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diff --git a/23776-0.txt b/23776-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fcde439 --- /dev/null +++ b/23776-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5458 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The School of Recreation (1684 edition), by +Robert Howlett + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The School of Recreation (1684 edition) + Or, The Gentlemans Tutor, to those Most Ingenious Exercises + of Hunting, Racing, Hawking, Riding, Cock-fighting, Fowling, + Fishing + +Author: Robert Howlett + +Release Date: December 9, 2007 [EBook #23776] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SCHOOL OF RECREATION *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Jonathan Ingram and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +[Transcriber’s Note: + +This text uses utf-8 (unicode) file encoding. If the apostrophes and +quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your +text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode +(UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a last +resort, use the latin-1 version of the file instead. + +Words shown in +marks+ were printed in blackletter (“gothic”) type. +Spelling, punctuation and capitalization-- including the variation +between W and VV-- are as in the original. Errors are listed at the +end of the text. + +The chapter on “Ringing” almost certainly contains undetected +typographical errors. Readers interested in solid information may +prefer _Tintinnalogia_ (1671), Project Gutenberg e-text 18567.] + + + + + [Illustration: + The School of Recreation. + Printed for Henry Rodes near Bride Lane in Fleet Street.] + + + + + The + SCHOOL + of + +RECREATION:+ + + Or, The + Gentlemans + TUTOR, + + To those + Most Ingenious Exercises + + of + + Hunting. } { Fishing. + Racing. } { Shooting. + Hawking. } { Bowling. + Riding. } { Tennis. + Cock-Fighting. } { Ringing. + Fowling. } { Billiards. + + By R. H. + + _London_, Printed for _H. Rodes_, + next door to the _Bear-Tavern_ + near _Bride-Lane_ in _Fleet-Street_, 1684. + + + + +TO THE READER. + + +_Man, the Abridgement of the Creation, or the _Compendium_ of all Gods +Works, having divested himself by Sin of that Original Innocence and +Angelical State of Life wherein his Creator had placed him, and thereby +Subjected his collapsed Nature to the Malediction of God, _In the sweat +of thy Face thou shalt eat thy Bread_, &c. It pleased however the +Almighty to continue and confirm that Original grand _Charter_ he had at +first granted him, of being _Lord of the Creatures_: Hereby intimating, +That tho man is now _Born to Trouble, Labour _and Cares_, as the Sparks +fly upward_; yet God has not deprived him of any Comfort or Felicity, +which the Earth or Creatures of it can afford; but has invested him with +a superior Authority and _Dominion over the Beast of the Feild, the Fowl +of the Air, and the Fish of the Sea_. Thus it comes to pass, that every +Creature payes a _Duty and a Subjection_, (as it were) to man, as to +their _Master_; and notwithstanding the Ferocity and Salvageness of +their Natures, become tame and submissive to the _Empire_ of Man. They +court his Favour and mutely supplicate his Friendship and Confederacy, +for the subduing the Enemies of their several _Species_: They readily +obey his Precepts, and ravisht with his Service willingly execute his +Commands. And thus by this prime Priviledg from God, Man is allowed the +Liberty of subduing the Creature, and recreating his Mind by _Hunting, +Fowling, Fishing_ and the like; and by observing the Natural _Instincts_ +of every Species, the innate _Enmity and Cunning_ of every Creature, may +glorify the Immense Wisdom of his Creator._ + +_And as the Liberty of Recreation in lawful Exercises is thus +_Naturall_, so is it highly _Necessary_ and Useful too. Recreation keeps +up the strength and Alacrity of the bodily Forces, without which the +Soul cannot work: I mean those brisk and violent Exercises, which the +Following sheets specifie. They cause the Body to _transpire_ plentiful +sweats, and exhale those black and fuliginous Vapours which too much +oppress some men, and remove the Obstructions which hinder the +Circulation of Nature. _Brisk Exercises_ render a man Active, Vigorous, +Strong, and Hardy, and attenuate and disperse that _Stagnation_ of +humors, Benummedness and Dulness, which _Idleness_ contracts: Nay, (as +one excellently observes) divers bodily Infirmities, Diseases and +Undecencies are hereby regulated and amended: _Riding_ was used by the +great _Drusus_ for the Strengthening his weak and small Thighs and Legs; +and by his late _Majesty_, especially after Dinner; and is also good for +the Head: _Shooting in a long Bow_ for the Breast and Arms; and helps +Squinting: _Bowling_ for the Reins, Stone, Gravel, &c._ + +_Nor are the several other _Games_ commonly practised, less +_Commendable_, were they used with a _modest_ and _prudent_ Care: +I recomend them as useful as the other, were a _right use_ made of them. +I would not have them made a _Trade_, instead of a _Divertisement_. But +especially those that are managed by _Skill_, and not Fortune, may be +Learned, for these acquaint a man with _Numbring_, and quicken the Fancy +and Memory, and recreate the Mind._ + +_And as Recreation is thus natural and necessary, so is it _Commendable_ +too, and recommended by the Practises of all Ages; as well sacred as +prophane Histories plainly testifying the Truth of it. But I shall not +trouble you any longer by detaining you at the Door, and enumerating the +various _Examples_, which may Authorize a vertuous Use of Recreations, +and apologize for this Work: The severest _Stoick_ being never so cruel +to himself or Nature, as not to give his mind some _Relaxation_, and +recreate it in some more pleasant Pathes, than the miry heavy wayes of +his own sullen and wilful _Resolutions_. Nor do our _Modern Stoicks_, +tho of the strictest Lives, deny themselves some _Mental_, if not bodily +Recreations; altho perhaps _Infirmity_, _Age_, _Station_, _Degree_, may +render their Divertisements the more _private_, yet not totally denyed. +_Solomon_ had his _Ittan_ for Recreations, as _Josephus_ informes us, +and the _Heathen_ Sages their _Olympiques_, wherein were exercised, +_Wrestling_, _Running_ with _Horses_, _Leaping_, _Coursing_ with +_Chariots_, _Contention of Poets_, _Rhetoricians_, _Disputations of +Phylosophers_, &c._ + +_And because _Velle suum cuique_, every Mans Nature claimes a special +Prerogative, in the electing a Recreation _Suitable_ to it self, one +thing being very pleasing and delightful to one, and offensive and +troublesome to another, I have therefore like the industrious _Bee_ +gathered _Honey_ from various _Flowers_, and according to your _Palate_ +taste and Eat; I have carefully _Delineated_ and drawn to the Life the +divers _Figures_ of the several Recreations, and leave you to admire +that _Peice_ you fancy best; intreating you to put them to the best +_Use_, not to make them your Trade instead of _Recreation_; in which +sence I would have you to accept this: And now you may walk in and view +the Structure._ + + + + +OF + +Hunting. + + +_Hunting_, being a Recreation that challenges the sublime Epithets of +_Royal_, _Artificial_, _Manly_, and _Warlike_, for its Stateliness, +Cunning, and Indurance, claims above all other Sports the Precedency; +and therefore I was induced to place it at the Head to usher in the +rest; and of which take this concise Definition, _viz._ That since +Nature has equally imparted unto every Beast a wonderful Knowledge of +_Offence_ and _Security_, herein we may observe, _The curious Search and +Conquest of one Creature over another, hurried on by an innate natural +Antipathy, and performed or wrought by a Distinction of Smells._ + +And now to come to the Purpose, and the Design of this Tract, briefly to +inform the young _Hunter_, as yet raw in the true Knowledge of this +_Royal Sport_, with what is meerly _necessary_ and _useful_, without +amusing him with _superfluous_ Observations for his Instruction: I shall +therefore observe throughout this Treatise this Method: 1. The several +_Chases_ or _Games_ which fall under the first Denomination, _Hunting_. +2. The genuine or infallible _Rules_ whereby we are to direct our +selves, for the obtaining the true Pleasure in prosecuting the same, and +the desired Effects of it. + +Know then; There are five _Beasts of Venery_ or _Forest_, viz. The +_Hart_, _Hinde_, _Hare_, _Boar_, _Wolf_. + +As likewise five Wild Beasts, or _Beasts of Chace_, viz. The _Buck_, +_Doe_, _Fox_, _Martern_, _Roe_. + +The _Beasts of Warren_, are three, _viz._ _Hares_, _Coneys_, _Roes_. + +_Note_, The _Hart_ and _Hinde_ before spoken of, though they are of +_one_ kind, yet, because their _Seasons_ are several, are esteemed +_distinct_ Beasts; and in the _Hart_ is included the _Stag_, and all +_red Deer_ of Antlier. + +And because I reckon it the most necessary part of the _Hunter_ to +understand the _Names_, _Degrees_, _Ages_, and _Seasons_ of the +aforesaid different Beasts of _Forest_ or _Venery_, _Chace_, and +_Warren_; I shall therefore, in the next place, present him with these +following + + +_Beasts of Forrest_, &c. + +The _Hart_, the first Year is called a _Hinde-Calf_, 2 A _Knobber_, 3 A +_Brock_, 4 A _Staggard_, 5 A _Stagg_, 6 A _Hart_. + +The _Hinde_, the first Year a _Calf_, 2 A _Hearse_, 3 A _Hinde_. + +The _Hare_, the first Year a _Leveret_, 2 A _Hare_, 3 A _Great Hare_. + +The _Wild-Boar_ and _Woolf_, being no _English_ Chace, I omit. + + +_Beasts of Chace._ + +The _Buck_, the first Year is called a _Fawn_, 2 A _Pricket_, 3 A +_Sorrel_, 4 A _Sore_, 5 A _Buck of the first Head_, 6 A _Great Buck_. + +The _Doe_, the first Year a _Fawn_, 2 A _Teg_, 3 A _Doe_. + +The _Fox_, the first Year a _Cub_, 2 A _Fox_. + +The _Martern_, the first Year a _Cub_, 2 A _Martern_. + +The _Roe_, the first Year a _Kid_, 2 A _Gyrl_, 3 a _Hemuse_, 4 A +_Roe-Buck of the first Head_, 5 A _Fair Roe-Buck_. + +As for the _Beasts of Warren_, the _Hare_ being spoken of before, little +or nothing is to be said. The _Coney_ is first a _Rabbet_, and then an +_Old Coney_. + +Thus much for their Names, Degrees, and Ages: Now let us next observe +their _proper Seasons_ for Hunting. + +The _Hart_ or _Buck_, beginneth _fifteen_ Days after _Mid-Summer-Day_, +and lasteth till _Holy-Rood-Day_. + +The _Fox_, from _Christmass_, and lasteth till the _Annunciation of the +blessed Virgin Mary_. + +The _Hinde_, or _Doe_, from _Holy-Rood-Day_, till _Candlemas_. + +The _Roe-Buck_, from _Easter_, till _Michaelmas_. + +The _Roe_, from _Michaelmas_, till _Candlemas_. + +The _Hare_, from _Michaelmas_, to the end of _February_. + +Thus much I thought fit to speak briefly of the proper _Names_, +_Degrees_, _Ages_, & _Seasons_ of the several Chaces which we Hunt: But +having almost forgot some, I shall insert here, as intending to speak +somewhat of them, and they are the _Badger_, _Otter_, and _Wild-Goat_; +the last being a _Welch_-Game: Many more there are which I might here +enumerate, but being _Forreign_ Chaces, I omit, as directing my +Discourse to the _English-Man_. + +As for the _Terms of Art_ appropriated to Hunting, as the Huntsmans +_Dialect_, they are so many and various, that should I go about to note +them here, it would swell my Treatise to too big a Volume; and therefore +I refer you to the _Dictionaries_ which speak of them. And now I bring +you to the second thing I proposed, _viz._ The _Rules And Measures_ we +are to learn and observe in the aforementioned Sports or Chaces; and in +this we must begin with the _Pursuers or Conquerors_ of these Chaces, +namely; + + +_Of Hounds._ + +There are several kinds of _Hounds_, endued with Qualities suitable to +the Country where they are bred; and therefore consult his _Country_, +and you will soon understand his _Nature_ & _Use_: As for instance, The +_Western_ Counties of _England_, and Wood-land, Mountainous Countries, +as also _Cheshire_, and _Lancashire_, breed the _slow-Hound_; a large +great Dog, tall and heavy. _Worcestershire_, _Bedfordshire_, and many +other well mixt Soyls, where the Champaign and Covert are equally large, +produce the _Middle-sized Dog_; of a more nimble Composure than the +fore-mentioned, and fitter for Chace. _Yorkshire_, _Cumberland_, +_Northumberland_, and the _North_ parts, breed the Light, Nimble, _swift +slender Dog_. And our open Champaigns train up excellent _Grey-Hounds_, +hugely admired for his Swiftness, Strength, and Sagacity. And lastly, +the _little Beagle_ bred in all Countries, is of exceeding Cunning, and +curious Scent in Hunting. All these Dogs are highly set by in all remote +Parts, whose Princes and Lords tenderly cherish them as _Excellencies_, +and ambitiously sue for as _Rarities_. + +For the _Choice_ of Hounds we are to rely much on their _Colours_, and +accordingly make our Election. The Best and most Beautiful of all for a +general Kennel, is, The _White Hound_, with black Ears, and a black spot +at the setting on of the Tail, and is ever found to be both of good +Scent, and good Condition, and will Hunt any Chace, but especially the +_Hare_, _Stag_, _Buck_, _Roe_, or _Otter_, not sticking at Woods or +Waters. The next is, the _Black_, the black-tann’d, or all Liver-hew’d, +or the milk White Hound, which is the true _Talbot_, is best for the +_String_, or _Line_, as delighting in Blood; the _Largest_ is the +comliest and best. The _Grizled_, usually shag-hair’d, are the best +Verminers, and so fittest for the _Fox_, _Badger_, or other hot Scents; +a couple of which let not your Kennel be without, as being exceeding +good cunning _Finders_. + +For the _Shape_ of your _Hound_, you must consult the Climate of his +Breed, and the natural Composition of his Body; but by these following +Characters you may know a good _Hound_. If you like a large, _heavy_, +true _Talbot-like_ Hound, See + +His _Head_ be round and thick. _Nose_ short and uprising. _Nostrils_ +wide and large. _Eares_ large and down-hanging. _Upper-Lip-Flews_ lower +than his Nether Chaps. _Back_ strong and rising. _Fillets_ thick and +great. _Thighs_ and _Huckle-bones_ round. _Hams_ streight. _Tail_ long +and rush-grown. The _Hair of his Belly_ hard and stiff. _Legs_ big and +lean. _Foot_ like a _Fox_’s, well clawd and round. _Sole_ dry and hard. +All these shew an _able Hound_. + +If you would choose a swift _light Hound_, the _Yorkshire_ one in the +generality will please you; for that (as these have) he ought to have a +_slenderer_ Head, _longer_ Nose, _shallower_ Ears and Flews, _broad_ +Back, _gaunt_ Belly, _small Tayl_, _long_ Joints, _round_ Foot; and in +fine of a _Gray-Hound-like_ Make. + +Thus much to direct the Choice of _Hounds_; now something ought to be +spoken of the _Composition of Kennels_, wherein I must appeal to the +Affection of the Gentleman, the Lover of this Sport, and let him tell me +the _Reasons_ that induced him to take pleasure in _Hounds_, Whether it +be he fancies _Cunning in Hunting_? Or _Sweetness_, _Loudness_, or +_Deepness of Cry_? Or for the _Training his Horses_? Or for the +_Exercise of his Body_ only? + +If for _Cunning_ Hunting; breed your Dogs from the slowest and largest +of the forementioned _Northern_ Hounds, and the swiftest and slenderest +of the _West Country_, of both Kinds, approved to be not given to lie +off, or look for Advantages, but staunch, fair, even-running, and of +perfect fine Scent. These will make a Horse gallop fast, and not run; +being middle-siz’d; not too swift as to out-run, or too slow as to lose +the Scent; are the best for the true Art and Use of Hunting. + +If for _Sweetness of Cry_; compound your Kennel of some large Dogs, of +deep solemn Mouths, and swift in spending, as the _Base_ in the Consort; +Then twice so many roaring, loud ringing Mouths, as the _Counter-Tenor_: +And lastly, some hollow plain sweet Mouths, as the _Mean_: So shall your +Cry be perfect. Observe that this Composition be of the swiftest and +largest deep Mouth’d Dog, the slowest and middle-siz’d, and the shortest +Legged slender Dog. For these run even together; and warble forth their +musical Notes most sweetly. + +If for _Loudness of Mouth_, choose the Loud clanging (redoubling as it +were) Mouth, and to this put the roaring, spending, and Whining Mouth, +which will be loud, smart, and pleasant: Such are for the most part your +_Shropshire_, and _Worcestershire_ Dogs. + +If (Lastly) for _Deepness of Cry_, the largest Dogs having the greatest +Mouths, and deepest Flews, are the best; such are your _West-Country_, +_Cheshire_, and _Lancashire_ Dogs. + +But if you have your Kennel for _Training Horses_ only; then compound +your Kennel of the lightest, nimblest, and swiftest Dogs, such as your +_Northern_ Hounds are. For the strong and violent Exercises of their +Horses, through the natural Velocity of their Hounds, in the _North_ +parts, have render’d them famous for Truth and Swiftness above all other +parts of _England_; though they have not attained this through a better +Breeding of their Horses than others, but by daily acquainting them with +the Violence of such Exercises, which made it both familiar and natural +to them. And _He that doth not train up his Horse so, puts a Cheat upon +himself_. + +Lastly, If for the _Maintenance of your Health_, by preventing +Infirmities and Grossness of Humours, you compose your Kennel; consult +first your own _Ability_ for this Exercise; and if you think you are +able to _foot_ it away, then the _Biggest and slowest Dogs_ you can get +are best; which you may bring so to your Command, as to make them Hunt +with no more speed than you please to lead them. And herein you are +surrounded with a double Delight; to hear their _Musick_, and observe +their ambitious and eager _Striving to out-go one another_, in the +Pursuit of their Game, and yet restrained by a submissive Compliance to +their Masters Pleasure, beyond which they dare not presume to pass. But +if you would _pad it_ away through an Unability of footing it, Then +choose the _slowest or middle-sized Hounds_, of good Mouths and Noses, +for loud Cry, and ready Scent. + +Thus far for the Composing a Kennel: I come now to the _Kennel it self_, +of which I need say little, as indeed unnecessary, leaving that to the +Discretion of the _Huntsman_; Only I would have him observe, that it be +built some pretty way distant from the Dwelling-House, in a warm dry +place, free from Vermine, and near some Pond or River of fresh Water; +and so placed, that the Morning Sun may shine upon it. Be sure to keep +it clean, and let them not want fresh Straw every day. Feed them early +in the Morning at Sun-rising, and at Sun-set in the Evening. As for +their _Meat_, I leave to the ingenious Huntsman to get; Only this I must +tell him, Three Bushels of Oates or Barley-Meal, with the half so much +Bran or Mill-dust, besides the Horse-Flesh, Scraps, Bones, Crusts, &c. +which the painful Huntsman can procure, is a fit weekly Proportion to +keep _nine_ or _ten_ Couple of Hounds. When they come from Hunting, +after you have fed them well, let them to their Kennel, and wash their +Feet with Beer and Butter, or some such thing, and pick and search their +Cleys, for Thorns, Stubs, or the like: If it is in _Winter_, let a fire +be made, and let them beak and stretch themselves for an hour or so at +the fire, and suffer them to lick, pick, and trim themselves; hereby to +prevent the _Diseases_ incident to them, upon sudden Cooling, as the +_Mange_, _Itch_, _Feavors_, &c. of which I come now to speak. + +But before I treat of the keeping your Hounds in Health by curing their +diseases, I must speak a Word or two of the way to _Breed good Whelps_, +viz. Having a Hound and a Bratch of that general Goodness in Size, +Voice, Speed, Scent, and Proportion you like, put them together to +ingender in _January_, _February_, or _March_, as the properest Months +for Hounds, Bitches, and Bratches to be Limed in; because of not _losing +time_ to enter them. When you put them together, observe, as near as you +can, if the _Moon_ be in _Aquarius_ or _Gemini_; because the Whelps will +then never run Mad, and the Litter, will be double as many Dog, as +Bitch, Whelps. When your Bitch is near her _Whelping_, separate her from +the other Hounds, and make her a Kennel particularly by her self; and +see her Kennell’d every Night, that she might be acquainted and +delighted with it, and so not seek out unwholsom Places; for if you +remove the Whelps after they are Whelp’d, the Bitch will carry them up +and down till she come to their first Place of Littering; and that’s +very dangerous. Suffer not your Whelps to Suck above two Months, and +then _Weane_ them. + +When your Whelps are brought up, _enter_ them not into Hunting till they +are at least a Year and half old: That is, if whelpt in _March_, enter +them _September_ come Twelve-Month; if in _April_, in _October_ come +Twelve-months after, _&c._ + +When you would _enter_ them, bring them abroad, with the most Staunch +and best Hunting Hounds; (all babling and flying Curs being left at +home:) and a _Hare being the best entering Chase_, get your _Hare_ ready +before, and putting her from her Form, view which way she takes, and +then lay on your Hounds, giving them all the Advantages may be; if she +is caught, do not suffer them to break her, but immediately taking her, +strip off her Skin, and cutting her to peices, give every part to your +young Whelps; and that will beget in them a Delight in Hunting, and +animate them with Courage. And now let us return to speak of + + +_Diseases incident to Dogs, and their Cures._ + +Because I should think it a very odd Humor for a Person to select these +Creatures (Hounds) as instruments for the procurement of his Health +Satisfaction, and Delight, and should be so inhumane as to suffer them +to perish in their _Diseases_, because they cannot communicate their +_Ailings_, and beseech _Redress_; therefore I have briefly summed up the +immediate _Cures_ for their several Diseases, and by preventing his +Excuse of _Ignorance_, desire his Application, as need require. + +_For Sick Dogs._ Take Sheeps-heads, Wooll and all, hack, hew, and bruise +them into pieces, make Pottage of it, with Oatmeal, and _Penny-Royal_, +and give it warm. + +_Lice and Fleas._ Boyl four or five handfuls of _Rue_ or _Herb of +Grace_, in a gallon of running Water, till a pottle be consumed, strain +it, and put two Ounces of _Staves-acre_ poudered, and bathe them with it +warm. + +_Itch._ Take Oyl of _Flower-de-Lys_, powder of _Brimstone_, & dry’d +_Elicampane_ Roots, of each a like quantity, and _Bay-Salt_ powdered; +mix these Powders with the Oyl, and warm it, anoint, scratch, and make +it bleed, will do well. + +_Tetter._ Take Black _Ink_, Juice of _Mint_ & _Vinegar_, of each a like, +mix them altogether with the Powder of _Brimstone_ to a Salve, and +Anoint it. + +_Worms._ Give your Hound _Brimstone_ and new Milk, will kill them. + +_Gauling._ May _Butter_, yellow _Wax_, and unslackt _Lime_, made to a +Salve, and Anoint therewith, is a present Remedy. + +_Mange._ Take two handfuls of _Wild-Cresses_, of _Elecampane_, of the +Leaves and Roots of _Roerb_ and _Sorrel_, the like quantity, and two +pound of the Roots of _Frodels_, Boyl them all well in Lye and Vinegar, +strain it, and put therein two pound of _Grey soap_, and after ’tis +melted, rub your Hound with it four or five dayes together; and ’tis an +excellent Remedy. + +_For any Ear Disease._ Mix _Verjuice_ and _Chervile_ Water together, and +drop into his Eares a spoonful or two, morning and Evening. + +_Sore Eyes._ Chew a Leaf or two of _Ground Ivy_, and spit the Juice into +his Eyes. + +_Surbaiting._ Wash his Feet with _Beer_ and _Butter_, and bind young red +_Nettles_ beaten to a Salve to his Soles. + +_Biting by Snake, Adder,_ &c. Beat the herb _Calaminth_ with +_Turpentine_, and yellow _Wax_ to a Salve, and apply it. To expel the +inward Poyson, give the said Herb in Milk. + +_Biting by a Mad Dog._ Wash the place with _Sea-Water_, or strong +_Brine_, will Cure him. The quantity of a Hazel-Nut of _Mithridate_, +dissolved in sweet Wine, will prevent inward Infection. + +_Madness._ Lastly, If your Hound be Mad, which you will soon find by his +separating himself from the rest, throwing his Head into the Wind, +foaming and slavering at Mouth, snatching at every thing he meets, red +fiery Eyes, stinking filthy Breath; then to Knock him in the Head, is a +present Remedy, and you’l prevent infinite Dangers. + +And now I proceed to give some brief Instructions for Hunting the +several _Chases_ used in _England_, for which we have chosen our Hounds; +I mean the _Time when?_ and the _Manner how?