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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Newly Discovered System of Electrical
+Medication, by Daniel Clark
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Newly Discovered System of Electrical Medication
+
+Author: Daniel Clark
+
+Release Date: December 11, 2007 [EBook #23813]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ELECTRICAL MEDICATION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephen Blundell and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from scans of public domain works at the
+University of Michigan's Making of America collection.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    A NEWLY DISCOVERED SYSTEM
+
+                OF
+
+      ELECTRICAL MEDICATION.
+
+
+
+      BY DANIEL CLARK, A. M.
+
+
+
+
+
+           CINCINNATI:
+ PRINTED BY HITCHCOCK AND WALDEN,
+         FOR THE AUTHOR.
+              1875.
+
+
+
+
+Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by
+
+DANIEL CLARK, A. M.,
+
+In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
+Northern District of Illinois.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+    Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Medical,
+    scientific, archaic and variant spellings remain as printed, except
+    for obvious errors noted at the end of the text.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In the summer of 1866, the author of this little book, moved by the
+repeated and earnest solicitation of his Medical Classes, prepared and
+printed a small pamphlet entitled _Practical Principles of Medical
+Electricity_, designed more particularly, as the present work also is,
+as a _Hand-Book_ to assist the memory of those who have taken a regular
+course of LECTURES from himself, or from some other competent instructor
+in the same general system of Practice. The edition of that work was
+exhausted somewhat more than a year ago. Still, the book has continued
+to be frequently called for. The author has, therefore, prepared, and
+now offers to the Profession, the present volume, comprising the
+substance of the previous work--corrected, improved in arrangement and
+form, and about doubled in size by the introduction of new matter. While
+he has reason for gratitude that the former manual, referred to above,
+has met with so favorable a reception, he can not but hope that the
+present work will be found even more acceptable and valuable to both
+practitioners and their patients.
+
+It is but justice to say that the most essential principles of
+_practice_ here presented did not originate with the present author, but
+with PROF. C. H. BOLLES, of Philadelphia, their discoverer, from whom
+the writer received his first introduction to them. Yet, the
+_explanations_ here given of the Law of Polarization, as respects the
+electric current in the circuit of the artificial machine, as well as
+respecting the natural magnets and magnetic currents of the human
+organism; the introduction of the _long cord_, with the explanation of
+its advantages; and also nearly everything of the _philosophic theories_
+here brought to view, the author alone is responsible for.
+
+This work, like its little predecessor from the same pen, has been
+adapted exclusively to the use of DR. JEROME KIDDER'S Electro-Magnetic
+Machine, manufactured and sold, at present, at No. 544 Broadway, New
+York; because the author, having used in his own practice a considerable
+variety of the most popular machines intended for therapeutic purposes,
+and having examined several others, believes this to be incomparably
+_the best in use_. Dr. Kidder has, with most laudable zeal, pressed on
+his researches and improvements in the manufacture of these instruments,
+until there seems to be scarcely anything more in them to be desired.
+They are certainly not equalled by any others in America, and probably
+not surpassed, if equalled, by any in the world.
+
+                                                            D. C.
+ PLAINFIELD, ILL., June, 1869.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                   Page.
+ INTRODUCTION                                         xi
+
+
+ FIRST PRINCIPLES.
+
+ DR. JEROME KIDDER'S ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MACHINE         21
+ POLARIZATION                                         26
+ THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT                                 28
+ POLARIZATION OF THE CIRCUIT                          29
+ THE CENTRAL POINT OF THE CIRCUIT                     33
+ THE CURRENT                                          35
+ MODIFICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY                         36
+ THE VITAL FORCES--ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE               37
+ EXTENT OF ELECTRIC AGENCY                            42
+ THEORY OF MAN                                        44
+ THE LOWER ANIMALS                                    54
+ THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM                                56
+ NATURAL POLARIZATION OF MAN'S PHYSICAL ORGANISM      56
+ ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES                58
+ PHILOSOPHY OF DISEASE AND CURE                       58
+
+
+ PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE.
+
+ POLAR ANTAGONISM                                     61
+ IMPORTANCE OF NOTING THE CENTRAL POINT               62
+ DISTINCTIVE USE OF EACH POLE                         63
+ USE OF THE LONG CORD                                 69
+ THE INWARD AND THE OUTWARD CURRENT                   74
+ MECHANICAL EFFECT OF EACH POLE                       75
+ RELAXED AND ATROPHIED CONDITIONS                     77
+ GENERAL DIRECTION OF THE CURRENT                     78
+ TREATING WITH ELECTROLYTIC CURRENTS                  79
+ POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MANIFESTATIONS                 81
+ HEALING                                              84
+ DIAGNOSIS                                            84
+
+
+ PRESCRIPTIONS.
+
+ PRELIMINARY REMARKS                                  94
+ GENERAL TONIC TREATMENT                              95
+ COMMON COLDS                                         98
+ CEPHALAGIA (Headache)                               100
+ DEAFNESS                                            102
+ NOISES IN THE HEAD                                  103
+ INFLAMED EYES                                       103
+ AMAUROSIS                                           104
+ STRABISMUS (Discordance of the Eyes)                104
+ CATARRH (Acute)                                     105
+ CATARRH (Chronic)                                   105
+ DIPHTHERIA                                          106
+ APHONIA (Loss of Voice)                             106
+ CROUP                                               107
+ ASTHMA                                              108
+ HEPATIZATION OF LUNGS                               108
+ PNEUMONIA                                           108
+ PULMONARY PHTHISIS (Consumption)                    109
+ NEURALGIA AND RHEUMATISM OF THE HEART               111
+ ENLARGEMENT AND OSSIFICATION OF THE HEART           112
+ PALPITATION OF THE HEART                            112
+ TORPID LIVER                                        112
+ HEPATITIS (Inflammation of Liver)                   113
+ ENLARGEMENT OF LIVER                                113
+ BILIARY CALCULI (Gravel in Liver)                   114
+ INTERMITTENT FEVER (Ague and Fever)                 114
+ NEPHRITIS (Inflammation of Kidneys)                 115
+ RENAL CALCULI (Gravel in the Kidneys)               116
+ DIABETES (A Kidney Disease)                         116
+ DYSPEPSIA                                           117
+ ACUTE DIARRHÅ’A                                      119
+ CHRONIC DIARRHÅ’A                                    119
+ CHOLIC (of whatever kind)                           120
+ CHOLERA MORBUS                                      120
+ CHOLERA (Malignant)                                 121
+ DYSENTERY                                           122
+ CONSTIPATION OF BOWELS                              122
+ HÆMORRHOIDS (Piles)                                 123
+ RHEUMATISM (Acute Inflammatory)                     124
+ RHEUMATISM (Chronic)                                125
+ DROPSY                                              126
+ NEURALGIA                                           126
+ SCIATICA                                            127
+ PARALYSIS                                           128
+ ERYSIPELAS                                          129
+ ERUPTIVE CUTANEOUS DISEASES                         130
+ COMMON CRAMP                                        131
+ TRISMUS (Lockjaw)                                   132
+ TETANUS                                             132
+ CANCERS                                             133
+ ASPHYXIA (Suspended Animation)                      134
+ RECENT WOUNDS, CONTUSIONS AND BURNS                 135
+ OLD ULCERS                                          135
+ HEMORRHAGE                                          136
+ CHLOROSIS (Green Sickness)                          136
+ AMENORRHÅ’A (Suppressed Menstruation)                138
+ DYSMENORRHÅ’A (Painful Menstruation)                 138
+ MENORRHAGIA (Excessive Menstruation)                139
+ PROLAPSUS UTERI (Falling of the Womb)               140
+ LEUCORRHÅ’A (Whites)                                 140
+ SPERMATORRHÅ’A                                       141
+ IMPOTENCE                                           142
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Considerable parts of this book have been written for the unlearned. For
+the scholarly reader such parts, of course, would be wholly superfluous;
+yet it is hoped that they to whom these are familiar will be patient in
+passing through them for the sake of others to whom they may be
+instructive. Other parts, again, it is believed, will be found new to
+the most of even educated minds. But men of the largest intellectual
+attainments are commonly the most docile. Such men, meeting this little
+work, will not shrink from a candid examination of its contents merely
+on account of their comparative novelty, nor because the views expressed
+differ essentially from those usually held by the medical faculty. The
+candid, yet critical, attention of such gentlemen, the author especially
+solicits. He assures them that he does not write at random, but from
+careful research and practical experience. His _philosophic theories_ he
+offers only for what they are worth. His _principles of practice_ he
+believes to be scientifically correct and of great value.
+
+Let it not be supposed that the author, in this work, assumes a
+belligerent attitude towards the members of the medical profession.
+Although anxious to modify and elevate their estimate of electricity as
+a remedial agent, and to improve their methods of using it, he has no
+sympathy with those who profess to believe, and who assert, that
+medicines of the apothecary never effect the cure of disease; that where
+they are thought to cure, they simply do not kill; and who contend that
+the patient would have recovered quicker and better to have taken no
+medicine at all. He knows that such allegations are false, as they are
+extravagant; and so does every candid and unprejudiced observer whose
+experience has given him ordinary opportunities to judge. The writer
+believes it can be perfectly demonstrated that the advancement of
+medical science in modern times--say within the last two or three
+hundred years--has served to essentially prolong the average term of
+human life. The world owes to medical instructors and practitioners a
+debt of gratitude which can never be paid. Their laborious and often
+perilous research in the fields of their profession, and their untiring
+assiduity in the application of their science and skill to the relief of
+human suffering, entitle them to a degree of confidence and affectionate
+esteem which few other classes of public servants can rightly claim. For
+one, the author of this little book most sincerely concedes to them, as
+a body, his confidence, his sympathy, and his grateful respect. And the
+most that he is willing to say to their discredit, (if it be so
+construed), is that he regards them as having not yet attained
+_perfection_ in their high profession, and as not being generally as
+willing as they should be to examine fairly into the alleged merits of
+remedial agents and improved principles of practice, (claimed to be
+such), when brought forward by intelligent, cultivated and respectable
+men, outside of "the regular profession." This is said at the same time
+that the author gives much weight to their commonly offered defense,
+viz: that, in the midst of professional engagements, they have not always
+the time to spare for such examination; and that, since the most of
+alleged improvements in the healing art, particularly of those introduced
+by persons who have not received a regular medical education, sooner or
+later prove themselves to be worthless, the _presumption_--though not
+the _certainty_--is, whenever a new agent, or a new method or principle
+is proposed by an "outsider," that this, too, if not willful
+charlatanism, is a mistake; and therefore, the sooner it comes to an end
+the better it will be for the public health, and that neglect is the
+surest way to kill it.
+
+But the medical faculty have too widely employed electricity in the
+treatment of disease, and that with too frequent success, to admit of
+its being denied a place among important therapeutic agents by any
+respectable practitioner. The only questions concerning it now are those
+which relate to the _versatility_ of its power, the _scope_ of its
+useful applicability, and the _principles_ which should guide in the
+administration of it. The general subject embraced in these questions is
+one in which suffering humanity has a right to claim that physicians
+shall be at home.
+
+And yet it will scarcely be denied that, in the exhibition of
+electricity, more than of almost any other therapeutic agent, medical
+practitioners feel incertitude as to what shall be its effect. Now and
+then it acts as they expected it to do; sometimes it pleasantly
+surprises them; oftener it offensively disappoints them. They find it
+_unreliable_. Of other remedial agents, they commonly know, before
+administering them, what _sort_ of effect will be produced; but in
+employing this, while they have hope, they are generally more or less in
+doubt. They regard it as _a stimulant_; although its action on the
+living organism appears to them to be largely veiled in mystery. In many
+cases of disease, particularly those of acutely inflammatory or febrile
+character, they judge it to be not at all indicated. To administer it in
+a case of bilious or typhoid fever, or in a case of pneumonia,
+pleuritis, gastritis, inflammatory rheumatism, or acute, and especially
+_epidemic_ or malignant dysentery, or in a case of pulmonary phthisis,
+would probably be viewed by the most of physicians as the rashest
+empiricism, if not the next thing to madness. _The idea of producing
+antagonistic effects with it at will_, they would, for the most part,
+esteem preposterous. Rather, perhaps, it may be said of the majority of
+medical practitioners that such an idea has never entered their minds;
+so foreign is it to their conceptions of truth and propriety. But, at
+whatever risk of discredit or censure, the writer of the present volume
+avers that this idea is both scientifically sound and of every day's
+practical verification. The various and opposite forms of disease--acute
+and chronic, hypersthenic and asthenic--are habitually treated and
+_cured_, in his own practice and that of his students, by electricity
+alone.
+
+But "_cui bono?_" may be asked. "What if it be true that these things
+can be done with electricity? They are also done with medicines, which
+are more quickly and conveniently administered, and usually less
+annoying to the patient. What, therefore, is the _practical utility_ of
+your electric system above the ordinary practice, especially if we
+include, in the latter, electrical treatment as occasionally employed by
+the most of respectable physicians?"
+
+This is the important question--that to which the author desires to call
+particular attention. He, therefore, answers:
+
+_First._--It is manifestly true that the most of diseases, (the
+exceptions are comparatively few), can be cured by the use of medicines.
+It is also true that these can generally be administered with more
+convenience and less expenditure of time to the practitioner than
+electricity; and this is a great advantage. The author is often asked if
+he thinks his electric system will ever supersede the use of medicines.
+His answer is uniformly, "No." It takes too much time for that. Where
+the population is crowded, as in cities and large towns, it is often the
+case, especially in times of prevailing epidemic, that a physician can
+prescribe medicine for half a dozen or more patients in the time
+required to treat one electrically. To reject medicines and rely alone
+on electricity would, in periods and places of prevailing sickness,
+leave many sufferers without professional service, or would require that
+the proportion of doctors to the whole population should be largely
+increased--a thing certainly not often to be desired. So much, candor
+must concede.
+
+_Second._--It is not quite true that medicines are usually less annoying
+to the patient than electricity as _we_ use it. As administered by
+others, it is often nearly intolerable. In our hands, on the contrary,
+it seldom inflicts any pain or distress, and almost invariably becomes
+agreeable to the patient after a very few applications. We have no
+occasion to torture our patients in order to cure them. But the cases
+are comparatively rare where medicines are not offensive; commonly they
+are excessively so.
+
+_Third._--In not a few diseases, and these among the most dangerous or
+distressful, the electric current, employed according to the system here
+taught, is able to reach, control and cure, with facility, where
+medicines are but slowly, and in most instances imperfectly successful,
+or fail altogether. This is said, or meant to be said, not invidiously
+nor boastingly, but in the candid utterance of a great and practically
+demonstrated truth. It is, perhaps, most _often_ exemplified in
+neuralgic, rheumatic and paralytic affections. The author is happy to
+acknowledge that these diseases are frequently mitigated, and
+occasionally cured, by means of electrical treatment administered by
+those who know nothing of the system here taught. But the important fact
+is, in _their_ hands there is _no certainty_ as to the effect before
+trial. Under _this_ system, the kind of effect is as certainly known
+before as after the trial, since it can be made one thing or another _at
+will_.
+
+Cases are not unfrequently presented of _inflammatory action_, more
+especially where it is internal--traumatic cases and others--which the
+practitioner finds it impossible to subdue with medicine. But, with a
+proper knowledge of the system herein taught, he has at his command a
+power with which he can control such cases with almost infallible
+certainty, provided he can get access to them within reasonable time.
+The same may be said of fevers, particularly those occasioned by
+miasmatic or infectious virus. These are often difficult to manage by
+the use of medicine, and not seldom prove fatal, in spite of the best
+talent and skill which the profession can afford. But the electric
+current, rightly selected and scientifically applied, destroys or
+neutralizes the virus and restores the normal polarization, and so
+effects a cure.
+
+_Neuralgic affections_ are frequently found difficult, or even
+impossible, to be cured by means of medicines, and yet, in the very same
+cases, these affections yield and disappear with comparative facility
+when brought under the electric current, judiciously applied, according
+to the principles of this new system.
+
+_Chronic cases, and others of an asthenic character_, are often very
+stubborn under the medicines of pharmacy, and are commonly the dread of
+physicians; yet, under scientific treatment by electricity, they rarely
+fail to lose their formidable character and to become obedient to the
+remedial agent.
+
+_Fourth._--In enumerating a few of the peculiar advantages of this
+system, I should add that it corrects the usual _electric_ practice of
+the profession, so far as they become acquainted with it. As before
+intimated, the mass of physicians at present, who treat more or less
+electrically, do so with no knowledge, or next to none, of the great
+_versatility_ of action of which the electric current is capable. They
+know nothing of the electrical polarization of the living organism in
+health, nor how it is variously affected in disease. The particular
+_electrical_ state of the diseased organs is a matter foreign to their
+minds. They appear to suppose the point to be immediately aimed at as a
+means of cure is to get the electricity from the machine into the
+affected part or parts; whereas it should be to change, by correction,
+the _polarization_ of the part or parts; and, if there be virus present,
+to neutralize that. Equally unacquainted are they generally with the
+diverse physiological action of the several modifications of the
+electric force--galvanism, magnetism, faradism, and frictional
+electricity. This, in their candor, they commonly acknowledge. And, for
+the most part, they are little or nothing better acquainted with the
+_distinctive_ effects on the system of the positive and negative poles
+of the instrument. There is, therefore, plainly no _science_ in their
+electrical practice. Every thing is done at random--all is empirical.
+
+But the system here taught opens the light upon all of these points. For
+practical purposes, at least, it is, in its essential features, the only
+system of electrical therapeutics which has in it any real merit--the
+only system which _can be true_. By this, the writer does not mean to
+assert, or to imply, that the little book now before the reader contains
+no error, either in respect to theory or practice. In this early stage
+of our system's history, it would be remarkable if it did not contain
+errors in both these respects. But what it is intended to affirm is,
+that the book presents the _cardinal features_ of a true, and the only
+possibly true, system of electrical practice. All possibly true systems
+of geometry must necessarily be essentially the same; and so, too, all
+possibly true systems of electrical medication must be essentially one.
+That one system, it is candidly and confidently believed, is briefly
+contained in the present little volume.
+
+
+
+
+ELECTRICAL MEDICATION.
+
+
+
+
+FIRST PRINCIPLES.
+
+
+DR. JEROME KIDDER'S ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MACHINE.
+
+On opening the machine-box, as it comes from the manufacturer, there
+will be found a glass bottle, intended to hold the battery fluid when
+not in use; a glass cup or jar, to serve as the battery cell; a pair of
+insulated metallic conducting cords; two tin electrodes; a brass clamp;
+and, under the helix-box, (which raise), the battery metals and two
+connecting wires to unite the battery with the helix.
+
+To put the machine in working condition--ready for use--proceed, step by
+step, as follows, viz: Prepare the _Battery Fluid_ by mixing twelve
+parts, by measure, of water with one part of sulphuric acid, (good
+commercial acid is pure enough), sufficient to fill the cell two-thirds
+or three-fourths full, and place in it about one-third of an ounce of
+quicksilver.
+
+Next, place the platina plate between the two zinc plates, standing on
+their legs upon a table before you; and bring the top of the wooden bar
+(in a groove of which the platina is set) up flush with the top of the
+zinc plates. Let the brass post, standing on the top of this bar and
+soldered to the platina plate below, be toward the left-hand side. Then
+take the brass clamp and place it across the top of these metallic
+plates, a little to the right of the brass post, or about midway between
+the right and left sides, having its thumb-screw towards you, and with
+it screw the three plates firmly together. The platina is shorter than
+the zincs, to prevent its reaching the quicksilver in the bottom of the
+cell; and the wax balls on its sides are to insulate it from the zinc
+plates. This platina should never be allowed to touch the mercury or the
+zinc.
+
+Let the plates, properly screwed together, be now placed in the cell
+with the Battery Fluid. Then, with the two copper connecting-wires,
+connect the post which stands on the wooden bar above the platina with
+the post stamped P on the helix-box, and the brass clamp N with the
+post N on the helix-box.
+
+If, now, the screws regulating the vibrating armature be in perfect
+adjustment, the current will commence to run, with a buzzing sound; or
+it may be made to start by touching the hammer-like head of the flat
+steel spring. If not, the screws may be rightly adjusted in the
+following way: The top screw, which at its lower point is tipped with a
+small coil of platina wire, should be made to press delicately upon the
+center of the little iron plate on the upper side of the spring, so as
+to bear the latter down very slightly. Then raise or depress the
+screw-magnet, which turns up or down under the hammer, like the seat of
+a piano-stool, until the vibration of the spring commences. The
+_rapidity of the vibrations_, by which is secured the alternate closing
+and breaking of the electric circuit (or rather what, in practical
+effect, is equivalent to this--the _direct_ and _reverse_ action of the
+current in alternation) is increased by raising the screw-magnet and
+diminished by lowering it. When it is raised above what is required for
+ordinary use, the noise becomes too loud and harsh for many nervous
+patients to bear. It should then be depressed a little.
+
+With respect to curative power, I have discovered but little perceptible
+difference, produced by the various degrees of rapidity in the
+vibrations, effected within the range of this magnet.
+
+_The force_ of the current is regulated by means of a tubular magnet,
+which slides over the helix, and is called _the plunger_. It is
+approached under a brass cap at the right-hand end of the machine. The
+plunger is withdrawn, more or less, to increase the force; pushed in to
+diminish it. If in any case the current can not be softened sufficiently
+with the plunger, the quantity of battery fluid in use must be made
+less.
+
+After a time the current will become weak, and fail to run well. Then
+renew the battery fluid. When the quicksilver is all taken up by the
+zinc plates, the machine may be run for a while without adding more. But
+after it has considerably disappeared from the inside surface of the zinc
+plates, the latter will begin to show more rapid corrosion, while the
+current will be less. Then let a small quantity of quicksilver--one-fourth
+to one-third of an ounce--again be placed in the fluid.
+
+When the machine is not in use, let the metals be removed from the
+fluid; and, if not to be soon again used, let them be rinsed with
+water, carefully avoiding to wet the wooden bar in which the platina is
+set.
+
+_The posts_, with which the conducting-cords are to be connected, are
+arranged in a row near the front of the helix-box, and are marked A, B,
+C, D. Either two of these posts may be used to obtain a current; and
+since they admit of six varying combinations, six different currents are
+afforded by the machine, viz: the A B current, the A C current, the A D
+current, the B C current, the B D current, and the C D current.
+Whichever current is used, it may always be known which of the two posts
+employed is the positive and which the negative, by observing the
+letters stamped upon their tops. The one whose letter comes first in the
+order of the alphabet is positive; the other is negative. Also, the one
+standing towards the left hand is positive, and that at the right hand
+is negative. _The qualities_ of the several currents are stated in a
+descriptive paper on the inside of the lid of the machine, which see. It
+will there be found that three of the currents--viz, the A B, the A C
+and the A D currents--are _electrolytic_: that is, dissolving by
+electric action. These electrolytic currents require to be used--one or
+another of them--whenever any chemical action is needed; as, in
+decomposing or neutralizing _virus_ in the system, destroying cancers,
+reducing glands when chronically enlarged, removing tumors or other
+abnormal growths, and in treating old ulcers and chronic irritation of
+mucous membranes. The other three, being Faradaic or induction currents,
+and having no perceptibly chemical action, are used where only change of
+electro-vital polarization is required. These Faradaic currents differ
+from each other in respect to being _concentrative_ or _diffusive_ in
+their effects, and in their _sensational_ force. B C is concentrative
+and delicately sensational. C D is also concentrative, though less so
+than B C, and is more strongly sensational. B D is diffusive, and the
+most energetically sensational of the three.
+
+
+POLARIZATION.
+
+It may be proper, in this place, to spend a few words upon electrical
+polarization in general.
+
+_Electrical polarity_ may be defined as a characteristic of the electric
+or magnetic fluid, by virtue of which its opposite qualities, as those
+of _attraction_ and _repulsion_ towards the same object, are manifested
+in opposite parts of the electric or magnetic body. These opposite parts
+are called the _poles_ of the body, as the _positive_ and _negative_
+poles. The difference between the positive and negative poles is
+believed to be that of _plus_ and _minus_--plus being positive and minus
+negative. This is the Franklinian view, and, if I mistake not, is the
+one most in favor with men of science at the present day. This view
+supposes that the electricity or magnetism arranges itself in _maximum_
+quantity and intensity at the one extremity or pole of the magnetized
+body, and in _minimum_ quantity and intensity at the opposite extremity
+or pole; and that, between these points--the maximum and the
+minimum--the fluid is distributed, in respect to quantity and intensity,
+upon a scale of regular graduation from the one to the other. The idea
+may be represented by a _line_, commencing in a _point_ at the one end,
+and extending, with regularly increasing breadth, to the other end. The
+larger end would represent the positive pole, and the smaller, the
+negative pole. Or perhaps a better representation of the magnet would be
+a line of equal breadth from end to end, but having the one end _white_,
+or slightly tinted, say, with _red_, and the color gradually and
+regularly increasing in strength to the other end, where it becomes a
+_deep scarlet_. Let the coloring-matter represent the magnetism in the
+body charged, and we have the magnet illustrated in its polarization:
+the deep-red end is the positive pole, and the white or faintly-colored
+end is the negative pole.
+
+It is a law of polarization that the positive poles of different magnets
+repel each other, and the negative poles repel each other; while
+positive and negative poles attract each other. The same law of
+polarization rules in electric or magnetic _currents_ as in magnets at
+rest.
+
+
+THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT.
+
+_The Electric Circuit_ is made up of any thing and every thing which
+serves to conduct the electric current in its passage--outward and
+returning--from where it leaves the inner surfaces of the zinc plates in
+the battery cell to where it comes back again to the outer surfaces of
+the same plates. When the conducting-cords are not attached to the
+machine, or when the communication between the cords is not complete, if
+the machine be running, the circuit is then composed of the battery
+fluid, the platina plate, the posts, the connecting-wires, which unite
+the battery with the helix, the helical wires, and their appendages for
+the vibrating action. But when a patient is under treatment, the
+conducting-cords, the electrodes, and so much of the patient's person as
+is traversed by the current while passing from the positive electrode
+through to the negative electrode, are also included in the whole
+circuit. And whatever elements may serve to conduct the current in any
+part of its circuit--be they metal, fluid, nerve, muscle, or bone--the
+same are all, for the time, component parts of _one complete magnet_,
+which, in all its parts, is subject to the law of polarization,
+precisely as if it were one magnetized bar of steel. Usually, however,
+it is sufficient for _practical_ purposes to contemplate the circuit as
+consisting only of that which the current passes through in going from
+the point where it leaves the positive post and enters into the negative
+cord, around to the point where it leaves the positive cord and enters
+into the negative post.
+
+
+POLARIZATION OF THE CIRCUIT.
+
+I have said, in effect, a little above, that, while the current is
+running, _the entire circuit is one complete magnet_, which extends
+from the inner or positive sides of the zinc plates, where the current
+commences, all the way around to the outer or negative aides of the zinc
+plates, to which it returns. Viewed in this light its negative pole or
+end is the battery fluid, next to the positive surfaces of the zinc
+plates, and its positive pole or end is the brass clamp which, holding
+the metals together, is in contact with the outer and negative surfaces
+of the zincs.
+
+But, for practical purposes, it is sufficiently exact to consider the
+_magnetic circuit_ as extending only from the positive _post_ around
+through the conducting cords, the electrodes and the person of the
+patient to the _negative_ post. The negative end or pole of this magnet
+is the wire end of the cord placed in the positive post, and the
+positive end or pole is the wire end of the cord placed in the negative
+post.
+
+But any magnet may be viewed either as one whole, or be conceived as
+composed of a succession of shorter magnets placed end to end. If we
+view it as one entire magnet, we call the end in which the magnetic
+essence is in greatest quantity the _positive_ end, and the end where it
+is in least quantity the _negative_ end. But if we imagine the one
+whole magnet as being divided up into several sections, then we conceive
+of each section as a distinct magnet, having its own positive and
+negative poles. And, all the way through, these sectional magnets will
+be arranged with the positive pole of the one joined to the negative
+pole of the next in advance of it.
+
+It is just so in respect to the magnetic circuit of a moving current.
+The whole circuit, as before remarked, is in reality one long magnet.
+But in applying the terms _positive_ and _negative_ in our practice we
+often view the whole circuit--the one long magnet--as composed of a
+series of shorter ones, arranged with positive and negative ends in
+contact; and all the way the current in each section is supposed to be
+running from the positive pole of the magnet behind to the negative pole
+of the magnet before.
+
+We consider the circuit, from the positive post around to the negative
+post, as composed of three magnets, as follows: Magnet No. 1, which
+extends from the positive post, along the cord and electrode, to the
+body of the patient, where the positive electrode is placed. The
+_negative pole_ of this magnet is the _wire end of the cord_ placed in
+the positive post, and its _positive_ pole in the _positive electrode_
+placed upon the person of the patient. No. 2, which is composed of the
+parts of the patient traversed by the current between the two
+electrodes. Its negative end or pole is the part in contact with the
+positive pole of magnet No. 1, and its positive pole is the part in
+contact with the negative pole of magnet No. 3. No. 3 extends from the
+positive pole of No. 2, through the electrode and along the cord, to the
+negative post. Its negative pole is the _negative electrode_ in contact
+with the positive end or pole of magnet No. 2, and its positive pole is
+the _wire end of the cord_ in the negative post.
+
+Since in every magnet the magnetic fluid is supposed to be regularly
+graduated from minimum quantity in the negative end to maximum quantity
+in the positive end, this is true in respect to the one magnet,
+consisting of the whole magnetic circuit, as well as in respect to each
+one of the sectional series. Consequently there must be the same
+quantity of magnetism in each negative pole of the sections as there is
+in the positive pole of the section immediately behind it. And the
+magnetism of the whole circuit between the positive and the negative
+posts is in its _least_ volume next to the _positive post_, and in
+_fullest_ volume next to the _negative post_. If we consider the circuit
+as divided into two equal halves, the _negative half_ is plainly that
+which joins the _positive post_, and the _positive half_ that which
+joins the _negative post_.
+
+From this it will be seen that what in practice are designated as the
+positive and negative _posts_, and also positive and negative _poles_ or
+_electrodes_ are _not_ such _in relation to each other_, but the
+_reverse_ of it; that is to say, the positive _post_ is not _positive_
+in relation to the _negative post_, but is _negative_ to it; and the
+positive _electrode or pole_ is not positive in relation to the
+_negative_ electrode, but _negative_ to it. The positive _post_, like
+the positive _electrode_, is called _positive_, because it is the
+positive end of the sectional magnet next _behind_ it. And the
+_negative_ post, as also the negative electrode, is _called negative_
+because it is the negative end of the sectional magnet next _in advance_
+of it.
+
+
+THE CENTRAL POINT OF THE CIRCUIT.
+
+_The central point_ of the circuit--that point which divides between its
+positive and negative halves--is reckoned, in practice, to be the
+midway point in the line over which the current passes, in its whole
+course from the positive post around to the negative post. When the
+cords are of equal length, this point will always be in the person of
+the patient, about midway between the parts where the two electrodes are
+applied. This central point, or "point of centrality," is practically
+neuter--neither positive nor negative; and upon the two opposite halves
+of the circuit, the positive and negative _qualities_ of the current are
+in greatest force nearest to the posts, and in least force nearest to
+the central point. At this point they cease altogether, and the central
+point is _neuter_.
+
+It may, perhaps, be observed that, in _apparent_ contradiction of this
+statement, the _sensational_ effect of the current on the negative half
+of the circuit is _least_ nearest to the positive post, and becomes
+regularly _greater_ as the current advances towards the central point;
+and that _at_ this point it is greater than at any other point between
+this and the positive post. To relieve this seeming contradiction, it is
+only necessary to consider that, in fact, the _positive_ state on the
+negative half of the current _does_ increase regularly from the
+positive post to the central point. But that which is the _increase_ of
+the positive state is the _decrease_ of the negative state. So it is
+still true that on the negative half of the circuit, the _negative_
+qualities _diminish_ as we advance towards the central point just as on
+the positive half, the _positive_ qualities diminish regularly towards
+the central point, as stated above.
+
+
+THE CURRENT.
+
+_The current_ is that moving electric essence which traverses the
+circuit. The _course_ of the current is always from the positive to the
+negative. It leaves the machine at the positive post, where it enters
+the cord which holds the positive electrode or pole. Thence it advances
+around the circuit, going out from the opposite cord where that connects
+with the negative post. The forward end of the current is its positive
+end; the rear, of course, is its negative end. At its forward end it is
+in its greatest volume. At its rear end the volume is least. At the
+_central point_ of its circuit there is the _mean_ quantity--the
+_average_ volume. And because the positive and negative forces on either
+side exactly balance each other upon the central point, therefore this
+point is practically neuter--neither positive nor negative.
+
+
+MODIFICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY.
+
+In the present stage of electric science, the conviction has become very
+general among experimenters that galvanism, magnetism, faradism,
+frictional electricity and the electricity of the storm-cloud are, in
+their essential nature, one and the same; being diversified in
+appearance and effects by the different modes and circumstances of their
+development. This conviction has been reached in various ways; but
+chiefly, perhaps, by observing the many analogies between the phenomena
+of these several forces, and also by the fact that each of them can be
+made to produce or be produced by one or more of the others. But I must
+forego any detailed discussion of this matter, since my limits will not
+admit of it, and shall assume that these apparently several agents are
+but modifications of the same generic force.
+
+There are two other phases or modifications of the electric principle,
+as I judge them to be, which are not so generally classed here. I refer
+to the forces of animal and vegetable vitality, as viewed in the next
+section.
+
+
+VITAL FORCES--ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE.
+
+Upon these points I must be permitted to offer a few words.
+
+Of the _animal kingdom_, I regard the "nervous fluid" or "nervous
+influence," popularly so called, as being the very principle of _animal
+vitalization_--the life force; and that, a modification of the
+_electric_ force. It is, I think, pretty generally conceded at this day
+that the "nervous influence" is probably electric. There are some
+alleged facts, and other certain facts, which go far to sustain this
+view. It is said that if we transfix, with a steel needle, a large nerve
+of a living animal, as the great ischiatic, and let it remain in that
+condition a suitable time, the needle becomes permanently magnetized.
+So, too, if the point of a lancet be held for some length of time
+between the severed ends of a newly-divided large nerve, that point, as
+I have heard it affirmed, on what appeared to be good authority, becomes
+magnetized; although I have not attempted to verify either of these
+cases by experiment. However, admitting them to be true, the metal is
+charged with simply the "nervous fluid." But the fact on which I myself
+chiefly rely for evidence of this identification, being almost daily
+conversant with it in my practice, is this: _The "nervous influence"
+obeys the laws of electrical polarization, attraction and repulsion._
+When I treat a paralyzed part, in which, to all appearance, the action
+of the nerve force is suspended, I have but to assume that this force is
+electric, and apply the poles of my instrument accordingly, and I _bring
+it in_ from the more healthy parts, along with the inorganic current
+from my machine. Forcing conduction through the nerves, by means of my
+artificial apparatus, I rouse the susceptibility of the nerves until
+they will normally conduct the "nervous influence" or electro-vital
+fluid, as I term it, and the paralysis is removed. Again, if I treat an
+inflamed part, in which the capillaries are engorged with arterial
+blood, I have but to assume that the affected part is overcharged with
+the electro-vital fluid, through the nerves and the arterial blood, and
+so to apply my electrodes, according to well known electrical law, as to
+produce mutual repulsion, and the inflammatory action is sure to be
+repressed. I manifestly change the polarization of the parts. This thing
+is so perfectly regular and constant that I am entirely assured, before
+touching the patient, what sort of effect will be produced by this or
+that arrangement in the application of the poles of the instrument. If I
+desire to increase or depress the nervous force in any given case, I
+find myself able, on this principle, to produce the one effect or the
+other, at will. Hence, I say, the nervous influence obeys the electric
+laws, just as does the inorganic electricity. I find this subtle agent
+not in the nerves only, but also in muscle and blood--more especially in
+arterial blood. Indeed it seems to pervade, more or less, the entire
+solids and fluids of the animal system. And wherever it exists, its
+action is just that of an _electro-vital_ force. Examples of this fact
+will appear further along in the present work. While, therefore, I can
+not _affirm_ the identity of animal electricity and animal vitality, the
+theory of their identification, to my view, best accords with the
+manifestations under correct therapeutic treatment, and I am unaware of
+any established fact to disprove it.
+
+_Vegetable vitality_, also, I regard as another modification of the
+electric force. The fact has been proved by repeated experiments, that
+galvanic currents, passed among the roots of vegetables, causes a
+quickened development of the plants to a degree that would be deemed
+incredible by almost any one who had neither seen it nor learned its
+_rationale_. I have seen it stated, on authority which commanded my
+credence, that by this process lettuce leaves may be grown, within a few
+hours only, "from the size of a mouse's ear to dimensions large enough
+for convenient use on the dinner-table."
+
+The following experiment has been related to me by several different
+parties, as having been made by _Judge Caton_, of Ottawa, Illinois; and
+subsequently the same has been confirmed to me by his brother, Deacon
+Wm. P. Caton, of Plainfield, Illinois. It is said that the Judge had
+some interesting _evergreens_ which appeared to be affected by an
+unhealthy influence, causing a suspension of growth and withering of
+branches here and there, until such branches died. So the process went
+on, terminating after a little time in the death of the trees. In this
+way he had lost some valuable specimens. At length a very fine and
+favorite evergreen was similarly attacked. He felt, of course, annoyed
+by the destructive process, and especially reluctant to lose this
+particular tree. Probably calling to his recollection something
+analogous to what I have referred to above, he resolved to try the
+efficacy of galvanism to reinforce the vitality of the shrub. Having a
+telegraphic wire extending from the main line in Ottawa to his own
+residence, he availed himself of this facility, and caused a wire to be
+passed among the roots of this tree in such a way as to bring the
+galvanic current to act upon them. It was not long before he saw, to his
+delight, a new set of foliage starting from the twigs, and after a
+little time the tree was again flourishing in all its beauty. The
+electric current had evidently imparted to it a fresh vitality.
+
+To insure the success of such an experiment, a proper regard to
+polarization must be had, such as is taught in the system presented in
+this book. There may not have been any attention to this matter in the
+case just related; but if not, the Judge must have _stumbled_ upon the
+correct application of poles. To have brought the roots under the
+influence of the wrong pole would have made sure the death of his tree.
+
+Now, although, if taken by themselves, such experiments could not be
+regarded as _conclusive_ in favor of the electric nature of vegetable
+vitality, notwithstanding that this theory best explains the phenomena;
+yet, when considered in connection with the fact that the nervous fluid
+of the animal kingdom is evidently a modification of electricity, and
+probably constitutes the vital force of the animal, the theory of its
+identification, under another modification, with the vital principle in
+the vegetable kingdom also, as deduced from experiments like those just
+adverted to, receives strong confirmation, and is now, I believe, being
+adopted by many of the best philosophers of the age.
+
+
+EXTENT OF ELECTRIC AGENCY.
+
+When we have settled upon the position that the electricity of the
+heavens and of the artificial machine are identical, and that their
+identity is essentially one with galvanism, magnetism, the electro-vital
+fluid of animal and the life-force of the vegetable kingdoms, it
+requires no extravagant imagination, nor remarkable degree of
+enthusiastic credulity, to suppose that all the forms of physical
+attraction and repulsion are due, under God, to the diversified
+modifications of the same all-pervading agent--ELECTRICITY. Indeed, for
+myself, I feel no hesitation in expressing it as my belief that
+electricity, in one phase or another, and controlled only by WILL, is
+the grand motive-power of the universe. I believe that, in the form of
+electro-vital fluid, the great Creator employs it as His immediate agent
+to carry on all the functions of animal life; and that, in respect to
+voluntary functions, He subordinates it as a servant to the will of the
+creature, to effect such cerebral action and such muscular contractions
+as are demanded by the creature's volitions. I am disposed to think
+that, by the omnipotent power of His will, He controls and uses
+electricity, in its various modifications, as the immediate moving-force
+by which He accomplishes all the changes in the physical universe. It is
+fast becoming a generally-received opinion among modern _savans_, that
+every body in nature is really magnetic, more or less; and that all
+visible or sensible changes are but the result of changing poles.
+Chemical affinities and revulsions are believed to be only the more
+delicate forms of electrical attraction and repulsion; the ultimate
+particles of matter, no less than matter in masses, being subject to the
+control of electrical laws. The imponderable agents, light and caloric,
+under the ingenious tests of scientific scrutiny, are beginning to give
+some very decided indications of being simply electric phenomena.
+Indeed, the doctrine or theory that supposes caloric to be simply
+_atomic motion_ is even now being very generally accepted by the
+scientific world. And that motion in the atoms of a body which causes in
+us the sensation of heat is probably electric motion. And permit me to
+observe that, though the operations of nature seem, at first thought, to
+be wonderfully complex and mysterious, yet if the views here presented
+be correct, the marvel is changed; and we are brought to a profound
+admiration of the _simplicity_ of the means by which the Almighty
+conducts His material operations. A _single_ agent made to perform
+processes so infinitely numerous, diversified and apparently complex!
+How amazing! Simplicity in complexity!--majestic, like the mind of God.
+
+
+THEORY OF MAN.
+
+Let the question now be raised--_What is man?_ The answer will have much
+to do with the remedial system which I aim to teach. For this reason it
+is thus early introduced.
+
+My answer to the above question is as follows: _Man is a threefold
+being, composed of a body material, a body electrical, and a spirit
+rational and indestructible._
+
+Let the elements of this definition be a little amplified:
+
+1. _The material body._ This is composed of various metals, earths,
+carbon, phosphorus, and gases. I need not go into a representation of
+their multiplied and curious combinations to form the many parts of the
+body complete. But these are the ultimate elements; and a most superb
+and wonderful structure they here compose. Yet, notwithstanding all the
+manifest skillfulness of its contrivance, and the power of its
+accomplishment, and the niceness and beauty of its execution, it were a
+useless display if unaccompanied with the invisible agents which compose
+the two other grand constituents of man, to wit: the body electrical and
+the spirit, or mind. Without these, it would quickly fall into decay, as
+we see it when deprived of them, and would be resolved into its original
+elements again. But to our gross material bodies the Creator has added,
+
+2. _The body electrical._ By this, I mean that which has commonly been
+termed "nervous influence," "nervous fluid," "nervo-vital fluid," and
+"nervo-electric fluid." I object, however, to each and all of these
+designations. They are too restricted and specific. They all seem to
+imply that it is an agent or influence which appertains especially to
+the _nervous_ system; whereas the entire organism is under its pervading
+force. I do not doubt but its chief action is in and through the nervous
+system; but it also pervades and, as I think, vitalizes the whole body.
+The nervous system seems to be created as one principal means for its
+replenishment,[A] and to serve as the medium of its ministrations to the
+body at large. I choose to term it _electro-vital fluid_, or
+_electro-vitality_. My reasons for so designating it are the following:
+(1) It is demonstrably electrical in its nature. (2) It appears to be
+identified, or at least connected immediately, with the vitalization of
+the body. (3) I wish, by its name, to distinguish it from _mental_
+vitality, or the vitality of _spirit_. Whether, as a peculiar
+manifestation of the electric principle, it vitalizes by its own nature
+and action solely, or whether it be _charged_ with another mysterious
+element--a _life-force_--and vitalizes by ministering the latter to the
+material organism, I will not positively affirm. Whichever it be, the
+name I assign to it seems sufficiently appropriate. But I strongly
+incline to the theory that this electro-vital principle does itself, by
+virtue of its own nature, vitalize the system. In other words, I am
+disposed to think that God makes it the _immediate_ agent of
+vitalization; having constituted it the _vis vitæ_ of both the animal
+and the vegetable kingdoms. Nor does this idea, as I conceive,
+necessarily conflict at all with the doctrine of _cell-life_, as
+maintained by the best physiologists of the present day. I also
+sometimes style this electro-vital element the _body electrical_,
+because it is certainly an entity, coëxtensive with and, in greater or
+less force, wholly pervading the visible, material body.
+
+At this point I will take the liberty to introduce, although somewhat
+digressively, a few thoughts on the DISTINCTIONS OF VITALITY OR LIFE.
+
+There are, as I suppose, the following several kinds of life: (1)
+_Spirit life_; (2) _Moral life_; (3) _Electric life_.
+
+(1.) There is _spirit_ life. And here are to be made several
+subdivisions.
+
+[1.] _Uncreated_ spirit life. This is the life of God. Of the nature of
+the Divine Essence we know nothing; yet that God is a real, living
+entity, we do know. My own conviction is that the divine essence and the
+divine life are identical; that God, a spirit, is necessary, infinite,
+conscious VITALITY--the voluntary Originator of all existencies besides
+himself. But as to what is the essential nature of this vitality--this
+eternal spirit-life--we can have no conception, only that this life is
+God.
+
+[2.] _Created_ spirit-life. And here we make another subdivision.
+
+(_a_) The life of created _immortal_ spirit. This is a rational,
+intelligent entity, representing the spirit of man and of unembodied,
+created intelligences above him. This spirit God created as it pleased
+him--"in his own likeness"--a living, indestructible essence; and, as I
+suppose, its essence and its life the same.
+
+(_b_) The life of created _mortal_ spirit, as the spirit of the beast.
+Of the intrinsic essence of this spirit, we are also necessarily
+ignorant. Yet, of its attributes we know that it has _consciousness_,
+_sensibility_, and _will_. Of its life we know as little as of its
+essence; both of which, however, as I conjecture, are also one and the
+same--the spirit substance being itself essentially vital.
+
+(2.) We pass next to _moral_ life. This life is identical with
+_holiness_--the very opposite of that defilement that characterizes
+moral _death_, which is a state of _sin_. But let me again subdivide.
+
+[1.] As to the moral life of _God_, it consists in his infinite moral
+purity--his _veracity_, _justice_ and _benevolence_ or _love_--qualities
+which, in their combination make up his holiness.
+
+[2.] The moral life of _man, as also of other rational creatures_. This
+consists in his _sympathy of spirit with God_ in respect to those pure
+qualities which constitute the Divine holiness.
+
+(3.) Finally, there is _electric_ or _physical life_. But here again
+there are varieties.
+
+[1.] There is _animal_ life, as of man and the lower animals. This I
+have already represented as consisting in the electro-vital force.
+
+[2.] _Vegetable_ life. This is another modification of the same
+essential principle--electro-vitality.
+
+But now, to return to the _physical_ or _animal life of man_--the
+electro-vital element. While this is in such _immediate_ relation to the
+visible body on the one hand, it holds, also, on the other hand, an
+_immediate_ relation to the mental part, both of man and of the other
+animated beings of earth. It serves to transmit, through the nervous
+system to the mind, all sensations and impressions from the outer world.
+It, moreover, receives from the mind the action of its volitions and
+imaginary conceptions, and conveys through the nerves the impressions or
+impulsions thus obtained to the various parts of the body, and there
+secures the fulfillment of the mind's behests. It appears to be only in
+this way that communication is had between the mind and its outer body.
+The natures of spirit and of gross matter are so totally unlike, that it
+seems impracticable for the mind and body to come into _immediate_
+mutual relation, or to act reciprocally, without the aid of a
+_medium_--ethereal, semi-material and semi-spiritual, such as is the
+electro-vital fluid. And the Creator has accordingly provided this
+mysterious, invisible medium between the two, and thus, in a degree,
+extended man's likeness to himself by making him _a trinity in unity_.
+
+3. _The mind or spirit._ This is immeasurably the highest and most
+important constituent of man. His body material may fall back to dust.
+His body electrical may be reabsorbed in the great ocean of natural
+electricity that fills the earth and the heavens. But his mind is
+immortal. His spirit, made in the divine image, lives and acts, thinks
+and feels, independently of every other existence save Him from whom its
+being came. While in connection with its visible body, its good or ill,
+its bliss or woe, has, indeed, much to do with its bodily state. But,
+when separated from this body, its high and more independent existence
+is at once asserted; and then its good or ill are determined by its
+Author only in accordance with the workings and affections within
+itself. A spiritual and indestructible being like its Creator, it can
+never cease to be while he exists.
+
+But our present concern is with the mind in its relation to that
+electro-vital medium between it and the body, and to the body itself.
+The mind's influence upon both of these lower parts of the entire man is
+truly wonderful, although perceptible mostly on the material body. Few
+persons are aware how much the state of the mind affects the bodily
+health, although the degree is often very great. Yet this is done by
+the mind's action, first on the electro-vital functions, and through
+these, by way of the nerves, upon the bodily tissue. Changes in the
+mental states will, in this way, frequently produce changed polarization
+in the physical organs, and thus determine infallibly the matter of
+health or disease. So, too, the condition of the bodily health will
+often determine irresistibly the mental state. Whatever bodily changes
+affect the polarization of the electro-vital medium in any part of the
+organism, do thereby produce corresponding changes in the mind.
+
+These views of the reciprocal action between mind and body, through the
+medium of the electro-vital element, may serve to explain those
+psychological wonders exhibited in the cure of diseases by the
+imagination, as well as in diseases and even death induced by the
+imagination. I would much like to unfold and illustrate this bearing of
+the subject; and, also, in the light of it, to show the _philosophy_ of
+one mind acting intelligibly on another mind, with, and even _without_,
+the aid of the physical organs, as is sometimes seen in the facts of
+mesmerism. This I have done in my written lectures, for the instruction
+of classes; but my limits will not admit of it here.
+
+There is another thought which I will offer in this connection. I
+maintain that all _functional_ action of our bodily organism, _ab
+initio_, is conducted by _thinking mind_, through the medium of organic
+electricity or the electro-vital fluid. Every organ as a whole, and
+every life-cell in detail, is charged with this active principle. I
+believe that every one of then is controlled and guided incessantly in
+its propagating, organizing and entire functional force by _intelligent
+mind_, acting through this wonder-working agent--the electro-vital
+fluid. In respect to our _voluntary_ exercises, this organic electrical
+force is made subject to our own mental activities, and executes its
+office upon the bodily organism mainly through the medium of the nerves.
+But, as regards all the _involuntary_ functions, I believe that control
+is exercised _directly_ by the omniscient and all-pervading God,
+although in accordance with his own established laws.
+
+Once more of the _mind_ let me remark, that _consciousness, sensation,
+and will belong to it alone_. The _body_ never thinks nor feels; nor
+does the organic electricity within it. The popular idea, especially
+with the less educated masses, is that, if a man burn his finger, it is
+the finger that smarts. But this can not be true. Pain can exist only
+where consciousness is. And there is no consciousness in the finger, nor
+in any material part. Only the _mind_ is conscious of _existence_, even;
+and hence only the mind can be conscious of pleasure or pain. If a limb
+be paralyzed, by interrupting in any way the flow of the electro-vital
+fluid through its nerves, and thus depriving the _mind_ of its medium of
+communication with it, you may burn that limb to a crisp and the subject
+will feel no pain. When you burn your finger or break your arm, you
+disturb the action of the electro-vitality in the injured part,
+deranging its poles. This electric agent instantly communicates its
+disturbance along the nerves to the brain, where it reports to the mind
+and tells where the disturbance is. The conscious mind takes cognizance
+of the fact and feels distress.
+
+
+THE LOWER ANIMALS.
+
+It may, by some, be objected that, if we regard sensation as existing
+only in the _mind_, as affirmed above, then we must concede mind to the
+lower animal tribes, since they are subjects of consciousness, sensation
+and will, as truly as ourselves. I admit this necessity, and
+unhesitatingly take the position, as has been already done in the
+classification of minds, that the lower animals are in fact endowed with
+a something higher and more spiritual than their material bodies or
+their animal vitality--something which bears distinguishing
+characteristics of _mind_. I would not, however, be understood to say,
+or to imply, that they possess _all_ the characteristics of our minds,
+even in a rudimental degree. I do not believe they do. My theory does
+not accord to them either reason or immortality. Yet, in respect to the
+latter, my views are less decisive, and my utterances usually more
+reserved. But I think their minds may, and probably do, perish with
+their bodies. Nevertheless, the existence of consciousness, sensation
+and will, in any orders, does evidently presuppose some sort of mental
+constitution. And such mental structure, in them as well as in us, must
+be distinct from and superior to the animal vitality--compelling service
+from the latter, and using it as a medium for communicating with the
+body, and with the outer world in general.
+
+
+THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
+
+As to the vegetable kingdom, there is here, so far as we can discover,
+only a duality of principle, viz: the material body and a modified phase
+of electro-vitality. These component parts appear to sustain to each
+other, in the vegetable, relations quite analogous to those of the
+corresponding parts in the animal. But here the _mental_ part is
+wanting; and consequently there is no consciousness, sensation, nor
+will; and the electro-vital action is guided in its elaborate and
+beautiful operations for the forming and developing of the plant, and in
+all its vital functions, by the all-pervading mind of God.
+
+
+NATURAL POLARIZATION OF MAN'S PHYSICAL ORGANISM.
+
+_The electro-vital fluid_, in the animal economy, is subject to the same
+principles of polarization as the magnetic current from the artificial
+machine, or the magnetism of the bar-magnet. In the material organism of
+man, the great nerve-centers--the brain, the spinal cord, and the
+ganglions--appear to act the part of fixed magnets, charged with the
+electro-vital fluid. Indeed, there is much reason to believe that this
+fluid is elaborated within these nerve-centers--more especially within
+the brain--from the inorganic electricity of the outer world, which is
+supplied through the lungs in respiration, and conducted thence to these
+laboratories by a remarkably interesting process--a process which I have
+not room here to describe, but which I have drawn out in detail in a
+manuscript lecture on the circulation of the blood, for my classes, and
+which may some day see the light. These nerve-centers, viewed as magnets
+of electro-vitality, require to be regarded as having each a positive
+nucleus in the interior, on which are ranged the negative ends of the
+currents which go out from this positive nucleus in every direction to
+the surface of the medullary organ--so radiating, as it were, from
+center to periphery. And the nerve-lines and ramifications which issue
+from these great nerve-centers are polarized evidently in the same
+way--the electro-vital fluid being disposed with its negative ends to
+the positive surfaces of the nerve-centers, and its positive or plus
+ends to the "vital organs," and especially to the surfaces of the
+organism as a whole. There are many other polarizations in the human
+system, subordinate to those mentioned above; but I have no room to
+speak of them in detail.
+
+
+ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES.
+
+There are two, and only two, primary classes of disease--those in which
+the electro-vital force is abnormally _positive_, and those where it is
+preternaturally _negative_. The former class comprises every variety and
+phase of hypersthenia, and the latter, every sort and degree of
+anæsthesia, or rather, of azoödynamia. _Inflammation_ may be taken as a
+general representative of the positive or hypersthenic class--those
+forms of disease in which there is too much electro-vitality, or in
+which the vital force may be said to be too active. _Paralysis_ may
+stand as a general representative of the negative or azoödynamic
+class--those in which the vital action is too low or weak.
+
+
+PHILOSOPHY OF DISEASE AND CURE.
+
+In every part of the animal economy, polar derangements in the
+electro-vital principle are liable to occur. These derangements are
+always the real foundation of disease. They may be occasioned by a
+thousand agencies, which act as the _procuring_ cause of disease; but
+the _proximate_ and _sustaining_ cause is polar disturbance--derangement
+of the electro-vital poles. Parts which, in health, are relatively
+positive, may become negative, and that which should be negative may
+become positive. Or again, a part, naturally positive to its
+counterpart, may become _excessively_ so, and that which should be
+relatively negative may become negative to a _morbid degree_.
+
+To correct these polar disturbances and restore the normal polarization,
+is to _cure the complaint_. This is, under the treatment of most
+physicians, often accomplished by the use of medicines, and by
+mechanical or surgical agency. We accomplish it by the proper
+application of the _poles_ of our electrical apparatus. In cases where
+there is _virus_ to be destroyed, or _abnormal growths_ to be removed,
+we also secure the _chemical_ action appropriate to these ends by the
+proper _selection of our current_. It often happens that _mechanical_ or
+_surgical action_ is demanded. In many _such_ cases, we do not profess
+to secure normal polarization and consequent cure by means of
+electricity alone. Yet, in a large proportion of the cases where
+mechanical or surgical agency is usually thought to be indispensable,
+we are able to cure by electric action only, since by it we can exert
+very considerable mechanical force at will; and can also, in many
+instances, attain much more happily, by means of electricity, the very
+ends or the _best_ ends which would be aimed at by skillful surgical
+operations.
+
+
+
+
+PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE.
+
+
+POLAR ANTAGONISM.
+
+_When the conducting cords are of equal length_, as commonly they should
+be, each of the two poles or electrodes produces a polar effect in the
+patient directly the opposite of that produced by the other. Also, _at
+any point_ in either half of the circuit, if it be within the person of
+the patient, the polar effect produced is the very reverse of what is
+experienced at the corresponding point in the other half of the circuit.
+And further; each half of the current produces a polar effect, at every
+point in the parts of the patient through which it runs, the same in
+_kind_, though differing in _degree_, as is produced immediately under
+the pole or electrode with which it is connected; yet an effect
+antagonistic to that which is produced under the other pole, or at the
+corresponding point in the other half of the current.
+
+
+IMPORTANCE OF NOTING THE CENTRAL POINT.
+
+From the above observations, it will be plain that, when we wish to
+bring a diseased organ under the influence of the _positive_ pole, we
+must carefully place our electrodes so that none of the organ, or none
+of the diseased part of it, shall appear on the positive[B] side of the
+_central point of the circuit_; it being understood that the current
+moves as nearly in direct lines as the best conducting medium will
+admit. Or again, if it be desired to bring a diseased organ, or any
+extended part of it, under the influence of the _negative_ pole, we must
+first calculate in placing our electrodes about where the central point
+will come, and then so apply them that no part of the lesion or disease
+shall appear on the negative[B] side of the central point; otherwise so
+much of it as lies on that side will come under the force of the wrong
+pole, and thus be affected in a way the opposite of what was intended.
+The characteristic influence of each pole is felt throughout its own
+half of the circuit.
+
+
+DISTINCTIVE USE OF EACH POLE.
+
+I have said that every disease is preternaturally either positive or
+negative. I have further said, that the application of either pole to a
+given part produces an effect the opposite of what would be produced in
+the same part by a reversal of the poles. The way is now prepared for me
+to announce THE CENTRAL PRINCIPLE of our system of practice. The reader
+will bear in mind that all acutely inflammatory or hypersthenic
+affections are electrically _positive_ in excess--having too much vital
+action--being _overcharged_ with the electro-vital fluid; and that all
+paralytic diseases, or those of a sluggish, azoödynamic character, are
+electrically _negative_--having too little electro-vital fluid--too
+little vital action. It is a universal law of electricity that positives
+repel each other, and that negatives repel each other; but that
+positives and negatives attract each other. This is a principle of
+electric action everywhere known, where any thing is known on the
+subject. _We appropriate it practically to therapeutic purposes._
+Therefore, when I wish to repress or repel inflammation, which is
+electrically positive in excess, I put the positive pole to it; or, at
+least, I bring it under that half of the circuit with which the positive
+pole is connected, and as near to the pole or electrode as possible. And
+because two positives repel each other, and also because the direction
+of the current is always from the positive to the negative pole,
+carrying the electro-vital fluid with it, either I must withdraw my
+positive electrode, or that excess of electro-vitality in the diseased
+part which makes it morbidly positive, and thus produces inflammation,
+must give way. I _will not_ withdraw my positive pole, and therefore the
+positive inflammation _must_ retreat and be dispersed. In treating this
+case, I will place my _negative_ electrode either on some healthy part,
+or, if there be perceptible anywhere in the system a morbidly negative
+part, as is often the case, I will place my negative pole there. For
+example: if I am treating for _nephritis_--inflammation of the
+kidneys--when I do not perceive any part to be abnormally negative, I
+manipulate with my positive electrode over the inflamed kidney, having
+the negative electrode placed at the coccyx--lowest part of the spine.
+My positive pole repels the positive inflammation from the kidney; or,
+rather, repels from it that excess of electro-vital fluid which makes it
+morbidly positive and induces the inflammation, while the negative pole
+attracts the same towards the coccyx. On its way, it becomes more or
+less diverted to adjacent nerves; or, if gathered in the healthy part,
+under the negative pole, it is immediately dispersed by the normal
+circulation as soon as the electrode is removed. But if I find _a spinal
+irritation_, say in one or more of the cervical or dorsal vertebræ, and,
+at the same time, a stomach affected with _chronic dyspepsia_,
+accompanied with _constipation of bowels_, I will work over the inflamed
+or irritated spine with my positive pole, because I know from its
+irritation that there is an excess of electro-vital fluid in the part,
+making it improperly positive; and, with my negative electrode, I will,
+at the same time, treat over the stomach, bowels and liver; because I
+know, from the _inaction_ of these organs, that there is a lack of the
+vital force--a deficiency of the electro-vital fluid--there, and that,
+consequently, they are too negative. Adopting this method, I accomplish
+two objects in the same treatment. _First_, my positive pole, applied to
+the spinal disease, repels from it the excess of electro-vital fluid
+which was there doing mischief; and, _second_, my negative pole attracts
+the same, along with the artificial or inorganic electricity, to the
+stomach and bowels where it is wanted, since negatives attract
+positives. Or I wish to rouse to action a _torpid liver_. Now, if I find
+_inflammation, or enlargement_ of the spleen, as is commonly the case in
+_chills and fever_, I place the positive pole upon the spleen, at the
+left side, just below the false ribs, and the negative pole on the
+liver, which is best reached immediately below the ribs on the right
+side, and around backward and upward as far as to the spine. The
+positive pole repels the excess of electro-vitality away from the
+positive spleen, and so reduces the improper excitement there, while at
+the same time it rushes, by attraction, to the negative liver, under the
+negative pole, and makes that more positive, and so more active. In this
+way, I change the polarization of the parts, and, in so doing, remove
+the sustaining cause of the disease. You here perceive that I treat a
+positive part with the positive pole, so as to repel the excess of
+electro-vitality from it, and thus repress its excessive action; and
+that I treat a negative part with the negative pole, so as to attract
+the electro-vital fluid, along with the current from the machine, to it
+from under the positive pole, and thus increase the action by making it
+more positive.
+
+But suppose I do what nearly all of the doctors do, who use electricity
+with any regard to polarity; that is, if treating acutely inflamed eyes,
+for example, apply the negative pole to the eyes, thinking thereby to
+make them more negative; or, if treating amaurosis, apply the positive
+electrode to the affected parts, thinking thereby to make them more
+positive! I say, suppose I do this same thing, do you not see that, by
+the fixed laws of electricity, I necessarily increase the evils that I
+would remedy? Do you not see that, by placing my negative pole on the
+already overcharged and inflamed eyes, I attract to them yet more of the
+electro-vital fluid, and so increase their positive condition and
+aggravate the inflammation? and that, by presenting my positive
+electrode to the eyes already more or less paralyzed, I repel what
+little electro-vitality there was there, and so make the nerves all the
+more negative and dead? And yet, I repeat it, this is precisely the plan
+of almost all the men who use electricity in therapeutic practice with
+any regard to its polarization. They treat a positive disease--rather, a
+_hypersthenic_ disease, (for they seldom know anything of the
+_electrical_ states of diseased parts), with the negative pole, and an
+azoödynamic disease, which is negative, with the positive pole!--all
+directly antagonistic to science and success.
+
+But the great mass of physicians, who attempt to treat electrically,
+have no knowledge either of the electrical condition of the various
+forms of disease, nor of the distinctive and peculiar effects produced
+by either pole of the artificial current; and consequently all their use
+of this powerful agent is entirely empirical--merely haphazard
+experiment.
+
+I may have raised an inquiry a few moments since which ought to be
+answered. I said, in effect, that in treating a positive disease, such,
+for instance, as acute, inflammatory rheumatism or acute pleurisy, I
+would use the positive pole on the inflamed parts, and the negative pole
+on either some healthy part or on a morbidly negative part, if I could
+find such. So, too, I said I would treat a negative disease, such as
+amaurosis or torpidity of liver, with the negative pole, placing the
+positive pole on either some healthy or morbidly positive part. The
+query may have arisen, "By placing the one pole or the other on a
+healthy part, do you not derange the normal electro-vital action there,
+disturbing its healthy polarization?" I answer, yes, for the time being,
+I do; and if this disturbing force were to be steadily continued for any
+considerable time, the disturbance would produce manifest and serious
+disease. But then, a pole or electrode, placed on a healthy part, we
+generally move, or ought to move, more or less, every few moments, which
+prevents the establishment of any perverted action in the part; and the
+moment the electrode is withdrawn, the normal polarization and healthy
+action are resumed.
+
+
+USE OF THE LONG CORD.
+
+It is often desirable to bring the entire parts of the patient, through
+which the current is made to pass, under one and the same kind of
+influence--such as shall make them all more positive or more negative.
+Especially is this true in many cases where we wish to run through but a
+_short_ space. For this purpose, there is frequent advantage in using
+conducting cords of unequal length. As my views on this point have been
+disputed in certain quarters, I will endeavor here to place them in such
+a light that they shall not be rejected for want of being _rightly
+understood_.
+
+I have previously remarked[C] that, for practical purposes, it is
+sufficiently exact to consider the _magnetic circuit_ as extending only
+from the _positive post_, around through the conducting cords, the
+electrodes, and the person of the patient, to the _negative post_. We
+will so regard it at present. This circuit may be viewed as one
+continuous magnet, made up of several sections or shorter magnets placed
+end to end--the positive end of the first to the negative end of the
+second, and the positive end of the second to the negative end of the
+third. In this arrangement, the negative end of the first section is the
+negative pole of the one whole magnet, and the positive end of the third
+section is the positive pole of the whole magnet. The minimum quantity
+of the magnetism is supposed to be at the negative pole, and the maximum
+quantity at the positive pole; and the quantity is supposed to increase,
+by _regular graduation_, from the negative to the positive pole. This
+being so, the quantity is _the same_ in the positive end of either
+section and the negative end of the adjoining section, at their point of
+contact.
+
+Now, in practice, the body of the patient, or so much of it as is
+embraced between the two electrodes, may be regarded as the _second_
+section in this magnet; and the cord connected with the positive post,
+together with its electrode attached, may be counted the _first_ and
+_most negative_ section; and the cord connected with the negative post,
+along with its electrode, may be the _third_ and _most positive_
+section. And if this whole magnet be more and more positive, by regular
+degrees through all the sections, from its negative to its positive end
+or pole, then the nearer any given part of it, say the _second
+section_--the patient's person, may be to its positive pole in the
+negative post, so much the more _positive_ that section or part will be.
+And the nearer such part or section may be to the negative pole in the
+positive post, so much the more _negative_ it will be. If the cords be
+of equal length, the central point in the circuit or magnet will be in
+the second section--the person of the patient, midway between the
+electrodes; and that section will be charged with the _mean_ quantity
+of the magnetic fluid. The _central point_ will hold _exactly_ the mean
+quantity. But if the cord in the _first_ section be _two_ yards long,
+and that in the _third_ section be _four_ yards, then section
+second--the patient's parts under treatment--will be nearest to the
+_negative_ pole in the positive post, and consequently will be charged
+with much _less_ than the mean quantity of the fluid, and will therefore
+be made so much the more _negative_. If, on the other hand, the cord in
+section _first_ be _four_ yards in length, and that in section _third_
+be only _two_ yards, then the patient's body--section second--will be
+brought nearest to the _positive_ pole in the negative post, and of
+course be charged with much _more_ than the mean quantity of the
+magnetic fluid, and hence will be made so much the more _positive_.
+
+It is true that the positive and negative poles of section second--the
+parts of the patient between the electrodes--will not be _reversed_ by
+any such changes in the length or relative positions of the conducting
+cords; nor is such reversal required in those cases where the use of the
+_long cord_ is indicated. The only change of polarization called for in
+such cases, is that _all_ the parts through which the current is to
+pass should, in greater or less degree, be affected alike, as being made
+more positive or more negative. Of course these parts will be so
+affected in different degrees--those nearest to the _short_ cord the
+_most_; those nearest to the _long_ cord the _least_.
+
+The class of cases where the use of the _long cord_ is more especially
+advantageous, comprises those in which it is desirable to run the
+current _out_ of the patient at the shortest admissible distance from
+the positive electrode. For example, in treating _cynanche tonsillaris_,
+(quinsy), if treating with the positive pole in the mouth, we would not
+wish to run the current further than to the back of the neck; or, if
+treating externally, we would not wish to carry the negative electrode
+further from the positive than from side to side. Here the _long cord_,
+with the negative electrode, would be a special advantage in subduing
+the inflammation. We would not care to _increase_ the inflammatory
+action, as we should necessarily do on the positive side of the central
+point, by using cords of _equal_ length.
+
+Again, if treating a case of acute _enteritis_--inflammation of the
+intestines--we would not wish, while treating the abdomen with the
+positive pole, to increase the inflammation in the lower parts, by using
+equal cords and placing the negative pole at the sacrum or the coccyx.
+Neither would we wish to reduce the strength of the lower limbs by
+carrying the negative pole to the feet. Nor, yet again, would we care to
+endanger the thoracic viscera by running the current from the abdomen up
+to the dorsal or cervical vertebræ. The true way, in such a case, would
+be to connect the negative electrode with a _long cord_, and then to run
+the current through the inflamed parts, and _out_ somewhere from the
+lumbar vertebræ to the coccyx, by treating over the abdomen with the
+positive pole, and placing the negative pole on the lower parts of the
+spine.
+
+As the cords that accompany the machine from the manufacturer are
+usually cut about two yards in length, every practitioner should supply
+himself with an extra cord, of at least three yards, to be used as the
+_long cord_.
+
+
+THE INWARD AND THE OUTWARD CURRENT.
+
+I have already said that when the conducting-cords are of equal length,
+as for the most part they should be, the central point of the circuit
+will be in the person of the patient, about midway between the two
+electrodes. Now, since the current always runs from the positive to the
+negative pole, and makes its whole circuit in that direction, it will be
+readily seen that, from the place on the patient where the positive pole
+is applied, inward as far as to the central point, the direction of the
+current may properly be said to be _inward_; and that, from the central
+point to the place of the negative electrode, where the current comes
+out, its direction may be said to be _outward_. When, therefore, a part
+is treated with the positive pole, or when the part under treatment
+appears anywhere between the positive pole and the central point, it is
+not unusual to say, It is treated with the _inward current_. And when a
+part is treated with the negative pole, or when it appears between the
+central point and the negative pole, it is often spoken of as being
+treated with the _outward current_.
+
+
+MECHANICAL EFFECT OF EACH POLE.
