since which ought to be answered. I said, in +effect, that in treating a positive disease, such, +for instance, as acute, inflammatory rheumatism +or acute pleurisy, I would use the positive +pole on the inflamed parts, and the negative +pole on either some healthy part or on a morbidly +negative part, if I could find such. So, +too, I said I would treat a negative disease, +such as amaurosis or torpidity of liver, with +the negative pole, placing the positive pole on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +either some healthy or morbidly positive part. +The query may have arisen, "By placing the +one pole or the other on a healthy part, do you +not derange the normal electro-vital action +there, disturbing its healthy polarization?" I +answer, yes, for the time being, I do; and if +this disturbing force were to be steadily continued +for any considerable time, the disturbance +would produce manifest and serious +disease. But then, a pole or electrode, placed +on a healthy part, we generally move, or ought +to move, more or less, every few moments, +which prevents the establishment of any perverted +action in the part; and the moment the +electrode is withdrawn, the normal polarization +and healthy action are resumed.</p> + +<h3>USE OF THE LONG CORD.</h3> + +<p>It is often desirable to bring the entire parts +of the patient, through which the current is +made to pass, under one and the same kind of +influence—such as shall make them all more +positive or more negative. Especially is this +true in many cases where we wish to run +through but a <i>short</i> space. For this purpose, +there is frequent advantage in using conducting +cords of unequal length. As my views on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +this point have been disputed in certain quarters, +I will endeavor here to place them in +such a light that they shall not be rejected for +want of being <i>rightly understood</i>.</p> + +<p>I have previously remarked<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> that, for practical +purposes, it is sufficiently exact to consider +the <i>magnetic circuit</i> as extending only +from the <i>positive post</i>, around through the conducting +cords, the electrodes, and the person +of the patient, to the <i>negative post</i>. We will +so regard it at present. This circuit may be +viewed as one continuous magnet, made up of +several sections or shorter magnets placed end +to end—the positive end of the first to the negative +end of the second, and the positive end +of the second to the negative end of the third. +In this arrangement, the negative end of the +first section is the negative pole of the one +whole magnet, and the positive end of the third +section is the positive pole of the whole magnet. +The minimum quantity of the magnetism +is supposed to be at the negative pole, and the +maximum quantity at the positive pole; and +the quantity is supposed to increase, by <i>regular +graduation</i>, from the negative to the positive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +pole. This being so, the quantity is <i>the same</i> +in the positive end of either section and the +negative end of the adjoining section, at their +point of contact.</p> + +<p>Now, in practice, the body of the patient, or +so much of it as is embraced between the two +electrodes, may be regarded as the <i>second</i> +section in this magnet; and the cord connected +with the positive post, together with its electrode +attached, may be counted the <i>first</i> and +<i>most negative</i> section; and the cord connected +with the negative post, along with its electrode, +may be the <i>third</i> and <i>most positive</i> section. +And if this whole magnet be more and more +positive, by regular degrees through all the +sections, from its negative to its positive end +or pole, then the nearer any given part of it, +say the <i>second section</i>—the patient's person, +may be to its positive pole in the negative +post, so much the more <i>positive</i> that section or +part will be. And the nearer such part or +section may be to the negative pole in the +positive post, so much the more <i>negative</i> it +will be. If the cords be of equal length, the +central point in the circuit or magnet will be +in the second section—the person of the patient, +midway between the electrodes; and that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +section will be charged with the <i>mean</i> quantity +of the magnetic fluid. The <i>central point</i> will +hold <i>exactly</i> the mean quantity. But if the +cord in the <i>first</i> section be <i>two</i> yards long, and +that in the <i>third</i> section be <i>four</i> yards, then +section second—the patient's parts under treatment—will +be nearest to the <i>negative</i> pole in +the positive post, and consequently will be +charged with much <i>less</i> than the mean quantity +of the fluid, and will therefore be made so +much the more <i>negative</i>. If, on the other hand, +the cord in section <i>first</i> be <i>four</i> yards in length, +and that in section <i>third</i> be only <i>two</i> yards, +then the patient's body—section second—will +be brought nearest to the <i>positive</i> pole in the +negative post, and of course be charged with +much <i>more</i> than the mean quantity of the +magnetic fluid, and hence will be made so much +the more <i>positive</i>.</p> + +<p>It is true that the positive and negative +poles of section second—the parts of the patient +between the electrodes—will not be <i>reversed</i> +by any such changes in the length or relative +positions of the conducting cords; nor is such +reversal required in those cases where the use +of the <i>long cord</i> is indicated. The only change +of polarization called for in such cases, is that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +<i>all</i> the parts through which the current is to +pass should, in greater or less degree, be +affected alike, as being made more positive or +more negative. Of course these parts will be +so affected in different degrees—those nearest +to the <i>short</i> cord the <i>most</i>; those nearest to +the <i>long</i> cord the <i>least</i>.</p> + +<p>The class of cases where the use of the <i>long +cord</i> is more especially advantageous, comprises +those in which it is desirable to run the current +<i>out</i> of the patient at the shortest admissible +distance from the positive electrode. For example, +in treating <i>cynanche tonsillaris</i>, (quinsy), +if treating with the positive pole in the mouth, +we would not wish to run the current further +than to the back of the neck; or, if treating +externally, we would not wish to carry the +negative electrode further from the positive +than from side to side. Here the <i>long cord</i>, +with the negative electrode, would be a special +advantage in subduing the inflammation. We +would not care to <i>increase</i> the inflammatory +action, as we should necessarily do on the positive +side of the central point, by using cords +of <i>equal</i> length.</p> + +<p>Again, if treating a case of acute <i>enteritis</i>—inflammation +of the intestines—we would not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +wish, while treating the abdomen with the positive +pole, to increase the inflammation in the +lower parts, by using equal cords and placing +the negative pole at the sacrum or the coccyx. +Neither would we wish to reduce the strength +of the lower limbs by carrying the negative +pole to the feet. Nor, yet again, would we +care to endanger the thoracic viscera by running +the current from the abdomen up to the +dorsal or cervical vertebræ. The true way, in +such a case, would be to connect the negative +electrode with a <i>long cord</i>, and then to run the +current through the inflamed parts, and <i>out</i> +somewhere from the lumbar vertebræ to the +coccyx, by treating over the abdomen with +the positive pole, and placing the negative +pole on the lower parts of the spine.</p> + +<p>As the cords that accompany the machine +from the manufacturer are usually cut about +two yards in length, every practitioner should +supply himself with an extra cord, of at least +three yards, to be used as the <i>long cord</i>.</p> + +<h3>THE INWARD AND THE OUTWARD CURRENT.</h3> + +<p>I have already said that when the conducting-cords +are of equal length, as for the most +part they should be, the central point of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +circuit will be in the person of the patient, +about midway between the two electrodes. +Now, since the current always runs from the +positive to the negative pole, and makes its +whole circuit in that direction, it will be readily +seen that, from the place on the patient +where the positive pole is applied, inward as +far as to the central point, the direction of the +current may properly be said to be <i>inward</i>; +and that, from the central point to the place of +the negative electrode, where the current comes +out, its direction may be said to be <i>outward</i>. +When, therefore, a part is treated with the +positive pole, or when the part under treatment +appears anywhere between the positive +pole and the central point, it is not unusual to +say, It is treated with the <i>inward current</i>. +And when a part is treated with the negative +pole, or when it appears between the central +point and the negative pole, it is often +spoken of as being treated with the <i>outward +current</i>.</p> + +<h3>MECHANICAL EFFECT OF EACH POLE.</h3> + +<p>The <i>mechanical</i> effect of the forward end of +the current, or that part of it which is under +the negative electrode, is to relax, expand and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +weaken; while that of the rear end, under the +positive electrode, is to contract and strengthen. +A moving ship disperses the waters at its bow, +but draws them in at its stern. The bullet shot +from a gun, in passing through a plank, leaves +the perforation closed where it enters in, but +wide open where it comes out. Thus, in +physics, the advance end of a moving body +tends to disperse the element through which it +is passing, while the rear end tends to its contraction. +Analogous to this are the <i>mechanical</i> +effects of the different ends of an electrical +current in the living tissue. When, therefore, +we wish to relax a muscle that is unnaturally +contracted, as by rheumatism or otherwise, we +must bring it under the forward end—the outward +current—the negative pole. If we desire +to contract ligaments or muscles that are +abnormally relaxed, (not <i>atrophied</i>), as in +prolapsus uteri, we must subject them to the +rear end of the current—the positive pole. +Parts that are unnaturally contracted are electrically +negative in excess, and need to be +made more positive. And parts that are unhealthily +relaxed are too positive, and should +be made more negative. We make a part +more positive by applying to it the negative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +pole, and more negative by applying to it the +positive pole. Parts <i>spasmodically</i> contracted +are acute and positive; those <i>permanently</i> contracted +are chronic and negative.</p> + +<h3>RELAXED AND ATROPHIED CONDITIONS.