_ + +Having your Kennel of Hounds in good order and plight, and being +desirous to enjoy those Pleasures, for which we have observed the +aforesaid Rules; Lead them forth, and to your Game (Gentlemen:) Only +take this _Caution_ along with you; Do not forget to have in your Pack a +couple of _Hounds_, called _Hunters in the Highwayes_, that will Scent +upon hard Ground, where we cannot perceive Pricks or Impressions; and +for your Huntsman’s and your own Ease, let a couple of _Old stench +Hounds_ accompany you, by whose sure Scent, the too great Swiftness of +the young and unexperienced Ones may be restrained and regulated; and if +you please, take the following Observations with you, and away. + + +Of _Hart_ or _Stag-Hunting_. + +Waving the Praises of this Creature, and the large _Encomiums_ due to +his several Excellencies, we’ll come to the Doctrinal Part, and +understand the _Age_ of this our Game, which is known by several Marks, +amongst which this is the most authentick: That if you take his view in +the ground, and perceive he has a large Foot, a thick Heel, a deep +Print, open Cleft and long space, then be assured he is Old; as the +Contrary concludes him Young. + +But _Where_ and _When_ shall we find him? Examine the following Annual +or monethly Season-Description, and you shall find him; begining at the +end of Rutting-time, that is, In + +_November_, in Heaths among Furs, Shrubs and Whines. + +_December_, in Forrests among thick and strong Woods. + +_January_, in Corners of the Forrests, Corn-fields, _Wheat_, _Rye_, &c. + +_February_ and _March_, Amongst young and thick Bushes. + +_April_ and _May_, in Coppices and Springs. + +_June_ and _July_, in Out-Woods and Purlieus nearest the Corn Fields. + +_September_ and _October_, After the first showers of Rain, they leave +their Thickets, and go to Rut, during which time there is no certain +place to find them in. + +When you have found him in any of these places, be careful to go up the +Wind; and the best time to find him is _before Sun-rising_, when he goes +to feed; then watch him to his Leir, and having lodged him, go and +prepare; if he is not forced, he will not budge till Evening. +Approaching his Lodging, cast off your _Finders_, who having Hunted him +a Ring or two, cast in the rest; and being in full Cry and maine Chace, +Comfort and Cheer them with Horne and Voice. Be sure to take notice of +him by some _Mark_, and if your Dogs make _Default_, rate them off and +bring them to the Default back, and make them cast about till they have +undertaken the first Deer; Then cheer them to the utmost, and so +continue till they have either set up or slain him. It is the Nature of +a _Stag_, to seek for one of his kind, when he is Imbost or weary, and +beating him up, ly down in his place; therefore have a watchful eye unto +_Change_. As likewise by taking _Soil_ (_i. e._ Water) he will swim a +River just in the middle down the Stream, covering himself all over, but +his Nose, keeping the middle, least by touching any Boughes he leave a +Scent for the Hounds; And by his Crossings and Doublings he will +endeavour to baffle his Pursuers: In these Cases have regard to your +_Old Hounds_, as I said before. When he is _Imbost_ or weary, may be +known thus: By his Creeping into holes, and often lying down, or by his +running stiff, high and lumpering, slavering and foaming at Mouth, +shining and blackness of his Hair, and much Sweat; And thus much for +_Stag_ or _Hart Hunting_. As for the _Buck_ I shall not speak any thing, +for he that can Hunt a _Stag_ well, cannot fail Hunting a _Buck_ well. +As likewise for the _Roe-Hunting_, I refer you to what is spoken of the +_Hart_ or _Stag_. + + +_Of Hare Hunting._ + +As for the _Time_, the most proper to begin this Game, note; That about +the middle of _September_ is best and to end towards the latter end of +_February_, when surcease, and destroy not the young early Brood of +_Leverets_; and this season is most agreeable likewise to the nature of +_Hounds_; moist and cool. Now for the _Place_ where to find her, you +must examine and observe the Seasons of the Year; for in Summer or +Spring time, you shall find them in Corn-fields and open places, not +sitting in Bushes, for fear of Snakes, Adders, _&c._ In _Winter_ they +love Tuffs of Thorns and Brambles, near Houses: In these places you must +regard the _Oldness_ or _Newness_ of her _Forme_ or Seat, to prevent +Labour in Vain: If it be plain and smooth within, and the Pad before it +flat and worn, and the Prickles so new and perceptible, that the Earth +seems black, and fresh broken, then assure your self the Forme is new, +and from thence you may Hunt and recover the _Hare_; if the contrary +(which narrowly observe) it is Old, and if your _Hounds_ call upon it, +rate them off; the Scent is Old. When the _Hare_ is started and on Foot, +step in where you saw her pass, and hollow in your _Hounds_ till they +have undertaken it, then go on with full Cry. Above all be sure to +observe her first Doubling, which must be your direction for all that +day; for all her other after Doublings will be like that. When she is +thus reduced to the _slights_ and _shifts_ she makes by Doublings and +Windings, give your Dogs _Time_ and _Place_ enough to cast about your +Rings, for unwinding the same; and observe her _leaps_ and _skips_ +before she squat, and beat curiously all likely places of Harbour: She +is soon your Prey now. + + +_Of Coney-Catching._ + +Their _Seasons_ are alwayes, and the way of taking them thus: Set +Pursenets on their Holes, and put in a _Ferret_ close muzzled, and she +will bolt them out (being a natural Enemy to them) into the Nets: Or +blow on the suddain the Drone of a Bag-Pipe into the Burrows, and they +will boult out: Or for want of either of these two, take powder of +_Orpine_ and _Brimstone_ and boult them out with the Smother: But pray +use this last seldom, unless you would destroy your Warren. But for this +sport _Hays_ are to be preferred above all. + + +_Of Fox Hunting._ + +_January_, _February_, and _March_, are the best Seasons for Hunting the +_Fox_ above ground, the scent being then strong, and the coldest Weather +for the _Hounds_, and best finding his Earthing. Cast off your sure +Finders first, and as the _Drag_ mends, more; but not too many at once, +because of the Variety of Chaces in Woods and Coverts. The night before +the day of Hunting, when the _Fox_ goes to prey at midnight, find his +Earths, and stop them with Black Thorns and Earth. To find him draw your +_Hounds_ about Groves, Thickets, and Bushes near Villages; Pigs and +Poultrey inviting him to such Places to Lurk in. They make their Earths +in hard Clay, stony ground, and amongst Roots of Trees; and have but one +Hole straight and long. He is usually taken, with _Hounds_, +_Grey-Hounds_, _Terriers_, _Nets_ and _Gins_. + + +_Of Badger-Hunting._ + +This Creature has several Names, as _Gray_, _Brock_, _Boreson_, or +_Bauson_; and is hunted thus. First go seek the Earths and Burrows where +he lieth, and in a clear Moon-shine Night, stop all the Holes but one or +two, and in these fasten Sacks with drawing strings; and being thus set, +cast off your _Hounds_ and beat all the Groves, Hedges, and Tuffs within +a mile or two about, and being alarum’d by the Doggs they will repair to +their Burrows and Kennells, and running into the Bags are taken. Other +Methods there are which are used, but the Common usage makes me omit. + + +_Of the Martern or wild-Cat._ + +These two Chaces are usually hunted in _England_, and are as great +Infesters of Warrens, as the two last mentioned Vermine, but are not +purposely to be sought after; unless the Huntsman see their place of +Prey, and can go to it; and if the _Hound_ chance to cross them, sport +may be had. But no Rule can be prescribed how to find or hunt them. + + +_Of the Otter._ + +This Creature useth to lye near Rivers in his Lodging, which he +cunningly & artificially builds with Boughs, Twiggs and Sticks. A great +Devourer of Fish, and eatable in some Countries, where they have _good +stomacks_. It is a very sagacious and exquisitely smelling Creature, and +much Cunning and Craft is required to hunt him. But to take him, observe +this in short: Being provided with _Otter-Spears_ to watch his Vents, +and good _Otter-Hounds_, beat both sides of the Rivers banks, and you’ll +soon find if there is any. If you find him, and perceive where he swims +under Water, get to stand before him when he _Vents_, (_i. e._ takes +breath) and endeavour to strike him with the spear: If you miss him, +follow him with your Hound, and if they are good for _Otter_, they will +certainly beat every Tree-root, _Bulrush-Bed_, or _Osier-Bed_, so that +he cannot escape you. + + +_Of the Wild Goat._ + +This being a _Welsh-Chace_, I thought it not amiss to say something of +it, as not altogether Forreign. The _Wild-Goat_ is as bigg and as fleshy +as a _Hart_, but not so long-legg’d. The best time for hunting them is, +at _All-hollontide_; and having observed the Advantages of the Coasts, +Rocks, and places where the _Goats_ lie, set Nets and Toiles towards the +Rivers and Bottoms; for ’tis not to be imagined, the Doggs can follow +them down every place of the Mountaines. Stand some on the tops of the +Rocks, and as Occasion offers throw down Stones; and place your Relays +at the small Brooks or Waters, where the _Goat_ comes down; but let them +not tarry till the _Hounds_ come in, that were cast off. + +_Thus much for Hunting._ + + + + +Of Racing. + + +As all _Beasts_ are Subservient to _Man_, and he a Liberty and Power to +Use them, and make them his Instruments, for the Procurement of his +_Profit_, or _Pleasure_; so is there not a Creature more Serviceable to +man in either of these, as the _Horse_. A _Beast_ Valiant, Strong, +Nimble and Hardy, the Vivacity of whose Spirits, neither Heat can +scorch, or dry up, nor Cold benumb or freez; he is Valiant, Watchfull, +and Laborious, naturally Cleanly, and of exquisite Scent; Gentle and +Loving to man, docile, and of a retentive Memory, and Apt or Fit for the +performing any Service wherein man employes him. And for the Use of +which I am now speaking (_Racing_) he ought to be endued with these +Qualifications. That he have the _Finest Cleanest Shape_ possible, and +above all, _Nimble_, _Quick_, and _Fiery_, _apt to Fly with the least +Motion_; nor is a long Bodied contemptible, it assuring _Speed_, tho it +signifies _Weakness_ too. The _Arabian_, _Barbary_, or his Bastard, are +esteemed the best for this Use, these excelling _Jennets_, though they +are good too. + +Having furnished your self with a _Horse_ thus qualified, you are to +observe his right and due _Ordering_, before your designed _Racing_. +_Bartholomew-tide_ is the most proper time to _take him from Grass_; the +day before being Dry, Fair, and Pleasant: That Night let him stand +conveniently, to empty his Body; the next day _Stable_ him, and feed him +with _Wheat-straw_ that day, and no longer; lest you exceeding that +time, it straighten his _Guts_, heat his _Liver_, and hurt his _Blood_; +for want of _Straw_, Riding him Morning and Evening to _Water_, Airing, +or other moderate Exercises will serve. Then feed him with good old +sweet _Hay_, and according to the Season, and Temperature of his Body +clothe him; for a _Smooth Coat_ shews _Cloth_ enough, and a _Rough Coat_ +want of it. Observe likewise where you _Water_ your _Race-Horse_, that +it be a Running _Water_, or Clear _Spring_, far distant (a Mile or more) +from the _Stable_, adjoyning to some _Levell_; where after he has once +well drunk, Gallop him, and so _Water_ and _Scope_ him, till that he +refuse to drink more, for that time; then Walk him gently Home, (being +an Hour on your way, or more) clothe, and stop him round with soft +_Whisps_, and let him stand an Hour upon his _Bridle_, and after feed +him with sweet sound _Oats_, throughly dryed either with _Age_, _Kilne_, +or _Sun_; if he be low of Flesh, or bad Stomacht, add a third part of +Clean Old _Beans_, to two parts of _Oats_, or wash his _Oats_ in Strong +_Beer_ or _Ale_. + +For _Dressing_ take these _Rules_. _Dress_ your _Horse_ twice a day, +before you _Water_ him, both Morning, and Evening, thus: _Curry_ him +after he is uncloath’d, from his _Ear-tips_ to his _Tayle_, and his +whole Body intirely (save his Legs under the Knees, and Cambrels) with +an _Iron Comb_; then Dust him, and Rub him with a _Brush_ of _Bristles_ +over again. Dust him again, and wetting your hand in clean Water, rub +off all the loose Hairs, and so rub him dry as at first; then with a +fine _Hair Cloth_ rub him all over; and Lastly, with a fine _Linnen +Cloth_; and then pick his _Eyes_, _Nostrils_, _Sheath_, _Cods_, _Tuel_, +and _Feet_, clean. + +The best _Food_ for your _Racer_, is good, sweet, well dryed, sunned, +and beaten _Oats_: Or else _Bread_ made of one part _Beans_, and two +parts _Wheat_ (_i. e._) two _Bushells_ of _Wheat_, to one of _Beans_, +ground together: Boult through a fine _Range_ half a _Bushell_ of fine +_Meal_, and bake that in two or three _Loaves_ by it self, and with +_Water_, and good store of _Barme_, knead up, and bake the rest in great +_Loaves_, having sifted it through a _Meal-sieve_: [But to your _Finer_, +you would do well to put the _Whites_ of Twenty or Thirty _Eggs_, and +with the _Barme_ a little _Ale_, ’tis no matter how little _Water_:] +With the _Courser_ feed him on his Resting dayes, on his Labouring dayes +with the _Finer_. + +The best _Time for feeding_ your _Runner_ on his _Resting-dayes_ is; +After his _Watering_ in the Morning, at _One_ a Clock at Noon, after his +_VVatering_ in the Evening, and at _Nine_ or _Ten_ a Clock at Nights: On +his _Dayes of Labour_, Two Hours after he is throughly Cold, outwardly +and inwardly, as before. + +As for the Proportion of Meat, I shall not confine your Love to a +Quantity, only give him a little at once, as long as his Appetite is +Good: When he begins to fumble and play with his Meat, hold your Hand, +shut up your Sack. + +As for his _Exercise_ it ought to be Thrice a Week, as his bodily +Condition requires; if he be foul, moderate Exercise will break his +Grease; if clean, then as you judge best, taking heed of breaking his +Mettle, or discouraging him, or laming his Limbs. Before you air him to +add to his Wind, it is requisite to give him a raw Egg broken in his +mouth: If your Horse be very _Fat_, air him before Sun-rising and after +Sun-set; if _Lean_, deprive him not of the least strength and Comfort of +the _Sun_ you can devise. To make him _Sweat_ sometimes by coursing him +in his Cloathes is necessary, if moderate; but without his Cloaths, let +it be sharp and swift. See that he be _empty before you Course him_; and +it is wholesome to wash his Tongue and Nostrills with _Vinegar_, or +_piss_ in his Mouth, before you back him. And after his Exercise, cool +him before you come home, house, litter and rub him well and dry; then +cloath him, and give him after every Course a Scouring thus prepared. + + +_For scouring a Race Horse._ + +Take 20 _Raisins of the Sun_ stoned, 10. _Figgs_ slit in the midst, +boyle