+
+The _mechanical_ effect of the forward end of the current, or that part
+of it which is under the negative electrode, is to relax, expand and
+weaken; while that of the rear end, under the positive electrode, is to
+contract and strengthen. A moving ship disperses the waters at its bow,
+but draws them in at its stern. The bullet shot from a gun, in passing
+through a plank, leaves the perforation closed where it enters in, but
+wide open where it comes out. Thus, in physics, the advance end of a
+moving body tends to disperse the element through which it is passing,
+while the rear end tends to its contraction. Analogous to this are the
+_mechanical_ effects of the different ends of an electrical current in
+the living tissue. When, therefore, we wish to relax a muscle that is
+unnaturally contracted, as by rheumatism or otherwise, we must bring it
+under the forward end--the outward current--the negative pole. If we
+desire to contract ligaments or muscles that are abnormally relaxed,
+(not _atrophied_), as in prolapsus uteri, we must subject them to the
+rear end of the current--the positive pole. Parts that are unnaturally
+contracted are electrically negative in excess, and need to be made more
+positive. And parts that are unhealthily relaxed are too positive, and
+should be made more negative. We make a part more positive by applying
+to it the negative pole, and more negative by applying to it the
+positive pole. Parts _spasmodically_ contracted are acute and positive;
+those _permanently_ contracted are chronic and negative.
+
+
+RELAXED AND ATROPHIED CONDITIONS.
+
+I alluded, above, to a distinction between a _relaxed_ and an
+_atrophied_ condition of an organ. There is such a distinction, which
+should be carefully observed while treating parts so affected. An
+atrophied muscle or organ becomes soft and flabby from lack of
+nourishment. But this condition is not properly one of _relaxation_. It
+is rather a diminution--a _thinning out_ of atoms, by wasting without
+replenishment. Such a condition is always negative, and requires
+treatment under the negative pole. On the contrary, relaxed parts, such
+as appear in prolapsus uteri, and in the sagging down of the diaphragm,
+with the thoracic and abdominal viscera, exhibit no lack of nutrition or
+of vital action. Relaxation is a _loosening_ of atoms from each other,
+more or less, without loss of aggregate weight; and implies a condition
+electrically positive in excess, and calls for treatment with the
+positive pole.
+
+
+GENERAL DIRECTIONS OF THE CURRENT.
+
+_Negative_ affections, as a general rule, are best treated with the
+_upward-running_ current--the positive pole being placed at a lower
+point than the negative. _Inflammatory_ affections, and other _plus_
+conditions, for the most part, should be treated with the down-running
+current, keeping the negative pole at a lower point than the positive.
+But these rules admit of frequent exceptions, which every practitioner's
+experience will soon reveal.
+
+The _downward_ current, running _with_ the downward and outward course
+of the nerves, tends to _depletion_ and _weakness_, for the reason that
+it _runs off_ from the system the electro-vital fluid. The _upward_
+current, on the other hand, running _against_ the nerves, inward towards
+their source, feeds the system with fresh electricity, and gives a
+_tonic_ effect. Yet for this purpose, it must not be too long continued,
+nor of too severe strength, lest it overtask and irritate the
+nerve-sheaths.
+
+In treating a _paralyzed_ organ, the current should commonly be run from
+a _healthy_ part, whether that require it to be directed downwards or
+upwards. For example: In treating a paralyzed foot or leg, the positive
+pole should be upon the lower part of the spine--at the coccyx--or even
+under the sole of the opposite foot. It is best to alternate between
+these positions. So in treating a paralyzed hand or arm, let the current
+be run from the upper part of the spine, and frequently also from the
+opposite hand. With the _negative_ electrode, treat all over the
+paralyzed parts. Yet it is well, in these cases, often to _reverse_ the
+direction of the current for a brief period at the close of the
+sittings, say one to two minutes, for the purpose of rousing the nervous
+susceptibility, and to prevent exhaustion from too continuously running
+off the electro-vital fluid.
+
+
+TREATING WITH ELECTROLYTIC CURRENTS.
+
+For decomposing and carrying off unnatural growths, as fistula, ficus,
+glandular enlargements and other tumors, it is often best to dilute the
+_electrolytic_ quality of the galvanic current A B with one or both of
+the Faradaic currents, as by taking A C or A D instead of A B. But
+_malignant_ and _poisonous_ affections, as scirrhus and other varieties
+of cancer, and also cases of infectious virus, demand continually, or
+with but occasional exceptions, the primary galvanic current A B. ☞In
+treating these malignant affections, the current should be run through
+as short a distance of _healthy_ tissue as possible, yet so as fairly to
+reach the diseased part. And whether this part be brought, for a given
+time, under the one pole or the other, the opposite pole should be
+attached to the _long cord_, so as to throw the central point of the
+circuit, not in the person of the patient, but out on the long cord,
+thus bringing the entire organic parts though which the current is
+passed on one and the same side of the center, and so, under the ruling
+influence of the same pole.
+
+Those diseases which require the chemical or electrolytic currents
+should, for the most part, be treated under the negative pole,
+particularly those which need the galvanic current A B, and also old
+ulcers and _chronic irritation of mucus surfaces_. Glandular
+enlargements not of scirrhous character, and excrescent growths not
+poisonous, may often be reduced, and perhaps sometimes cured, under the
+positive pole. But my own experience, even with these affections, is
+that it is better to treat them under the negative pole until they come
+to assume, as sometimes they will, an _acute_ state, when the positive
+pole may be used with success. If, however, it appears desirable to
+produce a _cauterizing_ effect, this must be done by persistent
+treatment under the negative pole of a strong A B or A C current, and,
+if the disease be external, with a small pointed electrode.
+
+
+POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MANIFESTATIONS.
+
+_Acute_ diseases are to be regarded as electrically positive, and
+_chronic_ affections as negative. The exceptions are rare, if any at
+all. _Malignant cholera_, which is eminently acute, might by some be
+considered as an exception. In negative diseases, there is a low degree
+of electro-vitality. And it has been remarked by careful observers,
+particularly in the Orient, that cholera rages with greatest
+destructiveness when no special electric phenomena have for long time
+appeared in the atmosphere, and when the artificial electrical apparatus
+could be made to yield its sparks only with difficulty, or not at all.
+And again, after a thunderstorm, when the electric machine works again
+freely, the cholera is also found to abate quickly, and sometimes very
+greatly. The inference drawn from these facts has been that the
+prevalence of cholera is largely owing to a lack of electricity in the
+atmosphere, and consequently to a want of the animal electricity or
+electro-vitality in the system of the patient; and thence it might be
+concluded that cholera implies a negative condition of the system. I
+think there is a fallacy in this reasoning. There appears to me to be an
+unwarrantable assumption in confidently attributing the long absence
+from the heavens of marked electrical phenomena, and the failure of the
+electric machine to give its spark, to an unquestioned deficiency of
+atmospheric electricity. Electrical manifestations take place only when
+the _plus_ and _minus_ conditions are existing, in relation to each
+other, somewhat near, or not very remote; and the visible phenomena
+appear when the positive and negative rush together, so as to produce a
+polar equilibrium. But suppose a _plus_ condition to exist over a wide
+region, then, everything being _overcharged_, the visible phenomena
+would be as rare and as difficult of attainment as if all around were
+negative. How, then, can it be inferred, with any certainty, from such
+data, that there is a _deficiency_ of electricity, rather than an
+_excess_ of it?
+
+I have not treated a case of cholera; but my own impression of it is,
+that in the first stage, or during the "rice-water" discharges, the
+condition of the system is, as in other acute affections, excessively
+positive; but that, as the collapse comes on, it rapidly subsides into
+an intensely negative state, thus assuming the chief characteristic of a
+chronic condition.
+
+In the above remarks, I would not be understood to indicate any doubt
+that the prevalence of cholera is often aggravated or mitigated by
+peculiar electrical states of the atmosphere. It appears altogether
+probable that such may be the fact; and I should presume that electrical
+treatment, properly administered, would be found eminently successful in
+this fearful malady.
+
+Again, in _chronic rheumatism_ there might, at first view, seem to be
+frequent exceptions to the rule last above stated; but the cases alluded
+to are not such. It is often the fact, during chronic rheumatism, that
+soreness and severe pain are felt, especially under the presentation of
+the negative pole, thus showing that these points require to be treated
+with the positive pole. But, in such cases, although the general disease
+of the system be chronic and negative, these sore and severely painful
+points have, for the time, risen in their electro-vital condition, and
+so become acute and positive. But when chronic rheumatism is attended
+with only a _dull_ pain, and that chiefly under exercise of the parts,
+and with little or no increase of pain under an application of the
+negative pole of the A D current, medium strength, and with no swelling,
+then the pain, the stiffness and the lameness are all marks of the
+negative state, and the parts must be treated with the negative pole of
+the A D current, _strongly_ at first, but diminishing in force, from
+time to time, as the patient becomes relieved.
+
+_Alkaline_ affections--those causing excessive alkaline secretions--are
+electrically positive. _Acid_ or _acidulous_ states are negative.
+
+
+HEALING.
+
+For healing wounds, burns, ulcers, irritation of mucous membranes, and
+cutaneous eruptions, the A D current is by far the best. _Recent_
+wounds, contusions and burns are electrically positive. _Old_ ulcers and
+irritations are generally negative.
+
+
+DIAGNOSIS.
+
+To make a correct diagnosis, it is needful to bear in mind the following
+general principles:
+
+1. Where the organism is in health, the momentary application to the
+patient of the negative pole of the double Faradaic current B D--the
+best for diagnostic use--in good medium strength,[D] will be directly
+felt, yet will cause no pain. Whatever _muscular contractions_ may be
+produced for the time, they are harmless, and need not be noticed.
+Wherever the electro-vital fluid is in _excess_, producing
+hypersthenia--too much vital action--the part is morbidly _positive_;
+and, excepting sometimes in the stomach and bowels, the B D current, of
+medium force, directed to that part under the negative pole, will
+produce _sharp pain_. But where a current of full medium strength can
+not be felt under the negative pole, there is a morbidly negative
+state--a deficiency of vital action--a condition of at least partial
+paralysis--anæsthesia.
+
+2. In a state of health, different persons will have different degrees
+of sensibility to the electric current, depending on their varied
+nervous susceptibility. Again, the same person will be much less
+sensitive to the current when directed to the spine, particularly the
+lower part of it, and to the stomach, than when directed to most other
+parts. Also, where bones lie near the surface, the periosteum--the
+membrane immediately investing the bone--is apt to feel more sensibly
+under the electrodes than the muscular parts. But these variations soon
+become so familiar to the practitioner that he finds no difficulty in
+making the proper allowances for them.
+
+In making an electrical examination, the two following questions present
+themselves to be answered: First, whether anywhere, and, if so, where is
+there a morbid electrical state in the body of this patient? Second,
+what is the electrical condition of that unhealthy part? Is it
+_positive_ or _negative_?
+
+These questions being answered, according to the tests just given, the
+well-instructed practitioner is prepared to go on and treat the patient
+judiciously, and with success, if success be attainable by any form of
+medication.
+
+Let me next say, It is best, as a general rule, to make examinations
+with the _negative pole_. The reason of this is that, since the current
+is always more energetic under the negative than under the positive
+pole, it makes itself more sensibly _felt_ there than under the
+positive pole. Indeed, it will commonly be felt even to _painfulness_
+there, if the part were overcharged and inflamed before. Thus, under the
+negative electrode, the current readily detects any active disease. But,
+if we be making the examination with the _positive pole_, as we come
+upon any point more or less inflamed, the current, quick as lightning,
+rushes away from such inflamed part to the part under the stationary
+negative pole, carrying with it, for the time being, more or less of
+that excess of electro-vital fluid which was in force at the inflamed
+point; so that _no pain_, perhaps, is experienced there; and thus the
+disease escapes detection.
+
+I am aware that it has been said by some of our practitioners, with, if
+I rightly remember, the able discoverer of the grand practical
+principles of our system, Prof. C. H. Bolles, at their head, that it is
+not quite prudent to use the negative pole in hand for diagnosis, lest
+we possibly contract the disease from the patient; since, in that case,
+the current runs from the patient to the practitioner. They think it
+safer to use the positive pole in hand; so letting the current run from
+the practitioner to the patient. There is force in this consideration,
+without doubt, where the patient is affected with a poisonous or
+malignant disease. And where any thing of this nature is apprehended, I
+would never examine with the negative pole in hand. But these cases are
+commonly so manifest, or so easily determined by colloquial inquiry,
+that examination with the electric current is rarely if ever necessary.
+And when the disease is plainly not of a poisonous or infectious nature,
+I do not think there is any danger to be apprehended from the cause
+stated. I therefore prefer, as a general rule, to examine with the
+negative pole; and for the reason given above.
+
+The temperature of the room and the adjustment of apparel should be the
+same as for treatment. To prevent improper chilliness, the room ought to
+be of such temperature that clothing is not required for bodily
+comfort--say, from 70 to 80 degrees, _Fahrenheit_. Seat the patient on a
+stool or chair, (a stool is most convenient), and yourself at his side,
+with your machine, ready for use, on a table or bench before him, and a
+vessel of warm water within easy reach. If the patient be a man we let
+his trunk be disrobed, giving free access to the back, chest and
+abdomen. If the patient be a woman, let her be covered with a
+treating-robe, of which garments the practitioner should keep a supply.
+They are made much like a lady's plain nightgown; but large and loose,
+so as to serve ladies of any size, and give ample room to work the
+electrodes under them. Her skirts should be dropped _below the seat_, so
+far that their bands shall lie across her lap.
+
+Let us now suppose the machine to be working. We will take the B D
+current. Let it be of good medium strength. We regulate the strength by
+the quantity of fluid in the battery, so far as _volume_ is concerned,
+and by means of the plunger as respects _intensity_. The electrodes
+should be dampened with warm water. Let the _sponge-roll_, [a very thin
+expansion of sponge, quilted upon a muslin lining, and enveloping one of
+the tin electrodes], be made the positive pole, and be placed under the
+coccyx--lowest part of the spine. Then attach the _positive_ cord; that
+is, the cord connected with the _negative_ post, to another sponge-roll,
+to be held in the operator's right hand; or, what is better, attach it
+to a thin, flexible, metallic wristband, (brass is good, but metallic
+lace--such as is used in trimming _regalia_, is best), underlaid with
+wet muslin, and fastened around the right wrist. This brings the
+operator's hand into the circuit as the negative electrode or pole.
+Next, pass a moist, warm sponge all over the patient's back. Now, before
+the back becomes dry, press the points of two fingers firmly, yet not
+uncomfortably, upon the back of the neck at the base of the skull;
+thence move gradually downward, by frequent touches of the same firm but
+gentle character, keeping one finger on each side of the spinous
+processes, until the whole length of the spine has been, in this manner,
+passed over. If sharp pain or soreness be felt at any point, _note_ that
+point; there is inflamed irritation there. Then return up to the right
+or left shoulder, and pass, in like manner, by frequent touches with one
+or two fingers, over all parts of the back on that side of the spine,
+down to the hips. Then, in the same way, examine the shoulder and back
+on the other side of the spine, noting, as before, every point, if there
+be any, where soreness and pain appear. After this, pass over the entire
+neck, then over the front parts of the thorax and abdomen, down to the
+pelvic bones, everywhere watching for soreness and pain. Next, go to the
+head. Wet the hair through to the scalp, (because dry hair is a bad
+conductor,) and change to a _very soft_ B C current. Then go over all
+the head in the same manner as over the neck and trunk. Better _reverse_
+the poles on the head, by transposing the cords in the posts, so as to
+make the manipulating hand the _positive_ pole. The head is, or ought to
+be, extremely sensitive. You need not do this, however, if the negative
+pole can be received on the head without discomfort, as it sometimes can
+be. Commence on the cerebrum, and then pass to the cerebellum.
+
+If, in the examination of the spine, the practitioner finds it
+uncomfortable to bear in his fingers a current of sufficient strength to
+be distinctly felt in that part of the patient, he may use the
+side-sponge cup on the spine. But let him _never use a current on
+another person_ which he does not first apply to his own nerves, so as
+to know its intensity. Indeed, if one prefer to use the side-sponge cup
+through the whole process, he can do so; although there is advantage in
+using the fingers, since, by their concentrated impressions, he is more
+sure to detect disease than by the broader face of the sponge cup.
+
+☞Now, wherever there is found _soreness_ or _lancinating pain_ under the
+touch, it is sure that the part is preternaturally _positive_--more or
+less so, according to the degree of painful irritability. On the other
+hand, if there be found a part evincing much _less_ than the usual
+sensibility found in the _healthy_ corresponding part of other patients,
+it may safely be pronounced torpid or paralytic, more or less. It lacks
+sufficient electro-vitality--is improperly _negative_, and needs to be
+treated with the negative pole.
+
+It will often happen that diseased action is found in parts where the
+patient was entirely unaware of its existence until the practitioner's
+fingers or other electrode revealed it. Again, it will sometimes be
+found that there is no disease whatever in parts where the patient
+supposed disease to be active. But when we find patients to be
+especially nervous, it is not always best to tell them immediately just
+what our examinations have revealed to us--how severely or how little we
+think them diseased. It is sometimes better to humor, more or less, the
+patient's own views for a time; lest, by exciting him or her, we make a
+difficult case out of one that might have been mastered with comparative
+ease. In this matter discretion should guide us.
+
+But let me say farther, what I deeply feel, that neither do I think it
+right to _persistently_ conceal from patients, especially those who are
+dangerously affected, a knowledge of their true condition. In my
+opinion, physicians often unwittingly incur an awful responsibility in
+this way, wronging their patients in the most vital and momentous of all
+interests--the interests involved in a due preparation for death. I
+believe the true way, in every such case, is for the physician himself,
+in a kind and soothing manner, to reveal to the patient, little by
+little, if need be, what he really thinks, or to ask the patient's
+pastor, or some other calm and judicious person to do it for him. I
+believe the visits of a discreet and affectionate pastor, or, in the
+absence of a pastor, of some other mild and Christian friend, to the
+bedside of the sick is, nine times in ten, not only no embarrassment to
+the patient's recovery, but positively favorable to it, and ought to be
+habitually encouraged, rather than restrained, by medical
+practitioners.
+
+
+
+
+PRESCRIPTIONS.
+
+
+PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
+
+The author wishes to caution the reader not to rely merely on the forms
+of treatment here prescribed, but to study thoroughly the principles
+taught in the preceding pages, until he shall have mastered them, and
+can judge for himself of the correctness of these prescriptions. It
+should be remembered, however, that the diseases here considered are
+viewed in their _simple_ or _uncomplicated_ states. Where complications
+exist, the treatment must be modified according to the judgment of the
+practitioner.
+
+In these instructions, it is always to be understood that the treatment
+prescribed is with _cords of equal length_, except when the _long cord_
+is especially mentioned.
+
+In most of the local diseases here named, particularly those which are
+electrically _negative_, it is desirable to supplement the local
+treatment prescribed with occasional _general tonic_ treatment, where,
+in the judgment of the practitioner, it can be given without detriment
+to the local affection.
+
+In all treatments, the electrodes should be moistened with warm water.
+
+
+GENERAL TONIC TREATMENT.
+
+Take the B D current, (A D is very good), of fair medium strength. Place
+the sponge-roll, N. P. [Negative Pole], at the coccyx--lowest point of
+spine--and manipulate with side-sponge cup, P. P. [Positive Pole], from
+the feet all over the lower limbs to and about the hips; occupying three
+or four minutes, or less. Then remove the N. P., substituting for the
+sponge-roll the end-sponge cup, and place this upon the spine at the
+lower part of the neck. Now manipulate with side-sponge cup, P. P., over
+the trunk generally, from the lower to the upper parts; giving special
+attention to the spinal column by treating it somewhat more than other
+parts. Treat the trunk some five to eight minutes. Next, keeping the N.
+P. still upon the back of the neck, treat with P. P. over the hands and
+arms, up to and about the shoulders. Treat here two or three minutes.
+
+It has been customary, for the most part, in giving general tonic
+treatment, to make the P. P. stationary--placing it successively at the
+feet, the coccyx and the hands--and to manipulate above it with the N.
+P. But the better way is as directed above. The object is to reinforce
+the main nerve-lines and centers with electricity from without. The
+nerves branch off from their centers--the brain, the spinal cord, the
+ganglions, and the great plexuses--and run, in general, downward and
+outward from the trunk lines, in a manner somewhat analogous to the
+branches and twigs of an inverted little tree. If we place before us
+such a shrub, with the root upward and the branches pointing downwards,
+and then draw lines from the lowest point of the lowest twig to the
+outer ends of all the branches surrounding the main trunk, we shall see
+that our lines, instead of running in the general directions of the
+limbs, will, for the most part, run _across_ the twigs. But, if we draw
+our lines from the outer extremities of the branches and twigs up to the
+root, or near to the source of the trunk, we will find the lines, in the
+main, running nearly parallel with the branches. Now, let us substitute
+for this inverted tree the nervous system of a man, and remember that
+the electric current moves from the positive to the negative pole as
+nearly in straight lines as it can where there are good conductors, such
+as the nerves and muscles, and it will at once appear that, in treating
+the lower limbs, if we place our N. P. at the coccyx, and then
+manipulate with P. P. over the feet and legs, our electric lines are
+running from all the surface extremities of the nerve ramifications,
+wherever the P. P. is moving, directly into and along these fine
+ramifications, and, through the larger nerve-branches, up to the
+stationary N. P. Or, if we treat the _trunk_ of the body by placing the
+N. P. on the spine, near its upper end, and then manipulate with P. P.
+from the lower part upward over the back, sides, abdomen and chest, our
+current strikes into the surface extremities of the nerves at every
+point where the electrode touches, and makes its way upwards, along the
+nerve-lines, to the great spinal cord under the N. P.--thus replenishing
+with fresh electricity all the ganglions, plexuses and nerve-trunks
+along the way. But if P. P. be made stationary at the lower end of the
+section under treatment, and we manipulate over the parts with the N.
+P., the current strikes from P. P., across the nerve branches and comes
+out at their surface extremities wherever the negative electrode
+moves--so reaching but indirectly and imperfectly the trunk-lines and
+their centers.
+
+
+COMMON COLDS.
+
+Take the B D Faradaic current--moderate strength. If the affection be
+mainly in the head, give,
+
+_1st._ _A face bath._ Let an earthen wash-basin, nearly filled with
+tepid water, be placed on a table or chair before the patient, he
+holding the sponge-roll [see page 89] N. P. in his hands. Now let him
+bury his face in the water as long as he can hold his breath. At the
+instant after his face is in the water, drop into the water the tin
+electrode P. P. Repeat this process as often as he recovers his breath,
+some eight, ten or a dozen times.
+
+_2d._ Place the sponge-roll N. P. in the hands as before, and, making an
+electrode P. P. of your own hand, in the manner directed for
+_diagnosis_, clasp the nose of the patient between your thumb and
+finger, moving them up and down along the sides of the nose, and on the
+nose between the eyes, about five minutes.
+
+Repeat the above forms twice or thrice a day.
+
+If there be hoarseness, or cough, or stricture of lungs, or soreness of
+chest, place N. P., with _long cord_, upon back of neck, and treat with
+P. P. over the front part of neck and breast, and wherever upon the
+thorax stricture or soreness appears.
+
+If there be a feverish condition of the system, attended, perhaps, with
+pain in the head, place P. P. on the spine, a little below the cranium,
+and treat with N. P., _long cord_, all the way down the spine, and over
+the entire back, sides, thorax and abdomen. In this case let the current
+be rather mild, and be continued for a considerable length of time, with
+the view of bringing out perspiration. It is _best_ that the patient
+should receive treatment in bed, perfectly protected from any cool air
+that might restrain or check perspiration. In these cases, I not
+unfrequently treat with a light B D current a full hour, unless
+perspiration start freely in shorter time, working over the trunk and
+limbs generally. But, while treating over the lower limbs, the P. P.
+should be upon the hypogastric flexus, at the "small of the back." Treat
+once or twice a day until relief appears.
+
+After the stricture and soreness of the lungs are removed, and the
+general febrile action is suppressed, it is desirable to give a _general
+tonic treatment_.
+
+
+CEPHALAGIA. (_Headache._)
+
+1. "_Nervous headache._" Take the B D current--moderate force. Place P.
+P. on back of neck, just below the brain, and manipulate with
+side-sponge cup, N. P., all the way down the spine and over the back.
+
+It may often be necessary to apply the P. P. directly to the suffering
+part of the head. In that case, take the soft Faradaic current B C. If
+the fluid in the battery cell be fresh, use very little--just enough to
+reach well the platina plate and make the machine run. Wet the hair
+thoroughly through to the scalp, where the electrode is to be applied.
+Seat the patient on N. P., or let him hold it in both his hands, (the
+former is the better way), and treat lightly over the affected parts of
+the head with P. P. Treat five to ten minutes, as may be required, and
+if the pain returns, repeat the treatment. Only a very light current can
+be safely applied directly to the brain, and that an _induced_ Faradaic
+current.
+
+2. _Sick Headache._ The _procuring_ cause of this distressing disease is
+involved in considerable mystery. It seems, however, to be largely
+dependent on the secretion and discharge into the duodenum of an
+improper quantity of bile, and an irregularity in the peristaltic action
+of the upper part of the bowels, particularly of the duodenum, in which
+that action more or less is _reversed_, and thereby throws the biliary
+fluid up, through the pylorus, into the stomach. After a time, the
+stomach becomes nauseated by its accumulation; and the head, through
+nervous sympathy, is rendered electrically positive in excess, and thus
+is made to ache. Yet there are certain characteristics of the disease
+which this view does not satisfactorily explain, and which must remain
+unexplained until advancing science shall reveal to us more perfect
+light.
+
+When this disease has become habitual and periodic, it is very
+obstinate, and requires persistent treatment--often for several months.
+
+Take the B D current, with moderate force. Place the N. P. on the spine,
+immediately above the kidneys, and treat with P. P. over the stomach and
+the duodenum, (lying transversely just below the stomach), three to
+five minutes. Treat in this manner about twice a week.
+
+It may sometimes be necessary to treat the head directly. If so, after
+the treatment above prescribed, add that prescribed for the head
+directly, in _nervous_ headache, with this difference, viz: instead of
+seating the patient on the N. P., or placing the same in his hands, pass
+it over the stomach and duodenum, unless the former may be already too
+positive. In that case, let the N. P. be at the seat.
+
+
+DEAFNESS.
+
+_The prognosis_ is very uncertain. This infirmity is often cured by our
+system, even when of long standing; and often, again, the treatment
+fails. The uncertainty arises from the difficulty in determining the
+exact pathological derangement.
+
+Take the A D current, mild force. Introduce the ear electrode as the N.
+P. when the disease is of long standing, or as the P. P. when it is of
+recent origin. Apply the opposite pole to the back of the neck. Treat
+five to eight minutes, once a day for three or four days, and afterwards
+three times a week. If no success appears within three weeks, it will
+probably be vain to expect it afterwards.
+
+
+NOISES IN THE HEAD.
+
+Treat the same as for deafness.
+
+
+INFLAMED EYES.
+
+If the disease be recent and acute, (but not infectious), as from sewing
+or reading by lamp light or other irritation, take the C D current, of
+moderate force. Treat with the eye-bath, filled with tepid water, having
+the eye open in the water. Make the bath the P. P., and place the N. P.
+on the spine at the upper dorsal vertebra. Treat each eye three minutes
+daily.
+
+If the disease be acute and _infectious_, use the A C current some four
+to six times, and then change to A D. Apply the current as directed
+above.
+
+If the disease be chronic, or the lids granulated, treat with A D, _very
+mild_ current, applying the eye-bath, N. P., to the eyes, and place the
+P. P. upon the spine, at the top of the back. Treat each eye three to
+five minutes three times a week.
+
+In cases of simple inflammation, (not infectious), and that chiefly or
+entirely in the lids, it is often quite as well or better to treat over
+the closed lids with the finger, holding the sponge-roll P. P. in the
+same hand.
+
+
+AMAUROSIS. (_Paralysis of the optic nerve._)
+
+Use B D current, moderate force, three or four times, and then change to
+C D. Apply the eye-bath, N. P., to the eye, and sponge-cup P. P. upon
+one of the upper dorsal vertebræ. Treat three to five minutes on each
+eye, three times a week.
+
+
+STRABISMUS. (_Discordance of the eyes._)
+
+If neither of the _rectus_ muscles have been cut and cicatrized, and if
+the deformity be not congenital, it may ordinarily be cured.
+
+Take B D current, with small pointed electrodes. If the eye be turned
+_inward_, insert P. P. in the outer angle of the eye, so as to bear upon
+the _rectus externus_, and N. P. in the inner angle, so as to bear on
+the _rectus internus_. Let the current be of what force the patient can
+bear. Withdraw the electrodes frequently, to rest the eye, and then
+reapply them. Apply the current in this manner six to ten or twelve
+times at a sitting. The eye will soon become inflamed, but the
+inflammation will quickly go down. Treat daily, or on alternate days,
+as the eye can bear. After treating some ten or twelve times, if the
+organ does not come into place let it rest a week, and then resume the
+treatment as before.
+
+If the eye be turned _outward_, treat in the same manner as directed
+above, except that in this case, the P. P. must be inserted in the
+_inner_ and the N. P. in the _outer_ angle.
+
+
+CATARRH. (_Acute._)
+
+If in the head, treat as prescribed for common colds in the head. If in
+the throat, place N. P. somewhere on the dorsal vertebræ, and treat with
+P. P.--tongue instrument--in the mouth about five minutes, and then with
+end-sponge cup externally upon the affected parts as much longer. Use
+the B D current, in good medium strength, twice a day.
+
+
+CATARRH. (_Chronic._)
+
+If in the head, first give _face-bath_, as in common colds, except with
+_reversed poles_ and changing to the A D current, _very mild_ force. If
+in the throat or bronchial tubes, place the P. P. of the A D current,
+with _long cord_, on the back of the neck or in the mouth, and treat
+with N. P., _soft_ current, upon the affected parts, eight or ten
+minutes.
+
+Repeat treatment about three times a week.
+
+
+DIPHTHERIA.
+
+Use the A D current, strong force. Place the N. P., _long cord_, upon
+the lower cervical vertebræ, and then treat, _first_, with the _tongue_
+instrument, P. P., in the mouth, as far back on the tongue as can be
+borne, three to five minutes. _Next_, manipulate with sponge-cup, P. P.,
+or the tin electrode filled with sponge, over all the front parts of the
+neck and throat, down to the chest, five to eight minutes.
+
+Treat as often as once in two or three hours.
+
+
+APHONIA. (_Loss of voice._)
+
+This affection requires treatment variously, as it depends on one or
+another procuring cause.
+
+If it be the result of recent "cold," inducing acute catarrhal
+irritation in the larynx, treat _first_ as for _common cold_, and
+_close_ the sitting as follows: Place N. P., _long cord_, of A D
+current, in good medium force, upon back of neck or in the mouth, and
+treat three to five minutes, twice a day, with P. P., over the front
+parts of the air pipe in the neck; mostly over the _larynx_--Adam's
+apple.
+
+If it be from paralysis of the larynx, treat with B D current, rather
+strong force; placing P. P., _long cord_, on back of neck or in the
+mouth, and work with N. P. over the _larynx_, and somewhat over the air
+tube of the neck generally. Treat three to five minutes, daily.
+
+If, as is sometimes the case, the difficulty proceeds from a relaxation
+of the diaphragm, with general sagging down of the thoracic and
+abdominal viscera, so as to draw upon the trachea, then treat the whole
+trunk tonically, using the B D current. Place the N. P. low on back of
+neck, and treat with P. P. over the abdomen and thorax, and especially
+all around the edge of the diaphragm--along the lower line of the false
+ribs. Treat with medium strength of current, ten minutes, three times a
+week. The aim is to contract all the relaxed parts, so to relieve the
+larynx from the strain upon it.
+
+
+CROUP.
+
+Treat croup, whether membranous or spasmodic, much the same as is
+prescribed for diphtheria, only, in the latter part of the form, treat
+less.
+
+
+ASTHMA.
+
+Use the A D current, medium force. Treat with P. P. over the shoulders
+and between the scapulæ, and with N. P. in front upon the lungs, heart
+and diaphragm. Treat five to ten minutes, daily, for three or four days;
+after that, three times a week.
+
+
+HEPATIZATION OF LUNGS.
+
+Take A D current, pretty strong force. Treat in front, over the lungs,
+with P. P., moving N. P., _long cord_, on spine from neck to near the
+kidneys; that is, over all the dorsal vertebræ. If the current be
+severely painful, moderate it to endurance. Treat six to ten minutes
+twice a day.
+
+
+PNEUMONIA.
+
+Take B D current, forceful as the patient can bear, and treat
+briefly--say five to seven minutes, several times a day, until relief is
+experienced.
+
+Place N. P., _long cord_, low on back of neck, and move P. P. over all
+the upper part of the lungs. Then remove N. P. to the lower dorsal
+vertebræ, just above the kidneys, and treat with P. P. over the lower
+part of the lungs. If typhoid symptoms attend, follow the above with
+placing P. P., medium force, on back of neck, close below the cranium,
+and N. P. at coccyx, two or three minutes.
+
+
+PULMONARY PHTHISIS. (_Consumption._)
+
+After tubercles have been formed _extensively_ in the lungs, and have
+_softened down_ over considerable area, carrying down the pulmonary
+tissue with them into a state of pus, there is commonly but little hope
+of successful treatment. But where they are restricted to comparatively
+small extent, and no ulceration exists, they may be decomposed and
+absorbed away, or be thrown off in expectoration, and the affected parts
+be healed.
+
+If the case be a _recent_ one, and acute fever, combined, perhaps, with
+more or less inflammation, appear in the lungs, use the A C current, in
+moderate force, yet all the patient can bear without special distress.
+Place N. P., _long cord_, upon the upper dorsal vertebræ for treating
+the upper part of the lungs, or upon the lower dorsal vertebræ for
+treating their lower part. Then pass P. P. over all the affected parts.
+Treat in this manner five to eight minutes, daily, until the
+_inflammation_ is suppressed, which will be indicated by an abatement of
+the extreme sensitiveness and lancinating pain under the electrode.
+Then, if _feverish_ action continue high, remove the N. P. to the
+coccyx, or to the lower part of the sacrum, taking the B D current,
+_mild_ force, with cords of _equal length_, and treat, as before, with
+P. P. over the affected parts, and also over the thorax generally, and
+along down the spine to the lower dorsal vertebræ. Continue this
+treatment ten to fifteen minutes, daily, until the fever is removed, or
+nearly so. For this part of the treatment, it is best to use the hand as
+the P. electrode, and to diffuse the current over the whole palm of the
+hand wherever special soreness appears. It is better, also, that the
+patient receive the treatment in bed, secure from any chilliness or
+current of air, so as to facilitate perspiration.
+
+If the case be one of long standing, and more or less of _pus_, or _pus_
+and _tubercles_, be raised in coughing, take the A D current, with equal
+cords and _very_ mild force. Reduce the quantity of battery fluid if
+necessary. Now place P. P. at the coccyx and treat with N. P., (the
+hand is here much the best), over all the diseased parts. Change
+occasionally by removing P. P. to back of neck with _long cord_. The
+object is to bring the diseased parts under a very light force of the A
+D current, such as is especially healing in old ulcers and chronic
+irritation. But if this action should at any time _increase_ fever or
+inflammation in the lungs, the poles must be reversed for one or two
+treatments. In this stage of the disease, treat ten to twelve or fifteen
+minutes, daily, for three or four days, and after that, three times a
+week.
+
+
+NEURALGIA AND RHEUMATISM OF THE HEART.
+
+If _neuralgia_, use B D current; if _rheumatism_, use A D. In either
+case, treat the heart with P. P., moderate force, placing N. P. at lower
+dorsal or upper lumbar vertebræ. Treat five to eight minutes, daily,
+until relief is gained.
+
+_Rheumatism_ of the heart may be distinguished from _neuralgia_ by its
+occasioning irregularity in the cardiac contractions, commonly a sense
+of soreness and pain under pressure by the hand, and often perceptible
+enlargement of the organ, which neuralgia does not, and also by its
+pains being more constant--less fitful--than those of neuralgia.
+
+
+ENLARGEMENT, OR OSSIFICATION OF THE HEART.
+
+Treat these two affections in the same way. Take the A D current,
+moderate force. Place N. P. at the coccyx, or alternately there and,
+with _long cord_, on the spine opposite to the heart. Manipulate with P.
+P. over the heart. Treat five to eight minutes, three times a week.
+
+
+PALPITATION OF THE HEART.
+
+This is commonly a symptomatic or sympathetic affection--_rarely_
+idiopathic--and disappears on cure of the disease from which it
+proceeds. It usually denotes nervous weakness, and often general
+debility. _General tonic treatment_ is indicated, as far as can be given
+without interfering with the proper treatment of any local affections on
+which the palpitation depends.
+
+
+TORPID LIVER.
+
+Take A D or B D current, full medium force. Treat with N. P. over the
+liver, at the right side, immediately below the short ribs, and thence
+backward and a little upward, as far as to the spine, holding P. P. on
+the left side, close under the ribs, for about four to six minutes. Then
+remove P. P. to the spine, on back of neck, two or three minutes. Next,
+go with the P. P. to coccyx two or three minutes; continuing, as at
+first, to manipulate with N. P. over the liver. Let the whole treatment
+occupy some eight to twelve minutes. Repeat the sittings about three
+times a week.
+
+
+HEPATITIS. (_Inflammation of Liver._)
+
+Use the B D current, with what force the patient can bear. Place N. P.
+at the coccyx, and also somewhat on the trunk, opposite to the
+inflammation. Then manipulate with P. P. over the inflamed and sore
+part. Treat five to eight minutes, once or twice a day.
+
+
+ENLARGEMENT OF LIVER.
+
+Take A D current, with medium force. Place N. P., some three to five
+minutes, on left side, over the spleen; and then as much longer at the
+coccyx. Manipulate with P. P. over the liver. Treat about three times a
+week. If the enlargement be recent, it will subside; if of long
+standing, its restoration will be slow, and somewhat uncertain.
+
+
+BILIARY CALCULI. (_Gravel in Liver._)
+
+Take A C current, strong as can be borne; and treat the inflamed and
+painful part with P. P., while N. P. is upon the right end of the
+duodenum. Treat eight to ten minutes, daily.
+
+
+INTERMITTENT FEVER. (_Ague and Fever._)
+
+Use the A D current. First, give _general tonic treatment_. (See page
+95.) Then close the sitting with a _strong_ current, running from spleen
+to liver--P. P. upon spleen, in the left side, just below the ribs, and
+N. P. upon liver--best reached in the right side, close under the ribs,
+and around backward and a little upward as far as to the spine. The
+spleen is morbidly positive, and probably enlarged, while the liver is
+too negative. Treat spleen and liver in this transverse manner about
+five minutes.
+
+If the chills occur on alternate days, treat on the intervening days; if
+every day, treat about two hours before the chill is expected.
+
+
+NEPHRITIS. (_Inflammation of Kidneys._)
+
+1. _Acute._ If the urinary secretion be _reddish_ and _scant_, with or
+without sedimentary deposit, let the inflammation be regarded as
+_acute_; and use upon it the B D current of good medium strength, or a
+little more, if the patient can bear it. The pain from the current will
+probably subside somewhat, and perhaps altogether, under treatment.
+Place N. P. at the coccyx, and manipulate over the inflamed and sore
+parts with P. P. Treat five to eight minutes, twice a day, if the case
+be recent, or once a day, if it be of some weeks standing.
+
+2. _Chronic._ If it be an old case, and attended with a brownish or a
+brickdust-like sediment in the urine, it may be considered _chronic_,
+and should be treated with a moderate A D current, once in two days.
+Place P. P. at the coccyx, and treat with N. P. over the affected
+kidneys. There may be no sense of soreness or swelling, but _dull_ pain.
+Treat six to ten minutes. But if the inflammation should rise to an
+active or acute state, _reverse the poles_.
+
+
+RENAL CALCULI. (_Gravel in the Kidneys._)
+
+Take the A C current, of considerable force. Place N. P. low upon the
+bladder, and treat with P. P. upon the inflamed and painful point five
+to eight minutes, once or twice a day. If treating twice a day, continue
+not more than five minutes at a time.
+
+
+DIABETES. (_A Kidney Disease._)
+
+This disease occurs in two forms--_diabetes insipidus_ and _diabetes
+mellitus_. In the first named form, the disease is readily cured. In the
+latter, it is very formidable, and is rarely, if ever, cured by
+medicines; especially when of long standing. In this latter variety of
+the disease, the urea is absent from the urine, and in its place is
+found more or less of sugar--often large quantities: Dunglison says
+2-1/2 oz. in a pint.
+
+The electrical state of the disease, in both of these forms, is negative
+in excess.
+
+1. _D. insipidus._ Use the B D current, of moderate force. Place P. P.
+at the coccyx or on the upper dorsal vertebra, or on both in
+alternation, which is better, and treat over the kidneys with N. P.
+five to eight minutes, once a day for three or four days. If this should
+fail to cure, (as it seldom will), go on with the same treatment three
+times a week.
+
+2. _D. mellitus._ Take the A D current, of _mild_ force. Place P. P. as
+in _d. insipidus_, and treat the kidneys with N. P. about five to eight
+minutes, three times a week; supplementing this with _general tonic
+treatment_, once or twice a week.
+
+_Be patient and persevering._ In bad cases, months will be required to
+effect a cure; but persistent effort, as above prescribed, will rarely
+if ever fail, unless the vital force is nearly expended.
+
+
+DYSPEPSIA.
+
+This is one of the most difficult of diseases to control by any of the
+ordinary modes of medical practice; and yet, under judicious electrical
+treatment, it is one of the surest to yield. The disease assumes various
+phases in different persons, and at different times in the same person,
+requiring varied treatment.
+
+The pain, after eating, is severe; exhalations of air, apparently from
+the inner surfaces of the stomach and bowels, or of gas from their
+decomposing contents, are large--often enormous. The stomach is much of
+the time acid, and, in some cases, sensibly cold, ejecting often a cold
+mucus. The bowels are habitually constipated. The patient is nervous,
+irritable, and subject to great depression of spirits. In this stage or
+phase of the disease, there is a negative condition of the digestive
+apparatus generally. Treat with the A D current, in mild force, and
+expect the case to require considerable time. But, since there is no
+approach to uniformity among patients, no approximation to definite time
+can be stated. Give _general tonic treatment_, (page 95), three times a
+week, and close each sitting with local treatment, having P. P. at the
+coccyx, and manipulating some five minutes with N. P. over the entire
+front parts of the abdomen and thorax, and over the liver.
+
+It is sometimes found, in old cases, that there is no sensible acidity
+of stomach; but a _pyrosis_--a burning sensation in the stomach, or a
+little above, in what is usually termed "the pit of the stomach." Treat
+this about three minutes with the P. P., strong force; moving N. P.,
+_long cord_, over the lower dorsal vertebræ.
+
+
+ACUTE DIARRHÅ’A.
+
+Take B D current. Place N. P., _long cord_, upon the lumbar vertebræ and
+sacrum, moving it often along the spine, from a position opposite to the
+umbilicus down to the coccyx; and treat with P. P. over the abdomen, and
+more especially wherever pain or sensations of uneasiness appear. In
+severe cases, treat several times in a day--once in two to three hours,
+if need require, three to five minutes at a time. Use current of full
+medium strength, if the patient can bear it.
+
+
+CHRONIC DIARRHÅ’A.
+
+Take A D current, of _very mild_ force. Place P. P. at the feet, and
+treat with N. P. over the lower limbs _briefly_; then over the bowels
+and stomach, both front and rear, some three to five minutes; then pass
+up with N. P. over the anterior parts of the chest, two or three
+minutes; and, next, place N. P. low on the back of neck, with P. P.
+still at feet, two or three minutes. Treat in this manner once daily.
+
+If at any time the bowels should become unusually flatulent, and
+evacuations should increase in frequency, change the treatment. Place
+N. P. at back of neck, as before, and treat about five minutes with P.
+P. (force increased to _moderate_ current) over the abdomen, daily, from
+one to three days, as may be necessary. After this, resume treatment as
+first above prescribed.
+
+
+COLIC--_of whatever kind_.
+
+Use A D current, pretty strong force. In severe cases, introduce the
+rectum instrument N. P., _long cord_, or in mild cases, place
+sponge-roll N. P., _long cord_, at coccyx, and treat with P. P. over all
+the abdomen, three to five minutes. It may be repeated, if necessary, in
+thirty minutes.
+
+
+CHOLERA MORBUS.
+
+Keep the patient still as possible on his back. Use A D current, strong
+force. Place N. P., _long cord_, at coccyx, and treat with P. P. over
+abdomen, five to ten minutes, and repeat, if necessary, in thirty to
+sixty minutes. If there be cramps, touch the contracted muscles with the
+P. P., for a few moments, without disturbing N. P.
+
+
+CHOLERA.--(_Malignant._)
+
+As in cholera morbus, keep the patient on his back, still as can be. Use
+A D current, _full medium strength_.
+
+In the early stage, or during the "_rice-water_" discharges, and down to
+the time of collapse, treat the abdomen and thorax with P. P., having N.
+P., _long cord_, on back of neck--not too near the head. After treating
+so a few moments--say four to six minutes--remove P. P. to the back, and
+pass it along close upon each side of the spinous processes from the
+lower lumbar up to about the middle of the dorsal vertebræ. Continue
+this about three or four minutes.
+
+If _cramping_ accompany the vomiting and purging, carry the P. P. a part
+of the time to the muscles in spasm, leaving N. P. still at the back of
+neck, with _long cord_.
+
+Repeat the above processes as often as once an hour until symptoms
+improve. Then reduce their frequency as the case will admit of.
+
+_In the state of collapse_, place P. P., _long cord_, at the coccyx, and
+manipulate with N. P. over the entire trunk and arms; bestowing a larger
+share of treatment along up the spine than elsewhere. Then remove P.
+P., _long cord_, to feet, and work with N. P. all over the lower limbs
+and hips. Treat in this stage of the disease some six or eight minutes
+at a time, and repeat it as the case seems to demand--once in thirty
+minutes to once in two, four or six hours, until improvement or death
+shall ensue. (See page 81.)
+
+
+DYSENTERY.
+
+Treat exactly as in _acute diarrhœa_, except that P. P. should be
+moved more over the _colon_ and _rectum_ than in diarrhœa.
+
+
+CONSTIPATION OF BOWELS.
+
+This disease may proceed from either a _negative_ condition--a state of
+_atony_ from lack of nutrition, or a _partial paralysis_ of the
+bowels--or from a _positive_ condition--a state of _relaxation_ and
+consequent weakness of the muscular tissues of the bowels. In either of
+these cases, the peristaltic action of the intestines becomes enfeebled,
+and constipation ensues.
+
+In either case, use the A D current, of medium force. In the
+first-mentioned case, place P. P. at back of neck, or in the mouth with
+tongue instrument, and treat with N. P. over liver, stomach and bowels;
+or place N. P. at the anus. Treat so five to eight minutes.
+
+In the second-specified case, place N. P. at back of neck or on the
+dorsal vertebræ, and treat with P. P. over the bowels five to eight
+minutes.
+
+In both cases, repeat the treatment daily until relief is afforded. Or,
+if the case be _chronic_, treat daily for three or four days, and, after
+that, three times a week. It is well also to give _general tonic
+treatment_ as often as once a week. The patient should be urged to
+retire and _invite_ an evacuation regularly, about the same hour daily,
+whether success attend it or not.
+
+
+HÆMORRHOIDS. (_Piles._)
+
+If the case be recent, take the B D current; if old, take A D. Place the
+patient in a recumbent position, and let the rectum instrument, P. P.,
+be introduced, _wet_. Manipulate with N. P. along the spine upon the
+dorsal vertebræ. Where there is _prolapsus ani_, the sponge-roll, placed
+at the anus, may be used instead of the rectum instrument, particularly
+for the first few treatments.
+
+
+RHEUMATISM. (_Acute Inflammatory._)
+
+First ascertain if the kidneys be morbidly positive--urine scant and too
+highly colored. If so, as is commonly the case, begin with the B D
+current, good medium force. Place N. P. at the pelvis, and treat over
+the kidneys with P. P. some three or four minutes. Let this be the
+commencement of every treatment until _this_ difficulty is corrected.
+
+Next, change to A D current. If the disease be located in the hips or
+lower limbs, put the feet in warm water with the tin electrode N. P., or
+place the sponge-roll N. P. at the soles of the feet, and treat with P.
+P. upon and a little above the affected parts; using such force of
+current as the patient can bear. The pain will commonly subside under
+treatment. If the disease be as low as the ankles or feet, use the _long
+cord_ with N. P.
+
+If the shoulders, arms or hands be affected, treat them on the same
+principles as are prescribed for the _lower_ limbs; using the _long
+cord_ with N. P. when the disease is below the elbows.
+
+When the disease is in the hands or feet, or near to them, if the
+shoulders or hips be not involved, it is often necessary, after three
+or four treatments as above described, to _reverse the poles_ for a few
+moments, giving an ascending current; but still using the _long cord_
+with N. P.
+
+If the disease be located anywhere in the trunk, neck or head, treat the
+affected part with P. P., placing N. P. on some adjacent part of the
+spine, and usually at a point somewhat _lower down_ than the disease.
+
+For acute inflammatory rheumatism, treat once a day. The length of time
+for each treatment must depend on the location and extent of the
+affected part or parts. In this matter, the practitioner must decide for
+himself, or infer from the time prescribed in the treatment of other
+inflammatory affections.
+
+
+RHEUMATISM. (_Chronic._)
+
+Use the A D current _always_ in rheumatic affections. If there be no
+visible inflammation or swelling in the diseased parts, approach such
+parts in the same manner as in acute inflammatory rheumatism, except
+with _reversed poles_. The parts affected require to come under the N.
+P. rather than the P. P., and to be treated with considerable force.
+There are _apparently_ exceptional cases, referred to on page 83, which
+see.
+
+Where joints are being dislocated, treat the parts with N. P., quite
+mild force, so long as it can be done without exciting acute
+inflammation. If this should arise, it must be repressed with P. P.
+
+Treat chronic rheumatism about three times a week.
+
+
+DROPSY.
+
+Use the A D current, moderate force. Give _general tonic treatment_;
+then place P. P. with the feet, in a vessel of warm water, or place the
+sponge-roll P. P. at the soles of the feet, and treat the affected parts
+a few minutes with N. P., to quicken the absorbents. If the disease be
+in the feet or lower limbs, use _long cord_ with P. P. while treating
+them. Next place N. P. upon the lower part of the bladder, or, what is
+better, immediately below the pubic articulation, and treat over the
+kidneys three to five minutes with P. P. Repeat the treatments about
+three times a week.
+
+
+NEURALGIA.
+
+If the disease be general in the system, moving from place to place, or
+causing transient acute pains here and there, give general tonic
+treatment, three times a week, for several weeks--perhaps a month or
+two, provided the case be an old one. This will invigorate the nervous
+system and equalize the electric action. _Relief_ will be afforded soon;
+but for the sake of _cure_, the treatment of an old case should be
+continued as here directed. If the disease be _local_, use the B D
+current, with as much force as the patient can bear without irritating
+painfulness. Treat the affected part, or parts, with P. P., placing N.
+P., _long cord_, upon some approximate healthy part, at a point a little
+lower down than the part in pain. The spine, when convenient, is
+commonly the best point for it. In treating the painful part, pass the
+electrode more or less also over the nerves adjacent to the one
+principally affected. Treat five to eight minutes daily.
+
+
+SCIATICA.
+
+This is neuralgia in an ischiatic nerve, commonly the _great_ ischiatic.
+
+Use the B D current, strong as the patient can well bear. Place the foot
+in warm water with N. P., or place the sponge-roll N. P. at the sole of
+the foot, (the former is the best,) and treat with P. P. over the
+painful part, and also, more or less, over adjacent parts. It is also
+well, in order to prevent too much exhaustion of the limb, to _reverse
+the poles_ every third or fourth time; but in so doing, use the _long
+cord_ with N. P.
+
+
+PARALYSIS.
+
+Take the B D current, medium force. If the paralysis be in a lower limb,
+place P. P., _long cord_, upon the lower lumbar vertebræ, so as to reach
+the hypogastric plexus, and treat with the metallic brush, N. P., five
+to eight minutes, over all the affected parts. Then close the sitting
+with _reversed poles_, about one to two minutes, having P. P., _long
+cord_, at the foot, and manipulating over the parts affected, and
+especially over the lumbar vertebræ, with N. P. This is to prevent
+depletion by _running off_ the electro-vital fluid too much, and to
+force the electric current through the nerves in an upward and inward
+tonic-giving direction. If the disease be in an arm or hand, treat it in
+a manner analogous to the above; extending the treatment from back of
+neck to the affected parts.
+
+In case of _hemiplegia_ or _paraplegia_, run the current from the
+healthy _side_ of the spine, (in hemiplegia,) or from a healthy _part_
+of the spine, (in paraplegia,) to and through the paralyzed parts, by
+placing P. P., _long cord_, on spine, and manipulating with N. P.,
+metallic brush commonly, upon the parts paralyzed. Close the treatment
+with reversed poles for a moment or two, as in the preceding cases.
+_Old_ paralysis requires considerable _time_ to cure it. Treat about
+three times a week, occasionally omitting a week.
+
+
+ERYSIPELAS.
+
+Take the A. D. current, medium force, in all forms of the diseases.
+
+1. When acute, and characterized by high inflammation, with bright,
+smooth swelling, and spreading gradually and sometimes rapidly to
+surrounding parts; or when small vesicles appear on the inflamed parts,
+which dry up in little branlike scales and fall off.
+
+If it be located anywhere upon the face, place N. P., _long cord_, upon
+back of neck, and treat the parts affected with P. P. Treat about three
+to five minutes at a time, three or four times daily.
+
+If it be located in the arm or hand, place the extremity in tepid water
+with N. P., _long cord_, and treat upon or just above the diseased part
+with P. P.
+
+If it be in any part of the trunk, (which, in this form, is not so
+common,) place N. P., _long cord_, upon some point of the spine as near
+the diseased part as may be, but a little lower down, and treat the part
+affected with P. P.
+
+In each of these cases, treat briefly, but frequently, as directed
+above.
+
+2. When small, blister-like, serous vesicles--_phlyctæna_--appear, and
+the inflammation terminates in gangrene; or when there is such an
+infiltration of serum as to produce an Å“dematous condition, place P. P.,
+_long cord_, upon some convenient healthy part, (the spinal cord, or
+other nerve centre which gives nervous service to the part affected, is
+best,) and treat the lesion with N. P., _light force_, five to eight
+minutes daily.
+
+
+ERUPTIVE CUTANEOUS DISEASES.
+
+Take A D current, pretty _vigorous_ force in _acute_ cases; _mild_ in
+_chronic_ affections. If the eruption be inflamed and acute, use _long
+cord_ with N. P.; if sluggish and chronic, use _long cord_ with P. P.
+Move the two electrodes parallel to each other, upon the patient, about
+two or three inches apart; and pass them over all the affected surface.
+Repeat the treatment daily in acute affections, and three times a week
+in chronic cases.
+
+
+COMMON CRAMP.
+
+Although either the positive or the negative pole, applied to the
+healthy muscle, may produce spasmodic contraction, yet the negative pole
+contracts much more powerfully than the positive--a fact which shows an
+electrically _plus_ condition in the nerves and muscles involved. Yet we
+know that cramps are more apt to attend a _low_ condition of general
+vitality in the system than the opposite. From several considerations,
+which can not be detailed here, I am led to think that cramps are
+produced, generally, at least, by a temporary or spasmodic _reaction_ of
+the electro-vital force from an improperly negative to an excessively
+positive state in the parts affected.
+
+My practice is, when the spasm is on, to treat the parts in cramp by
+momentary touches rapidly repeated, with the P. P. of the B D or A D
+current, good medium force, placing N. P. at the back of neck, if the
+disturbance be in an arm; or at the coccyx, if it be in a leg or in the
+abdomen or chest.
+
+In treating parts subject to cramp while the spasm is _not_ on, give
+them, along with other parts of the system, _general tonic treatment_,
+as directed on page 95. This elevates and equalizes the electro-vital
+action, and relieves the difficulty.
+
+
+TRISMUS. (_Lockjaw._)
+
+For traumatic trismus, use the B D current, of vigorous force. Let the
+wound be kept open and clear, except that soothing emollients may be
+applied. Place N. P. at the coccyx, or near it on the spine; and then
+treat, by firm but momentary touches of the P. P., over the lower
+maxillary--_pterygoid_--muscles and nerves; indeed, over the _entire_
+lower jaw and its articulations. Treat five to ten minutes, if
+necessary, or until the jaws relax.
+
+
+TETANUS.
+
+This is substantially the same thing as _trismus_, except that it
+extends to other parts, and often to nearly all the muscles of the
+organism. Under ordinary treatment, it is almost invariably fatal. I am
+not aware that it has been sufficiently submitted to _our_ electrical
+system to determine satisfactorily the question of its amenability to
+it. Yet I see no reason to doubt that, in the most of cases, when taken
+within reasonable time, it may be cured.
+
+Use the B D current, in pretty strong force. Place the N. P., _long
+cord_, at the feet, and treat with P. P. from the medulla oblongata, or
+from the upper cervical vertebra, all along down the spine, for several
+minutes--say, three to five minutes. Then pass with P. P. over the whole
+trunk and limbs. Continue to treat until relaxation takes place, or all
+hope of relief departs.
+
+
+CANCERS.
+
+Cancers take on a variety of forms, distinguished by different names;
+but since they all require substantially the same electrical treatment,
+it is unnecessary here to describe them.
+
+Begin with the A B current in pretty full volume. [The _volume_ of the
+current is increased by increasing the quantity of battery fluid.] Use
+this for several weeks, and then change to the A D current. Treat
+daily. The time for each treatment must be determined by the judgment of
+the practitioner; varying it according to the peculiar character and
+location of the disease.
+
+If the cancer be on the face, or on any part of the head or breast,
+place P. P. on back of neck; but if it be in the stomach, uterus, or any
+of the abdominal viscera, place P. P. on spine, a little higher than the
+affected part. Then treat the disease with N. P., _long cord_, so as to
+run the current immediately _out_ from the lesion, and yet bring the
+latter on the _negative_ side[E] of the central point in the circuit;
+that is, within the negative half of the whole circuit.
+
+
+ASPHYXIA. (_Suspended Animation._)
+
+Use B D current, pretty strong force. Place P. P. at back of
+neck--second or third cervical vertebra, and treat with N. P., over all
+the chest and along the lower margin of the ribs, so as to excite the
+pectoral muscles, lungs and diaphragm.
+
+
+RECENT WOUNDS, CONTUSIONS AND BURNS.
+
+Use the B D current, strong force as can be borne. Bring the lesion
+under P. P., and place N. P. at discretion, in view of the location of
+the injury. Treat five to eight minutes, twice or thrice on the same
+day. Unless the injury is very severe, no further treatment will be
+required. Healing will take place with little or no soreness or
+swelling. In severe cases, repeat the treatment whenever inflammation
+gets too high. If _fungus_--"proud flesh"--should appear, treat that
+with a small-pointed electrode, N. P., placing P. P. on a healthy part,
+not remote, using A C current, in pretty strong force.
+
+
+OLD ULCERS.
+
+Take the A D current. If _torpid_, treat with mild force. Treat the sore
+with N. P., while P. P. is held upon some healthy part, and usually at a
+higher point. Treat five to ten minutes, three or four times a week. If
+_high inflammation_ be present, this must first be reduced by applying
+P. P., in pretty strong force, with N. P., on a healthy part not far
+away. For this purpose, treat some five to eight minutes daily. Then,
+when the inflammation is sufficiently subdued, treat as when _torpid_,
+with mild force and less frequently. It is best, when it can be done, to
+place the affected part in warm water along with N. P.; bringing the
+ulcer immediately above the surface of the water.
+
+
+HEMORRHAGE.
+
+Take B D current, strong force. Apply P. P. to the open blood-vessel, or
+as near to it as possible; placing N. P., _long cord_, to some adjacent
+part, and, as nearly as practicable, in the direction from which the
+blood chiefly comes.
+
+
+CHLOROSIS. (_Green Sickness._)
+
+This is a disease mostly or entirely peculiar to young women who have
+not menstruated, and disappears on the establishment of the monthly
+periods.
+
+Take the A D current. If any symptoms exist of an effort of nature to
+bring on the menses, note the _time_ of them, and regard it, in the
+treatment, as the proper monthly period. If no symptoms of such a period
+are perceptible, the practitioner must _fix_ upon a time for it, and
+regard it accordingly. About four to six days before the periodic time,
+commence to treat as follows, using a _moderate force_: Insert the
+uterine electrode, N. P., wet in warm water, per vagina, until it meets
+the uterus; and manipulate with P. P. over the dorsal and first two
+lumbar vertebræ, and more or less over the back on both sides of the
+spinal column, some six or eight minutes daily, down to the period fixed
+upon for the catamenia to appear. If they do not start, let the patient
+rest for some four or five days, and then begin with _general tonic
+treatment_. (See page 95.) Continue this, three times a week, until
+within a little less than a week of the _periodic_ time, when the same
+treatment with the uterine electrode as was at first employed should be
+resumed, and again be continued to the time assigned for the menses. If
+no success should appear, return, after a few days, to _general tonic
+treatment_ as before. Let these forms of treatment be prosecuted until
+success crowns the effort. Ordinarily, not many months--perhaps not more
+than one or two months--will be required; especially, if the treatment
+be aided, on the part of the patient, by a good degree of moderate
+exercise in the open air, and a free, nourishing diet.
+
+
+AMENORRHÅ’A. (_Suppressed Menstruation._)
+
+Treat as for _chlorosis_. But if the case be recent--the effect of
+taking cold--begin, in the first few sittings, to treat eight or ten
+minutes as for common cold; then conclude the sitting by treating, about
+as many minutes, in the same manner as prescribed for chlorosis.
+
+
+DYSMENORRHÅ’A. (_Painful Menstruation._)
+
+If the disease be occasioned by uterine displacement, obstructing the
+_os uteri_, the organ must be restored to its normal position. This can
+best be done by mechanical action. But it is most commonly occasioned by
+irritation of the mucus membrane lining the interior cavity of the
+uterus. Mucus surfaces, under _chronic_ irritation, are electrically
+negative. Therefore, in this case, if it be an _old_ one, taking the A D
+current, _very mild force_, apply the uterine electrode, N. P., to the
+_os uteri_, and treat over the lower dorsal and upper lumbar vertebræ
+with P. P., _long cord_. Treat five to eight minutes, three times a
+week.
+
+But I should add, that recovery from this infirmity, when occasioned by
+uterine irritation, will be much aided by commencing each sitting with
+a _general tonic treatment_ (see page 95), and closing with the
+treatment just above prescribed.
+
+The last described form of dysmenorrhœa is sometimes attended with
+spasmodic contraction of the _os uteri_, thus preventing the catamenial
+flow. This may be readily relieved by applying P. P. to uterus, and N.
+P. to lower dorsal and upper lumbar vertebræ.
+
+
+MENORRHAGIA. (_Excessive Menstruation._)
+
+If the menstrual flow is apt to terminate in hemorrhage, it is best to
+give _general tonic treatments_, about three times a week, between the
+periods; and during the last four or five days before color is expected
+to appear, to take the B D current, medium force, and treat the uterus
+directly, once a day, with the uterine electrode P. P., while moving N.
+P. over the dorsal vertebræ, about five to eight minutes, at the close
+of _general tonic treatment_.
+
+If there be no _hemorrhage_, properly, but only too profuse or too
+long-continued flow of catamenia, the discharge may commonly be stopped
+by one or two treatments, of eight to ten minutes each, with the uterine
+electrode, as prescribed above.
+
+
+PROLAPSUS UTERI. (_Falling of the Womb._)
+
+Take the B D current, of good medium force, and give _general tonic
+treatment_ (see page 95), on alternate days, ten minutes, passing
+briefly over the several parts. After this, treat five to eight minutes
+with uterine electrode, in the manner prescribed for _menorrhagia_. Then
+close the sitting by removing the uterine instrument, substituting the
+sponge-cup as P. P., and treating with it externally, about five
+minutes, over the pelvic region, while N. P. is stationed on the spine,
+at the first or second dorsal vertebra.
+
+On the _intervening_ days, treat only with the uterine electrode, as
+above prescribed.
+
+
+LEUCORRHÅ’A. (_Whites._)
+
+Take A D current, _very mild_ force. Introduce the vaginal electrode, N.
+P., until it meets the uterus, and manipulate with P. P. over the dorsal
+vertebræ five to eight minutes, three times a week. Once or twice a
+week, on the intervening days, give _general tonic treatment_. Omit
+treatment altogether, for one or two weeks, once in two to three
+months. Considerable time is often required for the cure of old cases.
+
+
+SPERMATORRHÅ’A.
+
+The points to be gained are, to reduce the action of the amatorial
+organs of the brain and the secretion of the _testes_, and to contract
+and strengthen the tissue of the seminal vesicles and the prostrate
+gland.
+
+Take the B D current. First, treat the lowest part of the cerebellum, on
+both sides of the spinal cord, with a _mild_ force; using P. P. upon
+these organs of amativeness, and N. P. on the dorsal vertebræ. Treat so
+some three minutes. Next, increase the current to medium force; and,
+taking a handled cup or mug, holding a pint to a quart, mostly filled
+with tepid water, drop the _penis_ and _testicles_ into it, along with
+the tin electrode P. P., and move N. P., _long cord_, over the lumbar
+vertebræ. Treat in this manner about five minutes. Then place the P. P.
+on the pelvis, close above the penis, and again treat with N. P., _long
+cord_, over the small of the back, two or three minutes. Treat about
+three times a week.
+
+
+IMPOTENCE.
+
+Take B D current, moderate force. Treat exactly as in spermatorrhœa,
+except with _reversed poles_, using the _long cord_ with P. P. Treat
+thrice a week.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] The _process_ of this will probably be explained if another edition
+should be called for. It is given in one of the author's Class Lectures.
+
+[B] Study carefully _Polarization of the Circuit_, page 29.
+
+[C] _Polarization of the Circuit_, page 29.
+
+[D] By a current of _good medium strength_, I mean one which, in the
+hands, is ordinarily felt rather strongly, yet not sufficiently so to
+produce distress.
+
+[E] See _Polarization of the Circuit_. Page 29.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Endnotes:
+
+    The following corrections have been made to the original text:
+
+      Contents & P. 123. "Hœmorrhoids" amended to _Hæmorrhoids_.
+
+      P. xix & P. 36. "faradaism" amended to _faradism_. This, however,
+      could be an obscure variant as with Faradaic, Faradic.
+
+      P. 101. "pilorus" amended to _pylorus_.
+
+      P. 130. "Å“demetous" amended to _Å“dematous_.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Newly Discovered System of
+Electrical Medication, by Daniel Clark
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Newly Discovered System of Electrical
+Medication, by Daniel Clark
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Newly Discovered System of Electrical Medication
+
+Author: Daniel Clark
+
+Release Date: December 11, 2007 [EBook #23813]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ELECTRICAL MEDICATION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephen Blundell and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from scans of public domain works at the
+University of Michigan's Making of America collection.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    A NEWLY DISCOVERED SYSTEM
+
+                OF
+
+      ELECTRICAL MEDICATION.
+
+
+
+      BY DANIEL CLARK, A. M.
+
+
+
+
+
+           CINCINNATI:
+ PRINTED BY HITCHCOCK AND WALDEN,
+         FOR THE AUTHOR.
+              1875.
+
+
+
+
+Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by
+
+DANIEL CLARK, A. M.,
+
+In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
+Northern District of Illinois.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+    Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Medical,
+    scientific, archaic and variant spellings remain as printed, except
+    for obvious errors noted at the end of the text. The oe ligature is
+    shown as [oe], whilst [->] represents a right-pointing index.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In the summer of 1866, the author of this little book, moved by the
+repeated and earnest solicitation of his Medical Classes, prepared and
+printed a small pamphlet entitled _Practical Principles of Medical
+Electricity_, designed more particularly, as the present work also is,
+as a _Hand-Book_ to assist the memory of those who have taken a regular
+course of LECTURES from himself, or from some other competent instructor
+in the same general system of Practice. The edition of that work was
+exhausted somewhat more than a year ago. Still, the book has continued
+to be frequently called for. The author has, therefore, prepared, and
+now offers to the Profession, the present volume, comprising the
+substance of the previous work--corrected, improved in arrangement and
+form, and about doubled in size by the introduction of new matter. While
+he has reason for gratitude that the former manual, referred to above,
+has met with so favorable a reception, he can not but hope that the
+present work will be found even more acceptable and valuable to both
+practitioners and their patients.
+
+It is but justice to say that the most essential principles of
+_practice_ here presented did not originate with the present author, but
+with PROF. C. H. BOLLES, of Philadelphia, their discoverer, from whom
+the writer received his first introduction to them. Yet, the
+_explanations_ here given of the Law of Polarization, as respects the
+electric current in the circuit of the artificial machine, as well as
+respecting the natural magnets and magnetic currents of the human
+organism; the introduction of the _long cord_, with the explanation of
+its advantages; and also nearly everything of the _philosophic theories_
+here brought to view, the author alone is responsible for.
+
+This work, like its little predecessor from the same pen, has been
+adapted exclusively to the use of DR. JEROME KIDDER'S Electro-Magnetic
+Machine, manufactured and sold, at present, at No. 544 Broadway, New
+York; because the author, having used in his own practice a considerable
+variety of the most popular machines intended for therapeutic purposes,
+and having examined several others, believes this to be incomparably
+_the best in use_. Dr. Kidder has, with most laudable zeal, pressed on
+his researches and improvements in the manufacture of these instruments,
+until there seems to be scarcely anything more in them to be desired.
+They are certainly not equalled by any others in America, and probably
+not surpassed, if equalled, by any in the world.
+
+                                                            D. C.
+ PLAINFIELD, ILL., June, 1869.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                   Page.
+ INTRODUCTION                                         xi
+
+
+ FIRST PRINCIPLES.
+
+ DR. JEROME KIDDER'S ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MACHINE         21
+ POLARIZATION                                         26
+ THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT                                 28
+ POLARIZATION OF THE CIRCUIT                          29
+ THE CENTRAL POINT OF THE CIRCUIT                     33
+ THE CURRENT                                          35
+ MODIFICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY                         36
+ THE VITAL FORCES--ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE               37
+ EXTENT OF ELECTRIC AGENCY                            42
+ THEORY OF MAN                                        44
+ THE LOWER ANIMALS                                    54
+ THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM                                56
+ NATURAL POLARIZATION OF MAN'S PHYSICAL ORGANISM      56
+ ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES                58
+ PHILOSOPHY OF DISEASE AND CURE                       58
+
+
+ PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE.