</h3> + +<p>I alluded, above, to a distinction between a +<i>relaxed</i> and an <i>atrophied</i> condition of an organ. +There is such a distinction, which should be +carefully observed while treating parts so +affected. An atrophied muscle or organ becomes +soft and flabby from lack of nourishment. But +this condition is not properly one of <i>relaxation</i>. +It is rather a diminution—a <i>thinning out</i> of +atoms, by wasting without replenishment. Such +a condition is always negative, and requires +treatment under the negative pole. On the +contrary, relaxed parts, such as appear in prolapsus +uteri, and in the sagging down of the +diaphragm, with the thoracic and abdominal +viscera, exhibit no lack of nutrition or of vital +action. Relaxation is a <i>loosening</i> of atoms from +each other, more or less, without loss of aggregate +weight; and implies a condition electrically +positive in excess, and calls for treatment +with the positive pole.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p> + +<h3>GENERAL DIRECTIONS OF THE CURRENT.</h3> + +<p><i>Negative</i> affections, as a general rule, are +best treated with the <i>upward-running</i> current—the +positive pole being placed at a lower point +than the negative. <i>Inflammatory</i> affections, +and other <i>plus</i> conditions, for the most part, +should be treated with the down-running current, +keeping the negative pole at a lower +point than the positive. But these rules admit +of frequent exceptions, which every practitioner's +experience will soon reveal.</p> + +<p>The <i>downward</i> current, running <i>with</i> the +downward and outward course of the nerves, +tends to <i>depletion</i> and <i>weakness</i>, for the reason +that it <i>runs off</i> from the system the electro-vital +fluid. The <i>upward</i> current, on the other hand, +running <i>against</i> the nerves, inward towards +their source, feeds the system with fresh electricity, +and gives a <i>tonic</i> effect. Yet for this +purpose, it must not be too long continued, nor +of too severe strength, lest it overtask and irritate +the nerve-sheaths.</p> + +<p>In treating a <i>paralyzed</i> organ, the current +should commonly be run from a <i>healthy</i> part, +whether that require it to be directed downwards +or upwards. For example: In treating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +a paralyzed foot or leg, the positive pole should +be upon the lower part of the spine—at the +coccyx—or even under the sole of the opposite +foot. It is best to alternate between these +positions. So in treating a paralyzed hand or +arm, let the current be run from the upper +part of the spine, and frequently also from the +opposite hand. With the <i>negative</i> electrode, +treat all over the paralyzed parts. Yet it is +well, in these cases, often to <i>reverse</i> the direction +of the current for a brief period at the +close of the sittings, say one to two minutes, +for the purpose of rousing the nervous susceptibility, +and to prevent exhaustion from too +continuously running off the electro-vital fluid.</p> + +<h3>TREATING WITH ELECTROLYTIC CURRENTS.</h3> + +<p>For decomposing and carrying off unnatural +growths, as fistula, ficus, glandular enlargements +and other tumors, it is often best to +dilute the <i>electrolytic</i> quality of the galvanic +current A B with one or both of the Faradaic +currents, as by taking A C or A D instead of +A B. But <i>malignant</i> and <i>poisonous</i> affections, +as scirrhus and other varieties of cancer, and +also cases of infectious virus, demand continually, +or with but occasional exceptions, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +primary galvanic current A B. ☞In treating +these malignant affections, the current +should be run through as short a distance of +<i>healthy</i> tissue as possible, yet so as fairly to +reach the diseased part. And whether this +part be brought, for a given time, under the +one pole or the other, the opposite pole should +be attached to the <i>long cord</i>, so as to throw the +central point of the circuit, not in the person +of the patient, but out on the long cord, thus +bringing the entire organic parts though which +the current is passed on one and the same side +of the center, and so, under the ruling influence +of the same pole.</p> + +<p>Those diseases which require the chemical +or electrolytic currents should, for the most +part, be treated under the negative pole, particularly +those which need the galvanic current +A B, and also old ulcers and <i>chronic +irritation of mucus surfaces</i>. Glandular enlargements +not of scirrhous character, and +excrescent growths not poisonous, may often +be reduced, and perhaps sometimes cured, +under the positive pole. But my own experience, +even with these affections, is that it is +better to treat them under the negative pole +until they come to assume, as sometimes they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +will, an <i>acute</i> state, when the positive pole may +be used with success. If, however, it appears +desirable to produce a <i>cauterizing</i> effect, this +must be done by persistent treatment under the +negative pole of a strong A B or A C current, +and, if the disease be external, with a small +pointed electrode.</p> + +<h3>POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MANIFESTATIONS.</h3> + +<p><i>Acute</i> diseases are to be regarded as electrically +positive, and <i>chronic</i> affections as negative. +The exceptions are rare, if any at all. +<i>Malignant cholera</i>, which is eminently acute, +might by some be considered as an exception. +In negative diseases, there is a low degree of +electro-vitality. And it has been remarked by +careful observers, particularly in the Orient, +that cholera rages with greatest destructiveness +when no special electric phenomena have +for long time appeared in the atmosphere, and +when the artificial electrical apparatus could +be made to yield its sparks only with difficulty, +or not at all. And again, after a thunderstorm, +when the electric machine works again +freely, the cholera is also found to abate quickly, +and sometimes very greatly. The inference +drawn from these facts has been that the prevalence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +of cholera is largely owing to a lack +of electricity in the atmosphere, and consequently +to a want of the animal electricity or +electro-vitality in the system of the patient; +and thence it might be concluded that cholera +implies a negative condition of the system. I +think there is a fallacy in this reasoning. There +appears to me to be an unwarrantable assumption +in confidently attributing the long absence +from the heavens of marked electrical phenomena, +and the failure of the electric machine +to give its spark, to an unquestioned deficiency +of atmospheric electricity. Electrical manifestations +take place only when the <i>plus</i> and +<i>minus</i> conditions are existing, in relation to +each other, somewhat near, or not very remote; +and the visible phenomena appear when the +positive and negative rush together, so as to +produce a polar equilibrium. But suppose a +<i>plus</i> condition to exist over a wide region, +then, everything being <i>overcharged</i>, the visible +phenomena would be as rare and as difficult of +attainment as if all around were negative. +How, then, can it be inferred, with any certainty, +from such data, that there is a <i>deficiency</i> +of electricity, rather than an <i>excess</i> of it?</p> + +<p>I have not treated a case of cholera; but my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> +own impression of it is, that in the first stage, +or during the "rice-water" discharges, the +condition of the system is, as in other acute +affections, excessively positive; but that, as the +collapse comes on, it rapidly subsides into an +intensely negative state, thus assuming the +chief characteristic of a chronic condition.</p> + +<p>In the above remarks, I would not be understood +to indicate any doubt that the prevalence +of cholera is often aggravated or mitigated by +peculiar electrical states of the atmosphere. It +appears altogether probable that such may be +the fact; and I should presume that electrical +treatment, properly administered, would be found +eminently successful in this fearful malady.</p> + +<p>Again, in <i>chronic rheumatism</i> there might, +at first view, seem to be frequent exceptions +to the rule last above stated; but the cases +alluded to are not such. It is often the fact, +during chronic rheumatism, that soreness and +severe pain are felt, especially under the presentation +of the negative pole, thus showing +that these points require to be treated with the +positive pole. But, in such cases, although +the general disease of the system be chronic +and negative, these sore and severely painful +points have, for the time, risen in their electro-vital<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +condition, and so become acute and +positive. But when chronic rheumatism is +attended with only a <i>dull</i> pain, and that chiefly +under exercise of the parts, and with little or +no increase of pain under an application of the +negative pole of the A D current, medium +strength, and with no swelling, then the pain, +the stiffness and the lameness are all marks of +the negative state, and the parts must be treated +with the negative pole of the A D current, +<i>strongly</i> at first, but diminishing in force, from +time to time, as the patient becomes relieved.</p> + +<p><i>Alkaline</i> affections—those causing excessive +alkaline secretions—are electrically positive. +<i>Acid</i> or <i>acidulous</i> states are negative.</p> + +<h3>HEALING.</h3> + +<p>For healing wounds, burns, ulcers, irritation +of mucous membranes, and cutaneous eruptions, +the A D current is by far the best. +<i>Recent</i> wounds, contusions and burns are electrically +positive. <i>Old</i> ulcers and irritations +are generally negative.</p> + +<h3>DIAGNOSIS.</h3> + +<p>To make a correct diagnosis, it is needful to +bear in mind the following general principles:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> + +<p>1. Where the organism is in health, the momentary +application to the patient of the negative +pole of the double Faradaic current B +D—the best for diagnostic use—in good medium +strength,<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> will be directly felt, yet will cause +no pain. Whatever <i>muscular contractions</i> may +be produced for the time, they are harmless, +and need not be noticed. Wherever the electro-vital +fluid is in <i>excess</i>, producing hypersthenia—too +much vital action—the part is +morbidly <i>positive</i>; and, excepting sometimes in +the stomach and bowels, the B D current, of +medium force, directed to that part under the +negative pole, will produce <i>sharp pain</i>. But +where a current of full medium strength can +not be felt under the negative pole, there is a +morbidly negative state—a deficiency of vital +action—a condition of at least partial paralysis—anæsthesia.</p> + +<p>2. In a state of health, different persons will +have different degrees of sensibility to the electric +current, depending on their varied nervous +susceptibility. Again, the same person will be +much less sensitive to the current when directed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +to the spine, particularly the lower part of it, +and to the stomach, than when directed to most +other parts. Also, where bones lie near the +surface, the periosteum—the membrane immediately +investing the bone—is apt to feel more +sensibly under the electrodes than the muscular +parts. But these variations soon become so +familiar to the practitioner that he finds no +difficulty in making the proper allowances for +them.</p> + +<p>In making an electrical examination, the +two following questions present themselves to +be answered: First, whether anywhere, and, +if so, where is there a morbid electrical state +in the body of this patient? Second, what is +the electrical condition of that unhealthy part? +Is it <i>positive</i> or <i>negative</i>?