them till they be thick in a Pottle of Fair Water, mix it with +Powder of _Annis-Seeds_, _Lycoras_, and _Sugar-candy_, till it come to a +stiff Paste, make them into round Balls, roul them in Butter, and give +him three or four of them the next morning after his Course, and ride +him an hour after, and then set him up Warm. Or this may be preferred, +being both a Purge and a Restorative, a Cleanser and a Comforter, thus +prepared. + +Take three Ounces of _Annis-Seeds_, six Drams of _Cummin-Seeds_, one +Dram and half of _Carthamus_, one Ounce and two Drams of +_Fennugreek-Seed_, one Ounce and half of _Brimstone_; Beat all these to +a fine Powder, and searse them; then take a Pint and two Ounces of +_Sallet Oyl_, a pint and half of _Honey_, and a Pottle of _White-wine_; +then with a sufficient Quantity of fine white Meal, knead and work all +well into a stiff Paste; keep it in a clean Cloath, for use. When +occasion requires, dissolve a Ball of it in a Pail of Water, and after +Exercise give it him to drink in the Dark, that he may not see the +Colour, and refuse it: If he does refuse, let Fasting force him to be of +another mind. + +To conclude, those Instructions, which are enumerated by Mr. _Markham_, +I will give you in short before you run, and then away as fast as you +can. + +_Course not your Horse hard four or five dayes before your Match, lest +you make his Limbs sore, and abate his Speed._ + +_Muzzle him not (except a foul Feeder) above two or three Nights before +the Race, and the Night before his bloody Courses._ + +_Give him sharp, as well as gentle, Courses on the Race he is to run._ + +_Shoe him a day before you run him._ + +_Let him be empty on the Match Day._ + +_Saddle him in the Stable, and fix to him the Girths and Pannel with +Shoo-makers Wax._ + +_Lead him with all Gentleness to his Course, and let him smell other +Horses Dung to provoke him to stale_, &c. + +And Lastly, Being come to the starting place rub him well, uncloath him, +then take his Back, and the Word given, with all Gentleness and +Quietness possible, start and away; _And God speed you well_. + + + + +Of Hawking, + + +I shall not insist on any large _Encomiums_ of this Recreation, only +that it is a most _Princely and serious Pleasure_; nor shall I amuse you +with subtle and nice _Distinctions_, and things no way material; But +will inform you with what is meerly necessary for the right +_Understanding and Use_ of this Noble Art. I shall begin then with +_Hawks_, their _Names_ and _Flights_. + + +_Of Hawks there are two sorts._ + +The Long-Winged Hawks. + + _Faulcon_ and _Tiercle-gentle_. + _Gerfaulcon_ and _Jerkin_. + _Saker_ and _Sakaret_. + _Lanner_ and _Lanneret_. + _Barbary Faulcon._ + _Merlin_ and _Jack_. + _Hobby_ and _Jack_. + +The Short-Winged Hawks. + + _Eagle_ and _Iron_. + _Goshawk_ and _Tiercel_. + _Sparrow-Hawk_ and _Musket_. + +There are others too of inferiour sort as, + + _Ring-Tail._ + _Raven_ and _Buzzard_. + _Forked Kite._ + _Hen-driver_, &c. + +And as the _Age_ of these _Hawks_ is, so we name them, as + + The First Year a _Soarage_. + The Second Year an _Intermewer_. + The Third Year a _White Hawk_. + The Fourth Year a _Hawk of the First Coat_. + +Thus much for their _Names_, now we come to speak of the _Flights_ of +these _Hawks_; which are these + + The _Faulcon-Gentle_, for _Partridge_ or _Mallard_. + _Gerfaulcon_, will fly at the _Herne_. + _Saker_, at the _Crane_ or _Bittern_. + _Lanner_, at the _Partridge_, _Pheasant_ or _Choofe_. + _Barbary-Faulcon_, at the _Partridge_ only. + _Merlin_ and _Hobby_, at the _Lark_, or any small Bird. + _Goshawk_ and _Tiercel_, at the _Partridge_, or _Hare_. + _Sparrow-Hawk_, at the _Partridge_ or _Black-Bird_. And the + _Musket_, at the _Bush_. + +Thus much for their several proper _Flights_, we are now come to their +_Manning_, the Method of which being generally one and the same (though +it has been the Labour of some to spend much Time, and many Words in +treating of the various wayes of _Manning Hawks_, and yet comes all to +one effect) I shall in short (according to the Design of this _Epitome_) +lay down this Rule: That you watch, and keep them from Sleep, +continually carrying them upon your _Fist_, familiarly stroak them with +a Wing of some Dead _Fowle_, or the like, and play with them; Accustome +to gaze, and look in their Face with a Loving, Smiling, Gentle +Countenance; and that will make her acquainted, and familiar with Man. + +Having made them familiar, the next thing is to _Bring them to the +Lure_, (which the _Faulconer_ makes of _Feathers_, and _Leather_ much +like a _Fowle_, which he casts into the Air, and calls the _Hawk_ to) +which is after this manner. Set your _Hawk_ on the _Perch_, unhood her, +and shew her some _Meat_ within your _Fist_, call her by _Chirping_, +_Whistling_ or the like, till she comes, then Feed her with it; if she +comes not, let her Fast, and be sharp set: _Short-winged Hawks_, are +properly said to be _Called_, not _Lured_. Make her bold, and acquainted +with _Men_, _Dogs_, and _Horses_, and let her be eager and sharp-set, +before you shew her the _Lure_; knowing her _Luring_ Hours; and let both +sides of the _Lure_ be garnished with warm, and bloody _Meat_; let her +likewise know your _Voice_ well; so that being well acquainted with +_Voice_, and _Lure_, the Hearing of the one, or Sight of the other, +makes her Obedient; which you must reward by _Feeding_, or punish by +_Fasting_. But before _Luring_ (or any _Flight_) it is requisite to +_Bathe_ your _Hawk_ in some quiet and still shallow _Brook_, or for want +of that in a Large _Bason_, shallow _Tub_, or the like, lest being at +Liberty, you lose your _Hawk_, (whose Nature requires such Bathing) and +make her rangle. Now to make her know her _Lure_, is thus: Give your +_Hawk_ to another, and having loosned in readiness her Hood-strings, and +fastened a _Pullet_ to the _Lure_, go a little distance, cast it half +the length of the string about your Head, still _Luring_ with your +Voice, unhood your _Hawk_, and throw it a little way from her: If she +stoop and seize, let her plume the _Pullet_, and feed on it upon the +_Lure_: Then take her and Meat on your Fist, Hood her, and give her the +Tiring of the Wing, or Foot of the said _Pullet_. + +Having _Manned_ and _Lured_ your _Hawk_, before you bring her to her +_Flight_, one thing is to be observed and done, called in the +_Faulconers Dialect_, _Enseaming_, which is to cleanse her from _Fat_, +_Grease_, & _Glut_, known by her round _Thighs_, and full _Meutings_; +and thus you may do it: In the Morning when you feed her, give her a bit +or two of _Hot-meat_, and at Night very little or nothing. Then feed her +Morning and Evening with a _Rook_, wash’d twice till the Pinions be +tender; then give a Casting of Feathers as her Nature will bear; and +once in two or three dayes give her a _Hens-neck_ well joynted and +washt: Then a quick train _Pigeon_ every Morning; and after by these and +her own Exercise, she has broken and dissolved the _Grease_, give her +three or Four _Pellets_ of the Root of _Sellandine_, as bigg as a +_Garden Pease_, steept in the Sirrup of _Roses_; and you have done this +part of your Duty. + +To _Enter_ your _Hawks_, for _Partridge_ or _Fowle_, observe this. Lay +an Old Feild-_Partridge_ in a Hole, covered with something, and fasten +to it a small _Creance_ (_i. e._ a Fine small long Line of strong and +even-wound Packthread fastned to the _Hawks_ Leash when first Lured,) +and uncoupling your ranging _Spaniels_, pluck off the Covering of the +Traine _Partridge_ and let it go, and the _Hawk_ after it; and as soon +as she has slain it, reward her well with it. And thus to make her fly +at _Fowle_, feed her well with the _Traine_ of the Fowle you would have; +doing afterwards as above. + +The _Faults_ of _Hawks_ differ according to their Nature and Make: +_Long-winged Hawks_ faults are thus helped. If she used _to take stand_, +flying at the River, or in Champain Feilds, shun flying near Trees or +Covert; or otherwise, let several Persons have _Trains_, and as she +offers to stand, let him that’s next her cast out his Traine, and she +killing it reward her. And indeed you ought never to be without some +live Bird or Fowle in your Bag, as _Pigeon_, _Duck_, _Mallard_, &c. If +she be _Froward_ and _Coy_; when she Kills, reward her not as usually, +but slide some other meat under her, and let her take her pleasure on +it; giving her some Feathers to make her scoure and cast. If she be +_Wild_, _look not inward_, but mind _Check_, (_i. e._ other Game, as +_Crows_, &c. that fly cross her) then lure her back, and stooping to it, +reward her presently. + +The faults of _Short-Winged Hawks_ thus are helped. Sometimes the +_Goshawk_ and _Sparrow-Hawks_, will neither kill, nor _Fly_ the Game to +_Mark_, but will turn _Taile_ to it: Then encourage your Dogs to Hunt, +cast a Traine _Partridge_ before your _Hawk_, make her seize it, and +feed well upon it. + +If a _Hawk take a Tree_, and will not fly at all, feed her then upon +quick Birds, and make her foot them, and in the plain Champaign Feilds +unhood her, and riding up and down a while let one cast out a +Feild-_Partridge_ before her, let her fly at it, and footing it feed on +it. If they be _too fond of Man_, that after a stroke or two will not +fly, be seldom familiar with her, and reward her not as she comes so +improperly: Otherwise reward her well. + +As for _Mewing of Hawks_, the best time for _Long-winged Hawks_ is about +the middle of _April_, and _March_ for the _Short-Winged Hawks_. There +are two kinds of Mewings. 1. _At the stock or stone_; so called from its +being low upon the ground, free from Noise, Vermin or ill Air. 2. _At +large_; so called from being in a high Room, with open Windows towards +the _North_ or _North-East_. The former is accounted the best Mewing. +I shall not insist on the erecting or ordering of this Mew, leaving that +to the Discretion of the Faulconer; only before he mews his _Hawk_, see +if they have _Lice_, to pepper and scowre them too. The best _time to +draw _the Field_-Hawk from the Mew_, is in _June_, and she will be ready +to fly in _August_; the Hawks for the River in _August_, will be ready +in _September_. And because _Hawks_ are subject to divers Infirmities +and Diseases, I shall prescribe some Remedies, and so Conclude. + + +_Cures for Hawks Diseases._ + +The good Faulconer ought diligently to observe the Complexions of his +_Hawks Castings_ and _Mewtings_, to judge of their Maladies, and is +prescribed by some as an excellent way; and is indeed so; but an assured +sign of knowing whether they are sick or distempered is this. Take your +_Hawk_, turning up her Train, if you see her Tuel or Fundiment swelleth, +or looketh red; Or, if her Eyes or Eares be of a fiery Complexion, it is +an infallible sign of her being not well and in good health; and then +Scouring is necessary first; which is done by the most Soveraign _Aloes +Cicatrine_, about the quantity of a Bean, wrapt up in her Meat; and this +avoids Grease, and kills Wormes too. + +_For the Cataract_: Take one Scruple of washt _Aloes_ finely beaten, and +two Scruples of _Sugar-candy_, mix these together, and with a Quil blow +it three or four times a day into your _Hawks_ Eye. + +_Pantus_ or _Asthma_: Pour the Oyl of sweet _Almonds_ into a Chickens +Gutt, well washt, and give it the _Hawk_: Or, scower her with +_Sellandine_-Pellets, and Oyle of _Roses_, and then wash her meat in the +Decoction of _Coltsfoot_. + +_Filanders_ or _Wormes_: To prevent them, seeing your Hawk low and poor, +give her once a month a Clove of _Garlick_. To cure or kill them; take +half a dozen Cloves of _Garlick_, boyle them very tender in _Milk_, then +take them and dry the Milk out of them; put them into a spoonful of the +best _Oyle of Olives_, and having steept them all Night, give them both +to your Hawk, when she has cast, in the morning; feed her not til two +hours after, and then with warm Meat, and keep her warm all that day. + +_Lice_: Mail your Hawk in some Woollen Cloath, put between her Head and +Hood a little Wool, and take a Pipe of _Tobacco_, put the little end in +at the Tream, blow the smoak, and the Lice that escape Killing, will +creep into the Cloth: _Probatum_. + +_Formica_: Take a little of the Gall of a _Bull_, and beating it with +_Aloes_, anoint the Beak of the Hawk, Morning and Evening. + +_Frounce_: Take the Powder of _Allume_, reduced to a Salve with strong +Wine Vinegar, and wash her mouth with it; then take the Juice of +_Lollium_ and _Raddish_, mixt with Salt, and anoint the Sore. + +_Apoplex_: Gather the Herb _Asterion_ (the Moon being in the Waine and +in the Sign _Virgo_) wash your Hawks meat with the Juice thereof when +you feed her, is Soveraign. + +_Wounds_: Take the Juice of _English Tobacco_, or _Mouse-eare_, after +you have sticht it up, with a little Lint, bathe the place is highly +approved. + +Many other Diseases there are, which others have largely treatad of, and +to whom I refer you in case of some Diseases, which may occur; and here +take leave to conclude this my discourse of Hawking: + + + + +Of Riding, + + +This Noble Art being rightly and throughly learnt, qualifies a Gentleman +for the three preceding Sports, and is for that Reason placed here, as a +necessary Attendant