+
+ POLAR ANTAGONISM                                     61
+ IMPORTANCE OF NOTING THE CENTRAL POINT               62
+ DISTINCTIVE USE OF EACH POLE                         63
+ USE OF THE LONG CORD                                 69
+ THE INWARD AND THE OUTWARD CURRENT                   74
+ MECHANICAL EFFECT OF EACH POLE                       75
+ RELAXED AND ATROPHIED CONDITIONS                     77
+ GENERAL DIRECTION OF THE CURRENT                     78
+ TREATING WITH ELECTROLYTIC CURRENTS                  79
+ POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MANIFESTATIONS                 81
+ HEALING                                              84
+ DIAGNOSIS                                            84
+
+
+ PRESCRIPTIONS.
+
+ PRELIMINARY REMARKS                                  94
+ GENERAL TONIC TREATMENT                              95
+ COMMON COLDS                                         98
+ CEPHALAGIA (Headache)                               100
+ DEAFNESS                                            102
+ NOISES IN THE HEAD                                  103
+ INFLAMED EYES                                       103
+ AMAUROSIS                                           104
+ STRABISMUS (Discordance of the Eyes)                104
+ CATARRH (Acute)                                     105
+ CATARRH (Chronic)                                   105
+ DIPHTHERIA                                          106
+ APHONIA (Loss of Voice)                             106
+ CROUP                                               107
+ ASTHMA                                              108
+ HEPATIZATION OF LUNGS                               108
+ PNEUMONIA                                           108
+ PULMONARY PHTHISIS (Consumption)                    109
+ NEURALGIA AND RHEUMATISM OF THE HEART               111
+ ENLARGEMENT AND OSSIFICATION OF THE HEART           112
+ PALPITATION OF THE HEART                            112
+ TORPID LIVER                                        112
+ HEPATITIS (Inflammation of Liver)                   113
+ ENLARGEMENT OF LIVER                                113
+ BILIARY CALCULI (Gravel in Liver)                   114
+ INTERMITTENT FEVER (Ague and Fever)                 114
+ NEPHRITIS (Inflammation of Kidneys)                 115
+ RENAL CALCULI (Gravel in the Kidneys)               116
+ DIABETES (A Kidney Disease)                         116
+ DYSPEPSIA                                           117
+ ACUTE DIARRH[OE]A                                   119
+ CHRONIC DIARRH[OE]A                                 119
+ CHOLIC (of whatever kind)                           120
+ CHOLERA MORBUS                                      120
+ CHOLERA (Malignant)                                 121
+ DYSENTERY                                           122
+ CONSTIPATION OF BOWELS                              122
+ HÆMORRHOIDS (Piles)                                 123
+ RHEUMATISM (Acute Inflammatory)                     124
+ RHEUMATISM (Chronic)                                125
+ DROPSY                                              126
+ NEURALGIA                                           126
+ SCIATICA                                            127
+ PARALYSIS                                           128
+ ERYSIPELAS                                          129
+ ERUPTIVE CUTANEOUS DISEASES                         130
+ COMMON CRAMP                                        131
+ TRISMUS (Lockjaw)                                   132
+ TETANUS                                             132
+ CANCERS                                             133
+ ASPHYXIA (Suspended Animation)                      134
+ RECENT WOUNDS, CONTUSIONS AND BURNS                 135
+ OLD ULCERS                                          135
+ HEMORRHAGE                                          136
+ CHLOROSIS (Green Sickness)                          136
+ AMENORRH[OE]A (Suppressed Menstruation)             138
+ DYSMENORRH[OE]A (Painful Menstruation)              138
+ MENORRHAGIA (Excessive Menstruation)                139
+ PROLAPSUS UTERI (Falling of the Womb)               140
+ LEUCORRH[OE]A (Whites)                              140
+ SPERMATORRH[OE]A                                    141
+ IMPOTENCE                                           142
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Considerable parts of this book have been written for the unlearned. For
+the scholarly reader such parts, of course, would be wholly superfluous;
+yet it is hoped that they to whom these are familiar will be patient in
+passing through them for the sake of others to whom they may be
+instructive. Other parts, again, it is believed, will be found new to
+the most of even educated minds. But men of the largest intellectual
+attainments are commonly the most docile. Such men, meeting this little
+work, will not shrink from a candid examination of its contents merely
+on account of their comparative novelty, nor because the views expressed
+differ essentially from those usually held by the medical faculty. The
+candid, yet critical, attention of such gentlemen, the author especially
+solicits. He assures them that he does not write at random, but from
+careful research and practical experience. His _philosophic theories_ he
+offers only for what they are worth. His _principles of practice_ he
+believes to be scientifically correct and of great value.
+
+Let it not be supposed that the author, in this work, assumes a
+belligerent attitude towards the members of the medical profession.
+Although anxious to modify and elevate their estimate of electricity as
+a remedial agent, and to improve their methods of using it, he has no
+sympathy with those who profess to believe, and who assert, that
+medicines of the apothecary never effect the cure of disease; that where
+they are thought to cure, they simply do not kill; and who contend that
+the patient would have recovered quicker and better to have taken no
+medicine at all. He knows that such allegations are false, as they are
+extravagant; and so does every candid and unprejudiced observer whose
+experience has given him ordinary opportunities to judge. The writer
+believes it can be perfectly demonstrated that the advancement of
+medical science in modern times--say within the last two or three
+hundred years--has served to essentially prolong the average term of
+human life. The world owes to medical instructors and practitioners a
+debt of gratitude which can never be paid. Their laborious and often
+perilous research in the fields of their profession, and their untiring
+assiduity in the application of their science and skill to the relief of
+human suffering, entitle them to a degree of confidence and affectionate
+esteem which few other classes of public servants can rightly claim. For
+one, the author of this little book most sincerely concedes to them, as
+a body, his confidence, his sympathy, and his grateful respect. And the
+most that he is willing to say to their discredit, (if it be so
+construed), is that he regards them as having not yet attained
+_perfection_ in their high profession, and as not being generally as
+willing as they should be to examine fairly into the alleged merits of
+remedial agents and improved principles of practice, (claimed to be
+such), when brought forward by intelligent, cultivated and respectable
+men, outside of "the regular profession." This is said at the same time
+that the author gives much weight to their commonly offered defense,
+viz: that, in the midst of professional engagements, they have not always
+the time to spare for such examination; and that, since the most of
+alleged improvements in the healing art, particularly of those introduced
+by persons who have not received a regular medical education, sooner or
+later prove themselves to be worthless, the _presumption_--though not
+the _certainty_--is, whenever a new agent, or a new method or principle
+is proposed by an "outsider," that this, too, if not willful
+charlatanism, is a mistake; and therefore, the sooner it comes to an end
+the better it will be for the public health, and that neglect is the
+surest way to kill it.
+
+But the medical faculty have too widely employed electricity in the
+treatment of disease, and that with too frequent success, to admit of
+its being denied a place among important therapeutic agents by any
+respectable practitioner. The only questions concerning it now are those
+which relate to the _versatility_ of its power, the _scope_ of its
+useful applicability, and the _principles_ which should guide in the
+administration of it. The general subject embraced in these questions is
+one in which suffering humanity has a right to claim that physicians
+shall be at home.
+
+And yet it will scarcely be denied that, in the exhibition of
+electricity, more than of almost any other therapeutic agent, medical
+practitioners feel incertitude as to what shall be its effect. Now and
+then it acts as they expected it to do; sometimes it pleasantly
+surprises them; oftener it offensively disappoints them. They find it
+_unreliable_. Of other remedial agents, they commonly know, before
+administering them, what _sort_ of effect will be produced; but in
+employing this, while they have hope, they are generally more or less in
+doubt. They regard it as _a stimulant_; although its action on the
+living organism appears to them to be largely veiled in mystery. In many
+cases of disease, particularly those of acutely inflammatory or febrile
+character, they judge it to be not at all indicated. To administer it in
+a case of bilious or typhoid fever, or in a case of pneumonia,
+pleuritis, gastritis, inflammatory rheumatism, or acute, and especially
+_epidemic_ or malignant dysentery, or in a case of pulmonary phthisis,
+would probably be viewed by the most of physicians as the rashest
+empiricism, if not the next thing to madness. _The idea of producing
+antagonistic effects with it at will_, they would, for the most part,
+esteem preposterous. Rather, perhaps, it may be said of the majority of
+medical practitioners that such an idea has never entered their minds;
+so foreign is it to their conceptions of truth and propriety. But, at
+whatever risk of discredit or censure, the writer of the present volume
+avers that this idea is both scientifically sound and of every day's
+practical verification. The various and opposite forms of disease--acute
+and chronic, hypersthenic and asthenic--are habitually treated and
+_cured_, in his own practice and that of his students, by electricity
+alone.
+
+But "_cui bono?_" may be asked. "What if it be true that these things
+can be done with electricity? They are also done with medicines, which
+are more quickly and conveniently administered, and usually less
+annoying to the patient. What, therefore, is the _practical utility_ of
+your electric system above the ordinary practice, especially if we
+include, in the latter, electrical treatment as occasionally employed by
+the most of respectable physicians?"
+
+This is the important question--that to which the author desires to call
+particular attention. He, therefore, answers:
+
+_First._--It is manifestly true that the most of diseases, (the
+exceptions are comparatively few), can be cured by the use of medicines.
+It is also true that these can generally be administered with more
+convenience and less expenditure of time to the practitioner than
+electricity; and this is a great advantage. The author is often asked if
+he thinks his electric system will ever supersede the use of medicines.
+His answer is uniformly, "No." It takes too much time for that. Where
+the population is crowded, as in cities and large towns, it is often the
+case, especially in times of prevailing epidemic, that a physician can
+prescribe medicine for half a dozen or more patients in the time
+required to treat one electrically. To reject medicines and rely alone
+on electricity would, in periods and places of prevailing sickness,
+leave many sufferers without professional service, or would require that
+the proportion of doctors to the whole population should be largely
+increased--a thing certainly not often to be desired. So much, candor
+must concede.
+
+_Second._--It is not quite true that medicines are usually less annoying
+to the patient than electricity as _we_ use it. As administered by
+others, it is often nearly intolerable. In our hands, on the contrary,
+it seldom inflicts any pain or distress, and almost invariably becomes
+agreeable to the patient after a very few applications. We have no
+occasion to torture our patients in order to cure them. But the cases
+are comparatively rare where medicines are not offensive; commonly they
+are excessively so.
+
+_Third._--In not a few diseases, and these among the most dangerous or
+distressful, the electric current, employed according to the system here
+taught, is able to reach, control and cure, with facility, where
+medicines are but slowly, and in most instances imperfectly successful,
+or fail altogether. This is said, or meant to be said, not invidiously
+nor boastingly, but in the candid utterance of a great and practically
+demonstrated truth. It is, perhaps, most _often_ exemplified in
+neuralgic, rheumatic and paralytic affections. The author is happy to
+acknowledge that these diseases are frequently mitigated, and
+occasionally cured, by means of electrical treatment administered by
+those who know nothing of the system here taught. But the important fact
+is, in _their_ hands there is _no certainty_ as to the effect before
+trial. Under _this_ system, the kind of effect is as certainly known
+before as after the trial, since it can be made one thing or another _at
+will_.
+
+Cases are not unfrequently presented of _inflammatory action_, more
+especially where it is internal--traumatic cases and others--which the
+practitioner finds it impossible to subdue with medicine. But, with a
+proper knowledge of the system herein taught, he has at his command a
+power with which he can control such cases with almost infallible
+certainty, provided he can get access to them within reasonable time.
+The same may be said of fevers, particularly those occasioned by
+miasmatic or infectious virus. These are often difficult to manage by
+the use of medicine, and not seldom prove fatal, in spite of the best
+talent and skill which the profession can afford. But the electric
+current, rightly selected and scientifically applied, destroys or
+neutralizes the virus and restores the normal polarization, and so
+effects a cure.
+
+_Neuralgic affections_ are frequently found difficult, or even
+impossible, to be cured by means of medicines, and yet, in the very same
+cases, these affections yield and disappear with comparative facility
+when brought under the electric current, judiciously applied, according
+to the principles of this new system.
+
+_Chronic cases, and others of an asthenic character_, are often very
+stubborn under the medicines of pharmacy, and are commonly the dread of
+physicians; yet, under scientific treatment by electricity, they rarely
+fail to lose their formidable character and to become obedient to the
+remedial agent.
+
+_Fourth._--In enumerating a few of the peculiar advantages of this
+system, I should add that it corrects the usual _electric_ practice of
+the profession, so far as they become acquainted with it. As before
+intimated, the mass of physicians at present, who treat more or less
+electrically, do so with no knowledge, or next to none, of the great
+_versatility_ of action of which the electric current is capable. They
+know nothing of the electrical polarization of the living organism in
+health, nor how it is variously affected in disease. The particular
+_electrical_ state of the diseased organs is a matter foreign to their
+minds. They appear to suppose the point to be immediately aimed at as a
+means of cure is to get the electricity from the machine into the
+affected part or parts; whereas it should be to change, by correction,
+the _polarization_ of the part or parts; and, if there be virus present,
+to neutralize that. Equally unacquainted are they generally with the
+diverse physiological action of the several modifications of the
+electric force--galvanism, magnetism, faradism, and frictional
+electricity. This, in their candor, they commonly acknowledge. And, for
+the most part, they are little or nothing better acquainted with the
+_distinctive_ effects on the system of the positive and negative poles
+of the instrument. There is, therefore, plainly no _science_ in their
+electrical practice. Every thing is done at random--all is empirical.
+
+But the system here taught opens the light upon all of these points. For
+practical purposes, at least, it is, in its essential features, the only
+system of electrical therapeutics which has in it any real merit--the
+only system which _can be true_. By this, the writer does not mean to
+assert, or to imply, that the little book now before the reader contains
+no error, either in respect to theory or practice. In this early stage
+of our system's history, it would be remarkable if it did not contain
+errors in both these respects. But what it is intended to affirm is,
+that the book presents the _cardinal features_ of a true, and the only
+possibly true, system of electrical practice. All possibly true systems
+of geometry must necessarily be essentially the same; and so, too, all
+possibly true systems of electrical medication must be essentially one.
+That one system, it is candidly and confidently believed, is briefly
+contained in the present little volume.
+
+
+
+
+ELECTRICAL MEDICATION.
+
+
+
+
+FIRST PRINCIPLES.
+
+
+DR. JEROME KIDDER'S ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MACHINE.
+
+On opening the machine-box, as it comes from the manufacturer, there
+will be found a glass bottle, intended to hold the battery fluid when
+not in use; a glass cup or jar, to serve as the battery cell; a pair of
+insulated metallic conducting cords; two tin electrodes; a brass clamp;
+and, under the helix-box, (which raise), the battery metals and two
+connecting wires to unite the battery with the helix.
+
+To put the machine in working condition--ready for use--proceed, step by
+step, as follows, viz: Prepare the _Battery Fluid_ by mixing twelve
+parts, by measure, of water with one part of sulphuric acid, (good
+commercial acid is pure enough), sufficient to fill the cell two-thirds
+or three-fourths full, and place in it about one-third of an ounce of
+quicksilver.
+
+Next, place the platina plate between the two zinc plates, standing on
+their legs upon a table before you; and bring the top of the wooden bar
+(in a groove of which the platina is set) up flush with the top of the
+zinc plates. Let the brass post, standing on the top of this bar and
+soldered to the platina plate below, be toward the left-hand side. Then
+take the brass clamp and place it across the top of these metallic
+plates, a little to the right of the brass post, or about midway between
+the right and left sides, having its thumb-screw towards you, and with
+it screw the three plates firmly together. The platina is shorter than
+the zincs, to prevent its reaching the quicksilver in the bottom of the
+cell; and the wax balls on its sides are to insulate it from the zinc
+plates. This platina should never be allowed to touch the mercury or the
+zinc.
+
+Let the plates, properly screwed together, be now placed in the cell
+with the Battery Fluid. Then, with the two copper connecting-wires,
+connect the post which stands on the wooden bar above the platina with
+the post stamped P on the helix-box, and the brass clamp N with the
+post N on the helix-box.
+
+If, now, the screws regulating the vibrating armature be in perfect
+adjustment, the current will commence to run, with a buzzing sound; or
+it may be made to start by touching the hammer-like head of the flat
+steel spring. If not, the screws may be rightly adjusted in the
+following way: The top screw, which at its lower point is tipped with a
+small coil of platina wire, should be made to press delicately upon the
+center of the little iron plate on the upper side of the spring, so as
+to bear the latter down very slightly. Then raise or depress the
+screw-magnet, which turns up or down under the hammer, like the seat of
+a piano-stool, until the vibration of the spring commences. The
+_rapidity of the vibrations_, by which is secured the alternate closing
+and breaking of the electric circuit (or rather what, in practical
+effect, is equivalent to this--the _direct_ and _reverse_ action of the
+current in alternation) is increased by raising the screw-magnet and
+diminished by lowering it. When it is raised above what is required for
+ordinary use, the noise becomes too loud and harsh for many nervous
+patients to bear. It should then be depressed a little.
+
+With respect to curative power, I have discovered but little perceptible
+difference, produced by the various degrees of rapidity in the
+vibrations, effected within the range of this magnet.
+
+_The force_ of the current is regulated by means of a tubular magnet,
+which slides over the helix, and is called _the plunger_. It is
+approached under a brass cap at the right-hand end of the machine. The
+plunger is withdrawn, more or less, to increase the force; pushed in to
+diminish it. If in any case the current can not be softened sufficiently
+with the plunger, the quantity of battery fluid in use must be made
+less.
+
+After a time the current will become weak, and fail to run well. Then
+renew the battery fluid. When the quicksilver is all taken up by the
+zinc plates, the machine may be run for a while without adding more. But
+after it has considerably disappeared from the inside surface of the zinc
+plates, the latter will begin to show more rapid corrosion, while the
+current will be less. Then let a small quantity of quicksilver--one-fourth
+to one-third of an ounce--again be placed in the fluid.
+
+When the machine is not in use, let the metals be removed from the
+fluid; and, if not to be soon again used, let them be rinsed with
+water, carefully avoiding to wet the wooden bar in which the platina is
+set.
+
+_The posts_, with which the conducting-cords are to be connected, are
+arranged in a row near the front of the helix-box, and are marked A, B,
+C, D. Either two of these posts may be used to obtain a current; and
+since they admit of six varying combinations, six different currents are
+afforded by the machine, viz: the A B current, the A C current, the A D
+current, the B C current, the B D current, and the C D current.
+Whichever current is used, it may always be known which of the two posts
+employed is the positive and which the negative, by observing the
+letters stamped upon their tops. The one whose letter comes first in the
+order of the alphabet is positive; the other is negative. Also, the one
+standing towards the left hand is positive, and that at the right hand
+is negative. _The qualities_ of the several currents are stated in a
+descriptive paper on the inside of the lid of the machine, which see. It
+will there be found that three of the currents--viz, the A B, the A C
+and the A D currents--are _electrolytic_: that is, dissolving by
+electric action. These electrolytic currents require to be used--one or
+another of them--whenever any chemical action is needed; as, in
+decomposing or neutralizing _virus_ in the system, destroying cancers,
+reducing glands when chronically enlarged, removing tumors or other
+abnormal growths, and in treating old ulcers and chronic irritation of
+mucous membranes. The other three, being Faradaic or induction currents,
+and having no perceptibly chemical action, are used where only change of
+electro-vital polarization is required. These Faradaic currents differ
+from each other in respect to being _concentrative_ or _diffusive_ in
+their effects, and in their _sensational_ force. B C is concentrative
+and delicately sensational. C D is also concentrative, though less so
+than B C, and is more strongly sensational. B D is diffusive, and the
+most energetically sensational of the three.
+
+
+POLARIZATION.
+
+It may be proper, in this place, to spend a few words upon electrical
+polarization in general.
+
+_Electrical polarity_ may be defined as a characteristic of the electric
+or magnetic fluid, by virtue of which its opposite qualities, as those
+of _attraction_ and _repulsion_ towards the same object, are manifested
+in opposite parts of the electric or magnetic body. These opposite parts
+are called the _poles_ of the body, as the _positive_ and _negative_
+poles. The difference between the positive and negative poles is
+believed to be that of _plus_ and _minus_--plus being positive and minus
+negative. This is the Franklinian view, and, if I mistake not, is the
+one most in favor with men of science at the present day. This view
+supposes that the electricity or magnetism arranges itself in _maximum_
+quantity and intensity at the one extremity or pole of the magnetized
+body, and in _minimum_ quantity and intensity at the opposite extremity
+or pole; and that, between these points--the maximum and the
+minimum--the fluid is distributed, in respect to quantity and intensity,
+upon a scale of regular graduation from the one to the other. The idea
+may be represented by a _line_, commencing in a _point_ at the one end,
+and extending, with regularly increasing breadth, to the other end. The
+larger end would represent the positive pole, and the smaller, the
+negative pole. Or perhaps a better representation of the magnet would be
+a line of equal breadth from end to end, but having the one end _white_,
+or slightly tinted, say, with _red_, and the color gradually and
+regularly increasing in strength to the other end, where it becomes a
+_deep scarlet_. Let the coloring-matter represent the magnetism in the
+body charged, and we have the magnet illustrated in its polarization:
+the deep-red end is the positive pole, and the white or faintly-colored
+end is the negative pole.
+
+It is a law of polarization that the positive poles of different magnets
+repel each other, and the negative poles repel each other; while
+positive and negative poles attract each other. The same law of
+polarization rules in electric or magnetic _currents_ as in magnets at
+rest.
+
+
+THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT.
+
+_The Electric Circuit_ is made up of any thing and every thing which
+serves to conduct the electric current in its passage--outward and
+returning--from where it leaves the inner surfaces of the zinc plates in
+the battery cell to where it comes back again to the outer surfaces of
+the same plates. When the conducting-cords are not attached to the
+machine, or when the communication between the cords is not complete, if
+the machine be running, the circuit is then composed of the battery
+fluid, the platina plate, the posts, the connecting-wires, which unite
+the battery with the helix, the helical wires, and their appendages for
+the vibrating action. But when a patient is under treatment, the
+conducting-cords, the electrodes, and so much of the patient's person as
+is traversed by the current while passing from the positive electrode
+through to the negative electrode, are also included in the whole
+circuit. And whatever elements may serve to conduct the current in any
+part of its circuit--be they metal, fluid, nerve, muscle, or bone--the
+same are all, for the time, component parts of _one complete magnet_,
+which, in all its parts, is subject to the law of polarization,
+precisely as if it were one magnetized bar of steel. Usually, however,
+it is sufficient for _practical_ purposes to contemplate the circuit as
+consisting only of that which the current passes through in going from
+the point where it leaves the positive post and enters into the negative
+cord, around to the point where it leaves the positive cord and enters
+into the negative post.
+
+
+POLARIZATION OF THE CIRCUIT.
+
+I have said, in effect, a little above, that, while the current is
+running, _the entire circuit is one complete magnet_, which extends
+from the inner or positive sides of the zinc plates, where the current
+commences, all the way around to the outer or negative aides of the zinc
+plates, to which it returns. Viewed in this light its negative pole or
+end is the battery fluid, next to the positive surfaces of the zinc
+plates, and its positive pole or end is the brass clamp which, holding
+the metals together, is in contact with the outer and negative surfaces
+of the zincs.
+
+But, for practical purposes, it is sufficiently exact to consider the
+_magnetic circuit_ as extending only from the positive _post_ around
+through the conducting cords, the electrodes and the person of the
+patient to the _negative_ post. The negative end or pole of this magnet
+is the wire end of the cord placed in the positive post, and the
+positive end or pole is the wire end of the cord placed in the negative
+post.
+
+But any magnet may be viewed either as one whole, or be conceived as
+composed of a succession of shorter magnets placed end to end. If we
+view it as one entire magnet, we call the end in which the magnetic
+essence is in greatest quantity the _positive_ end, and the end where it
+is in least quantity the _negative_ end. But if we imagine the one
+whole magnet as being divided up into several sections, then we conceive
+of each section as a distinct magnet, having its own positive and
+negative poles. And, all the way through, these sectional magnets will
+be arranged with the positive pole of the one joined to the negative
+pole of the next in advance of it.
+
+It is just so in respect to the magnetic circuit of a moving current.
+The whole circuit, as before remarked, is in reality one long magnet.
+But in applying the terms _positive_ and _negative_ in our practice we
+often view the whole circuit--the one long magnet--as composed of a
+series of shorter ones, arranged with positive and negative ends in
+contact; and all the way the current in each section is supposed to be
+running from the positive pole of the magnet behind to the negative pole
+of the magnet before.
+
+We consider the circuit, from the positive post around to the negative
+post, as composed of three magnets, as follows: Magnet No. 1, which
+extends from the positive post, along the cord and electrode, to the
+body of the patient, where the positive electrode is placed. The
+_negative pole_ of this magnet is the _wire end of the cord_ placed in
+the positive post, and its _positive_ pole in the _positive electrode_
+placed upon the person of the patient. No. 2, which is composed of the
+parts of the patient traversed by the current between the two
+electrodes. Its negative end or pole is the part in contact with the
+positive pole of magnet No. 1, and its positive pole is the part in
+contact with the negative pole of magnet No. 3. No. 3 extends from the
+positive pole of No. 2, through the electrode and along the cord, to the
+negative post. Its negative pole is the _negative electrode_ in contact
+with the positive end or pole of magnet No. 2, and its positive pole is
+the _wire end of the cord_ in the negative post.
+
+Since in every magnet the magnetic fluid is supposed to be regularly
+graduated from minimum quantity in the negative end to maximum quantity
+in the positive end, this is true in respect to the one magnet,
+consisting of the whole magnetic circuit, as well as in respect to each
+one of the sectional series. Consequently there must be the same
+quantity of magnetism in each negative pole of the sections as there is
+in the positive pole of the section immediately behind it. And the
+magnetism of the whole circuit between the positive and the negative
+posts is in its _least_ volume next to the _positive post_, and in
+_fullest_ volume next to the _negative post_. If we consider the circuit
+as divided into two equal halves, the _negative half_ is plainly that
+which joins the _positive post_, and the _positive half_ that which
+joins the _negative post_.
+
+From this it will be seen that what in practice are designated as the
+positive and negative _posts_, and also positive and negative _poles_ or
+_electrodes_ are _not_ such _in relation to each other_, but the
+_reverse_ of it; that is to say, the positive _post_ is not _positive_
+in relation to the _negative post_, but is _negative_ to it; and the
+positive _electrode or pole_ is not positive in relation to the
+_negative_ electrode, but _negative_ to it. The positive _post_, like
+the positive _electrode_, is called _positive_, because it is the
+positive end of the sectional magnet next _behind_ it. And the
+_negative_ post, as also the negative electrode, is _called negative_
+because it is the negative end of the sectional magnet next _in advance_
+of it.
+
+
+THE CENTRAL POINT OF THE CIRCUIT.
+
+_The central point_ of the circuit--that point which divides between its
+positive and negative halves--is reckoned, in practice, to be the
+midway point in the line over which the current passes, in its whole
+course from the positive post around to the negative post. When the
+cords are of equal length, this point will always be in the person of
+the patient, about midway between the parts where the two electrodes are
+applied. This central point, or "point of centrality," is practically
+neuter--neither positive nor negative; and upon the two opposite halves
+of the circuit, the positive and negative _qualities_ of the current are
+in greatest force nearest to the posts, and in least force nearest to
+the central point. At this point they cease altogether, and the central
+point is _neuter_.
+
+It may, perhaps, be observed that, in _apparent_ contradiction of this
+statement, the _sensational_ effect of the current on the negative half
+of the circuit is _least_ nearest to the positive post, and becomes
+regularly _greater_ as the current advances towards the central point;
+and that _at_ this point it is greater than at any other point between
+this and the positive post. To relieve this seeming contradiction, it is
+only necessary to consider that, in fact, the _positive_ state on the
+negative half of the current _does_ increase regularly from the
+positive post to the central point. But that which is the _increase_ of
+the positive state is the _decrease_ of the negative state. So it is
+still true that on the negative half of the circuit, the _negative_
+qualities _diminish_ as we advance towards the central point just as on
+the positive half, the _positive_ qualities diminish regularly towards
+the central point, as stated above.
+
+
+THE CURRENT.
+
+_The current_ is that moving electric essence which traverses the
+circuit. The _course_ of the current is always from the positive to the
+negative. It leaves the machine at the positive post, where it enters
+the cord which holds the positive electrode or pole. Thence it advances
+around the circuit, going out from the opposite cord where that connects
+with the negative post. The forward end of the current is its positive
+end; the rear, of course, is its negative end. At its forward end it is
+in its greatest volume. At its rear end the volume is least. At the
+_central point_ of its circuit there is the _mean_ quantity--the
+_average_ volume. And because the positive and negative forces on either
+side exactly balance each other upon the central point, therefore this
+point is practically neuter--neither positive nor negative.
+
+
+MODIFICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY.
+
+In the present stage of electric science, the conviction has become very
+general among experimenters that galvanism, magnetism, faradism,
+frictional electricity and the electricity of the storm-cloud are, in
+their essential nature, one and the same; being diversified in
+appearance and effects by the different modes and circumstances of their
+development. This conviction has been reached in various ways; but
+chiefly, perhaps, by observing the many analogies between the phenomena
+of these several forces, and also by the fact that each of them can be
+made to produce or be produced by one or more of the others. But I must
+forego any detailed discussion of this matter, since my limits will not
+admit of it, and shall assume that these apparently several agents are
+but modifications of the same generic force.
+
+There are two other phases or modifications of the electric principle,
+as I judge them to be, which are not so generally classed here. I refer
+to the forces of animal and vegetable vitality, as viewed in the next
+section.
+
+
+VITAL FORCES--ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE.
+
+Upon these points I must be permitted to offer a few words.
+
+Of the _animal kingdom_, I regard the "nervous fluid" or "nervous
+influence," popularly so called, as being the very principle of _animal
+vitalization_--the life force; and that, a modification of the
+_electric_ force. It is, I think, pretty generally conceded at this day
+that the "nervous influence" is probably electric. There are some
+alleged facts, and other certain facts, which go far to sustain this
+view. It is said that if we transfix, with a steel needle, a large nerve
+of a living animal, as the great ischiatic, and let it remain in that
+condition a suitable time, the needle becomes permanently magnetized.
+So, too, if the point of a lancet be held for some length of time
+between the severed ends of a newly-divided large nerve, that point, as
+I have heard it affirmed, on what appeared to be good authority, becomes
+magnetized; although I have not attempted to verify either of these
+cases by experiment. However, admitting them to be true, the metal is
+charged with simply the "nervous fluid." But the fact on which I myself
+chiefly rely for evidence of this identification, being almost daily
+conversant with it in my practice, is this: _The "nervous influence"
+obeys the laws of electrical polarization, attraction and repulsion._
+When I treat a paralyzed part, in which, to all appearance, the action
+of the nerve force is suspended, I have but to assume that this force is
+electric, and apply the poles of my instrument accordingly, and I _bring
+it in_ from the more healthy parts, along with the inorganic current
+from my machine. Forcing conduction through the nerves, by means of my
+artificial apparatus, I rouse the susceptibility of the nerves until
+they will normally conduct the "nervous influence" or electro-vital
+fluid, as I term it, and the paralysis is removed. Again, if I treat an
+inflamed part, in which the capillaries are engorged with arterial
+blood, I have but to assume that the affected part is overcharged with
+the electro-vital fluid, through the nerves and the arterial blood, and
+so to apply my electrodes, according to well known electrical law, as to
+produce mutual repulsion, and the inflammatory action is sure to be
+repressed. I manifestly change the polarization of the parts. This thing
+is so perfectly regular and constant that I am entirely assured, before
+touching the patient, what sort of effect will be produced by this or
+that arrangement in the application of the poles of the instrument. If I
+desire to increase or depress the nervous force in any given case, I
+find myself able, on this principle, to produce the one effect or the
+other, at will. Hence, I say, the nervous influence obeys the electric
+laws, just as does the inorganic electricity. I find this subtle agent
+not in the nerves only, but also in muscle and blood--more especially in
+arterial blood. Indeed it seems to pervade, more or less, the entire
+solids and fluids of the animal system. And wherever it exists, its
+action is just that of an _electro-vital_ force. Examples of this fact
+will appear further along in the present work. While, therefore, I can
+not _affirm_ the identity of animal electricity and animal vitality, the
+theory of their identification, to my view, best accords with the
+manifestations under correct therapeutic treatment, and I am unaware of
+any established fact to disprove it.
+
+_Vegetable vitality_, also, I regard as another modification of the
+electric force. The fact has been proved by repeated experiments, that
+galvanic currents, passed among the roots of vegetables, causes a
+quickened development of the plants to a degree that would be deemed
+incredible by almost any one who had neither seen it nor learned its
+_rationale_. I have seen it stated, on authority which commanded my
+credence, that by this process lettuce leaves may be grown, within a few
+hours only, "from the size of a mouse's ear to dimensions large enough
+for convenient use on the dinner-table."
+
+The following experiment has been related to me by several different
+parties, as having been made by _Judge Caton_, of Ottawa, Illinois; and
+subsequently the same has been confirmed to me by his brother, Deacon
+Wm. P. Caton, of Plainfield, Illinois. It is said that the Judge had
+some interesting _evergreens_ which appeared to be affected by an
+unhealthy influence, causing a suspension of growth and withering of
+branches here and there, until such branches died. So the process went
+on, terminating after a little time in the death of the trees. In this
+way he had lost some valuable specimens. At length a very fine and
+favorite evergreen was similarly attacked. He felt, of course, annoyed
+by the destructive process, and especially reluctant to lose this
+particular tree. Probably calling to his recollection something
+analogous to what I have referred to above, he resolved to try the
+efficacy of galvanism to reinforce the vitality of the shrub. Having a
+telegraphic wire extending from the main line in Ottawa to his own
+residence, he availed himself of this facility, and caused a wire to be
+passed among the roots of this tree in such a way as to bring the
+galvanic current to act upon them. It was not long before he saw, to his
+delight, a new set of foliage starting from the twigs, and after a
+little time the tree was again flourishing in all its beauty. The
+electric current had evidently imparted to it a fresh vitality.
+
+To insure the success of such an experiment, a proper regard to
+polarization must be had, such as is taught in the system presented in
+this book. There may not have been any attention to this matter in the
+case just related; but if not, the Judge must have _stumbled_ upon the
+correct application of poles. To have brought the roots under the
+influence of the wrong pole would have made sure the death of his tree.
+
+Now, although, if taken by themselves, such experiments could not be
+regarded as _conclusive_ in favor of the electric nature of vegetable
+vitality, notwithstanding that this theory best explains the phenomena;
+yet, when considered in connection with the fact that the nervous fluid
+of the animal kingdom is evidently a modification of electricity, and
+probably constitutes the vital force of the animal, the theory of its
+identification, under another modification, with the vital principle in
+the vegetable kingdom also, as deduced from experiments like those just
+adverted to, receives strong confirmation, and is now, I believe, being
+adopted by many of the best philosophers of the age.
+
+
+EXTENT OF ELECTRIC AGENCY.
+
+When we have settled upon the position that the electricity of the
+heavens and of the artificial machine are identical, and that their
+identity is essentially one with galvanism, magnetism, the electro-vital
+fluid of animal and the life-force of the vegetable kingdoms, it
+requires no extravagant imagination, nor remarkable degree of
+enthusiastic credulity, to suppose that all the forms of physical
+attraction and repulsion are due, under God, to the diversified
+modifications of the same all-pervading agent--ELECTRICITY. Indeed, for
+myself, I feel no hesitation in expressing it as my belief that
+electricity, in one phase or another, and controlled only by WILL, is
+the grand motive-power of the universe. I believe that, in the form of
+electro-vital fluid, the great Creator employs it as His immediate agent
+to carry on all the functions of animal life; and that, in respect to
+voluntary functions, He subordinates it as a servant to the will of the
+creature, to effect such cerebral action and such muscular contractions
+as are demanded by the creature's volitions. I am disposed to think
+that, by the omnipotent power of His will, He controls and uses
+electricity, in its various modifications, as the immediate moving-force
+by which He accomplishes all the changes in the physical universe. It is
+fast becoming a generally-received opinion among modern _savans_, that
+every body in nature is really magnetic, more or less; and that all
+visible or sensible changes are but the result of changing poles.
+Chemical affinities and revulsions are believed to be only the more
+delicate forms of electrical attraction and repulsion; the ultimate
+particles of matter, no less than matter in masses, being subject to the
+control of electrical laws. The imponderable agents, light and caloric,
+under the ingenious tests of scientific scrutiny, are beginning to give
+some very decided indications of being simply electric phenomena.
+Indeed, the doctrine or theory that supposes caloric to be simply
+_atomic motion_ is even now being very generally accepted by the
+scientific world. And that motion in the atoms of a body which causes in
+us the sensation of heat is probably electric motion. And permit me to
+observe that, though the operations of nature seem, at first thought, to
+be wonderfully complex and mysterious, yet if the views here presented
+be correct, the marvel is changed; and we are brought to a profound
+admiration of the _simplicity_ of the means by which the Almighty
+conducts His material operations. A _single_ agent made to perform
+processes so infinitely numerous, diversified and apparently complex!
+How amazing! Simplicity in complexity!--majestic, like the mind of God.
+
+
+THEORY OF MAN.
+
+Let the question now be raised--_What is man?_ The answer will have much
+to do with the remedial system which I aim to teach. For this reason it
+is thus early introduced.
+
+My answer to the above question is as follows: _Man is a threefold
+being, composed of a body material, a body electrical, and a spirit
+rational and indestructible._
+
+Let the elements of this definition be a little amplified:
+
+1. _The material body._ This is composed of various metals, earths,
+carbon, phosphorus, and gases. I need not go into a representation of
+their multiplied and curious combinations to form the many parts of the
+body complete. But these are the ultimate elements; and a most superb
+and wonderful structure they here compose. Yet, notwithstanding all the
+manifest skillfulness of its contrivance, and the power of its
+accomplishment, and the niceness and beauty of its execution, it were a
+useless display if unaccompanied with the invisible agents which compose
+the two other grand constituents of man, to wit: the body electrical and
+the spirit, or mind. Without these, it would quickly fall into decay, as
+we see it when deprived of them, and would be resolved into its original
+elements again. But to our gross material bodies the Creator has added,
+
+2. _The body electrical._ By this, I mean that which has commonly been
+termed "nervous influence," "nervous fluid," "nervo-vital fluid," and
+"nervo-electric fluid." I object, however, to each and all of these
+designations. They are too restricted and specific. They all seem to
+imply that it is an agent or influence which appertains especially to
+the _nervous_ system; whereas the entire organism is under its pervading
+force. I do not doubt but its chief action is in and through the nervous
+system; but it also pervades and, as I think, vitalizes the whole body.
+The nervous system seems to be created as one principal means for its
+replenishment,[A] and to serve as the medium of its ministrations to the
+body at large. I choose to term it _electro-vital fluid_, or
+_electro-vitality_. My reasons for so designating it are the following:
+(1) It is demonstrably electrical in its nature. (2) It appears to be
+identified, or at least connected immediately, with the vitalization of
+the body. (3) I wish, by its name, to distinguish it from _mental_
+vitality, or the vitality of _spirit_. Whether, as a peculiar
+manifestation of the electric principle, it vitalizes by its own nature
+and action solely, or whether it be _charged_ with another mysterious
+element--a _life-force_--and vitalizes by ministering the latter to the
+material organism, I will not positively affirm. Whichever it be, the
+name I assign to it seems sufficiently appropriate. But I strongly
+incline to the theory that this electro-vital principle does itself, by
+virtue of its own nature, vitalize the system. In other words, I am
+disposed to think that God makes it the _immediate_ agent of
+vitalization; having constituted it the _vis vitæ_ of both the animal
+and the vegetable kingdoms. Nor does this idea, as I conceive,
+necessarily conflict at all with the doctrine of _cell-life_, as
+maintained by the best physiologists of the present day. I also
+sometimes style this electro-vital element the _body electrical_,
+because it is certainly an entity, coëxtensive with and, in greater or
+less force, wholly pervading the visible, material body.
+
+At this point I will take the liberty to introduce, although somewhat
+digressively, a few thoughts on the DISTINCTIONS OF VITALITY OR LIFE.
+
+There are, as I suppose, the following several kinds of life: (1)
+_Spirit life_; (2) _Moral life_; (3) _Electric life_.
+
+(1.) There is _spirit_ life. And here are to be made several
+subdivisions.
+
+[1.] _Uncreated_ spirit life. This is the life of God. Of the nature of
+the Divine Essence we know nothing; yet that God is a real, living
+entity, we do know. My own conviction is that the divine essence and the
+divine life are identical; that God, a spirit, is necessary, infinite,
+conscious VITALITY--the voluntary Originator of all existencies besides
+himself. But as to what is the essential nature of this vitality--this
+eternal spirit-life--we can have no conception, only that this life is
+God.
+
+[2.] _Created_ spirit-life. And here we make another subdivision.
+
+(_a_) The life of created _immortal_ spirit. This is a rational,
+intelligent entity, representing the spirit of man and of unembodied,
+created intelligences above him. This spirit God created as it pleased
+him--"in his own likeness"--a living, indestructible essence; and, as I
+suppose, its essence and its life the same.
+
+(_b_) The life of created _mortal_ spirit, as the spirit of the beast.
+Of the intrinsic essence of this spirit, we are also necessarily
+ignorant. Yet, of its attributes we know that it has _consciousness_,
+_sensibility_, and _will_. Of its life we know as little as of its
+essence; both of which, however, as I conjecture, are also one and the
+same--the spirit substance being itself essentially vital.
+
+(2.) We pass next to _moral_ life. This life is identical with
+_holiness_--the very opposite of that defilement that characterizes
+moral _death_, which is a state of _sin_. But let me again subdivide.
+
+[1.] As to the moral life of _God_, it consists in his infinite moral
+purity--his _veracity_, _justice_ and _benevolence_ or _love_--qualities
+which, in their combination make up his holiness.
+
+[2.] The moral life of _man, as also of other rational creatures_. This
+consists in his _sympathy of spirit with God_ in respect to those pure
+qualities which constitute the Divine holiness.
+
+(3.) Finally, there is _electric_ or _physical life_. But here again
+there are varieties.
+
+[1.] There is _animal_ life, as of man and the lower animals. This I
+have already represented as consisting in the electro-vital force.
+
+[2.] _Vegetable_ life. This is another modification of the same
+essential principle--electro-vitality.
+
+But now, to return to the _physical_ or _animal life of man_--the
+electro-vital element. While this is in such _immediate_ relation to the
+visible body on the one hand, it holds, also, on the other hand, an
+_immediate_ relation to the mental part, both of man and of the other
+animated beings of earth. It serves to transmit, through the nervous
+system to the mind, all sensations and impressions from the outer world.
+It, moreover, receives from the mind the action of its volitions and
+imaginary conceptions, and conveys through the nerves the impressions or
+impulsions thus obtained to the various parts of the body, and there
+secures the fulfillment of the mind's behests. It appears to be only in
+this way that communication is had between the mind and its outer body.
+The natures of spirit and of gross matter are so totally unlike, that it
+seems impracticable for the mind and body to come into _immediate_
+mutual relation, or to act reciprocally, without the aid of a
+_medium_--ethereal, semi-material and semi-spiritual, such as is the
+electro-vital fluid. And the Creator has accordingly provided this
+mysterious, invisible medium between the two, and thus, in a degree,
+extended man's likeness to himself by making him _a trinity in unity_.
+
+3. _The mind or spirit._ This is immeasurably the highest and most
+important constituent of man. His body material may fall back to dust.
+His body electrical may be reabsorbed in the great ocean of natural
+electricity that fills the earth and the heavens. But his mind is
+immortal. His spirit, made in the divine image, lives and acts, thinks
+and feels, independently of every other existence save Him from whom its
+being came. While in connection with its visible body, its good or ill,
+its bliss or woe, has, indeed, much to do with its bodily state. But,
+when separated from this body, its high and more independent existence
+is at once asserted; and then its good or ill are determined by its
+Author only in accordance with the workings and affections within
+itself. A spiritual and indestructible being like its Creator, it can
+never cease to be while he exists.
+
+But our present concern is with the mind in its relation to that
+electro-vital medium between it and the body, and to the body itself.
+The mind's influence upon both of these lower parts of the entire man is
+truly wonderful, although perceptible mostly on the material body. Few
+persons are aware how much the state of the mind affects the bodily
+health, although the degree is often very great. Yet this is done by
+the mind's action, first on the electro-vital functions, and through
+these, by way of the nerves, upon the bodily tissue. Changes in the
+mental states will, in this way, frequently produce changed polarization
+in the physical organs, and thus determine infallibly the matter of
+health or disease. So, too, the condition of the bodily health will
+often determine irresistibly the mental state. Whatever bodily changes
+affect the polarization of the electro-vital medium in any part of the
+organism, do thereby produce corresponding changes in the mind.
+
+These views of the reciprocal action between mind and body, through the
+medium of the electro-vital element, may serve to explain those
+psychological wonders exhibited in the cure of diseases by the
+imagination, as well as in diseases and even death induced by the
+imagination. I would much like to unfold and illustrate this bearing of
+the subject; and, also, in the light of it, to show the _philosophy_ of
+one mind acting intelligibly on another mind, with, and even _without_,
+the aid of the physical organs, as is sometimes seen in the facts of
+mesmerism. This I have done in my written lectures, for the instruction
+of classes; but my limits will not admit of it here.
+
+There is another thought which I will offer in this connection. I
+maintain that all _functional_ action of our bodily organism, _ab
+initio_, is conducted by _thinking mind_, through the medium of organic
+electricity or the electro-vital fluid. Every organ as a whole, and
+every life-cell in detail, is charged with this active principle. I
+believe that every one of then is controlled and guided incessantly in
+its propagating, organizing and entire functional force by _intelligent
+mind_, acting through this wonder-working agent--the electro-vital
+fluid. In respect to our _voluntary_ exercises, this organic electrical
+force is made subject to our own mental activities, and executes its
+office upon the bodily organism mainly through the medium of the nerves.
+But, as regards all the _involuntary_ functions, I believe that control
+is exercised _directly_ by the omniscient and all-pervading God,
+although in accordance with his own established laws.
+
+Once more of the _mind_ let me remark, that _consciousness, sensation,
+and will belong to it alone_. The _body_ never thinks nor feels; nor
+does the organic electricity within it. The popular idea, especially
+with the less educated masses, is that, if a man burn his finger, it is
+the finger that smarts. But this can not be true. Pain can exist only
+where consciousness is. And there is no consciousness in the finger, nor
+in any material part. Only the _mind_ is conscious of _existence_, even;
+and hence only the mind can be conscious of pleasure or pain. If a limb
+be paralyzed, by interrupting in any way the flow of the electro-vital
+fluid through its nerves, and thus depriving the _mind_ of its medium of
+communication with it, you may burn that limb to a crisp and the subject
+will feel no pain. When you burn your finger or break your arm, you
+disturb the action of the electro-vitality in the injured part,
+deranging its poles. This electric agent instantly communicates its
+disturbance along the nerves to the brain, where it reports to the mind
+and tells where the disturbance is. The conscious mind takes cognizance
+of the fact and feels distress.
+
+
+THE LOWER ANIMALS.
+
+It may, by some, be objected that, if we regard sensation as existing
+only in the _mind_, as affirmed above, then we must concede mind to the
+lower animal tribes, since they are subjects of consciousness, sensation
+and will, as truly as ourselves. I admit this necessity, and
+unhesitatingly take the position, as has been already done in the
+classification of minds, that the lower animals are in fact endowed with
+a something higher and more spiritual than their material bodies or
+their animal vitality--something which bears distinguishing
+characteristics of _mind_. I would not, however, be understood to say,
+or to imply, that they possess _all_ the characteristics of our minds,
+even in a rudimental degree. I do not believe they do. My theory does
+not accord to them either reason or immortality. Yet, in respect to the
+latter, my views are less decisive, and my utterances usually more
+reserved. But I think their minds may, and probably do, perish with
+their bodies. Nevertheless, the existence of consciousness, sensation
+and will, in any orders, does evidently presuppose some sort of mental
+constitution. And such mental structure, in them as well as in us, must
+be distinct from and superior to the animal vitality--compelling service
+from the latter, and using it as a medium for communicating with the
+body, and with the outer world in general.
+
+
+THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
+
+As to the vegetable kingdom, there is here, so far as we can discover,
+only a duality of principle, viz: the material body and a modified phase
+of electro-vitality. These component parts appear to sustain to each
+other, in the vegetable, relations quite analogous to those of the
+corresponding parts in the animal. But here the _mental_ part is
+wanting; and consequently there is no consciousness, sensation, nor
+will; and the electro-vital action is guided in its elaborate and
+beautiful operations for the forming and developing of the plant, and in
+all its vital functions, by the all-pervading mind of God.
+
+
+NATURAL POLARIZATION OF MAN'S PHYSICAL ORGANISM.
+
+_The electro-vital fluid_, in the animal economy, is subject to the same
+principles of polarization as the magnetic current from the artificial
+machine, or the magnetism of the bar-magnet. In the material organism of
+man, the great nerve-centers--the brain, the spinal cord, and the
+ganglions--appear to act the part of fixed magnets, charged with the
+electro-vital fluid. Indeed, there is much reason to believe that this
+fluid is elaborated within these nerve-centers--more especially within
+the brain--from the inorganic electricity of the outer world, which is
+supplied through the lungs in respiration, and conducted thence to these
+laboratories by a remarkably interesting process--a process which I have
+not room here to describe, but which I have drawn out in detail in a
+manuscript lecture on the circulation of the blood, for my classes, and
+which may some day see the light. These nerve-centers, viewed as magnets
+of electro-vitality, require to be regarded as having each a positive
+nucleus in the interior, on which are ranged the negative ends of the
+currents which go out from this positive nucleus in every direction to
+the surface of the medullary organ--so radiating, as it were, from
+center to periphery. And the nerve-lines and ramifications which issue
+from these great nerve-centers are polarized evidently in the same
+way--the electro-vital fluid being disposed with its negative ends to
+the positive surfaces of the nerve-centers, and its positive or plus
+ends to the "vital organs," and especially to the surfaces of the
+organism as a whole. There are many other polarizations in the human
+system, subordinate to those mentioned above; but I have no room to
+speak of them in detail.
+
+
+ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES.
+
+There are two, and only two, primary classes of disease--those in which
+the electro-vital force is abnormally _positive_, and those where it is
+preternaturally _negative_. The former class comprises every variety and
+phase of hypersthenia, and the latter, every sort and degree of
+anæsthesia, or rather, of azoödynamia. _Inflammation_ may be taken as a
+general representative of the positive or hypersthenic class--those
+forms of disease in which there is too much electro-vitality, or in
+which the vital force may be said to be too active. _Paralysis_ may
+stand as a general representative of the negative or azoödynamic
+class--those in which the vital action is too low or weak.
+
+
+PHILOSOPHY OF DISEASE AND CURE.
+
+In every part of the animal economy, polar derangements in the
+electro-vital principle are liable to occur. These derangements are
+always the real foundation of disease. They may be occasioned by a
+thousand agencies, which act as the _procuring_ cause of disease; but
+the _proximate_ and _sustaining_ cause is polar disturbance--derangement
+of the electro-vital poles. Parts which, in health, are relatively
+positive, may become negative, and that which should be negative may
+become positive. Or again, a part, naturally positive to its
+counterpart, may become _excessively_ so, and that which should be
+relatively negative may become negative to a _morbid degree_.
+
+To correct these polar disturbances and restore the normal polarization,
+is to _cure the complaint_. This is, under the treatment of most
+physicians, often accomplished by the use of medicines, and by
+mechanical or surgical agency. We accomplish it by the proper
+application of the _poles_ of our electrical apparatus. In cases where
+there is _virus_ to be destroyed, or _abnormal growths_ to be removed,
+we also secure the _chemical_ action appropriate to these ends by the
+proper _selection of our current_. It often happens that _mechanical_ or
+_surgical action_ is demanded. In many _such_ cases, we do not profess
+to secure normal polarization and consequent cure by means of
+electricity alone. Yet, in a large proportion of the cases where
+mechanical or surgical agency is usually thought to be indispensable,
+we are able to cure by electric action only, since by it we can exert
+very considerable mechanical force at will; and can also, in many
+instances, attain much more happily, by means of electricity, the very
+ends or the _best_ ends which would be aimed at by skillful surgical
+operations.
+
+
+
+
+PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE.
+
+
+POLAR ANTAGONISM.
+
+_When the conducting cords are of equal length_, as commonly they should
+be, each of the two poles or electrodes produces a polar effect in the
+patient directly the opposite of that produced by the other. Also, _at
+any point_ in either half of the circuit, if it be within the person of
+the patient, the polar effect produced is the very reverse of what is
+experienced at the corresponding point in the other half of the circuit.
+And further; each half of the current produces a polar effect, at every
+point in the parts of the patient through which it runs, the same in
+_kind_, though differing in _degree_, as is produced immediately under
+the pole or electrode with which it is connected; yet an effect
+antagonistic to that which is produced under the other pole, or at the
+corresponding point in the other half of the current.
+
+
+IMPORTANCE OF NOTING THE CENTRAL POINT.
+
+From the above observations, it will be plain that, when we wish to
+bring a diseased organ under the influence of the _positive_ pole, we
+must carefully place our electrodes so that none of the organ, or none
+of the diseased part of it, shall appear on the positive[B] side of the
+_central point of the circuit_; it being understood that the current
+moves as nearly in direct lines as the best conducting medium will
+admit. Or again, if it be desired to bring a diseased organ, or any
+extended part of it, under the influence of the _negative_ pole, we must
+first calculate in placing our electrodes about where the central point
+will come, and then so apply them that no part of the lesion or disease
+shall appear on the negative[B] side of the central point; otherwise so
+much of it as lies on that side will come under the force of the wrong
+pole, and thus be affected in a way the opposite of what was intended.
+The characteristic influence of each pole is felt throughout its own
+half of the circuit.
+
+
+DISTINCTIVE USE OF EACH POLE.
+
+I have said that every disease is preternaturally either positive or
+negative. I have further said, that the application of either pole to a
+given part produces an effect the opposite of what would be produced in
+the same part by a reversal of the poles. The way is now prepared for me
+to announce THE CENTRAL PRINCIPLE of our system of practice. The reader
+will bear in mind that all acutely inflammatory or hypersthenic
+affections are electrically _positive_ in excess--having too much vital
+action--being _overcharged_ with the electro-vital fluid; and that all
+paralytic diseases, or those of a sluggish, azoödynamic character, are
+electrically _negative_--having too little electro-vital fluid--too
+little vital action. It is a universal law of electricity that positives
+repel each other, and that negatives repel each other; but that
+positives and negatives attract each other. This is a principle of
+electric action everywhere known, where any thing is known on the
+subject. _We appropriate it practically to therapeutic purposes._
+Therefore, when I wish to repress or repel inflammation, which is
+electrically positive in excess, I put the positive pole to it; or, at
+least, I bring it under that half of the circuit with which the positive
+pole is connected, and as near to the pole or electrode as possible. And
+because two positives repel each other, and also because the direction
+of the current is always from the positive to the negative pole,
+carrying the electro-vital fluid with it, either I must withdraw my
+positive electrode, or that excess of electro-vitality in the diseased
+part which makes it morbidly positive, and thus produces inflammation,
+must give way. I _will not_ withdraw my positive pole, and therefore the
+positive inflammation _must_ retreat and be dispersed. In treating this
+case, I will place my _negative_ electrode either on some healthy part,
+or, if there be perceptible anywhere in the system a morbidly negative
+part, as is often the case, I will place my negative pole there. For
+example: if I am treating for _nephritis_--inflammation of the
+kidneys--when I do not perceive any part to be abnormally negative, I
+manipulate with my positive electrode over the inflamed kidney, having
+the negative electrode placed at the coccyx--lowest part of the spine.
+My positive pole repels the positive inflammation from the kidney; or,
+rather, repels from it that excess of electro-vital fluid which makes it
+morbidly positive and induces the inflammation, while the negative pole
+attracts the same towards the coccyx. On its way, it becomes more or
+less diverted to adjacent nerves; or, if gathered in the healthy part,
+under the negative pole, it is immediately dispersed by the normal
+circulation as soon as the electrode is removed. But if I find _a spinal
+irritation_, say in one or more of the cervical or dorsal vertebræ, and,
+at the same time, a stomach affected with _chronic dyspepsia_,
+accompanied with _constipation of bowels_, I will work over the inflamed
+or irritated spine with my positive pole, because I know from its
+irritation that there is an excess of electro-vital fluid in the part,
+making it improperly positive; and, with my negative electrode, I will,
+at the same time, treat over the stomach, bowels and liver; because I
+know, from the _inaction_ of these organs, that there is a lack of the
+vital force--a deficiency of the electro-vital fluid--there, and that,
+consequently, they are too negative. Adopting this method, I accomplish
+two objects in the same treatment. _First_, my positive pole, applied to
+the spinal disease, repels from it the excess of electro-vital fluid
+which was there doing mischief; and, _second_, my negative pole attracts
+the same, along with the artificial or inorganic electricity, to the
+stomach and bowels where it is wanted, since negatives attract
+positives. Or I wish to rouse to action a _torpid liver_. Now, if I find
+_inflammation, or enlargement_ of the spleen, as is commonly the case in
+_chills and fever_, I place the positive pole upon the spleen, at the
+left side, just below the false ribs, and the negative pole on the
+liver, which is best reached immediately below the ribs on the right
+side, and around backward and upward as far as to the spine. The
+positive pole repels the excess of electro-vitality away from the
+positive spleen, and so reduces the improper excitement there, while at
+the same time it rushes, by attraction, to the negative liver, under the
+negative pole, and makes that more positive, and so more active. In this
+way, I change the polarization of the parts, and, in so doing, remove
+the sustaining cause of the disease. You here perceive that I treat a
+positive part with the positive pole, so as to repel the excess of
+electro-vitality from it, and thus repress its excessive action; and
+that I treat a negative part with the negative pole, so as to attract
+the electro-vital fluid, along with the current from the machine, to it
+from under the positive pole, and thus increase the action by making it
+more positive.
+
+But suppose I do what nearly all of the doctors do, who use electricity
+with any regard to polarity; that is, if treating acutely inflamed eyes,
+for example, apply the negative pole to the eyes, thinking thereby to
+make them more negative; or, if treating amaurosis, apply the positive
+electrode to the affected parts, thinking thereby to make them more
+positive! I say, suppose I do this same thing, do you not see that, by
+the fixed laws of electricity, I necessarily increase the evils that I
+would remedy? Do you not see that, by placing my negative pole on the
+already overcharged and inflamed eyes, I attract to them yet more of the
+electro-vital fluid, and so increase their positive condition and
+aggravate the inflammation? and that, by presenting my positive
+electrode to the eyes already more or less paralyzed, I repel what
+little electro-vitality there was there, and so make the nerves all the
+more negative and dead? And yet, I repeat it, this is precisely the plan
+of almost all the men who use electricity in therapeutic practice with
+any regard to its polarization. They treat a positive disease--rather, a
+_hypersthenic_ disease, (for they seldom know anything of the
+_electrical_ states of diseased parts), with the negative pole, and an
+azoödynamic disease, which is negative, with the positive pole!--all
+directly antagonistic to science and success.
+
+But the great mass of physicians, who attempt to treat electrically,
+have no knowledge either of the electrical condition of the various
+forms of disease, nor of the distinctive and peculiar effects produced
+by either pole of the artificial current; and consequently all their use
+of this powerful agent is entirely empirical--merely haphazard
+experiment.
+
+I may have raised an inquiry a few moments since which ought to be
+answered. I said, in effect, that in treating a positive disease, such,
+for instance, as acute, inflammatory rheumatism or acute pleurisy, I
+would use the positive pole on the inflamed parts, and the negative pole
+on either some healthy part or on a morbidly negative part, if I could
+find such. So, too, I said I would treat a negative disease, such as
+amaurosis or torpidity of liver, with the negative pole, placing the
+positive pole on either some healthy or morbidly positive part. The
+query may have arisen, "By placing the one pole or the other on a
+healthy part, do you not derange the normal electro-vital action there,
+disturbing its healthy polarization?" I answer, yes, for the time being,
+I do; and if this disturbing force were to be steadily continued for any
+considerable time, the disturbance would produce manifest and serious
+disease. But then, a pole or electrode, placed on a healthy part, we
+generally move, or ought to move, more or less, every few moments, which
+prevents the establishment of any perverted action in the part; and the
+moment the electrode is withdrawn, the normal polarization and healthy
+action are resumed.
+
+
+USE OF THE LONG CORD.
+
+It is often desirable to bring the entire parts of the patient, through
+which the current is made to pass, under one and the same kind of
+influence--such as shall make them all more positive or more negative.
+Especially is this true in many cases where we wish to run through but a
+_short_ space. For this purpose, there is frequent advantage in using
+conducting cords of unequal length. As my views on this point have been
+disputed in certain quarters, I will endeavor here to place them in such
+a light that they shall not be rejected for want of being _rightly
+understood_.
+
+I have previously remarked[C] that, for practical purposes, it is
+sufficiently exact to consider the _magnetic circuit_ as extending only
+from the _positive post_, around through the conducting cords, the
+electrodes, and the person of the patient, to the _negative post_. We
+will so regard it at present. This circuit may be viewed as one
+continuous magnet, made up of several sections or shorter magnets placed
+end to end--the positive end of the first to the negative end of the
+second, and the positive end of the second to the negative end of the
+third. In this arrangement, the negative end of the first section is the
+negative pole of the one whole magnet, and the positive end of the third
+section is the positive pole of the whole magnet. The minimum quantity
+of the magnetism is supposed to be at the negative pole, and the maximum
+quantity at the positive pole; and the quantity is supposed to increase,
+by _regular graduation_, from the negative to the positive pole. This
+being so, the quantity is _the same_ in the positive end of either
+section and the negative end of the adjoining section, at their point of
+contact.
+
+Now, in practice, the body of the patient, or so much of it as is
+embraced between the two electrodes, may be regarded as the _second_
+section in this magnet; and the cord connected with the positive post,
+together with its electrode attached, may be counted the _first_ and
+_most negative_ section; and the cord connected with the negative post,
+along with its electrode, may be the _third_ and _most positive_
+section. And if this whole magnet be more and more positive, by regular
+degrees through all the sections, from its negative to its positive end
+or pole, then the nearer any given part of it, say the _second
+section_--the patient's person, may be to its positive pole in the
+negative post, so much the more _positive_ that section or part will be.
+And the nearer such part or section may be to the negative pole in the
+positive post, so much the more _negative_ it will be. If the cords be
+of equal length, the central point in the circuit or magnet will be in
+the second section--the person of the patient, midway between the
+electrodes; and that section will be charged with the _mean_ quantity
+of the magnetic fluid. The _central point_ will hold _exactly_ the mean
+quantity. But if the cord in the _first_ section be _two_ yards long,
+and that in the _third_ section be _four_ yards, then section
+second--the patient's parts under treatment--will be nearest to the
+_negative_ pole in the positive post, and consequently will be charged
+with much _less_ than the mean quantity of the fluid, and will therefore
+be made so much the more _negative_. If, on the other hand, the cord in
+section _first_ be _four_ yards in length, and that in section _third_
+be only _two_ yards, then the patient's body--section second--will be
+brought nearest to the _positive_ pole in the negative post, and of
+course be charged with much _more_ than the mean quantity of the
+magnetic fluid, and hence will be made so much the more _positive_.
+
+It is true that the positive and negative poles of section second--the
+parts of the patient between the electrodes--will not be _reversed_ by
+any such changes in the length or relative positions of the conducting
+cords; nor is such reversal required in those cases where the use of the
+_long cord_ is indicated. The only change of polarization called for in
+such cases, is that _all_ the parts through which the current is to
+pass should, in greater or less degree, be affected alike, as being made
+more positive or more negative. Of course these parts will be so
+affected in different degrees--those nearest to the _short_ cord the
+_most_; those nearest to the _long_ cord the _least_.
+
+The class of cases where the use of the _long cord_ is more especially
+advantageous, comprises those in which it is desirable to run the
+current _out_ of the patient at the shortest admissible distance from
+the positive electrode. For example, in treating _cynanche tonsillaris_,
+(quinsy), if treating with the positive pole in the mouth, we would not
+wish to run the current further than to the back of the neck; or, if
+treating externally, we would not wish to carry the negative electrode
+further from the positive than from side to side. Here the _long cord_,
+with the negative electrode, would be a special advantage in subduing
+the inflammation. We would not care to _increase_ the inflammatory
+action, as we should necessarily do on the positive side of the central
+point, by using cords of _equal_ length.
+
+Again, if treating a case of acute _enteritis_--inflammation of the
+intestines--we would not wish, while treating the abdomen with the
+positive pole, to increase the inflammation in the lower parts, by using
+equal cords and placing the negative pole at the sacrum or the coccyx.
+Neither would we wish to reduce the strength of the lower limbs by
+carrying the negative pole to the feet. Nor, yet again, would we care to
+endanger the thoracic viscera by running the current from the abdomen up
+to the dorsal or cervical vertebræ. The true way, in such a case, would
+be to connect the negative electrode with a _long cord_, and then to run
+the current through the inflamed parts, and _out_ somewhere from the
+lumbar vertebræ to the coccyx, by treating over the abdomen with the
+positive pole, and placing the negative pole on the lower parts of the
+spine.
+
+As the cords that accompany the machine from the manufacturer are
+usually cut about two yards in length, every practitioner should supply
+himself with an extra cord, of at least three yards, to be used as the
+_long cord_.
+
+
+THE INWARD AND THE OUTWARD CURRENT.
+
+I have already said that when the conducting-cords are of equal length,
+as for the most part they should be, the central point of the circuit
+will be in the person of the patient, about midway between the two
+electrodes. Now, since the current always runs from the positive to the
+negative pole, and makes its whole circuit in that direction, it will be
+readily seen that, from the place on the patient where the positive pole
+is applied, inward as far as to the central point, the direction of the
+current may properly be said to be _inward_; and that, from the central
+point to the place of the negative electrode, where the current comes
+out, its direction may be said to be _outward_. When, therefore, a part
+is treated with the positive pole, or when the part under treatment
+appears anywhere between the positive pole and the central point, it is
+not unusual to say, It is treated with the _inward current_. And when a
+part is treated with the negative pole, or when it appears between the
+central point and the negative pole, it is often spoken of as being
+treated with the _outward current_.
+
+
+MECHANICAL EFFECT OF EACH POLE.
+
+The _mechanical_ effect of the forward end of the current, or that part
+of it which is under the negative electrode, is to relax, expand and
+weaken; while that of the rear end, under the positive electrode, is to
+contract and strengthen. A moving ship disperses the waters at its bow,
+but draws them in at its stern. The bullet shot from a gun, in passing
+through a plank, leaves the perforation closed where it enters in, but
+wide open where it comes out. Thus, in physics, the advance end of a
+moving body tends to disperse the element through which it is passing,
+while the rear end tends to its contraction. Analogous to this are the
+_mechanical_ effects of the different ends of an electrical current in
+the living tissue. When, therefore, we wish to relax a muscle that is
+unnaturally contracted, as by rheumatism or otherwise, we must bring it
+under the forward end--the outward current--the negative pole. If we
+desire to contract ligaments or muscles that are abnormally relaxed,
+(not _atrophied_), as in prolapsus uteri, we must subject them to the
+rear end of the current--the positive pole. Parts that are unnaturally
+contracted are electrically negative in excess, and need to be made more
+positive. And parts that are unhealthily relaxed are too positive, and
+should be made more negative. We make a part more positive by applying
+to it the negative pole, and more negative by applying to it the
+positive pole. Parts _spasmodically_ contracted are acute and positive;
+those _permanently_ contracted are chronic and negative.
+
+
+RELAXED AND ATROPHIED CONDITIONS.
+
+I alluded, above, to a distinction between a _relaxed_ and an
+_atrophied_ condition of an organ. There is such a distinction, which
+should be carefully observed while treating parts so affected. An
+atrophied muscle or organ becomes soft and flabby from lack of
+nourishment. But this condition is not properly one of _relaxation_. It
+is rather a diminution--a _thinning out_ of atoms, by wasting without
+replenishment. Such a condition is always negative, and requires
+treatment under the negative pole. On the contrary, relaxed parts, such
+as appear in prolapsus uteri, and in the sagging down of the diaphragm,
+with the thoracic and abdominal viscera, exhibit no lack of nutrition or
+of vital action. Relaxation is a _loosening_ of atoms from each other,
+more or less, without loss of aggregate weight; and implies a condition
+electrically positive in excess, and calls for treatment with the
+positive pole.
+
+
+GENERAL DIRECTIONS OF THE CURRENT.
+
+_Negative_ affections, as a general rule, are best treated with the
+_upward-running_ current--the positive pole being placed at a lower
+point than the negative. _Inflammatory_ affections, and other _plus_
+conditions, for the most part, should be treated with the down-running
+current, keeping the negative pole at a lower point than the positive.
+But these rules admit of frequent exceptions, which every practitioner's
+experience will soon reveal.
+
+The _downward_ current, running _with_ the downward and outward course
+of the nerves, tends to _depletion_ and _weakness_, for the reason that
+it _runs off_ from the system the electro-vital fluid. The _upward_
+current, on the other hand, running _against_ the nerves, inward towards
+their source, feeds the system with fresh electricity, and gives a
+_tonic_ effect. Yet for this purpose, it must not be too long continued,
+nor of too severe strength, lest it overtask and irritate the
+nerve-sheaths.
+
+In treating a _paralyzed_ organ, the current should commonly be run from
+a _healthy_ part, whether that require it to be directed downwards or
+upwards. For example: In treating a paralyzed foot or leg, the positive
+pole should be upon the lower part of the spine--at the coccyx--or even
+under the sole of the opposite foot. It is best to alternate between
+these positions. So in treating a paralyzed hand or arm, let the current
+be run from the upper part of the spine, and frequently also from the
+opposite hand. With the _negative_ electrode, treat all over the
+paralyzed parts. Yet it is well, in these cases, often to _reverse_ the
+direction of the current for a brief period at the close of the
+sittings, say one to two minutes, for the purpose of rousing the nervous
+susceptibility, and to prevent exhaustion from too continuously running
+off the electro-vital fluid.
+
+
+TREATING WITH ELECTROLYTIC CURRENTS.
+
+For decomposing and carrying off unnatural growths, as fistula, ficus,
+glandular enlargements and other tumors, it is often best to dilute the
+_electrolytic_ quality of the galvanic current A B with one or both of
+the Faradaic currents, as by taking A C or A D instead of A B. But
+_malignant_ and _poisonous_ affections, as scirrhus and other varieties
+of cancer, and also cases of infectious virus, demand continually, or
+with but occasional exceptions, the primary galvanic current A B.