</p> + +<p>These questions being answered, according +to the tests just given, the well-instructed practitioner +is prepared to go on and treat the +patient judiciously, and with success, if success +be attainable by any form of medication.</p> + +<p>Let me next say, It is best, as a general +rule, to make examinations with the <i>negative +pole</i>. The reason of this is that, since the current +is always more energetic under the negative +than under the positive pole, it makes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> +itself more sensibly <i>felt</i> there than under the +positive pole. Indeed, it will commonly be felt +even to <i>painfulness</i> there, if the part were overcharged +and inflamed before. Thus, under the +negative electrode, the current readily detects +any active disease. But, if we be making the +examination with the <i>positive pole</i>, as we come +upon any point more or less inflamed, the current, +quick as lightning, rushes away from such +inflamed part to the part under the stationary +negative pole, carrying with it, for the time +being, more or less of that excess of electro-vital +fluid which was in force at the inflamed +point; so that <i>no pain</i>, perhaps, is experienced +there; and thus the disease escapes detection.</p> + +<p>I am aware that it has been said by some of +our practitioners, with, if I rightly remember, +the able discoverer of the grand practical principles +of our system, Prof. C. H. Bolles, at their +head, that it is not quite prudent to use the +negative pole in hand for diagnosis, lest we +possibly contract the disease from the patient; +since, in that case, the current runs from the +patient to the practitioner. They think it safer +to use the positive pole in hand; so letting the +current run from the practitioner to the patient. +There is force in this consideration, without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> +doubt, where the patient is affected with a poisonous +or malignant disease. And where any +thing of this nature is apprehended, I would +never examine with the negative pole in hand. +But these cases are commonly so manifest, or +so easily determined by colloquial inquiry, that +examination with the electric current is rarely +if ever necessary. And when the disease is +plainly not of a poisonous or infectious nature, +I do not think there is any danger to be apprehended +from the cause stated. I therefore +prefer, as a general rule, to examine with the +negative pole; and for the reason given above.</p> + +<p>The temperature of the room and the adjustment +of apparel should be the same as for +treatment. To prevent improper chilliness, the +room ought to be of such temperature that +clothing is not required for bodily comfort—say, +from 70 to 80 degrees, <i>Fahrenheit</i>. Seat +the patient on a stool or chair, (a stool is most +convenient), and yourself at his side, with your +machine, ready for use, on a table or bench +before him, and a vessel of warm water within +easy reach. If the patient be a man we let his +trunk be disrobed, giving free access to the +back, chest and abdomen. If the patient be a +woman, let her be covered with a treating-robe,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +of which garments the practitioner should keep +a supply. They are made much like a lady's +plain nightgown; but large and loose, so as to +serve ladies of any size, and give ample room +to work the electrodes under them. Her skirts +should be dropped <i>below the seat</i>, so far that +their bands shall lie across her lap.</p> + +<p>Let us now suppose the machine to be +working. We will take the B D current. Let +it be of good medium strength. We regulate +the strength by the quantity of fluid in the battery, +so far as <i>volume</i> is concerned, and by +means of the plunger as respects <i>intensity</i>. +The electrodes should be dampened with warm +water. Let the <i>sponge-roll</i>, [a very thin expansion +of sponge, quilted upon a muslin lining, +and enveloping one of the tin electrodes], +be made the positive pole, and be placed under +the coccyx—lowest part of the spine. Then +attach the <i>positive</i> cord; that is, the cord connected +with the <i>negative</i> post, to another sponge-roll, +to be held in the operator's right hand; +or, what is better, attach it to a thin, flexible, +metallic wristband, (brass is good, but metallic +lace—such as is used in trimming <i>regalia</i>, is +best), underlaid with wet muslin, and fastened +around the right wrist. This brings the operator's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +hand into the circuit as the negative electrode +or pole. Next, pass a moist, warm +sponge all over the patient's back. Now, before +the back becomes dry, press the points of two +fingers firmly, yet not uncomfortably, upon the +back of the neck at the base of the skull; +thence move gradually downward, by frequent +touches of the same firm but gentle character, +keeping one finger on each side of the +spinous processes, until the whole length of the +spine has been, in this manner, passed over. +If sharp pain or soreness be felt at any point, +<i>note</i> that point; there is inflamed irritation +there. Then return up to the right or left +shoulder, and pass, in like manner, by frequent +touches with one or two fingers, over all parts +of the back on that side of the spine, down to +the hips. Then, in the same way, examine +the shoulder and back on the other side of the +spine, noting, as before, every point, if there +be any, where soreness and pain appear. After +this, pass over the entire neck, then over the +front parts of the thorax and abdomen, down +to the pelvic bones, everywhere watching for +soreness and pain. Next, go to the head. Wet +the hair through to the scalp, (because dry +hair is a bad conductor,) and change to a <i>very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +soft</i> B C current. Then go over all the head +in the same manner as over the neck and +trunk. Better <i>reverse</i> the poles on the head, +by transposing the cords in the posts, so as to +make the manipulating hand the <i>positive</i> pole. +The head is, or ought to be, extremely sensitive. +You need not do this, however, if the +negative pole can be received on the head +without discomfort, as it sometimes can be. +Commence on the cerebrum, and then pass to +the cerebellum.</p> + +<p>If, in the examination of the spine, the practitioner +finds it uncomfortable to bear in his +fingers a current of sufficient strength to be +distinctly felt in that part of the patient, he +may use the side-sponge cup on the spine. But +let him <i>never use a current on another person</i> +which he does not first apply to his own nerves, +so as to know its intensity. Indeed, if one prefer +to use the side-sponge cup through the +whole process, he can do so; although there is +advantage in using the fingers, since, by their +concentrated impressions, he is more sure to detect +disease than by the broader face of the +sponge cup.</p> + +<p>☞Now, wherever there is found <i>soreness</i> +or <i>lancinating pain</i> under the touch, it is sure<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +that the part is preternaturally <i>positive</i>—more +or less so, according to the degree of painful +irritability. On the other hand, if there be +found a part evincing much <i>less</i> than the usual +sensibility found in the <i>healthy</i> corresponding +part of other patients, it may safely be pronounced +torpid or paralytic, more or less. It +lacks sufficient electro-vitality—is improperly +<i>negative</i>, and needs to be treated with the negative +pole.</p> + +<p>It will often happen that diseased action is +found in parts where the patient was entirely +unaware of its existence until the practitioner's +fingers or other electrode revealed it. Again, +it will sometimes be found that there is no disease +whatever in parts where the patient supposed +disease to be active. But when we find +patients to be especially nervous, it is not always +best to tell them immediately just what our examinations +have revealed to us—how severely +or how little we think them diseased. It is +sometimes better to humor, more or less, the patient's +own views for a time; lest, by exciting +him or her, we make a difficult case out of one +that might have been mastered with comparative +ease. In this matter discretion should +guide us.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p> + +<p>But let me say farther, what I deeply feel, +that neither do I think it right to <i>persistently</i> +conceal from patients, especially those who are +dangerously affected, a knowledge of their true +condition. In my opinion, physicians often +unwittingly incur an awful responsibility in +this way, wronging their patients in the most +vital and momentous of all interests—the interests +involved in a due preparation for death. +I believe the true way, in every such case, is +for the physician himself, in a kind and soothing +manner, to reveal to the patient, little by +little, if need be, what he really thinks, or to +ask the patient's pastor, or some other calm +and judicious person to do it for him. I believe +the visits of a discreet and affectionate +pastor, or, in the absence of a pastor, of some +other mild and Christian friend, to the bedside +of the sick is, nine times in ten, not only no +embarrassment to the patient's recovery, but +positively favorable to it, and ought to be +habitually encouraged, rather than restrained, +by medical practitioners.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p> +<h2>PRESCRIPTIONS.</h2> + +<h3>PRELIMINARY REMARKS.</h3> + +<p>The author wishes to caution the reader not +to rely merely on the forms of treatment here +prescribed, but to study thoroughly the principles +taught in the preceding pages, until he +shall have mastered them, and can judge for +himself of the correctness of these prescriptions. +It should be remembered, however, that +the diseases here considered are viewed in their +<i>simple</i> or <i>uncomplicated</i> states. Where complications +exist, the treatment must be modified +according to the judgment of the practitioner.</p> + +<p>In these instructions, it is always to be understood +that the treatment prescribed is with +<i>cords of equal length</i>, except when the <i>long +cord</i> is especially mentioned.</p> + +<p>In most of the local diseases here named, +particularly those which are electrically <i>negative</i>, +it is desirable to supplement the local<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +treatment prescribed with occasional <i>general +tonic</i> treatment, where, in the judgment of the +practitioner, it can be given without detriment +to the local affection.</p> + +<p>In all treatments, the electrodes should be +moistened with warm water.</p> + +<h3>GENERAL TONIC TREATMENT.