of them. And here we must first examine the Ends & +Design of our proposing this Art to our selves, & accordingly lay down +as briefly as may be the necessary Rules and Lessons are to be observed +and learnt, for the obtaining and prosecuting the same, and I take these +to be the usual Perfections we aime at, _To Ride well the great _Horse_, +for the Warrs or Service, and the _Horse_ for Pleasure_; of both which +as concisely as I can, in their Order. + +As a _Preface_ to this, we must begin with _Taming a young Colt_. After +you have kept your Colt at home some time, and made him so Familiar with +you, as to suffer _Combing_, _Currying_, _Handling_, and _Stroaking_ any +part, ’tis high time then to offer him the Saddle, which you must lay in +the _Manger_ first, that by its smell, he may not be afraid of it, or +the _Styrrups_ Noise. Then gently saddling him (after his dressing) take +a sweet _Watring Trench_, anointed with Honey and Salt, and place it in +his Mouth so, that it may hang directly over his _Tush_; then lead him +abroad in your hand, and Water him; and after he has stood an hour +rein’d thus, take off his Bridle and Saddle, and let him feed till +Evening; Then do as in the morning; then dress and Cloath him, having +_Cherisht_ him before, _i. e._ By the _Voice_ delivered smoothly and +gently; or by the _Hand_ by gently stroaking and clapping him on the +neck, or buttock; or lastly by the _Rod_, by rubbing it on his Withers +or Main. + +On the next day as before; and after that, put him on a strong +_Musrole_, or sharp _Cavezan_, and _Martingale_; which is the best guide +to a Horse for setting his Head in due place, forming the Rein, and +appearing Gracefull and Comely; it corrects the yerking out his Head, or +Nose, and prevents his running away with his Rider. Observe therefore to +place it right, that it be not buckled straight, but loose, and so low, +that it rest on the tender Grissle of his Nose, to make him the more +sensible of his Fault, and Correction; and so as you see you win his +Head, bring him straighter by degrees; let him but gently feel it, till +his Head be brought to its true Perfection. + +Having observed this well, lead him forth into some soft or new Plowed +Land, and to take off his wanton knavish Tricks, trot him about in your +hand a good while: Then offer to Mount; if he refuse to suffer you, Trot +him again; then putting your foot into the _Styrrop_, mount half way; if +he takes it impatient, correct him, and about again; if not cherish him, +and place your self a moment in the Saddle, dismount, cherish, and feed +him with _Grass_, or _Bread_: All things being well, remount, even in +the Saddle, keeping your Rod from his Eye; then let one lead him by the +_Chaff-Halter_, and ever and a-non make him stand, and cherish him, till +he will of his one accord go forward; then come home, alight gently, and +do a good Horsemans Duty, _To dress and feed him well_. This Course in +few dayes will bring him to Trot, by following some other Horseman, stop +him now and then gently, and forward; not forgetting seasonable +_Cherishings_ and _Corrections_, by _Voice_, _Bridle_, _Rod_, _Spurs_. + +Being thus brought to some certainty of _Reine_, and _Trotting_ +forth-right, then to the _Treading forth of the large Rings_. And here +first examine your Horses Nature, before you choose your Ground, for, if +his Nature be dull and sloathful, yet strong, then _New-plow’d-Field_ is +best; if _Active_, _Quick_, and _Fiery_, then _Sandy-ground_ is to be +preferred; in the most proper of which mark out a large Ring, of a +Hundred Paces circumference. Now then walk about it on the right seven +or eight times, then by a little straightning your right Rein, and +laying your left Leg Calf to his side, make a half Circle within the +Ring upon your right down to its Center; then by straightning a little +your left Rein, and laying your right Leg Calf to his side, make a half +Circle to your left hand, from the Center to the outmost Verge, and +these you see contrary turned make a Roman S. Now to your first large +Compass, walk him about on your left hand, as oft as before on the +right, and change to your right within your Ring; then Trot him first on +the right-hand, then on the left, as long as you judge fit, and as often +Mornings, and Evenings as the Nature of your Horse shall require. In the +same manner you may make him to _Gallop_ the same Rings, though you must +not enter it all at once, but by degrees, first a Quarter, then a +Half-quarter; and the Lightness and Cheerfulness of your Body, not the +Spur, must induce him to it. + +The next Lesson is to _Stop Fair, Comely, and without Danger_. First see +that the Ground be hard and firm, then having cherisht your Horse, bring +him to a swift Trot, about Fifty Paces, and then straightly and suddenly +draw in your Bridle hand; then ease a little your hand to make him give +backward, and in so doing, give him liberty, and cherish him; then +drawing in your Bridle hand, make him retire, and go back; if he strike, +ease your hand; if he refuse, let some by-stander put him back, that he +may learn your intention; and thus he may Learn these Two Lessons at +once. + +_To Advance before_, when he stoppeth, is thus taught: When you stop +your Horse, without easing your hand, lay close and hard to his sides +both the Calves of your Legs, and shaking your Rod cry, _Up, Up_; which +he will understand by frequent Repetition, and Practice: This is a +Gracefull, and Comely Motion, makes a Horse Agile, and Nimble, and ready +to Turn; and therefore be carefull in it: That he take up his Legs +_Even_ together, and bending to his Body; not too high, for fear of his +coming over; not sprawling, or pawing; or for his own pleasure; in these +faults correct him with Spur and Rod. + +To _Yerk out behind_ is the next Lesson, thus learnt: Presently upon +your making him stop, give him a good brisk jerk near his Flank, which +will make him soon understand you. When he does it, cherish him; and see +he does it comely, for to yerk out his hinder Legs, till his Forelegs be +above ground, is not graceful; or one Leg yerk’t further out than the +other; or one Leg out while the other is on the ground; in this case a +single Spur on the faulty side is best. But to help him in Yerking, +staying his mouth on the Bridle, striking your Rod under his belly, +or touching him on the Rump with it, are reckoned necessary. + +To _Turn readily on both hands_, thus: Bring his large Rings narrower, +& therein gently walk him, till acquainted. Then carry your Bridle-hand +steady and straight, the outmost rather straighter then the inmost Rein, +to look from, rather than to the Ring; Trot him thus about, on one side +and the other successively, as aforesaid. After some time stop, and make +him advance twice or more, and retire in an even Line; then stop and +cherish him. To it again, after the same manner, making him lap his +outmost Leg above a foot over his inner. And thus the _Terra a Terra_, +_Incavalere_ & _Chambletta_, are all taught together. Perfect your Horse +in the large Ring, and the straight Ring is easily learnt. + +Your Horse being brought thus far to perfection, with the _Musrole_ and +_Trench_, now let a gentle _Cavezan_ take their place; with a smooth +Cannon-Bit in his Mouth, & a plain watering Chain, Cheek large, and the +Kirble thick, round and big, loosely hanging on his nether Lip; and thus +mount him, and perfect your Horse with the _Bit_ in all the ’foresaid +Lessons, as you did with the _Snaffle_; which indeed is the easier to be +done of the two. + +To teach your Horse _To go aside_, as a necessary Motion for shunning a +blow from an Enemy, is thus: Draw up your Bridle-hand somewhat straight, +and if you would have him go on the Right, lay your left Rein close to +his Neck, and your left Calf likewise close to his side (as in the +_Incavalere_ before) making him lap his left Leg over his Right; then +turning your Rod backward, jerking him on the left hinder Thigh gently, +make him to bring to the right side his Hinder parts, and stand as at +first in an even direct Line: Then make him remove his Fore parts more, +that he may stand as it were Cross over the even Line, and then bring +his hinder parts after, and stand in an even Line again. And thus you +must do, if you would have him go on the Left hand, using your +Corrections & Cherishings on the right. Use it, and you may be sure of +Perfection. + +As for the _Manages_, somewhat have bin spoken of them, there being but +two (among many) useful call’d _Terra a Terra & Incavalere_ before +treated of; & for the _Carreere_, only take this: Let it not extend in +length above six-score yards, give your Horse warning before you start +him by the Bridle hand, and running full speed, stop him suddenly, firme +and close on his Buttock. + +For the _Horse of Pleasure_, these following Lessons are to be learnt. +As first to _Bound aloft_, to do which: Trot him some sixteen yards, +then stop, and make him twice advance; then straighten your Bridle-hand; +then clap briskly both your Spurs even together to him, and he will +rise, though it may at first amaze him; if he does it, cherish him, and +repeat it often every day, till perfect. + +Next to _Corvet_ and _Capriole_ are Motions of the same nature, and in +short are thus taught. Hollow the ground between two joyning Walls a +Horses Length, by the side of which put a strong smooth Post of the same +length from the Wall, and fasten at the Wall an Iron Ring over against +the Post: Thus done, ride into the hollow place, and fasten one of the +_Cavezan-Reins_ to the Post, and the other to the Ring; then cherish +him, and by the help of the Calves of your Legs, make him advance two or +three times; then pause, and Cherish him; make him advance again a dozen +times more, and then rest; double your Advancings, and repeat them till +it becomes habitual to him, to keep his _Ground_ certain, advance of an +_equall height_ before and behind, and observe a _due Time_ with the +motions of your Leggs. The Inequality of his advancing his hinder Legs, +is helpt by a Jerk on the Fillets by some body behind him with a Rod. + +The laborious Motion of _going sideways_, being fitter for the +War-Horse, than the Horse for Pleasure, usefull for the avoiding a Blow +may come from an Enemy, I omit here, refering you to that. + +Thus much for those material Lessons which the Rider ought to teach his +Horse for _War_ or _Pleasure_, and therefore I shall conclude this Head, +with this _Caveat_, _That in whatever Lesson your Horse is most +imperfect, begin and end with_; and remember, that _Exercise_ makes +things as it were natural; when _Desuetude_ is the forerunner of +Forgetfulness, and _Ignorance_ the Consequent of Both. + + + +OF + +Cock-fighting + + +I shall not enlarge on the praises of this Recreation, its _Nobleness_, +_Delight_, and _Simplicity_, devoyd of Cheat or Deceit, but what is most +material to our purpose succinctly declare. And herein let us first +observe the _Choice_ of a _Cock_ of the Game, directed by these four +Characters following: That he be + +1. Of a strong _Shape_, proud and upright, and for this the +_Middle-sized_, neither too small or too large, is best, because most +matchable, strong and nimble. His _Head_ small like a _Spar-Hawks_; his +_Eye_ large and quick; _Back_ strong, crook’t at the setting on, and +coloured as the Plume of his Feathers; The _Beam of his Leg_ very +strong, and colour’d as his Plume; _Spurs_ long, rough, and sharp, +hooking inward. + +2. Of a good _Colour_, and herein the Gray, Yellow, or Red Pyle, with a +black Breast, are to be preferred; the Pyde rarely good, and the White +and Dun never. A Scarlet Head is a demonstration of Courage, but a Pale +and wan of Faintness. + +3. Of _Courage_ true, which you shall observe by his proud, stately, +upright Standing and Walking, and his frequent Crowing in his Pen. + +4. Of a _Sharp and ready Heel_, which is (in the Opinion of the best +_Cock-Masters_,) of high Estimation; a _Sharp-heel’d Cock, tho somewhat +false, is better_ (as dispatching his business soonest) _than a true +Cock with a dull Heel_. Enfine choose your _Cock_ endued with all these +Qualifications together above mentioned. + +For _Breeding_ good Cocks for the Game, or Battel, the best season is +from the Moon’s Encrease in _February_, to her Encrease in _March_. The +_March_ Bird is best. And now first get a _perfect Cock, to a perfect +Hen_, as the best Breeding, and see the Hen be of an excellent +Complexion (_i. e._) rightly plumed, as black, brown, speckt, grey, +grissel, or yellowish; tufted on her Crowne, large bodied, well poked, +and having Weapons, are Demonstrations of Excellency and Courage. +Observe further her Comportment, if friendly to her Chickens, and +revengeful of Injuries from other Hens. _Fortes creantur a Fortibus._ + +Having placed her _Nest_, private from other Fowles disturbance, and +warme, observe your Hen in sitting, if she be busie in turning her Eggs; +if remiss, to help her. Set by her Sand, Gravel, Water and necessary +food, to prevent her Straggling. + +After one and twenty dayes observe her _Hatching_, to take the newly +hatcht Chickens, and wrap them in Wool and keep them warm by the fire +till all be disclosed; then put them all