+[->]In treating these malignant affections, the current should be run
+through as short a distance of _healthy_ tissue as possible, yet so as
+fairly to reach the diseased part. And whether this part be brought, for
+a given time, under the one pole or the other, the opposite pole should
+be attached to the _long cord_, so as to throw the central point of the
+circuit, not in the person of the patient, but out on the long cord,
+thus bringing the entire organic parts though which the current is
+passed on one and the same side of the center, and so, under the ruling
+influence of the same pole.
+
+Those diseases which require the chemical or electrolytic currents
+should, for the most part, be treated under the negative pole,
+particularly those which need the galvanic current A B, and also old
+ulcers and _chronic irritation of mucus surfaces_. Glandular
+enlargements not of scirrhous character, and excrescent growths not
+poisonous, may often be reduced, and perhaps sometimes cured, under the
+positive pole. But my own experience, even with these affections, is
+that it is better to treat them under the negative pole until they come
+to assume, as sometimes they will, an _acute_ state, when the positive
+pole may be used with success. If, however, it appears desirable to
+produce a _cauterizing_ effect, this must be done by persistent
+treatment under the negative pole of a strong A B or A C current, and,
+if the disease be external, with a small pointed electrode.
+
+
+POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MANIFESTATIONS.
+
+_Acute_ diseases are to be regarded as electrically positive, and
+_chronic_ affections as negative. The exceptions are rare, if any at
+all. _Malignant cholera_, which is eminently acute, might by some be
+considered as an exception. In negative diseases, there is a low degree
+of electro-vitality. And it has been remarked by careful observers,
+particularly in the Orient, that cholera rages with greatest
+destructiveness when no special electric phenomena have for long time
+appeared in the atmosphere, and when the artificial electrical apparatus
+could be made to yield its sparks only with difficulty, or not at all.
+And again, after a thunderstorm, when the electric machine works again
+freely, the cholera is also found to abate quickly, and sometimes very
+greatly. The inference drawn from these facts has been that the
+prevalence of cholera is largely owing to a lack of electricity in the
+atmosphere, and consequently to a want of the animal electricity or
+electro-vitality in the system of the patient; and thence it might be
+concluded that cholera implies a negative condition of the system. I
+think there is a fallacy in this reasoning. There appears to me to be an
+unwarrantable assumption in confidently attributing the long absence
+from the heavens of marked electrical phenomena, and the failure of the
+electric machine to give its spark, to an unquestioned deficiency of
+atmospheric electricity. Electrical manifestations take place only when
+the _plus_ and _minus_ conditions are existing, in relation to each
+other, somewhat near, or not very remote; and the visible phenomena
+appear when the positive and negative rush together, so as to produce a
+polar equilibrium. But suppose a _plus_ condition to exist over a wide
+region, then, everything being _overcharged_, the visible phenomena
+would be as rare and as difficult of attainment as if all around were
+negative. How, then, can it be inferred, with any certainty, from such
+data, that there is a _deficiency_ of electricity, rather than an
+_excess_ of it?
+
+I have not treated a case of cholera; but my own impression of it is,
+that in the first stage, or during the "rice-water" discharges, the
+condition of the system is, as in other acute affections, excessively
+positive; but that, as the collapse comes on, it rapidly subsides into
+an intensely negative state, thus assuming the chief characteristic of a
+chronic condition.
+
+In the above remarks, I would not be understood to indicate any doubt
+that the prevalence of cholera is often aggravated or mitigated by
+peculiar electrical states of the atmosphere. It appears altogether
+probable that such may be the fact; and I should presume that electrical
+treatment, properly administered, would be found eminently successful in
+this fearful malady.
+
+Again, in _chronic rheumatism_ there might, at first view, seem to be
+frequent exceptions to the rule last above stated; but the cases alluded
+to are not such. It is often the fact, during chronic rheumatism, that
+soreness and severe pain are felt, especially under the presentation of
+the negative pole, thus showing that these points require to be treated
+with the positive pole. But, in such cases, although the general disease
+of the system be chronic and negative, these sore and severely painful
+points have, for the time, risen in their electro-vital condition, and
+so become acute and positive. But when chronic rheumatism is attended
+with only a _dull_ pain, and that chiefly under exercise of the parts,
+and with little or no increase of pain under an application of the
+negative pole of the A D current, medium strength, and with no swelling,
+then the pain, the stiffness and the lameness are all marks of the
+negative state, and the parts must be treated with the negative pole of
+the A D current, _strongly_ at first, but diminishing in force, from
+time to time, as the patient becomes relieved.
+
+_Alkaline_ affections--those causing excessive alkaline secretions--are
+electrically positive. _Acid_ or _acidulous_ states are negative.
+
+
+HEALING.
+
+For healing wounds, burns, ulcers, irritation of mucous membranes, and
+cutaneous eruptions, the A D current is by far the best. _Recent_
+wounds, contusions and burns are electrically positive. _Old_ ulcers and
+irritations are generally negative.
+
+
+DIAGNOSIS.
+
+To make a correct diagnosis, it is needful to bear in mind the following
+general principles:
+
+1. Where the organism is in health, the momentary application to the
+patient of the negative pole of the double Faradaic current B D--the
+best for diagnostic use--in good medium strength,[D] will be directly
+felt, yet will cause no pain. Whatever _muscular contractions_ may be
+produced for the time, they are harmless, and need not be noticed.
+Wherever the electro-vital fluid is in _excess_, producing
+hypersthenia--too much vital action--the part is morbidly _positive_;
+and, excepting sometimes in the stomach and bowels, the B D current, of
+medium force, directed to that part under the negative pole, will
+produce _sharp pain_. But where a current of full medium strength can
+not be felt under the negative pole, there is a morbidly negative
+state--a deficiency of vital action--a condition of at least partial
+paralysis--anæsthesia.
+
+2. In a state of health, different persons will have different degrees
+of sensibility to the electric current, depending on their varied
+nervous susceptibility. Again, the same person will be much less
+sensitive to the current when directed to the spine, particularly the
+lower part of it, and to the stomach, than when directed to most other
+parts. Also, where bones lie near the surface, the periosteum--the
+membrane immediately investing the bone--is apt to feel more sensibly
+under the electrodes than the muscular parts. But these variations soon
+become so familiar to the practitioner that he finds no difficulty in
+making the proper allowances for them.
+
+In making an electrical examination, the two following questions present
+themselves to be answered: First, whether anywhere, and, if so, where is
+there a morbid electrical state in the body of this patient? Second,
+what is the electrical condition of that unhealthy part? Is it
+_positive_ or _negative_?
+
+These questions being answered, according to the tests just given, the
+well-instructed practitioner is prepared to go on and treat the patient
+judiciously, and with success, if success be attainable by any form of
+medication.
+
+Let me next say, It is best, as a general rule, to make examinations
+with the _negative pole_. The reason of this is that, since the current
+is always more energetic under the negative than under the positive
+pole, it makes itself more sensibly _felt_ there than under the
+positive pole. Indeed, it will commonly be felt even to _painfulness_
+there, if the part were overcharged and inflamed before. Thus, under the
+negative electrode, the current readily detects any active disease. But,
+if we be making the examination with the _positive pole_, as we come
+upon any point more or less inflamed, the current, quick as lightning,
+rushes away from such inflamed part to the part under the stationary
+negative pole, carrying with it, for the time being, more or less of
+that excess of electro-vital fluid which was in force at the inflamed
+point; so that _no pain_, perhaps, is experienced there; and thus the
+disease escapes detection.
+
+I am aware that it has been said by some of our practitioners, with, if
+I rightly remember, the able discoverer of the grand practical
+principles of our system, Prof. C. H. Bolles, at their head, that it is
+not quite prudent to use the negative pole in hand for diagnosis, lest
+we possibly contract the disease from the patient; since, in that case,
+the current runs from the patient to the practitioner. They think it
+safer to use the positive pole in hand; so letting the current run from
+the practitioner to the patient. There is force in this consideration,
+without doubt, where the patient is affected with a poisonous or
+malignant disease. And where any thing of this nature is apprehended, I
+would never examine with the negative pole in hand. But these cases are
+commonly so manifest, or so easily determined by colloquial inquiry,
+that examination with the electric current is rarely if ever necessary.
+And when the disease is plainly not of a poisonous or infectious nature,
+I do not think there is any danger to be apprehended from the cause
+stated. I therefore prefer, as a general rule, to examine with the
+negative pole; and for the reason given above.
+
+The temperature of the room and the adjustment of apparel should be the
+same as for treatment. To prevent improper chilliness, the room ought to
+be of such temperature that clothing is not required for bodily
+comfort--say, from 70 to 80 degrees, _Fahrenheit_. Seat the patient on a
+stool or chair, (a stool is most convenient), and yourself at his side,
+with your machine, ready for use, on a table or bench before him, and a
+vessel of warm water within easy reach. If the patient be a man we let
+his trunk be disrobed, giving free access to the back, chest and
+abdomen. If the patient be a woman, let her be covered with a
+treating-robe, of which garments the practitioner should keep a supply.
+They are made much like a lady's plain nightgown; but large and loose,
+so as to serve ladies of any size, and give ample room to work the
+electrodes under them. Her skirts should be dropped _below the seat_, so
+far that their bands shall lie across her lap.
+
+Let us now suppose the machine to be working. We will take the B D
+current. Let it be of good medium strength. We regulate the strength by
+the quantity of fluid in the battery, so far as _volume_ is concerned,
+and by means of the plunger as respects _intensity_. The electrodes
+should be dampened with warm water. Let the _sponge-roll_, [a very thin
+expansion of sponge, quilted upon a muslin lining, and enveloping one of
+the tin electrodes], be made the positive pole, and be placed under the
+coccyx--lowest part of the spine. Then attach the _positive_ cord; that
+is, the cord connected with the _negative_ post, to another sponge-roll,
+to be held in the operator's right hand; or, what is better, attach it
+to a thin, flexible, metallic wristband, (brass is good, but metallic
+lace--such as is used in trimming _regalia_, is best), underlaid with
+wet muslin, and fastened around the right wrist. This brings the
+operator's hand into the circuit as the negative electrode or pole.
+Next, pass a moist, warm sponge all over the patient's back. Now, before
+the back becomes dry, press the points of two fingers firmly, yet not
+uncomfortably, upon the back of the neck at the base of the skull;
+thence move gradually downward, by frequent touches of the same firm but
+gentle character, keeping one finger on each side of the spinous
+processes, until the whole length of the spine has been, in this manner,
+passed over. If sharp pain or soreness be felt at any point, _note_ that
+point; there is inflamed irritation there. Then return up to the right
+or left shoulder, and pass, in like manner, by frequent touches with one
+or two fingers, over all parts of the back on that side of the spine,
+down to the hips. Then, in the same way, examine the shoulder and back
+on the other side of the spine, noting, as before, every point, if there
+be any, where soreness and pain appear. After this, pass over the entire
+neck, then over the front parts of the thorax and abdomen, down to the
+pelvic bones, everywhere watching for soreness and pain. Next, go to the
+head. Wet the hair through to the scalp, (because dry hair is a bad
+conductor,) and change to a _very soft_ B C current. Then go over all
+the head in the same manner as over the neck and trunk. Better _reverse_
+the poles on the head, by transposing the cords in the posts, so as to
+make the manipulating hand the _positive_ pole. The head is, or ought to
+be, extremely sensitive. You need not do this, however, if the negative
+pole can be received on the head without discomfort, as it sometimes can
+be. Commence on the cerebrum, and then pass to the cerebellum.
+
+If, in the examination of the spine, the practitioner finds it
+uncomfortable to bear in his fingers a current of sufficient strength to
+be distinctly felt in that part of the patient, he may use the
+side-sponge cup on the spine. But let him _never use a current on
+another person_ which he does not first apply to his own nerves, so as
+to know its intensity. Indeed, if one prefer to use the side-sponge cup
+through the whole process, he can do so; although there is advantage in
+using the fingers, since, by their concentrated impressions, he is more
+sure to detect disease than by the broader face of the sponge cup.
+
+[->]Now, wherever there is found _soreness_ or _lancinating pain_ under
+the touch, it is sure that the part is preternaturally _positive_--more
+or less so, according to the degree of painful irritability. On the
+other hand, if there be found a part evincing much _less_ than the usual
+sensibility found in the _healthy_ corresponding part of other patients,
+it may safely be pronounced torpid or paralytic, more or less. It lacks
+sufficient electro-vitality--is improperly _negative_, and needs to be
+treated with the negative pole.
+
+It will often happen that diseased action is found in parts where the
+patient was entirely unaware of its existence until the practitioner's
+fingers or other electrode revealed it. Again, it will sometimes be
+found that there is no disease whatever in parts where the patient
+supposed disease to be active. But when we find patients to be
+especially nervous, it is not always best to tell them immediately just
+what our examinations have revealed to us--how severely or how little we
+think them diseased. It is sometimes better to humor, more or less, the
+patient's own views for a time; lest, by exciting him or her, we make a
+difficult case out of one that might have been mastered with comparative
+ease. In this matter discretion should guide us.
+
+But let me say farther, what I deeply feel, that neither do I think it
+right to _persistently_ conceal from patients, especially those who are
+dangerously affected, a knowledge of their true condition. In my
+opinion, physicians often unwittingly incur an awful responsibility in
+this way, wronging their patients in the most vital and momentous of all
+interests--the interests involved in a due preparation for death. I
+believe the true way, in every such case, is for the physician himself,
+in a kind and soothing manner, to reveal to the patient, little by
+little, if need be, what he really thinks, or to ask the patient's
+pastor, or some other calm and judicious person to do it for him. I
+believe the visits of a discreet and affectionate pastor, or, in the
+absence of a pastor, of some other mild and Christian friend, to the
+bedside of the sick is, nine times in ten, not only no embarrassment to
+the patient's recovery, but positively favorable to it, and ought to be
+habitually encouraged, rather than restrained, by medical
+practitioners.
+
+
+
+
+PRESCRIPTIONS.
+
+
+PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
+
+The author wishes to caution the reader not to rely merely on the forms
+of treatment here prescribed, but to study thoroughly the principles
+taught in the preceding pages, until he shall have mastered them, and
+can judge for himself of the correctness of these prescriptions. It
+should be remembered, however, that the diseases here considered are
+viewed in their _simple_ or _uncomplicated_ states. Where complications
+exist, the treatment must be modified according to the judgment of the
+practitioner.
+
+In these instructions, it is always to be understood that the treatment
+prescribed is with _cords of equal length_, except when the _long cord_
+is especially mentioned.
+
+In most of the local diseases here named, particularly those which are
+electrically _negative_, it is desirable to supplement the local
+treatment prescribed with occasional _general tonic_ treatment, where,
+in the judgment of the practitioner, it can be given without detriment
+to the local affection.
+
+In all treatments, the electrodes should be moistened with warm water.
+
+
+GENERAL TONIC TREATMENT.
+
+Take the B D current, (A D is very good), of fair medium strength. Place
+the sponge-roll, N. P. [Negative Pole], at the coccyx--lowest point of
+spine--and manipulate with side-sponge cup, P. P. [Positive Pole], from
+the feet all over the lower limbs to and about the hips; occupying three
+or four minutes, or less. Then remove the N. P., substituting for the
+sponge-roll the end-sponge cup, and place this upon the spine at the
+lower part of the neck. Now manipulate with side-sponge cup, P. P., over
+the trunk generally, from the lower to the upper parts; giving special
+attention to the spinal column by treating it somewhat more than other
+parts. Treat the trunk some five to eight minutes. Next, keeping the N.
+P. still upon the back of the neck, treat with P. P. over the hands and
+arms, up to and about the shoulders. Treat here two or three minutes.
+
+It has been customary, for the most part, in giving general tonic
+treatment, to make the P. P. stationary--placing it successively at the
+feet, the coccyx and the hands--and to manipulate above it with the N.
+P. But the better way is as directed above. The object is to reinforce
+the main nerve-lines and centers with electricity from without. The
+nerves branch off from their centers--the brain, the spinal cord, the
+ganglions, and the great plexuses--and run, in general, downward and
+outward from the trunk lines, in a manner somewhat analogous to the
+branches and twigs of an inverted little tree. If we place before us
+such a shrub, with the root upward and the branches pointing downwards,
+and then draw lines from the lowest point of the lowest twig to the
+outer ends of all the branches surrounding the main trunk, we shall see
+that our lines, instead of running in the general directions of the
+limbs, will, for the most part, run _across_ the twigs. But, if we draw
+our lines from the outer extremities of the branches and twigs up to the
+root, or near to the source of the trunk, we will find the lines, in the
+main, running nearly parallel with the branches. Now, let us substitute
+for this inverted tree the nervous system of a man, and remember that
+the electric current moves from the positive to the negative pole as
+nearly in straight lines as it can where there are good conductors, such
+as the nerves and muscles, and it will at once appear that, in treating
+the lower limbs, if we place our N. P. at the coccyx, and then
+manipulate with P. P. over the feet and legs, our electric lines are
+running from all the surface extremities of the nerve ramifications,
+wherever the P. P. is moving, directly into and along these fine
+ramifications, and, through the larger nerve-branches, up to the
+stationary N. P. Or, if we treat the _trunk_ of the body by placing the
+N. P. on the spine, near its upper end, and then manipulate with P. P.
+from the lower part upward over the back, sides, abdomen and chest, our
+current strikes into the surface extremities of the nerves at every
+point where the electrode touches, and makes its way upwards, along the
+nerve-lines, to the great spinal cord under the N. P.--thus replenishing
+with fresh electricity all the ganglions, plexuses and nerve-trunks
+along the way. But if P. P. be made stationary at the lower end of the
+section under treatment, and we manipulate over the parts with the N.
+P., the current strikes from P. P., across the nerve branches and comes
+out at their surface extremities wherever the negative electrode
+moves--so reaching but indirectly and imperfectly the trunk-lines and
+their centers.
+
+
+COMMON COLDS.
+
+Take the B D Faradaic current--moderate strength. If the affection be
+mainly in the head, give,
+
+_1st._ _A face bath._ Let an earthen wash-basin, nearly filled with
+tepid water, be placed on a table or chair before the patient, he
+holding the sponge-roll [see page 89] N. P. in his hands. Now let him
+bury his face in the water as long as he can hold his breath. At the
+instant after his face is in the water, drop into the water the tin
+electrode P. P. Repeat this process as often as he recovers his breath,
+some eight, ten or a dozen times.
+
+_2d._ Place the sponge-roll N. P. in the hands as before, and, making an
+electrode P. P. of your own hand, in the manner directed for
+_diagnosis_, clasp the nose of the patient between your thumb and
+finger, moving them up and down along the sides of the nose, and on the
+nose between the eyes, about five minutes.
+
+Repeat the above forms twice or thrice a day.
+
+If there be hoarseness, or cough, or stricture of lungs, or soreness of
+chest, place N. P., with _long cord_, upon back of neck, and treat with
+P. P. over the front part of neck and breast, and wherever upon the
+thorax stricture or soreness appears.
+
+If there be a feverish condition of the system, attended, perhaps, with
+pain in the head, place P. P. on the spine, a little below the cranium,
+and treat with N. P., _long cord_, all the way down the spine, and over
+the entire back, sides, thorax and abdomen. In this case let the current
+be rather mild, and be continued for a considerable length of time, with
+the view of bringing out perspiration. It is _best_ that the patient
+should receive treatment in bed, perfectly protected from any cool air
+that might restrain or check perspiration. In these cases, I not
+unfrequently treat with a light B D current a full hour, unless
+perspiration start freely in shorter time, working over the trunk and
+limbs generally. But, while treating over the lower limbs, the P. P.
+should be upon the hypogastric flexus, at the "small of the back." Treat
+once or twice a day until relief appears.
+
+After the stricture and soreness of the lungs are removed, and the
+general febrile action is suppressed, it is desirable to give a _general
+tonic treatment_.
+
+
+CEPHALAGIA. (_Headache._)
+
+1. "_Nervous headache._" Take the B D current--moderate force. Place P.
+P. on back of neck, just below the brain, and manipulate with
+side-sponge cup, N. P., all the way down the spine and over the back.
+
+It may often be necessary to apply the P. P. directly to the suffering
+part of the head. In that case, take the soft Faradaic current B C. If
+the fluid in the battery cell be fresh, use very little--just enough to
+reach well the platina plate and make the machine run. Wet the hair
+thoroughly through to the scalp, where the electrode is to be applied.
+Seat the patient on N. P., or let him hold it in both his hands, (the
+former is the better way), and treat lightly over the affected parts of
+the head with P. P. Treat five to ten minutes, as may be required, and
+if the pain returns, repeat the treatment. Only a very light current can
+be safely applied directly to the brain, and that an _induced_ Faradaic
+current.
+
+2. _Sick Headache._ The _procuring_ cause of this distressing disease is
+involved in considerable mystery. It seems, however, to be largely
+dependent on the secretion and discharge into the duodenum of an
+improper quantity of bile, and an irregularity in the peristaltic action
+of the upper part of the bowels, particularly of the duodenum, in which
+that action more or less is _reversed_, and thereby throws the biliary
+fluid up, through the pylorus, into the stomach. After a time, the
+stomach becomes nauseated by its accumulation; and the head, through
+nervous sympathy, is rendered electrically positive in excess, and thus
+is made to ache. Yet there are certain characteristics of the disease
+which this view does not satisfactorily explain, and which must remain
+unexplained until advancing science shall reveal to us more perfect
+light.
+
+When this disease has become habitual and periodic, it is very
+obstinate, and requires persistent treatment--often for several months.
+
+Take the B D current, with moderate force. Place the N. P. on the spine,
+immediately above the kidneys, and treat with P. P. over the stomach and
+the duodenum, (lying transversely just below the stomach), three to
+five minutes. Treat in this manner about twice a week.
+
+It may sometimes be necessary to treat the head directly. If so, after
+the treatment above prescribed, add that prescribed for the head
+directly, in _nervous_ headache, with this difference, viz: instead of
+seating the patient on the N. P., or placing the same in his hands, pass
+it over the stomach and duodenum, unless the former may be already too
+positive. In that case, let the N. P. be at the seat.
+
+
+DEAFNESS.
+
+_The prognosis_ is very uncertain. This infirmity is often cured by our
+system, even when of long standing; and often, again, the treatment
+fails. The uncertainty arises from the difficulty in determining the
+exact pathological derangement.
+
+Take the A D current, mild force. Introduce the ear electrode as the N.
+P. when the disease is of long standing, or as the P. P. when it is of
+recent origin. Apply the opposite pole to the back of the neck. Treat
+five to eight minutes, once a day for three or four days, and afterwards
+three times a week. If no success appears within three weeks, it will
+probably be vain to expect it afterwards.
+
+
+NOISES IN THE HEAD.
+
+Treat the same as for deafness.
+
+
+INFLAMED EYES.
+
+If the disease be recent and acute, (but not infectious), as from sewing
+or reading by lamp light or other irritation, take the C D current, of
+moderate force. Treat with the eye-bath, filled with tepid water, having
+the eye open in the water. Make the bath the P. P., and place the N. P.
+on the spine at the upper dorsal vertebra. Treat each eye three minutes
+daily.
+
+If the disease be acute and _infectious_, use the A C current some four
+to six times, and then change to A D. Apply the current as directed
+above.
+
+If the disease be chronic, or the lids granulated, treat with A D, _very
+mild_ current, applying the eye-bath, N. P., to the eyes, and place the
+P. P. upon the spine, at the top of the back. Treat each eye three to
+five minutes three times a week.
+
+In cases of simple inflammation, (not infectious), and that chiefly or
+entirely in the lids, it is often quite as well or better to treat over
+the closed lids with the finger, holding the sponge-roll P. P. in the
+same hand.
+
+
+AMAUROSIS. (_Paralysis of the optic nerve._)
+
+Use B D current, moderate force, three or four times, and then change to
+C D. Apply the eye-bath, N. P., to the eye, and sponge-cup P. P. upon
+one of the upper dorsal vertebræ. Treat three to five minutes on each
+eye, three times a week.
+
+
+STRABISMUS. (_Discordance of the eyes._)
+
+If neither of the _rectus_ muscles have been cut and cicatrized, and if
+the deformity be not congenital, it may ordinarily be cured.
+
+Take B D current, with small pointed electrodes. If the eye be turned
+_inward_, insert P. P. in the outer angle of the eye, so as to bear upon
+the _rectus externus_, and N. P. in the inner angle, so as to bear on
+the _rectus internus_. Let the current be of what force the patient can
+bear. Withdraw the electrodes frequently, to rest the eye, and then
+reapply them. Apply the current in this manner six to ten or twelve
+times at a sitting. The eye will soon become inflamed, but the
+inflammation will quickly go down. Treat daily, or on alternate days,
+as the eye can bear. After treating some ten or twelve times, if the
+organ does not come into place let it rest a week, and then resume the
+treatment as before.
+
+If the eye be turned _outward_, treat in the same manner as directed
+above, except that in this case, the P. P. must be inserted in the
+_inner_ and the N. P. in the _outer_ angle.
+
+
+CATARRH. (_Acute._)
+
+If in the head, treat as prescribed for common colds in the head. If in
+the throat, place N. P. somewhere on the dorsal vertebræ, and treat with
+P. P.--tongue instrument--in the mouth about five minutes, and then with
+end-sponge cup externally upon the affected parts as much longer. Use
+the B D current, in good medium strength, twice a day.
+
+
+CATARRH. (_Chronic._)
+
+If in the head, first give _face-bath_, as in common colds, except with
+_reversed poles_ and changing to the A D current, _very mild_ force. If
+in the throat or bronchial tubes, place the P. P. of the A D current,
+with _long cord_, on the back of the neck or in the mouth, and treat
+with N. P., _soft_ current, upon the affected parts, eight or ten
+minutes.
+
+Repeat treatment about three times a week.
+
+
+DIPHTHERIA.
+
+Use the A D current, strong force. Place the N. P., _long cord_, upon
+the lower cervical vertebræ, and then treat, _first_, with the _tongue_
+instrument, P. P., in the mouth, as far back on the tongue as can be
+borne, three to five minutes. _Next_, manipulate with sponge-cup, P. P.,
+or the tin electrode filled with sponge, over all the front parts of the
+neck and throat, down to the chest, five to eight minutes.
+
+Treat as often as once in two or three hours.
+
+
+APHONIA. (_Loss of voice._)
+
+This affection requires treatment variously, as it depends on one or
+another procuring cause.
+
+If it be the result of recent "cold," inducing acute catarrhal
+irritation in the larynx, treat _first_ as for _common cold_, and
+_close_ the sitting as follows: Place N. P., _long cord_, of A D
+current, in good medium force, upon back of neck or in the mouth, and
+treat three to five minutes, twice a day, with P. P., over the front
+parts of the air pipe in the neck; mostly over the _larynx_--Adam's
+apple.
+
+If it be from paralysis of the larynx, treat with B D current, rather
+strong force; placing P. P., _long cord_, on back of neck or in the
+mouth, and work with N. P. over the _larynx_, and somewhat over the air
+tube of the neck generally. Treat three to five minutes, daily.
+
+If, as is sometimes the case, the difficulty proceeds from a relaxation
+of the diaphragm, with general sagging down of the thoracic and
+abdominal viscera, so as to draw upon the trachea, then treat the whole
+trunk tonically, using the B D current. Place the N. P. low on back of
+neck, and treat with P. P. over the abdomen and thorax, and especially
+all around the edge of the diaphragm--along the lower line of the false
+ribs. Treat with medium strength of current, ten minutes, three times a
+week. The aim is to contract all the relaxed parts, so to relieve the
+larynx from the strain upon it.
+
+
+CROUP.
+
+Treat croup, whether membranous or spasmodic, much the same as is
+prescribed for diphtheria, only, in the latter part of the form, treat
+less.
+
+
+ASTHMA.
+
+Use the A D current, medium force. Treat with P. P. over the shoulders
+and between the scapulæ, and with N. P. in front upon the lungs, heart
+and diaphragm. Treat five to ten minutes, daily, for three or four days;
+after that, three times a week.
+
+
+HEPATIZATION OF LUNGS.
+
+Take A D current, pretty strong force. Treat in front, over the lungs,
+with P. P., moving N. P., _long cord_, on spine from neck to near the
+kidneys; that is, over all the dorsal vertebræ. If the current be
+severely painful, moderate it to endurance. Treat six to ten minutes
+twice a day.
+
+
+PNEUMONIA.
+
+Take B D current, forceful as the patient can bear, and treat
+briefly--say five to seven minutes, several times a day, until relief is
+experienced.
+
+Place N. P., _long cord_, low on back of neck, and move P. P. over all
+the upper part of the lungs. Then remove N. P. to the lower dorsal
+vertebræ, just above the kidneys, and treat with P. P. over the lower
+part of the lungs. If typhoid symptoms attend, follow the above with
+placing P. P., medium force, on back of neck, close below the cranium,
+and N. P. at coccyx, two or three minutes.
+
+
+PULMONARY PHTHISIS. (_Consumption._)
+
+After tubercles have been formed _extensively_ in the lungs, and have
+_softened down_ over considerable area, carrying down the pulmonary
+tissue with them into a state of pus, there is commonly but little hope
+of successful treatment. But where they are restricted to comparatively
+small extent, and no ulceration exists, they may be decomposed and
+absorbed away, or be thrown off in expectoration, and the affected parts
+be healed.
+
+If the case be a _recent_ one, and acute fever, combined, perhaps, with
+more or less inflammation, appear in the lungs, use the A C current, in
+moderate force, yet all the patient can bear without special distress.
+Place N. P., _long cord_, upon the upper dorsal vertebræ for treating
+the upper part of the lungs, or upon the lower dorsal vertebræ for
+treating their lower part. Then pass P. P. over all the affected parts.
+Treat in this manner five to eight minutes, daily, until the
+_inflammation_ is suppressed, which will be indicated by an abatement of
+the extreme sensitiveness and lancinating pain under the electrode.
+Then, if _feverish_ action continue high, remove the N. P. to the
+coccyx, or to the lower part of the sacrum, taking the B D current,
+_mild_ force, with cords of _equal length_, and treat, as before, with
+P. P. over the affected parts, and also over the thorax generally, and
+along down the spine to the lower dorsal vertebræ. Continue this
+treatment ten to fifteen minutes, daily, until the fever is removed, or
+nearly so. For this part of the treatment, it is best to use the hand as
+the P. electrode, and to diffuse the current over the whole palm of the
+hand wherever special soreness appears. It is better, also, that the
+patient receive the treatment in bed, secure from any chilliness or
+current of air, so as to facilitate perspiration.
+
+If the case be one of long standing, and more or less of _pus_, or _pus_
+and _tubercles_, be raised in coughing, take the A D current, with equal
+cords and _very_ mild force. Reduce the quantity of battery fluid if
+necessary. Now place P. P. at the coccyx and treat with N. P., (the
+hand is here much the best), over all the diseased parts. Change
+occasionally by removing P. P. to back of neck with _long cord_. The
+object is to bring the diseased parts under a very light force of the A
+D current, such as is especially healing in old ulcers and chronic
+irritation. But if this action should at any time _increase_ fever or
+inflammation in the lungs, the poles must be reversed for one or two
+treatments. In this stage of the disease, treat ten to twelve or fifteen
+minutes, daily, for three or four days, and after that, three times a
+week.
+
+
+NEURALGIA AND RHEUMATISM OF THE HEART.
+
+If _neuralgia_, use B D current; if _rheumatism_, use A D. In either
+case, treat the heart with P. P., moderate force, placing N. P. at lower
+dorsal or upper lumbar vertebræ. Treat five to eight minutes, daily,
+until relief is gained.
+
+_Rheumatism_ of the heart may be distinguished from _neuralgia_ by its
+occasioning irregularity in the cardiac contractions, commonly a sense
+of soreness and pain under pressure by the hand, and often perceptible
+enlargement of the organ, which neuralgia does not, and also by its
+pains being more constant--less fitful--than those of neuralgia.
+
+
+ENLARGEMENT, OR OSSIFICATION OF THE HEART.
+
+Treat these two affections in the same way. Take the A D current,
+moderate force. Place N. P. at the coccyx, or alternately there and,
+with _long cord_, on the spine opposite to the heart. Manipulate with P.
+P. over the heart. Treat five to eight minutes, three times a week.
+
+
+PALPITATION OF THE HEART.
+
+This is commonly a symptomatic or sympathetic affection--_rarely_
+idiopathic--and disappears on cure of the disease from which it
+proceeds. It usually denotes nervous weakness, and often general
+debility. _General tonic treatment_ is indicated, as far as can be given
+without interfering with the proper treatment of any local affections on
+which the palpitation depends.
+
+
+TORPID LIVER.
+
+Take A D or B D current, full medium force. Treat with N. P. over the
+liver, at the right side, immediately below the short ribs, and thence
+backward and a little upward, as far as to the spine, holding P. P. on
+the left side, close under the ribs, for about four to six minutes. Then
+remove P. P. to the spine, on back of neck, two or three minutes. Next,
+go with the P. P. to coccyx two or three minutes; continuing, as at
+first, to manipulate with N. P. over the liver. Let the whole treatment
+occupy some eight to twelve minutes. Repeat the sittings about three
+times a week.
+
+
+HEPATITIS. (_Inflammation of Liver._)
+
+Use the B D current, with what force the patient can bear. Place N. P.
+at the coccyx, and also somewhat on the trunk, opposite to the
+inflammation. Then manipulate with P. P. over the inflamed and sore
+part. Treat five to eight minutes, once or twice a day.
+
+
+ENLARGEMENT OF LIVER.
+
+Take A D current, with medium force. Place N. P., some three to five
+minutes, on left side, over the spleen; and then as much longer at the
+coccyx. Manipulate with P. P. over the liver. Treat about three times a
+week. If the enlargement be recent, it will subside; if of long
+standing, its restoration will be slow, and somewhat uncertain.
+
+
+BILIARY CALCULI. (_Gravel in Liver._)
+
+Take A C current, strong as can be borne; and treat the inflamed and
+painful part with P. P., while N. P. is upon the right end of the
+duodenum. Treat eight to ten minutes, daily.
+
+
+INTERMITTENT FEVER. (_Ague and Fever._)
+
+Use the A D current. First, give _general tonic treatment_. (See page
+95.) Then close the sitting with a _strong_ current, running from spleen
+to liver--P. P. upon spleen, in the left side, just below the ribs, and
+N. P. upon liver--best reached in the right side, close under the ribs,
+and around backward and a little upward as far as to the spine. The
+spleen is morbidly positive, and probably enlarged, while the liver is
+too negative. Treat spleen and liver in this transverse manner about
+five minutes.
+
+If the chills occur on alternate days, treat on the intervening days; if
+every day, treat about two hours before the chill is expected.
+
+
+NEPHRITIS. (_Inflammation of Kidneys._)
+
+1. _Acute._ If the urinary secretion be _reddish_ and _scant_, with or
+without sedimentary deposit, let the inflammation be regarded as
+_acute_; and use upon it the B D current of good medium strength, or a
+little more, if the patient can bear it. The pain from the current will
+probably subside somewhat, and perhaps altogether, under treatment.
+Place N. P. at the coccyx, and manipulate over the inflamed and sore
+parts with P. P. Treat five to eight minutes, twice a day, if the case
+be recent, or once a day, if it be of some weeks standing.
+
+2. _Chronic._ If it be an old case, and attended with a brownish or a
+brickdust-like sediment in the urine, it may be considered _chronic_,
+and should be treated with a moderate A D current, once in two days.
+Place P. P. at the coccyx, and treat with N. P. over the affected
+kidneys. There may be no sense of soreness or swelling, but _dull_ pain.
+Treat six to ten minutes. But if the inflammation should rise to an
+active or acute state, _reverse the poles_.
+
+
+RENAL CALCULI. (_Gravel in the Kidneys._)
+
+Take the A C current, of considerable force. Place N. P. low upon the
+bladder, and treat with P. P. upon the inflamed and painful point five
+to eight minutes, once or twice a day. If treating twice a day, continue
+not more than five minutes at a time.
+
+
+DIABETES. (_A Kidney Disease._)
+
+This disease occurs in two forms--_diabetes insipidus_ and _diabetes
+mellitus_. In the first named form, the disease is readily cured. In the
+latter, it is very formidable, and is rarely, if ever, cured by
+medicines; especially when of long standing. In this latter variety of
+the disease, the urea is absent from the urine, and in its place is
+found more or less of sugar--often large quantities: Dunglison says
+2-1/2 oz. in a pint.
+
+The electrical state of the disease, in both of these forms, is negative
+in excess.
+
+1. _D. insipidus._ Use the B D current, of moderate force. Place P. P.
+at the coccyx or on the upper dorsal vertebra, or on both in
+alternation, which is better, and treat over the kidneys with N. P.
+five to eight minutes, once a day for three or four days. If this should
+fail to cure, (as it seldom will), go on with the same treatment three
+times a week.
+
+2. _D. mellitus._ Take the A D current, of _mild_ force. Place P. P. as
+in _d. insipidus_, and treat the kidneys with N. P. about five to eight
+minutes, three times a week; supplementing this with _general tonic
+treatment_, once or twice a week.
+
+_Be patient and persevering._ In bad cases, months will be required to
+effect a cure; but persistent effort, as above prescribed, will rarely
+if ever fail, unless the vital force is nearly expended.
+
+
+DYSPEPSIA.
+
+This is one of the most difficult of diseases to control by any of the
+ordinary modes of medical practice; and yet, under judicious electrical
+treatment, it is one of the surest to yield. The disease assumes various
+phases in different persons, and at different times in the same person,
+requiring varied treatment.
+
+The pain, after eating, is severe; exhalations of air, apparently from
+the inner surfaces of the stomach and bowels, or of gas from their
+decomposing contents, are large--often enormous. The stomach is much of
+the time acid, and, in some cases, sensibly cold, ejecting often a cold
+mucus. The bowels are habitually constipated. The patient is nervous,
+irritable, and subject to great depression of spirits. In this stage or
+phase of the disease, there is a negative condition of the digestive
+apparatus generally. Treat with the A D current, in mild force, and
+expect the case to require considerable time. But, since there is no
+approach to uniformity among patients, no approximation to definite time
+can be stated. Give _general tonic treatment_, (page 95), three times a
+week, and close each sitting with local treatment, having P. P. at the
+coccyx, and manipulating some five minutes with N. P. over the entire
+front parts of the abdomen and thorax, and over the liver.
+
+It is sometimes found, in old cases, that there is no sensible acidity
+of stomach; but a _pyrosis_--a burning sensation in the stomach, or a
+little above, in what is usually termed "the pit of the stomach." Treat
+this about three minutes with the P. P., strong force; moving N. P.,
+_long cord_, over the lower dorsal vertebræ.
+
+
+ACUTE DIARRH[OE]A.
+
+Take B D current. Place N. P., _long cord_, upon the lumbar vertebræ and
+sacrum, moving it often along the spine, from a position opposite to the
+umbilicus down to the coccyx; and treat with P. P. over the abdomen, and
+more especially wherever pain or sensations of uneasiness appear. In
+severe cases, treat several times in a day--once in two to three hours,
+if need require, three to five minutes at a time. Use current of full
+medium strength, if the patient can bear it.
+
+
+CHRONIC DIARRH[OE]A.
+
+Take A D current, of _very mild_ force. Place P. P. at the feet, and
+treat with N. P. over the lower limbs _briefly_; then over the bowels
+and stomach, both front and rear, some three to five minutes; then pass
+up with N. P. over the anterior parts of the chest, two or three
+minutes; and, next, place N. P. low on the back of neck, with P. P.
+still at feet, two or three minutes. Treat in this manner once daily.
+
+If at any time the bowels should become unusually flatulent, and
+evacuations should increase in frequency, change the treatment. Place
+N. P. at back of neck, as before, and treat about five minutes with P.
+P. (force increased to _moderate_ current) over the abdomen, daily, from
+one to three days, as may be necessary. After this, resume treatment as
+first above prescribed.
+
+
+COLIC--_of whatever kind_.
+
+Use A D current, pretty strong force. In severe cases, introduce the
+rectum instrument N. P., _long cord_, or in mild cases, place
+sponge-roll N. P., _long cord_, at coccyx, and treat with P. P. over all
+the abdomen, three to five minutes. It may be repeated, if necessary, in
+thirty minutes.
+
+
+CHOLERA MORBUS.
+
+Keep the patient still as possible on his back. Use A D current, strong
+force. Place N. P., _long cord_, at coccyx, and treat with P. P. over
+abdomen, five to ten minutes, and repeat, if necessary, in thirty to
+sixty minutes. If there be cramps, touch the contracted muscles with the
+P. P., for a few moments, without disturbing N. P.
+
+
+CHOLERA.--(_Malignant._)
+
+As in cholera morbus, keep the patient on his back, still as can be. Use
+A D current, _full medium strength_.
+
+In the early stage, or during the "_rice-water_" discharges, and down to
+the time of collapse, treat the abdomen and thorax with P. P., having N.
+P., _long cord_, on back of neck--not too near the head. After treating
+so a few moments--say four to six minutes--remove P. P. to the back, and
+pass it along close upon each side of the spinous processes from the
+lower lumbar up to about the middle of the dorsal vertebræ. Continue
+this about three or four minutes.
+
+If _cramping_ accompany the vomiting and purging, carry the P. P. a part
+of the time to the muscles in spasm, leaving N. P. still at the back of
+neck, with _long cord_.
+
+Repeat the above processes as often as once an hour until symptoms
+improve. Then reduce their frequency as the case will admit of.
+
+_In the state of collapse_, place P. P., _long cord_, at the coccyx, and
+manipulate with N. P. over the entire trunk and arms; bestowing a larger
+share of treatment along up the spine than elsewhere. Then remove P.
+P., _long cord_, to feet, and work with N. P. all over the lower limbs
+and hips. Treat in this stage of the disease some six or eight minutes
+at a time, and repeat it as the case seems to demand--once in thirty
+minutes to once in two, four or six hours, until improvement or death
+shall ensue. (See page 81.)
+
+
+DYSENTERY.
+
+Treat exactly as in _acute diarrh[oe]a_, except that P. P. should be
+moved more over the _colon_ and _rectum_ than in diarrh[oe]a.
+
+
+CONSTIPATION OF BOWELS.
+
+This disease may proceed from either a _negative_ condition--a state of
+_atony_ from lack of nutrition, or a _partial paralysis_ of the
+bowels--or from a _positive_ condition--a state of _relaxation_ and
+consequent weakness of the muscular tissues of the bowels. In either of
+these cases, the peristaltic action of the intestines becomes enfeebled,
+and constipation ensues.
+
+In either case, use the A D current, of medium force. In the
+first-mentioned case, place P. P. at back of neck, or in the mouth with
+tongue instrument, and treat with N. P. over liver, stomach and bowels;
+or place N. P. at the anus. Treat so five to eight minutes.
+
+In the second-specified case, place N. P. at back of neck or on the
+dorsal vertebræ, and treat with P. P. over the bowels five to eight
+minutes.
+
+In both cases, repeat the treatment daily until relief is afforded. Or,
+if the case be _chronic_, treat daily for three or four days, and, after
+that, three times a week. It is well also to give _general tonic
+treatment_ as often as once a week. The patient should be urged to
+retire and _invite_ an evacuation regularly, about the same hour daily,
+whether success attend it or not.
+
+
+HÆMORRHOIDS. (_Piles._)
+
+If the case be recent, take the B D current; if old, take A D. Place the
+patient in a recumbent position, and let the rectum instrument, P. P.,
+be introduced, _wet_. Manipulate with N. P. along the spine upon the
+dorsal vertebræ. Where there is _prolapsus ani_, the sponge-roll, placed
+at the anus, may be used instead of the rectum instrument, particularly
+for the first few treatments.
+
+
+RHEUMATISM. (_Acute Inflammatory._)
+
+First ascertain if the kidneys be morbidly positive--urine scant and too
+highly colored. If so, as is commonly the case, begin with the B D
+current, good medium force. Place N. P. at the pelvis, and treat over
+the kidneys with P. P. some three or four minutes. Let this be the
+commencement of every treatment until _this_ difficulty is corrected.
+
+Next, change to A D current. If the disease be located in the hips or
+lower limbs, put the feet in warm water with the tin electrode N. P., or
+place the sponge-roll N. P. at the soles of the feet, and treat with P.
+P. upon and a little above the affected parts; using such force of
+current as the patient can bear. The pain will commonly subside under
+treatment. If the disease be as low as the ankles or feet, use the _long
+cord_ with N. P.
+
+If the shoulders, arms or hands be affected, treat them on the same
+principles as are prescribed for the _lower_ limbs; using the _long
+cord_ with N. P. when the disease is below the elbows.
+
+When the disease is in the hands or feet, or near to them, if the
+shoulders or hips be not involved, it is often necessary, after three
+or four treatments as above described, to _reverse the poles_ for a few
+moments, giving an ascending current; but still using the _long cord_
+with N. P.
+
+If the disease be located anywhere in the trunk, neck or head, treat the
+affected part with P. P., placing N. P. on some adjacent part of the
+spine, and usually at a point somewhat _lower down_ than the disease.
+
+For acute inflammatory rheumatism, treat once a day. The length of time
+for each treatment must depend on the location and extent of the
+affected part or parts. In this matter, the practitioner must decide for
+himself, or infer from the time prescribed in the treatment of other
+inflammatory affections.
+
+
+RHEUMATISM. (_Chronic._)
+
+Use the A D current _always_ in rheumatic affections. If there be no
+visible inflammation or swelling in the diseased parts, approach such
+parts in the same manner as in acute inflammatory rheumatism, except
+with _reversed poles_. The parts affected require to come under the N.
+P. rather than the P. P., and to be treated with considerable force.
+There are _apparently_ exceptional cases, referred to on page 83, which
+see.
+
+Where joints are being dislocated, treat the parts with N. P., quite
+mild force, so long as it can be done without exciting acute
+inflammation. If this should arise, it must be repressed with P. P.
+
+Treat chronic rheumatism about three times a week.
+
+
+DROPSY.
+
+Use the A D current, moderate force. Give _general tonic treatment_;
+then place P. P. with the feet, in a vessel of warm water, or place the
+sponge-roll P. P. at the soles of the feet, and treat the affected parts
+a few minutes with N. P., to quicken the absorbents. If the disease be
+in the feet or lower limbs, use _long cord_ with P. P. while treating
+them. Next place N. P. upon the lower part of the bladder, or, what is
+better, immediately below the pubic articulation, and treat over the
+kidneys three to five minutes with P. P. Repeat the treatments about
+three times a week.
+
+
+NEURALGIA.
+
+If the disease be general in the system, moving from place to place, or
+causing transient acute pains here and there, give general tonic
+treatment, three times a week, for several weeks--perhaps a month or
+two, provided the case be an old one. This will invigorate the nervous
+system and equalize the electric action. _Relief_ will be afforded soon;
+but for the sake of _cure_, the treatment of an old case should be
+continued as here directed. If the disease be _local_, use the B D
+current, with as much force as the patient can bear without irritating
+painfulness. Treat the affected part, or parts, with P. P., placing N.
+P., _long cord_, upon some approximate healthy part, at a point a little
+lower down than the part in pain. The spine, when convenient, is
+commonly the best point for it. In treating the painful part, pass the
+electrode more or less also over the nerves adjacent to the one
+principally affected. Treat five to eight minutes daily.
+
+
+SCIATICA.
+
+This is neuralgia in an ischiatic nerve, commonly the _great_ ischiatic.
+
+Use the B D current, strong as the patient can well bear. Place the foot
+in warm water with N. P., or place the sponge-roll N. P. at the sole of
+the foot, (the former is the best,) and treat with P. P. over the
+painful part, and also, more or less, over adjacent parts. It is also
+well, in order to prevent too much exhaustion of the limb, to _reverse
+the poles_ every third or fourth time; but in so doing, use the _long
+cord_ with N. P.
+
+
+PARALYSIS.
+
+Take the B D current, medium force. If the paralysis be in a lower limb,
+place P. P., _long cord_, upon the lower lumbar vertebræ, so as to reach
+the hypogastric plexus, and treat with the metallic brush, N. P., five
+to eight minutes, over all the affected parts. Then close the sitting
+with _reversed poles_, about one to two minutes, having P. P., _long
+cord_, at the foot, and manipulating over the parts affected, and
+especially over the lumbar vertebræ, with N. P. This is to prevent
+depletion by _running off_ the electro-vital fluid too much, and to
+force the electric current through the nerves in an upward and inward
+tonic-giving direction. If the disease be in an arm or hand, treat it in
+a manner analogous to the above; extending the treatment from back of
+neck to the affected parts.
+
+In case of _hemiplegia_ or _paraplegia_, run the current from the
+healthy _side_ of the spine, (in hemiplegia,) or from a healthy _part_
+of the spine, (in paraplegia,) to and through the paralyzed parts, by
+placing P. P., _long cord_, on spine, and manipulating with N. P.,
+metallic brush commonly, upon the parts paralyzed. Close the treatment
+with reversed poles for a moment or two, as in the preceding cases.
+_Old_ paralysis requires considerable _time_ to cure it. Treat about
+three times a week, occasionally omitting a week.
+
+
+ERYSIPELAS.
+
+Take the A. D. current, medium force, in all forms of the diseases.
+
+1. When acute, and characterized by high inflammation, with bright,
+smooth swelling, and spreading gradually and sometimes rapidly to
+surrounding parts; or when small vesicles appear on the inflamed parts,
+which dry up in little branlike scales and fall off.
+
+If it be located anywhere upon the face, place N. P., _long cord_, upon
+back of neck, and treat the parts affected with P. P. Treat about three
+to five minutes at a time, three or four times daily.
+
+If it be located in the arm or hand, place the extremity in tepid water
+with N. P., _long cord_, and treat upon or just above the diseased part
+with P. P.
+
+If it be in any part of the trunk, (which, in this form, is not so
+common,) place N. P., _long cord_, upon some point of the spine as near
+the diseased part as may be, but a little lower down, and treat the part
+affected with P. P.
+
+In each of these cases, treat briefly, but frequently, as directed
+above.
+
+2. When small, blister-like, serous vesicles--_phlyctæna_--appear, and
+the inflammation terminates in gangrene; or when there is such an
+infiltration of serum as to produce an [oe]dematous condition, place P.
+P., _long cord_, upon some convenient healthy part, (the spinal cord, or
+other nerve centre which gives nervous service to the part affected, is
+best,) and treat the lesion with N. P., _light force_, five to eight
+minutes daily.
+
+
+ERUPTIVE CUTANEOUS DISEASES.
+
+Take A D current, pretty _vigorous_ force in _acute_ cases; _mild_ in
+_chronic_ affections. If the eruption be inflamed and acute, use _long
+cord_ with N. P.; if sluggish and chronic, use _long cord_ with P. P.
+Move the two electrodes parallel to each other, upon the patient, about
+two or three inches apart; and pass them over all the affected surface.
+Repeat the treatment daily in acute affections, and three times a week
+in chronic cases.
+
+
+COMMON CRAMP.
+
+Although either the positive or the negative pole, applied to the
+healthy muscle, may produce spasmodic contraction, yet the negative pole
+contracts much more powerfully than the positive--a fact which shows an
+electrically _plus_ condition in the nerves and muscles involved. Yet we
+know that cramps are more apt to attend a _low_ condition of general
+vitality in the system than the opposite. From several considerations,
+which can not be detailed here, I am led to think that cramps are
+produced, generally, at least, by a temporary or spasmodic _reaction_ of
+the electro-vital force from an improperly negative to an excessively
+positive state in the parts affected.
+
+My practice is, when the spasm is on, to treat the parts in cramp by
+momentary touches rapidly repeated, with the P. P. of the B D or A D
+current, good medium force, placing N. P. at the back of neck, if the
+disturbance be in an arm; or at the coccyx, if it be in a leg or in the
+abdomen or chest.
+
+In treating parts subject to cramp while the spasm is _not_ on, give
+them, along with other parts of the system, _general tonic treatment_,
+as directed on page 95. This elevates and equalizes the electro-vital
+action, and relieves the difficulty.
+
+
+TRISMUS. (_Lockjaw._)
+
+For traumatic trismus, use the B D current, of vigorous force. Let the
+wound be kept open and clear, except that soothing emollients may be
+applied. Place N. P. at the coccyx, or near it on the spine; and then
+treat, by firm but momentary touches of the P. P., over the lower
+maxillary--_pterygoid_--muscles and nerves; indeed, over the _entire_
+lower jaw and its articulations. Treat five to ten minutes, if
+necessary, or until the jaws relax.
+
+
+TETANUS.
+
+This is substantially the same thing as _trismus_, except that it
+extends to other parts, and often to nearly all the muscles of the
+organism. Under ordinary treatment, it is almost invariably fatal. I am
+not aware that it has been sufficiently submitted to _our_ electrical
+system to determine satisfactorily the question of its amenability to
+it. Yet I see no reason to doubt that, in the most of cases, when taken
+within reasonable time, it may be cured.
+
+Use the B D current, in pretty strong force. Place the N. P., _long
+cord_, at the feet, and treat with P. P. from the medulla oblongata, or
+from the upper cervical vertebra, all along down the spine, for several
+minutes--say, three to five minutes. Then pass with P. P. over the whole
+trunk and limbs. Continue to treat until relaxation takes place, or all
+hope of relief departs.
+
+
+CANCERS.
+
+Cancers take on a variety of forms, distinguished by different names;
+but since they all require substantially the same electrical treatment,
+it is unnecessary here to describe them.
+
+Begin with the A B current in pretty full volume. [The _volume_ of the
+current is increased by increasing the quantity of battery fluid.] Use
+this for several weeks, and then change to the A D current. Treat
+daily. The time for each treatment must be determined by the judgment of
+the practitioner; varying it according to the peculiar character and
+location of the disease.
+
+If the cancer be on the face, or on any part of the head or breast,
+place P. P. on back of neck; but if it be in the stomach, uterus, or any
+of the abdominal viscera, place P. P. on spine, a little higher than the
+affected part. Then treat the disease with N. P., _long cord_, so as to
+run the current immediately _out_ from the lesion, and yet bring the
+latter on the _negative_ side[E] of the central point in the circuit;
+that is, within the negative half of the whole circuit.
+
+
+ASPHYXIA. (_Suspended Animation._)
+
+Use B D current, pretty strong force. Place P. P. at back of
+neck--second or third cervical vertebra, and treat with N. P., over all
+the chest and along the lower margin of the ribs, so as to excite the
+pectoral muscles, lungs and diaphragm.
+
+
+RECENT WOUNDS, CONTUSIONS AND BURNS.
+
+Use the B D current, strong force as can be borne. Bring the lesion
+under P. P., and place N. P. at discretion, in view of the location of
+the injury. Treat five to eight minutes, twice or thrice on the same
+day. Unless the injury is very severe, no further treatment will be
+required. Healing will take place with little or no soreness or
+swelling. In severe cases, repeat the treatment whenever inflammation
+gets too high. If _fungus_--"proud flesh"--should appear, treat that
+with a small-pointed electrode, N. P., placing P. P. on a healthy part,
+not remote, using A C current, in pretty strong force.
+
+
+OLD ULCERS.
+
+Take the A D current. If _torpid_, treat with mild force. Treat the sore
+with N. P., while P. P. is held upon some healthy part, and usually at a
+higher point. Treat five to ten minutes, three or four times a week. If
+_high inflammation_ be present, this must first be reduced by applying
+P. P., in pretty strong force, with N. P., on a healthy part not far
+away. For this purpose, treat some five to eight minutes daily. Then,
+when the inflammation is sufficiently subdued, treat as when _torpid_,
+with mild force and less frequently. It is best, when it can be done, to
+place the affected part in warm water along with N. P.; bringing the
+ulcer immediately above the surface of the water.
+
+
+HEMORRHAGE.
+
+Take B D current, strong force. Apply P. P. to the open blood-vessel, or
+as near to it as possible; placing N. P., _long cord_, to some adjacent
+part, and, as nearly as practicable, in the direction from which the
+blood chiefly comes.
+
+
+CHLOROSIS. (_Green Sickness._)
+
+This is a disease mostly or entirely peculiar to young women who have
+not menstruated, and disappears on the establishment of the monthly
+periods.
+
+Take the A D current. If any symptoms exist of an effort of nature to
+bring on the menses, note the _time_ of them, and regard it, in the
+treatment, as the proper monthly period. If no symptoms of such a period
+are perceptible, the practitioner must _fix_ upon a time for it, and
+regard it accordingly. About four to six days before the periodic time,
+commence to treat as follows, using a _moderate force_: Insert the
+uterine electrode, N. P., wet in warm water, per vagina, until it meets
+the uterus; and manipulate with P. P. over the dorsal and first two
+lumbar vertebræ, and more or less over the back on both sides of the
+spinal column, some six or eight minutes daily, down to the period fixed
+upon for the catamenia to appear. If they do not start, let the patient
+rest for some four or five days, and then begin with _general tonic
+treatment_. (See page 95.) Continue this, three times a week, until
+within a little less than a week of the _periodic_ time, when the same
+treatment with the uterine electrode as was at first employed should be
+resumed, and again be continued to the time assigned for the menses. If
+no success should appear, return, after a few days, to _general tonic
+treatment_ as before. Let these forms of treatment be prosecuted until
+success crowns the effort. Ordinarily, not many months--perhaps not more
+than one or two months--will be required; especially, if the treatment
+be aided, on the part of the patient, by a good degree of moderate
+exercise in the open air, and a free, nourishing diet.
+
+
+AMENORRH[OE]A. (_Suppressed Menstruation._)
+
+Treat as for _chlorosis_. But if the case be recent--the effect of
+taking cold--begin, in the first few sittings, to treat eight or ten
+minutes as for common cold; then conclude the sitting by treating, about
+as many minutes, in the same manner as prescribed for chlorosis.
+
+
+DYSMENORRH[OE]A. (_Painful Menstruation._)
+
+If the disease be occasioned by uterine displacement, obstructing the
+_os uteri_, the organ must be restored to its normal position. This can
+best be done by mechanical action. But it is most commonly occasioned by
+irritation of the mucus membrane lining the interior cavity of the
+uterus. Mucus surfaces, under _chronic_ irritation, are electrically
+negative. Therefore, in this case, if it be an _old_ one, taking the A D
+current, _very mild force_, apply the uterine electrode, N. P., to the
+_os uteri_, and treat over the lower dorsal and upper lumbar vertebræ
+with P. P., _long cord_. Treat five to eight minutes, three times a
+week.
+
+But I should add, that recovery from this infirmity, when occasioned by
+uterine irritation, will be much aided by commencing each sitting with
+a _general tonic treatment_ (see page 95), and closing with the
+treatment just above prescribed.
+
+The last described form of dysmenorrh[oe]a is sometimes attended with
+spasmodic contraction of the _os uteri_, thus preventing the catamenial
+flow. This may be readily relieved by applying P. P. to uterus, and N.
+P. to lower dorsal and upper lumbar vertebræ.
+
+
+MENORRHAGIA. (_Excessive Menstruation._)
+
+If the menstrual flow is apt to terminate in hemorrhage, it is best to
+give _general tonic treatments_, about three times a week, between the
+periods; and during the last four or five days before color is expected
+to appear, to take the B D current, medium force, and treat the uterus
+directly, once a day, with the uterine electrode P. P., while moving N.
+P. over the dorsal vertebræ, about five to eight minutes, at the close
+of _general tonic treatment_.
+
+If there be no _hemorrhage_, properly, but only too profuse or too
+long-continued flow of catamenia, the discharge may commonly be stopped
+by one or two treatments, of eight to ten minutes each, with the uterine
+electrode, as prescribed above.
+
+
+PROLAPSUS UTERI. (_Falling of the Womb._)
+
+Take the B D current, of good medium force, and give _general tonic
+treatment_ (see page 95), on alternate days, ten minutes, passing
+briefly over the several parts. After this, treat five to eight minutes
+with uterine electrode, in the manner prescribed for _menorrhagia_. Then
+close the sitting by removing the uterine instrument, substituting the
+sponge-cup as P. P., and treating with it externally, about five
+minutes, over the pelvic region, while N. P. is stationed on the spine,
+at the first or second dorsal vertebra.
+
+On the _intervening_ days, treat only with the uterine electrode, as
+above prescribed.
+
+
+LEUCORRH[OE]A. (_Whites._)
+
+Take A D current, _very mild_ force. Introduce the vaginal electrode, N.
+P., until it meets the uterus, and manipulate with P. P. over the dorsal
+vertebræ five to eight minutes, three times a week. Once or twice a
+week, on the intervening days, give _general tonic treatment_. Omit
+treatment altogether, for one or two weeks, once in two to three
+months. Considerable time is often required for the cure of old cases.
+
+
+SPERMATORRH[OE]A.
+
+The points to be gained are, to reduce the action of the amatorial
+organs of the brain and the secretion of the _testes_, and to contract
+and strengthen the tissue of the seminal vesicles and the prostrate
+gland.
+
+Take the B D current. First, treat the lowest part of the cerebellum, on
+both sides of the spinal cord, with a _mild_ force; using P. P. upon
+these organs of amativeness, and N. P. on the dorsal vertebræ. Treat so
+some three minutes. Next, increase the current to medium force; and,
+taking a handled cup or mug, holding a pint to a quart, mostly filled
+with tepid water, drop the _penis_ and _testicles_ into it, along with
+the tin electrode P. P., and move N. P., _long cord_, over the lumbar
+vertebræ. Treat in this manner about five minutes. Then place the P. P.
+on the pelvis, close above the penis, and again treat with N. P., _long
+cord_, over the small of the back, two or three minutes. Treat about
+three times a week.
+
+
+IMPOTENCE.
+
+Take B D current, moderate force. Treat exactly as in spermatorrh[oe]a,
+except with _reversed poles_, using the _long cord_ with P. P. Treat
+thrice a week.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] The _process_ of this will probably be explained if another edition
+should be called for. It is given in one of the author's Class Lectures.
+
+[B] Study carefully _Polarization of the Circuit_, page 29.
+
+[C] _Polarization of the Circuit_, page 29.
+
+[D] By a current of _good medium strength_, I mean one which, in the
+hands, is ordinarily felt rather strongly, yet not sufficiently so to
+produce distress.
+
+[E] See _Polarization of the Circuit_. Page 29.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Endnotes:
+
+    The following corrections have been made to the original text:
+
+      Contents & P. 123. "H[oe]morrhoids" amended to _Hæmorrhoids_.
+
+      P. xix & P. 36. "faradaism" amended to _faradism_. This, however,
+      could be an obscure variant as with Faradaic, Faradic.
+
+      P. 101. "pilorus" amended to _pylorus_.
+
+      P. 130. "[oe]demetous" amended to _[oe]dematous_.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Newly Discovered System of
+Electrical Medication, by Daniel Clark
+
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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Newly Discovered System of Electrical Medication, by Daniel Clark
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Newly Discovered System of Electrical
+Medication, by Daniel Clark
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Newly Discovered System of Electrical Medication
+
+Author: Daniel Clark
+
+Release Date: December 11, 2007 [EBook #23813]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ELECTRICAL MEDICATION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephen Blundell and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from scans of public domain works at the
+University of Michigan's Making of America collection.)
+
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+</pre>
+
+
+<h1><small>A NEWLY DISCOVERED SYSTEM</small><br />
+<small><small>OF</small></small><br />
+<span class="smcap">ELECTRICAL MEDICATION.</span></h1>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">By</span> DANIEL CLARK, A. M.</h2>
+
+<p class="pub1"><big>CINCINNATI:</big><br />
+PRINTED BY HITCHCOCK AND WALDEN,<br />
+<small>FOR THE AUTHOR.</small><br />
+1875.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="pub2">Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Daniel Clark, A. M.,</span><br />
+<br />
+In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the<br />
+Northern District of Illinois.</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In</span> the summer of 1866, the author of this little
+book, moved by the repeated and earnest solicitation
+of his Medical Classes, prepared and printed a small
+pamphlet entitled <i>Practical Principles of Medical
+Electricity</i>, designed more particularly, as the present
+work also is, as a <i>Hand-Book</i> to assist the memory
+of those who have taken a regular course of <span class="smcap">Lectures</span>
+from himself, or from some other competent
+instructor in the same general system of Practice.
+The edition of that work was exhausted somewhat
+more than a year ago. Still, the book has continued
+to be frequently called for. The author has, therefore,
+prepared, and now offers to the Profession, the
+present volume, comprising the substance of the
+previous work&mdash;corrected, improved in arrangement
+and form, and about doubled in size by the introduction
+of new matter. While he has reason for
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span>gratitude that the former manual, referred to above,
+has met with so favorable a reception, he can not
+but hope that the present work will be found even
+more acceptable and valuable to both practitioners
+and their patients.</p>
+
+<p>It is but justice to say that the most essential
+principles of <i>practice</i> here presented did not originate
+with the present author, but with <span class="smcap">Prof. C. H.
+Bolles</span>, of Philadelphia, their discoverer, from
+whom the writer received his first introduction to
+them. Yet, the <i>explanations</i> here given of the Law
+of Polarization, as respects the electric current in
+the circuit of the artificial machine, as well as
+respecting the natural magnets and magnetic currents
+of the human organism; the introduction of
+the <i>long cord</i>, with the explanation of its advantages;
+and also nearly everything of the <i>philosophic
+theories</i> here brought to view, the author alone is
+responsible for.</p>
+
+<p>This work, like its little predecessor from the
+same pen, has been adapted exclusively to the use of
+<span class="smcap">Dr. Jerome Kidder's</span> Electro-Magnetic Machine,
+manufactured and sold, at present, at No. 544 Broadway,
+New York; because the author, having used in
+his own practice a considerable variety of the most
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span>popular machines intended for therapeutic purposes,
+and having examined several others, believes this to
+be incomparably <i>the best in use</i>. Dr. Kidder has,
+with most laudable zeal, pressed on his researches
+and improvements in the manufacture of these instruments,
+until there seems to be scarcely anything
+more in them to be desired. They are certainly not
+equalled by any others in America, and probably not
+surpassed, if equalled, by any in the world.</p>
+
+<p class="author1">D. C.</p>
+<p class="author2"><span class="smcap">Plainfield, Ill.</span>, June, 1869.</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td class="toc1"></td><td class="toc2">Page.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Introduction</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc3" colspan="2">FIRST PRINCIPLES.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc1">Dr. Jerome Kidder's Electro-Magnetic Machine</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Polarization</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">The Electric Circuit</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Polarization of the Circuit</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">The Central Point of the Circuit</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">The Current</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Modifications of Electricity</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">The Vital Forces&mdash;Animal and Vegetable</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Extent of Electric Agency</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Theory of Man</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">The Lower Animals</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">The Vegetable Kingdom</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Natural Polarization of Man's Physical Organism</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Electrical Classification of Diseases</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Philosophy of Disease and Cure</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc3" colspan="2">PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii"><small>[viii]</small></a></span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc1">Polar Antagonism</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Importance of Noting the Central Point</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Distinctive Use of Each Pole</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Use of the Long Cord</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">The Inward and the Outward Current</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Mechanical Effect of Each Pole</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Relaxed and Atrophied Conditions</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">General Direction of the Current</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Treating With Electrolytic Currents</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Positive and Negative Manifestations</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Healing</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Diagnosis</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc3" colspan="2">PRESCRIPTIONS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Preliminary Remarks</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">General Tonic Treatment</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Common Colds</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Cephalagia (<span class="sci">Headache</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Deafness</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc1">Noises in the Head</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Inflamed Eyes</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Amaurosis</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Strabismus (<span class="sci">Discordance of the Eyes</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Catarrh (<span class="sci">Acute</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Catarrh (<span class="sci">Chronic</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc1">Diphtheria</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Aphonia (<span class="sci">Loss of Voice</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_106">106</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Croup</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Asthma</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Hepatization of Lungs</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Pneumonia</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc1">Pulmonary Phthisis (<span class="sci">Consumption</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Neuralgia and Rheumatism of the Heart</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Enlargement and Ossification of the Heart</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Palpitation of the Heart</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Torpid Liver</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc1">Hepatitis (<span class="sci">Inflammation of Liver</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Enlargement of Liver</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Biliary Calculi (<span class="sci">Gravel in Liver</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Intermittent Fever (<span class="sci">Ague and Fever</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Nephritis (<span class="sci">Inflammation of Kidneys</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc1">Renal Calculi (<span class="sci">Gravel in the Kidneys</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Diabetes (<span class="sci">A Kidney Disease</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Dyspepsia</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Acute Diarrh&#339;a</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Chronic Diarrh&#339;a</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc1">Cholic (<span class="sci">of whatever kind</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Cholera Morbus</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Cholera (<span class="sci">Malignant</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Dysentery</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Constipation of Bowels</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc1">H&aelig;morrhoids (<span class="sci">Piles</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Rheumatism (<span class="sci">Acute Inflammatory</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Rheumatism (<span class="sci">Chronic</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_125">125</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc1">Dropsy</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Neuralgia</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Sciatica</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Paralysis</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Erysipelas</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc1">Eruptive Cutaneous Diseases</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Common Cramp</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Trismus (<span class="sci">Lockjaw</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Tetanus</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Cancers</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc1">Asphyxia (<span class="sci">Suspended Animation</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Recent Wounds, Contusions and Burns</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Old Ulcers</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Hemorrhage</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Chlorosis (<span class="sci">Green Sickness</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc1">Amenorrh&#339;a (<span class="sci">Suppressed Menstruation</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Dysmenorrh&#339;a (<span class="sci">Painful Menstruation</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Menorrhagia (<span class="sci">Excessive Menstruation</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Prolapsus Uteri (<span class="sci">Falling of the Womb</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Leucorrh&#339;a (<span class="sci">Whites</span>)</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Spermatorrh&#339;a</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="toc1">Impotence</td><td class="toc2"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr>
+
+</table></div>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Considerable</span> parts of this book have been written
+for the unlearned. For the scholarly reader such
+parts, of course, would be wholly superfluous; yet it
+is hoped that they to whom these are familiar will be
+patient in passing through them for the sake of
+others to whom they may be instructive. Other parts,
+again, it is believed, will be found new to the most of
+even educated minds. But men of the largest intellectual
+attainments are commonly the most docile.
+Such men, meeting this little work, will not shrink
+from a candid examination of its contents merely on
+account of their comparative novelty, nor because the
+views expressed differ essentially from those usually
+held by the medical faculty. The candid, yet critical,
+attention of such gentlemen, the author especially
+solicits. He assures them that he does not write at
+random, but from careful research and practical experience.