</h3> + +<p>Take the B D current, (A D is very good), +of fair medium strength. Place the sponge-roll, +N. P. [Negative Pole], at the coccyx—lowest +point of spine—and manipulate with +side-sponge cup, P. P. [Positive Pole], from +the feet all over the lower limbs to and about +the hips; occupying three or four minutes, or +less. Then remove the N. P., substituting for +the sponge-roll the end-sponge cup, and place +this upon the spine at the lower part of the +neck. Now manipulate with side-sponge cup, +P. P., over the trunk generally, from the lower +to the upper parts; giving special attention to +the spinal column by treating it somewhat more +than other parts. Treat the trunk some five to +eight minutes. Next, keeping the N. P. still +upon the back of the neck, treat with P. P. +over the hands and arms, up to and about the +shoulders. Treat here two or three minutes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p> + +<p>It has been customary, for the most part, in +giving general tonic treatment, to make the +P. P. stationary—placing it successively at the +feet, the coccyx and the hands—and to manipulate +above it with the N. P. But the better +way is as directed above. The object is to +reinforce the main nerve-lines and centers with +electricity from without. The nerves branch off +from their centers—the brain, the spinal cord, +the ganglions, and the great plexuses—and run, +in general, downward and outward from the +trunk lines, in a manner somewhat analogous +to the branches and twigs of an inverted little +tree. If we place before us such a shrub, with +the root upward and the branches pointing +downwards, and then draw lines from the +lowest point of the lowest twig to the outer +ends of all the branches surrounding the main +trunk, we shall see that our lines, instead of +running in the general directions of the limbs, +will, for the most part, run <i>across</i> the twigs. +But, if we draw our lines from the outer extremities +of the branches and twigs up to the +root, or near to the source of the trunk, we +will find the lines, in the main, running nearly +parallel with the branches. Now, let us substitute +for this inverted tree the nervous system<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +of a man, and remember that the electric current +moves from the positive to the negative +pole as nearly in straight lines as it can where +there are good conductors, such as the nerves +and muscles, and it will at once appear that, +in treating the lower limbs, if we place our N. +P. at the coccyx, and then manipulate with +P. P. over the feet and legs, our electric lines +are running from all the surface extremities of +the nerve ramifications, wherever the P. P. is +moving, directly into and along these fine ramifications, +and, through the larger nerve-branches, +up to the stationary N. P. Or, if we +treat the <i>trunk</i> of the body by placing the +N. P. on the spine, near its upper end, and +then manipulate with P. P. from the lower +part upward over the back, sides, abdomen +and chest, our current strikes into the surface +extremities of the nerves at every point where +the electrode touches, and makes its way upwards, +along the nerve-lines, to the great spinal +cord under the N. P.—thus replenishing with +fresh electricity all the ganglions, plexuses and +nerve-trunks along the way. But if P. P. be +made stationary at the lower end of the section +under treatment, and we manipulate over the +parts with the N. P., the current strikes from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> +P. P., across the nerve branches and comes +out at their surface extremities wherever the +negative electrode moves—so reaching but +indirectly and imperfectly the trunk-lines and +their centers.</p> + +<h3>COMMON COLDS.</h3> + +<p>Take the B D Faradaic current—moderate +strength. If the affection be mainly in the +head, give,</p> + +<p><i>1st.</i> <i>A face bath.</i> Let an earthen wash-basin, +nearly filled with tepid water, be placed +on a table or chair before the patient, he holding +the sponge-roll [see page <a href="#Page_89">89</a>] N. P. in his +hands. Now let him bury his face in the water +as long as he can hold his breath. At the +instant after his face is in the water, drop into +the water the tin electrode P. P. Repeat this +process as often as he recovers his breath, +some eight, ten or a dozen times.</p> + +<p><i>2d.</i> Place the sponge-roll N. P. in the hands +as before, and, making an electrode P. P. of +your own hand, in the manner directed for +<i>diagnosis</i>, clasp the nose of the patient between +your thumb and finger, moving them up and +down along the sides of the nose, and on the +nose between the eyes, about five minutes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p> + +<p>Repeat the above forms twice or thrice a day.</p> + +<p>If there be hoarseness, or cough, or stricture +of lungs, or soreness of chest, place N. P., +with <i>long cord</i>, upon back of neck, and treat +with P. P. over the front part of neck and +breast, and wherever upon the thorax stricture +or soreness appears.</p> + +<p>If there be a feverish condition of the system, +attended, perhaps, with pain in the head, +place P. P. on the spine, a little below the +cranium, and treat with N. P., <i>long cord</i>, all +the way down the spine, and over the entire +back, sides, thorax and abdomen. In this case +let the current be rather mild, and be continued +for a considerable length of time, with +the view of bringing out perspiration. It is +<i>best</i> that the patient should receive treatment +in bed, perfectly protected from any cool air +that might restrain or check perspiration. In +these cases, I not unfrequently treat with a +light B D current a full hour, unless perspiration +start freely in shorter time, working over +the trunk and limbs generally. But, while +treating over the lower limbs, the P. P. should +be upon the hypogastric flexus, at the "small +of the back." Treat once or twice a day until +relief appears.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p> + +<p>After the stricture and soreness of the lungs +are removed, and the general febrile action is +suppressed, it is desirable to give a <i>general +tonic treatment</i>.</p> + +<h3>CEPHALAGIA. (<i>Headache.</i>)</h3> + +<p>1. "<i>Nervous headache.</i>" Take the B D +current—moderate force. Place P. P. on back +of neck, just below the brain, and manipulate +with side-sponge cup, N. P., all the way down +the spine and over the back.</p> + +<p>It may often be necessary to apply the P. P. +directly to the suffering part of the head. In +that case, take the soft Faradaic current B C. +If the fluid in the battery cell be fresh, use +very little—just enough to reach well the platina +plate and make the machine run. Wet +the hair thoroughly through to the scalp, where +the electrode is to be applied. Seat the patient +on N. P., or let him hold it in both his +hands, (the former is the better way), and treat +lightly over the affected parts of the head with +P. P. Treat five to ten minutes, as may be +required, and if the pain returns, repeat the +treatment. Only a very light current can be +safely applied directly to the brain, and that +an <i>induced</i> Faradaic current.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span></p> + +<p>2. <i>Sick Headache.</i> The <i>procuring</i> cause of +this distressing disease is involved in considerable +mystery. It seems, however, to be largely +dependent on the secretion and discharge into +the duodenum of an improper quantity of bile, +and an irregularity in the peristaltic action of +the upper part of the bowels, particularly of +the duodenum, in which that action more or +less is <i>reversed</i>, and thereby throws the biliary +fluid up, through the pylorus, into the stomach. +After a time, the stomach becomes nauseated +by its accumulation; and the head, through +nervous sympathy, is rendered electrically +positive in excess, and thus is made to ache. +Yet there are certain characteristics of the +disease which this view does not satisfactorily +explain, and which must remain unexplained +until advancing science shall reveal to us more +perfect light.</p> + +<p>When this disease has become habitual and +periodic, it is very obstinate, and requires persistent +treatment—often for several months.</p> + +<p>Take the B D current, with moderate force. +Place the N. P. on the spine, immediately +above the kidneys, and treat with P. P. over +the stomach and the duodenum, (lying transversely +just below the stomach), three to five<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> +minutes. Treat in this manner about twice a +week.</p> + +<p>It may sometimes be necessary to treat the +head directly. If so, after the treatment above +prescribed, add that prescribed for the head +directly, in <i>nervous</i> headache, with this difference, +viz: instead of seating the patient on the +N. P., or placing the same in his hands, pass +it over the stomach and duodenum, unless the +former may be already too positive. In that +case, let the N. P. be at the seat.</p> + +<h3>DEAFNESS.</h3> + +<p><i>The prognosis</i> is very uncertain. This infirmity +is often cured by our system, even +when of long standing; and often, again, the +treatment fails. The uncertainty arises from +the difficulty in determining the exact pathological +derangement.</p> + +<p>Take the A D current, mild force. Introduce +the ear electrode as the N. P. when the +disease is of long standing, or as the P. P. +when it is of recent origin. Apply the opposite +pole to the back of the neck. Treat five +to eight minutes, once a day for three or four +days, and afterwards three times a week. If<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +no success appears within three weeks, it will +probably be vain to expect it afterwards.</p> + +<h3>NOISES IN THE HEAD.</h3> + +<p>Treat the same as for deafness.</p> + +<h3>INFLAMED EYES.</h3> + +<p>If the disease be recent and acute, (but not +infectious), as from sewing or reading by lamp +light or other irritation, take the C D current, +of moderate force. Treat with the eye-bath, +filled with tepid water, having the eye open in +the water. Make the bath the P. P., and +place the N. P. on the spine at the upper dorsal +vertebra. Treat each eye three minutes daily.</p> + +<p>If the disease be acute and <i>infectious</i>, use +the A C current some four to six times, and +then change to A D. Apply the current as +directed above.</p> + +<p>If the disease be chronic, or the lids granulated, +treat with A D, <i>very mild</i> current, applying +the eye-bath, N. P., to the eyes, and +place the P. P. upon the spine, at the top of +the back. Treat each eye three to five minutes +three times a week.</p> + +<p>In cases of simple inflammation, (not infectious), +and that chiefly or entirely in the lids,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +it is often quite as well or better to treat over +the closed lids with the finger, holding the +sponge-roll P. P. in the same hand.</p> + +<h3>AMAUROSIS. (<i>Paralysis of the optic nerve.</i>)</h3> + +<p>Use B D current, moderate force, three or +four times, and then change to C D. Apply +the eye-bath, N. P., to the eye, and sponge-cup +P. P. upon one of the upper dorsal vertebræ. +Treat three to five minutes on each eye, +three times a week.</p> + +<h3>STRABISMUS. (<i>Discordance of the eyes.</i>)</h3> + +<p>If neither of the <i>rectus</i> muscles have been +cut and cicatrized, and if the deformity be not +congenital, it may ordinarily be cured.</p> + +<p>Take B D current, with small pointed electrodes. +If the eye be turned <i>inward</i>, insert +P. P. in the outer angle of the eye, so as to +bear upon the <i>rectus externus</i>, and N. P. in the +inner angle, so as to bear on the <i>rectus internus</i>. +Let the current be of what force the +patient can bear. Withdraw the electrodes +frequently, to rest the eye, and then reapply +them. Apply the current in this manner six +to ten or twelve times at a sitting. The eye +will soon become inflamed, but the inflammation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> +will quickly go down. Treat daily, or on +alternate days, as the eye can bear. After +treating some ten or twelve times, if the organ +does not come into place let it rest a week, +and then resume the treatment as before.</p> + +<p>If the eye be turned <i>outward</i>, treat in the +same manner as directed above, except that in +this case, the P. P. must be inserted in the +<i>inner</i> and the N. P. in the <i>outer</i> angle.