under her, and let her keep +them warm, and let none of them straggle abroad till they are three +Weeks, or a Month old; and then let them run in some Grass-plat, or +green Court, to pick Wormes, Grass and Chick-weed, to feed and scour +themselves; but let them not ramble near Puddles, or filthy Channels; +and to prevent any malady, a few Leek-blades minc’d small amongst their +Meat is good. + +When they are grown so, as that their Sexes may be distinguish’t, assoon +as the _Comb_ or _Wattles_ but appear, cut them away, and anoint the +Sore with sweet _Butter_, till whole. This early cutting them, is highly +necessary to prevent Flux of Blood, (which is dangerous in doing it +later) and Gouty thick Heads. + +When the _Cock_, and _Hen-Chickens_, (going till now promiscuously one +with another) begin to quarrel and peck each other, part them and +separate their _Walks_: And the best for a _Fighting-Cock_, are private +and undisturbed _Walks_, as, _Wind-mills_, _Water-mills_, +_Grange-houses_, _Park-lodges_, &c. and their _Feeding-place_ on soft +Ground, or Boards; and have for his Meat, _White Corn_, or _White-bread +Tosts_, steept in _Drink_, or _Urine_, is good, both to Scowre, and Cool +them. And do not debilitate and debauch his Courage and Strength, by +having too many _Hens_ to walk with; Three _Hens_ are enough for one +_Cock_. + +If before they be Six Months Old any of your _Chickens_ _Crow_ clear and +loud, and unseasonable, then to the _Pot_ or _Spit_ with them, they are +_Cowards_; the true _Cock_ is long ere he gets his Voice, and when he +has gotten it, keeps good and judicious _Time_ in Crowing. + +Next observe your _Roosting-Perch_, for this makes or marrs a _Cock_; +for forming of which, consult the best _Cock-Masters_ Feeding-Pens, and +the Perches there, and accordingly proportion your own, therefore I +shall not propose any form here; Only pray take care that the ground +underneath the Perch be soft, for if the ground be rough and hard, in +leaping down he will hurt his _Feet_, and make them Gouty and Knotty. + +For the _Dieting_, and _Ordering_ of your _Cock_ for _Battle_, observe +these Rules. Let your _Cock_ be full two years Old, then in the latter +end of _August_, take up and _Pen_ him, (it being now _Cocking-time_ +till the end of _May_) and see that he be sound, hard-feather’d, and +full summed. As to the moving _Perch_, and _Pen_, take my foregoing +Advice. + +The first four dayes after _Penning_; Feed him with the Crumb of Old +_Manchet_ cut into square bits, thrice a day, and with the Coldest, and +Sweetest Spring-water that can be had. And after you think by this time +he is throughly purged of his _Corne_, _Wormes_, _Gravel_, and other +course Feeding, take him in the Morning out of the _Pen_, and let him +_Sparr_ with another _Cock_ some time to heat and chafe their Bodies, +break Fat and Glut, and fit them for Purgation; first having covered +their Spurs with Hots of Leather, to hinder their Wounding and drawing +Blood of one another. + +After they have sufficiently _Sparred_, that they pant again, take them +up, and remove their Hots, and prepare them for a Diaphoretick or +Sweating Bout thus: Take _Butter_, and _Rosemary_ finely chopt, and +_White-Sugar-candy_, mixt together; and give them the quantity of a +_Wallnut_; which will scower, strengthen, and prolong Breath: Then +having (purposely) deep _Straw Baskets_, fill them half way with +_Straw_, put in your _Cock_, and cover him with _Straw_ to the top; lay +the lid close, and let him stove till the Evening. At Five a Clock take +him out, and lick his Head and Eyes with your Tongue, then Pen him, and +fill his _Trough_ with _Manchet_ (as above) and hot _Urine_. + +After this, let his _Diet_ be of _Bread_ thus made: Take a _Gallon_ of +_Wheat_, and _Oat-meal-flower_, and with _Ale_, half a score _Whites_ of +_Eggs_, and _Butter_, work it into a stiff _Paste_; bake it into broad +_Cakes_, and when four dayes Old, cut it into square Bits, as abovesaid. + +The second day after _Sparring_, bring your _Cock_ into a _Green Close_, +and shew him in your Arms a _Dung-hill-Cock_, then run from him, and +allure him thus to follow, suffering him now and then to strike the +_Dunghill-Cock_, and so Chase him up and down for half an Hour, till he +pants again; and thus heated, carry him home, and scower him with half a +Pound of _Fresh-Butter_, beaten with the _Leaves_ of the _Herb_ of +_Grace_, _Hysop_, and _Rosemary_, to the consistence of a _Salve_, and +give him the quantity of a _VVallnut_, then _Stove_, and _Feed_ him as +above. And thus for the first _Fortnight_, _Spar_ or _Chase_ him every +other day. + +The second _Fortnight_, twice a Week will be enough to _Chase_ or _Spar_ +your _Cock_: Observing, that you _Stove_ and _Scower_ him, +proportionable to his Heating. + +The Third and Last _Fortnight_ (for Six Weeks is long enough) _Feed_ +him as before, but do not _Spar_ him, but Chase him moderately twice, +or thrice, as before; then roll his aforesaid scowring in +_Brown-Sugar-candy_, to prevent his being Sick; rest him four dayes, +and then to the Pit. + +Now, Gentlemen, _Match_ your Cock Carefully, or what you have hitherto +done, is nothing. And here Observe the _Length_, and _Strength_ of +Cocks. The _Length_ is thus known: Gripe the Cock by the Waste, and make +him shoot out his Legs, and in this Posture compare, _And have your +Judgment about you._ The _Strength_ is known by this Maxime, _The +largest in the Garth, is the strongest Cock._ The Dimension of the +_Garth_, is thus known: Gripe the Cock about from the joynts of your +Thumb, to the points of your Great _Finger_, and you will find the +Disadvantage. _The weak long _Cock_ is the quickest easier Riser, and +the short strong one, the surest Striker._ + +Thus being well Matcht, accoutre him for the Pit. Clip his _Main_ off +close to his Neck, from his head to his shoulders. Clip his _Tail_ close +to his _Rump_, the Redder it appears the better. His _Wings_ sloping, +with sharp Points [ware Eye Adversary:] Scrape smooth, and sharpen his +_Spurs_; leave no feathers on his Crown; then moisten his head with +Spittle; and now favour us Fortune. + + +The Battle done search, and suck your Cocks wounds, and wash them well +with hot _Urine_, then give him a Roll of your best Scowring, and stove +him for that Night. If he be swelled, the next morning, suck and bathe +his Wounds again, and pounce them with the Powder of the Herb _Robert_, +thro a fine Bag; give him an handfull of Bread in warm Urine, and stove +him, till the swelling be down. If he be hurt in his Eye, chew a little +ground _Ivy_, and Spit the Juice in it; which is good for _Films_, +_Haws_, _Warts_, &c. Or if he hath _veined_ himself in his fight, by +narrow striking, or other cross blows, when you have found the hurt, +bind the soft Down of Hare to it, will cure it. + +When you visit your wounded _Cocks_, a month or two after you have put +them to their Walks, if you find about their heads any swollen Bunches, +hard and blackish at one end, then there are unsound Cores undoubtedly +in them; therefore open them, and with your Thumb crush them out, suck +out the Corruption, and fill the holes with fresh Butter; and that will +infallibly cure them. + + +_Cures for Distempers incident to the Cock or Chick of the Game._ + +For _Lice_, being most common, I begin with; proceeding from corrupt +Meat, and want of Bathing, _&c._ Take _Pepper_ beaten to Powder, mix it +with warm Water, and wash them with it. + +For the _Roup_; a filthy swelling on the Rump, and very contagious to +the whole body, the staring and turning back of the Feathers is it +Symptome. Pull away the Feathers, open and thrust out the Core, and wash +the Sore with Water and Salt, or Brine. + +For the _Pip_; visit the mouth, and examine what hinders your _Cocks_, +_Hen_, or _Chicks_ feeding, and you’ll find a white thin Scale on the +Tip of the Tongue, which pull off with your Naile, and rubbing the +Tongue with Salt, will cure it. + +For the _Flux_; proceeding from eating too moist Meat, give them +Pease-Bran scalded, will stop it. + +For the _Stoppage of the Belly_, that they cannot mute; Anoint their +Vents, and give them either small bits of Bread or Corn, steep’d in +Urine of Man. + +For the _Eyes_, I have spoken before, and refer you to that; and for +other Infirmities, let Practise be your Directory. + + +And now I have one Word of Advice to him that is a Lover (or would be +so) of this _Royal-Sport_; and then have done: _Come not to the Pitt +without Money in your Breeches, and a Judgment of Matches_; +Done+ and ++Done+ is _Cock-Pitt_ +Law+, and if you venture beyond your Pocket, you +must look well to it, or you may loose an Eye by the Battle. + +Thus much for _Cock-Fighting_. + + + + +Of Fowling. + + +This is a Recreation so full of _Variety_; that it would take up a great +many _Words_ and _Time_ to discover it; but varying indeed from this +Design, I shall not dilate on its several parts, but as succinctly as +may be, give you some methodical _Instructions_, as may make a man +capable of the _Active_ as well as _Passive_ part of this Pleasure, and +without the one he cannot have the other. + +Now then the _Ingenious Fowler_, like a Politick and sagacious Warrior, +must first furnish and store himself with those several Stratagems and +Engines, as suit with the diversities of _Occasion_ (_i. e. Time_,) +_Place_, and _Game_; or else he cannot expect the _Conquest_. + +And first of _Nets_, which must be made of the best pack-thread, and for +taking _Great Fowl_, the Meshes must be large, two Inches at least from +point to point, the larger the better; (provided the Fowle creep not +through;) two Fathom _deep_, and six in _Length_, is the best and most +manageable Proportion; Verged with strong Cord on each side, and +extended with long Poles at each end made on purpose. But for small +_Water-Fowle_; Let your Nets be of the smallest and strongest +Pack-thread, the Meshes so big, as for the great Fowle, about two or +three foot deep: Line these on both sides with false Nets, every Mesh a +foot and half Square. For the _Day-Net_, it must be made of fine +Pack-thread, the Mesh an inch square, three Fathom long, and one broad, +and extended on Poles according to its Length, as aforesaid. + +_Birdlime_ is the next, and thus made. Pill the _Bark of Holly_ from the +Tree at _Midsummer_, fill a Vessel, and put to it running Water; boile +it over the fire till the _Grey_ and _White Bark_ rise from the _Green_; +take it off the fire, draine the Water well away, and seperate the +Barks; and take the Green, lay it on some moist floor and close place, +and cover it with _Hemblocks_, _Docks_, _Thistles_, and all manner of +Weeds; let it lye a fortnight, and in that time it will rot, and turn to +a filthy slimy Substance: Then put it into a Morter, beat it till you +perceive not what it was; take it out and wash it soundly at some +running stream, till the Foulness is gone: Then put it in a close +Earthen pot; let it stand four or five dayes, look to its Purging, and +scum it: When clean, put it into another Earthen Pot, and keep it close +for Use. + +Your _Setting-Dog_ comes next, and sayes you must _Elect_ and _Train_ +him thus: He must be of exquisite Scent, and love naturally to hunt +Feathers. The _Land-Spaniel_ is best, being of good nimble size, and +couragious mettle, which you may know by his Breed; being of a good +Ranger, _&c._ + +Having chosen your Dog, begin to _instruct_ him at half a Year old. +First make him familiar and acquainted well with your self above others, +by feeding him your self, alwayes going abroad with you, and correcting +him with _Words_ not Blows. So that he will follow none but you, +distinguish your Frowns from smiles, rough from smooth Words. + +The first Lesson is, to make him _Crouch and lie down_ close to the +ground; and this is done by frequent laying him on the ground and crying +_Lye close_; upon his doing well reward him with Bread; and on the +contrary chastise him with Words, not Blows. + +Next, To _creep to you with his Body and Head close upon the ground_, by +saying, _Come nearer, Come nearer_, or the like Words; to understand and +do it, entice him with shewing him Bread, or the like: Thrusting down +any rising part of his Body or head, and roughly threatning him; if he +slight that, a good Jerk or two with a slash of Whip-cord will reclaim +his Obstinacy. Repeat his Lessons, and incourage his well doing. And +this you may exercise in the Fields as you walk, calling him from his +busie Ranging to his _Duty_. And then teach him to follow you close at +the heels in a Line or string, without straining. + +By this time he is a year old, now (the season fit) into the Field, and +let him _range_, [obediently.] If he wantonly babble or causelesly open, +correct him by biting soundly the Roots of his Ears, or Lashing. Assoon +as you find he approaches the Haunt of the _Partridge_, known by his +Whining, and willing, but not daring, to open, speak and bid him, _Take +heed_: If notwithstanding this he rush in and _Spring_ the _Partridge_, +or opens, and so they escape, correct him severely. Then cast him off to +another Haunt of a _Covie_, and if he mends his Error, and you take any +by drawing your Net over them swiftly, reward them with the