+His <i>philosophic theories</i> he offers only for
+what they are worth. His <i>principles of practice</i> he
+believes to be scientifically correct and of great value.</p>
+
+<p>Let it not be supposed that the author, in this
+work, assumes a belligerent attitude towards the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span>
+members of the medical profession. Although anxious
+to modify and elevate their estimate of electricity
+as a remedial agent, and to improve their methods of
+using it, he has no sympathy with those who profess
+to believe, and who assert, that medicines of the
+apothecary never effect the cure of disease; that where
+they are thought to cure, they simply do not kill;
+and who contend that the patient would have recovered
+quicker and better to have taken no medicine at
+all. He knows that such allegations are false, as
+they are extravagant; and so does every candid and
+unprejudiced observer whose experience has given
+him ordinary opportunities to judge. The writer believes
+it can be perfectly demonstrated that the advancement
+of medical science in modern times&mdash;say
+within the last two or three hundred years&mdash;has
+served to essentially prolong the average term of
+human life. The world owes to medical instructors
+and practitioners a debt of gratitude which can never
+be paid. Their laborious and often perilous research
+in the fields of their profession, and their untiring
+assiduity in the application of their science and skill
+to the relief of human suffering, entitle them to a degree
+of confidence and affectionate esteem which few
+other classes of public servants can rightly claim.
+For one, the author of this little book most sincerely
+concedes to them, as a body, his confidence, his sympathy,
+and his grateful respect. And the most that
+he is willing to say to their discredit, (if it be so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span>
+construed), is that he regards them as having not yet
+attained <i>perfection</i> in their high profession, and as
+not being generally as willing as they should be to
+examine fairly into the alleged merits of remedial
+agents and improved principles of practice, (claimed
+to be such), when brought forward by intelligent,
+cultivated and respectable men, outside of "the regular
+profession." This is said at the same time that
+the author gives much weight to their commonly
+offered defense, viz: that, in the midst of professional
+engagements, they have not always the time to spare
+for such examination; and that, since the most of alleged
+improvements in the healing art, particularly
+of those introduced by persons who have not received
+a regular medical education, sooner or later prove
+themselves to be worthless, the <i>presumption</i>&mdash;though
+not the <i>certainty</i>&mdash;is, whenever a new agent, or a new
+method or principle is proposed by an "outsider,"
+that this, too, if not willful charlatanism, is a mistake;
+and therefore, the sooner it comes to an end
+the better it will be for the public health, and that
+neglect is the surest way to kill it.</p>
+
+<p>But the medical faculty have too widely employed
+electricity in the treatment of disease, and that with
+too frequent success, to admit of its being denied a
+place among important therapeutic agents by any respectable
+practitioner. The only questions concerning
+it now are those which relate to the <i>versatility</i> of
+its power, the <i>scope</i> of its useful applicability, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</a></span>
+the <i>principles</i> which should guide in the administration
+of it. The general subject embraced in these
+questions is one in which suffering humanity has a
+right to claim that physicians shall be at home.</p>
+
+<p>And yet it will scarcely be denied that, in the exhibition
+of electricity, more than of almost any other
+therapeutic agent, medical practitioners feel incertitude
+as to what shall be its effect. Now and then it
+acts as they expected it to do; sometimes it pleasantly
+surprises them; oftener it offensively disappoints
+them. They find it <i>unreliable</i>. Of other remedial
+agents, they commonly know, before administering
+them, what <i>sort</i> of effect will be produced; but in employing
+this, while they have hope, they are generally
+more or less in doubt. They regard it as <i>a
+stimulant</i>; although its action on the living organism
+appears to them to be largely veiled in mystery. In
+many cases of disease, particularly those of acutely
+inflammatory or febrile character, they judge it to be
+not at all indicated. To administer it in a case of
+bilious or typhoid fever, or in a case of pneumonia,
+pleuritis, gastritis, inflammatory rheumatism, or
+acute, and especially <i>epidemic</i> or malignant dysentery,
+or in a case of pulmonary phthisis, would probably
+be viewed by the most of physicians as the
+rashest empiricism, if not the next thing to madness.
+<i>The idea of producing antagonistic effects with it at
+will</i>, they would, for the most part, esteem preposterous.
+Rather, perhaps, it may be said of the majority<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[xv]</a></span>
+of medical practitioners that such an idea has
+never entered their minds; so foreign is it to their
+conceptions of truth and propriety. But, at whatever
+risk of discredit or censure, the writer of the
+present volume avers that this idea is both scientifically
+sound and of every day's practical verification.
+The various and opposite forms of disease&mdash;acute
+and chronic, hypersthenic and asthenic&mdash;are habitually
+treated and <i>cured</i>, in his own practice and that
+of his students, by electricity alone.</p>
+
+<p>But "<i>cui bono?</i>" may be asked. "What if it be
+true that these things can be done with electricity?
+They are also done with medicines, which are more
+quickly and conveniently administered, and usually
+less annoying to the patient. What, therefore, is
+the <i>practical utility</i> of your electric system above
+the ordinary practice, especially if we include, in the
+latter, electrical treatment as occasionally employed
+by the most of respectable physicians?"</p>
+
+<p>This is the important question&mdash;that to which
+the author desires to call particular attention. He,
+therefore, answers:</p>
+
+<p><i>First.</i>&mdash;It is manifestly true that the most of diseases,
+(the exceptions are comparatively few), can be
+cured by the use of medicines. It is also true that
+these can generally be administered with more convenience
+and less expenditure of time to the practitioner
+than electricity; and this is a great advantage.
+The author is often asked if he thinks his electric<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</a></span>
+system will ever supersede the use of medicines.
+His answer is uniformly, "No." It takes too much
+time for that. Where the population is crowded, as
+in cities and large towns, it is often the case, especially
+in times of prevailing epidemic, that a physician
+can prescribe medicine for half a dozen or more
+patients in the time required to treat one electrically.
+To reject medicines and rely alone on electricity would,
+in periods and places of prevailing sickness, leave
+many sufferers without professional service, or would
+require that the proportion of doctors to the whole
+population should be largely increased&mdash;a thing certainly
+not often to be desired. So much, candor
+must concede.</p>
+
+<p><i>Second.</i>&mdash;It is not quite true that medicines are
+usually less annoying to the patient than electricity
+as <i>we</i> use it. As administered by others, it is often
+nearly intolerable. In our hands, on the contrary, it
+seldom inflicts any pain or distress, and almost invariably
+becomes agreeable to the patient after a very
+few applications. We have no occasion to torture
+our patients in order to cure them. But the cases
+are comparatively rare where medicines are not
+offensive; commonly they are excessively so.</p>
+
+<p><i>Third.</i>&mdash;In not a few diseases, and these among
+the most dangerous or distressful, the electric current,
+employed according to the system here taught,
+is able to reach, control and cure, with facility, where
+medicines are but slowly, and in most instances imperfectly
+successful, or fail altogether. This is said,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</a></span>
+or meant to be said, not invidiously nor boastingly,
+but in the candid utterance of a great and practically
+demonstrated truth. It is, perhaps, most <i>often</i> exemplified
+in neuralgic, rheumatic and paralytic affections.
+The author is happy to acknowledge that
+these diseases are frequently mitigated, and occasionally
+cured, by means of electrical treatment administered
+by those who know nothing of the system
+here taught. But the important fact is, in <i>their</i>
+hands there is <i>no certainty</i> as to the effect before
+trial. Under <i>this</i> system, the kind of effect is as
+certainly known before as after the trial, since it can
+be made one thing or another <i>at will</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cases are not unfrequently presented of <i>inflammatory
+action</i>, more especially where it is internal&mdash;traumatic
+cases and others&mdash;which the practitioner
+finds it impossible to subdue with medicine. But,
+with a proper knowledge of the system herein taught,
+he has at his command a power with which he can
+control such cases with almost infallible certainty,
+provided he can get access to them within reasonable
+time. The same may be said of fevers, particularly
+those occasioned by miasmatic or infectious virus.
+These are often difficult to manage by the use of
+medicine, and not seldom prove fatal, in spite of the
+best talent and skill which the profession can afford.
+But the electric current, rightly selected and scientifically
+applied, destroys or neutralizes the virus
+and restores the normal polarization, and so effects
+a cure.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[xviii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Neuralgic affections</i> are frequently found difficult,
+or even impossible, to be cured by means of medicines,
+and yet, in the very same cases, these affections
+yield and disappear with comparative facility when
+brought under the electric current, judiciously applied,
+according to the principles of this new system.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chronic cases, and others of an asthenic character</i>,
+are often very stubborn under the medicines of pharmacy,
+and are commonly the dread of physicians;
+yet, under scientific treatment by electricity, they
+rarely fail to lose their formidable character and to
+become obedient to the remedial agent.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fourth.</i>&mdash;In enumerating a few of the peculiar
+advantages of this system, I should add that it corrects
+the usual <i>electric</i> practice of the profession, so
+far as they become acquainted with it. As before
+intimated, the mass of physicians at present, who
+treat more or less electrically, do so with no knowledge,
+or next to none, of the great <i>versatility</i> of
+action of which the electric current is capable. They
+know nothing of the electrical polarization of the
+living organism in health, nor how it is variously
+affected in disease. The particular <i>electrical</i> state
+of the diseased organs is a matter foreign to their
+minds. They appear to suppose the point to be
+immediately aimed at as a means of cure is to get
+the electricity from the machine into the affected
+part or parts; whereas it should be to change, by
+correction, the <i>polarization</i> of the part or parts; and,
+if there be virus present, to neutralize that. Equally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[xix]</a></span>
+unacquainted are they generally with the diverse
+physiological action of the several modifications of
+the electric force&mdash;galvanism, magnetism, faradism,
+and frictional electricity. This, in their candor, they
+commonly acknowledge. And, for the most part,
+they are little or nothing better acquainted with the
+<i>distinctive</i> effects on the system of the positive and
+negative poles of the instrument. There is, therefore,
+plainly no <i>science</i> in their electrical practice.
+Every thing is done at random&mdash;all is empirical.</p>
+
+<p>But the system here taught opens the light upon
+all of these points. For practical purposes, at least,
+it is, in its essential features, the only system of
+electrical therapeutics which has in it any real
+merit&mdash;the only system which <i>can be true</i>. By this,
+the writer does not mean to assert, or to imply, that
+the little book now before the reader contains no
+error, either in respect to theory or practice. In this
+early stage of our system's history, it would be
+remarkable if it did not contain errors in both these
+respects. But what it is intended to affirm is, that
+the book presents the <i>cardinal features</i> of a true,
+and the only possibly true, system of electrical practice.
+All possibly true systems of geometry must
+necessarily be essentially the same; and so, too, all
+possibly true systems of electrical medication must
+be essentially one. That one system, it is candidly
+and confidently believed, is briefly contained in the
+present little volume.</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p>
+<h1>ELECTRICAL MEDICATION.</h1>
+
+<h2>FIRST PRINCIPLES.</h2>
+
+<h3>DR. JEROME KIDDER'S ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
+MACHINE.</h3>
+
+<p>On opening the machine-box, as it comes
+from the manufacturer, there will be found a
+glass bottle, intended to hold the battery fluid
+when not in use; a glass cup or jar, to serve
+as the battery cell; a pair of insulated metallic
+conducting cords; two tin electrodes; a brass
+clamp; and, under the helix-box, (which raise),
+the battery metals and two connecting wires to
+unite the battery with the helix.</p>
+
+<p>To put the machine in working condition&mdash;ready
+for use&mdash;proceed, step by step, as follows,
+viz: Prepare the <i>Battery Fluid</i> by mixing
+twelve parts, by measure, of water with one
+part of sulphuric acid, (good commercial acid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+is pure enough), sufficient to fill the cell two-thirds
+or three-fourths full, and place in it
+about one-third of an ounce of quicksilver.</p>
+
+<p>Next, place the platina plate between the
+two zinc plates, standing on their legs upon a
+table before you; and bring the top of the
+wooden bar (in a groove of which the platina
+is set) up flush with the top of the zinc plates.
+Let the brass post, standing on the top of this
+bar and soldered to the platina plate below, be
+toward the left-hand side. Then take the brass
+clamp and place it across the top of these metallic
+plates, a little to the right of the brass
+post, or about midway between the right and
+left sides, having its thumb-screw towards you,
+and with it screw the three plates firmly
+together. The platina is shorter than the zincs,
+to prevent its reaching the quicksilver in the
+bottom of the cell; and the wax balls on its
+sides are to insulate it from the zinc plates.
+This platina should never be allowed to touch
+the mercury or the zinc.</p>
+
+<p>Let the plates, properly screwed together, be
+now placed in the cell with the Battery Fluid.
+Then, with the two copper connecting-wires,
+connect the post which stands on the wooden
+bar above the platina with the post stamped P<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+on the helix-box, and the brass clamp N with
+the post N on the helix-box.</p>
+
+<p>If, now, the screws regulating the vibrating
+armature be in perfect adjustment, the current
+will commence to run, with a buzzing sound;
+or it may be made to start by touching the
+hammer-like head of the flat steel spring. If
+not, the screws may be rightly adjusted in the
+following way: The top screw, which at its
+lower point is tipped with a small coil of platina
+wire, should be made to press delicately upon
+the center of the little iron plate on the upper
+side of the spring, so as to bear the latter
+down very slightly. Then raise or depress the
+screw-magnet, which turns up or down under
+the hammer, like the seat of a piano-stool,
+until the vibration of the spring commences.
+The <i>rapidity of the vibrations</i>, by which is secured
+the alternate closing and breaking of the
+electric circuit (or rather what, in practical effect,
+is equivalent to this&mdash;the <i>direct</i> and <i>reverse</i>
+action of the current in alternation) is increased
+by raising the screw-magnet and diminished by
+lowering it. When it is raised above what is
+required for ordinary use, the noise becomes
+too loud and harsh for many nervous patients
+to bear. It should then be depressed a little.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>With respect to curative power, I have discovered
+but little perceptible difference, produced
+by the various degrees of rapidity in the vibrations,
+effected within the range of this magnet.</p>
+
+<p><i>The force</i> of the current is regulated by
+means of a tubular magnet, which slides over
+the helix, and is called <i>the plunger</i>. It is approached
+under a brass cap at the right-hand
+end of the machine. The plunger is withdrawn,
+more or less, to increase the force; pushed in
+to diminish it. If in any case the current can
+not be softened sufficiently with the plunger,
+the quantity of battery fluid in use must be
+made less.</p>
+
+<p>After a time the current will become weak,
+and fail to run well. Then renew the battery
+fluid. When the quicksilver is all taken up
+by the zinc plates, the machine may be run
+for a while without adding more. But after it
+has considerably disappeared from the inside
+surface of the zinc plates, the latter will begin
+to show more rapid corrosion, while the current
+will be less. Then let a small quantity
+of quicksilver&mdash;one-fourth to one-third of an
+ounce&mdash;again be placed in the fluid.</p>
+
+<p>When the machine is not in use, let the
+metals be removed from the fluid; and, if not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+to be soon again used, let them be rinsed with
+water, carefully avoiding to wet the wooden
+bar in which the platina is set.</p>
+
+<p><i>The posts</i>, with which the conducting-cords
+are to be connected, are arranged in a row
+near the front of the helix-box, and are marked
+A, B, C, D. Either two of these posts may be
+used to obtain a current; and since they admit
+of six varying combinations, six different currents
+are afforded by the machine, viz: the
+A B current, the A C current, the A D current,
+the B C current, the B D current, and
+the C D current. Whichever current is used,
+it may always be known which of the two posts
+employed is the positive and which the negative,
+by observing the letters stamped upon
+their tops. The one whose letter comes first
+in the order of the alphabet is positive; the
+other is negative. Also, the one standing
+towards the left hand is positive, and that at
+the right hand is negative. <i>The qualities</i> of
+the several currents are stated in a descriptive
+paper on the inside of the lid of the machine,
+which see. It will there be found that three
+of the currents&mdash;viz, the A B, the A C and the
+A D currents&mdash;are <i>electrolytic</i>: that is, dissolving
+by electric action. These electrolytic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+currents require to be used&mdash;one or another
+of them&mdash;whenever any chemical action is
+needed; as, in decomposing or neutralizing
+<i>virus</i> in the system, destroying cancers, reducing
+glands when chronically enlarged, removing
+tumors or other abnormal growths, and in
+treating old ulcers and chronic irritation of
+mucous membranes. The other three, being
+Faradaic or induction currents, and having no
+perceptibly chemical action, are used where
+only change of electro-vital polarization is required.
+These Faradaic currents differ from
+each other in respect to being <i>concentrative</i> or
+<i>diffusive</i> in their effects, and in their <i>sensational</i>
+force. B C is concentrative and delicately sensational.
+C D is also concentrative, though
+less so than B C, and is more strongly sensational.
+B D is diffusive, and the most energetically
+sensational of the three.</p>
+
+<h3>POLARIZATION.</h3>
+
+<p>It may be proper, in this place, to spend a few
+words upon electrical polarization in general.</p>
+
+<p><i>Electrical polarity</i> may be defined as a characteristic
+of the electric or magnetic fluid, by
+virtue of which its opposite qualities, as those
+of <i>attraction</i> and <i>repulsion</i> towards the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+object, are manifested in opposite parts of the
+electric or magnetic body. These opposite
+parts are called the <i>poles</i> of the body, as the
+<i>positive</i> and <i>negative</i> poles. The difference
+between the positive and negative poles is
+believed to be that of <i>plus</i> and <i>minus</i>&mdash;plus
+being positive and minus negative. This is
+the Franklinian view, and, if I mistake not,
+is the one most in favor with men of science
+at the present day. This view supposes that
+the electricity or magnetism arranges itself in
+<i>maximum</i> quantity and intensity at the one
+extremity or pole of the magnetized body, and
+in <i>minimum</i> quantity and intensity at the opposite
+extremity or pole; and that, between
+these points&mdash;the maximum and the minimum&mdash;the
+fluid is distributed, in respect to
+quantity and intensity, upon a scale of regular
+graduation from the one to the other. The
+idea may be represented by a <i>line</i>, commencing
+in a <i>point</i> at the one end, and extending,
+with regularly increasing breadth, to the other
+end. The larger end would represent the positive
+pole, and the smaller, the negative pole.
+Or perhaps a better representation of the magnet
+would be a line of equal breadth from end
+to end, but having the one end <i>white</i>, or slightly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+tinted, say, with <i>red</i>, and the color gradually
+and regularly increasing in strength to the
+other end, where it becomes a <i>deep scarlet</i>.
+Let the coloring-matter represent the magnetism
+in the body charged, and we have the
+magnet illustrated in its polarization: the deep-red
+end is the positive pole, and the white or
+faintly-colored end is the negative pole.</p>
+
+<p>It is a law of polarization that the positive
+poles of different magnets repel each other, and
+the negative poles repel each other; while positive
+and negative poles attract each other.
+The same law of polarization rules in electric
+or magnetic <i>currents</i> as in magnets at rest.</p>
+
+<h3>THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The Electric Circuit</i> is made up of any thing
+and every thing which serves to conduct the
+electric current in its passage&mdash;outward and
+returning&mdash;from where it leaves the inner surfaces
+of the zinc plates in the battery cell to
+where it comes back again to the outer surfaces
+of the same plates. When the conducting-cords
+are not attached to the machine, or
+when the communication between the cords is
+not complete, if the machine be running, the
+circuit is then composed of the battery fluid,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+the platina plate, the posts, the connecting-wires,
+which unite the battery with the helix,
+the helical wires, and their appendages for the
+vibrating action. But when a patient is under
+treatment, the conducting-cords, the electrodes,
+and so much of the patient's person as is traversed
+by the current while passing from the
+positive electrode through to the negative electrode,
+are also included in the whole circuit.
+And whatever elements may serve to conduct
+the current in any part of its circuit&mdash;be they
+metal, fluid, nerve, muscle, or bone&mdash;the same
+are all, for the time, component parts of <i>one
+complete magnet</i>, which, in all its parts, is subject
+to the law of polarization, precisely as if
+it were one magnetized bar of steel. Usually,
+however, it is sufficient for <i>practical</i> purposes
+to contemplate the circuit as consisting only of
+that which the current passes through in going
+from the point where it leaves the positive
+post and enters into the negative cord, around
+to the point where it leaves the positive cord
+and enters into the negative post.</p>
+
+<h3>POLARIZATION OF THE CIRCUIT.</h3>
+
+<p>I have said, in effect, a little above, that,
+while the current is running, <i>the entire circuit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+is one complete magnet</i>, which extends from
+the inner or positive sides of the zinc plates,
+where the current commences, all the way
+around to the outer or negative aides of the
+zinc plates, to which it returns. Viewed in
+this light its negative pole or end is the
+battery fluid, next to the positive surfaces of
+the zinc plates, and its positive pole or end is
+the brass clamp which, holding the metals
+together, is in contact with the outer and negative
+surfaces of the zincs.</p>
+
+<p>But, for practical purposes, it is sufficiently
+exact to consider the <i>magnetic circuit</i> as extending
+only from the positive <i>post</i> around
+through the conducting cords, the electrodes
+and the person of the patient to the <i>negative</i>
+post. The negative end or pole of this magnet
+is the wire end of the cord placed in the
+positive post, and the positive end or pole is the
+wire end of the cord placed in the negative post.</p>
+
+<p>But any magnet may be viewed either as
+one whole, or be conceived as composed of a
+succession of shorter magnets placed end to
+end. If we view it as one entire magnet, we
+call the end in which the magnetic essence is in
+greatest quantity the <i>positive</i> end, and the end
+where it is in least quantity the <i>negative</i> end.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+But if we imagine the one whole magnet as
+being divided up into several sections, then we
+conceive of each section as a distinct magnet,
+having its own positive and negative poles.
+And, all the way through, these sectional magnets
+will be arranged with the positive pole of
+the one joined to the negative pole of the next
+in advance of it.</p>
+
+<p>It is just so in respect to the magnetic circuit
+of a moving current. The whole circuit,
+as before remarked, is in reality one long magnet.
+But in applying the terms <i>positive</i> and
+<i>negative</i> in our practice we often view the
+whole circuit&mdash;the one long magnet&mdash;as composed
+of a series of shorter ones, arranged
+with positive and negative ends in contact;
+and all the way the current in each section is
+supposed to be running from the positive pole
+of the magnet behind to the negative pole of
+the magnet before.</p>
+
+<p>We consider the circuit, from the positive
+post around to the negative post, as composed
+of three magnets, as follows: Magnet No. 1,
+which extends from the positive post, along
+the cord and electrode, to the body of the patient,
+where the positive electrode is placed.
+The <i>negative pole</i> of this magnet is the <i>wire<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+end of the cord</i> placed in the positive post, and
+its <i>positive</i> pole in the <i>positive electrode</i> placed
+upon the person of the patient. No. 2, which
+is composed of the parts of the patient traversed
+by the current between the two electrodes.
+Its negative end or pole is the part in
+contact with the positive pole of magnet No. 1,
+and its positive pole is the part in contact with
+the negative pole of magnet No. 3. No. 3 extends
+from the positive pole of No. 2, through
+the electrode and along the cord, to the negative
+post. Its negative pole is the <i>negative
+electrode</i> in contact with the positive end or
+pole of magnet No. 2, and its positive pole is
+the <i>wire end of the cord</i> in the negative post.</p>
+
+<p>Since in every magnet the magnetic fluid is
+supposed to be regularly graduated from minimum
+quantity in the negative end to maximum
+quantity in the positive end, this is true
+in respect to the one magnet, consisting of the
+whole magnetic circuit, as well as in respect
+to each one of the sectional series. Consequently
+there must be the same quantity of
+magnetism in each negative pole of the sections
+as there is in the positive pole of the
+section immediately behind it. And the magnetism
+of the whole circuit between the positive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+and the negative posts is in its <i>least</i>
+volume next to the <i>positive post</i>, and in <i>fullest</i>
+volume next to the <i>negative post</i>. If we consider
+the circuit as divided into two equal
+halves, the <i>negative half</i> is plainly that which
+joins the <i>positive post</i>, and the <i>positive half</i>
+that which joins the <i>negative post</i>.</p>
+
+<p>From this it will be seen that what in practice
+are designated as the positive and negative
+<i>posts</i>, and also positive and negative <i>poles</i> or
+<i>electrodes</i> are <i>not</i> such <i>in relation to each other</i>,
+but the <i>reverse</i> of it; that is to say, the positive
+<i>post</i> is not <i>positive</i> in relation to the <i>negative
+post</i>, but is <i>negative</i> to it; and the positive
+<i>electrode or pole</i> is not positive in relation to
+the <i>negative</i> electrode, but <i>negative</i> to it. The
+positive <i>post</i>, like the positive <i>electrode</i>, is
+called <i>positive</i>, because it is the positive end
+of the sectional magnet next <i>behind</i> it. And
+the <i>negative</i> post, as also the negative electrode,
+is <i>called negative</i> because it is the negative
+end of the sectional magnet next <i>in
+advance</i> of it.</p>
+
+<h3>THE CENTRAL POINT OF THE CIRCUIT.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The central point</i> of the circuit&mdash;that point
+which divides between its positive and negative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+halves&mdash;is reckoned, in practice, to be the
+midway point in the line over which the current
+passes, in its whole course from the positive
+post around to the negative post. When
+the cords are of equal length, this point will
+always be in the person of the patient, about
+midway between the parts where the two electrodes
+are applied. This central point, or
+"point of centrality," is practically neuter&mdash;neither
+positive nor negative; and upon the
+two opposite halves of the circuit, the positive
+and negative <i>qualities</i> of the current are in
+greatest force nearest to the posts, and in least
+force nearest to the central point. At this
+point they cease altogether, and the central
+point is <i>neuter</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It may, perhaps, be observed that, in <i>apparent</i>
+contradiction of this statement, the <i>sensational</i>
+effect of the current on the negative
+half of the circuit is <i>least</i> nearest to the positive
+post, and becomes regularly <i>greater</i> as the
+current advances towards the central point;
+and that <i>at</i> this point it is greater than at any
+other point between this and the positive post.
+To relieve this seeming contradiction, it is
+only necessary to consider that, in fact, the
+<i>positive</i> state on the negative half of the current<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+<i>does</i> increase regularly from the positive post
+to the central point. But that which is the
+<i>increase</i> of the positive state is the <i>decrease</i> of
+the negative state. So it is still true that on
+the negative half of the circuit, the <i>negative</i>
+qualities <i>diminish</i> as we advance towards the
+central point just as on the positive half, the
+<i>positive</i> qualities diminish regularly towards
+the central point, as stated above.</p>
+
+<h3>THE CURRENT.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The current</i> is that moving electric essence
+which traverses the circuit. The <i>course</i> of the
+current is always from the positive to the negative.
+It leaves the machine at the positive
+post, where it enters the cord which holds the
+positive electrode or pole. Thence it advances
+around the circuit, going out from the opposite
+cord where that connects with the negative
+post. The forward end of the current is its
+positive end; the rear, of course, is its negative
+end. At its forward end it is in its greatest
+volume. At its rear end the volume is least.
+At the <i>central point</i> of its circuit there is the
+<i>mean</i> quantity&mdash;the <i>average</i> volume. And
+because the positive and negative forces on
+either side exactly balance each other upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+the central point, therefore this point is practically
+neuter&mdash;neither positive nor negative.</p>
+
+<h3>MODIFICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY.</h3>
+
+<p>In the present stage of electric science, the
+conviction has become very general among experimenters
+that galvanism, magnetism, faradism,
+frictional electricity and the electricity
+of the storm-cloud are, in their essential nature,
+one and the same; being diversified in appearance
+and effects by the different modes and
+circumstances of their development. This conviction
+has been reached in various ways; but
+chiefly, perhaps, by observing the many analogies
+between the phenomena of these several
+forces, and also by the fact that each of them
+can be made to produce or be produced by one
+or more of the others. But I must forego any
+detailed discussion of this matter, since my
+limits will not admit of it, and shall assume that
+these apparently several agents are but modifications
+of the same generic force.</p>
+
+<p>There are two other phases or modifications
+of the electric principle, as I judge them to be,
+which are not so generally classed here. I
+refer to the forces of animal and vegetable
+vitality, as viewed in the next section.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>VITAL FORCES&mdash;ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE.</h3>
+
+<p>Upon these points I must be permitted to
+offer a few words.</p>
+
+<p>Of the <i>animal kingdom</i>, I regard the "nervous
+fluid" or "nervous influence," popularly so
+called, as being the very principle of <i>animal
+vitalization</i>&mdash;the life force; and that, a modification
+of the <i>electric</i> force. It is, I think,
+pretty generally conceded at this day that
+the "nervous influence" is probably electric.
+There are some alleged facts, and other certain
+facts, which go far to sustain this view. It is
+said that if we transfix, with a steel needle, a
+large nerve of a living animal, as the great
+ischiatic, and let it remain in that condition a
+suitable time, the needle becomes permanently
+magnetized. So, too, if the point of a lancet
+be held for some length of time between the
+severed ends of a newly-divided large nerve,
+that point, as I have heard it affirmed, on what
+appeared to be good authority, becomes magnetized;
+although I have not attempted to
+verify either of these cases by experiment.
+However, admitting them to be true, the metal
+is charged with simply the "nervous fluid."
+But the fact on which I myself chiefly rely for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+evidence of this identification, being almost
+daily conversant with it in my practice, is this:
+<i>The "nervous influence" obeys the laws of electrical
+polarization, attraction and repulsion.</i>
+When I treat a paralyzed part, in which, to
+all appearance, the action of the nerve force
+is suspended, I have but to assume that this
+force is electric, and apply the poles of my
+instrument accordingly, and I <i>bring it in</i> from
+the more healthy parts, along with the inorganic
+current from my machine. Forcing conduction
+through the nerves, by means of my
+artificial apparatus, I rouse the susceptibility
+of the nerves until they will normally conduct
+the "nervous influence" or electro-vital fluid,
+as I term it, and the paralysis is removed.
+Again, if I treat an inflamed part, in which the
+capillaries are engorged with arterial blood,
+I have but to assume that the affected part
+is overcharged with the electro-vital fluid,
+through the nerves and the arterial blood, and
+so to apply my electrodes, according to well
+known electrical law, as to produce mutual
+repulsion, and the inflammatory action is sure
+to be repressed. I manifestly change the polarization
+of the parts. This thing is so perfectly
+regular and constant that I am entirely assured,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+before touching the patient, what sort
+of effect will be produced by this or that
+arrangement in the application of the poles of
+the instrument. If I desire to increase or depress
+the nervous force in any given case, I
+find myself able, on this principle, to produce
+the one effect or the other, at will. Hence, I
+say, the nervous influence obeys the electric
+laws, just as does the inorganic electricity. I
+find this subtle agent not in the nerves only,
+but also in muscle and blood&mdash;more especially
+in arterial blood. Indeed it seems to pervade,
+more or less, the entire solids and fluids of the
+animal system. And wherever it exists, its
+action is just that of an <i>electro-vital</i> force.
+Examples of this fact will appear further along
+in the present work. While, therefore, I can
+not <i>affirm</i> the identity of animal electricity and
+animal vitality, the theory of their identification,
+to my view, best accords with the manifestations
+under correct therapeutic treatment,
+and I am unaware of any established fact to
+disprove it.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vegetable vitality</i>, also, I regard as another
+modification of the electric force. The fact
+has been proved by repeated experiments, that
+galvanic currents, passed among the roots of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+vegetables, causes a quickened development of
+the plants to a degree that would be deemed
+incredible by almost any one who had neither
+seen it nor learned its <i>rationale</i>. I have seen
+it stated, on authority which commanded my
+credence, that by this process lettuce leaves
+may be grown, within a few hours only, "from
+the size of a mouse's ear to dimensions large
+enough for convenient use on the dinner-table."</p>
+
+<p>The following experiment has been related
+to me by several different parties, as having
+been made by <i>Judge Caton</i>, of Ottawa, Illinois;
+and subsequently the same has been confirmed
+to me by his brother, Deacon Wm. P. Caton,
+of Plainfield, Illinois. It is said that the Judge
+had some interesting <i>evergreens</i> which appeared
+to be affected by an unhealthy influence, causing
+a suspension of growth and withering of
+branches here and there, until such branches
+died. So the process went on, terminating
+after a little time in the death of the trees.
+In this way he had lost some valuable specimens.
+At length a very fine and favorite
+evergreen was similarly attacked. He felt, of
+course, annoyed by the destructive process,
+and especially reluctant to lose this particular<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+tree. Probably calling to his recollection something
+analogous to what I have referred to
+above, he resolved to try the efficacy of galvanism
+to reinforce the vitality of the shrub.
+Having a telegraphic wire extending from the
+main line in Ottawa to his own residence, he
+availed himself of this facility, and caused a
+wire to be passed among the roots of this tree
+in such a way as to bring the galvanic current
+to act upon them. It was not long before he
+saw, to his delight, a new set of foliage starting
+from the twigs, and after a little time the
+tree was again flourishing in all its beauty.
+The electric current had evidently imparted to
+it a fresh vitality.</p>
+
+<p>To insure the success of such an experiment,
+a proper regard to polarization must be had,
+such as is taught in the system presented in
+this book. There may not have been any attention
+to this matter in the case just related;
+but if not, the Judge must have <i>stumbled</i> upon
+the correct application of poles. To have
+brought the roots under the influence of the
+wrong pole would have made sure the death of
+his tree.</p>
+
+<p>Now, although, if taken by themselves, such
+experiments could not be regarded as <i>conclusive</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+in favor of the electric nature of vegetable
+vitality, notwithstanding that this theory best
+explains the phenomena; yet, when considered
+in connection with the fact that the nervous
+fluid of the animal kingdom is evidently a modification
+of electricity, and probably constitutes
+the vital force of the animal, the theory of its
+identification, under another modification, with
+the vital principle in the vegetable kingdom
+also, as deduced from experiments like those
+just adverted to, receives strong confirmation,
+and is now, I believe, being adopted by many
+of the best philosophers of the age.</p>
+
+<h3>EXTENT OF ELECTRIC AGENCY.</h3>
+
+<p>When we have settled upon the position that
+the electricity of the heavens and of the artificial
+machine are identical, and that their
+identity is essentially one with galvanism,
+magnetism, the electro-vital fluid of animal and
+the life-force of the vegetable kingdoms, it
+requires no extravagant imagination, nor remarkable
+degree of enthusiastic credulity, to
+suppose that all the forms of physical attraction
+and repulsion are due, under God, to the diversified
+modifications of the same all-pervading
+agent&mdash;<span class="smcap">Electricity</span>. Indeed, for myself,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+I feel no hesitation in expressing it as my
+belief that electricity, in one phase or another,
+and controlled only by <span class="smcapl">WILL</span>, is the grand
+motive-power of the universe. I believe that,
+in the form of electro-vital fluid, the great
+Creator employs it as His immediate agent to
+carry on all the functions of animal life; and
+that, in respect to voluntary functions, He subordinates
+it as a servant to the will of the creature,
+to effect such cerebral action and such
+muscular contractions as are demanded by the
+creature's volitions. I am disposed to think
+that, by the omnipotent power of His will, He
+controls and uses electricity, in its various
+modifications, as the immediate moving-force
+by which He accomplishes all the changes in
+the physical universe. It is fast becoming a
+generally-received opinion among modern <i>savans</i>,
+that every body in nature is really magnetic,
+more or less; and that all visible or
+sensible changes are but the result of changing
+poles. Chemical affinities and revulsions are
+believed to be only the more delicate forms of
+electrical attraction and repulsion; the ultimate
+particles of matter, no less than matter in
+masses, being subject to the control of electrical
+laws. The imponderable agents, light and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+caloric, under the ingenious tests of scientific
+scrutiny, are beginning to give some very decided
+indications of being simply electric phenomena.
+Indeed, the doctrine or theory that
+supposes caloric to be simply <i>atomic motion</i> is
+even now being very generally accepted by the
+scientific world. And that motion in the atoms
+of a body which causes in us the sensation of
+heat is probably electric motion. And permit
+me to observe that, though the operations of
+nature seem, at first thought, to be wonderfully
+complex and mysterious, yet if the views here
+presented be correct, the marvel is changed;
+and we are brought to a profound admiration
+of the <i>simplicity</i> of the means by which the
+Almighty conducts His material operations. A
+<i>single</i> agent made to perform processes so infinitely
+numerous, diversified and apparently
+complex! How amazing! Simplicity in complexity!&mdash;majestic,
+like the mind of God.</p>
+
+<h3>THEORY OF MAN.</h3>
+
+<p>Let the question now be raised&mdash;<i>What is
+man?</i> The answer will have much to do with
+the remedial system which I aim to teach.
+For this reason it is thus early introduced.</p>
+
+<p>My answer to the above question is as follows:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+<i>Man is a threefold being, composed of a
+body material, a body electrical, and a spirit
+rational and indestructible.</i></p>
+
+<p>Let the elements of this definition be a little
+amplified:</p>
+
+<p>1. <i>The material body.</i> This is composed of
+various metals, earths, carbon, phosphorus, and
+gases. I need not go into a representation of
+their multiplied and curious combinations to
+form the many parts of the body complete.
+But these are the ultimate elements; and a
+most superb and wonderful structure they here
+compose. Yet, notwithstanding all the manifest
+skillfulness of its contrivance, and the
+power of its accomplishment, and the niceness
+and beauty of its execution, it were a useless
+display if unaccompanied with the invisible
+agents which compose the two other grand constituents
+of man, to wit: the body electrical
+and the spirit, or mind. Without these, it
+would quickly fall into decay, as we see it
+when deprived of them, and would be resolved
+into its original elements again. But to our
+gross material bodies the Creator has added,</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>The body electrical.</i> By this, I mean that
+which has commonly been termed "nervous
+influence," "nervous fluid," "nervo-vital<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+fluid," and "nervo-electric fluid." I object,
+however, to each and all of these designations.
+They are too restricted and specific. They all
+seem to imply that it is an agent or influence
+which appertains especially to the <i>nervous</i> system;
+whereas the entire organism is under its
+pervading force. I do not doubt but its chief
+action is in and through the nervous system;
+but it also pervades and, as I think, vitalizes
+the whole body. The nervous system seems
+to be created as one principal means for its
+replenishment,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> and to serve as the medium of
+its ministrations to the body at large. I choose
+to term it <i>electro-vital fluid</i>, or <i>electro-vitality</i>.
+My reasons for so designating it are the following:
+(1) It is demonstrably electrical in its
+nature. (2) It appears to be identified, or at
+least connected immediately, with the vitalization
+of the body. (3) I wish, by its name, to
+distinguish it from <i>mental</i> vitality, or the vitality
+of <i>spirit</i>. Whether, as a peculiar manifestation
+of the electric principle, it vitalizes
+by its own nature and action solely, or whether<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+it be <i>charged</i> with another mysterious element&mdash;a
+<i>life-force</i>&mdash;and vitalizes by ministering
+the latter to the material organism, I will
+not positively affirm. Whichever it be, the
+name I assign to it seems sufficiently appropriate.
+But I strongly incline to the theory
+that this electro-vital principle does itself, by
+virtue of its own nature, vitalize the system.
+In other words, I am disposed to think that
+God makes it the <i>immediate</i> agent of vitalization;
+having constituted it the <i>vis vit&aelig;</i> of both
+the animal and the vegetable kingdoms. Nor
+does this idea, as I conceive, necessarily conflict
+at all with the doctrine of <i>cell-life</i>, as
+maintained by the best physiologists of the
+present day. I also sometimes style this electro-vital
+element the <i>body electrical</i>, because it
+is certainly an entity, co&euml;xtensive with and,
+in greater or less force, wholly pervading the
+visible, material body.</p>
+
+<p>At this point I will take the liberty to introduce,
+although somewhat digressively, a
+few thoughts on the <span class="smcapl">DISTINCTIONS OF VITALITY
+OR LIFE.</span></p>
+
+<p>There are, as I suppose, the following several
+kinds of life: (1) <i>Spirit life</i>; (2) <i>Moral life</i>;
+(3) <i>Electric life</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>(1.) There is <i>spirit</i> life. And here are to
+be made several subdivisions.</p>
+
+<p>[1.] <i>Uncreated</i> spirit life. This is the life
+of God. Of the nature of the Divine Essence
+we know nothing; yet that God is a real, living
+entity, we do know. My own conviction
+is that the divine essence and the divine life
+are identical; that God, a spirit, is necessary,
+infinite, conscious <span class="smcap">Vitality</span>&mdash;the voluntary
+Originator of all existencies besides himself.
+But as to what is the essential nature of this
+vitality&mdash;this eternal spirit-life&mdash;we can have
+no conception, only that this life is God.</p>
+
+<p>[2.] <i>Created</i> spirit-life. And here we make
+another subdivision.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>a</i>) The life of created <i>immortal</i> spirit. This
+is a rational, intelligent entity, representing
+the spirit of man and of unembodied, created
+intelligences above him. This spirit God created
+as it pleased him&mdash;"in his own likeness"&mdash;a
+living, indestructible essence; and,
+as I suppose, its essence and its life the same.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>b</i>) The life of created <i>mortal</i> spirit, as the
+spirit of the beast. Of the intrinsic essence of
+this spirit, we are also necessarily ignorant.
+Yet, of its attributes we know that it has <i>consciousness</i>,
+<i>sensibility</i>, and <i>will</i>. Of its life we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+know as little as of its essence; both of which,
+however, as I conjecture, are also one and the
+same&mdash;the spirit substance being itself essentially
+vital.</p>
+
+<p>(2.) We pass next to <i>moral</i> life. This life
+is identical with <i>holiness</i>&mdash;the very opposite of
+that defilement that characterizes moral <i>death</i>,
+which is a state of <i>sin</i>. But let me again subdivide.</p>
+
+<p>[1.] As to the moral life of <i>God</i>, it consists
+in his infinite moral purity&mdash;his <i>veracity</i>, <i>justice</i>
+and <i>benevolence</i> or <i>love</i>&mdash;qualities which,
+in their combination make up his holiness.</p>
+
+<p>[2.] The moral life of <i>man, as also of other
+rational creatures</i>. This consists in his <i>sympathy
+of spirit with God</i> in respect to those
+pure qualities which constitute the Divine
+holiness.</p>
+
+<p>(3.) Finally, there is <i>electric</i> or <i>physical life</i>.
+But here again there are varieties.</p>
+
+<p>[1.] There is <i>animal</i> life, as of man and the
+lower animals. This I have already represented
+as consisting in the electro-vital force.</p>
+
+<p>[2.] <i>Vegetable</i> life. This is another modification
+of the same essential principle&mdash;electro-vitality.</p>
+
+<p>But now, to return to the <i>physical</i> or <i>animal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+life of man</i>&mdash;the electro-vital element. While
+this is in such <i>immediate</i> relation to the visible
+body on the one hand, it holds, also, on the
+other hand, an <i>immediate</i> relation to the mental
+part, both of man and of the other animated
+beings of earth. It serves to transmit, through
+the nervous system to the mind, all sensations
+and impressions from the outer world. It,
+moreover, receives from the mind the action of
+its volitions and imaginary conceptions, and
+conveys through the nerves the impressions or
+impulsions thus obtained to the various parts of
+the body, and there secures the fulfillment of
+the mind's behests. It appears to be only in
+this way that communication is had between
+the mind and its outer body. The natures of
+spirit and of gross matter are so totally unlike,
+that it seems impracticable for the mind and
+body to come into <i>immediate</i> mutual relation,
+or to act reciprocally, without the aid of a
+<i>medium</i>&mdash;ethereal, semi-material and semi-spiritual,
+such as is the electro-vital fluid. And
+the Creator has accordingly provided this mysterious,
+invisible medium between the two, and
+thus, in a degree, extended man's likeness to
+himself by making him <i>a trinity in unity</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>The mind or spirit.</i> This is immeasurably<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+the highest and most important constituent
+of man. His body material may fall back
+to dust. His body electrical may be reabsorbed
+in the great ocean of natural electricity that
+fills the earth and the heavens. But his mind
+is immortal. His spirit, made in the divine
+image, lives and acts, thinks and feels, independently
+of every other existence save Him
+from whom its being came. While in connection
+with its visible body, its good or ill, its
+bliss or woe, has, indeed, much to do with its
+bodily state. But, when separated from this
+body, its high and more independent existence
+is at once asserted; and then its good or ill
+are determined by its Author only in accordance
+with the workings and affections within
+itself. A spiritual and indestructible being
+like its Creator, it can never cease to be while
+he exists.</p>
+
+<p>But our present concern is with the mind in
+its relation to that electro-vital medium between
+it and the body, and to the body itself. The
+mind's influence upon both of these lower parts
+of the entire man is truly wonderful, although
+perceptible mostly on the material body. Few
+persons are aware how much the state of the
+mind affects the bodily health, although the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+degree is often very great. Yet this is done
+by the mind's action, first on the electro-vital
+functions, and through these, by way of the
+nerves, upon the bodily tissue. Changes in
+the mental states will, in this way, frequently
+produce changed polarization in the physical
+organs, and thus determine infallibly the matter
+of health or disease. So, too, the condition
+of the bodily health will often determine irresistibly
+the mental state. Whatever bodily
+changes affect the polarization of the electro-vital
+medium in any part of the organism, do
+thereby produce corresponding changes in the
+mind.</p>
+
+<p>These views of the reciprocal action between
+mind and body, through the medium of the
+electro-vital element, may serve to explain
+those psychological wonders exhibited in the
+cure of diseases by the imagination, as well as
+in diseases and even death induced by the imagination.
+I would much like to unfold and
+illustrate this bearing of the subject; and, also,
+in the light of it, to show the <i>philosophy</i> of one
+mind acting intelligibly on another mind, with,
+and even <i>without</i>, the aid of the physical
+organs, as is sometimes seen in the facts of
+mesmerism. This I have done in my written<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
+lectures, for the instruction of classes; but my
+limits will not admit of it here.</p>
+
+<p>There is another thought which I will offer
+in this connection. I maintain that all <i>functional</i>
+action of our bodily organism, <i>ab initio</i>,
+is conducted by <i>thinking mind</i>, through the
+medium of organic electricity or the electro-vital
+fluid. Every organ as a whole, and every
+life-cell in detail, is charged with this active
+principle. I believe that every one of then is
+controlled and guided incessantly in its propagating,
+organizing and entire functional force
+by <i>intelligent mind</i>, acting through this wonder-working
+agent&mdash;the electro-vital fluid. In respect
+to our <i>voluntary</i> exercises, this organic
+electrical force is made subject to our own
+mental activities, and executes its office upon
+the bodily organism mainly through the medium
+of the nerves. But, as regards all the
+<i>involuntary</i> functions, I believe that control is
+exercised <i>directly</i> by the omniscient and all-pervading
+God, although in accordance with
+his own established laws.</p>
+
+<p>Once more of the <i>mind</i> let me remark, that
+<i>consciousness, sensation, and will belong to it
+alone</i>. The <i>body</i> never thinks nor feels; nor
+does the organic electricity within it. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+popular idea, especially with the less educated
+masses, is that, if a man burn his finger, it is
+the finger that smarts. But this can not be
+true. Pain can exist only where consciousness
+is. And there is no consciousness in the
+finger, nor in any material part. Only the
+<i>mind</i> is conscious of <i>existence</i>, even; and hence
+only the mind can be conscious of pleasure or
+pain. If a limb be paralyzed, by interrupting
+in any way the flow of the electro-vital fluid
+through its nerves, and thus depriving the
+<i>mind</i> of its medium of communication with it,
+you may burn that limb to a crisp and the
+subject will feel no pain. When you burn your
+finger or break your arm, you disturb the
+action of the electro-vitality in the injured
+part, deranging its poles. This electric agent
+instantly communicates its disturbance along
+the nerves to the brain, where it reports to
+the mind and tells where the disturbance is.
+The conscious mind takes cognizance of the
+fact and feels distress.</p>
+
+<h3>THE LOWER ANIMALS.</h3>
+
+<p>It may, by some, be objected that, if we
+regard sensation as existing only in the <i>mind</i>,
+as affirmed above, then we must concede mind<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
+to the lower animal tribes, since they are subjects
+of consciousness, sensation and will, as
+truly as ourselves. I admit this necessity, and
+unhesitatingly take the position, as has been
+already done in the classification of minds, that
+the lower animals are in fact endowed with a
+something higher and more spiritual than their
+material bodies or their animal vitality&mdash;something
+which bears distinguishing characteristics
+of <i>mind</i>. I would not, however, be understood
+to say, or to imply, that they possess <i>all</i>
+the characteristics of our minds, even in a
+rudimental degree. I do not believe they do.
+My theory does not accord to them either
+reason or immortality. Yet, in respect to the
+latter, my views are less decisive, and my
+utterances usually more reserved. But I think
+their minds may, and probably do, perish with
+their bodies. Nevertheless, the existence of
+consciousness, sensation and will, in any orders,
+does evidently presuppose some sort of mental
+constitution. And such mental structure, in
+them as well as in us, must be distinct from
+and superior to the animal vitality&mdash;compelling
+service from the latter, and using it as a
+medium for communicating with the body, and
+with the outer world in general.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.</h3>
+
+<p>As to the vegetable kingdom, there is here,
+so far as we can discover, only a duality of
+principle, viz: the material body and a modified
+phase of electro-vitality. These component
+parts appear to sustain to each other, in
+the vegetable, relations quite analogous to those
+of the corresponding parts in the animal. But
+here the <i>mental</i> part is wanting; and consequently
+there is no consciousness, sensation,
+nor will; and the electro-vital action is guided
+in its elaborate and beautiful operations for
+the forming and developing of the plant, and
+in all its vital functions, by the all-pervading
+mind of God.</p>
+
+<h3>NATURAL POLARIZATION OF MAN'S PHYSICAL
+ORGANISM.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The electro-vital fluid</i>, in the animal economy,
+is subject to the same principles of polarization
+as the magnetic current from the
+artificial machine, or the magnetism of the
+bar-magnet. In the material organism of man,
+the great nerve-centers&mdash;the brain, the spinal
+cord, and the ganglions&mdash;appear to act the
+part of fixed magnets, charged with the electro-vital<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+fluid. Indeed, there is much reason
+to believe that this fluid is elaborated within
+these nerve-centers&mdash;more especially within
+the brain&mdash;from the inorganic electricity of
+the outer world, which is supplied through the
+lungs in respiration, and conducted thence to
+these laboratories by a remarkably interesting
+process&mdash;a process which I have not room
+here to describe, but which I have drawn out
+in detail in a manuscript lecture on the circulation
+of the blood, for my classes, and which
+may some day see the light. These nerve-centers,
+viewed as magnets of electro-vitality,
+require to be regarded as having each a positive
+nucleus in the interior, on which are
+ranged the negative ends of the currents which
+go out from this positive nucleus in every direction
+to the surface of the medullary organ&mdash;so
+radiating, as it were, from center to periphery.
+And the nerve-lines and ramifications
+which issue from these great nerve-centers are
+polarized evidently in the same way&mdash;the
+electro-vital fluid being disposed with its negative
+ends to the positive surfaces of the
+nerve-centers, and its positive or plus ends to
+the "vital organs," and especially to the surfaces
+of the organism as a whole. There are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
+many other polarizations in the human system,
+subordinate to those mentioned above; but I
+have no room to speak of them in detail.</p>
+
+<h3>ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES.</h3>
+
+<p>There are two, and only two, primary classes
+of disease&mdash;those in which the electro-vital
+force is abnormally <i>positive</i>, and those where
+it is preternaturally <i>negative</i>. The former class
+comprises every variety and phase of hypersthenia,
+and the latter, every sort and degree of
+an&aelig;sthesia, or rather, of azo&ouml;dynamia. <i>Inflammation</i>
+may be taken as a general representative
+of the positive or hypersthenic class&mdash;those
+forms of disease in which there is too
+much electro-vitality, or in which the vital
+force may be said to be too active. <i>Paralysis</i>
+may stand as a general representative of the
+negative or azo&ouml;dynamic class&mdash;those in which
+the vital action is too low or weak.</p>
+
+<h3>PHILOSOPHY OF DISEASE AND CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>In every part of the animal economy, polar
+derangements in the electro-vital principle are
+liable to occur. These derangements are always
+the real foundation of disease. They may be
+occasioned by a thousand agencies, which act<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+as the <i>procuring</i> cause of disease; but the
+<i>proximate</i> and <i>sustaining</i> cause is polar disturbance&mdash;derangement
+of the electro-vital
+poles. Parts which, in health, are relatively
+positive, may become negative, and that which
+should be negative may become positive. Or
+again, a part, naturally positive to its counterpart,
+may become <i>excessively</i> so, and that which
+should be relatively negative may become negative
+to a <i>morbid degree</i>.</p>
+
+<p>To correct these polar disturbances and restore
+the normal polarization, is to <i>cure the
+complaint</i>. This is, under the treatment of
+most physicians, often accomplished by the use
+of medicines, and by mechanical or surgical
+agency. We accomplish it by the proper application
+of the <i>poles</i> of our electrical apparatus.
+In cases where there is <i>virus</i> to be destroyed,
+or <i>abnormal growths</i> to be removed, we also
+secure the <i>chemical</i> action appropriate to these
+ends by the proper <i>selection of our current</i>.
+It often happens that <i>mechanical</i> or <i>surgical
+action</i> is demanded. In many <i>such</i> cases, we
+do not profess to secure normal polarization
+and consequent cure by means of electricity
+alone. Yet, in a large proportion of the cases
+where mechanical or surgical agency is usually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>
+thought to be indispensable, we are able to
+cure by electric action only, since by it we
+can exert very considerable mechanical force
+at will; and can also, in many instances, attain
+much more happily, by means of electricity,
+the very ends or the <i>best</i> ends which would be
+aimed at by skillful surgical operations.</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE.</h2>
+
+<h3>POLAR ANTAGONISM.</h3>
+
+<p><i>When the conducting cords are of equal length</i>,
+as commonly they should be, each of the two
+poles or electrodes produces a polar effect in
+the patient directly the opposite of that produced
+by the other. Also, <i>at any point</i> in
+either half of the circuit, if it be within the
+person of the patient, the polar effect produced
+is the very reverse of what is experienced at
+the corresponding point in the other half of
+the circuit. And further; each half of the
+current produces a polar effect, at every point
+in the parts of the patient through which it
+runs, the same in <i>kind</i>, though differing in
+<i>degree</i>, as is produced immediately under the
+pole or electrode with which it is connected;
+yet an effect antagonistic to that which is produced
+under the other pole, or at the corresponding
+point in the other half of the current.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>IMPORTANCE OF NOTING THE CENTRAL POINT.</h3>
+
+<p>From the above observations, it will be plain
+that, when we wish to bring a diseased organ
+under the influence of the <i>positive</i> pole, we
+must carefully place our electrodes so that
+none of the organ, or none of the diseased
+part of it, shall appear on the positive<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> side
+of the <i>central point of the circuit</i>; it being understood
+that the current moves as nearly in
+direct lines as the best conducting medium will
+admit. Or again, if it be desired to bring a
+diseased organ, or any extended part of it,
+under the influence of the <i>negative</i> pole, we
+must first calculate in placing our electrodes
+about where the central point will come, and
+then so apply them that no part of the lesion
+or disease shall appear on the negative<a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> side
+of the central point; otherwise so much of it
+as lies on that side will come under the force
+of the wrong pole, and thus be affected in a
+way the opposite of what was intended. The
+characteristic influence of each pole is felt
+throughout its own half of the circuit.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>DISTINCTIVE USE OF EACH POLE.</h3>
+
+<p>I have said that every disease is preternaturally
+either positive or negative. I have
+further said, that the application of either pole
+to a given part produces an effect the opposite
+of what would be produced in the same part by
+a reversal of the poles. The way is now prepared
+for me to announce <span class="smcapl">THE CENTRAL PRINCIPLE</span>
+of our system of practice. The reader
+will bear in mind that all acutely inflammatory
+or hypersthenic affections are electrically <i>positive</i>
+in excess&mdash;having too much vital action&mdash;being
+<i>overcharged</i> with the electro-vital fluid;
+and that all paralytic diseases, or those of a
+sluggish, azo&ouml;dynamic character, are electrically
+<i>negative</i>&mdash;having too little electro-vital
+fluid&mdash;too little vital action. It is a universal
+law of electricity that positives repel each
+other, and that negatives repel each other;
+but that positives and negatives attract each
+other. This is a principle of electric action
+everywhere known, where any thing is known
+on the subject. <i>We appropriate it practically
+to therapeutic purposes.</i> Therefore, when I
+wish to repress or repel inflammation, which
+is electrically positive in excess, I put the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
+positive pole to it; or, at least, I bring it under
+that half of the circuit with which the positive
+pole is connected, and as near to the pole or
+electrode as possible. And because two positives
+repel each other, and also because the
+direction of the current is always from the
+positive to the negative pole, carrying the
+electro-vital fluid with it, either I must withdraw
+my positive electrode, or that excess of
+electro-vitality in the diseased part which
+makes it morbidly positive, and thus produces
+inflammation, must give way. I <i>will not</i> withdraw
+my positive pole, and therefore the
+positive inflammation <i>must</i> retreat and be
+dispersed. In treating this case, I will place
+my <i>negative</i> electrode either on some healthy
+part, or, if there be perceptible anywhere in
+the system a morbidly negative part, as is
+often the case, I will place my negative pole
+there. For example: if I am treating for
+<i>nephritis</i>&mdash;inflammation of the kidneys&mdash;when
+I do not perceive any part to be abnormally
+negative, I manipulate with my positive electrode
+over the inflamed kidney, having the
+negative electrode placed at the coccyx&mdash;lowest
+part of the spine. My positive pole
+repels the positive inflammation from the kidney;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>
+or, rather, repels from it that excess of
+electro-vital fluid which makes it morbidly
+positive and induces the inflammation, while
+the negative pole attracts the same towards
+the coccyx. On its way, it becomes more or
+less diverted to adjacent nerves; or, if gathered
+in the healthy part, under the negative pole, it
+is immediately dispersed by the normal circulation
+as soon as the electrode is removed.
+But if I find <i>a spinal irritation</i>, say in one or
+more of the cervical or dorsal vertebr&aelig;, and,
+at the same time, a stomach affected with
+<i>chronic dyspepsia</i>, accompanied with <i>constipation
+of bowels</i>, I will work over the inflamed
+or irritated spine with my positive pole, because
+I know from its irritation that there is
+an excess of electro-vital fluid in the part,
+making it improperly positive; and, with my
+negative electrode, I will, at the same time,
+treat over the stomach, bowels and liver;
+because I know, from the <i>inaction</i> of these
+organs, that there is a lack of the vital force&mdash;a
+deficiency of the electro-vital fluid&mdash;there,
+and that, consequently, they are too negative.
+Adopting this method, I accomplish two objects
+in the same treatment. <i>First</i>, my positive
+pole, applied to the spinal disease, repels from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>
+it the excess of electro-vital fluid which was
+there doing mischief; and, <i>second</i>, my negative
+pole attracts the same, along with the artificial
+or inorganic electricity, to the stomach and
+bowels where it is wanted, since negatives
+attract positives. Or I wish to rouse to action
+a <i>torpid liver</i>. Now, if I find <i>inflammation, or
+enlargement</i> of the spleen, as is commonly the
+case in <i>chills and fever</i>, I place the positive
+pole upon the spleen, at the left side, just
+below the false ribs, and the negative pole on
+the liver, which is best reached immediately
+below the ribs on the right side, and around
+backward and upward as far as to the spine.
+The positive pole repels the excess of electro-vitality
+away from the positive spleen, and so
+reduces the improper excitement there, while
+at the same time it rushes, by attraction, to
+the negative liver, under the negative pole,
+and makes that more positive, and so more
+active. In this way, I change the polarization
+of the parts, and, in so doing, remove the
+sustaining cause of the disease. You here
+perceive that I treat a positive part with the
+positive pole, so as to repel the excess of
+electro-vitality from it, and thus repress its
+excessive action; and that I treat a negative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>
+part with the negative pole, so as to attract
+the electro-vital fluid, along with the current
+from the machine, to it from under the positive
+pole, and thus increase the action by
+making it more positive.</p>
+
+<p>But suppose I do what nearly all of the doctors
+do, who use electricity with any regard to
+polarity; that is, if treating acutely inflamed
+eyes, for example, apply the negative pole to
+the eyes, thinking thereby to make them more
+negative; or, if treating amaurosis, apply the
+positive electrode to the affected parts, thinking
+thereby to make them more positive! I
+say, suppose I do this same thing, do you not
+see that, by the fixed laws of electricity, I
+necessarily increase the evils that I would
+remedy? Do you not see that, by placing my
+negative pole on the already overcharged and
+inflamed eyes, I attract to them yet more of
+the electro-vital fluid, and so increase their
+positive condition and aggravate the inflammation?
+and that, by presenting my positive electrode
+to the eyes already more or less paralyzed,
+I repel what little electro-vitality there was
+there, and so make the nerves all the more
+negative and dead? And yet, I repeat it, this
+is precisely the plan of almost all the men who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
+use electricity in therapeutic practice with any
+regard to its polarization. They treat a positive
+disease&mdash;rather, a <i>hypersthenic</i> disease,
+(for they seldom know anything of the <i>electrical</i>
+states of diseased parts), with the negative
+pole, and an azo&ouml;dynamic disease, which is
+negative, with the positive pole!&mdash;all directly
+antagonistic to science and success.</p>
+
+<p>But the great mass of physicians, who attempt
+to treat electrically, have no knowledge either
+of the electrical condition of the various forms
+of disease, nor of the distinctive and peculiar
+effects produced by either pole of the artificial
+current; and consequently all their use of this
+powerful agent is entirely empirical&mdash;merely
+haphazard experiment.</p>
+
+<p>I may have raised an inquiry a few moments
+since which ought to be answered. I said, in
+effect, that in treating a positive disease, such,
+for instance, as acute, inflammatory rheumatism
+or acute pleurisy, I would use the positive
+pole on the inflamed parts, and the negative
+pole on either some healthy part or on a morbidly
+negative part, if I could find such. So,
+too, I said I would treat a negative disease,
+such as amaurosis or torpidity of liver, with
+the negative pole, placing the positive pole on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+either some healthy or morbidly positive part.
+The query may have arisen, "By placing the
+one pole or the other on a healthy part, do you
+not derange the normal electro-vital action
+there, disturbing its healthy polarization?" I
+answer, yes, for the time being, I do; and if
+this disturbing force were to be steadily continued
+for any considerable time, the disturbance
+would produce manifest and serious
+disease. But then, a pole or electrode, placed
+on a healthy part, we generally move, or ought
+to move, more or less, every few moments,
+which prevents the establishment of any perverted
+action in the part; and the moment the
+electrode is withdrawn, the normal polarization
+and healthy action are resumed.</p>
+
+<h3>USE OF THE LONG CORD.</h3>
+
+<p>It is often desirable to bring the entire parts
+of the patient, through which the current is
+made to pass, under one and the same kind of
+influence&mdash;such as shall make them all more
+positive or more negative. Especially is this
+true in many cases where we wish to run
+through but a <i>short</i> space. For this purpose,
+there is frequent advantage in using conducting
+cords of unequal length. As my views on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>
+this point have been disputed in certain quarters,
+I will endeavor here to place them in
+such a light that they shall not be rejected for
+want of being <i>rightly understood</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I have previously remarked<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> that, for practical
+purposes, it is sufficiently exact to consider
+the <i>magnetic circuit</i> as extending only
+from the <i>positive post</i>, around through the conducting
+cords, the electrodes, and the person
+of the patient, to the <i>negative post</i>. We will
+so regard it at present. This circuit may be
+viewed as one continuous magnet, made up of
+several sections or shorter magnets placed end
+to end&mdash;the positive end of the first to the negative
+end of the second, and the positive end
+of the second to the negative end of the third.
+In this arrangement, the negative end of the
+first section is the negative pole of the one
+whole magnet, and the positive end of the third
+section is the positive pole of the whole magnet.
+The minimum quantity of the magnetism
+is supposed to be at the negative pole, and the
+maximum quantity at the positive pole; and
+the quantity is supposed to increase, by <i>regular
+graduation</i>, from the negative to the positive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>
+pole. This being so, the quantity is <i>the same</i>
+in the positive end of either section and the
+negative end of the adjoining section, at their
+point of contact.</p>
+
+<p>Now, in practice, the body of the patient, or
+so much of it as is embraced between the two
+electrodes, may be regarded as the <i>second</i>
+section in this magnet; and the cord connected
+with the positive post, together with its electrode
+attached, may be counted the <i>first</i> and
+<i>most negative</i> section; and the cord connected
+with the negative post, along with its electrode,
+may be the <i>third</i> and <i>most positive</i> section.
+And if this whole magnet be more and more
+positive, by regular degrees through all the
+sections, from its negative to its positive end
+or pole, then the nearer any given part of it,
+say the <i>second section</i>&mdash;the patient's person,
+may be to its positive pole in the negative
+post, so much the more <i>positive</i> that section or
+part will be. And the nearer such part or
+section may be to the negative pole in the
+positive post, so much the more <i>negative</i> it
+will be. If the cords be of equal length, the
+central point in the circuit or magnet will be
+in the second section&mdash;the person of the patient,
+midway between the electrodes; and that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>
+section will be charged with the <i>mean</i> quantity
+of the magnetic fluid. The <i>central point</i> will
+hold <i>exactly</i> the mean quantity. But if the
+cord in the <i>first</i> section be <i>two</i> yards long, and
+that in the <i>third</i> section be <i>four</i> yards, then
+section second&mdash;the patient's parts under treatment&mdash;will
+be nearest to the <i>negative</i> pole in
+the positive post, and consequently will be
+charged with much <i>less</i> than the mean quantity
+of the fluid, and will therefore be made so
+much the more <i>negative</i>. If, on the other hand,
+the cord in section <i>first</i> be <i>four</i> yards in length,
+and that in section <i>third</i> be only <i>two</i> yards,
+then the patient's body&mdash;section second&mdash;will
+be brought nearest to the <i>positive</i> pole in the
+negative post, and of course be charged with
+much <i>more</i> than the mean quantity of the
+magnetic fluid, and hence will be made so much
+the more <i>positive</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that the positive and negative
+poles of section second&mdash;the parts of the patient
+between the electrodes&mdash;will not be <i>reversed</i>
+by any such changes in the length or relative
+positions of the conducting cords; nor is such
+reversal required in those cases where the use
+of the <i>long cord</i> is indicated. The only change
+of polarization called for in such cases, is that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>
+<i>all</i> the parts through which the current is to
+pass should, in greater or less degree, be
+affected alike, as being made more positive or
+more negative. Of course these parts will be
+so affected in different degrees&mdash;those nearest
+to the <i>short</i> cord the <i>most</i>; those nearest to
+the <i>long</i> cord the <i>least</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The class of cases where the use of the <i>long
+cord</i> is more especially advantageous, comprises
+those in which it is desirable to run the current
+<i>out</i> of the patient at the shortest admissible
+distance from the positive electrode. For example,
+in treating <i>cynanche tonsillaris</i>, (quinsy),
+if treating with the positive pole in the mouth,
+we would not wish to run the current further
+than to the back of the neck; or, if treating
+externally, we would not wish to carry the
+negative electrode further from the positive
+than from side to side. Here the <i>long cord</i>,
+with the negative electrode, would be a special
+advantage in subduing the inflammation. We
+would not care to <i>increase</i> the inflammatory
+action, as we should necessarily do on the positive
+side of the central point, by using cords
+of <i>equal</i> length.</p>
+
+<p>Again, if treating a case of acute <i>enteritis</i>&mdash;inflammation
+of the intestines&mdash;we would not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+wish, while treating the abdomen with the positive
+pole, to increase the inflammation in the
+lower parts, by using equal cords and placing
+the negative pole at the sacrum or the coccyx.
+Neither would we wish to reduce the strength
+of the lower limbs by carrying the negative
+pole to the feet. Nor, yet again, would we
+care to endanger the thoracic viscera by running
+the current from the abdomen up to the
+dorsal or cervical vertebr&aelig;. The true way, in
+such a case, would be to connect the negative
+electrode with a <i>long cord</i>, and then to run the
+current through the inflamed parts, and <i>out</i>
+somewhere from the lumbar vertebr&aelig; to the
+coccyx, by treating over the abdomen with
+the positive pole, and placing the negative
+pole on the lower parts of the spine.</p>
+
+<p>As the cords that accompany the machine
+from the manufacturer are usually cut about
+two yards in length, every practitioner should
+supply himself with an extra cord, of at least
+three yards, to be used as the <i>long cord</i>.</p>
+
+<h3>THE INWARD AND THE OUTWARD CURRENT.</h3>
+
+<p>I have already said that when the conducting-cords
+are of equal length, as for the most
+part they should be, the central point of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+circuit will be in the person of the patient,
+about midway between the two electrodes.
+Now, since the current always runs from the
+positive to the negative pole, and makes its
+whole circuit in that direction, it will be readily
+seen that, from the place on the patient
+where the positive pole is applied, inward as
+far as to the central point, the direction of the
+current may properly be said to be <i>inward</i>;
+and that, from the central point to the place of
+the negative electrode, where the current comes
+out, its direction may be said to be <i>outward</i>.
+When, therefore, a part is treated with the
+positive pole, or when the part under treatment
+appears anywhere between the positive
+pole and the central point, it is not unusual to
+say, It is treated with the <i>inward current</i>.
+And when a part is treated with the negative
+pole, or when it appears between the central
+point and the negative pole, it is often
+spoken of as being treated with the <i>outward
+current</i>.</p>
+
+<h3>MECHANICAL EFFECT OF EACH POLE.</h3>
+
+<p>The <i>mechanical</i> effect of the forward end of
+the current, or that part of it which is under
+the negative electrode, is to relax, expand and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>
+weaken; while that of the rear end, under the
+positive electrode, is to contract and strengthen.
+A moving ship disperses the waters at its bow,
+but draws them in at its stern. The bullet shot
+from a gun, in passing through a plank, leaves
+the perforation closed where it enters in, but
+wide open where it comes out. Thus, in
+physics, the advance end of a moving body
+tends to disperse the element through which it
+is passing, while the rear end tends to its contraction.
+Analogous to this are the <i>mechanical</i>
+effects of the different ends of an electrical
+current in the living tissue. When, therefore,
+we wish to relax a muscle that is unnaturally
+contracted, as by rheumatism or otherwise, we
+must bring it under the forward end&mdash;the outward
+current&mdash;the negative pole. If we desire
+to contract ligaments or muscles that are
+abnormally relaxed, (not <i>atrophied</i>), as in
+prolapsus uteri, we must subject them to the
+rear end of the current&mdash;the positive pole.