</p> + +<h3>CATARRH. (<i>Acute.</i>)</h3> + +<p>If in the head, treat as prescribed for common +colds in the head. If in the throat, place +N. P. somewhere on the dorsal vertebræ, and +treat with P. P.—tongue instrument—in the +mouth about five minutes, and then with end-sponge +cup externally upon the affected parts +as much longer. Use the B D current, in +good medium strength, twice a day.</p> + +<h3>CATARRH. (<i>Chronic.</i>)</h3> + +<p>If in the head, first give <i>face-bath</i>, as in +common colds, except with <i>reversed poles</i> and +changing to the A D current, <i>very mild</i> force. +If in the throat or bronchial tubes, place the +P. P. of the A D current, with <i>long cord</i>, on +the back of the neck or in the mouth, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> +treat with N. P., <i>soft</i> current, upon the affected +parts, eight or ten minutes.</p> + +<p>Repeat treatment about three times a week.</p> + +<h3>DIPHTHERIA.</h3> + +<p>Use the A D current, strong force. Place +the N. P., <i>long cord</i>, upon the lower cervical +vertebræ, and then treat, <i>first</i>, with the <i>tongue</i> +instrument, P. P., in the mouth, as far back +on the tongue as can be borne, three to five +minutes. <i>Next</i>, manipulate with sponge-cup, +P. P., or the tin electrode filled with sponge, +over all the front parts of the neck and throat, +down to the chest, five to eight minutes.</p> + +<p>Treat as often as once in two or three hours.</p> + +<h3>APHONIA. (<i>Loss of voice.</i>)</h3> + +<p>This affection requires treatment variously, +as it depends on one or another procuring +cause.</p> + +<p>If it be the result of recent "cold," inducing +acute catarrhal irritation in the larynx, treat +<i>first</i> as for <i>common cold</i>, and <i>close</i> the sitting +as follows: Place N. P., <i>long cord</i>, of A D current, +in good medium force, upon back of +neck or in the mouth, and treat three to five +minutes, twice a day, with P. P., over the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +front parts of the air pipe in the neck; mostly +over the <i>larynx</i>—Adam's apple.</p> + +<p>If it be from paralysis of the larynx, treat +with B D current, rather strong force; placing +P. P., <i>long cord</i>, on back of neck or in the +mouth, and work with N. P. over the <i>larynx</i>, +and somewhat over the air tube of the +neck generally. Treat three to five minutes, +daily.</p> + +<p>If, as is sometimes the case, the difficulty +proceeds from a relaxation of the diaphragm, +with general sagging down of the thoracic and +abdominal viscera, so as to draw upon the +trachea, then treat the whole trunk tonically, +using the B D current. Place the N. P. low +on back of neck, and treat with P. P. over +the abdomen and thorax, and especially all +around the edge of the diaphragm—along the +lower line of the false ribs. Treat with medium +strength of current, ten minutes, three +times a week. The aim is to contract all the +relaxed parts, so to relieve the larynx from +the strain upon it.</p> + +<h3>CROUP.</h3> + +<p>Treat croup, whether membranous or spasmodic, +much the same as is prescribed for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +diphtheria, only, in the latter part of the form, +treat less.</p> + +<h3>ASTHMA.</h3> + +<p>Use the A D current, medium force. Treat +with P. P. over the shoulders and between the +scapulæ, and with N. P. in front upon the +lungs, heart and diaphragm. Treat five to ten +minutes, daily, for three or four days; after +that, three times a week.</p> + +<h3>HEPATIZATION OF LUNGS.</h3> + +<p>Take A D current, pretty strong force. +Treat in front, over the lungs, with P. P., +moving N. P., <i>long cord</i>, on spine from neck +to near the kidneys; that is, over all the dorsal +vertebræ. If the current be severely painful, +moderate it to endurance. Treat six to +ten minutes twice a day.</p> + +<h3>PNEUMONIA.</h3> + +<p>Take B D current, forceful as the patient +can bear, and treat briefly—say five to seven +minutes, several times a day, until relief is +experienced.</p> + +<p>Place N. P., <i>long cord</i>, low on back of neck, +and move P. P. over all the upper part of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> +lungs. Then remove N. P. to the lower dorsal +vertebræ, just above the kidneys, and treat +with P. P. over the lower part of the lungs. +If typhoid symptoms attend, follow the above +with placing P. P., medium force, on back of +neck, close below the cranium, and N. P. at +coccyx, two or three minutes.</p> + +<h3>PULMONARY PHTHISIS. (<i>Consumption.</i>)</h3> + +<p>After tubercles have been formed <i>extensively</i> +in the lungs, and have <i>softened down</i> over considerable +area, carrying down the pulmonary +tissue with them into a state of pus, there is +commonly but little hope of successful treatment. +But where they are restricted to comparatively +small extent, and no ulceration +exists, they may be decomposed and absorbed +away, or be thrown off in expectoration, and +the affected parts be healed.</p> + +<p>If the case be a <i>recent</i> one, and acute fever, +combined, perhaps, with more or less inflammation, +appear in the lungs, use the A C current, +in moderate force, yet all the patient can +bear without special distress. Place N. P., +<i>long cord</i>, upon the upper dorsal vertebræ for +treating the upper part of the lungs, or upon +the lower dorsal vertebræ for treating their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +lower part. Then pass P. P. over all the +affected parts. Treat in this manner five to +eight minutes, daily, until the <i>inflammation</i> is +suppressed, which will be indicated by an +abatement of the extreme sensitiveness and +lancinating pain under the electrode. Then, +if <i>feverish</i> action continue high, remove the +N. P. to the coccyx, or to the lower part of +the sacrum, taking the B D current, <i>mild</i> force, +with cords of <i>equal length</i>, and treat, as before, +with P. P. over the affected parts, and also +over the thorax generally, and along down +the spine to the lower dorsal vertebræ. Continue +this treatment ten to fifteen minutes, +daily, until the fever is removed, or nearly so. +For this part of the treatment, it is best to use +the hand as the P. electrode, and to diffuse +the current over the whole palm of the hand +wherever special soreness appears. It is better, +also, that the patient receive the treatment +in bed, secure from any chilliness or current +of air, so as to facilitate perspiration.</p> + +<p>If the case be one of long standing, and +more or less of <i>pus</i>, or <i>pus</i> and <i>tubercles</i>, be +raised in coughing, take the A D current, +with equal cords and <i>very</i> mild force. Reduce +the quantity of battery fluid if necessary.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +Now place P. P. at the coccyx and treat with +N. P., (the hand is here much the best), over +all the diseased parts. Change occasionally +by removing P. P. to back of neck with <i>long +cord</i>. The object is to bring the diseased parts +under a very light force of the A D current, +such as is especially healing in old ulcers and +chronic irritation. But if this action should +at any time <i>increase</i> fever or inflammation in +the lungs, the poles must be reversed for one +or two treatments. In this stage of the disease, +treat ten to twelve or fifteen minutes, daily, +for three or four days, and after that, three +times a week.</p> + +<h3>NEURALGIA AND RHEUMATISM OF THE HEART.</h3> + +<p>If <i>neuralgia</i>, use B D current; if <i>rheumatism</i>, +use A D. In either case, treat the heart +with P. P., moderate force, placing N. P. at +lower dorsal or upper lumbar vertebræ. Treat +five to eight minutes, daily, until relief is +gained.</p> + +<p><i>Rheumatism</i> of the heart may be distinguished +from <i>neuralgia</i> by its occasioning irregularity +in the cardiac contractions, commonly +a sense of soreness and pain under pressure by +the hand, and often perceptible enlargement of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +the organ, which neuralgia does not, and also +by its pains being more constant—less fitful—than +those of neuralgia.</p> + +<h3>ENLARGEMENT, OR OSSIFICATION OF THE HEART.</h3> + +<p>Treat these two affections in the same way. +Take the A D current, moderate force. Place +N. P. at the coccyx, or alternately there and, +with <i>long cord</i>, on the spine opposite to the +heart. Manipulate with P. P. over the heart. +Treat five to eight minutes, three times a week.</p> + +<h3>PALPITATION OF THE HEART.</h3> + +<p>This is commonly a symptomatic or sympathetic +affection—<i>rarely</i> idiopathic—and disappears +on cure of the disease from which it +proceeds. It usually denotes nervous weakness, +and often general debility. <i>General tonic +treatment</i> is indicated, as far as can be given +without interfering with the proper treatment +of any local affections on which the palpitation +depends.</p> + +<h3>TORPID LIVER.</h3> + +<p>Take A D or B D current, full medium +force. Treat with N. P. over the liver, at the +right side, immediately below the short ribs,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +and thence backward and a little upward, as +far as to the spine, holding P. P. on the left +side, close under the ribs, for about four to six +minutes. Then remove P. P. to the spine, on +back of neck, two or three minutes. Next, +go with the P. P. to coccyx two or three +minutes; continuing, as at first, to manipulate +with N. P. over the liver. Let the whole +treatment occupy some eight to twelve minutes. +Repeat the sittings about three times +a week.</p> + +<h3>HEPATITIS. (<i>Inflammation of Liver.</i>)</h3> + +<p>Use the B D current, with what force the +patient can bear. Place N. P. at the coccyx, +and also somewhat on the trunk, opposite to +the inflammation. Then manipulate with P. P. +over the inflamed and sore part. Treat five +to eight minutes, once or twice a day.</p> + +<h3>ENLARGEMENT OF LIVER.</h3> + +<p>Take A D current, with medium force. Place +N. P., some three to five minutes, on left side, +over the spleen; and then as much longer at +the coccyx. Manipulate with P. P. over the +liver. Treat about three times a week. If the +enlargement be recent, it will subside; if of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> +long standing, its restoration will be slow, and +somewhat uncertain.</p> + +<h3>BILIARY CALCULI. (<i>Gravel in Liver.</i>)</h3> + +<p>Take A C current, strong as can be borne; +and treat the inflamed and painful part with +P. P., while N. P. is upon the right end of +the duodenum. Treat eight to ten minutes, +daily.</p> + +<h3>INTERMITTENT FEVER. (<i>Ague and Fever.</i>)</h3> + +<p>Use the A D current. First, give <i>general +tonic treatment</i>. (See page <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.) Then close +the sitting with a <i>strong</i> current, running from +spleen to liver—P. P. upon spleen, in the left +side, just below the ribs, and N. P. upon liver—best +reached in the right side, close under the +ribs, and around backward and a little upward +as far as to the spine. The spleen is morbidly +positive, and probably enlarged, while +the liver is too negative. Treat spleen and +liver in this transverse manner about five +minutes.</p> + +<p>If the chills occur on alternate days, treat +on the intervening days; if every day, treat +about two hours before the chill is expected.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></p> + +<h3>NEPHRITIS. (<i>Inflammation of Kidneys.</i>)</h3> + +<p>1. <i>Acute.