Heads, +Necks, and Pinions. + +As for the _Water-Dog_, the Instructions above for the _Setter_ will +serve; only to fetch and bring by loosing a Glove, or the like, is every +mans common Observation, and therefore shall here for Brevities sake +omit; only keep a strict Subjection in him, and Observance to your +Commands. + +I shall say something too of the _Fowling-Piece_ and _Stalking-Horse_, +and then to your sports. The longest _Barrel is the best Fowling-Peice_, +five and half, or six foot long, with an indifferent Bore, under an +_Harquebuse_; and shooting with the Wind, and side-wayes, or behind the +Fowl, not in their faces, is to be observed; having your Dog in Command +not to stir till you have shot. + +A _Stalking-Horse_ for shelter, to avoid being seen by the shie Fowle, +is an old Jade trained on purpose; but this being rare and troublesome, +have recourse to Art, to take Canvas, stuft and painted in the shape of +a Horse grazing, and so light that you may carry him on one hand (not +too bigg:) Others do make them in the shape of _Ox_, _Cow_, for Variety; +and _Stag_, _Trees_, _&c._ + +Thus being provided with necessary Engines for prosecuting and effecting +so cunning and pleasant a work, _Let’s abroad_; and let not the +_Ale-House_, _Tavern_, or _Brothel-Houses_, debauch and benumn our +Spirits, but let us with the Fowler exhilerate our Minds, refresh our +Bodies, & for a little Pains reap a great deal of Pleasure & +Satisfaction, whet our Appetites, and get Meat too for them. + +Now then according to my proposed Method, let us first examine _Where_ +to find our Game? that is, The _Haunts of Fowle_, whether _Land_ or +_Water_ Fowle; by which two Characters I distinguish them, because of +their Variety and Multiplicity. + +The _greater Fowle_, or those who _divide the Foot_, reside by shallow +Rivers sides, Brooks and Plashes of Water; and in low and boggy places, +and sedgie, Marish, rotten Grounds. They also delight in the dry parts +of drowned Fens, overgrown with long Reeds, Rushes and Sedges; as +likewise in half-drowned Moors, hollow Vales of Downs, Heaths, _&c._ +Where obscurely they may lurk under the Shelter of Hedges, Hills, +Bushes, _&c._ + +The _Lesser_, or Web-footed, _Fowle_, allwayes haunt drowned Fens, as +likewise the main streams of Rivers not subject to Freeze, the deeper +and broader, the better; (tho of these the _Wild-Goose_ and _Barnacle_, +if they cannot sound the depth, and reach the Ouze, change their +Residence for shallow places, and delight in Green-Winter-Corn, +especially if the Lands ends have Water about them:) _Small Fowle_ also +frequent hugely little Brooks, Ponds, drowned Meadows, Pastures, Moors, +Plashes, Meres, Loughs, and Lakes, stored with unfrequented Islands, +Shrubs, _&c._ + + +_How to take all manner of Fowl or Birds._ + +For taking the first (I mean the greater _Fowle_) with _Nets_, observe +in general this: Come two hours before their feeding hours, Morning and +Evening; and spreading your Net on the Ground smooth and flat, stake the +two lower ends firm, and let the upper ends be extended on the long +Cord; of which the further end must be fastned to the ground, three +Fathom from the Net, the stake in a direct Line with the lower Verge of +the Net; the other, ten or twelve fathoms long, have in your hand at the +aforesaid distance, and get some shelter of Art or Nature, to keep you +from the curious and shie Eye of your Game; having your Net so ready +that the least pull may do your work, Strew’d over with Grass as it lies +to hide it: A live _Herne_, or some other Fowle lately taken, according +to what you seek for, will be very requisite for a _Stale_. And you will +have sport from the Dawning, till the Sun is about an hour high; but no +longer; and from Sun-set till Twilight; these being their feeding times. + +For the _small_ (Water) _Fowle_. Observe the Evening is best before +Sun-set. Stake down your Nets on each side the River half a foot within +the Water, the lower part so plumb’d as to sink no further; the upper +slantwise shoaling against, but not touching by two foot, the Water, and +the Strings which bear up this upper side fastned to small yeilding +sticks prickt in the Bank, that as the Fowle strike may ply to the Nets +to entangle them. And thus lay your Nets (as many as you please) about +twelve score one from another, as the River or Brook will afford. And +doubt not your success. To expedite it however, a _Gun_ fired three or +four times in the _Fens_ and _Plashes_, a good distance from your Nets, +will affright and post them to your Snares; and so do at the _Rivers_, +when you lay in the _Fens_. Thus much in general for _Nets_, I come next +to _Bird-Lime_. + +_Winter time_ is the most proper for taking all manner of _Small Birds_, +as flocking then promiscuously together, _Larks_, _Lennets_, +_Chaffinches_, _Goldfinches_, _Yellow-Hammers_, &c. with this +_Bird-lime_, made as afore-spoken; only additionally thus ordered. Put +to a quarter of a pound of _Bird-lime_, an Ounce of fresh _Lard_, or +_Capons-grease_, and let it gently melt together over the Fire, but not +Boyl; then take a quantity of _Wheat-ears_, as you think your use shall +require, and cut the straw about a foot long besides the Ears, and from +the Ear _Lime_ the straw Six inches; the warmer it is, the less +discernable it will be: Then to the _Field_ adjacent, carrying a bag of +Chaff, and thresh’d Ears, scatter them twenty Yards wide, and stick the +_lim’d Ears_ (declining downwards) here, and there; Then traverse the +_Fields_, disturb their _Haunts_, they will repair to your Snare, and +pecking at the Ears, finding they stick to them, mount; and the _Lim’d_ +straws, lapping under their Wings, dead their flight, they cannot be +disengaged, but fall and be taken they must. Do not go near them, till +they rise of their own accord, and let not five or six entangled lead +you to spoyl your Game, and incur the loss of five or six dozen. +_Barn-doors_, _Thatcht-Houses_, and such like places, are excellent too +for the use of these _Lime-straws_. _A Clap- Net_, and _Lanthorn_, in a +dark night rub’d at the Eaves of Houses, is a common practice. + +_Lime-Twigs_, is another Expedient for taking of Great _Fowle_, being +Rods that are long, small, straight, and pliable, the upper part (apt to +play to and fro) being besmeared with _Bird-lime_ warm. Thus to be used, +Observe the Haunts of the _Fowle_, have a _Stale_, (a living Fowle of +the same kind you would take) and cross pricking your Rods, one into, +and another against the Wind sloping, a foot distant one from the other, +pin down your _Stale_, some distance from them, tying some small string +to him, to pull and make him flutter to allure the _Fowle_ down. If any +be caught, do not run presently upon them, their fluttering will +encrease your Game. A well taught _Spaniel_ is not amiss to retake those +that are entangled, and yet flutter away. Thus likewise for the _Water_, +consult the Rivers depth, and let your Rods be proportionable; what is +_Limed_ of them being above the Water, and a _Mallard_, &c. as a _Stale_ +placed here and there, as aforesaid. You need not wait on them, but +three times a day visit them, and see your _Game_; if you miss any Rods +(therefore know their Number) some Fowle entangled is got away with it, +into some Hole, _&c._ and here your _Spaniel_ will be serviceable to +find him. + +For _Small-Birds_, a _Lime-bush_ is best; thus, Cut down a great Bough +of a _Birch_, or _Willow-Tree_, trim it clean, and _Lime_ it handsomely, +within four fingers of the bottom: Place this _Bush_ so ordered, in some +quick-set, or dead _Hedge_, in _Spring_ time: In _Harvest_, or _Summer_, +in _Groves_, _Bushes_, _Hedges_, _Fruit-Trees_, _Flax_, and +_Hemp-Lands_: In _Winter_, about _Houses_, _Hovells_, _Barns_, _Stacks_, +&c. A _Bird-Call_ is here also necessary, or your own industrious skill +in the Notes of several Birds. _Lime-twigs_ are likewise used, stuck on +_Hemp-cocks_, which take vast Numbers of _Lennets_, and _Green-Birds_, +that love that _Diet_. An _Owle_ placed near your _Lime-twigs_, is +likewise an Excellent _Stale_, for being persecuted by all other +_Birds_, they flock about him, and dye with Hatred; I mean, being taken +by you, in their eager, and malicious Persecution of poor _Tom_. Some +have Natural, others Artificial _Owles_, and with either fear not +Success. And thus you may do, in any particular _Game_, with your +_Twigs_, and _Stale_ of the same kind, as, _Snipes_, _Felfares_, +_Pigeons_, &c. + +And here I must not forget the _Farmers_ Advantage, to destroy his +_Corn_-destroyers, _Rooks_, but give him this Advice: Take some thick +_Brown-paper_, divide a sheet into Eight parts, and make them into the +fashion of _Sugar-Loaves_; _Lime_ them a little in the inside, and put +some _Corn_ in them (if in _Ploughing_ time, _Wormes_, and _Maggots_) +lay _Three_ or _Four Score_ up and down the Land, under (if you can) +some Clod, early, before feeding time: Be at some distance, and behold +the ensuing Sport. Your _Pigeons_, _Rooks_, _Crows_, &c. comeing to pick +out the _Corn_ or _Worms_, the _Pyramidal-snare_ hangs on their heads, +they fly straight upright, almost out of sight, and as if some _Gun_ in +the Ayr had met with them, down they come tumbling (being spent) and +become your Prey. + +Thus much in general of taking all manner of _Fowle_, by _Net_, or +_Lime_, I come next to know their best Seasons, when to use them, and +the first (the _Net_) is from the beginning of _May_, to the latter end +of _October_; and the last (the _Lime_) in the _Winter_ only, beginning +from _November_, and ending at _May_, in which times, there being no +Leaves, your _Lime-Bushes_, and _Branches_ of _Trees_ are of one and the +same Hue. + +And because Gentlemen who have _Fish-ponds_, wonder they loose so many +_Fish_, and are apt to Censure sometimes undeservedly their Neighbours, +when it is the insatiable _Hern_, that is the true cause: I shall next +lay down the best and most approved way of taking the great +_Fish-devouring Herne_, whose _Haunt_ having found, observe this Method +to take him. Get three or four small _Roaches_, or _Dace_, take a strong +_Hook_, (not too rank) with Wyre to it, and draw the Wyre just within +the skin, from the side of the _Gills_, to the _Taile_ of the said +_Fish_, and he will live four or five dayes, (if dead, the _Herne_ will +not touch it.) Then having a strong Line, of a dark-_Green-Silk_, +twisted with Wyre, about three yards long, tye a round stone of a pound +to it, and lay three or four such hooks, but not too deep in the Water, +out of the _Herne’s_ wading; and two or three Nights will answer your +Expectation. + +And here I thought to conclude this Discourse of _Fowling_, but the +young _Tyro_ or _Beginner_ in the Acquest of this Noble Art, pulls me +back again, and whispers this Question in my Ear, How to take +_Pheasants_, _Partridges_, &c. in particular, by either of the +forementioned wayes, as, _Nets_, _Lime_, _Engine_, _Driving_, or +_Setting_; because of all _Fowl_ for _Game_, these two are esteemed as +the most Gentile, and Profitable? I shall answer his Curiosity, and for +his Instruction, propose these ensuing Rules, though what I have said in +general of Great _Fowl_ might suffice. + + +_The severall wayes of taking _Pheasants_._ + +For to take _Pheasants_ with _Nets_, first find their _Haunts_, or +_Coverts_, which are generally in thick, young, well-grown _Copses_, +solitary and untraced by Men or Cattle, and not in Old High _Woods_; and +never in open _Fields_. Which having assured knowledge of, the next +thing is to find out the _Eye_, or _Brood_ of _Pheasants_, wich +according to the best Experience is thus. You must learn and understand +the several Notes of a Natural _Pheasant-Call_, and how usefully to +apply them. In the Morning just before, or at _Sun-rising_, call them to +feed, and so at _Sun-setting_: In the _Forenoon_, and _Afternoon_, your +Note must be to Cluck them together to _Brood_, or to chide them for +straggling, or to notify some danger at hand. + +Thus skilled in their _Notes_, and by the Darkness, Solitaryness, and +strong undergrowth of the place assured of their _Haunts_, closely lodge +your self, and softly at first call; lest being near you, a loud _Note_ +affright them; and no Reply made, raise your _Note_ gradually, to the +highest; and if there be a _Pheasant_ in hearing, he will answer you, +in as loud a _Note_. Be sure it be Tunable. As soon as you are answered, +creep nearer to it; if far off, and a single _Fowl_, as you call, and +approach, so will the _Pheasant_. Having gotten sight of her, on the +_Ground_, or _Perch_, cease calling, and with all silence possible, +spread your _Net_ conveniently, between the _Pheasant_, and you, one end +of the _Net_ fastned to the _Ground_, and the other end, hold by a long +Line in your hand, by which you may pull it together, if strained; then +call again, and as you see the _Pheasant_ come under your _Net_, rise +and shew your self, and affrighting her, she will mount, and so is +taken. Thus if on the contrary you have divers _Answers_, from several +_Corners_ of the _Coppice_, and you keep your place and not stir, they +will come to your Call, and then having a pair of _Nets_, spread one on +each side, and