+Parts that are unnaturally contracted are electrically
+negative in excess, and need to be
+made more positive. And parts that are unhealthily
+relaxed are too positive, and should
+be made more negative. We make a part
+more positive by applying to it the negative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>
+pole, and more negative by applying to it the
+positive pole. Parts <i>spasmodically</i> contracted
+are acute and positive; those <i>permanently</i> contracted
+are chronic and negative.</p>
+
+<h3>RELAXED AND ATROPHIED CONDITIONS.</h3>
+
+<p>I alluded, above, to a distinction between a
+<i>relaxed</i> and an <i>atrophied</i> condition of an organ.
+There is such a distinction, which should be
+carefully observed while treating parts so
+affected. An atrophied muscle or organ becomes
+soft and flabby from lack of nourishment. But
+this condition is not properly one of <i>relaxation</i>.
+It is rather a diminution&mdash;a <i>thinning out</i> of
+atoms, by wasting without replenishment. Such
+a condition is always negative, and requires
+treatment under the negative pole. On the
+contrary, relaxed parts, such as appear in prolapsus
+uteri, and in the sagging down of the
+diaphragm, with the thoracic and abdominal
+viscera, exhibit no lack of nutrition or of vital
+action. Relaxation is a <i>loosening</i> of atoms from
+each other, more or less, without loss of aggregate
+weight; and implies a condition electrically
+positive in excess, and calls for treatment
+with the positive pole.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>GENERAL DIRECTIONS OF THE CURRENT.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Negative</i> affections, as a general rule, are
+best treated with the <i>upward-running</i> current&mdash;the
+positive pole being placed at a lower point
+than the negative. <i>Inflammatory</i> affections,
+and other <i>plus</i> conditions, for the most part,
+should be treated with the down-running current,
+keeping the negative pole at a lower
+point than the positive. But these rules admit
+of frequent exceptions, which every practitioner's
+experience will soon reveal.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>downward</i> current, running <i>with</i> the
+downward and outward course of the nerves,
+tends to <i>depletion</i> and <i>weakness</i>, for the reason
+that it <i>runs off</i> from the system the electro-vital
+fluid. The <i>upward</i> current, on the other hand,
+running <i>against</i> the nerves, inward towards
+their source, feeds the system with fresh electricity,
+and gives a <i>tonic</i> effect. Yet for this
+purpose, it must not be too long continued, nor
+of too severe strength, lest it overtask and irritate
+the nerve-sheaths.</p>
+
+<p>In treating a <i>paralyzed</i> organ, the current
+should commonly be run from a <i>healthy</i> part,
+whether that require it to be directed downwards
+or upwards. For example: In treating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>
+a paralyzed foot or leg, the positive pole should
+be upon the lower part of the spine&mdash;at the
+coccyx&mdash;or even under the sole of the opposite
+foot. It is best to alternate between these
+positions. So in treating a paralyzed hand or
+arm, let the current be run from the upper
+part of the spine, and frequently also from the
+opposite hand. With the <i>negative</i> electrode,
+treat all over the paralyzed parts. Yet it is
+well, in these cases, often to <i>reverse</i> the direction
+of the current for a brief period at the
+close of the sittings, say one to two minutes,
+for the purpose of rousing the nervous susceptibility,
+and to prevent exhaustion from too
+continuously running off the electro-vital fluid.</p>
+
+<h3>TREATING WITH ELECTROLYTIC CURRENTS.</h3>
+
+<p>For decomposing and carrying off unnatural
+growths, as fistula, ficus, glandular enlargements
+and other tumors, it is often best to
+dilute the <i>electrolytic</i> quality of the galvanic
+current A B with one or both of the Faradaic
+currents, as by taking A C or A D instead of
+A B. But <i>malignant</i> and <i>poisonous</i> affections,
+as scirrhus and other varieties of cancer, and
+also cases of infectious virus, demand continually,
+or with but occasional exceptions, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
+primary galvanic current A B. &#9758;In treating
+these malignant affections, the current
+should be run through as short a distance of
+<i>healthy</i> tissue as possible, yet so as fairly to
+reach the diseased part. And whether this
+part be brought, for a given time, under the
+one pole or the other, the opposite pole should
+be attached to the <i>long cord</i>, so as to throw the
+central point of the circuit, not in the person
+of the patient, but out on the long cord, thus
+bringing the entire organic parts though which
+the current is passed on one and the same side
+of the center, and so, under the ruling influence
+of the same pole.</p>
+
+<p>Those diseases which require the chemical
+or electrolytic currents should, for the most
+part, be treated under the negative pole, particularly
+those which need the galvanic current
+A B, and also old ulcers and <i>chronic
+irritation of mucus surfaces</i>. Glandular enlargements
+not of scirrhous character, and
+excrescent growths not poisonous, may often
+be reduced, and perhaps sometimes cured,
+under the positive pole. But my own experience,
+even with these affections, is that it is
+better to treat them under the negative pole
+until they come to assume, as sometimes they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
+will, an <i>acute</i> state, when the positive pole may
+be used with success. If, however, it appears
+desirable to produce a <i>cauterizing</i> effect, this
+must be done by persistent treatment under the
+negative pole of a strong A B or A C current,
+and, if the disease be external, with a small
+pointed electrode.</p>
+
+<h3>POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MANIFESTATIONS.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Acute</i> diseases are to be regarded as electrically
+positive, and <i>chronic</i> affections as negative.
+The exceptions are rare, if any at all.
+<i>Malignant cholera</i>, which is eminently acute,
+might by some be considered as an exception.
+In negative diseases, there is a low degree of
+electro-vitality. And it has been remarked by
+careful observers, particularly in the Orient,
+that cholera rages with greatest destructiveness
+when no special electric phenomena have
+for long time appeared in the atmosphere, and
+when the artificial electrical apparatus could
+be made to yield its sparks only with difficulty,
+or not at all. And again, after a thunderstorm,
+when the electric machine works again
+freely, the cholera is also found to abate quickly,
+and sometimes very greatly. The inference
+drawn from these facts has been that the prevalence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>
+of cholera is largely owing to a lack
+of electricity in the atmosphere, and consequently
+to a want of the animal electricity or
+electro-vitality in the system of the patient;
+and thence it might be concluded that cholera
+implies a negative condition of the system. I
+think there is a fallacy in this reasoning. There
+appears to me to be an unwarrantable assumption
+in confidently attributing the long absence
+from the heavens of marked electrical phenomena,
+and the failure of the electric machine
+to give its spark, to an unquestioned deficiency
+of atmospheric electricity. Electrical manifestations
+take place only when the <i>plus</i> and
+<i>minus</i> conditions are existing, in relation to
+each other, somewhat near, or not very remote;
+and the visible phenomena appear when the
+positive and negative rush together, so as to
+produce a polar equilibrium. But suppose a
+<i>plus</i> condition to exist over a wide region,
+then, everything being <i>overcharged</i>, the visible
+phenomena would be as rare and as difficult of
+attainment as if all around were negative.
+How, then, can it be inferred, with any certainty,
+from such data, that there is a <i>deficiency</i>
+of electricity, rather than an <i>excess</i> of it?</p>
+
+<p>I have not treated a case of cholera; but my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+own impression of it is, that in the first stage,
+or during the "rice-water" discharges, the
+condition of the system is, as in other acute
+affections, excessively positive; but that, as the
+collapse comes on, it rapidly subsides into an
+intensely negative state, thus assuming the
+chief characteristic of a chronic condition.</p>
+
+<p>In the above remarks, I would not be understood
+to indicate any doubt that the prevalence
+of cholera is often aggravated or mitigated by
+peculiar electrical states of the atmosphere. It
+appears altogether probable that such may be
+the fact; and I should presume that electrical
+treatment, properly administered, would be found
+eminently successful in this fearful malady.</p>
+
+<p>Again, in <i>chronic rheumatism</i> there might,
+at first view, seem to be frequent exceptions
+to the rule last above stated; but the cases
+alluded to are not such. It is often the fact,
+during chronic rheumatism, that soreness and
+severe pain are felt, especially under the presentation
+of the negative pole, thus showing
+that these points require to be treated with the
+positive pole. But, in such cases, although
+the general disease of the system be chronic
+and negative, these sore and severely painful
+points have, for the time, risen in their electro-vital<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>
+condition, and so become acute and
+positive. But when chronic rheumatism is
+attended with only a <i>dull</i> pain, and that chiefly
+under exercise of the parts, and with little or
+no increase of pain under an application of the
+negative pole of the A D current, medium
+strength, and with no swelling, then the pain,
+the stiffness and the lameness are all marks of
+the negative state, and the parts must be treated
+with the negative pole of the A D current,
+<i>strongly</i> at first, but diminishing in force, from
+time to time, as the patient becomes relieved.</p>
+
+<p><i>Alkaline</i> affections&mdash;those causing excessive
+alkaline secretions&mdash;are electrically positive.
+<i>Acid</i> or <i>acidulous</i> states are negative.</p>
+
+<h3>HEALING.</h3>
+
+<p>For healing wounds, burns, ulcers, irritation
+of mucous membranes, and cutaneous eruptions,
+the A D current is by far the best.
+<i>Recent</i> wounds, contusions and burns are electrically
+positive. <i>Old</i> ulcers and irritations
+are generally negative.</p>
+
+<h3>DIAGNOSIS.</h3>
+
+<p>To make a correct diagnosis, it is needful to
+bear in mind the following general principles:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>1. Where the organism is in health, the momentary
+application to the patient of the negative
+pole of the double Faradaic current B
+D&mdash;the best for diagnostic use&mdash;in good medium
+strength,<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> will be directly felt, yet will cause
+no pain. Whatever <i>muscular contractions</i> may
+be produced for the time, they are harmless,
+and need not be noticed. Wherever the electro-vital
+fluid is in <i>excess</i>, producing hypersthenia&mdash;too
+much vital action&mdash;the part is
+morbidly <i>positive</i>; and, excepting sometimes in
+the stomach and bowels, the B D current, of
+medium force, directed to that part under the
+negative pole, will produce <i>sharp pain</i>. But
+where a current of full medium strength can
+not be felt under the negative pole, there is a
+morbidly negative state&mdash;a deficiency of vital
+action&mdash;a condition of at least partial paralysis&mdash;an&aelig;sthesia.</p>
+
+<p>2. In a state of health, different persons will
+have different degrees of sensibility to the electric
+current, depending on their varied nervous
+susceptibility. Again, the same person will be
+much less sensitive to the current when directed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>
+to the spine, particularly the lower part of it,
+and to the stomach, than when directed to most
+other parts. Also, where bones lie near the
+surface, the periosteum&mdash;the membrane immediately
+investing the bone&mdash;is apt to feel more
+sensibly under the electrodes than the muscular
+parts. But these variations soon become so
+familiar to the practitioner that he finds no
+difficulty in making the proper allowances for
+them.</p>
+
+<p>In making an electrical examination, the
+two following questions present themselves to
+be answered: First, whether anywhere, and,
+if so, where is there a morbid electrical state
+in the body of this patient? Second, what is
+the electrical condition of that unhealthy part?
+Is it <i>positive</i> or <i>negative</i>?</p>
+
+<p>These questions being answered, according
+to the tests just given, the well-instructed practitioner
+is prepared to go on and treat the
+patient judiciously, and with success, if success
+be attainable by any form of medication.</p>
+
+<p>Let me next say, It is best, as a general
+rule, to make examinations with the <i>negative
+pole</i>. The reason of this is that, since the current
+is always more energetic under the negative
+than under the positive pole, it makes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
+itself more sensibly <i>felt</i> there than under the
+positive pole. Indeed, it will commonly be felt
+even to <i>painfulness</i> there, if the part were overcharged
+and inflamed before. Thus, under the
+negative electrode, the current readily detects
+any active disease. But, if we be making the
+examination with the <i>positive pole</i>, as we come
+upon any point more or less inflamed, the current,
+quick as lightning, rushes away from such
+inflamed part to the part under the stationary
+negative pole, carrying with it, for the time
+being, more or less of that excess of electro-vital
+fluid which was in force at the inflamed
+point; so that <i>no pain</i>, perhaps, is experienced
+there; and thus the disease escapes detection.</p>
+
+<p>I am aware that it has been said by some of
+our practitioners, with, if I rightly remember,
+the able discoverer of the grand practical principles
+of our system, Prof. C. H. Bolles, at their
+head, that it is not quite prudent to use the
+negative pole in hand for diagnosis, lest we
+possibly contract the disease from the patient;
+since, in that case, the current runs from the
+patient to the practitioner. They think it safer
+to use the positive pole in hand; so letting the
+current run from the practitioner to the patient.
+There is force in this consideration, without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>
+doubt, where the patient is affected with a poisonous
+or malignant disease. And where any
+thing of this nature is apprehended, I would
+never examine with the negative pole in hand.
+But these cases are commonly so manifest, or
+so easily determined by colloquial inquiry, that
+examination with the electric current is rarely
+if ever necessary. And when the disease is
+plainly not of a poisonous or infectious nature,
+I do not think there is any danger to be apprehended
+from the cause stated. I therefore
+prefer, as a general rule, to examine with the
+negative pole; and for the reason given above.</p>
+
+<p>The temperature of the room and the adjustment
+of apparel should be the same as for
+treatment. To prevent improper chilliness, the
+room ought to be of such temperature that
+clothing is not required for bodily comfort&mdash;say,
+from 70 to 80 degrees, <i>Fahrenheit</i>. Seat
+the patient on a stool or chair, (a stool is most
+convenient), and yourself at his side, with your
+machine, ready for use, on a table or bench
+before him, and a vessel of warm water within
+easy reach. If the patient be a man we let his
+trunk be disrobed, giving free access to the
+back, chest and abdomen. If the patient be a
+woman, let her be covered with a treating-robe,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>
+of which garments the practitioner should keep
+a supply. They are made much like a lady's
+plain nightgown; but large and loose, so as to
+serve ladies of any size, and give ample room
+to work the electrodes under them. Her skirts
+should be dropped <i>below the seat</i>, so far that
+their bands shall lie across her lap.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now suppose the machine to be
+working. We will take the B D current. Let
+it be of good medium strength. We regulate
+the strength by the quantity of fluid in the battery,
+so far as <i>volume</i> is concerned, and by
+means of the plunger as respects <i>intensity</i>.
+The electrodes should be dampened with warm
+water. Let the <i>sponge-roll</i>, [a very thin expansion
+of sponge, quilted upon a muslin lining,
+and enveloping one of the tin electrodes],
+be made the positive pole, and be placed under
+the coccyx&mdash;lowest part of the spine. Then
+attach the <i>positive</i> cord; that is, the cord connected
+with the <i>negative</i> post, to another sponge-roll,
+to be held in the operator's right hand;
+or, what is better, attach it to a thin, flexible,
+metallic wristband, (brass is good, but metallic
+lace&mdash;such as is used in trimming <i>regalia</i>, is
+best), underlaid with wet muslin, and fastened
+around the right wrist. This brings the operator's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
+hand into the circuit as the negative electrode
+or pole. Next, pass a moist, warm
+sponge all over the patient's back. Now, before
+the back becomes dry, press the points of two
+fingers firmly, yet not uncomfortably, upon the
+back of the neck at the base of the skull;
+thence move gradually downward, by frequent
+touches of the same firm but gentle character,
+keeping one finger on each side of the
+spinous processes, until the whole length of the
+spine has been, in this manner, passed over.
+If sharp pain or soreness be felt at any point,
+<i>note</i> that point; there is inflamed irritation
+there. Then return up to the right or left
+shoulder, and pass, in like manner, by frequent
+touches with one or two fingers, over all parts
+of the back on that side of the spine, down to
+the hips. Then, in the same way, examine
+the shoulder and back on the other side of the
+spine, noting, as before, every point, if there
+be any, where soreness and pain appear. After
+this, pass over the entire neck, then over the
+front parts of the thorax and abdomen, down
+to the pelvic bones, everywhere watching for
+soreness and pain. Next, go to the head. Wet
+the hair through to the scalp, (because dry
+hair is a bad conductor,) and change to a <i>very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>
+soft</i> B C current. Then go over all the head
+in the same manner as over the neck and
+trunk. Better <i>reverse</i> the poles on the head,
+by transposing the cords in the posts, so as to
+make the manipulating hand the <i>positive</i> pole.
+The head is, or ought to be, extremely sensitive.
+You need not do this, however, if the
+negative pole can be received on the head
+without discomfort, as it sometimes can be.
+Commence on the cerebrum, and then pass to
+the cerebellum.</p>
+
+<p>If, in the examination of the spine, the practitioner
+finds it uncomfortable to bear in his
+fingers a current of sufficient strength to be
+distinctly felt in that part of the patient, he
+may use the side-sponge cup on the spine. But
+let him <i>never use a current on another person</i>
+which he does not first apply to his own nerves,
+so as to know its intensity. Indeed, if one prefer
+to use the side-sponge cup through the
+whole process, he can do so; although there is
+advantage in using the fingers, since, by their
+concentrated impressions, he is more sure to detect
+disease than by the broader face of the
+sponge cup.</p>
+
+<p>&#9758;Now, wherever there is found <i>soreness</i>
+or <i>lancinating pain</i> under the touch, it is sure<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>
+that the part is preternaturally <i>positive</i>&mdash;more
+or less so, according to the degree of painful
+irritability. On the other hand, if there be
+found a part evincing much <i>less</i> than the usual
+sensibility found in the <i>healthy</i> corresponding
+part of other patients, it may safely be pronounced
+torpid or paralytic, more or less. It
+lacks sufficient electro-vitality&mdash;is improperly
+<i>negative</i>, and needs to be treated with the negative
+pole.</p>
+
+<p>It will often happen that diseased action is
+found in parts where the patient was entirely
+unaware of its existence until the practitioner's
+fingers or other electrode revealed it. Again,
+it will sometimes be found that there is no disease
+whatever in parts where the patient supposed
+disease to be active. But when we find
+patients to be especially nervous, it is not always
+best to tell them immediately just what our examinations
+have revealed to us&mdash;how severely
+or how little we think them diseased. It is
+sometimes better to humor, more or less, the patient's
+own views for a time; lest, by exciting
+him or her, we make a difficult case out of one
+that might have been mastered with comparative
+ease. In this matter discretion should
+guide us.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But let me say farther, what I deeply feel,
+that neither do I think it right to <i>persistently</i>
+conceal from patients, especially those who are
+dangerously affected, a knowledge of their true
+condition. In my opinion, physicians often
+unwittingly incur an awful responsibility in
+this way, wronging their patients in the most
+vital and momentous of all interests&mdash;the interests
+involved in a due preparation for death.
+I believe the true way, in every such case, is
+for the physician himself, in a kind and soothing
+manner, to reveal to the patient, little by
+little, if need be, what he really thinks, or to
+ask the patient's pastor, or some other calm
+and judicious person to do it for him. I believe
+the visits of a discreet and affectionate
+pastor, or, in the absence of a pastor, of some
+other mild and Christian friend, to the bedside
+of the sick is, nine times in ten, not only no
+embarrassment to the patient's recovery, but
+positively favorable to it, and ought to be
+habitually encouraged, rather than restrained,
+by medical practitioners.</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PRESCRIPTIONS.</h2>
+
+<h3>PRELIMINARY REMARKS.</h3>
+
+<p>The author wishes to caution the reader not
+to rely merely on the forms of treatment here
+prescribed, but to study thoroughly the principles
+taught in the preceding pages, until he
+shall have mastered them, and can judge for
+himself of the correctness of these prescriptions.
+It should be remembered, however, that
+the diseases here considered are viewed in their
+<i>simple</i> or <i>uncomplicated</i> states. Where complications
+exist, the treatment must be modified
+according to the judgment of the practitioner.</p>
+
+<p>In these instructions, it is always to be understood
+that the treatment prescribed is with
+<i>cords of equal length</i>, except when the <i>long
+cord</i> is especially mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>In most of the local diseases here named,
+particularly those which are electrically <i>negative</i>,
+it is desirable to supplement the local<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
+treatment prescribed with occasional <i>general
+tonic</i> treatment, where, in the judgment of the
+practitioner, it can be given without detriment
+to the local affection.</p>
+
+<p>In all treatments, the electrodes should be
+moistened with warm water.</p>
+
+<h3>GENERAL TONIC TREATMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>Take the B D current, (A D is very good),
+of fair medium strength. Place the sponge-roll,
+N. P. [Negative Pole], at the coccyx&mdash;lowest
+point of spine&mdash;and manipulate with
+side-sponge cup, P. P. [Positive Pole], from
+the feet all over the lower limbs to and about
+the hips; occupying three or four minutes, or
+less. Then remove the N. P., substituting for
+the sponge-roll the end-sponge cup, and place
+this upon the spine at the lower part of the
+neck. Now manipulate with side-sponge cup,
+P. P., over the trunk generally, from the lower
+to the upper parts; giving special attention to
+the spinal column by treating it somewhat more
+than other parts. Treat the trunk some five to
+eight minutes. Next, keeping the N. P. still
+upon the back of the neck, treat with P. P.
+over the hands and arms, up to and about the
+shoulders. Treat here two or three minutes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It has been customary, for the most part, in
+giving general tonic treatment, to make the
+P. P. stationary&mdash;placing it successively at the
+feet, the coccyx and the hands&mdash;and to manipulate
+above it with the N. P. But the better
+way is as directed above. The object is to
+reinforce the main nerve-lines and centers with
+electricity from without. The nerves branch off
+from their centers&mdash;the brain, the spinal cord,
+the ganglions, and the great plexuses&mdash;and run,
+in general, downward and outward from the
+trunk lines, in a manner somewhat analogous
+to the branches and twigs of an inverted little
+tree. If we place before us such a shrub, with
+the root upward and the branches pointing
+downwards, and then draw lines from the
+lowest point of the lowest twig to the outer
+ends of all the branches surrounding the main
+trunk, we shall see that our lines, instead of
+running in the general directions of the limbs,
+will, for the most part, run <i>across</i> the twigs.
+But, if we draw our lines from the outer extremities
+of the branches and twigs up to the
+root, or near to the source of the trunk, we
+will find the lines, in the main, running nearly
+parallel with the branches. Now, let us substitute
+for this inverted tree the nervous system<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>
+of a man, and remember that the electric current
+moves from the positive to the negative
+pole as nearly in straight lines as it can where
+there are good conductors, such as the nerves
+and muscles, and it will at once appear that,
+in treating the lower limbs, if we place our N.
+P. at the coccyx, and then manipulate with
+P. P. over the feet and legs, our electric lines
+are running from all the surface extremities of
+the nerve ramifications, wherever the P. P. is
+moving, directly into and along these fine ramifications,
+and, through the larger nerve-branches,
+up to the stationary N. P. Or, if we
+treat the <i>trunk</i> of the body by placing the
+N. P. on the spine, near its upper end, and
+then manipulate with P. P. from the lower
+part upward over the back, sides, abdomen
+and chest, our current strikes into the surface
+extremities of the nerves at every point where
+the electrode touches, and makes its way upwards,
+along the nerve-lines, to the great spinal
+cord under the N. P.&mdash;thus replenishing with
+fresh electricity all the ganglions, plexuses and
+nerve-trunks along the way. But if P. P. be
+made stationary at the lower end of the section
+under treatment, and we manipulate over the
+parts with the N. P., the current strikes from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
+P. P., across the nerve branches and comes
+out at their surface extremities wherever the
+negative electrode moves&mdash;so reaching but
+indirectly and imperfectly the trunk-lines and
+their centers.</p>
+
+<h3>COMMON COLDS.</h3>
+
+<p>Take the B D Faradaic current&mdash;moderate
+strength. If the affection be mainly in the
+head, give,</p>
+
+<p><i>1st.</i> <i>A face bath.</i> Let an earthen wash-basin,
+nearly filled with tepid water, be placed
+on a table or chair before the patient, he holding
+the sponge-roll [see page <a href="#Page_89">89</a>] N. P. in his
+hands. Now let him bury his face in the water
+as long as he can hold his breath. At the
+instant after his face is in the water, drop into
+the water the tin electrode P. P. Repeat this
+process as often as he recovers his breath,
+some eight, ten or a dozen times.</p>
+
+<p><i>2d.</i> Place the sponge-roll N. P. in the hands
+as before, and, making an electrode P. P. of
+your own hand, in the manner directed for
+<i>diagnosis</i>, clasp the nose of the patient between
+your thumb and finger, moving them up and
+down along the sides of the nose, and on the
+nose between the eyes, about five minutes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Repeat the above forms twice or thrice a day.</p>
+
+<p>If there be hoarseness, or cough, or stricture
+of lungs, or soreness of chest, place N. P.,
+with <i>long cord</i>, upon back of neck, and treat
+with P. P. over the front part of neck and
+breast, and wherever upon the thorax stricture
+or soreness appears.</p>
+
+<p>If there be a feverish condition of the system,
+attended, perhaps, with pain in the head,
+place P. P. on the spine, a little below the
+cranium, and treat with N. P., <i>long cord</i>, all
+the way down the spine, and over the entire
+back, sides, thorax and abdomen. In this case
+let the current be rather mild, and be continued
+for a considerable length of time, with
+the view of bringing out perspiration. It is
+<i>best</i> that the patient should receive treatment
+in bed, perfectly protected from any cool air
+that might restrain or check perspiration. In
+these cases, I not unfrequently treat with a
+light B D current a full hour, unless perspiration
+start freely in shorter time, working over
+the trunk and limbs generally. But, while
+treating over the lower limbs, the P. P. should
+be upon the hypogastric flexus, at the "small
+of the back." Treat once or twice a day until
+relief appears.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>After the stricture and soreness of the lungs
+are removed, and the general febrile action is
+suppressed, it is desirable to give a <i>general
+tonic treatment</i>.</p>
+
+<h3>CEPHALAGIA. (<i>Headache.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>1. "<i>Nervous headache.</i>" Take the B D
+current&mdash;moderate force. Place P. P. on back
+of neck, just below the brain, and manipulate
+with side-sponge cup, N. P., all the way down
+the spine and over the back.</p>
+
+<p>It may often be necessary to apply the P. P.
+directly to the suffering part of the head. In
+that case, take the soft Faradaic current B C.
+If the fluid in the battery cell be fresh, use
+very little&mdash;just enough to reach well the platina
+plate and make the machine run. Wet
+the hair thoroughly through to the scalp, where
+the electrode is to be applied. Seat the patient
+on N. P., or let him hold it in both his
+hands, (the former is the better way), and treat
+lightly over the affected parts of the head with
+P. P. Treat five to ten minutes, as may be
+required, and if the pain returns, repeat the
+treatment. Only a very light current can be
+safely applied directly to the brain, and that
+an <i>induced</i> Faradaic current.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Sick Headache.</i> The <i>procuring</i> cause of
+this distressing disease is involved in considerable
+mystery. It seems, however, to be largely
+dependent on the secretion and discharge into
+the duodenum of an improper quantity of bile,
+and an irregularity in the peristaltic action of
+the upper part of the bowels, particularly of
+the duodenum, in which that action more or
+less is <i>reversed</i>, and thereby throws the biliary
+fluid up, through the pylorus, into the stomach.
+After a time, the stomach becomes nauseated
+by its accumulation; and the head, through
+nervous sympathy, is rendered electrically
+positive in excess, and thus is made to ache.
+Yet there are certain characteristics of the
+disease which this view does not satisfactorily
+explain, and which must remain unexplained
+until advancing science shall reveal to us more
+perfect light.</p>
+
+<p>When this disease has become habitual and
+periodic, it is very obstinate, and requires persistent
+treatment&mdash;often for several months.</p>
+
+<p>Take the B D current, with moderate force.
+Place the N. P. on the spine, immediately
+above the kidneys, and treat with P. P. over
+the stomach and the duodenum, (lying transversely
+just below the stomach), three to five<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>
+minutes. Treat in this manner about twice a
+week.</p>
+
+<p>It may sometimes be necessary to treat the
+head directly. If so, after the treatment above
+prescribed, add that prescribed for the head
+directly, in <i>nervous</i> headache, with this difference,
+viz: instead of seating the patient on the
+N. P., or placing the same in his hands, pass
+it over the stomach and duodenum, unless the
+former may be already too positive. In that
+case, let the N. P. be at the seat.</p>
+
+<h3>DEAFNESS.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The prognosis</i> is very uncertain. This infirmity
+is often cured by our system, even
+when of long standing; and often, again, the
+treatment fails. The uncertainty arises from
+the difficulty in determining the exact pathological
+derangement.</p>
+
+<p>Take the A D current, mild force. Introduce
+the ear electrode as the N. P. when the
+disease is of long standing, or as the P. P.
+when it is of recent origin. Apply the opposite
+pole to the back of the neck. Treat five
+to eight minutes, once a day for three or four
+days, and afterwards three times a week. If<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>
+no success appears within three weeks, it will
+probably be vain to expect it afterwards.</p>
+
+<h3>NOISES IN THE HEAD.</h3>
+
+<p>Treat the same as for deafness.</p>
+
+<h3>INFLAMED EYES.</h3>
+
+<p>If the disease be recent and acute, (but not
+infectious), as from sewing or reading by lamp
+light or other irritation, take the C D current,
+of moderate force. Treat with the eye-bath,
+filled with tepid water, having the eye open in
+the water. Make the bath the P. P., and
+place the N. P. on the spine at the upper dorsal
+vertebra. Treat each eye three minutes daily.</p>
+
+<p>If the disease be acute and <i>infectious</i>, use
+the A C current some four to six times, and
+then change to A D. Apply the current as
+directed above.</p>
+
+<p>If the disease be chronic, or the lids granulated,
+treat with A D, <i>very mild</i> current, applying
+the eye-bath, N. P., to the eyes, and
+place the P. P. upon the spine, at the top of
+the back. Treat each eye three to five minutes
+three times a week.</p>
+
+<p>In cases of simple inflammation, (not infectious),
+and that chiefly or entirely in the lids,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>
+it is often quite as well or better to treat over
+the closed lids with the finger, holding the
+sponge-roll P. P. in the same hand.</p>
+
+<h3>AMAUROSIS. (<i>Paralysis of the optic nerve.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>Use B D current, moderate force, three or
+four times, and then change to C D. Apply
+the eye-bath, N. P., to the eye, and sponge-cup
+P. P. upon one of the upper dorsal vertebr&aelig;.
+Treat three to five minutes on each eye,
+three times a week.</p>
+
+<h3>STRABISMUS. (<i>Discordance of the eyes.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>If neither of the <i>rectus</i> muscles have been
+cut and cicatrized, and if the deformity be not
+congenital, it may ordinarily be cured.</p>
+
+<p>Take B D current, with small pointed electrodes.
+If the eye be turned <i>inward</i>, insert
+P. P. in the outer angle of the eye, so as to
+bear upon the <i>rectus externus</i>, and N. P. in the
+inner angle, so as to bear on the <i>rectus internus</i>.
+Let the current be of what force the
+patient can bear. Withdraw the electrodes
+frequently, to rest the eye, and then reapply
+them. Apply the current in this manner six
+to ten or twelve times at a sitting. The eye
+will soon become inflamed, but the inflammation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>
+will quickly go down. Treat daily, or on
+alternate days, as the eye can bear. After
+treating some ten or twelve times, if the organ
+does not come into place let it rest a week,
+and then resume the treatment as before.</p>
+
+<p>If the eye be turned <i>outward</i>, treat in the
+same manner as directed above, except that in
+this case, the P. P. must be inserted in the
+<i>inner</i> and the N. P. in the <i>outer</i> angle.</p>
+
+<h3>CATARRH. (<i>Acute.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>If in the head, treat as prescribed for common
+colds in the head. If in the throat, place
+N. P. somewhere on the dorsal vertebr&aelig;, and
+treat with P. P.&mdash;tongue instrument&mdash;in the
+mouth about five minutes, and then with end-sponge
+cup externally upon the affected parts
+as much longer. Use the B D current, in
+good medium strength, twice a day.</p>
+
+<h3>CATARRH. (<i>Chronic.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>If in the head, first give <i>face-bath</i>, as in
+common colds, except with <i>reversed poles</i> and
+changing to the A D current, <i>very mild</i> force.
+If in the throat or bronchial tubes, place the
+P. P. of the A D current, with <i>long cord</i>, on
+the back of the neck or in the mouth, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>
+treat with N. P., <i>soft</i> current, upon the affected
+parts, eight or ten minutes.</p>
+
+<p>Repeat treatment about three times a week.</p>
+
+<h3>DIPHTHERIA.</h3>
+
+<p>Use the A D current, strong force. Place
+the N. P., <i>long cord</i>, upon the lower cervical
+vertebr&aelig;, and then treat, <i>first</i>, with the <i>tongue</i>
+instrument, P. P., in the mouth, as far back
+on the tongue as can be borne, three to five
+minutes. <i>Next</i>, manipulate with sponge-cup,
+P. P., or the tin electrode filled with sponge,
+over all the front parts of the neck and throat,
+down to the chest, five to eight minutes.</p>
+
+<p>Treat as often as once in two or three hours.</p>
+
+<h3>APHONIA. (<i>Loss of voice.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>This affection requires treatment variously,
+as it depends on one or another procuring
+cause.</p>
+
+<p>If it be the result of recent "cold," inducing
+acute catarrhal irritation in the larynx, treat
+<i>first</i> as for <i>common cold</i>, and <i>close</i> the sitting
+as follows: Place N. P., <i>long cord</i>, of A D current,
+in good medium force, upon back of
+neck or in the mouth, and treat three to five
+minutes, twice a day, with P. P., over the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>
+front parts of the air pipe in the neck; mostly
+over the <i>larynx</i>&mdash;Adam's apple.</p>
+
+<p>If it be from paralysis of the larynx, treat
+with B D current, rather strong force; placing
+P. P., <i>long cord</i>, on back of neck or in the
+mouth, and work with N. P. over the <i>larynx</i>,
+and somewhat over the air tube of the
+neck generally. Treat three to five minutes,
+daily.</p>
+
+<p>If, as is sometimes the case, the difficulty
+proceeds from a relaxation of the diaphragm,
+with general sagging down of the thoracic and
+abdominal viscera, so as to draw upon the
+trachea, then treat the whole trunk tonically,
+using the B D current. Place the N. P. low
+on back of neck, and treat with P. P. over
+the abdomen and thorax, and especially all
+around the edge of the diaphragm&mdash;along the
+lower line of the false ribs. Treat with medium
+strength of current, ten minutes, three
+times a week. The aim is to contract all the
+relaxed parts, so to relieve the larynx from
+the strain upon it.</p>
+
+<h3>CROUP.</h3>
+
+<p>Treat croup, whether membranous or spasmodic,
+much the same as is prescribed for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>
+diphtheria, only, in the latter part of the form,
+treat less.</p>
+
+<h3>ASTHMA.</h3>
+
+<p>Use the A D current, medium force. Treat
+with P. P. over the shoulders and between the
+scapul&aelig;, and with N. P. in front upon the
+lungs, heart and diaphragm. Treat five to ten
+minutes, daily, for three or four days; after
+that, three times a week.</p>
+
+<h3>HEPATIZATION OF LUNGS.</h3>
+
+<p>Take A D current, pretty strong force.
+Treat in front, over the lungs, with P. P.,
+moving N. P., <i>long cord</i>, on spine from neck
+to near the kidneys; that is, over all the dorsal
+vertebr&aelig;. If the current be severely painful,
+moderate it to endurance. Treat six to
+ten minutes twice a day.</p>
+
+<h3>PNEUMONIA.</h3>
+
+<p>Take B D current, forceful as the patient
+can bear, and treat briefly&mdash;say five to seven
+minutes, several times a day, until relief is
+experienced.</p>
+
+<p>Place N. P., <i>long cord</i>, low on back of neck,
+and move P. P. over all the upper part of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>
+lungs. Then remove N. P. to the lower dorsal
+vertebr&aelig;, just above the kidneys, and treat
+with P. P. over the lower part of the lungs.
+If typhoid symptoms attend, follow the above
+with placing P. P., medium force, on back of
+neck, close below the cranium, and N. P. at
+coccyx, two or three minutes.</p>
+
+<h3>PULMONARY PHTHISIS. (<i>Consumption.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>After tubercles have been formed <i>extensively</i>
+in the lungs, and have <i>softened down</i> over considerable
+area, carrying down the pulmonary
+tissue with them into a state of pus, there is
+commonly but little hope of successful treatment.
+But where they are restricted to comparatively
+small extent, and no ulceration
+exists, they may be decomposed and absorbed
+away, or be thrown off in expectoration, and
+the affected parts be healed.</p>
+
+<p>If the case be a <i>recent</i> one, and acute fever,
+combined, perhaps, with more or less inflammation,
+appear in the lungs, use the A C current,
+in moderate force, yet all the patient can
+bear without special distress. Place N. P.,
+<i>long cord</i>, upon the upper dorsal vertebr&aelig; for
+treating the upper part of the lungs, or upon
+the lower dorsal vertebr&aelig; for treating their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>
+lower part. Then pass P. P. over all the
+affected parts. Treat in this manner five to
+eight minutes, daily, until the <i>inflammation</i> is
+suppressed, which will be indicated by an
+abatement of the extreme sensitiveness and
+lancinating pain under the electrode. Then,
+if <i>feverish</i> action continue high, remove the
+N. P. to the coccyx, or to the lower part of
+the sacrum, taking the B D current, <i>mild</i> force,
+with cords of <i>equal length</i>, and treat, as before,
+with P. P. over the affected parts, and also
+over the thorax generally, and along down
+the spine to the lower dorsal vertebr&aelig;. Continue
+this treatment ten to fifteen minutes,
+daily, until the fever is removed, or nearly so.
+For this part of the treatment, it is best to use
+the hand as the P. electrode, and to diffuse
+the current over the whole palm of the hand
+wherever special soreness appears. It is better,
+also, that the patient receive the treatment
+in bed, secure from any chilliness or current
+of air, so as to facilitate perspiration.</p>
+
+<p>If the case be one of long standing, and
+more or less of <i>pus</i>, or <i>pus</i> and <i>tubercles</i>, be
+raised in coughing, take the A D current,
+with equal cords and <i>very</i> mild force. Reduce
+the quantity of battery fluid if necessary.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>
+Now place P. P. at the coccyx and treat with
+N. P., (the hand is here much the best), over
+all the diseased parts. Change occasionally
+by removing P. P. to back of neck with <i>long
+cord</i>. The object is to bring the diseased parts
+under a very light force of the A D current,
+such as is especially healing in old ulcers and
+chronic irritation. But if this action should
+at any time <i>increase</i> fever or inflammation in
+the lungs, the poles must be reversed for one
+or two treatments. In this stage of the disease,
+treat ten to twelve or fifteen minutes, daily,
+for three or four days, and after that, three
+times a week.</p>
+
+<h3>NEURALGIA AND RHEUMATISM OF THE HEART.</h3>
+
+<p>If <i>neuralgia</i>, use B D current; if <i>rheumatism</i>,
+use A D. In either case, treat the heart
+with P. P., moderate force, placing N. P. at
+lower dorsal or upper lumbar vertebr&aelig;. Treat
+five to eight minutes, daily, until relief is
+gained.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rheumatism</i> of the heart may be distinguished
+from <i>neuralgia</i> by its occasioning irregularity
+in the cardiac contractions, commonly
+a sense of soreness and pain under pressure by
+the hand, and often perceptible enlargement of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>
+the organ, which neuralgia does not, and also
+by its pains being more constant&mdash;less fitful&mdash;than
+those of neuralgia.</p>
+
+<h3>ENLARGEMENT, OR OSSIFICATION OF THE HEART.</h3>
+
+<p>Treat these two affections in the same way.
+Take the A D current, moderate force. Place
+N. P. at the coccyx, or alternately there and,
+with <i>long cord</i>, on the spine opposite to the
+heart. Manipulate with P. P. over the heart.
+Treat five to eight minutes, three times a week.</p>
+
+<h3>PALPITATION OF THE HEART.</h3>
+
+<p>This is commonly a symptomatic or sympathetic
+affection&mdash;<i>rarely</i> idiopathic&mdash;and disappears
+on cure of the disease from which it
+proceeds. It usually denotes nervous weakness,
+and often general debility. <i>General tonic
+treatment</i> is indicated, as far as can be given
+without interfering with the proper treatment
+of any local affections on which the palpitation
+depends.</p>
+
+<h3>TORPID LIVER.</h3>
+
+<p>Take A D or B D current, full medium
+force. Treat with N. P. over the liver, at the
+right side, immediately below the short ribs,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>
+and thence backward and a little upward, as
+far as to the spine, holding P. P. on the left
+side, close under the ribs, for about four to six
+minutes. Then remove P. P. to the spine, on
+back of neck, two or three minutes. Next,
+go with the P. P. to coccyx two or three
+minutes; continuing, as at first, to manipulate
+with N. P. over the liver. Let the whole
+treatment occupy some eight to twelve minutes.
+Repeat the sittings about three times
+a week.</p>
+
+<h3>HEPATITIS. (<i>Inflammation of Liver.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>Use the B D current, with what force the
+patient can bear. Place N. P. at the coccyx,
+and also somewhat on the trunk, opposite to
+the inflammation. Then manipulate with P. P.
+over the inflamed and sore part. Treat five
+to eight minutes, once or twice a day.</p>
+
+<h3>ENLARGEMENT OF LIVER.</h3>
+
+<p>Take A D current, with medium force. Place
+N. P., some three to five minutes, on left side,
+over the spleen; and then as much longer at
+the coccyx. Manipulate with P. P. over the
+liver. Treat about three times a week. If the
+enlargement be recent, it will subside; if of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>
+long standing, its restoration will be slow, and
+somewhat uncertain.</p>
+
+<h3>BILIARY CALCULI. (<i>Gravel in Liver.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>Take A C current, strong as can be borne;
+and treat the inflamed and painful part with
+P. P., while N. P. is upon the right end of
+the duodenum. Treat eight to ten minutes,
+daily.</p>
+
+<h3>INTERMITTENT FEVER. (<i>Ague and Fever.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>Use the A D current. First, give <i>general
+tonic treatment</i>. (See page <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.) Then close
+the sitting with a <i>strong</i> current, running from
+spleen to liver&mdash;P. P. upon spleen, in the left
+side, just below the ribs, and N. P. upon liver&mdash;best
+reached in the right side, close under the
+ribs, and around backward and a little upward
+as far as to the spine. The spleen is morbidly
+positive, and probably enlarged, while
+the liver is too negative. Treat spleen and
+liver in this transverse manner about five
+minutes.</p>
+
+<p>If the chills occur on alternate days, treat
+on the intervening days; if every day, treat
+about two hours before the chill is expected.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>NEPHRITIS. (<i>Inflammation of Kidneys.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>1. <i>Acute.</i> If the urinary secretion be <i>reddish</i>
+and <i>scant</i>, with or without sedimentary
+deposit, let the inflammation be regarded as
+<i>acute</i>; and use upon it the B D current of good
+medium strength, or a little more, if the patient
+can bear it. The pain from the current will
+probably subside somewhat, and perhaps altogether,
+under treatment. Place N. P. at the
+coccyx, and manipulate over the inflamed and
+sore parts with P. P. Treat five to eight
+minutes, twice a day, if the case be recent,
+or once a day, if it be of some weeks
+standing.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Chronic.</i> If it be an old case, and attended
+with a brownish or a brickdust-like sediment
+in the urine, it may be considered <i>chronic</i>,
+and should be treated with a moderate A D
+current, once in two days. Place P. P. at the
+coccyx, and treat with N. P. over the affected
+kidneys. There may be no sense of soreness
+or swelling, but <i>dull</i> pain. Treat six
+to ten minutes. But if the inflammation
+should rise to an active or acute state, <i>reverse
+the poles</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>RENAL CALCULI. (<i>Gravel in the Kidneys.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>Take the A C current, of considerable force.
+Place N. P. low upon the bladder, and treat
+with P. P. upon the inflamed and painful point
+five to eight minutes, once or twice a day. If
+treating twice a day, continue not more than
+five minutes at a time.</p>
+
+<h3>DIABETES. (<i>A Kidney Disease.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>This disease occurs in two forms&mdash;<i>diabetes
+insipidus</i> and <i>diabetes mellitus</i>. In the first
+named form, the disease is readily cured. In
+the latter, it is very formidable, and is rarely,
+if ever, cured by medicines; especially when
+of long standing. In this latter variety of the
+disease, the urea is absent from the urine, and
+in its place is found more or less of sugar&mdash;often
+large quantities: Dunglison says 2&frac12; oz.
+in a pint.</p>
+
+<p>The electrical state of the disease, in both
+of these forms, is negative in excess.</p>
+
+<p>1. <i>D. insipidus.</i> Use the B D current, of
+moderate force. Place P. P. at the coccyx or
+on the upper dorsal vertebra, or on both in
+alternation, which is better, and treat over the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>
+kidneys with N. P. five to eight minutes, once
+a day for three or four days. If this should
+fail to cure, (as it seldom will), go on with the
+same treatment three times a week.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>D. mellitus.</i> Take the A D current, of
+<i>mild</i> force. Place P. P. as in <i>d. insipidus</i>, and
+treat the kidneys with N. P. about five to eight
+minutes, three times a week; supplementing
+this with <i>general tonic treatment</i>, once or twice
+a week.</p>
+
+<p><i>Be patient and persevering.</i> In bad cases,
+months will be required to effect a cure; but
+persistent effort, as above prescribed, will
+rarely if ever fail, unless the vital force is
+nearly expended.</p>
+
+<h3>DYSPEPSIA.</h3>
+
+<p>This is one of the most difficult of diseases
+to control by any of the ordinary modes of
+medical practice; and yet, under judicious
+electrical treatment, it is one of the surest to
+yield. The disease assumes various phases in
+different persons, and at different times in the
+same person, requiring varied treatment.</p>
+
+<p>The pain, after eating, is severe; exhalations
+of air, apparently from the inner surfaces of
+the stomach and bowels, or of gas from their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>
+decomposing contents, are large&mdash;often enormous.
+The stomach is much of the time acid,
+and, in some cases, sensibly cold, ejecting often
+a cold mucus. The bowels are habitually constipated.
+The patient is nervous, irritable, and
+subject to great depression of spirits. In this
+stage or phase of the disease, there is a negative
+condition of the digestive apparatus generally.
+Treat with the A D current, in mild
+force, and expect the case to require considerable
+time. But, since there is no approach to
+uniformity among patients, no approximation
+to definite time can be stated. Give <i>general
+tonic treatment</i>, (page <a href="#Page_95">95</a>), three times a week,
+and close each sitting with local treatment,
+having P. P. at the coccyx, and manipulating
+some five minutes with N. P. over the entire
+front parts of the abdomen and thorax, and
+over the liver.</p>
+
+<p>It is sometimes found, in old cases, that there
+is no sensible acidity of stomach; but a <i>pyrosis</i>&mdash;a
+burning sensation in the stomach, or a
+little above, in what is usually termed "the
+pit of the stomach." Treat this about three
+minutes with the P. P., strong force; moving N.
+P., <i>long cord</i>, over the lower dorsal vertebr&aelig;.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>ACUTE DIARRH&#338;A.</h3>
+
+<p>Take B D current. Place N. P., <i>long cord</i>,
+upon the lumbar vertebr&aelig; and sacrum, moving
+it often along the spine, from a position opposite
+to the umbilicus down to the coccyx; and
+treat with P. P. over the abdomen, and more
+especially wherever pain or sensations of uneasiness
+appear. In severe cases, treat several
+times in a day&mdash;once in two to three
+hours, if need require, three to five minutes at
+a time. Use current of full medium strength,
+if the patient can bear it.</p>
+
+<h3>CHRONIC DIARRH&#338;A.</h3>
+
+<p>Take A D current, of <i>very mild</i> force. Place
+P. P. at the feet, and treat with N. P. over
+the lower limbs <i>briefly</i>; then over the bowels
+and stomach, both front and rear, some three
+to five minutes; then pass up with N. P. over
+the anterior parts of the chest, two or three
+minutes; and, next, place N. P. low on the
+back of neck, with P. P. still at feet, two or
+three minutes. Treat in this manner once
+daily.</p>
+
+<p>If at any time the bowels should become
+unusually flatulent, and evacuations should increase<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>
+in frequency, change the treatment.
+Place N. P. at back of neck, as before, and
+treat about five minutes with P. P. (force increased
+to <i>moderate</i> current) over the abdomen,
+daily, from one to three days, as may be
+necessary. After this, resume treatment as
+first above prescribed.</p>
+
+<h3>COLIC&mdash;<i>of whatever kind</i>.</h3>
+
+<p>Use A D current, pretty strong force. In
+severe cases, introduce the rectum instrument
+N. P., <i>long cord</i>, or in mild cases, place sponge-roll
+N. P., <i>long cord</i>, at coccyx, and treat with
+P. P. over all the abdomen, three to five minutes.
+It may be repeated, if necessary, in
+thirty minutes.</p>
+
+<h3>CHOLERA MORBUS.</h3>
+
+<p>Keep the patient still as possible on his
+back. Use A D current, strong force. Place
+N. P., <i>long cord</i>, at coccyx, and treat with
+P. P. over abdomen, five to ten minutes, and
+repeat, if necessary, in thirty to sixty minutes.
+If there be cramps, touch the contracted
+muscles with the P. P., for a few moments,
+without disturbing N. P.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>CHOLERA.&mdash;(<i>Malignant.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>As in cholera morbus, keep the patient on
+his back, still as can be. Use A D current,
+<i>full medium strength</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the early stage, or during the "<i>rice-water</i>"
+discharges, and down to the time of
+collapse, treat the abdomen and thorax with
+P. P., having N. P., <i>long cord</i>, on back of
+neck&mdash;not too near the head. After treating
+so a few moments&mdash;say four to six minutes&mdash;remove
+P. P. to the back, and pass it along
+close upon each side of the spinous processes
+from the lower lumbar up to about the middle
+of the dorsal vertebr&aelig;. Continue this about
+three or four minutes.</p>
+
+<p>If <i>cramping</i> accompany the vomiting and
+purging, carry the P. P. a part of the time to
+the muscles in spasm, leaving N. P. still at
+the back of neck, with <i>long cord</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Repeat the above processes as often as once
+an hour until symptoms improve. Then reduce
+their frequency as the case will admit of.</p>
+
+<p><i>In the state of collapse</i>, place P. P., <i>long
+cord</i>, at the coccyx, and manipulate with N.
+P. over the entire trunk and arms; bestowing
+a larger share of treatment along up the spine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>
+than elsewhere. Then remove P. P., <i>long
+cord</i>, to feet, and work with N. P. all over the
+lower limbs and hips. Treat in this stage of
+the disease some six or eight minutes at a
+time, and repeat it as the case seems to demand&mdash;once
+in thirty minutes to once in two,
+four or six hours, until improvement or death
+shall ensue. (See page <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.)</p>
+
+<h3>DYSENTERY.</h3>
+
+<p>Treat exactly as in <i>acute diarrh&#339;a</i>, except
+that P. P. should be moved more over the
+<i>colon</i> and <i>rectum</i> than in diarrh&#339;a.</p>
+
+<h3>CONSTIPATION OF BOWELS.</h3>
+
+<p>This disease may proceed from either a <i>negative</i>
+condition&mdash;a state of <i>atony</i> from lack of
+nutrition, or a <i>partial paralysis</i> of the bowels&mdash;or
+from a <i>positive</i> condition&mdash;a state of <i>relaxation</i>
+and consequent weakness of the muscular
+tissues of the bowels. In either of these cases,
+the peristaltic action of the intestines becomes
+enfeebled, and constipation ensues.</p>
+
+<p>In either case, use the A D current, of medium
+force. In the first-mentioned case, place
+P. P. at back of neck, or in the mouth with
+tongue instrument, and treat with N. P. over<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>
+liver, stomach and bowels; or place N. P. at
+the anus. Treat so five to eight minutes.</p>
+
+<p>In the second-specified case, place N. P. at
+back of neck or on the dorsal vertebr&aelig;, and
+treat with P. P. over the bowels five to eight
+minutes.</p>
+
+<p>In both cases, repeat the treatment daily
+until relief is afforded. Or, if the case be
+<i>chronic</i>, treat daily for three or four days, and,
+after that, three times a week. It is well also
+to give <i>general tonic treatment</i> as often as once
+a week. The patient should be urged to retire
+and <i>invite</i> an evacuation regularly, about the
+same hour daily, whether success attend it
+or not.</p>
+
+<h3>H&AElig;MORRHOIDS. (<i>Piles.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>If the case be recent, take the B D current;
+if old, take A D. Place the patient in a recumbent
+position, and let the rectum instrument,
+P. P., be introduced, <i>wet</i>. Manipulate
+with N. P. along the spine upon the dorsal
+vertebr&aelig;. Where there is <i>prolapsus ani</i>, the
+sponge-roll, placed at the anus, may be used
+instead of the rectum instrument, particularly
+for the first few treatments.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>RHEUMATISM. (<i>Acute Inflammatory.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>First ascertain if the kidneys be morbidly
+positive&mdash;urine scant and too highly colored.
+If so, as is commonly the case, begin with the
+B D current, good medium force. Place N. P.
+at the pelvis, and treat over the kidneys with
+P. P. some three or four minutes. Let this be
+the commencement of every treatment until
+<i>this</i> difficulty is corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Next, change to A D current. If the disease
+be located in the hips or lower limbs, put
+the feet in warm water with the tin electrode
+N. P., or place the sponge-roll N. P. at the
+soles of the feet, and treat with P. P. upon
+and a little above the affected parts; using
+such force of current as the patient can bear.
+The pain will commonly subside under treatment.
+If the disease be as low as the ankles
+or feet, use the <i>long cord</i> with N. P.</p>
+
+<p>If the shoulders, arms or hands be affected,
+treat them on the same principles as are prescribed
+for the <i>lower</i> limbs; using the <i>long
+cord</i> with N. P. when the disease is below the
+elbows.</p>
+
+<p>When the disease is in the hands or feet, or
+near to them, if the shoulders or hips be not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>
+involved, it is often necessary, after three or
+four treatments as above described, to <i>reverse
+the poles</i> for a few moments, giving an ascending
+current; but still using the <i>long cord</i>
+with N. P.</p>
+
+<p>If the disease be located anywhere in the
+trunk, neck or head, treat the affected part
+with P. P., placing N. P. on some adjacent
+part of the spine, and usually at a point somewhat
+<i>lower down</i> than the disease.</p>
+
+<p>For acute inflammatory rheumatism, treat
+once a day. The length of time for each
+treatment must depend on the location and
+extent of the affected part or parts. In this
+matter, the practitioner must decide for himself,
+or infer from the time prescribed in the
+treatment of other inflammatory affections.</p>
+
+<h3>RHEUMATISM. (<i>Chronic.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>Use the A D current <i>always</i> in rheumatic
+affections. If there be no visible inflammation
+or swelling in the diseased parts, approach
+such parts in the same manner as in acute inflammatory
+rheumatism, except with <i>reversed
+poles</i>. The parts affected require to come
+under the N. P. rather than the P. P., and to
+be treated with considerable force. There are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>
+<i>apparently</i> exceptional cases, referred to on
+page <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, which see.</p>
+
+<p>Where joints are being dislocated, treat the
+parts with N. P., quite mild force, so long as
+it can be done without exciting acute inflammation.
+If this should arise, it must be repressed
+with P. P.</p>
+
+<p>Treat chronic rheumatism about three times
+a week.</p>
+
+<h3>DROPSY.</h3>
+
+<p>Use the A D current, moderate force. Give
+<i>general tonic treatment</i>; then place P. P. with
+the feet, in a vessel of warm water, or place
+the sponge-roll P. P. at the soles of the feet,
+and treat the affected parts a few minutes
+with N. P., to quicken the absorbents. If the
+disease be in the feet or lower limbs, use <i>long
+cord</i> with P. P. while treating them. Next
+place N. P. upon the lower part of the bladder,
+or, what is better, immediately below the
+pubic articulation, and treat over the kidneys
+three to five minutes with P. P. Repeat the
+treatments about three times a week.</p>
+
+<h3>NEURALGIA.</h3>
+
+<p>If the disease be general in the system,
+moving from place to place, or causing transient<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>
+acute pains here and there, give general
+tonic treatment, three times a week, for several
+weeks&mdash;perhaps a month or two, provided the
+case be an old one. This will invigorate the
+nervous system and equalize the electric action.
+<i>Relief</i> will be afforded soon; but for the sake
+of <i>cure</i>, the treatment of an old case should be
+continued as here directed. If the disease be
+<i>local</i>, use the B D current, with as much force
+as the patient can bear without irritating painfulness.
+Treat the affected part, or parts,
+with P. P., placing N. P., <i>long cord</i>, upon
+some approximate healthy part, at a point a
+little lower down than the part in pain. The
+spine, when convenient, is commonly the best
+point for it. In treating the painful part, pass
+the electrode more or less also over the nerves
+adjacent to the one principally affected. Treat
+five to eight minutes daily.</p>
+
+<h3>SCIATICA.</h3>
+
+<p>This is neuralgia in an ischiatic nerve, commonly
+the <i>great</i> ischiatic.</p>
+
+<p>Use the B D current, strong as the patient
+can well bear. Place the foot in warm water
+with N. P., or place the sponge-roll N. P. at
+the sole of the foot, (the former is the best,)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>
+and treat with P. P. over the painful part,
+and also, more or less, over adjacent parts.
+It is also well, in order to prevent too much
+exhaustion of the limb, to <i>reverse the poles</i>
+every third or fourth time; but in so doing,
+use the <i>long cord</i> with N. P.</p>
+
+<h3>PARALYSIS.</h3>
+
+<p>Take the B D current, medium force. If
+the paralysis be in a lower limb, place P. P.,
+<i>long cord</i>, upon the lower lumbar vertebr&aelig;, so
+as to reach the hypogastric plexus, and treat
+with the metallic brush, N. P., five to eight
+minutes, over all the affected parts. Then close
+the sitting with <i>reversed poles</i>, about one to two
+minutes, having P. P., <i>long cord</i>, at the foot,
+and manipulating over the parts affected, and
+especially over the lumbar vertebr&aelig;, with N.
+P. This is to prevent depletion by <i>running
+off</i> the electro-vital fluid too much, and to force
+the electric current through the nerves in an
+upward and inward tonic-giving direction. If
+the disease be in an arm or hand, treat it in
+a manner analogous to the above; extending
+the treatment from back of neck to the affected
+parts.</p>
+
+<p>In case of <i>hemiplegia</i> or <i>paraplegia</i>, run the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>
+current from the healthy <i>side</i> of the spine, (in
+hemiplegia,) or from a healthy <i>part</i> of the
+spine, (in paraplegia,) to and through the paralyzed
+parts, by placing P. P., <i>long cord</i>, on
+spine, and manipulating with N. P., metallic
+brush commonly, upon the parts paralyzed.
+Close the treatment with reversed poles for a
+moment or two, as in the preceding cases. <i>Old</i>
+paralysis requires considerable <i>time</i> to cure it.
+Treat about three times a week, occasionally
+omitting a week.</p>
+
+<h3>ERYSIPELAS.</h3>
+
+<p>Take the A. D. current, medium force, in
+all forms of the diseases.</p>
+
+<p>1. When acute, and characterized by high
+inflammation, with bright, smooth swelling,
+and spreading gradually and sometimes rapidly
+to surrounding parts; or when small vesicles
+appear on the inflamed parts, which dry
+up in little branlike scales and fall off.</p>
+
+<p>If it be located anywhere upon the face,
+place N. P., <i>long cord</i>, upon back of neck, and
+treat the parts affected with P. P. Treat
+about three to five minutes at a time, three or
+four times daily.</p>
+
+<p>If it be located in the arm or hand, place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>
+the extremity in tepid water with N. P., <i>long
+cord</i>, and treat upon or just above the diseased
+part with P. P.</p>
+
+<p>If it be in any part of the trunk, (which, in
+this form, is not so common,) place N. P., <i>long
+cord</i>, upon some point of the spine as near the
+diseased part as may be, but a little lower
+down, and treat the part affected with P. P.</p>
+
+<p>In each of these cases, treat briefly, but
+frequently, as directed above.</p>
+
+<p>2. When small, blister-like, serous vesicles&mdash;<i>phlyct&aelig;na</i>&mdash;appear,
+and the inflammation
+terminates in gangrene; or when there is
+such an infiltration of serum as to produce an
+&#339;dematous condition, place P. P., <i>long cord</i>,
+upon some convenient healthy part, (the spinal
+cord, or other nerve centre which gives nervous
+service to the part affected, is best,) and treat
+the lesion with N. P., <i>light force</i>, five to eight
+minutes daily.</p>
+
+<h3>ERUPTIVE CUTANEOUS DISEASES.</h3>
+
+<p>Take A D current, pretty <i>vigorous</i> force in
+<i>acute</i> cases; <i>mild</i> in <i>chronic</i> affections. If the
+eruption be inflamed and acute, use <i>long cord</i>
+with N. P.; if sluggish and chronic, use <i>long
+cord</i> with P. P. Move the two electrodes parallel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>
+to each other, upon the patient, about two
+or three inches apart; and pass them over all
+the affected surface. Repeat the treatment
+daily in acute affections, and three times a
+week in chronic cases.</p>
+
+<h3>COMMON CRAMP.</h3>
+
+<p>Although either the positive or the negative
+pole, applied to the healthy muscle, may produce
+spasmodic contraction, yet the negative
+pole contracts much more powerfully than the
+positive&mdash;a fact which shows an electrically
+<i>plus</i> condition in the nerves and muscles involved.
+Yet we know that cramps are more
+apt to attend a <i>low</i> condition of general vitality
+in the system than the opposite. From several
+considerations, which can not be detailed here,
+I am led to think that cramps are produced,
+generally, at least, by a temporary or spasmodic
+<i>reaction</i> of the electro-vital force from
+an improperly negative to an excessively positive
+state in the parts affected.</p>
+
+<p>My practice is, when the spasm is on, to
+treat the parts in cramp by momentary touches
+rapidly repeated, with the P. P. of the B D or
+A D current, good medium force, placing N. P.
+at the back of neck, if the disturbance be in an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>
+arm; or at the coccyx, if it be in a leg or in
+the abdomen or chest.</p>
+
+<p>In treating parts subject to cramp while the
+spasm is <i>not</i> on, give them, along with other
+parts of the system, <i>general tonic treatment</i>, as
+directed on page <a href="#Page_95">95</a>. This elevates and equalizes
+the electro-vital action, and relieves the
+difficulty.</p>
+
+<h3>TRISMUS. (<i>Lockjaw.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>For traumatic trismus, use the B D current,
+of vigorous force. Let the wound be kept
+open and clear, except that soothing emollients
+may be applied. Place N. P. at the
+coccyx, or near it on the spine; and then
+treat, by firm but momentary touches of the
+P. P., over the lower maxillary&mdash;<i>pterygoid</i>&mdash;muscles
+and nerves; indeed, over the <i>entire</i>
+lower jaw and its articulations. Treat five to
+ten minutes, if necessary, or until the jaws
+relax.</p>
+
+<h3>TETANUS.</h3>
+
+<p>This is substantially the same thing as <i>trismus</i>,
+except that it extends to other parts, and
+often to nearly all the muscles of the organism.
+Under ordinary treatment, it is almost invariably<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>
+fatal. I am not aware that it has been
+sufficiently submitted to <i>our</i> electrical system
+to determine satisfactorily the question of its
+amenability to it. Yet I see no reason to doubt
+that, in the most of cases, when taken within
+reasonable time, it may be cured.</p>
+
+<p>Use the B D current, in pretty strong
+force. Place the N. P., <i>long cord</i>, at the feet,
+and treat with P. P. from the medulla oblongata,
+or from the upper cervical vertebra, all
+along down the spine, for several minutes&mdash;say,
+three to five minutes. Then pass with
+P. P. over the whole trunk and limbs. Continue
+to treat until relaxation takes place, or
+all hope of relief departs.</p>
+
+<h3>CANCERS.</h3>
+
+<p>Cancers take on a variety of forms, distinguished
+by different names; but since they
+all require substantially the same electrical
+treatment, it is unnecessary here to describe
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Begin with the A B current in pretty full
+volume. [The <i>volume</i> of the current is increased
+by increasing the quantity of battery
+fluid.] Use this for several weeks, and then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>
+change to the A D current. Treat daily. The
+time for each treatment must be determined
+by the judgment of the practitioner; varying
+it according to the peculiar character and
+location of the disease.</p>
+
+<p>If the cancer be on the face, or on any part
+of the head or breast, place P. P. on back of
+neck; but if it be in the stomach, uterus, or
+any of the abdominal viscera, place P. P. on
+spine, a little higher than the affected part.
+Then treat the disease with N. P., <i>long cord</i>,
+so as to run the current immediately <i>out</i> from
+the lesion, and yet bring the latter on the
+<i>negative</i> side<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> of the central point in the circuit;
+that is, within the negative half of the
+whole circuit.</p>
+
+<h3>ASPHYXIA. (<i>Suspended Animation.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>Use B D current, pretty strong force. Place
+P. P. at back of neck&mdash;second or third cervical
+vertebra, and treat with N. P., over all the
+chest and along the lower margin of the ribs,
+so as to excite the pectoral muscles, lungs and
+diaphragm.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>RECENT WOUNDS, CONTUSIONS AND BURNS.</h3>
+
+<p>Use the B D current, strong force as can be
+borne. Bring the lesion under P. P., and
+place N. P. at discretion, in view of the location
+of the injury. Treat five to eight minutes,
+twice or thrice on the same day. Unless
+the injury is very severe, no further treatment
+will be required. Healing will take place with
+little or no soreness or swelling. In severe
+cases, repeat the treatment whenever inflammation
+gets too high. If <i>fungus</i>&mdash;"proud
+flesh"&mdash;should appear, treat that with a small-pointed
+electrode, N. P., placing P. P. on a
+healthy part, not remote, using A C current,
+in pretty strong force.</p>
+
+<h3>OLD ULCERS.</h3>
+
+<p>Take the A D current. If <i>torpid</i>, treat with
+mild force. Treat the sore with N. P., while
+P. P. is held upon some healthy part, and
+usually at a higher point. Treat five to ten
+minutes, three or four times a week. If <i>high
+inflammation</i> be present, this must first be
+reduced by applying P. P., in pretty strong
+force, with N. P., on a healthy part not far
+away. For this purpose, treat some five to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>
+eight minutes daily. Then, when the inflammation
+is sufficiently subdued, treat as when
+<i>torpid</i>, with mild force and less frequently. It
+is best, when it can be done, to place the
+affected part in warm water along with N. P.;
+bringing the ulcer immediately above the surface
+of the water.</p>
+
+<h3>HEMORRHAGE.</h3>
+
+<p>Take B D current, strong force. Apply P.
+P. to the open blood-vessel, or as near to it as
+possible; placing N. P., <i>long cord</i>, to some adjacent
+part, and, as nearly as practicable, in the
+direction from which the blood chiefly comes.</p>
+
+<h3>CHLOROSIS. (<i>Green Sickness.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>This is a disease mostly or entirely peculiar
+to young women who have not menstruated,
+and disappears on the establishment of the
+monthly periods.</p>
+
+<p>Take the A D current. If any symptoms
+exist of an effort of nature to bring on the
+menses, note the <i>time</i> of them, and regard it,
+in the treatment, as the proper monthly period.
+If no symptoms of such a period are perceptible,
+the practitioner must <i>fix</i> upon a time for
+it, and regard it accordingly. About four to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>
+six days before the periodic time, commence to
+treat as follows, using a <i>moderate force</i>: Insert
+the uterine electrode, N. P., wet in warm water,
+per vagina, until it meets the uterus; and manipulate
+with P. P. over the dorsal and first two
+lumbar vertebr&aelig;, and more or less over the
+back on both sides of the spinal column, some
+six or eight minutes daily, down to the period
+fixed upon for the catamenia to appear. If
+they do not start, let the patient rest for some
+four or five days, and then begin with <i>general
+tonic treatment</i>. (See page <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.) Continue this,
+three times a week, until within a little less
+than a week of the <i>periodic</i> time, when the
+same treatment with the uterine electrode as
+was at first employed should be resumed, and
+again be continued to the time assigned for
+the menses. If no success should appear, return,
+after a few days, to <i>general tonic treatment</i>
+as before. Let these forms of treatment
+be prosecuted until success crowns the effort.
+Ordinarily, not many months&mdash;perhaps not
+more than one or two months&mdash;will be required;
+especially, if the treatment be aided, on the
+part of the patient, by a good degree of moderate
+exercise in the open air, and a free,
+nourishing diet.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>AMENORRH&#338;A. (<i>Suppressed Menstruation.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>Treat as for <i>chlorosis</i>. But if the case be
+recent&mdash;the effect of taking cold&mdash;begin, in the
+first few sittings, to treat eight or ten minutes
+as for common cold; then conclude the sitting
+by treating, about as many minutes, in the
+same manner as prescribed for chlorosis.</p>
+
+<h3>DYSMENORRH&#338;A. (<i>Painful Menstruation.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>If the disease be occasioned by uterine displacement,
+obstructing the <i>os uteri</i>, the organ
+must be restored to its normal position. This
+can best be done by mechanical action. But
+it is most commonly occasioned by irritation of
+the mucus membrane lining the interior cavity
+of the uterus. Mucus surfaces, under <i>chronic</i>
+irritation, are electrically negative. Therefore,
+in this case, if it be an <i>old</i> one, taking the
+A D current, <i>very mild force</i>, apply the uterine
+electrode, N. P., to the <i>os uteri</i>, and treat over
+the lower dorsal and upper lumbar vertebr&aelig;
+with P. P., <i>long cord</i>. Treat five to eight
+minutes, three times a week.</p>
+
+<p>But I should add, that recovery from this
+infirmity, when occasioned by uterine irritation,
+will be much aided by commencing each<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>
+sitting with a <i>general tonic treatment</i> (see page
+<a href="#Page_95">95</a>), and closing with the treatment just above
+prescribed.</p>
+
+<p>The last described form of dysmenorrh&#339;a is
+sometimes attended with spasmodic contraction
+of the <i>os uteri</i>, thus preventing the catamenial
+flow. This may be readily relieved by
+applying P. P. to uterus, and N. P. to lower
+dorsal and upper lumbar vertebr&aelig;.</p>
+
+<h3>MENORRHAGIA. (<i>Excessive Menstruation.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>If the menstrual flow is apt to terminate in
+hemorrhage, it is best to give <i>general tonic
+treatments</i>, about three times a week, between
+the periods; and during the last four or five
+days before color is expected to appear, to
+take the B D current, medium force, and treat
+the uterus directly, once a day, with the uterine
+electrode P. P., while moving N. P. over
+the dorsal vertebr&aelig;, about five to eight minutes,
+at the close of <i>general tonic treatment</i>.</p>
+
+<p>If there be no <i>hemorrhage</i>, properly, but
+only too profuse or too long-continued flow of
+catamenia, the discharge may commonly be
+stopped by one or two treatments, of eight to
+ten minutes each, with the uterine electrode,
+as prescribed above.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>PROLAPSUS UTERI. (<i>Falling of the Womb.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>Take the B D current, of good medium force,
+and give <i>general tonic treatment</i> (see page <a href="#Page_95">95</a>),
+on alternate days, ten minutes, passing briefly
+over the several parts. After this, treat five
+to eight minutes with uterine electrode, in the
+manner prescribed for <i>menorrhagia</i>. Then
+close the sitting by removing the uterine instrument,
+substituting the sponge-cup as P. P.,
+and treating with it externally, about five
+minutes, over the pelvic region, while N. P. is
+stationed on the spine, at the first or second
+dorsal vertebra.</p>
+
+<p>On the <i>intervening</i> days, treat only with the
+uterine electrode, as above prescribed.</p>
+
+<h3>LEUCORRH&#338;A. (<i>Whites.</i>)</h3>
+
+<p>Take A D current, <i>very mild</i> force. Introduce
+the vaginal electrode, N. P., until it
+meets the uterus, and manipulate with P. P.