</i> If the urinary secretion be <i>reddish</i> +and <i>scant</i>, with or without sedimentary +deposit, let the inflammation be regarded as +<i>acute</i>; and use upon it the B D current of good +medium strength, or a little more, if the patient +can bear it. The pain from the current will +probably subside somewhat, and perhaps altogether, +under treatment. Place N. P. at the +coccyx, and manipulate over the inflamed and +sore parts with P. P. Treat five to eight +minutes, twice a day, if the case be recent, +or once a day, if it be of some weeks +standing.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Chronic.</i> If it be an old case, and attended +with a brownish or a brickdust-like sediment +in the urine, it may be considered <i>chronic</i>, +and should be treated with a moderate A D +current, once in two days. Place P. P. at the +coccyx, and treat with N. P. over the affected +kidneys. There may be no sense of soreness +or swelling, but <i>dull</i> pain. Treat six +to ten minutes. But if the inflammation +should rise to an active or acute state, <i>reverse +the poles</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p> + +<h3>RENAL CALCULI. (<i>Gravel in the Kidneys.</i>)</h3> + +<p>Take the A C current, of considerable force. +Place N. P. low upon the bladder, and treat +with P. P. upon the inflamed and painful point +five to eight minutes, once or twice a day. If +treating twice a day, continue not more than +five minutes at a time.</p> + +<h3>DIABETES. (<i>A Kidney Disease.</i>)</h3> + +<p>This disease occurs in two forms—<i>diabetes +insipidus</i> and <i>diabetes mellitus</i>. In the first +named form, the disease is readily cured. In +the latter, it is very formidable, and is rarely, +if ever, cured by medicines; especially when +of long standing. In this latter variety of the +disease, the urea is absent from the urine, and +in its place is found more or less of sugar—often +large quantities: Dunglison says 2½ oz. +in a pint.</p> + +<p>The electrical state of the disease, in both +of these forms, is negative in excess.</p> + +<p>1. <i>D. insipidus.</i> Use the B D current, of +moderate force. Place P. P. at the coccyx or +on the upper dorsal vertebra, or on both in +alternation, which is better, and treat over the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> +kidneys with N. P. five to eight minutes, once +a day for three or four days. If this should +fail to cure, (as it seldom will), go on with the +same treatment three times a week.</p> + +<p>2. <i>D. mellitus.</i> Take the A D current, of +<i>mild</i> force. Place P. P. as in <i>d. insipidus</i>, and +treat the kidneys with N. P. about five to eight +minutes, three times a week; supplementing +this with <i>general tonic treatment</i>, once or twice +a week.</p> + +<p><i>Be patient and persevering.</i> In bad cases, +months will be required to effect a cure; but +persistent effort, as above prescribed, will +rarely if ever fail, unless the vital force is +nearly expended.</p> + +<h3>DYSPEPSIA.</h3> + +<p>This is one of the most difficult of diseases +to control by any of the ordinary modes of +medical practice; and yet, under judicious +electrical treatment, it is one of the surest to +yield. The disease assumes various phases in +different persons, and at different times in the +same person, requiring varied treatment.</p> + +<p>The pain, after eating, is severe; exhalations +of air, apparently from the inner surfaces of +the stomach and bowels, or of gas from their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +decomposing contents, are large—often enormous. +The stomach is much of the time acid, +and, in some cases, sensibly cold, ejecting often +a cold mucus. The bowels are habitually constipated. +The patient is nervous, irritable, and +subject to great depression of spirits. In this +stage or phase of the disease, there is a negative +condition of the digestive apparatus generally. +Treat with the A D current, in mild +force, and expect the case to require considerable +time. But, since there is no approach to +uniformity among patients, no approximation +to definite time can be stated. Give <i>general +tonic treatment</i>, (page <a href="#Page_95">95</a>), three times a week, +and close each sitting with local treatment, +having P. P. at the coccyx, and manipulating +some five minutes with N. P. over the entire +front parts of the abdomen and thorax, and +over the liver.</p> + +<p>It is sometimes found, in old cases, that there +is no sensible acidity of stomach; but a <i>pyrosis</i>—a +burning sensation in the stomach, or a +little above, in what is usually termed "the +pit of the stomach." Treat this about three +minutes with the P. P., strong force; moving N. +P., <i>long cord</i>, over the lower dorsal vertebræ.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p> + +<h3>ACUTE DIARRHŒA.</h3> + +<p>Take B D current. Place N. P., <i>long cord</i>, +upon the lumbar vertebræ and sacrum, moving +it often along the spine, from a position opposite +to the umbilicus down to the coccyx; and +treat with P. P. over the abdomen, and more +especially wherever pain or sensations of uneasiness +appear. In severe cases, treat several +times in a day—once in two to three +hours, if need require, three to five minutes at +a time. Use current of full medium strength, +if the patient can bear it.</p> + +<h3>CHRONIC DIARRHŒA.</h3> + +<p>Take A D current, of <i>very mild</i> force. Place +P. P. at the feet, and treat with N. P. over +the lower limbs <i>briefly</i>; then over the bowels +and stomach, both front and rear, some three +to five minutes; then pass up with N. P. over +the anterior parts of the chest, two or three +minutes; and, next, place N. P. low on the +back of neck, with P. P. still at feet, two or +three minutes. Treat in this manner once +daily.</p> + +<p>If at any time the bowels should become +unusually flatulent, and evacuations should increase<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +in frequency, change the treatment. +Place N. P. at back of neck, as before, and +treat about five minutes with P. P. (force increased +to <i>moderate</i> current) over the abdomen, +daily, from one to three days, as may be +necessary. After this, resume treatment as +first above prescribed.</p> + +<h3>COLIC—<i>of whatever kind</i>.</h3> + +<p>Use A D current, pretty strong force. In +severe cases, introduce the rectum instrument +N. P., <i>long cord</i>, or in mild cases, place sponge-roll +N. P., <i>long cord</i>, at coccyx, and treat with +P. P. over all the abdomen, three to five minutes. +It may be repeated, if necessary, in +thirty minutes.</p> + +<h3>CHOLERA MORBUS.</h3> + +<p>Keep the patient still as possible on his +back. Use A D current, strong force. Place +N. P., <i>long cord</i>, at coccyx, and treat with +P. P. over abdomen, five to ten minutes, and +repeat, if necessary, in thirty to sixty minutes. +If there be cramps, touch the contracted +muscles with the P. P., for a few moments, +without disturbing N. P.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p> + +<h3>CHOLERA.—(<i>Malignant.</i>)</h3> + +<p>As in cholera morbus, keep the patient on +his back, still as can be. Use A D current, +<i>full medium strength</i>.</p> + +<p>In the early stage, or during the "<i>rice-water</i>" +discharges, and down to the time of +collapse, treat the abdomen and thorax with +P. P., having N. P., <i>long cord</i>, on back of +neck—not too near the head. After treating +so a few moments—say four to six minutes—remove +P. P. to the back, and pass it along +close upon each side of the spinous processes +from the lower lumbar up to about the middle +of the dorsal vertebræ. Continue this about +three or four minutes.</p> + +<p>If <i>cramping</i> accompany the vomiting and +purging, carry the P. P. a part of the time to +the muscles in spasm, leaving N. P. still at +the back of neck, with <i>long cord</i>.</p> + +<p>Repeat the above processes as often as once +an hour until symptoms improve. Then reduce +their frequency as the case will admit of.</p> + +<p><i>In the state of collapse</i>, place P. P., <i>long +cord</i>, at the coccyx, and manipulate with N. +P. over the entire trunk and arms; bestowing +a larger share of treatment along up the spine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +than elsewhere. Then remove P. P., <i>long +cord</i>, to feet, and work with N. P. all over the +lower limbs and hips. Treat in this stage of +the disease some six or eight minutes at a +time, and repeat it as the case seems to demand—once +in thirty minutes to once in two, +four or six hours, until improvement or death +shall ensue. (See page <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.)</p> + +<h3>DYSENTERY.</h3> + +<p>Treat exactly as in <i>acute diarrhœa</i>, except +that P. P. should be moved more over the +<i>colon</i> and <i>rectum</i> than in diarrhœa.</p> + +<h3>CONSTIPATION OF BOWELS.</h3> + +<p>This disease may proceed from either a <i>negative</i> +condition—a state of <i>atony</i> from lack of +nutrition, or a <i>partial paralysis</i> of the bowels—or +from a <i>positive</i> condition—a state of <i>relaxation</i> +and consequent weakness of the muscular +tissues of the bowels. In either of these cases, +the peristaltic action of the intestines becomes +enfeebled, and constipation ensues.</p> + +<p>In either case, use the A D current, of medium +force. In the first-mentioned case, place +P. P. at back of neck, or in the mouth with +tongue instrument, and treat with N. P. over<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> +liver, stomach and bowels; or place N. P. at +the anus. Treat so five to eight minutes.</p> + +<p>In the second-specified case, place N. P. at +back of neck or on the dorsal vertebræ, and +treat with P. P. over the bowels five to eight +minutes.</p> + +<p>In both cases, repeat the treatment daily +until relief is afforded. Or, if the case be +<i>chronic</i>, treat daily for three or four days, and, +after that, three times a week. It is well also +to give <i>general tonic treatment</i> as often as once +a week. The patient should be urged to retire +and <i>invite</i> an evacuation regularly, about the +same hour daily, whether success attend it +or not.</p> + +<h3>HÆMORRHOIDS. (<i>Piles.</i>)</h3> + +<p>If the case be recent, take the B D current; +if old, take A D. Place the patient in a recumbent +position, and let the rectum instrument, +P. P., be introduced, <i>wet</i>. Manipulate +with N. P. along the spine upon the dorsal +vertebræ. Where there is <i>prolapsus ani</i>, the +sponge-roll, placed at the anus, may be used +instead of the rectum instrument, particularly +for the first few treatments.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p> + +<h3>RHEUMATISM. (<i>Acute Inflammatory.</i>)</h3> + +<p>First ascertain if the kidneys be morbidly +positive—urine scant and too highly colored. +If so, as is commonly the case, begin with the +B D current, good medium force. Place N. P. +at the pelvis, and treat over the kidneys with +P. P. some three or four minutes. Let this be +the commencement of every treatment until +<i>this</i> difficulty is corrected.</p> + +<p>Next, change to A D current. If the disease +be located in the hips or lower limbs, put +the feet in warm water with the tin electrode +N. P., or place the sponge-roll N. P. at the +soles of the feet, and treat with P. P. upon +and a little above the affected parts; using +such force of current as the patient can bear. +The pain will commonly subside under treatment. +If the disease be as low as the ankles +or feet, use the <i>long cord</i> with N. P.</p> + +<p>If the shoulders, arms or hands be affected, +treat them on the same principles as are prescribed +for the <i>lower</i> limbs; using the <i>long +cord</i> with N. P. when the disease is below the +elbows.</p> + +<p>When the disease is in the hands or feet, or +near to them, if the shoulders or hips be not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +involved, it is often necessary, after three or +four treatments as above described, to <i>reverse +the poles</i> for a few moments, giving an ascending +current; but still using the <i>long cord</i> +with N. P.</p> + +<p>If the disease be located anywhere in the +trunk, neck or head, treat the affected part +with P. P., placing N. P. on some adjacent +part of the spine, and usually at a point somewhat +<i>lower down</i> than the disease.</p> + +<p>For acute inflammatory rheumatism, treat +once a day. The length of time for each +treatment must depend on the location and +extent of the affected part or parts. In this +matter, the practitioner must decide for himself, +or infer from the time prescribed in the +treatment of other inflammatory affections.</p> + +<h3>RHEUMATISM. (<i>Chronic.</i>)</h3> + +<p>Use the A D current <i>always</i> in rheumatic +affections. If there be no visible inflammation +or swelling in the diseased parts, approach +such parts in the same manner as in acute inflammatory +rheumatism, except with <i>reversed +poles</i>. The parts affected require to come +under the N. P. rather than the P. P., and to +be treated with considerable force. There are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> +<i>apparently</i> exceptional cases, referred to on +page <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, which see.</p> + +<p>Where joints are being dislocated, treat the +parts with N. P., quite mild force, so long as +it can be done without exciting acute inflammation. +If this should arise, it must be repressed +with P. P.</p> + +<p>Treat chronic rheumatism about three times +a week.</p> + +<h3>DROPSY.</h3> + +<p>Use the A D current, moderate force. Give +<i>general tonic treatment</i>; then place P. P. with +the feet, in a vessel of warm water, or place +the sponge-roll P. P. at the soles of the feet, +and treat the affected parts a few minutes +with N. P., to quicken the absorbents. If the +disease be in the feet or lower limbs, use <i>long +cord</i> with P. P. while treating them. Next +place N. P. upon the lower part of the bladder, +or, what is better, immediately below the +pubic articulation, and treat over the kidneys +three to five minutes with P. P. Repeat the +treatments about three times a week.</p> + +<h3>NEURALGIA.</h3> + +<p>If the disease be general in the system, +moving from place to place, or causing transient<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> +acute pains here and there, give general +tonic treatment, three times a week, for several +weeks—perhaps a month or two, provided the +case be an old one. This will invigorate the +nervous system and equalize the electric action. +<i>Relief</i> will be afforded soon; but for the sake +of <i>cure</i>, the treatment of an old case should be +continued as here directed. If the disease be +<i>local</i>, use the B D current, with as much force +as the patient can bear without irritating painfulness. +Treat the affected part, or parts, +with P. P., placing N. P., <i>long cord</i>, upon +some approximate healthy part, at a point a +little lower down than the part in pain. The +spine, when convenient, is commonly the best +point for it. In treating the painful part, pass +the electrode more or less also over the nerves +adjacent to the one principally affected. Treat +five to eight minutes daily.</p> + +<h3>SCIATICA.</h3> + +<p>This is neuralgia in an ischiatic nerve, commonly +the <i>great</i> ischiatic.</p> + +<p>Use the B D current, strong as the patient +can well bear. Place the foot in warm water +with N. P., or place the sponge-roll N. P. at +the sole of the foot, (the former is the best,)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> +and treat with P. P. over the painful part, +and also, more or less, over adjacent parts. +It is also well, in order to prevent too much +exhaustion of the limb, to <i>reverse the poles</i> +every third or fourth time; but in so doing, +use the <i>long cord</i> with N. P.</p> + +<h3>PARALYSIS.</h3> + +<p>Take the B D current, medium force. If +the paralysis be in a lower limb, place P. P., +<i>long cord</i>, upon the lower lumbar vertebræ, so +as to reach the hypogastric plexus, and treat +with the metallic brush, N. P., five to eight +minutes, over all the affected parts. Then close +the sitting with <i>reversed poles</i>, about one to two +minutes, having P. P., <i>long cord</i>, at the foot, +and manipulating over the parts affected, and +especially over the lumbar vertebræ, with N. +P. This is to prevent depletion by <i>running +off</i> the electro-vital fluid too much, and to force +the electric current through the nerves in an +upward and inward tonic-giving direction. If +the disease be in an arm or hand, treat it in +a manner analogous to the above; extending +the treatment from back of neck to the affected +parts.</p> + +<p>In case of <i>hemiplegia</i> or <i>paraplegia</i>, run the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> +current from the healthy <i>side</i> of the spine, (in +hemiplegia,) or from a healthy <i>part</i> of the +spine, (in paraplegia,) to and through the paralyzed +parts, by placing P. P., <i>long cord</i>, on +spine, and manipulating with N. P., metallic +brush commonly, upon the parts paralyzed. +Close the treatment with reversed poles for a +moment or two, as in the preceding cases. <i>Old</i> +paralysis requires considerable <i>time</i> to cure it. +Treat about three times a week, occasionally +omitting a week.</p> + +<h3>ERYSIPELAS.</h3> + +<p>Take the A. D. current, medium force, in +all forms of the diseases.</p> + +<p>1. When acute, and characterized by high +inflammation, with bright, smooth swelling, +and spreading gradually and sometimes rapidly +to surrounding parts; or when small vesicles +appear on the inflamed parts, which dry +up in little branlike scales and fall off.</p> + +<p>If it be located anywhere upon the face, +place N. P., <i>long cord</i>, upon back of neck, and +treat the parts affected with P. P. Treat +about three to five minutes at a time, three or +four times daily.</p> + +<p>If it be located in the arm or hand, place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> +the extremity in tepid water with N. P., <i>long +cord</i>, and treat upon or just above the diseased +part with P. P.</p> + +<p>If it be in any part of the trunk, (which, in +this form, is not so common,) place N. P., <i>long +cord</i>, upon some point of the spine as near the +diseased part as may be, but a little lower +down, and treat the part affected with P. P.</p> + +<p>In each of these cases, treat briefly, but +frequently, as directed above.</p> + +<p>2. When small, blister-like, serous vesicles—<i>phlyctæna</i>—appear, +and the inflammation +terminates in gangrene; or when there is +such an infiltration of serum as to produce an +œdematous condition, place P. P., <i>long cord</i>, +upon some convenient healthy part, (the spinal +cord, or other nerve centre which gives nervous +service to the part affected, is best,) and treat +the lesion with N. P., <i>light force</i>, five to eight +minutes daily.</p> + +<h3>ERUPTIVE CUTANEOUS DISEASES.</h3> + +<p>Take A D current, pretty <i>vigorous</i> force in +<i>acute</i> cases; <i>mild</i> in <i>chronic</i> affections. If the +eruption be inflamed and acute, use <i>long cord</i> +with N. P.; if sluggish and chronic, use <i>long +cord</i> with P. P. Move the two electrodes parallel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> +to each other, upon the patient, about two +or three inches apart; and pass them over all +the affected surface. Repeat the treatment +daily in acute affections, and three times a +week in chronic cases.</p> + +<h3>COMMON CRAMP.</h3> + +<p>Although either the positive or the negative +pole, applied to the healthy muscle, may produce +spasmodic contraction, yet the negative +pole contracts much more powerfully than the +positive—a fact which shows an electrically +<i>plus</i> condition in the nerves and muscles involved. +Yet we know that cramps are more +apt to attend a <i>low</i> condition of general vitality +in the system than the opposite. From several +considerations, which can not be detailed here, +I am led to think that cramps are produced, +generally, at least, by a temporary or spasmodic +<i>reaction</i> of the electro-vital force from +an improperly negative to an excessively positive +state in the parts affected.</p> + +<p>My practice is, when the spasm is on, to +treat the parts in cramp by momentary touches +rapidly repeated, with the P. P. of the B D or +A D current, good medium force, placing N. P. +at the back of neck, if the disturbance be in an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +arm; or at the coccyx, if it be in a leg or in +the abdomen or chest.</p> + +<p>In treating parts subject to cramp while the +spasm is <i>not</i> on, give them, along with other +parts of the system, <i>general tonic treatment</i>, as +directed on page <a href="#Page_95">95</a>. This elevates and equalizes +the electro-vital action, and relieves the +difficulty.</p> + +<h3>TRISMUS. (<i>Lockjaw.</i>)</h3> + +<p>For traumatic trismus, use the B D current, +of vigorous force. Let the wound be kept +open and clear, except that soothing emollients +may be applied. Place N. P. at the +coccyx, or near it on the spine; and then +treat, by firm but momentary touches of the +P. P., over the lower maxillary—<i>pterygoid</i>—muscles +and nerves; indeed, over the <i>entire</i> +lower jaw and its articulations. Treat five to +ten minutes, if necessary, or until the jaws +relax.</p> + +<h3>TETANUS.</h3> + +<p>This is substantially the same thing as <i>trismus</i>, +except that it extends to other parts, and +often to nearly all the muscles of the organism. +Under ordinary treatment, it is almost invariably<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> +fatal. I am not aware that it has been +sufficiently submitted to <i>our</i> electrical system +to determine satisfactorily the question of its +amenability to it. Yet I see no reason to doubt +that, in the most of cases, when taken within +reasonable time, it may be cured.</p> + +<p>Use the B D current, in pretty strong +force. Place the N. P., <i>long cord</i>, at the feet, +and treat with P. P. from the medulla oblongata, +or from the upper cervical vertebra, all +along down the spine, for several minutes—say, +three to five minutes. Then pass with +P. P. over the whole trunk and limbs. Continue +to treat until relaxation takes place, or +all hope of relief departs.</p> + +<h3>CANCERS.</h3> + +<p>Cancers take on a variety of forms, distinguished +by different names; but since they +all require substantially the same electrical +treatment, it is unnecessary here to describe +them.</p> + +<p>Begin with the A B current in pretty full +volume. [The <i>volume</i> of the current is increased +by increasing the quantity of battery +fluid.] Use this for several weeks, and then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> +change to the A D current. Treat daily. The +time for each treatment must be determined +by the judgment of the practitioner; varying +it according to the peculiar character and +location of the disease.