+over the dorsal vertebr&aelig; five to eight minutes,
+three times a week. Once or twice a week,
+on the intervening days, give <i>general tonic
+treatment</i>. Omit treatment altogether, for one
+or two weeks, once in two to three months.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>
+Considerable time is often required for the
+cure of old cases.</p>
+
+<h3>SPERMATORRH&#338;A.</h3>
+
+<p>The points to be gained are, to reduce the
+action of the amatorial organs of the brain
+and the secretion of the <i>testes</i>, and to contract
+and strengthen the tissue of the seminal vesicles
+and the prostrate gland.</p>
+
+<p>Take the B D current. First, treat the
+lowest part of the cerebellum, on both sides of
+the spinal cord, with a <i>mild</i> force; using P. P.
+upon these organs of amativeness, and N. P.
+on the dorsal vertebr&aelig;. Treat so some three
+minutes. Next, increase the current to medium
+force; and, taking a handled cup or
+mug, holding a pint to a quart, mostly filled
+with tepid water, drop the <i>penis</i> and <i>testicles</i>
+into it, along with the tin electrode P. P., and
+move N. P., <i>long cord</i>, over the lumbar vertebr&aelig;.
+Treat in this manner about five minutes.
+Then place the P. P. on the pelvis,
+close above the penis, and again treat with N.
+P., <i>long cord</i>, over the small of the back, two
+or three minutes. Treat about three times a
+week.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>IMPOTENCE.</h3>
+
+<p>Take B D current, moderate force. Treat
+exactly as in spermatorrh&#339;a, except with <i>reversed
+poles</i>, using the <i>long cord</i> with P. P.
+Treat thrice a week.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The <i>process</i> of this will probably be explained if another
+edition should be called for. It is given in one of
+the author's Class Lectures.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Study carefully <i>Polarization of the Circuit</i>, page <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> <i>Polarization of the Circuit</i>, page <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> By a current of <i>good medium strength</i>, I mean one which,
+in the hands, is ordinarily felt rather strongly, yet not sufficiently
+so to produce distress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> See <i>Polarization of the Circuit</i>. Page <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="trans1"><p class="trnhd">Transcriber's Note</p>
+
+<p>Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.
+Medical, scientific, archaic and variant spellings remain as printed, except for
+obvious errors shown below:</p>
+
+<p class="author2"><a href="#CONTENTS">Contents</a> &amp; P. <a href="#Page_123">123</a>. "H&#339;morrhoids" amended to <i>H&aelig;morrhoids</i>.</p>
+<p class="author2">P. <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a> &amp; P. <a href="#Page_36">36</a>. "faradaism" amended to <i>faradism</i>. This, however, could be an obscure variant as with Faradaic, Faradic.</p>
+<p class="author2">P. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>. "pilorus" amended to <i>pylorus</i>.</p>
+<p class="author2">P. <a href="#Page_130">130</a>. "&#339;demetous" amended to <i>&#339;dematous</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Newly Discovered System of Electrical
+Medication, by Daniel Clark
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Newly Discovered System of Electrical Medication
+
+Author: Daniel Clark
+
+Release Date: December 11, 2007 [EBook #23813]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ELECTRICAL MEDICATION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephen Blundell and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from scans of public domain works at the
+University of Michigan's Making of America collection.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    A NEWLY DISCOVERED SYSTEM
+
+                OF
+
+      ELECTRICAL MEDICATION.
+
+
+
+      BY DANIEL CLARK, A. M.
+
+
+
+
+
+           CINCINNATI:
+ PRINTED BY HITCHCOCK AND WALDEN,
+         FOR THE AUTHOR.
+              1875.
+
+
+
+
+Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by
+
+DANIEL CLARK, A. M.,
+
+In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
+Northern District of Illinois.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+    Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Medical,
+    scientific, archaic and variant spellings remain as printed, except
+    for obvious errors noted at the end of the text. The oe ligature is
+    shown as [oe], whilst [->] represents a right-pointing index.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In the summer of 1866, the author of this little book, moved by the
+repeated and earnest solicitation of his Medical Classes, prepared and
+printed a small pamphlet entitled _Practical Principles of Medical
+Electricity_, designed more particularly, as the present work also is,
+as a _Hand-Book_ to assist the memory of those who have taken a regular
+course of LECTURES from himself, or from some other competent instructor
+in the same general system of Practice. The edition of that work was
+exhausted somewhat more than a year ago. Still, the book has continued
+to be frequently called for. The author has, therefore, prepared, and
+now offers to the Profession, the present volume, comprising the
+substance of the previous work--corrected, improved in arrangement and
+form, and about doubled in size by the introduction of new matter. While
+he has reason for gratitude that the former manual, referred to above,
+has met with so favorable a reception, he can not but hope that the
+present work will be found even more acceptable and valuable to both
+practitioners and their patients.
+
+It is but justice to say that the most essential principles of
+_practice_ here presented did not originate with the present author, but
+with PROF. C. H. BOLLES, of Philadelphia, their discoverer, from whom
+the writer received his first introduction to them. Yet, the
+_explanations_ here given of the Law of Polarization, as respects the
+electric current in the circuit of the artificial machine, as well as
+respecting the natural magnets and magnetic currents of the human
+organism; the introduction of the _long cord_, with the explanation of
+its advantages; and also nearly everything of the _philosophic theories_
+here brought to view, the author alone is responsible for.
+
+This work, like its little predecessor from the same pen, has been
+adapted exclusively to the use of DR. JEROME KIDDER'S Electro-Magnetic
+Machine, manufactured and sold, at present, at No. 544 Broadway, New
+York; because the author, having used in his own practice a considerable
+variety of the most popular machines intended for therapeutic purposes,
+and having examined several others, believes this to be incomparably
+_the best in use_. Dr. Kidder has, with most laudable zeal, pressed on
+his researches and improvements in the manufacture of these instruments,
+until there seems to be scarcely anything more in them to be desired.
+They are certainly not equalled by any others in America, and probably
+not surpassed, if equalled, by any in the world.
+
+                                                            D. C.
+ PLAINFIELD, ILL., June, 1869.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                   Page.
+ INTRODUCTION                                         xi
+
+
+ FIRST PRINCIPLES.
+
+ DR. JEROME KIDDER'S ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MACHINE         21
+ POLARIZATION                                         26
+ THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT                                 28
+ POLARIZATION OF THE CIRCUIT                          29
+ THE CENTRAL POINT OF THE CIRCUIT                     33
+ THE CURRENT                                          35
+ MODIFICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY                         36
+ THE VITAL FORCES--ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE               37
+ EXTENT OF ELECTRIC AGENCY                            42
+ THEORY OF MAN                                        44
+ THE LOWER ANIMALS                                    54
+ THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM                                56
+ NATURAL POLARIZATION OF MAN'S PHYSICAL ORGANISM      56
+ ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES                58
+ PHILOSOPHY OF DISEASE AND CURE                       58
+
+
+ PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE.
+
+ POLAR ANTAGONISM                                     61
+ IMPORTANCE OF NOTING THE CENTRAL POINT               62
+ DISTINCTIVE USE OF EACH POLE                         63
+ USE OF THE LONG CORD                                 69
+ THE INWARD AND THE OUTWARD CURRENT                   74
+ MECHANICAL EFFECT OF EACH POLE                       75
+ RELAXED AND ATROPHIED CONDITIONS                     77
+ GENERAL DIRECTION OF THE CURRENT                     78
+ TREATING WITH ELECTROLYTIC CURRENTS                  79
+ POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MANIFESTATIONS                 81
+ HEALING                                              84
+ DIAGNOSIS                                            84
+
+
+ PRESCRIPTIONS.
+
+ PRELIMINARY REMARKS                                  94
+ GENERAL TONIC TREATMENT                              95
+ COMMON COLDS                                         98
+ CEPHALAGIA (Headache)                               100
+ DEAFNESS                                            102
+ NOISES IN THE HEAD                                  103
+ INFLAMED EYES                                       103
+ AMAUROSIS                                           104
+ STRABISMUS (Discordance of the Eyes)                104
+ CATARRH (Acute)                                     105
+ CATARRH (Chronic)                                   105
+ DIPHTHERIA                                          106
+ APHONIA (Loss of Voice)                             106
+ CROUP                                               107
+ ASTHMA                                              108
+ HEPATIZATION OF LUNGS                               108
+ PNEUMONIA                                           108
+ PULMONARY PHTHISIS (Consumption)                    109
+ NEURALGIA AND RHEUMATISM OF THE HEART               111
+ ENLARGEMENT AND OSSIFICATION OF THE HEART           112
+ PALPITATION OF THE HEART                            112
+ TORPID LIVER                                        112
+ HEPATITIS (Inflammation of Liver)                   113
+ ENLARGEMENT OF LIVER                                113
+ BILIARY CALCULI (Gravel in Liver)                   114
+ INTERMITTENT FEVER (Ague and Fever)                 114
+ NEPHRITIS (Inflammation of Kidneys)                 115
+ RENAL CALCULI (Gravel in the Kidneys)               116
+ DIABETES (A Kidney Disease)                         116
+ DYSPEPSIA                                           117
+ ACUTE DIARRH[OE]A                                   119
+ CHRONIC DIARRH[OE]A                                 119
+ CHOLIC (of whatever kind)                           120
+ CHOLERA MORBUS                                      120
+ CHOLERA (Malignant)                                 121
+ DYSENTERY                                           122
+ CONSTIPATION OF BOWELS                              122
+ HAEMORRHOIDS (Piles)                                 123
+ RHEUMATISM (Acute Inflammatory)                     124
+ RHEUMATISM (Chronic)                                125
+ DROPSY                                              126
+ NEURALGIA                                           126
+ SCIATICA                                            127
+ PARALYSIS                                           128
+ ERYSIPELAS                                          129
+ ERUPTIVE CUTANEOUS DISEASES                         130
+ COMMON CRAMP                                        131
+ TRISMUS (Lockjaw)                                   132
+ TETANUS                                             132
+ CANCERS                                             133
+ ASPHYXIA (Suspended Animation)                      134
+ RECENT WOUNDS, CONTUSIONS AND BURNS                 135
+ OLD ULCERS                                          135
+ HEMORRHAGE                                          136
+ CHLOROSIS (Green Sickness)                          136
+ AMENORRH[OE]A (Suppressed Menstruation)             138
+ DYSMENORRH[OE]A (Painful Menstruation)              138
+ MENORRHAGIA (Excessive Menstruation)                139
+ PROLAPSUS UTERI (Falling of the Womb)               140
+ LEUCORRH[OE]A (Whites)                              140
+ SPERMATORRH[OE]A                                    141
+ IMPOTENCE                                           142
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Considerable parts of this book have been written for the unlearned. For
+the scholarly reader such parts, of course, would be wholly superfluous;
+yet it is hoped that they to whom these are familiar will be patient in
+passing through them for the sake of others to whom they may be
+instructive. Other parts, again, it is believed, will be found new to
+the most of even educated minds. But men of the largest intellectual
+attainments are commonly the most docile. Such men, meeting this little
+work, will not shrink from a candid examination of its contents merely
+on account of their comparative novelty, nor because the views expressed
+differ essentially from those usually held by the medical faculty. The
+candid, yet critical, attention of such gentlemen, the author especially
+solicits. He assures them that he does not write at random, but from
+careful research and practical experience. His _philosophic theories_ he
+offers only for what they are worth. His _principles of practice_ he
+believes to be scientifically correct and of great value.
+
+Let it not be supposed that the author, in this work, assumes a
+belligerent attitude towards the members of the medical profession.
+Although anxious to modify and elevate their estimate of electricity as
+a remedial agent, and to improve their methods of using it, he has no
+sympathy with those who profess to believe, and who assert, that
+medicines of the apothecary never effect the cure of disease; that where
+they are thought to cure, they simply do not kill; and who contend that
+the patient would have recovered quicker and better to have taken no
+medicine at all. He knows that such allegations are false, as they are
+extravagant; and so does every candid and unprejudiced observer whose
+experience has given him ordinary opportunities to judge. The writer
+believes it can be perfectly demonstrated that the advancement of
+medical science in modern times--say within the last two or three
+hundred years--has served to essentially prolong the average term of
+human life. The world owes to medical instructors and practitioners a
+debt of gratitude which can never be paid. Their laborious and often
+perilous research in the fields of their profession, and their untiring
+assiduity in the application of their science and skill to the relief of
+human suffering, entitle them to a degree of confidence and affectionate
+esteem which few other classes of public servants can rightly claim. For
+one, the author of this little book most sincerely concedes to them, as
+a body, his confidence, his sympathy, and his grateful respect. And the
+most that he is willing to say to their discredit, (if it be so
+construed), is that he regards them as having not yet attained
+_perfection_ in their high profession, and as not being generally as
+willing as they should be to examine fairly into the alleged merits of
+remedial agents and improved principles of practice, (claimed to be
+such), when brought forward by intelligent, cultivated and respectable
+men, outside of "the regular profession." This is said at the same time
+that the author gives much weight to their commonly offered defense,
+viz: that, in the midst of professional engagements, they have not always
+the time to spare for such examination; and that, since the most of
+alleged improvements in the healing art, particularly of those introduced
+by persons who have not received a regular medical education, sooner or
+later prove themselves to be worthless, the _presumption_--though not
+the _certainty_--is, whenever a new agent, or a new method or principle
+is proposed by an "outsider," that this, too, if not willful
+charlatanism, is a mistake; and therefore, the sooner it comes to an end
+the better it will be for the public health, and that neglect is the
+surest way to kill it.
+
+But the medical faculty have too widely employed electricity in the
+treatment of disease, and that with too frequent success, to admit of
+its being denied a place among important therapeutic agents by any
+respectable practitioner. The only questions concerning it now are those
+which relate to the _versatility_ of its power, the _scope_ of its
+useful applicability, and the _principles_ which should guide in the
+administration of it. The general subject embraced in these questions is
+one in which suffering humanity has a right to claim that physicians
+shall be at home.
+
+And yet it will scarcely be denied that, in the exhibition of
+electricity, more than of almost any other therapeutic agent, medical
+practitioners feel incertitude as to what shall be its effect. Now and
+then it acts as they expected it to do; sometimes it pleasantly
+surprises them; oftener it offensively disappoints them. They find it
+_unreliable_. Of other remedial agents, they commonly know, before
+administering them, what _sort_ of effect will be produced; but in
+employing this, while they have hope, they are generally more or less in
+doubt. They regard it as _a stimulant_; although its action on the
+living organism appears to them to be largely veiled in mystery. In many
+cases of disease, particularly those of acutely inflammatory or febrile
+character, they judge it to be not at all indicated. To administer it in
+a case of bilious or typhoid fever, or in a case of pneumonia,
+pleuritis, gastritis, inflammatory rheumatism, or acute, and especially
+_epidemic_ or malignant dysentery, or in a case of pulmonary phthisis,
+would probably be viewed by the most of physicians as the rashest
+empiricism, if not the next thing to madness. _The idea of producing
+antagonistic effects with it at will_, they would, for the most part,
+esteem preposterous. Rather, perhaps, it may be said of the majority of
+medical practitioners that such an idea has never entered their minds;
+so foreign is it to their conceptions of truth and propriety. But, at
+whatever risk of discredit or censure, the writer of the present volume
+avers that this idea is both scientifically sound and of every day's
+practical verification. The various and opposite forms of disease--acute
+and chronic, hypersthenic and asthenic--are habitually treated and
+_cured_, in his own practice and that of his students, by electricity
+alone.
+
+But "_cui bono?_" may be asked. "What if it be true that these things
+can be done with electricity? They are also done with medicines, which
+are more quickly and conveniently administered, and usually less
+annoying to the patient. What, therefore, is the _practical utility_ of
+your electric system above the ordinary practice, especially if we
+include, in the latter, electrical treatment as occasionally employed by
+the most of respectable physicians?"
+
+This is the important question--that to which the author desires to call
+particular attention. He, therefore, answers:
+
+_First._--It is manifestly true that the most of diseases, (the
+exceptions are comparatively few), can be cured by the use of medicines.
+It is also true that these can generally be administered with more
+convenience and less expenditure of time to the practitioner than
+electricity; and this is a great advantage. The author is often asked if
+he thinks his electric system will ever supersede the use of medicines.
+His answer is uniformly, "No." It takes too much time for that. Where
+the population is crowded, as in cities and large towns, it is often the
+case, especially in times of prevailing epidemic, that a physician can
+prescribe medicine for half a dozen or more patients in the time
+required to treat one electrically. To reject medicines and rely alone
+on electricity would, in periods and places of prevailing sickness,
+leave many sufferers without professional service, or would require that
+the proportion of doctors to the whole population should be largely
+increased--a thing certainly not often to be desired. So much, candor
+must concede.
+
+_Second._--It is not quite true that medicines are usually less annoying
+to the patient than electricity as _we_ use it. As administered by
+others, it is often nearly intolerable. In our hands, on the contrary,
+it seldom inflicts any pain or distress, and almost invariably becomes
+agreeable to the patient after a very few applications. We have no
+occasion to torture our patients in order to cure them. But the cases
+are comparatively rare where medicines are not offensive; commonly they
+are excessively so.
+
+_Third._--In not a few diseases, and these among the most dangerous or
+distressful, the electric current, employed according to the system here
+taught, is able to reach, control and cure, with facility, where
+medicines are but slowly, and in most instances imperfectly successful,
+or fail altogether. This is said, or meant to be said, not invidiously
+nor boastingly, but in the candid utterance of a great and practically
+demonstrated truth. It is, perhaps, most _often_ exemplified in
+neuralgic, rheumatic and paralytic affections. The author is happy to
+acknowledge that these diseases are frequently mitigated, and
+occasionally cured, by means of electrical treatment administered by
+those who know nothing of the system here taught. But the important fact
+is, in _their_ hands there is _no certainty_ as to the effect before
+trial. Under _this_ system, the kind of effect is as certainly known
+before as after the trial, since it can be made one thing or another _at
+will_.
+
+Cases are not unfrequently presented of _inflammatory action_, more
+especially where it is internal--traumatic cases and others--which the
+practitioner finds it impossible to subdue with medicine. But, with a
+proper knowledge of the system herein taught, he has at his command a
+power with which he can control such cases with almost infallible
+certainty, provided he can get access to them within reasonable time.
+The same may be said of fevers, particularly those occasioned by
+miasmatic or infectious virus. These are often difficult to manage by
+the use of medicine, and not seldom prove fatal, in spite of the best
+talent and skill which the profession can afford. But the electric
+current, rightly selected and scientifically applied, destroys or
+neutralizes the virus and restores the normal polarization, and so
+effects a cure.
+
+_Neuralgic affections_ are frequently found difficult, or even
+impossible, to be cured by means of medicines, and yet, in the very same
+cases, these affections yield and disappear with comparative facility
+when brought under the electric current, judiciously applied, according
+to the principles of this new system.
+
+_Chronic cases, and others of an asthenic character_, are often very
+stubborn under the medicines of pharmacy, and are commonly the dread of
+physicians; yet, under scientific treatment by electricity, they rarely
+fail to lose their formidable character and to become obedient to the
+remedial agent.
+
+_Fourth._--In enumerating a few of the peculiar advantages of this
+system, I should add that it corrects the usual _electric_ practice of
+the profession, so far as they become acquainted with it. As before
+intimated, the mass of physicians at present, who treat more or less
+electrically, do so with no knowledge, or next to none, of the great
+_versatility_ of action of which the electric current is capable. They
+know nothing of the electrical polarization of the living organism in
+health, nor how it is variously affected in disease. The particular
+_electrical_ state of the diseased organs is a matter foreign to their
+minds. They appear to suppose the point to be immediately aimed at as a
+means of cure is to get the electricity from the machine into the
+affected part or parts; whereas it should be to change, by correction,
+the _polarization_ of the part or parts; and, if there be virus present,
+to neutralize that. Equally unacquainted are they generally with the
+diverse physiological action of the several modifications of the
+electric force--galvanism, magnetism, faradism, and frictional
+electricity. This, in their candor, they commonly acknowledge. And, for
+the most part, they are little or nothing better acquainted with the
+_distinctive_ effects on the system of the positive and negative poles
+of the instrument. There is, therefore, plainly no _science_ in their
+electrical practice. Every thing is done at random--all is empirical.
+
+But the system here taught opens the light upon all of these points. For
+practical purposes, at least, it is, in its essential features, the only
+system of electrical therapeutics which has in it any real merit--the
+only system which _can be true_. By this, the writer does not mean to
+assert, or to imply, that the little book now before the reader contains
+no error, either in respect to theory or practice. In this early stage
+of our system's history, it would be remarkable if it did not contain
+errors in both these respects. But what it is intended to affirm is,
+that the book presents the _cardinal features_ of a true, and the only
+possibly true, system of electrical practice. All possibly true systems
+of geometry must necessarily be essentially the same; and so, too, all
+possibly true systems of electrical medication must be essentially one.
+That one system, it is candidly and confidently believed, is briefly
+contained in the present little volume.
+
+
+
+
+ELECTRICAL MEDICATION.
+
+
+
+
+FIRST PRINCIPLES.
+
+
+DR. JEROME KIDDER'S ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MACHINE.
+
+On opening the machine-box, as it comes from the manufacturer, there
+will be found a glass bottle, intended to hold the battery fluid when
+not in use; a glass cup or jar, to serve as the battery cell; a pair of
+insulated metallic conducting cords; two tin electrodes; a brass clamp;
+and, under the helix-box, (which raise), the battery metals and two
+connecting wires to unite the battery with the helix.
+
+To put the machine in working condition--ready for use--proceed, step by
+step, as follows, viz: Prepare the _Battery Fluid_ by mixing twelve
+parts, by measure, of water with one part of sulphuric acid, (good
+commercial acid is pure enough), sufficient to fill the cell two-thirds
+or three-fourths full, and place in it about one-third of an ounce of
+quicksilver.
+
+Next, place the platina plate between the two zinc plates, standing on
+their legs upon a table before you; and bring the top of the wooden bar
+(in a groove of which the platina is set) up flush with the top of the
+zinc plates. Let the brass post, standing on the top of this bar and
+soldered to the platina plate below, be toward the left-hand side. Then
+take the brass clamp and place it across the top of these metallic
+plates, a little to the right of the brass post, or about midway between
+the right and left sides, having its thumb-screw towards you, and with
+it screw the three plates firmly together. The platina is shorter than
+the zincs, to prevent its reaching the quicksilver in the bottom of the
+cell; and the wax balls on its sides are to insulate it from the zinc
+plates. This platina should never be allowed to touch the mercury or the
+zinc.
+
+Let the plates, properly screwed together, be now placed in the cell
+with the Battery Fluid. Then, with the two copper connecting-wires,
+connect the post which stands on the wooden bar above the platina with
+the post stamped P on the helix-box, and the brass clamp N with the
+post N on the helix-box.
+
+If, now, the screws regulating the vibrating armature be in perfect
+adjustment, the current will commence to run, with a buzzing sound; or
+it may be made to start by touching the hammer-like head of the flat
+steel spring. If not, the screws may be rightly adjusted in the
+following way: The top screw, which at its lower point is tipped with a
+small coil of platina wire, should be made to press delicately upon the
+center of the little iron plate on the upper side of the spring, so as
+to bear the latter down very slightly. Then raise or depress the
+screw-magnet, which turns up or down under the hammer, like the seat of
+a piano-stool, until the vibration of the spring commences. The
+_rapidity of the vibrations_, by which is secured the alternate closing
+and breaking of the electric circuit (or rather what, in practical
+effect, is equivalent to this--the _direct_ and _reverse_ action of the
+current in alternation) is increased by raising the screw-magnet and
+diminished by lowering it. When it is raised above what is required for
+ordinary use, the noise becomes too loud and harsh for many nervous
+patients to bear. It should then be depressed a little.
+
+With respect to curative power, I have discovered but little perceptible
+difference, produced by the various degrees of rapidity in the
+vibrations, effected within the range of this magnet.
+
+_The force_ of the current is regulated by means of a tubular magnet,
+which slides over the helix, and is called _the plunger_. It is
+approached under a brass cap at the right-hand end of the machine. The
+plunger is withdrawn, more or less, to increase the force; pushed in to
+diminish it. If in any case the current can not be softened sufficiently
+with the plunger, the quantity of battery fluid in use must be made
+less.
+
+After a time the current will become weak, and fail to run well. Then
+renew the battery fluid. When the quicksilver is all taken up by the
+zinc plates, the machine may be run for a while without adding more. But
+after it has considerably disappeared from the inside surface of the zinc
+plates, the latter will begin to show more rapid corrosion, while the
+current will be less. Then let a small quantity of quicksilver--one-fourth
+to one-third of an ounce--again be placed in the fluid.
+
+When the machine is not in use, let the metals be removed from the
+fluid; and, if not to be soon again used, let them be rinsed with
+water, carefully avoiding to wet the wooden bar in which the platina is
+set.
+
+_The posts_, with which the conducting-cords are to be connected, are
+arranged in a row near the front of the helix-box, and are marked A, B,
+C, D. Either two of these posts may be used to obtain a current; and
+since they admit of six varying combinations, six different currents are
+afforded by the machine, viz: the A B current, the A C current, the A D
+current, the B C current, the B D current, and the C D current.
+Whichever current is used, it may always be known which of the two posts
+employed is the positive and which the negative, by observing the
+letters stamped upon their tops. The one whose letter comes first in the
+order of the alphabet is positive; the other is negative. Also, the one
+standing towards the left hand is positive, and that at the right hand
+is negative. _The qualities_ of the several currents are stated in a
+descriptive paper on the inside of the lid of the machine, which see. It
+will there be found that three of the currents--viz, the A B, the A C
+and the A D currents--are _electrolytic_: that is, dissolving by
+electric action. These electrolytic currents require to be used--one or
+another of them--whenever any chemical action is needed; as, in
+decomposing or neutralizing _virus_ in the system, destroying cancers,
+reducing glands when chronically enlarged, removing tumors or other
+abnormal growths, and in treating old ulcers and chronic irritation of
+mucous membranes. The other three, being Faradaic or induction currents,
+and having no perceptibly chemical action, are used where only change of
+electro-vital polarization is required. These Faradaic currents differ
+from each other in respect to being _concentrative_ or _diffusive_ in
+their effects, and in their _sensational_ force. B C is concentrative
+and delicately sensational. C D is also concentrative, though less so
+than B C, and is more strongly sensational. B D is diffusive, and the
+most energetically sensational of the three.
+
+
+POLARIZATION.
+
+It may be proper, in this place, to spend a few words upon electrical
+polarization in general.
+
+_Electrical polarity_ may be defined as a characteristic of the electric
+or magnetic fluid, by virtue of which its opposite qualities, as those
+of _attraction_ and _repulsion_ towards the same object, are manifested
+in opposite parts of the electric or magnetic body. These opposite parts
+are called the _poles_ of the body, as the _positive_ and _negative_
+poles. The difference between the positive and negative poles is
+believed to be that of _plus_ and _minus_--plus being positive and minus
+negative. This is the Franklinian view, and, if I mistake not, is the
+one most in favor with men of science at the present day. This view
+supposes that the electricity or magnetism arranges itself in _maximum_
+quantity and intensity at the one extremity or pole of the magnetized
+body, and in _minimum_ quantity and intensity at the opposite extremity
+or pole; and that, between these points--the maximum and the
+minimum--the fluid is distributed, in respect to quantity and intensity,
+upon a scale of regular graduation from the one to the other. The idea
+may be represented by a _line_, commencing in a _point_ at the one end,
+and extending, with regularly increasing breadth, to the other end. The
+larger end would represent the positive pole, and the smaller, the
+negative pole. Or perhaps a better representation of the magnet would be
+a line of equal breadth from end to end, but having the one end _white_,
+or slightly tinted, say, with _red_, and the color gradually and
+regularly increasing in strength to the other end, where it becomes a
+_deep scarlet_. Let the coloring-matter represent the magnetism in the
+body charged, and we have the magnet illustrated in its polarization:
+the deep-red end is the positive pole, and the white or faintly-colored
+end is the negative pole.
+
+It is a law of polarization that the positive poles of different magnets
+repel each other, and the negative poles repel each other; while
+positive and negative poles attract each other. The same law of
+polarization rules in electric or magnetic _currents_ as in magnets at
+rest.
+
+
+THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT.
+
+_The Electric Circuit_ is made up of any thing and every thing which
+serves to conduct the electric current in its passage--outward and
+returning--from where it leaves the inner surfaces of the zinc plates in
+the battery cell to where it comes back again to the outer surfaces of
+the same plates. When the conducting-cords are not attached to the
+machine, or when the communication between the cords is not complete, if
+the machine be running, the circuit is then composed of the battery
+fluid, the platina plate, the posts, the connecting-wires, which unite
+the battery with the helix, the helical wires, and their appendages for
+the vibrating action. But when a patient is under treatment, the
+conducting-cords, the electrodes, and so much of the patient's person as
+is traversed by the current while passing from the positive electrode
+through to the negative electrode, are also included in the whole
+circuit. And whatever elements may serve to conduct the current in any
+part of its circuit--be they metal, fluid, nerve, muscle, or bone--the
+same are all, for the time, component parts of _one complete magnet_,
+which, in all its parts, is subject to the law of polarization,
+precisely as if it were one magnetized bar of steel. Usually, however,
+it is sufficient for _practical_ purposes to contemplate the circuit as
+consisting only of that which the current passes through in going from
+the point where it leaves the positive post and enters into the negative
+cord, around to the point where it leaves the positive cord and enters
+into the negative post.
+
+
+POLARIZATION OF THE CIRCUIT.
+
+I have said, in effect, a little above, that, while the current is
+running, _the entire circuit is one complete magnet_, which extends
+from the inner or positive sides of the zinc plates, where the current
+commences, all the way around to the outer or negative aides of the zinc
+plates, to which it returns. Viewed in this light its negative pole or
+end is the battery fluid, next to the positive surfaces of the zinc
+plates, and its positive pole or end is the brass clamp which, holding
+the metals together, is in contact with the outer and negative surfaces
+of the zincs.
+
+But, for practical purposes, it is sufficiently exact to consider the
+_magnetic circuit_ as extending only from the positive _post_ around
+through the conducting cords, the electrodes and the person of the
+patient to the _negative_ post. The negative end or pole of this magnet
+is the wire end of the cord placed in the positive post, and the
+positive end or pole is the wire end of the cord placed in the negative
+post.
+
+But any magnet may be viewed either as one whole, or be conceived as
+composed of a succession of shorter magnets placed end to end. If we
+view it as one entire magnet, we call the end in which the magnetic
+essence is in greatest quantity the _positive_ end, and the end where it
+is in least quantity the _negative_ end. But if we imagine the one
+whole magnet as being divided up into several sections, then we conceive
+of each section as a distinct magnet, having its own positive and
+negative poles. And, all the way through, these sectional magnets will
+be arranged with the positive pole of the one joined to the negative
+pole of the next in advance of it.
+
+It is just so in respect to the magnetic circuit of a moving current.
+The whole circuit, as before remarked, is in reality one long magnet.
+But in applying the terms _positive_ and _negative_ in our practice we
+often view the whole circuit--the one long magnet--as composed of a
+series of shorter ones, arranged with positive and negative ends in
+contact; and all the way the current in each section is supposed to be
+running from the positive pole of the magnet behind to the negative pole
+of the magnet before.
+
+We consider the circuit, from the positive post around to the negative
+post, as composed of three magnets, as follows: Magnet No. 1, which
+extends from the positive post, along the cord and electrode, to the
+body of the patient, where the positive electrode is placed. The
+_negative pole_ of this magnet is the _wire end of the cord_ placed in
+the positive post, and its _positive_ pole in the _positive electrode_
+placed upon the person of the patient. No. 2, which is composed of the
+parts of the patient traversed by the current between the two
+electrodes. Its negative end or pole is the part in contact with the
+positive pole of magnet No. 1, and its positive pole is the part in
+contact with the negative pole of magnet No. 3. No. 3 extends from the
+positive pole of No. 2, through the electrode and along the cord, to the
+negative post. Its negative pole is the _negative electrode_ in contact
+with the positive end or pole of magnet No. 2, and its positive pole is
+the _wire end of the cord_ in the negative post.
+
+Since in every magnet the magnetic fluid is supposed to be regularly
+graduated from minimum quantity in the negative end to maximum quantity
+in the positive end, this is true in respect to the one magnet,
+consisting of the whole magnetic circuit, as well as in respect to each
+one of the sectional series. Consequently there must be the same
+quantity of magnetism in each negative pole of the sections as there is
+in the positive pole of the section immediately behind it. And the
+magnetism of the whole circuit between the positive and the negative
+posts is in its _least_ volume next to the _positive post_, and in
+_fullest_ volume next to the _negative post_. If we consider the circuit
+as divided into two equal halves, the _negative half_ is plainly that
+which joins the _positive post_, and the _positive half_ that which
+joins the _negative post_.
+
+From this it will be seen that what in practice are designated as the
+positive and negative _posts_, and also positive and negative _poles_ or
+_electrodes_ are _not_ such _in relation to each other_, but the
+_reverse_ of it; that is to say, the positive _post_ is not _positive_
+in relation to the _negative post_, but is _negative_ to it; and the
+positive _electrode or pole_ is not positive in relation to the
+_negative_ electrode, but _negative_ to it. The positive _post_, like
+the positive _electrode_, is called _positive_, because it is the
+positive end of the sectional magnet next _behind_ it. And the
+_negative_ post, as also the negative electrode, is _called negative_
+because it is the negative end of the sectional magnet next _in advance_
+of it.
+
+
+THE CENTRAL POINT OF THE CIRCUIT.
+
+_The central point_ of the circuit--that point which divides between its
+positive and negative halves--is reckoned, in practice, to be the
+midway point in the line over which the current passes, in its whole
+course from the positive post around to the negative post. When the
+cords are of equal length, this point will always be in the person of
+the patient, about midway between the parts where the two electrodes are
+applied. This central point, or "point of centrality," is practically
+neuter--neither positive nor negative; and upon the two opposite halves
+of the circuit, the positive and negative _qualities_ of the current are
+in greatest force nearest to the posts, and in least force nearest to
+the central point. At this point they cease altogether, and the central
+point is _neuter_.
+
+It may, perhaps, be observed that, in _apparent_ contradiction of this
+statement, the _sensational_ effect of the current on the negative half
+of the circuit is _least_ nearest to the positive post, and becomes
+regularly _greater_ as the current advances towards the central point;
+and that _at_ this point it is greater than at any other point between
+this and the positive post. To relieve this seeming contradiction, it is
+only necessary to consider that, in fact, the _positive_ state on the
+negative half of the current _does_ increase regularly from the
+positive post to the central point. But that which is the _increase_ of
+the positive state is the _decrease_ of the negative state. So it is
+still true that on the negative half of the circuit, the _negative_
+qualities _diminish_ as we advance towards the central point just as on
+the positive half, the _positive_ qualities diminish regularly towards
+the central point, as stated above.
+
+
+THE CURRENT.
+
+_The current_ is that moving electric essence which traverses the
+circuit. The _course_ of the current is always from the positive to the
+negative. It leaves the machine at the positive post, where it enters
+the cord which holds the positive electrode or pole. Thence it advances
+around the circuit, going out from the opposite cord where that connects
+with the negative post. The forward end of the current is its positive
+end; the rear, of course, is its negative end. At its forward end it is
+in its greatest volume. At its rear end the volume is least. At the
+_central point_ of its circuit there is the _mean_ quantity--the
+_average_ volume. And because the positive and negative forces on either
+side exactly balance each other upon the central point, therefore this
+point is practically neuter--neither positive nor negative.
+
+
+MODIFICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY.
+
+In the present stage of electric science, the conviction has become very
+general among experimenters that galvanism, magnetism, faradism,
+frictional electricity and the electricity of the storm-cloud are, in
+their essential nature, one and the same; being diversified in
+appearance and effects by the different modes and circumstances of their
+development. This conviction has been reached in various ways; but
+chiefly, perhaps, by observing the many analogies between the phenomena
+of these several forces, and also by the fact that each of them can be
+made to produce or be produced by one or more of the others. But I must
+forego any detailed discussion of this matter, since my limits will not
+admit of it, and shall assume that these apparently several agents are
+but modifications of the same generic force.
+
+There are two other phases or modifications of the electric principle,
+as I judge them to be, which are not so generally classed here. I refer
+to the forces of animal and vegetable vitality, as viewed in the next
+section.
+
+
+VITAL FORCES--ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE.
+
+Upon these points I must be permitted to offer a few words.
+
+Of the _animal kingdom_, I regard the "nervous fluid" or "nervous
+influence," popularly so called, as being the very principle of _animal
+vitalization_--the life force; and that, a modification of the
+_electric_ force. It is, I think, pretty generally conceded at this day
+that the "nervous influence" is probably electric. There are some
+alleged facts, and other certain facts, which go far to sustain this
+view. It is said that if we transfix, with a steel needle, a large nerve
+of a living animal, as the great ischiatic, and let it remain in that
+condition a suitable time, the needle becomes permanently magnetized.
+So, too, if the point of a lancet be held for some length of time
+between the severed ends of a newly-divided large nerve, that point, as
+I have heard it affirmed, on what appeared to be good authority, becomes
+magnetized; although I have not attempted to verify either of these
+cases by experiment. However, admitting them to be true, the metal is
+charged with simply the "nervous fluid." But the fact on which I myself
+chiefly rely for evidence of this identification, being almost daily
+conversant with it in my practice, is this: _The "nervous influence"
+obeys the laws of electrical polarization, attraction and repulsion._
+When I treat a paralyzed part, in which, to all appearance, the action
+of the nerve force is suspended, I have but to assume that this force is
+electric, and apply the poles of my instrument accordingly, and I _bring
+it in_ from the more healthy parts, along with the inorganic current
+from my machine. Forcing conduction through the nerves, by means of my
+artificial apparatus, I rouse the susceptibility of the nerves until
+they will normally conduct the "nervous influence" or electro-vital
+fluid, as I term it, and the paralysis is removed. Again, if I treat an
+inflamed part, in which the capillaries are engorged with arterial
+blood, I have but to assume that the affected part is overcharged with
+the electro-vital fluid, through the nerves and the arterial blood, and
+so to apply my electrodes, according to well known electrical law, as to
+produce mutual repulsion, and the inflammatory action is sure to be
+repressed. I manifestly change the polarization of the parts. This thing
+is so perfectly regular and constant that I am entirely assured, before
+touching the patient, what sort of effect will be produced by this or
+that arrangement in the application of the poles of the instrument. If I
+desire to increase or depress the nervous force in any given case, I
+find myself able, on this principle, to produce the one effect or the
+other, at will. Hence, I say, the nervous influence obeys the electric
+laws, just as does the inorganic electricity. I find this subtle agent
+not in the nerves only, but also in muscle and blood--more especially in
+arterial blood. Indeed it seems to pervade, more or less, the entire
+solids and fluids of the animal system. And wherever it exists, its
+action is just that of an _electro-vital_ force. Examples of this fact
+will appear further along in the present work. While, therefore, I can
+not _affirm_ the identity of animal electricity and animal vitality, the
+theory of their identification, to my view, best accords with the
+manifestations under correct therapeutic treatment, and I am unaware of
+any established fact to disprove it.
+
+_Vegetable vitality_, also, I regard as another modification of the
+electric force. The fact has been proved by repeated experiments, that
+galvanic currents, passed among the roots of vegetables, causes a
+quickened development of the plants to a degree that would be deemed
+incredible by almost any one who had neither seen it nor learned its
+_rationale_. I have seen it stated, on authority which commanded my
+credence, that by this process lettuce leaves may be grown, within a few
+hours only, "from the size of a mouse's ear to dimensions large enough
+for convenient use on the dinner-table."
+
+The following experiment has been related to me by several different
+parties, as having been made by _Judge Caton_, of Ottawa, Illinois; and
+subsequently the same has been confirmed to me by his brother, Deacon
+Wm. P. Caton, of Plainfield, Illinois. It is said that the Judge had
+some interesting _evergreens_ which appeared to be affected by an
+unhealthy influence, causing a suspension of growth and withering of
+branches here and there, until such branches died. So the process went
+on, terminating after a little time in the death of the trees. In this
+way he had lost some valuable specimens. At length a very fine and
+favorite evergreen was similarly attacked. He felt, of course, annoyed
+by the destructive process, and especially reluctant to lose this
+particular tree. Probably calling to his recollection something
+analogous to what I have referred to above, he resolved to try the
+efficacy of galvanism to reinforce the vitality of the shrub. Having a
+telegraphic wire extending from the main line in Ottawa to his own
+residence, he availed himself of this facility, and caused a wire to be
+passed among the roots of this tree in such a way as to bring the
+galvanic current to act upon them. It was not long before he saw, to his
+delight, a new set of foliage starting from the twigs, and after a
+little time the tree was again flourishing in all its beauty. The
+electric current had evidently imparted to it a fresh vitality.
+
+To insure the success of such an experiment, a proper regard to
+polarization must be had, such as is taught in the system presented in
+this book. There may not have been any attention to this matter in the
+case just related; but if not, the Judge must have _stumbled_ upon the
+correct application of poles. To have brought the roots under the
+influence of the wrong pole would have made sure the death of his tree.
+
+Now, although, if taken by themselves, such experiments could not be
+regarded as _conclusive_ in favor of the electric nature of vegetable
+vitality, notwithstanding that this theory best explains the phenomena;
+yet, when considered in connection with the fact that the nervous fluid
+of the animal kingdom is evidently a modification of electricity, and
+probably constitutes the vital force of the animal, the theory of its
+identification, under another modification, with the vital principle in
+the vegetable kingdom also, as deduced from experiments like those just
+adverted to, receives strong confirmation, and is now, I believe, being
+adopted by many of the best philosophers of the age.
+
+
+EXTENT OF ELECTRIC AGENCY.
+
+When we have settled upon the position that the electricity of the
+heavens and of the artificial machine are identical, and that their
+identity is essentially one with galvanism, magnetism, the electro-vital
+fluid of animal and the life-force of the vegetable kingdoms, it
+requires no extravagant imagination, nor remarkable degree of
+enthusiastic credulity, to suppose that all the forms of physical
+attraction and repulsion are due, under God, to the diversified
+modifications of the same all-pervading agent--ELECTRICITY. Indeed, for
+myself, I feel no hesitation in expressing it as my belief that
+electricity, in one phase or another, and controlled only by WILL, is
+the grand motive-power of the universe. I believe that, in the form of
+electro-vital fluid, the great Creator employs it as His immediate agent
+to carry on all the functions of animal life; and that, in respect to
+voluntary functions, He subordinates it as a servant to the will of the
+creature, to effect such cerebral action and such muscular contractions
+as are demanded by the creature's volitions. I am disposed to think
+that, by the omnipotent power of His will, He controls and uses
+electricity, in its various modifications, as the immediate moving-force
+by which He accomplishes all the changes in the physical universe. It is
+fast becoming a generally-received opinion among modern _savans_, that
+every body in nature is really magnetic, more or less; and that all
+visible or sensible changes are but the result of changing poles.
+Chemical affinities and revulsions are believed to be only the more
+delicate forms of electrical attraction and repulsion; the ultimate
+particles of matter, no less than matter in masses, being subject to the
+control of electrical laws. The imponderable agents, light and caloric,
+under the ingenious tests of scientific scrutiny, are beginning to give
+some very decided indications of being simply electric phenomena.
+Indeed, the doctrine or theory that supposes caloric to be simply
+_atomic motion_ is even now being very generally accepted by the
+scientific world. And that motion in the atoms of a body which causes in
+us the sensation of heat is probably electric motion. And permit me to
+observe that, though the operations of nature seem, at first thought, to
+be wonderfully complex and mysterious, yet if the views here presented
+be correct, the marvel is changed; and we are brought to a profound
+admiration of the _simplicity_ of the means by which the Almighty
+conducts His material operations. A _single_ agent made to perform
+processes so infinitely numerous, diversified and apparently complex!
+How amazing! Simplicity in complexity!--majestic, like the mind of God.
+
+
+THEORY OF MAN.
+
+Let the question now be raised--_What is man?_ The answer will have much
+to do with the remedial system which I aim to teach. For this reason it
+is thus early introduced.
+
+My answer to the above question is as follows: _Man is a threefold
+being, composed of a body material, a body electrical, and a spirit
+rational and indestructible._
+
+Let the elements of this definition be a little amplified:
+
+1. _The material body._ This is composed of various metals, earths,
+carbon, phosphorus, and gases. I need not go into a representation of
+their multiplied and curious combinations to form the many parts of the
+body complete. But these are the ultimate elements; and a most superb
+and wonderful structure they here compose. Yet, notwithstanding all the
+manifest skillfulness of its contrivance, and the power of its
+accomplishment, and the niceness and beauty of its execution, it were a
+useless display if unaccompanied with the invisible agents which compose
+the two other grand constituents of man, to wit: the body electrical and
+the spirit, or mind. Without these, it would quickly fall into decay, as
+we see it when deprived of them, and would be resolved into its original
+elements again. But to our gross material bodies the Creator has added,
+
+2. _The body electrical._ By this, I mean that which has commonly been
+termed "nervous influence," "nervous fluid," "nervo-vital fluid," and
+"nervo-electric fluid." I object, however, to each and all of these
+designations. They are too restricted and specific. They all seem to
+imply that it is an agent or influence which appertains especially to
+the _nervous_ system; whereas the entire organism is under its pervading
+force. I do not doubt but its chief action is in and through the nervous
+system; but it also pervades and, as I think, vitalizes the whole body.
+The nervous system seems to be created as one principal means for its
+replenishment,[A] and to serve as the medium of its ministrations to the
+body at large. I choose to term it _electro-vital fluid_, or
+_electro-vitality_. My reasons for so designating it are the following:
+(1) It is demonstrably electrical in its nature. (2) It appears to be
+identified, or at least connected immediately, with the vitalization of
+the body. (3) I wish, by its name, to distinguish it from _mental_
+vitality, or the vitality of _spirit_. Whether, as a peculiar
+manifestation of the electric principle, it vitalizes by its own nature
+and action solely, or whether it be _charged_ with another mysterious
+element--a _life-force_--and vitalizes by ministering the latter to the
+material organism, I will not positively affirm. Whichever it be, the
+name I assign to it seems sufficiently appropriate. But I strongly
+incline to the theory that this electro-vital principle does itself, by
+virtue of its own nature, vitalize the system. In other words, I am
+disposed to think that God makes it the _immediate_ agent of
+vitalization; having constituted it the _vis vitae_ of both the animal
+and the vegetable kingdoms. Nor does this idea, as I conceive,
+necessarily conflict at all with the doctrine of _cell-life_, as
+maintained by the best physiologists of the present day. I also
+sometimes style this electro-vital element the _body electrical_,
+because it is certainly an entity, coextensive with and, in greater or
+less force, wholly pervading the visible, material body.
+
+At this point I will take the liberty to introduce, although somewhat
+digressively, a few thoughts on the DISTINCTIONS OF VITALITY OR LIFE.
+
+There are, as I suppose, the following several kinds of life: (1)
+_Spirit life_; (2) _Moral life_; (3) _Electric life_.
+
+(1.) There is _spirit_ life. And here are to be made several
+subdivisions.
+
+[1.] _Uncreated_ spirit life. This is the life of God. Of the nature of
+the Divine Essence we know nothing; yet that God is a real, living
+entity, we do know. My own conviction is that the divine essence and the
+divine life are identical; that God, a spirit, is necessary, infinite,
+conscious VITALITY--the voluntary Originator of all existencies besides
+himself. But as to what is the essential nature of this vitality--this
+eternal spirit-life--we can have no conception, only that this life is
+God.
+
+[2.] _Created_ spirit-life. And here we make another subdivision.
+
+(_a_) The life of created _immortal_ spirit. This is a rational,
+intelligent entity, representing the spirit of man and of unembodied,
+created intelligences above him. This spirit God created as it pleased
+him--"in his own likeness"--a living, indestructible essence; and, as I
+suppose, its essence and its life the same.
+
+(_b_) The life of created _mortal_ spirit, as the spirit of the beast.
+Of the intrinsic essence of this spirit, we are also necessarily
+ignorant. Yet, of its attributes we know that it has _consciousness_,
+_sensibility_, and _will_. Of its life we know as little as of its
+essence; both of which, however, as I conjecture, are also one and the
+same--the spirit substance being itself essentially vital.
+
+(2.) We pass next to _moral_ life. This life is identical with
+_holiness_--the very opposite of that defilement that characterizes
+moral _death_, which is a state of _sin_. But let me again subdivide.
+
+[1.] As to the moral life of _God_, it consists in his infinite moral
+purity--his _veracity_, _justice_ and _benevolence_ or _love_--qualities
+which, in their combination make up his holiness.
+
+[2.] The moral life of _man, as also of other rational creatures_. This
+consists in his _sympathy of spirit with God_ in respect to those pure
+qualities which constitute the Divine holiness.
+
+(3.) Finally, there is _electric_ or _physical life_. But here again
+there are varieties.
+
+[1.] There is _animal_ life, as of man and the lower animals. This I
+have already represented as consisting in the electro-vital force.
+
+[2.] _Vegetable_ life. This is another modification of the same
+essential principle--electro-vitality.
+
+But now, to return to the _physical_ or _animal life of man_--the
+electro-vital element. While this is in such _immediate_ relation to the
+visible body on the one hand, it holds, also, on the other hand, an
+_immediate_ relation to the mental part, both of man and of the other
+animated beings of earth. It serves to transmit, through the nervous
+system to the mind, all sensations and impressions from the outer world.
+It, moreover, receives from the mind the action of its volitions and
+imaginary conceptions, and conveys through the nerves the impressions or
+impulsions thus obtained to the various parts of the body, and there
+secures the fulfillment of the mind's behests. It appears to be only in
+this way that communication is had between the mind and its outer body.
+The natures of spirit and of gross matter are so totally unlike, that it
+seems impracticable for the mind and body to come into _immediate_
+mutual relation, or to act reciprocally, without the aid of a
+_medium_--ethereal, semi-material and semi-spiritual, such as is the
+electro-vital fluid. And the Creator has accordingly provided this
+mysterious, invisible medium between the two, and thus, in a degree,
+extended man's likeness to himself by making him _a trinity in unity_.
+
+3. _The mind or spirit._ This is immeasurably the highest and most
+important constituent of man. His body material may fall back to dust.
+His body electrical may be reabsorbed in the great ocean of natural
+electricity that fills the earth and the heavens. But his mind is
+immortal. His spirit, made in the divine image, lives and acts, thinks
+and feels, independently of every other existence save Him from whom its
+being came. While in connection with its visible body, its good or ill,
+its bliss or woe, has, indeed, much to do with its bodily state. But,
+when separated from this body, its high and more independent existence
+is at once asserted; and then its good or ill are determined by its
+Author only in accordance with the workings and affections within
+itself. A spiritual and indestructible being like its Creator, it can
+never cease to be while he exists.
+
+But our present concern is with the mind in its relation to that
+electro-vital medium between it and the body, and to the body itself.
+The mind's influence upon both of these lower parts of the entire man is
+truly wonderful, although perceptible mostly on the material body. Few
+persons are aware how much the state of the mind affects the bodily
+health, although the degree is often very great. Yet this is done by
+the mind's action, first on the electro-vital functions, and through
+these, by way of the nerves, upon the bodily tissue. Changes in the
+mental states will, in this way, frequently produce changed polarization
+in the physical organs, and thus determine infallibly the matter of
+health or disease. So, too, the condition of the bodily health will
+often determine irresistibly the mental state. Whatever bodily changes
+affect the polarization of the electro-vital medium in any part of the
+organism, do thereby produce corresponding changes in the mind.
+
+These views of the reciprocal action between mind and body, through the
+medium of the electro-vital element, may serve to explain those
+psychological wonders exhibited in the cure of diseases by the
+imagination, as well as in diseases and even death induced by the
+imagination. I would much like to unfold and illustrate this bearing of
+the subject; and, also, in the light of it, to show the _philosophy_ of
+one mind acting intelligibly on another mind, with, and even _without_,
+the aid of the physical organs, as is sometimes seen in the facts of
+mesmerism. This I have done in my written lectures, for the instruction
+of classes; but my limits will not admit of it here.
+
+There is another thought which I will offer in this connection. I
+maintain that all _functional_ action of our bodily organism, _ab
+initio_, is conducted by _thinking mind_, through the medium of organic
+electricity or the electro-vital fluid. Every organ as a whole, and
+every life-cell in detail, is charged with this active principle. I
+believe that every one of then is controlled and guided incessantly in
+its propagating, organizing and entire functional force by _intelligent
+mind_, acting through this wonder-working agent--the electro-vital
+fluid. In respect to our _voluntary_ exercises, this organic electrical
+force is made subject to our own mental activities, and executes its
+office upon the bodily organism mainly through the medium of the nerves.
+But, as regards all the _involuntary_ functions, I believe that control
+is exercised _directly_ by the omniscient and all-pervading God,
+although in accordance with his own established laws.
+
+Once more of the _mind_ let me remark, that _consciousness, sensation,
+and will belong to it alone_. The _body_ never thinks nor feels; nor
+does the organic electricity within it. The popular idea, especially
+with the less educated masses, is that, if a man burn his finger, it is
+the finger that smarts. But this can not be true. Pain can exist only
+where consciousness is. And there is no consciousness in the finger, nor
+in any material part. Only the _mind_ is conscious of _existence_, even;
+and hence only the mind can be conscious of pleasure or pain. If a limb
+be paralyzed, by interrupting in any way the flow of the electro-vital
+fluid through its nerves, and thus depriving the _mind_ of its medium of
+communication with it, you may burn that limb to a crisp and the subject
+will feel no pain. When you burn your finger or break your arm, you
+disturb the action of the electro-vitality in the injured part,
+deranging its poles. This electric agent instantly communicates its
+disturbance along the nerves to the brain, where it reports to the mind
+and tells where the disturbance is. The conscious mind takes cognizance
+of the fact and feels distress.
+
+
+THE LOWER ANIMALS.
+
+It may, by some, be objected that, if we regard sensation as existing
+only in the _mind_, as affirmed above, then we must concede mind to the
+lower animal tribes, since they are subjects of consciousness, sensation
+and will, as truly as ourselves. I admit this necessity, and
+unhesitatingly take the position, as has been already done in the
+classification of minds, that the lower animals are in fact endowed with
+a something higher and more spiritual than their material bodies or
+their animal vitality--something which bears distinguishing
+characteristics of _mind_. I would not, however, be understood to say,
+or to imply, that they possess _all_ the characteristics of our minds,
+even in a rudimental degree. I do not believe they do. My theory does
+not accord to them either reason or immortality. Yet, in respect to the
+latter, my views are less decisive, and my utterances usually more
+reserved. But I think their minds may, and probably do, perish with
+their bodies. Nevertheless, the existence of consciousness, sensation
+and will, in any orders, does evidently presuppose some sort of mental
+constitution. And such mental structure, in them as well as in us, must
+be distinct from and superior to the animal vitality--compelling service
+from the latter, and using it as a medium for communicating with the
+body, and with the outer world in general.
+
+
+THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
+
+As to the vegetable kingdom, there is here, so far as we can discover,
+only a duality of principle, viz: the material body and a modified phase
+of electro-vitality. These component parts appear to sustain to each
+other, in the vegetable, relations quite analogous to those of the
+corresponding parts in the animal. But here the _mental_ part is
+wanting; and consequently there is no consciousness, sensation, nor
+will; and the electro-vital action is guided in its elaborate and
+beautiful operations for the forming and developing of the plant, and in
+all its vital functions, by the all-pervading mind of God.
+
+
+NATURAL POLARIZATION OF MAN'S PHYSICAL ORGANISM.
+
+_The electro-vital fluid_, in the animal economy, is subject to the same
+principles of polarization as the magnetic current from the artificial
+machine, or the magnetism of the bar-magnet. In the material organism of
+man, the great nerve-centers--the brain, the spinal cord, and the
+ganglions--appear to act the part of fixed magnets, charged with the
+electro-vital fluid. Indeed, there is much reason to believe that this
+fluid is elaborated within these nerve-centers--more especially within
+the brain--from the inorganic electricity of the outer world, which is
+supplied through the lungs in respiration, and conducted thence to these
+laboratories by a remarkably interesting process--a process which I have
+not room here to describe, but which I have drawn out in detail in a
+manuscript lecture on the circulation of the blood, for my classes, and
+which may some day see the light. These nerve-centers, viewed as magnets
+of electro-vitality, require to be regarded as having each a positive
+nucleus in the interior, on which are ranged the negative ends of the
+currents which go out from this positive nucleus in every direction to
+the surface of the medullary organ--so radiating, as it were, from
+center to periphery. And the nerve-lines and ramifications which issue
+from these great nerve-centers are polarized evidently in the same
+way--the electro-vital fluid being disposed with its negative ends to
+the positive surfaces of the nerve-centers, and its positive or plus
+ends to the "vital organs," and especially to the surfaces of the
+organism as a whole. There are many other polarizations in the human
+system, subordinate to those mentioned above; but I have no room to
+speak of them in detail.
+
+
+ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES.
+
+There are two, and only two, primary classes of disease--those in which
+the electro-vital force is abnormally _positive_, and those where it is
+preternaturally _negative_. The former class comprises every variety and
+phase of hypersthenia, and the latter, every sort and degree of
+anaesthesia, or rather, of azooedynamia. _Inflammation_ may be taken as a
+general representative of the positive or hypersthenic class--those
+forms of disease in which there is too much electro-vitality, or in
+which the vital force may be said to be too active. _Paralysis_ may
+stand as a general representative of the negative or azooedynamic
+class--those in which the vital action is too low or weak.
+
+
+PHILOSOPHY OF DISEASE AND CURE.
+
+In every part of the animal economy, polar derangements in the
+electro-vital principle are liable to occur. These derangements are
+always the real foundation of disease. They may be occasioned by a
+thousand agencies, which act as the _procuring_ cause of disease; but
+the _proximate_ and _sustaining_ cause is polar disturbance--derangement
+of the electro-vital poles. Parts which, in health, are relatively
+positive, may become negative, and that which should be negative may
+become positive. Or again, a part, naturally positive to its
+counterpart, may become _excessively_ so, and that which should be
+relatively negative may become negative to a _morbid degree_.
+
+To correct these polar disturbances and restore the normal polarization,
+is to _cure the complaint_. This is, under the treatment of most
+physicians, often accomplished by the use of medicines, and by
+mechanical or surgical agency. We accomplish it by the proper
+application of the _poles_ of our electrical apparatus. In cases where
+there is _virus_ to be destroyed, or _abnormal growths_ to be removed,
+we also secure the _chemical_ action appropriate to these ends by the
+proper _selection of our current_. It often happens that _mechanical_ or
+_surgical action_ is demanded. In many _such_ cases, we do not profess
+to secure normal polarization and consequent cure by means of
+electricity alone. Yet, in a large proportion of the cases where
+mechanical or surgical agency is usually thought to be indispensable,
+we are able to cure by electric action only, since by it we can exert
+very considerable mechanical force at will; and can also, in many
+instances, attain much more happily, by means of electricity, the very
+ends or the _best_ ends which would be aimed at by skillful surgical
+operations.
+
+
+
+
+PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE.
+
+
+POLAR ANTAGONISM.
+
+_When the conducting cords are of equal length_, as commonly they should
+be, each of the two poles or electrodes produces a polar effect in the
+patient directly the opposite of that produced by the other. Also, _at
+any point_ in either half of the circuit, if it be within the person of
+the patient, the polar effect produced is the very reverse of what is
+experienced at the corresponding point in the other half of the circuit.
+And further; each half of the current produces a polar effect, at every
+point in the parts of the patient through which it runs, the same in
+_kind_, though differing in _degree_, as is produced immediately under
+the pole or electrode with which it is connected; yet an effect
+antagonistic to that which is produced under the other pole, or at the
+corresponding point in the other half of the current.
+
+
+IMPORTANCE OF NOTING THE CENTRAL POINT.
+
+From the above observations, it will be plain that, when we wish to
+bring a diseased organ under the influence of the _positive_ pole, we
+must carefully place our electrodes so that none of the organ, or none
+of the diseased part of it, shall appear on the positive[B] side of the
+_central point of the circuit_; it being understood that the current
+moves as nearly in direct lines as the best conducting medium will
+admit. Or again, if it be desired to bring a diseased organ, or any
+extended part of it, under the influence of the _negative_ pole, we must
+first calculate in placing our electrodes about where the central point
+will come, and then so apply them that no part of the lesion or disease
+shall appear on the negative[B] side of the central point; otherwise so
+much of it as lies on that side will come under the force of the wrong
+pole, and thus be affected in a way the opposite of what was intended.
+The characteristic influence of each pole is felt throughout its own
+half of the circuit.
+
+
+DISTINCTIVE USE OF EACH POLE.
+
+I have said that every disease is preternaturally either positive or
+negative. I have further said, that the application of either pole to a
+given part produces an effect the opposite of what would be produced in
+the same part by a reversal of the poles. The way is now prepared for me
+to announce THE CENTRAL PRINCIPLE of our system of practice. The reader
+will bear in mind that all acutely inflammatory or hypersthenic
+affections are electrically _positive_ in excess--having too much vital
+action--being _overcharged_ with the electro-vital fluid; and that all
+paralytic diseases, or those of a sluggish, azooedynamic character, are
+electrically _negative_--having too little electro-vital fluid--too
+little vital action. It is a universal law of electricity that positives
+repel each other, and that negatives repel each other; but that
+positives and negatives attract each other. This is a principle of
+electric action everywhere known, where any thing is known on the
+subject. _We appropriate it practically to therapeutic purposes._
+Therefore, when I wish to repress or repel inflammation, which is
+electrically positive in excess, I put the positive pole to it; or, at
+least, I bring it under that half of the circuit with which the positive
+pole is connected, and as near to the pole or electrode as possible. And
+because two positives repel each other, and also because the direction
+of the current is always from the positive to the negative pole,
+carrying the electro-vital fluid with it, either I must withdraw my
+positive electrode, or that excess of electro-vitality in the diseased
+part which makes it morbidly positive, and thus produces inflammation,
+must give way. I _will not_ withdraw my positive pole, and therefore the
+positive inflammation _must_ retreat and be dispersed. In treating this
+case, I will place my _negative_ electrode either on some healthy part,
+or, if there be perceptible anywhere in the system a morbidly negative
+part, as is often the case, I will place my negative pole there. For
+example: if I am treating for _nephritis_--inflammation of the
+kidneys--when I do not perceive any part to be abnormally negative, I
+manipulate with my positive electrode over the inflamed kidney, having
+the negative electrode placed at the coccyx--lowest part of the spine.
+My positive pole repels the positive inflammation from the kidney; or,
+rather, repels from it that excess of electro-vital fluid which makes it
+morbidly positive and induces the inflammation, while the negative pole
+attracts the same towards the coccyx. On its way, it becomes more or
+less diverted to adjacent nerves; or, if gathered in the healthy part,
+under the negative pole, it is immediately dispersed by the normal
+circulation as soon as the electrode is removed. But if I find _a spinal
+irritation_, say in one or more of the cervical or dorsal vertebrae, and,
+at the same time, a stomach affected with _chronic dyspepsia_,
+accompanied with _constipation of bowels_, I will work over the inflamed
+or irritated spine with my positive pole, because I know from its
+irritation that there is an excess of electro-vital fluid in the part,
+making it improperly positive; and, with my negative electrode, I will,
+at the same time, treat over the stomach, bowels and liver; because I
+know, from the _inaction_ of these organs, that there is a lack of the
+vital force--a deficiency of the electro-vital fluid--there, and that,
+consequently, they are too negative. Adopting this method, I accomplish
+two objects in the same treatment. _First_, my positive pole, applied to
+the spinal disease, repels from it the excess of electro-vital fluid
+which was there doing mischief; and, _second_, my negative pole attracts
+the same, along with the artificial or inorganic electricity, to the
+stomach and bowels where it is wanted, since negatives attract
+positives. Or I wish to rouse to action a _torpid liver_. Now, if I find
+_inflammation, or enlargement_ of the spleen, as is commonly the case in
+_chills and fever_, I place the positive pole upon the spleen, at the
+left side, just below the false ribs, and the negative pole on the
+liver, which is best reached immediately below the ribs on the right
+side, and around backward and upward as far as to the spine. The
+positive pole repels the excess of electro-vitality away from the
+positive spleen, and so reduces the improper excitement there, while at
+the same time it rushes, by attraction, to the negative liver, under the
+negative pole, and makes that more positive, and so more active. In this
+way, I change the polarization of the parts, and, in so doing, remove
+the sustaining cause of the disease. You here perceive that I treat a
+positive part with the positive pole, so as to repel the excess of
+electro-vitality from it, and thus repress its excessive action; and
+that I treat a negative part with the negative pole, so as to attract
+the electro-vital fluid, along with the current from the machine, to it
+from under the positive pole, and thus increase the action by making it
+more positive.
+
+But suppose I do what nearly all of the doctors do, who use electricity
+with any regard to polarity; that is, if treating acutely inflamed eyes,
+for example, apply the negative pole to the eyes, thinking thereby to
+make them more negative; or, if treating amaurosis, apply the positive
+electrode to the affected parts, thinking thereby to make them more
+positive! I say, suppose I do this same thing, do you not see that, by
+the fixed laws of electricity, I necessarily increase the evils that I
+would remedy? Do you not see that, by placing my negative pole on the
+already overcharged and inflamed eyes, I attract to them yet more of the
+electro-vital fluid, and so increase their positive condition and
+aggravate the inflammation? and that, by presenting my positive
+electrode to the eyes already more or less paralyzed, I repel what
+little electro-vitality there was there, and so make the nerves all the
+more negative and dead? And yet, I repeat it, this is precisely the plan
+of almost all the men who use electricity in therapeutic practice with
+any regard to its polarization. They treat a positive disease--rather, a
+_hypersthenic_ disease, (for they seldom know anything of the
+_electrical_ states of diseased parts), with the negative pole, and an
+azooedynamic disease, which is negative, with the positive pole!--all
+directly antagonistic to science and success.
+
+But the great mass of physicians, who attempt to treat electrically,
+have no knowledge either of the electrical condition of the various
+forms of disease, nor of the distinctive and peculiar effects produced
+by either pole of the artificial current; and consequently all their use
+of this powerful agent is entirely empirical--merely haphazard
+experiment.
+
+I may have raised an inquiry a few moments since which ought to be
+answered. I said, in effect, that in treating a positive disease, such,
+for instance, as acute, inflammatory rheumatism or acute pleurisy, I
+would use the positive pole on the inflamed parts, and the negative pole
+on either some healthy part or on a morbidly negative part, if I could
+find such. So, too, I said I would treat a negative disease, such as
+amaurosis or torpidity of liver, with the negative pole, placing the
+positive pole on either some healthy or morbidly positive part. The
+query may have arisen, "By placing the one pole or the other on a
+healthy part, do you not derange the normal electro-vital action there,
+disturbing its healthy polarization?" I answer, yes, for the time being,
+I do; and if this disturbing force were to be steadily continued for any
+considerable time, the disturbance would produce manifest and serious
+disease. But then, a pole or electrode, placed on a healthy part, we
+generally move, or ought to move, more or less, every few moments, which
+prevents the establishment of any perverted action in the part; and the
+moment the electrode is withdrawn, the normal polarization and healthy
+action are resumed.
+
+
+USE OF THE LONG CORD.
+
+It is often desirable to bring the entire parts of the patient, through
+which the current is made to pass, under one and the same kind of
+influence--such as shall make them all more positive or more negative.
+Especially is this true in many cases where we wish to run through but a
+_short_ space. For this purpose, there is frequent advantage in using
+conducting cords of unequal length. As my views on this point have been
+disputed in certain quarters, I will endeavor here to place them in such
+a light that they shall not be rejected for want of being _rightly
+understood_.
+
+I have previously remarked[C] that, for practical purposes, it is
+sufficiently exact to consider the _magnetic circuit_ as extending only
+from the _positive post_, around through the conducting cords, the
+electrodes, and the person of the patient, to the _negative post_. We
+will so regard it at present. This circuit may be viewed as one
+continuous magnet, made up of several sections or shorter magnets placed
+end to end--the positive end of the first to the negative end of the
+second, and the positive end of the second to the negative end of the
+third. In this arrangement, the negative end of the first section is the
+negative pole of the one whole magnet, and the positive end of the third
+section is the positive pole of the whole magnet. The minimum quantity
+of the magnetism is supposed to be at the negative pole, and the maximum
+quantity at the positive pole; and the quantity is supposed to increase,
+by _regular graduation_, from the negative to the positive pole. This
+being so, the quantity is _the same_ in the positive end of either
+section and the negative end of the adjoining section, at their point of
+contact.
+
+Now, in practice, the body of the patient, or so much of it as is
+embraced between the two electrodes, may be regarded as the _second_
+section in this magnet; and the cord connected with the positive post,
+together with its electrode attached, may be counted the _first_ and
+_most negative_ section; and the cord connected with the negative post,
+along with its electrode, may be the _third_ and _most positive_
+section. And if this whole magnet be more and more positive, by regular
+degrees through all the sections, from its negative to its positive end
+or pole, then the nearer any given part of it, say the _second
+section_--the patient's person, may be to its positive pole in the
+negative post, so much the more _positive_ that section or part will be.