</p> + +<p>If the cancer be on the face, or on any part +of the head or breast, place P. P. on back of +neck; but if it be in the stomach, uterus, or +any of the abdominal viscera, place P. P. on +spine, a little higher than the affected part. +Then treat the disease with N. P., <i>long cord</i>, +so as to run the current immediately <i>out</i> from +the lesion, and yet bring the latter on the +<i>negative</i> side<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> of the central point in the circuit; +that is, within the negative half of the +whole circuit.</p> + +<h3>ASPHYXIA. (<i>Suspended Animation.</i>)</h3> + +<p>Use B D current, pretty strong force. Place +P. P. at back of neck—second or third cervical +vertebra, and treat with N. P., over all the +chest and along the lower margin of the ribs, +so as to excite the pectoral muscles, lungs and +diaphragm.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></p> + +<h3>RECENT WOUNDS, CONTUSIONS AND BURNS.</h3> + +<p>Use the B D current, strong force as can be +borne. Bring the lesion under P. P., and +place N. P. at discretion, in view of the location +of the injury. Treat five to eight minutes, +twice or thrice on the same day. Unless +the injury is very severe, no further treatment +will be required. Healing will take place with +little or no soreness or swelling. In severe +cases, repeat the treatment whenever inflammation +gets too high. If <i>fungus</i>—"proud +flesh"—should appear, treat that with a small-pointed +electrode, N. P., placing P. P. on a +healthy part, not remote, using A C current, +in pretty strong force.</p> + +<h3>OLD ULCERS.</h3> + +<p>Take the A D current. If <i>torpid</i>, treat with +mild force. Treat the sore with N. P., while +P. P. is held upon some healthy part, and +usually at a higher point. Treat five to ten +minutes, three or four times a week. If <i>high +inflammation</i> be present, this must first be +reduced by applying P. P., in pretty strong +force, with N. P., on a healthy part not far +away. For this purpose, treat some five to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> +eight minutes daily. Then, when the inflammation +is sufficiently subdued, treat as when +<i>torpid</i>, with mild force and less frequently. It +is best, when it can be done, to place the +affected part in warm water along with N. P.; +bringing the ulcer immediately above the surface +of the water.</p> + +<h3>HEMORRHAGE.</h3> + +<p>Take B D current, strong force. Apply P. +P. to the open blood-vessel, or as near to it as +possible; placing N. P., <i>long cord</i>, to some adjacent +part, and, as nearly as practicable, in the +direction from which the blood chiefly comes.</p> + +<h3>CHLOROSIS. (<i>Green Sickness.</i>)</h3> + +<p>This is a disease mostly or entirely peculiar +to young women who have not menstruated, +and disappears on the establishment of the +monthly periods.</p> + +<p>Take the A D current. If any symptoms +exist of an effort of nature to bring on the +menses, note the <i>time</i> of them, and regard it, +in the treatment, as the proper monthly period. +If no symptoms of such a period are perceptible, +the practitioner must <i>fix</i> upon a time for +it, and regard it accordingly. About four to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> +six days before the periodic time, commence to +treat as follows, using a <i>moderate force</i>: Insert +the uterine electrode, N. P., wet in warm water, +per vagina, until it meets the uterus; and manipulate +with P. P. over the dorsal and first two +lumbar vertebræ, and more or less over the +back on both sides of the spinal column, some +six or eight minutes daily, down to the period +fixed upon for the catamenia to appear. If +they do not start, let the patient rest for some +four or five days, and then begin with <i>general +tonic treatment</i>. (See page <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.) Continue this, +three times a week, until within a little less +than a week of the <i>periodic</i> time, when the +same treatment with the uterine electrode as +was at first employed should be resumed, and +again be continued to the time assigned for +the menses. If no success should appear, return, +after a few days, to <i>general tonic treatment</i> +as before. Let these forms of treatment +be prosecuted until success crowns the effort. +Ordinarily, not many months—perhaps not +more than one or two months—will be required; +especially, if the treatment be aided, on the +part of the patient, by a good degree of moderate +exercise in the open air, and a free, +nourishing diet.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span></p> + +<h3>AMENORRHŒA. (<i>Suppressed Menstruation.</i>)</h3> + +<p>Treat as for <i>chlorosis</i>. But if the case be +recent—the effect of taking cold—begin, in the +first few sittings, to treat eight or ten minutes +as for common cold; then conclude the sitting +by treating, about as many minutes, in the +same manner as prescribed for chlorosis.</p> + +<h3>DYSMENORRHŒA. (<i>Painful Menstruation.</i>)</h3> + +<p>If the disease be occasioned by uterine displacement, +obstructing the <i>os uteri</i>, the organ +must be restored to its normal position. This +can best be done by mechanical action. But +it is most commonly occasioned by irritation of +the mucus membrane lining the interior cavity +of the uterus. Mucus surfaces, under <i>chronic</i> +irritation, are electrically negative. Therefore, +in this case, if it be an <i>old</i> one, taking the +A D current, <i>very mild force</i>, apply the uterine +electrode, N. P., to the <i>os uteri</i>, and treat over +the lower dorsal and upper lumbar vertebræ +with P. P., <i>long cord</i>. Treat five to eight +minutes, three times a week.</p> + +<p>But I should add, that recovery from this +infirmity, when occasioned by uterine irritation, +will be much aided by commencing each<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +sitting with a <i>general tonic treatment</i> (see page +<a href="#Page_95">95</a>), and closing with the treatment just above +prescribed.</p> + +<p>The last described form of dysmenorrhœa is +sometimes attended with spasmodic contraction +of the <i>os uteri</i>, thus preventing the catamenial +flow. This may be readily relieved by +applying P. P. to uterus, and N. P. to lower +dorsal and upper lumbar vertebræ.</p> + +<h3>MENORRHAGIA. (<i>Excessive Menstruation.</i>)</h3> + +<p>If the menstrual flow is apt to terminate in +hemorrhage, it is best to give <i>general tonic +treatments</i>, about three times a week, between +the periods; and during the last four or five +days before color is expected to appear, to +take the B D current, medium force, and treat +the uterus directly, once a day, with the uterine +electrode P. P., while moving N. P. over +the dorsal vertebræ, about five to eight minutes, +at the close of <i>general tonic treatment</i>.</p> + +<p>If there be no <i>hemorrhage</i>, properly, but +only too profuse or too long-continued flow of +catamenia, the discharge may commonly be +stopped by one or two treatments, of eight to +ten minutes each, with the uterine electrode, +as prescribed above.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span></p> + +<h3>PROLAPSUS UTERI. (<i>Falling of the Womb.</i>)</h3> + +<p>Take the B D current, of good medium force, +and give <i>general tonic treatment</i> (see page <a href="#Page_95">95</a>), +on alternate days, ten minutes, passing briefly +over the several parts. After this, treat five +to eight minutes with uterine electrode, in the +manner prescribed for <i>menorrhagia</i>. Then +close the sitting by removing the uterine instrument, +substituting the sponge-cup as P. P., +and treating with it externally, about five +minutes, over the pelvic region, while N. P. is +stationed on the spine, at the first or second +dorsal vertebra.</p> + +<p>On the <i>intervening</i> days, treat only with the +uterine electrode, as above prescribed.</p> + +<h3>LEUCORRHŒA. (<i>Whites.</i>)</h3> + +<p>Take A D current, <i>very mild</i> force. Introduce +the vaginal electrode, N. P., until it +meets the uterus, and manipulate with P. P. +over the dorsal vertebræ five to eight minutes, +three times a week. Once or twice a week, +on the intervening days, give <i>general tonic +treatment</i>. Omit treatment altogether, for one +or two weeks, once in two to three months.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> +Considerable time is often required for the +cure of old cases.</p> + +<h3>SPERMATORRHŒA.</h3> + +<p>The points to be gained are, to reduce the +action of the amatorial organs of the brain +and the secretion of the <i>testes</i>, and to contract +and strengthen the tissue of the seminal vesicles +and the prostrate gland.</p> + +<p>Take the B D current. First, treat the +lowest part of the cerebellum, on both sides of +the spinal cord, with a <i>mild</i> force; using P. P. +upon these organs of amativeness, and N. P. +on the dorsal vertebræ. Treat so some three +minutes. Next, increase the current to medium +force; and, taking a handled cup or +mug, holding a pint to a quart, mostly filled +with tepid water, drop the <i>penis</i> and <i>testicles</i> +into it, along with the tin electrode P. P., and +move N. P., <i>long cord</i>, over the lumbar vertebræ. +Treat in this manner about five minutes. +Then place the P. P. on the pelvis, +close above the penis, and again treat with N. +P., <i>long cord</i>, over the small of the back, two +or three minutes. Treat about three times a +week.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p> + +<h3>IMPOTENCE.</h3> + +<p>Take B D current, moderate force. Treat +exactly as in spermatorrhœa, except with <i>reversed +poles</i>, using the <i>long cord</i> with P. P. +Treat thrice a week.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The <i>process</i> of this will probably be explained if another +edition should be called for. It is given in one of +the author's Class Lectures.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Study carefully <i>Polarization of the Circuit</i>, page <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> <i>Polarization of the Circuit</i>, page <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> By a current of <i>good medium strength</i>, I mean one which, +in the hands, is ordinarily felt rather strongly, yet not sufficiently +so to produce distress.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> See <i>Polarization of the Circuit</i>. Page <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p></div> +</div> + +<div class="trans1"><p class="trnhd">Transcriber's Note</p> + +<p>Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. +Medical, scientific, archaic and variant spellings remain as printed, except for +obvious errors shown below:</p> + +<p class="author2"><a href="#CONTENTS">Contents</a> & P. <a href="#Page_123">123</a>. "Hœmorrhoids" amended to <i>Hæmorrhoids</i>.</p> +<p class="author2">P. <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a> & P. <a href="#Page_36">36</a>. "faradaism" amended to <i>faradism</i>. This, however, could be an obscure variant as with Faradaic, Faradic.</p> +<p class="author2">P. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>. "pilorus" amended to <i>pylorus</i>.</p> +<p class="author2">P. <a href="#Page_130">130</a>. "œdemetous" amended to <i>œdematous</i>.</p></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Newly Discovered System of +Electrical Medication, by Daniel Clark + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ELECTRICAL MEDICATION *** + +***** This file should be named 23813-h.htm or 23813-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/8/1/23813/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from scans of public domain works at the +University of Michigan's Making of America collection.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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