+And the nearer such part or section may be to the negative pole in the
+positive post, so much the more _negative_ it will be. If the cords be
+of equal length, the central point in the circuit or magnet will be in
+the second section--the person of the patient, midway between the
+electrodes; and that section will be charged with the _mean_ quantity
+of the magnetic fluid. The _central point_ will hold _exactly_ the mean
+quantity. But if the cord in the _first_ section be _two_ yards long,
+and that in the _third_ section be _four_ yards, then section
+second--the patient's parts under treatment--will be nearest to the
+_negative_ pole in the positive post, and consequently will be charged
+with much _less_ than the mean quantity of the fluid, and will therefore
+be made so much the more _negative_. If, on the other hand, the cord in
+section _first_ be _four_ yards in length, and that in section _third_
+be only _two_ yards, then the patient's body--section second--will be
+brought nearest to the _positive_ pole in the negative post, and of
+course be charged with much _more_ than the mean quantity of the
+magnetic fluid, and hence will be made so much the more _positive_.
+
+It is true that the positive and negative poles of section second--the
+parts of the patient between the electrodes--will not be _reversed_ by
+any such changes in the length or relative positions of the conducting
+cords; nor is such reversal required in those cases where the use of the
+_long cord_ is indicated. The only change of polarization called for in
+such cases, is that _all_ the parts through which the current is to
+pass should, in greater or less degree, be affected alike, as being made
+more positive or more negative. Of course these parts will be so
+affected in different degrees--those nearest to the _short_ cord the
+_most_; those nearest to the _long_ cord the _least_.
+
+The class of cases where the use of the _long cord_ is more especially
+advantageous, comprises those in which it is desirable to run the
+current _out_ of the patient at the shortest admissible distance from
+the positive electrode. For example, in treating _cynanche tonsillaris_,
+(quinsy), if treating with the positive pole in the mouth, we would not
+wish to run the current further than to the back of the neck; or, if
+treating externally, we would not wish to carry the negative electrode
+further from the positive than from side to side. Here the _long cord_,
+with the negative electrode, would be a special advantage in subduing
+the inflammation. We would not care to _increase_ the inflammatory
+action, as we should necessarily do on the positive side of the central
+point, by using cords of _equal_ length.
+
+Again, if treating a case of acute _enteritis_--inflammation of the
+intestines--we would not wish, while treating the abdomen with the
+positive pole, to increase the inflammation in the lower parts, by using
+equal cords and placing the negative pole at the sacrum or the coccyx.
+Neither would we wish to reduce the strength of the lower limbs by
+carrying the negative pole to the feet. Nor, yet again, would we care to
+endanger the thoracic viscera by running the current from the abdomen up
+to the dorsal or cervical vertebrae. The true way, in such a case, would
+be to connect the negative electrode with a _long cord_, and then to run
+the current through the inflamed parts, and _out_ somewhere from the
+lumbar vertebrae to the coccyx, by treating over the abdomen with the
+positive pole, and placing the negative pole on the lower parts of the
+spine.
+
+As the cords that accompany the machine from the manufacturer are
+usually cut about two yards in length, every practitioner should supply
+himself with an extra cord, of at least three yards, to be used as the
+_long cord_.
+
+
+THE INWARD AND THE OUTWARD CURRENT.
+
+I have already said that when the conducting-cords are of equal length,
+as for the most part they should be, the central point of the circuit
+will be in the person of the patient, about midway between the two
+electrodes. Now, since the current always runs from the positive to the
+negative pole, and makes its whole circuit in that direction, it will be
+readily seen that, from the place on the patient where the positive pole
+is applied, inward as far as to the central point, the direction of the
+current may properly be said to be _inward_; and that, from the central
+point to the place of the negative electrode, where the current comes
+out, its direction may be said to be _outward_. When, therefore, a part
+is treated with the positive pole, or when the part under treatment
+appears anywhere between the positive pole and the central point, it is
+not unusual to say, It is treated with the _inward current_. And when a
+part is treated with the negative pole, or when it appears between the
+central point and the negative pole, it is often spoken of as being
+treated with the _outward current_.
+
+
+MECHANICAL EFFECT OF EACH POLE.
+
+The _mechanical_ effect of the forward end of the current, or that part
+of it which is under the negative electrode, is to relax, expand and
+weaken; while that of the rear end, under the positive electrode, is to
+contract and strengthen. A moving ship disperses the waters at its bow,
+but draws them in at its stern. The bullet shot from a gun, in passing
+through a plank, leaves the perforation closed where it enters in, but
+wide open where it comes out. Thus, in physics, the advance end of a
+moving body tends to disperse the element through which it is passing,
+while the rear end tends to its contraction. Analogous to this are the
+_mechanical_ effects of the different ends of an electrical current in
+the living tissue. When, therefore, we wish to relax a muscle that is
+unnaturally contracted, as by rheumatism or otherwise, we must bring it
+under the forward end--the outward current--the negative pole. If we
+desire to contract ligaments or muscles that are abnormally relaxed,
+(not _atrophied_), as in prolapsus uteri, we must subject them to the
+rear end of the current--the positive pole. Parts that are unnaturally
+contracted are electrically negative in excess, and need to be made more
+positive. And parts that are unhealthily relaxed are too positive, and
+should be made more negative. We make a part more positive by applying
+to it the negative pole, and more negative by applying to it the
+positive pole. Parts _spasmodically_ contracted are acute and positive;
+those _permanently_ contracted are chronic and negative.
+
+
+RELAXED AND ATROPHIED CONDITIONS.
+
+I alluded, above, to a distinction between a _relaxed_ and an
+_atrophied_ condition of an organ. There is such a distinction, which
+should be carefully observed while treating parts so affected. An
+atrophied muscle or organ becomes soft and flabby from lack of
+nourishment. But this condition is not properly one of _relaxation_. It
+is rather a diminution--a _thinning out_ of atoms, by wasting without
+replenishment. Such a condition is always negative, and requires
+treatment under the negative pole. On the contrary, relaxed parts, such
+as appear in prolapsus uteri, and in the sagging down of the diaphragm,
+with the thoracic and abdominal viscera, exhibit no lack of nutrition or
+of vital action. Relaxation is a _loosening_ of atoms from each other,
+more or less, without loss of aggregate weight; and implies a condition
+electrically positive in excess, and calls for treatment with the
+positive pole.
+
+
+GENERAL DIRECTIONS OF THE CURRENT.
+
+_Negative_ affections, as a general rule, are best treated with the
+_upward-running_ current--the positive pole being placed at a lower
+point than the negative. _Inflammatory_ affections, and other _plus_
+conditions, for the most part, should be treated with the down-running
+current, keeping the negative pole at a lower point than the positive.
+But these rules admit of frequent exceptions, which every practitioner's
+experience will soon reveal.
+
+The _downward_ current, running _with_ the downward and outward course
+of the nerves, tends to _depletion_ and _weakness_, for the reason that
+it _runs off_ from the system the electro-vital fluid. The _upward_
+current, on the other hand, running _against_ the nerves, inward towards
+their source, feeds the system with fresh electricity, and gives a
+_tonic_ effect. Yet for this purpose, it must not be too long continued,
+nor of too severe strength, lest it overtask and irritate the
+nerve-sheaths.
+
+In treating a _paralyzed_ organ, the current should commonly be run from
+a _healthy_ part, whether that require it to be directed downwards or
+upwards. For example: In treating a paralyzed foot or leg, the positive
+pole should be upon the lower part of the spine--at the coccyx--or even
+under the sole of the opposite foot. It is best to alternate between
+these positions. So in treating a paralyzed hand or arm, let the current
+be run from the upper part of the spine, and frequently also from the
+opposite hand. With the _negative_ electrode, treat all over the
+paralyzed parts. Yet it is well, in these cases, often to _reverse_ the
+direction of the current for a brief period at the close of the
+sittings, say one to two minutes, for the purpose of rousing the nervous
+susceptibility, and to prevent exhaustion from too continuously running
+off the electro-vital fluid.
+
+
+TREATING WITH ELECTROLYTIC CURRENTS.
+
+For decomposing and carrying off unnatural growths, as fistula, ficus,
+glandular enlargements and other tumors, it is often best to dilute the
+_electrolytic_ quality of the galvanic current A B with one or both of
+the Faradaic currents, as by taking A C or A D instead of A B. But
+_malignant_ and _poisonous_ affections, as scirrhus and other varieties
+of cancer, and also cases of infectious virus, demand continually, or
+with but occasional exceptions, the primary galvanic current A B.
+[->]In treating these malignant affections, the current should be run
+through as short a distance of _healthy_ tissue as possible, yet so as
+fairly to reach the diseased part. And whether this part be brought, for
+a given time, under the one pole or the other, the opposite pole should
+be attached to the _long cord_, so as to throw the central point of the
+circuit, not in the person of the patient, but out on the long cord,
+thus bringing the entire organic parts though which the current is
+passed on one and the same side of the center, and so, under the ruling
+influence of the same pole.
+
+Those diseases which require the chemical or electrolytic currents
+should, for the most part, be treated under the negative pole,
+particularly those which need the galvanic current A B, and also old
+ulcers and _chronic irritation of mucus surfaces_. Glandular
+enlargements not of scirrhous character, and excrescent growths not
+poisonous, may often be reduced, and perhaps sometimes cured, under the
+positive pole. But my own experience, even with these affections, is
+that it is better to treat them under the negative pole until they come
+to assume, as sometimes they will, an _acute_ state, when the positive
+pole may be used with success. If, however, it appears desirable to
+produce a _cauterizing_ effect, this must be done by persistent
+treatment under the negative pole of a strong A B or A C current, and,
+if the disease be external, with a small pointed electrode.
+
+
+POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MANIFESTATIONS.
+
+_Acute_ diseases are to be regarded as electrically positive, and
+_chronic_ affections as negative. The exceptions are rare, if any at
+all. _Malignant cholera_, which is eminently acute, might by some be
+considered as an exception. In negative diseases, there is a low degree
+of electro-vitality. And it has been remarked by careful observers,
+particularly in the Orient, that cholera rages with greatest
+destructiveness when no special electric phenomena have for long time
+appeared in the atmosphere, and when the artificial electrical apparatus
+could be made to yield its sparks only with difficulty, or not at all.
+And again, after a thunderstorm, when the electric machine works again
+freely, the cholera is also found to abate quickly, and sometimes very
+greatly. The inference drawn from these facts has been that the
+prevalence of cholera is largely owing to a lack of electricity in the
+atmosphere, and consequently to a want of the animal electricity or
+electro-vitality in the system of the patient; and thence it might be
+concluded that cholera implies a negative condition of the system. I
+think there is a fallacy in this reasoning. There appears to me to be an
+unwarrantable assumption in confidently attributing the long absence
+from the heavens of marked electrical phenomena, and the failure of the
+electric machine to give its spark, to an unquestioned deficiency of
+atmospheric electricity. Electrical manifestations take place only when
+the _plus_ and _minus_ conditions are existing, in relation to each
+other, somewhat near, or not very remote; and the visible phenomena
+appear when the positive and negative rush together, so as to produce a
+polar equilibrium. But suppose a _plus_ condition to exist over a wide
+region, then, everything being _overcharged_, the visible phenomena
+would be as rare and as difficult of attainment as if all around were
+negative. How, then, can it be inferred, with any certainty, from such
+data, that there is a _deficiency_ of electricity, rather than an
+_excess_ of it?
+
+I have not treated a case of cholera; but my own impression of it is,
+that in the first stage, or during the "rice-water" discharges, the
+condition of the system is, as in other acute affections, excessively
+positive; but that, as the collapse comes on, it rapidly subsides into
+an intensely negative state, thus assuming the chief characteristic of a
+chronic condition.
+
+In the above remarks, I would not be understood to indicate any doubt
+that the prevalence of cholera is often aggravated or mitigated by
+peculiar electrical states of the atmosphere. It appears altogether
+probable that such may be the fact; and I should presume that electrical
+treatment, properly administered, would be found eminently successful in
+this fearful malady.
+
+Again, in _chronic rheumatism_ there might, at first view, seem to be
+frequent exceptions to the rule last above stated; but the cases alluded
+to are not such. It is often the fact, during chronic rheumatism, that
+soreness and severe pain are felt, especially under the presentation of
+the negative pole, thus showing that these points require to be treated
+with the positive pole. But, in such cases, although the general disease
+of the system be chronic and negative, these sore and severely painful
+points have, for the time, risen in their electro-vital condition, and
+so become acute and positive. But when chronic rheumatism is attended
+with only a _dull_ pain, and that chiefly under exercise of the parts,
+and with little or no increase of pain under an application of the
+negative pole of the A D current, medium strength, and with no swelling,
+then the pain, the stiffness and the lameness are all marks of the
+negative state, and the parts must be treated with the negative pole of
+the A D current, _strongly_ at first, but diminishing in force, from
+time to time, as the patient becomes relieved.
+
+_Alkaline_ affections--those causing excessive alkaline secretions--are
+electrically positive. _Acid_ or _acidulous_ states are negative.
+
+
+HEALING.
+
+For healing wounds, burns, ulcers, irritation of mucous membranes, and
+cutaneous eruptions, the A D current is by far the best. _Recent_
+wounds, contusions and burns are electrically positive. _Old_ ulcers and
+irritations are generally negative.
+
+
+DIAGNOSIS.
+
+To make a correct diagnosis, it is needful to bear in mind the following
+general principles:
+
+1. Where the organism is in health, the momentary application to the
+patient of the negative pole of the double Faradaic current B D--the
+best for diagnostic use--in good medium strength,[D] will be directly
+felt, yet will cause no pain. Whatever _muscular contractions_ may be
+produced for the time, they are harmless, and need not be noticed.
+Wherever the electro-vital fluid is in _excess_, producing
+hypersthenia--too much vital action--the part is morbidly _positive_;
+and, excepting sometimes in the stomach and bowels, the B D current, of
+medium force, directed to that part under the negative pole, will
+produce _sharp pain_. But where a current of full medium strength can
+not be felt under the negative pole, there is a morbidly negative
+state--a deficiency of vital action--a condition of at least partial
+paralysis--anaesthesia.
+
+2. In a state of health, different persons will have different degrees
+of sensibility to the electric current, depending on their varied
+nervous susceptibility. Again, the same person will be much less
+sensitive to the current when directed to the spine, particularly the
+lower part of it, and to the stomach, than when directed to most other
+parts. Also, where bones lie near the surface, the periosteum--the
+membrane immediately investing the bone--is apt to feel more sensibly
+under the electrodes than the muscular parts. But these variations soon
+become so familiar to the practitioner that he finds no difficulty in
+making the proper allowances for them.
+
+In making an electrical examination, the two following questions present
+themselves to be answered: First, whether anywhere, and, if so, where is
+there a morbid electrical state in the body of this patient? Second,
+what is the electrical condition of that unhealthy part? Is it
+_positive_ or _negative_?
+
+These questions being answered, according to the tests just given, the
+well-instructed practitioner is prepared to go on and treat the patient
+judiciously, and with success, if success be attainable by any form of
+medication.
+
+Let me next say, It is best, as a general rule, to make examinations
+with the _negative pole_. The reason of this is that, since the current
+is always more energetic under the negative than under the positive
+pole, it makes itself more sensibly _felt_ there than under the
+positive pole. Indeed, it will commonly be felt even to _painfulness_
+there, if the part were overcharged and inflamed before. Thus, under the
+negative electrode, the current readily detects any active disease. But,
+if we be making the examination with the _positive pole_, as we come
+upon any point more or less inflamed, the current, quick as lightning,
+rushes away from such inflamed part to the part under the stationary
+negative pole, carrying with it, for the time being, more or less of
+that excess of electro-vital fluid which was in force at the inflamed
+point; so that _no pain_, perhaps, is experienced there; and thus the
+disease escapes detection.
+
+I am aware that it has been said by some of our practitioners, with, if
+I rightly remember, the able discoverer of the grand practical
+principles of our system, Prof. C. H. Bolles, at their head, that it is
+not quite prudent to use the negative pole in hand for diagnosis, lest
+we possibly contract the disease from the patient; since, in that case,
+the current runs from the patient to the practitioner. They think it
+safer to use the positive pole in hand; so letting the current run from
+the practitioner to the patient. There is force in this consideration,
+without doubt, where the patient is affected with a poisonous or
+malignant disease. And where any thing of this nature is apprehended, I
+would never examine with the negative pole in hand. But these cases are
+commonly so manifest, or so easily determined by colloquial inquiry,
+that examination with the electric current is rarely if ever necessary.
+And when the disease is plainly not of a poisonous or infectious nature,
+I do not think there is any danger to be apprehended from the cause
+stated. I therefore prefer, as a general rule, to examine with the
+negative pole; and for the reason given above.
+
+The temperature of the room and the adjustment of apparel should be the
+same as for treatment. To prevent improper chilliness, the room ought to
+be of such temperature that clothing is not required for bodily
+comfort--say, from 70 to 80 degrees, _Fahrenheit_. Seat the patient on a
+stool or chair, (a stool is most convenient), and yourself at his side,
+with your machine, ready for use, on a table or bench before him, and a
+vessel of warm water within easy reach. If the patient be a man we let
+his trunk be disrobed, giving free access to the back, chest and
+abdomen. If the patient be a woman, let her be covered with a
+treating-robe, of which garments the practitioner should keep a supply.
+They are made much like a lady's plain nightgown; but large and loose,
+so as to serve ladies of any size, and give ample room to work the
+electrodes under them. Her skirts should be dropped _below the seat_, so
+far that their bands shall lie across her lap.
+
+Let us now suppose the machine to be working. We will take the B D
+current. Let it be of good medium strength. We regulate the strength by
+the quantity of fluid in the battery, so far as _volume_ is concerned,
+and by means of the plunger as respects _intensity_. The electrodes
+should be dampened with warm water. Let the _sponge-roll_, [a very thin
+expansion of sponge, quilted upon a muslin lining, and enveloping one of
+the tin electrodes], be made the positive pole, and be placed under the
+coccyx--lowest part of the spine. Then attach the _positive_ cord; that
+is, the cord connected with the _negative_ post, to another sponge-roll,
+to be held in the operator's right hand; or, what is better, attach it
+to a thin, flexible, metallic wristband, (brass is good, but metallic
+lace--such as is used in trimming _regalia_, is best), underlaid with
+wet muslin, and fastened around the right wrist. This brings the
+operator's hand into the circuit as the negative electrode or pole.
+Next, pass a moist, warm sponge all over the patient's back. Now, before
+the back becomes dry, press the points of two fingers firmly, yet not
+uncomfortably, upon the back of the neck at the base of the skull;
+thence move gradually downward, by frequent touches of the same firm but
+gentle character, keeping one finger on each side of the spinous
+processes, until the whole length of the spine has been, in this manner,
+passed over. If sharp pain or soreness be felt at any point, _note_ that
+point; there is inflamed irritation there. Then return up to the right
+or left shoulder, and pass, in like manner, by frequent touches with one
+or two fingers, over all parts of the back on that side of the spine,
+down to the hips. Then, in the same way, examine the shoulder and back
+on the other side of the spine, noting, as before, every point, if there
+be any, where soreness and pain appear. After this, pass over the entire
+neck, then over the front parts of the thorax and abdomen, down to the
+pelvic bones, everywhere watching for soreness and pain. Next, go to the
+head. Wet the hair through to the scalp, (because dry hair is a bad
+conductor,) and change to a _very soft_ B C current. Then go over all
+the head in the same manner as over the neck and trunk. Better _reverse_
+the poles on the head, by transposing the cords in the posts, so as to
+make the manipulating hand the _positive_ pole. The head is, or ought to
+be, extremely sensitive. You need not do this, however, if the negative
+pole can be received on the head without discomfort, as it sometimes can
+be. Commence on the cerebrum, and then pass to the cerebellum.
+
+If, in the examination of the spine, the practitioner finds it
+uncomfortable to bear in his fingers a current of sufficient strength to
+be distinctly felt in that part of the patient, he may use the
+side-sponge cup on the spine. But let him _never use a current on
+another person_ which he does not first apply to his own nerves, so as
+to know its intensity. Indeed, if one prefer to use the side-sponge cup
+through the whole process, he can do so; although there is advantage in
+using the fingers, since, by their concentrated impressions, he is more
+sure to detect disease than by the broader face of the sponge cup.
+
+[->]Now, wherever there is found _soreness_ or _lancinating pain_ under
+the touch, it is sure that the part is preternaturally _positive_--more
+or less so, according to the degree of painful irritability. On the
+other hand, if there be found a part evincing much _less_ than the usual
+sensibility found in the _healthy_ corresponding part of other patients,
+it may safely be pronounced torpid or paralytic, more or less. It lacks
+sufficient electro-vitality--is improperly _negative_, and needs to be
+treated with the negative pole.
+
+It will often happen that diseased action is found in parts where the
+patient was entirely unaware of its existence until the practitioner's
+fingers or other electrode revealed it. Again, it will sometimes be
+found that there is no disease whatever in parts where the patient
+supposed disease to be active. But when we find patients to be
+especially nervous, it is not always best to tell them immediately just
+what our examinations have revealed to us--how severely or how little we
+think them diseased. It is sometimes better to humor, more or less, the
+patient's own views for a time; lest, by exciting him or her, we make a
+difficult case out of one that might have been mastered with comparative
+ease. In this matter discretion should guide us.
+
+But let me say farther, what I deeply feel, that neither do I think it
+right to _persistently_ conceal from patients, especially those who are
+dangerously affected, a knowledge of their true condition. In my
+opinion, physicians often unwittingly incur an awful responsibility in
+this way, wronging their patients in the most vital and momentous of all
+interests--the interests involved in a due preparation for death. I
+believe the true way, in every such case, is for the physician himself,
+in a kind and soothing manner, to reveal to the patient, little by
+little, if need be, what he really thinks, or to ask the patient's
+pastor, or some other calm and judicious person to do it for him. I
+believe the visits of a discreet and affectionate pastor, or, in the
+absence of a pastor, of some other mild and Christian friend, to the
+bedside of the sick is, nine times in ten, not only no embarrassment to
+the patient's recovery, but positively favorable to it, and ought to be
+habitually encouraged, rather than restrained, by medical
+practitioners.
+
+
+
+
+PRESCRIPTIONS.
+
+
+PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
+
+The author wishes to caution the reader not to rely merely on the forms
+of treatment here prescribed, but to study thoroughly the principles
+taught in the preceding pages, until he shall have mastered them, and
+can judge for himself of the correctness of these prescriptions. It
+should be remembered, however, that the diseases here considered are
+viewed in their _simple_ or _uncomplicated_ states. Where complications
+exist, the treatment must be modified according to the judgment of the
+practitioner.
+
+In these instructions, it is always to be understood that the treatment
+prescribed is with _cords of equal length_, except when the _long cord_
+is especially mentioned.
+
+In most of the local diseases here named, particularly those which are
+electrically _negative_, it is desirable to supplement the local
+treatment prescribed with occasional _general tonic_ treatment, where,
+in the judgment of the practitioner, it can be given without detriment
+to the local affection.
+
+In all treatments, the electrodes should be moistened with warm water.
+
+
+GENERAL TONIC TREATMENT.
+
+Take the B D current, (A D is very good), of fair medium strength. Place
+the sponge-roll, N. P. [Negative Pole], at the coccyx--lowest point of
+spine--and manipulate with side-sponge cup, P. P. [Positive Pole], from
+the feet all over the lower limbs to and about the hips; occupying three
+or four minutes, or less. Then remove the N. P., substituting for the
+sponge-roll the end-sponge cup, and place this upon the spine at the
+lower part of the neck. Now manipulate with side-sponge cup, P. P., over
+the trunk generally, from the lower to the upper parts; giving special
+attention to the spinal column by treating it somewhat more than other
+parts. Treat the trunk some five to eight minutes. Next, keeping the N.
+P. still upon the back of the neck, treat with P. P. over the hands and
+arms, up to and about the shoulders. Treat here two or three minutes.
+
+It has been customary, for the most part, in giving general tonic
+treatment, to make the P. P. stationary--placing it successively at the
+feet, the coccyx and the hands--and to manipulate above it with the N.
+P. But the better way is as directed above. The object is to reinforce
+the main nerve-lines and centers with electricity from without. The
+nerves branch off from their centers--the brain, the spinal cord, the
+ganglions, and the great plexuses--and run, in general, downward and
+outward from the trunk lines, in a manner somewhat analogous to the
+branches and twigs of an inverted little tree. If we place before us
+such a shrub, with the root upward and the branches pointing downwards,
+and then draw lines from the lowest point of the lowest twig to the
+outer ends of all the branches surrounding the main trunk, we shall see
+that our lines, instead of running in the general directions of the
+limbs, will, for the most part, run _across_ the twigs. But, if we draw
+our lines from the outer extremities of the branches and twigs up to the
+root, or near to the source of the trunk, we will find the lines, in the
+main, running nearly parallel with the branches. Now, let us substitute
+for this inverted tree the nervous system of a man, and remember that
+the electric current moves from the positive to the negative pole as
+nearly in straight lines as it can where there are good conductors, such
+as the nerves and muscles, and it will at once appear that, in treating
+the lower limbs, if we place our N. P. at the coccyx, and then
+manipulate with P. P. over the feet and legs, our electric lines are
+running from all the surface extremities of the nerve ramifications,
+wherever the P. P. is moving, directly into and along these fine
+ramifications, and, through the larger nerve-branches, up to the
+stationary N. P. Or, if we treat the _trunk_ of the body by placing the
+N. P. on the spine, near its upper end, and then manipulate with P. P.
+from the lower part upward over the back, sides, abdomen and chest, our
+current strikes into the surface extremities of the nerves at every
+point where the electrode touches, and makes its way upwards, along the
+nerve-lines, to the great spinal cord under the N. P.--thus replenishing
+with fresh electricity all the ganglions, plexuses and nerve-trunks
+along the way. But if P. P. be made stationary at the lower end of the
+section under treatment, and we manipulate over the parts with the N.
+P., the current strikes from P. P., across the nerve branches and comes
+out at their surface extremities wherever the negative electrode
+moves--so reaching but indirectly and imperfectly the trunk-lines and
+their centers.
+
+
+COMMON COLDS.
+
+Take the B D Faradaic current--moderate strength. If the affection be
+mainly in the head, give,
+
+_1st._ _A face bath._ Let an earthen wash-basin, nearly filled with
+tepid water, be placed on a table or chair before the patient, he
+holding the sponge-roll [see page 89] N. P. in his hands. Now let him
+bury his face in the water as long as he can hold his breath. At the
+instant after his face is in the water, drop into the water the tin
+electrode P. P. Repeat this process as often as he recovers his breath,
+some eight, ten or a dozen times.
+
+_2d._ Place the sponge-roll N. P. in the hands as before, and, making an
+electrode P. P. of your own hand, in the manner directed for
+_diagnosis_, clasp the nose of the patient between your thumb and
+finger, moving them up and down along the sides of the nose, and on the
+nose between the eyes, about five minutes.
+
+Repeat the above forms twice or thrice a day.
+
+If there be hoarseness, or cough, or stricture of lungs, or soreness of
+chest, place N. P., with _long cord_, upon back of neck, and treat with
+P. P. over the front part of neck and breast, and wherever upon the
+thorax stricture or soreness appears.
+
+If there be a feverish condition of the system, attended, perhaps, with
+pain in the head, place P. P. on the spine, a little below the cranium,
+and treat with N. P., _long cord_, all the way down the spine, and over
+the entire back, sides, thorax and abdomen. In this case let the current
+be rather mild, and be continued for a considerable length of time, with
+the view of bringing out perspiration. It is _best_ that the patient
+should receive treatment in bed, perfectly protected from any cool air
+that might restrain or check perspiration. In these cases, I not
+unfrequently treat with a light B D current a full hour, unless
+perspiration start freely in shorter time, working over the trunk and
+limbs generally. But, while treating over the lower limbs, the P. P.
+should be upon the hypogastric flexus, at the "small of the back." Treat
+once or twice a day until relief appears.
+
+After the stricture and soreness of the lungs are removed, and the
+general febrile action is suppressed, it is desirable to give a _general
+tonic treatment_.
+
+
+CEPHALAGIA. (_Headache._)
+
+1. "_Nervous headache._" Take the B D current--moderate force. Place P.
+P. on back of neck, just below the brain, and manipulate with
+side-sponge cup, N. P., all the way down the spine and over the back.
+
+It may often be necessary to apply the P. P. directly to the suffering
+part of the head. In that case, take the soft Faradaic current B C. If
+the fluid in the battery cell be fresh, use very little--just enough to
+reach well the platina plate and make the machine run. Wet the hair
+thoroughly through to the scalp, where the electrode is to be applied.
+Seat the patient on N. P., or let him hold it in both his hands, (the
+former is the better way), and treat lightly over the affected parts of
+the head with P. P. Treat five to ten minutes, as may be required, and
+if the pain returns, repeat the treatment. Only a very light current can
+be safely applied directly to the brain, and that an _induced_ Faradaic
+current.
+
+2. _Sick Headache._ The _procuring_ cause of this distressing disease is
+involved in considerable mystery. It seems, however, to be largely
+dependent on the secretion and discharge into the duodenum of an
+improper quantity of bile, and an irregularity in the peristaltic action
+of the upper part of the bowels, particularly of the duodenum, in which
+that action more or less is _reversed_, and thereby throws the biliary
+fluid up, through the pylorus, into the stomach. After a time, the
+stomach becomes nauseated by its accumulation; and the head, through
+nervous sympathy, is rendered electrically positive in excess, and thus
+is made to ache. Yet there are certain characteristics of the disease
+which this view does not satisfactorily explain, and which must remain
+unexplained until advancing science shall reveal to us more perfect
+light.
+
+When this disease has become habitual and periodic, it is very
+obstinate, and requires persistent treatment--often for several months.
+
+Take the B D current, with moderate force. Place the N. P. on the spine,
+immediately above the kidneys, and treat with P. P. over the stomach and
+the duodenum, (lying transversely just below the stomach), three to
+five minutes. Treat in this manner about twice a week.
+
+It may sometimes be necessary to treat the head directly. If so, after
+the treatment above prescribed, add that prescribed for the head
+directly, in _nervous_ headache, with this difference, viz: instead of
+seating the patient on the N. P., or placing the same in his hands, pass
+it over the stomach and duodenum, unless the former may be already too
+positive. In that case, let the N. P. be at the seat.
+
+
+DEAFNESS.
+
+_The prognosis_ is very uncertain. This infirmity is often cured by our
+system, even when of long standing; and often, again, the treatment
+fails. The uncertainty arises from the difficulty in determining the
+exact pathological derangement.
+
+Take the A D current, mild force. Introduce the ear electrode as the N.
+P. when the disease is of long standing, or as the P. P. when it is of
+recent origin. Apply the opposite pole to the back of the neck. Treat
+five to eight minutes, once a day for three or four days, and afterwards
+three times a week. If no success appears within three weeks, it will
+probably be vain to expect it afterwards.
+
+
+NOISES IN THE HEAD.
+
+Treat the same as for deafness.
+
+
+INFLAMED EYES.
+
+If the disease be recent and acute, (but not infectious), as from sewing
+or reading by lamp light or other irritation, take the C D current, of
+moderate force. Treat with the eye-bath, filled with tepid water, having
+the eye open in the water. Make the bath the P. P., and place the N. P.
+on the spine at the upper dorsal vertebra. Treat each eye three minutes
+daily.
+
+If the disease be acute and _infectious_, use the A C current some four
+to six times, and then change to A D. Apply the current as directed
+above.
+
+If the disease be chronic, or the lids granulated, treat with A D, _very
+mild_ current, applying the eye-bath, N. P., to the eyes, and place the
+P. P. upon the spine, at the top of the back. Treat each eye three to
+five minutes three times a week.
+
+In cases of simple inflammation, (not infectious), and that chiefly or
+entirely in the lids, it is often quite as well or better to treat over
+the closed lids with the finger, holding the sponge-roll P. P. in the
+same hand.
+
+
+AMAUROSIS. (_Paralysis of the optic nerve._)
+
+Use B D current, moderate force, three or four times, and then change to
+C D. Apply the eye-bath, N. P., to the eye, and sponge-cup P. P. upon
+one of the upper dorsal vertebrae. Treat three to five minutes on each
+eye, three times a week.
+
+
+STRABISMUS. (_Discordance of the eyes._)
+
+If neither of the _rectus_ muscles have been cut and cicatrized, and if
+the deformity be not congenital, it may ordinarily be cured.
+
+Take B D current, with small pointed electrodes. If the eye be turned
+_inward_, insert P. P. in the outer angle of the eye, so as to bear upon
+the _rectus externus_, and N. P. in the inner angle, so as to bear on
+the _rectus internus_. Let the current be of what force the patient can
+bear. Withdraw the electrodes frequently, to rest the eye, and then
+reapply them. Apply the current in this manner six to ten or twelve
+times at a sitting. The eye will soon become inflamed, but the
+inflammation will quickly go down. Treat daily, or on alternate days,
+as the eye can bear. After treating some ten or twelve times, if the
+organ does not come into place let it rest a week, and then resume the
+treatment as before.
+
+If the eye be turned _outward_, treat in the same manner as directed
+above, except that in this case, the P. P. must be inserted in the
+_inner_ and the N. P. in the _outer_ angle.
+
+
+CATARRH. (_Acute._)
+
+If in the head, treat as prescribed for common colds in the head. If in
+the throat, place N. P. somewhere on the dorsal vertebrae, and treat with
+P. P.--tongue instrument--in the mouth about five minutes, and then with
+end-sponge cup externally upon the affected parts as much longer. Use
+the B D current, in good medium strength, twice a day.
+
+
+CATARRH. (_Chronic._)
+
+If in the head, first give _face-bath_, as in common colds, except with
+_reversed poles_ and changing to the A D current, _very mild_ force. If
+in the throat or bronchial tubes, place the P. P. of the A D current,
+with _long cord_, on the back of the neck or in the mouth, and treat
+with N. P., _soft_ current, upon the affected parts, eight or ten
+minutes.
+
+Repeat treatment about three times a week.
+
+
+DIPHTHERIA.
+
+Use the A D current, strong force. Place the N. P., _long cord_, upon
+the lower cervical vertebrae, and then treat, _first_, with the _tongue_
+instrument, P. P., in the mouth, as far back on the tongue as can be
+borne, three to five minutes. _Next_, manipulate with sponge-cup, P. P.,
+or the tin electrode filled with sponge, over all the front parts of the
+neck and throat, down to the chest, five to eight minutes.
+
+Treat as often as once in two or three hours.
+
+
+APHONIA. (_Loss of voice._)
+
+This affection requires treatment variously, as it depends on one or
+another procuring cause.
+
+If it be the result of recent "cold," inducing acute catarrhal
+irritation in the larynx, treat _first_ as for _common cold_, and
+_close_ the sitting as follows: Place N. P., _long cord_, of A D
+current, in good medium force, upon back of neck or in the mouth, and
+treat three to five minutes, twice a day, with P. P., over the front
+parts of the air pipe in the neck; mostly over the _larynx_--Adam's
+apple.
+
+If it be from paralysis of the larynx, treat with B D current, rather
+strong force; placing P. P., _long cord_, on back of neck or in the
+mouth, and work with N. P. over the _larynx_, and somewhat over the air
+tube of the neck generally. Treat three to five minutes, daily.
+
+If, as is sometimes the case, the difficulty proceeds from a relaxation
+of the diaphragm, with general sagging down of the thoracic and
+abdominal viscera, so as to draw upon the trachea, then treat the whole
+trunk tonically, using the B D current. Place the N. P. low on back of
+neck, and treat with P. P. over the abdomen and thorax, and especially
+all around the edge of the diaphragm--along the lower line of the false
+ribs. Treat with medium strength of current, ten minutes, three times a
+week. The aim is to contract all the relaxed parts, so to relieve the
+larynx from the strain upon it.
+
+
+CROUP.
+
+Treat croup, whether membranous or spasmodic, much the same as is
+prescribed for diphtheria, only, in the latter part of the form, treat
+less.
+
+
+ASTHMA.
+
+Use the A D current, medium force. Treat with P. P. over the shoulders
+and between the scapulae, and with N. P. in front upon the lungs, heart
+and diaphragm. Treat five to ten minutes, daily, for three or four days;
+after that, three times a week.
+
+
+HEPATIZATION OF LUNGS.
+
+Take A D current, pretty strong force. Treat in front, over the lungs,
+with P. P., moving N. P., _long cord_, on spine from neck to near the
+kidneys; that is, over all the dorsal vertebrae. If the current be
+severely painful, moderate it to endurance. Treat six to ten minutes
+twice a day.
+
+
+PNEUMONIA.
+
+Take B D current, forceful as the patient can bear, and treat
+briefly--say five to seven minutes, several times a day, until relief is
+experienced.
+
+Place N. P., _long cord_, low on back of neck, and move P. P. over all
+the upper part of the lungs. Then remove N. P. to the lower dorsal
+vertebrae, just above the kidneys, and treat with P. P. over the lower
+part of the lungs. If typhoid symptoms attend, follow the above with
+placing P. P., medium force, on back of neck, close below the cranium,
+and N. P. at coccyx, two or three minutes.
+
+
+PULMONARY PHTHISIS. (_Consumption._)
+
+After tubercles have been formed _extensively_ in the lungs, and have
+_softened down_ over considerable area, carrying down the pulmonary
+tissue with them into a state of pus, there is commonly but little hope
+of successful treatment. But where they are restricted to comparatively
+small extent, and no ulceration exists, they may be decomposed and
+absorbed away, or be thrown off in expectoration, and the affected parts
+be healed.
+
+If the case be a _recent_ one, and acute fever, combined, perhaps, with
+more or less inflammation, appear in the lungs, use the A C current, in
+moderate force, yet all the patient can bear without special distress.
+Place N. P., _long cord_, upon the upper dorsal vertebrae for treating
+the upper part of the lungs, or upon the lower dorsal vertebrae for
+treating their lower part. Then pass P. P. over all the affected parts.
+Treat in this manner five to eight minutes, daily, until the
+_inflammation_ is suppressed, which will be indicated by an abatement of
+the extreme sensitiveness and lancinating pain under the electrode.
+Then, if _feverish_ action continue high, remove the N. P. to the
+coccyx, or to the lower part of the sacrum, taking the B D current,
+_mild_ force, with cords of _equal length_, and treat, as before, with
+P. P. over the affected parts, and also over the thorax generally, and
+along down the spine to the lower dorsal vertebrae. Continue this
+treatment ten to fifteen minutes, daily, until the fever is removed, or
+nearly so. For this part of the treatment, it is best to use the hand as
+the P. electrode, and to diffuse the current over the whole palm of the
+hand wherever special soreness appears. It is better, also, that the
+patient receive the treatment in bed, secure from any chilliness or
+current of air, so as to facilitate perspiration.
+
+If the case be one of long standing, and more or less of _pus_, or _pus_
+and _tubercles_, be raised in coughing, take the A D current, with equal
+cords and _very_ mild force. Reduce the quantity of battery fluid if
+necessary. Now place P. P. at the coccyx and treat with N. P., (the
+hand is here much the best), over all the diseased parts. Change
+occasionally by removing P. P. to back of neck with _long cord_. The
+object is to bring the diseased parts under a very light force of the A
+D current, such as is especially healing in old ulcers and chronic
+irritation. But if this action should at any time _increase_ fever or
+inflammation in the lungs, the poles must be reversed for one or two
+treatments. In this stage of the disease, treat ten to twelve or fifteen
+minutes, daily, for three or four days, and after that, three times a
+week.
+
+
+NEURALGIA AND RHEUMATISM OF THE HEART.
+
+If _neuralgia_, use B D current; if _rheumatism_, use A D. In either
+case, treat the heart with P. P., moderate force, placing N. P. at lower
+dorsal or upper lumbar vertebrae. Treat five to eight minutes, daily,
+until relief is gained.
+
+_Rheumatism_ of the heart may be distinguished from _neuralgia_ by its
+occasioning irregularity in the cardiac contractions, commonly a sense
+of soreness and pain under pressure by the hand, and often perceptible
+enlargement of the organ, which neuralgia does not, and also by its
+pains being more constant--less fitful--than those of neuralgia.
+
+
+ENLARGEMENT, OR OSSIFICATION OF THE HEART.
+
+Treat these two affections in the same way. Take the A D current,
+moderate force. Place N. P. at the coccyx, or alternately there and,
+with _long cord_, on the spine opposite to the heart. Manipulate with P.
+P. over the heart. Treat five to eight minutes, three times a week.
+
+
+PALPITATION OF THE HEART.
+
+This is commonly a symptomatic or sympathetic affection--_rarely_
+idiopathic--and disappears on cure of the disease from which it
+proceeds. It usually denotes nervous weakness, and often general
+debility. _General tonic treatment_ is indicated, as far as can be given
+without interfering with the proper treatment of any local affections on
+which the palpitation depends.
+
+
+TORPID LIVER.
+
+Take A D or B D current, full medium force. Treat with N. P. over the
+liver, at the right side, immediately below the short ribs, and thence
+backward and a little upward, as far as to the spine, holding P. P. on
+the left side, close under the ribs, for about four to six minutes. Then
+remove P. P. to the spine, on back of neck, two or three minutes. Next,
+go with the P. P. to coccyx two or three minutes; continuing, as at
+first, to manipulate with N. P. over the liver. Let the whole treatment
+occupy some eight to twelve minutes. Repeat the sittings about three
+times a week.
+
+
+HEPATITIS. (_Inflammation of Liver._)
+
+Use the B D current, with what force the patient can bear. Place N. P.
+at the coccyx, and also somewhat on the trunk, opposite to the
+inflammation. Then manipulate with P. P. over the inflamed and sore
+part. Treat five to eight minutes, once or twice a day.
+
+
+ENLARGEMENT OF LIVER.
+
+Take A D current, with medium force. Place N. P., some three to five
+minutes, on left side, over the spleen; and then as much longer at the
+coccyx. Manipulate with P. P. over the liver. Treat about three times a
+week. If the enlargement be recent, it will subside; if of long
+standing, its restoration will be slow, and somewhat uncertain.
+
+
+BILIARY CALCULI. (_Gravel in Liver._)
+
+Take A C current, strong as can be borne; and treat the inflamed and
+painful part with P. P., while N. P. is upon the right end of the
+duodenum. Treat eight to ten minutes, daily.
+
+
+INTERMITTENT FEVER. (_Ague and Fever._)
+
+Use the A D current. First, give _general tonic treatment_. (See page
+95.) Then close the sitting with a _strong_ current, running from spleen
+to liver--P. P. upon spleen, in the left side, just below the ribs, and
+N. P. upon liver--best reached in the right side, close under the ribs,
+and around backward and a little upward as far as to the spine. The
+spleen is morbidly positive, and probably enlarged, while the liver is
+too negative. Treat spleen and liver in this transverse manner about
+five minutes.
+
+If the chills occur on alternate days, treat on the intervening days; if
+every day, treat about two hours before the chill is expected.
+
+
+NEPHRITIS. (_Inflammation of Kidneys._)
+
+1. _Acute._ If the urinary secretion be _reddish_ and _scant_, with or
+without sedimentary deposit, let the inflammation be regarded as
+_acute_; and use upon it the B D current of good medium strength, or a
+little more, if the patient can bear it. The pain from the current will
+probably subside somewhat, and perhaps altogether, under treatment.
+Place N. P. at the coccyx, and manipulate over the inflamed and sore
+parts with P. P. Treat five to eight minutes, twice a day, if the case
+be recent, or once a day, if it be of some weeks standing.
+
+2. _Chronic._ If it be an old case, and attended with a brownish or a
+brickdust-like sediment in the urine, it may be considered _chronic_,
+and should be treated with a moderate A D current, once in two days.
+Place P. P. at the coccyx, and treat with N. P. over the affected
+kidneys. There may be no sense of soreness or swelling, but _dull_ pain.
+Treat six to ten minutes. But if the inflammation should rise to an
+active or acute state, _reverse the poles_.
+
+
+RENAL CALCULI. (_Gravel in the Kidneys._)
+
+Take the A C current, of considerable force. Place N. P. low upon the
+bladder, and treat with P. P. upon the inflamed and painful point five
+to eight minutes, once or twice a day. If treating twice a day, continue
+not more than five minutes at a time.
+
+
+DIABETES. (_A Kidney Disease._)
+
+This disease occurs in two forms--_diabetes insipidus_ and _diabetes
+mellitus_. In the first named form, the disease is readily cured. In the
+latter, it is very formidable, and is rarely, if ever, cured by
+medicines; especially when of long standing. In this latter variety of
+the disease, the urea is absent from the urine, and in its place is
+found more or less of sugar--often large quantities: Dunglison says
+2-1/2 oz. in a pint.
+
+The electrical state of the disease, in both of these forms, is negative
+in excess.
+
+1. _D. insipidus._ Use the B D current, of moderate force. Place P. P.
+at the coccyx or on the upper dorsal vertebra, or on both in
+alternation, which is better, and treat over the kidneys with N. P.
+five to eight minutes, once a day for three or four days. If this should
+fail to cure, (as it seldom will), go on with the same treatment three
+times a week.
+
+2. _D. mellitus._ Take the A D current, of _mild_ force. Place P. P. as
+in _d. insipidus_, and treat the kidneys with N. P. about five to eight
+minutes, three times a week; supplementing this with _general tonic
+treatment_, once or twice a week.
+
+_Be patient and persevering._ In bad cases, months will be required to
+effect a cure; but persistent effort, as above prescribed, will rarely
+if ever fail, unless the vital force is nearly expended.
+
+
+DYSPEPSIA.
+
+This is one of the most difficult of diseases to control by any of the
+ordinary modes of medical practice; and yet, under judicious electrical
+treatment, it is one of the surest to yield. The disease assumes various
+phases in different persons, and at different times in the same person,
+requiring varied treatment.
+
+The pain, after eating, is severe; exhalations of air, apparently from
+the inner surfaces of the stomach and bowels, or of gas from their
+decomposing contents, are large--often enormous. The stomach is much of
+the time acid, and, in some cases, sensibly cold, ejecting often a cold
+mucus. The bowels are habitually constipated. The patient is nervous,
+irritable, and subject to great depression of spirits. In this stage or
+phase of the disease, there is a negative condition of the digestive
+apparatus generally. Treat with the A D current, in mild force, and
+expect the case to require considerable time. But, since there is no
+approach to uniformity among patients, no approximation to definite time
+can be stated. Give _general tonic treatment_, (page 95), three times a
+week, and close each sitting with local treatment, having P. P. at the
+coccyx, and manipulating some five minutes with N. P. over the entire
+front parts of the abdomen and thorax, and over the liver.
+
+It is sometimes found, in old cases, that there is no sensible acidity
+of stomach; but a _pyrosis_--a burning sensation in the stomach, or a
+little above, in what is usually termed "the pit of the stomach." Treat
+this about three minutes with the P. P., strong force; moving N. P.,
+_long cord_, over the lower dorsal vertebrae.
+
+
+ACUTE DIARRH[OE]A.
+
+Take B D current. Place N. P., _long cord_, upon the lumbar vertebrae and
+sacrum, moving it often along the spine, from a position opposite to the
+umbilicus down to the coccyx; and treat with P. P. over the abdomen, and
+more especially wherever pain or sensations of uneasiness appear. In
+severe cases, treat several times in a day--once in two to three hours,
+if need require, three to five minutes at a time. Use current of full
+medium strength, if the patient can bear it.
+
+
+CHRONIC DIARRH[OE]A.
+
+Take A D current, of _very mild_ force. Place P. P. at the feet, and
+treat with N. P. over the lower limbs _briefly_; then over the bowels
+and stomach, both front and rear, some three to five minutes; then pass
+up with N. P. over the anterior parts of the chest, two or three
+minutes; and, next, place N. P. low on the back of neck, with P. P.
+still at feet, two or three minutes. Treat in this manner once daily.
+
+If at any time the bowels should become unusually flatulent, and
+evacuations should increase in frequency, change the treatment. Place
+N. P. at back of neck, as before, and treat about five minutes with P.
+P. (force increased to _moderate_ current) over the abdomen, daily, from
+one to three days, as may be necessary. After this, resume treatment as
+first above prescribed.
+
+
+COLIC--_of whatever kind_.
+
+Use A D current, pretty strong force. In severe cases, introduce the
+rectum instrument N. P., _long cord_, or in mild cases, place
+sponge-roll N. P., _long cord_, at coccyx, and treat with P. P. over all
+the abdomen, three to five minutes. It may be repeated, if necessary, in
+thirty minutes.
+
+
+CHOLERA MORBUS.
+
+Keep the patient still as possible on his back. Use A D current, strong
+force. Place N. P., _long cord_, at coccyx, and treat with P. P. over
+abdomen, five to ten minutes, and repeat, if necessary, in thirty to
+sixty minutes. If there be cramps, touch the contracted muscles with the
+P. P., for a few moments, without disturbing N. P.
+
+
+CHOLERA.--(_Malignant._)
+
+As in cholera morbus, keep the patient on his back, still as can be. Use
+A D current, _full medium strength_.
+
+In the early stage, or during the "_rice-water_" discharges, and down to
+the time of collapse, treat the abdomen and thorax with P. P., having N.
+P., _long cord_, on back of neck--not too near the head. After treating
+so a few moments--say four to six minutes--remove P. P. to the back, and
+pass it along close upon each side of the spinous processes from the
+lower lumbar up to about the middle of the dorsal vertebrae. Continue
+this about three or four minutes.
+
+If _cramping_ accompany the vomiting and purging, carry the P. P. a part
+of the time to the muscles in spasm, leaving N. P. still at the back of
+neck, with _long cord_.
+
+Repeat the above processes as often as once an hour until symptoms
+improve. Then reduce their frequency as the case will admit of.
+
+_In the state of collapse_, place P. P., _long cord_, at the coccyx, and
+manipulate with N. P. over the entire trunk and arms; bestowing a larger
+share of treatment along up the spine than elsewhere. Then remove P.
+P., _long cord_, to feet, and work with N. P. all over the lower limbs
+and hips. Treat in this stage of the disease some six or eight minutes
+at a time, and repeat it as the case seems to demand--once in thirty
+minutes to once in two, four or six hours, until improvement or death
+shall ensue. (See page 81.)
+
+
+DYSENTERY.
+
+Treat exactly as in _acute diarrh[oe]a_, except that P. P. should be
+moved more over the _colon_ and _rectum_ than in diarrh[oe]a.
+
+
+CONSTIPATION OF BOWELS.
+
+This disease may proceed from either a _negative_ condition--a state of
+_atony_ from lack of nutrition, or a _partial paralysis_ of the
+bowels--or from a _positive_ condition--a state of _relaxation_ and
+consequent weakness of the muscular tissues of the bowels. In either of
+these cases, the peristaltic action of the intestines becomes enfeebled,
+and constipation ensues.
+
+In either case, use the A D current, of medium force. In the
+first-mentioned case, place P. P. at back of neck, or in the mouth with
+tongue instrument, and treat with N. P. over liver, stomach and bowels;
+or place N. P. at the anus. Treat so five to eight minutes.
+
+In the second-specified case, place N. P. at back of neck or on the
+dorsal vertebrae, and treat with P. P. over the bowels five to eight
+minutes.
+
+In both cases, repeat the treatment daily until relief is afforded. Or,
+if the case be _chronic_, treat daily for three or four days, and, after
+that, three times a week. It is well also to give _general tonic
+treatment_ as often as once a week. The patient should be urged to
+retire and _invite_ an evacuation regularly, about the same hour daily,
+whether success attend it or not.
+
+
+HAEMORRHOIDS. (_Piles._)
+
+If the case be recent, take the B D current; if old, take A D. Place the
+patient in a recumbent position, and let the rectum instrument, P. P.,
+be introduced, _wet_. Manipulate with N. P. along the spine upon the
+dorsal vertebrae. Where there is _prolapsus ani_, the sponge-roll, placed
+at the anus, may be used instead of the rectum instrument, particularly
+for the first few treatments.
+
+
+RHEUMATISM. (_Acute Inflammatory._)
+
+First ascertain if the kidneys be morbidly positive--urine scant and too
+highly colored. If so, as is commonly the case, begin with the B D
+current, good medium force. Place N. P. at the pelvis, and treat over
+the kidneys with P. P. some three or four minutes. Let this be the
+commencement of every treatment until _this_ difficulty is corrected.
+
+Next, change to A D current. If the disease be located in the hips or
+lower limbs, put the feet in warm water with the tin electrode N. P., or
+place the sponge-roll N. P. at the soles of the feet, and treat with P.
+P. upon and a little above the affected parts; using such force of
+current as the patient can bear. The pain will commonly subside under
+treatment. If the disease be as low as the ankles or feet, use the _long
+cord_ with N. P.
+
+If the shoulders, arms or hands be affected, treat them on the same
+principles as are prescribed for the _lower_ limbs; using the _long
+cord_ with N. P. when the disease is below the elbows.
+
+When the disease is in the hands or feet, or near to them, if the
+shoulders or hips be not involved, it is often necessary, after three
+or four treatments as above described, to _reverse the poles_ for a few
+moments, giving an ascending current; but still using the _long cord_
+with N. P.
+
+If the disease be located anywhere in the trunk, neck or head, treat the
+affected part with P. P., placing N. P. on some adjacent part of the
+spine, and usually at a point somewhat _lower down_ than the disease.
+
+For acute inflammatory rheumatism, treat once a day. The length of time
+for each treatment must depend on the location and extent of the
+affected part or parts. In this matter, the practitioner must decide for
+himself, or infer from the time prescribed in the treatment of other
+inflammatory affections.
+
+
+RHEUMATISM. (_Chronic._)
+
+Use the A D current _always_ in rheumatic affections. If there be no
+visible inflammation or swelling in the diseased parts, approach such
+parts in the same manner as in acute inflammatory rheumatism, except
+with _reversed poles_. The parts affected require to come under the N.
+P. rather than the P. P., and to be treated with considerable force.
+There are _apparently_ exceptional cases, referred to on page 83, which
+see.
+
+Where joints are being dislocated, treat the parts with N. P., quite
+mild force, so long as it can be done without exciting acute
+inflammation. If this should arise, it must be repressed with P. P.
+
+Treat chronic rheumatism about three times a week.
+
+
+DROPSY.
+
+Use the A D current, moderate force. Give _general tonic treatment_;
+then place P. P. with the feet, in a vessel of warm water, or place the
+sponge-roll P. P. at the soles of the feet, and treat the affected parts
+a few minutes with N. P., to quicken the absorbents. If the disease be
+in the feet or lower limbs, use _long cord_ with P. P. while treating
+them. Next place N. P. upon the lower part of the bladder, or, what is
+better, immediately below the pubic articulation, and treat over the
+kidneys three to five minutes with P. P. Repeat the treatments about
+three times a week.
+
+
+NEURALGIA.
+
+If the disease be general in the system, moving from place to place, or
+causing transient acute pains here and there, give general tonic
+treatment, three times a week, for several weeks--perhaps a month or
+two, provided the case be an old one. This will invigorate the nervous
+system and equalize the electric action. _Relief_ will be afforded soon;
+but for the sake of _cure_, the treatment of an old case should be
+continued as here directed. If the disease be _local_, use the B D
+current, with as much force as the patient can bear without irritating
+painfulness. Treat the affected part, or parts, with P. P., placing N.
+P., _long cord_, upon some approximate healthy part, at a point a little
+lower down than the part in pain. The spine, when convenient, is
+commonly the best point for it. In treating the painful part, pass the
+electrode more or less also over the nerves adjacent to the one
+principally affected. Treat five to eight minutes daily.
+
+
+SCIATICA.
+
+This is neuralgia in an ischiatic nerve, commonly the _great_ ischiatic.
+
+Use the B D current, strong as the patient can well bear. Place the foot
+in warm water with N. P., or place the sponge-roll N. P. at the sole of
+the foot, (the former is the best,) and treat with P. P. over the
+painful part, and also, more or less, over adjacent parts. It is also
+well, in order to prevent too much exhaustion of the limb, to _reverse
+the poles_ every third or fourth time; but in so doing, use the _long
+cord_ with N. P.
+
+
+PARALYSIS.
+
+Take the B D current, medium force. If the paralysis be in a lower limb,
+place P. P., _long cord_, upon the lower lumbar vertebrae, so as to reach
+the hypogastric plexus, and treat with the metallic brush, N. P., five
+to eight minutes, over all the affected parts. Then close the sitting
+with _reversed poles_, about one to two minutes, having P. P., _long
+cord_, at the foot, and manipulating over the parts affected, and
+especially over the lumbar vertebrae, with N. P. This is to prevent
+depletion by _running off_ the electro-vital fluid too much, and to
+force the electric current through the nerves in an upward and inward
+tonic-giving direction. If the disease be in an arm or hand, treat it in
+a manner analogous to the above; extending the treatment from back of
+neck to the affected parts.
+
+In case of _hemiplegia_ or _paraplegia_, run the current from the
+healthy _side_ of the spine, (in hemiplegia,) or from a healthy _part_
+of the spine, (in paraplegia,) to and through the paralyzed parts, by
+placing P. P., _long cord_, on spine, and manipulating with N. P.,
+metallic brush commonly, upon the parts paralyzed. Close the treatment
+with reversed poles for a moment or two, as in the preceding cases.
+_Old_ paralysis requires considerable _time_ to cure it. Treat about
+three times a week, occasionally omitting a week.
+
+
+ERYSIPELAS.
+
+Take the A. D. current, medium force, in all forms of the diseases.
+
+1. When acute, and characterized by high inflammation, with bright,
+smooth swelling, and spreading gradually and sometimes rapidly to
+surrounding parts; or when small vesicles appear on the inflamed parts,
+which dry up in little branlike scales and fall off.
+
+If it be located anywhere upon the face, place N. P., _long cord_, upon
+back of neck, and treat the parts affected with P. P. Treat about three
+to five minutes at a time, three or four times daily.
+
+If it be located in the arm or hand, place the extremity in tepid water
+with N. P., _long cord_, and treat upon or just above the diseased part
+with P. P.
+
+If it be in any part of the trunk, (which, in this form, is not so
+common,) place N. P., _long cord_, upon some point of the spine as near
+the diseased part as may be, but a little lower down, and treat the part
+affected with P. P.
+
+In each of these cases, treat briefly, but frequently, as directed
+above.
+
+2. When small, blister-like, serous vesicles--_phlyctaena_--appear, and
+the inflammation terminates in gangrene; or when there is such an
+infiltration of serum as to produce an [oe]dematous condition, place P.
+P., _long cord_, upon some convenient healthy part, (the spinal cord, or
+other nerve centre which gives nervous service to the part affected, is
+best,) and treat the lesion with N. P., _light force_, five to eight
+minutes daily.
+
+
+ERUPTIVE CUTANEOUS DISEASES.
+
+Take A D current, pretty _vigorous_ force in _acute_ cases; _mild_ in
+_chronic_ affections. If the eruption be inflamed and acute, use _long
+cord_ with N. P.; if sluggish and chronic, use _long cord_ with P. P.
+Move the two electrodes parallel to each other, upon the patient, about
+two or three inches apart; and pass them over all the affected surface.
+Repeat the treatment daily in acute affections, and three times a week
+in chronic cases.
+
+
+COMMON CRAMP.
+
+Although either the positive or the negative pole, applied to the
+healthy muscle, may produce spasmodic contraction, yet the negative pole
+contracts much more powerfully than the positive--a fact which shows an
+electrically _plus_ condition in the nerves and muscles involved. Yet we
+know that cramps are more apt to attend a _low_ condition of general
+vitality in the system than the opposite. From several considerations,
+which can not be detailed here, I am led to think that cramps are
+produced, generally, at least, by a temporary or spasmodic _reaction_ of
+the electro-vital force from an improperly negative to an excessively
+positive state in the parts affected.
+
+My practice is, when the spasm is on, to treat the parts in cramp by
+momentary touches rapidly repeated, with the P. P. of the B D or A D
+current, good medium force, placing N. P. at the back of neck, if the
+disturbance be in an arm; or at the coccyx, if it be in a leg or in the
+abdomen or chest.
+
+In treating parts subject to cramp while the spasm is _not_ on, give
+them, along with other parts of the system, _general tonic treatment_,
+as directed on page 95. This elevates and equalizes the electro-vital
+action, and relieves the difficulty.
+
+
+TRISMUS. (_Lockjaw._)
+
+For traumatic trismus, use the B D current, of vigorous force. Let the
+wound be kept open and clear, except that soothing emollients may be
+applied. Place N. P. at the coccyx, or near it on the spine; and then
+treat, by firm but momentary touches of the P. P., over the lower
+maxillary--_pterygoid_--muscles and nerves; indeed, over the _entire_
+lower jaw and its articulations. Treat five to ten minutes, if
+necessary, or until the jaws relax.
+
+
+TETANUS.
+
+This is substantially the same thing as _trismus_, except that it
+extends to other parts, and often to nearly all the muscles of the
+organism. Under ordinary treatment, it is almost invariably fatal. I am
+not aware that it has been sufficiently submitted to _our_ electrical
+system to determine satisfactorily the question of its amenability to
+it. Yet I see no reason to doubt that, in the most of cases, when taken
+within reasonable time, it may be cured.
+
+Use the B D current, in pretty strong force. Place the N. P., _long
+cord_, at the feet, and treat with P. P. from the medulla oblongata, or
+from the upper cervical vertebra, all along down the spine, for several
+minutes--say, three to five minutes. Then pass with P. P. over the whole
+trunk and limbs. Continue to treat until relaxation takes place, or all
+hope of relief departs.
+
+
+CANCERS.
+
+Cancers take on a variety of forms, distinguished by different names;
+but since they all require substantially the same electrical treatment,
+it is unnecessary here to describe them.
+
+Begin with the A B current in pretty full volume. [The _volume_ of the
+current is increased by increasing the quantity of battery fluid.] Use
+this for several weeks, and then change to the A D current. Treat
+daily. The time for each treatment must be determined by the judgment of
+the practitioner; varying it according to the peculiar character and
+location of the disease.
+
+If the cancer be on the face, or on any part of the head or breast,
+place P. P. on back of neck; but if it be in the stomach, uterus, or any
+of the abdominal viscera, place P. P. on spine, a little higher than the
+affected part. Then treat the disease with N. P., _long cord_, so as to
+run the current immediately _out_ from the lesion, and yet bring the
+latter on the _negative_ side[E] of the central point in the circuit;
+that is, within the negative half of the whole circuit.
+
+
+ASPHYXIA. (_Suspended Animation._)
+
+Use B D current, pretty strong force. Place P. P. at back of
+neck--second or third cervical vertebra, and treat with N. P., over all
+the chest and along the lower margin of the ribs, so as to excite the
+pectoral muscles, lungs and diaphragm.
+
+
+RECENT WOUNDS, CONTUSIONS AND BURNS.
+
+Use the B D current, strong force as can be borne. Bring the lesion
+under P. P., and place N. P. at discretion, in view of the location of
+the injury. Treat five to eight minutes, twice or thrice on the same
+day. Unless the injury is very severe, no further treatment will be
+required. Healing will take place with little or no soreness or
+swelling. In severe cases, repeat the treatment whenever inflammation
+gets too high. If _fungus_--"proud flesh"--should appear, treat that
+with a small-pointed electrode, N. P., placing P. P. on a healthy part,
+not remote, using A C current, in pretty strong force.
+
+
+OLD ULCERS.
+
+Take the A D current. If _torpid_, treat with mild force. Treat the sore
+with N. P., while P. P. is held upon some healthy part, and usually at a
+higher point. Treat five to ten minutes, three or four times a week. If
+_high inflammation_ be present, this must first be reduced by applying
+P. P., in pretty strong force, with N. P., on a healthy part not far
+away. For this purpose, treat some five to eight minutes daily. Then,
+when the inflammation is sufficiently subdued, treat as when _torpid_,
+with mild force and less frequently. It is best, when it can be done, to
+place the affected part in warm water along with N. P.; bringing the
+ulcer immediately above the surface of the water.
+
+
+HEMORRHAGE.
+
+Take B D current, strong force. Apply P. P. to the open blood-vessel, or
+as near to it as possible; placing N. P., _long cord_, to some adjacent
+part, and, as nearly as practicable, in the direction from which the
+blood chiefly comes.
+
+
+CHLOROSIS. (_Green Sickness._)
+
+This is a disease mostly or entirely peculiar to young women who have
+not menstruated, and disappears on the establishment of the monthly
+periods.
+
+Take the A D current. If any symptoms exist of an effort of nature to
+bring on the menses, note the _time_ of them, and regard it, in the
+treatment, as the proper monthly period. If no symptoms of such a period
+are perceptible, the practitioner must _fix_ upon a time for it, and
+regard it accordingly. About four to six days before the periodic time,
+commence to treat as follows, using a _moderate force_: Insert the
+uterine electrode, N. P., wet in warm water, per vagina, until it meets
+the uterus; and manipulate with P. P. over the dorsal and first two
+lumbar vertebrae, and more or less over the back on both sides of the
+spinal column, some six or eight minutes daily, down to the period fixed
+upon for the catamenia to appear. If they do not start, let the patient
+rest for some four or five days, and then begin with _general tonic
+treatment_. (See page 95.) Continue this, three times a week, until
+within a little less than a week of the _periodic_ time, when the same
+treatment with the uterine electrode as was at first employed should be
+resumed, and again be continued to the time assigned for the menses. If
+no success should appear, return, after a few days, to _general tonic
+treatment_ as before. Let these forms of treatment be prosecuted until
+success crowns the effort. Ordinarily, not many months--perhaps not more
+than one or two months--will be required; especially, if the treatment
+be aided, on the part of the patient, by a good degree of moderate
+exercise in the open air, and a free, nourishing diet.
+
+
+AMENORRH[OE]A. (_Suppressed Menstruation._)
+
+Treat as for _chlorosis_. But if the case be recent--the effect of
+taking cold--begin, in the first few sittings, to treat eight or ten
+minutes as for common cold; then conclude the sitting by treating, about
+as many minutes, in the same manner as prescribed for chlorosis.
+
+
+DYSMENORRH[OE]A. (_Painful Menstruation._)
+
+If the disease be occasioned by uterine displacement, obstructing the
+_os uteri_, the organ must be restored to its normal position. This can
+best be done by mechanical action. But it is most commonly occasioned by
+irritation of the mucus membrane lining the interior cavity of the
+uterus. Mucus surfaces, under _chronic_ irritation, are electrically
+negative. Therefore, in this case, if it be an _old_ one, taking the A D
+current, _very mild force_, apply the uterine electrode, N. P., to the
+_os uteri_, and treat over the lower dorsal and upper lumbar vertebrae
+with P. P., _long cord_. Treat five to eight minutes, three times a
+week.
+
+But I should add, that recovery from this infirmity, when occasioned by
+uterine irritation, will be much aided by commencing each sitting with
+a _general tonic treatment_ (see page 95), and closing with the
+treatment just above prescribed.
+
+The last described form of dysmenorrh[oe]a is sometimes attended with
+spasmodic contraction of the _os uteri_, thus preventing the catamenial
+flow. This may be readily relieved by applying P. P. to uterus, and N.
+P. to lower dorsal and upper lumbar vertebrae.
+
+
+MENORRHAGIA. (_Excessive Menstruation._)
+
+If the menstrual flow is apt to terminate in hemorrhage, it is best to
+give _general tonic treatments_, about three times a week, between the
+periods; and during the last four or five days before color is expected
+to appear, to take the B D current, medium force, and treat the uterus
+directly, once a day, with the uterine electrode P. P., while moving N.
+P. over the dorsal vertebrae, about five to eight minutes, at the close
+of _general tonic treatment_.
+
+If there be no _hemorrhage_, properly, but only too profuse or too
+long-continued flow of catamenia, the discharge may commonly be stopped
+by one or two treatments, of eight to ten minutes each, with the uterine
+electrode, as prescribed above.
+
+
+PROLAPSUS UTERI. (_Falling of the Womb._)
+
+Take the B D current, of good medium force, and give _general tonic
+treatment_ (see page 95), on alternate days, ten minutes, passing
+briefly over the several parts. After this, treat five to eight minutes
+with uterine electrode, in the manner prescribed for _menorrhagia_. Then
+close the sitting by removing the uterine instrument, substituting the
+sponge-cup as P. P., and treating with it externally, about five
+minutes, over the pelvic region, while N. P. is stationed on the spine,
+at the first or second dorsal vertebra.
+
+On the _intervening_ days, treat only with the uterine electrode, as
+above prescribed.
+
+
+LEUCORRH[OE]A. (_Whites._)
+
+Take A D current, _very mild_ force. Introduce the vaginal electrode, N.
+P., until it meets the uterus, and manipulate with P. P. over the dorsal
+vertebrae five to eight minutes, three times a week. Once or twice a
+week, on the intervening days, give _general tonic treatment_. Omit
+treatment altogether, for one or two weeks, once in two to three
+months. Considerable time is often required for the cure of old cases.
+
+
+SPERMATORRH[OE]A.
+
+The points to be gained are, to reduce the action of the amatorial
+organs of the brain and the secretion of the _testes_, and to contract
+and strengthen the tissue of the seminal vesicles and the prostrate
+gland.
+
+Take the B D current. First, treat the lowest part of the cerebellum, on
+both sides of the spinal cord, with a _mild_ force; using P. P. upon
+these organs of amativeness, and N. P. on the dorsal vertebrae. Treat so
+some three minutes. Next, increase the current to medium force; and,
+taking a handled cup or mug, holding a pint to a quart, mostly filled
+with tepid water, drop the _penis_ and _testicles_ into it, along with
+the tin electrode P. P., and move N. P., _long cord_, over the lumbar
+vertebrae. Treat in this manner about five minutes. Then place the P. P.
+on the pelvis, close above the penis, and again treat with N. P., _long
+cord_, over the small of the back, two or three minutes. Treat about
+three times a week.
+
+
+IMPOTENCE.
+
+Take B D current, moderate force. Treat exactly as in spermatorrh[oe]a,
+except with _reversed poles_, using the _long cord_ with P. P. Treat
+thrice a week.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] The _process_ of this will probably be explained if another edition
+should be called for. It is given in one of the author's Class Lectures.
+
+[B] Study carefully _Polarization of the Circuit_, page 29.
+
+[C] _Polarization of the Circuit_, page 29.
+
+[D] By a current of _good medium strength_, I mean one which, in the
+hands, is ordinarily felt rather strongly, yet not sufficiently so to
+produce distress.
+
+[E] See _Polarization of the Circuit_. Page 29.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Endnotes:
+
+    The following corrections have been made to the original text:
+
+      Contents & P. 123. "H[oe]morrhoids" amended to _Haemorrhoids_.
+
+      P. xix & P. 36. "faradaism" amended to _faradism_. This, however,
+      could be an obscure variant as with Faradaic, Faradic.
+
+      P. 101. "pilorus" amended to _pylorus_.
+
+      P. 130. "[oe]demetous" amended to _[oe]dematous_.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Newly Discovered System of
+Electrical Medication, by Daniel Clark
+
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