do as before. Your _Nets_ must be made of _Green_ or +_Black_ double-twin’d _Thread_, the _Mesh_ about an inch square, between +_Knot_, and _Knot_, the whole _Net_ about three _Fathom_ long, and Seven +_Foot_ broad, verged with strong small Cord on each side and ends, to +lye hollow and compass-wise. + +The next way of taking _Pheasant-Powts_, is by _Driving_ thus. Having +found the _Haunt_ of an _Eye of Pheasants_, known by the _Barrenness_ of +the place, _Mutings_ and loose Feathers, then in the little Pads and +Wayes, like Sheep-tracks, they have made, place your Nets (taking the +wind with you) a-cross these Paths, hollow, loose and circularly, the +nether part fixt to the ground, and the upper side hollow, _&c._ as +aforesaid: Then to their _Haunt_, and there _call_ them together, +if scattered; then with a _Driver_, an Instrument like that of +_Cloath-dressers_, rake gently the Bushes and Boughs about you, the +_Powts_ will run, and stop and listen; then give a nother rake, and so +you will drive them like sheep into your Nets: Observe in this +_Secrecy_, _Time_ and _Leisure_, or you spoyl your sport; _Secrecy_ in +concealing your self from being seen by them; and _Time_ and _Leisure_, +by not being too hasty. + +Lastly for taking _Pheasants_ with the _Lime-Bush_, or Rods, order +these, as I have before prescribed; your Rods about twelve Inches long, +and your Bush containing not above eight Twigs, with a pretty long +Handle, sharpned to stick in the Ground, or Bushes, Shrubs, _&c._ and +let it be planted as near the _Pheasants pearching Branch_, as may be. +Place your Rods on the Ground, near the Bush; which will help the Bush; +for when some are taken below by the Rods, they will scare up the others +to get on the Bushes to seek what’s become of their Fellows, and there +become your Prey themselves. Thus provided, keep close not to be +discovered; out with your Call, and use it _Skilfully_ and well, and you +need not fear Game. Number the Rods you planted, and if any be missing, +some _Pheasant_ is crept away with it, and here let your Spaniel be +employed to serve you in finding out the last sanctuary of the poor +_Pheasant_, thus shunning his inevitable Captivity and Death. + + +_For taking Partridge._ + +As in all the foregoing Sports, the _Place_ where to find them is our +first Enquiry, so here (as you did of the _Pheasant_) you must first +find the _Partridges Haunt_. Which is mostly in standing-Corn-Fields, +where they breed; as likewise in Stubble after the Corn is cut, +especially Wheat-stubble till it is trodden, and then they repair to +Barley-Stubble, if fresh; and the Furrows amongst the Clots, Brambles +and long Grass, are sometimes their lurking places, for Twenty and +upward in a Covy. In the _Winter_ in up-land Meadows, in the dead Grass +or Fog under Hedges, among Mole-Hills; or under the Roots of Trees, +_&c._ Various and uncertain are their _Haunts_. And tho some by the +_Eye_, by distinguishing their Colour from the ground, others by the +_Ear_, by hearing the Cock call earnestly the Hen, and the Hens +answering, and chattering with Joy at meeting, do find _Partridge_; yet +the best, easiest and safest way of finding them is (as you do the +_Pheasant_) by the Call or Pipe; applying your Notes seasonable, as +before prescribed, and they will come near to you, and you may count +their Numbers, and to your sport. + +Surround your Covy, prepare your Nets, and pricking a stick fast in the +ground, tye the one end to it, and let your Nets fall as you walk +briskly round without stopping, and cover the _Partridge_; then rush in +upon them to frighten them, and as they rise they are taken. + +For taking them with _Bird-Lime_, thus. Call first near the _Haunt_; if +answered, stick about your _Lime-Straws_ (of which I have spoken before) +a-cross in ranks two or three Lands, at some distance from you; then +call again, and as they approach you, they are intercepted by the +Straws; and to your Prey. This way is used most successfully in +Stubble-Fields, from _August_ to _September_: And Rods in Woods, +Pastures, _&c._ as for the _Pheasant_. + +But lastly, above all (to omit all others) the most pleasant way of +taking Partridge is with a _Setting-Dog_ (of which I have spoken before +and refer you thither) who having set them, (known by the already +mentioned signs) use your Net, as you have heard just now: And by these +Rules and Method, the _Railes_, _Quailes_, _Moorpootes_, _&c._ are to be +taken; and are for _Hawks_ flight too. And here I must make an end of +the most material part of _Fowling_. + +For as for treating of all manner of _Singing Birds_, their _Taking_, +which in general hath been before observed, their _Preserving_ and +_Keeping_, their _Natural Breeding_ and _Feeding_, is a Work of such +common Observation, and so differing from the Design of this Treatise of +_Violent_ and _Brisk Exercises_, that omitting it altogether here, shall +refer you to the Venders of them, whom you may meet with in every +Street, and furnish your self at easy rates; and are indeed but _Voces & +præterea Nihil_. + +Thus much for _Fowling_. + + + + +Of Fishing. + + +So _Ancient_, so _Innocent_, so _Vertuous_, and so _Useful_ is this +Recreation, that all the foregoing Divertisements, must needs give place +to this, and however (inadvertently) it comes in here, challenges a +Preference, and Acceptance before any Pleasure can by the heart of Man +be desired. As for its _Antiquity_ some attribute its Knowledge to +_Belus_ Son of _Nimrod_, who first invented all Vertuous Sports; others +to _Seth_ and his Sons, he having left it on brazen Pillars engraven +with indelible Characters not to be obliterated by the ensuing Flood. +_Job_ makes mention of Fishing, who Lived as may be supposed before +_Moses_; nor is it questionable, whether the illustrious Patriarchs used +not this Recreation. Certain it is, there were many _Fishermen_ before +_Christs_ Coming, whose sole Dependance was on this Innocent Art. +_Innocent_ indeed and harmless, when the Lamb of God himself +_recommended_ it (as I may say) as such, by his Divine Call of four +_Fishermen_, to be his Disciples, and by distinguishing & dignifying +them with the greatest _Intimacy_ with himself, and chiefest place in +the _Apostolical Catalogue_; and by the Inspiration of his Spirit +ennobled their Function; he made them Eminent _Fishers of men_. Nay, at +the expence of a _Miracle_, he shewed the _Lawful Use_ of Fishing, when +the mouth of _Peter’s_ Fish he commanded him to take, was the +_Tribute-Money’s Purse_. And why our Saviour made his first Election of +Fishermen, before others, this may be the undoubted Reason: Because he +knew such men were naturally of more Contemplative and Serene Minds, of +more Calme, Peaceable, and sweet Dispositions; And let me add too in the +next place, because it is the School of Vertue (as I may call it) +wherein the Primitive Christian Vertues are learnt and exercised. +_Patience_ is the immediate Vertue wherewith the _Angler_ is endued, +without which the Pleasure doth no longer exist; and attended with her +three Sisters compleat his Delight. For _Justice_ directs him to the due +Place of Sport, where he may freely exercise his Art, without Injury or +Incivility to his Neighbours: _Temperance_ prescribes a _Measure_ to the +Action, and moderates and rules the Affections. And lastly _Fortitude_ +encourages and strengthens his mind, to support the Labour and undergo +with Perseverance all Disappointments, excludes _Passion_ (incident to +other Recreations,) at the loss of a Hook, or (perhaps that he never +had) a Fish. It makes him not fear Wind nor Weather, nor is his delight +sowered at last with _Melancholy_ and Vexation; but tho the Anglers +Reward is but a little Fish, for a great deal of Pains, the Contentment +and Satisfaction is above that. Finally the _Usefulness_ of it is +apparently great; for the cherishing the Body, and cheering the Mind, +for diverting Sadness, and calming unquiet Thoughts, for moderating +Passions and procuring Contentedness, and begetting Peace and Patience +in those that profess and practise it. It has been the Recreation of +Gods Saints, and Holy Fathers; and of many Worthy and Reverend Divines, +this hath been and is now their beloved Pastime. And so I shall conclude +this _Encomium_ of Fishing; Volumes may be written in its praise (in +which I am something wanting in the other foregoing Sports, this +claiming it as its just due above the rest) but I long to tell you +_How_, _When_ and _Where_, you may taste its Delight. + + +It hath been the Method of this whole Treatise, to divide the several +distinct Heads of each Recreation into three Parts, to render the +Observations and Rules the more plain and easy, for the prosecuting the +Recreation we treat of. + +1. _What_ it is we pursue. + +2. _Where_ and _When_ to find that we would delight our selves in. + +3. _With what_ proper _Mediums_ or Measures we may obtain the desired +Effects of our endeavours therein. And in this delightful Scene of +Pastime, we now treat of, Fishing, so full of Variety and Choice, +I shall observe the same Method. + + +First then, _What_ we pursue is Fish, distinguished according to their +sundry kinds by these following _Names_. + + The _Barbel_, _Breame_, _Bleak_, _Bulhead_, or Millers-Thumb; + _Chevin_, _Char_, _Chub_, _Carp_; _Dace_, _Dare_; _Eel_; _Flounder_; + _Grayling_, _Gudgeon_, _Guiniad_; _Loach_; _Minnow_; _Pope_ or + _Pike_, _Pearch_; _Rud_, _Roach_; _Sticklebag_ or Bansticle, + _Salmon_, _Shad_, _Suant_; _Tench_, _Torcoth_, _Trout_, _Thwait_, + and _Umber_. All these Alphabetically thus named are the different + sorts of Fish, in taking which the Angler commonly exercises his + Art. We come next, _Where_ to find them. + +I. To know the _Haunts_ and Resorts of Fish, in which they are to be +usually found, is the most Material thing the Angler ought to be +instructed in, lest he vainly prepare _how to take_ them, and +preposterously seek _where to find_ that he prepared for. To prevent +which you are first to understand, That as the Season of the Year is, so +_Fish_ change their places: In _Summer_, some keep near the Top, others +the bottom of the Waters. In _Winter_, all _Fish_ in general resort to +deep Waters. But more particularly, + +The _Barbel_, _Roach_, _Dace_, and _Ruff_, covet most _Sandy, Gravelly +Ground_, the deepest part of the _River_, and the Shadows of _Trees_. + +_Breame_, _Pike_, and _Chub_, delight in a _Clay_, and _Ouzie Ground_: +The _Bream_ chooseth the middle of the _River_, in a gentle not too +rapid Stream: The _Pike_ prefereth still Waters, full of _Fry_, and +absconding himself amongst _Bull-Rushes_, _Water-docks_, or under +_Bushes_, that under these shelters he may more securely surprize and +seize his Prey: The _Chub_ too chooses the same Ground, large Rivers and +Streams, and is rarely destitute of some Tree to cover and shade him. + +_Carp_, _Tench_ and _Eel_, frequent foul muddy still Waters. The +_greatest Eels_ lurk under Stones, or Roots; the _smallest_ ones are +found in all sorts of Rivers or Soyls: The _Carp_ is for the deepest +stillest part of Pond or River, and so is the _Tench_, and both delight +in green Weeds. + +_Pearch_ delighteth in gentle Streams of a reasonable Depth, not too +shallow; close by a Hollow Bank is their common Sanctuary. + +_Gudgeon_ covets Sandy, Gravelly, Gentle Streams, and smaller Rivers; +not so much abounding in Brooks. He bites best in Spring, till they +spawn, and a little after till _Wasp_ time. + +The _Salmon_ delights in large swift Rivers, which ebb and flow; and are +there plentifully to be found: As likewise Rocky and Weedy Rivers. But +in the latter end of the Year he is to be found high up in the Country, +in swift and violent Cataracts, coming thither to spawn. + +The _Trout_ loves small swift purling Brooks or Rivers, that run upon +Stones or Gravel, and in the swiftest deepest part of them, getteth +behind some Stone-Block and there feeds. He delights in a Point of a +River where the Water comes Whirling like the Eddy, to catch what the +Stream brings down, especially if he has the Shade of a Tree: He hugely +delights to lurk under some hollow Bank or Stone; seldom among Weeds. + +_Shad_, _Thwait_, _Plaice_, _Peel_, _Mullet_, _Suant_ and _Flownder_, +covet chiefly to be in or near the Salt or Brackish Waters, which ebb +and flow: The last, _viz._ the _Flownder_, have been taken in fresh +Rivers, as coveting Sand and Gravel, deep gentle streams, near Banks, +_&c._ + +Lastly the _Umber_ affects Marly Clay Ground, clear and swift Streams, +far from the Sea; the greatest Plenty of these Fish is found in +_Derbyshire_ and _Staffordshire_. + +Thus much for the _Haunts_ of Fish; I come next to know _When_ is the +most _seasonable time_ to catch them; which before I speak to, let him +that would become a compleat Angler, take this Rule. That he observe +narrowly what Pond or River soever he fisheth in, whether it be slimy, +muddy, stoney or gravelly; whether of a swift or slow Motion; As +likewise that he know the Nature of each Fish, and what Baits are most +proper for every kind: Not to let his Knowledg be circumscribed to one +or two particular Rivers, whither he is invited to Angle and take his +Observations by the Vicinity of his House; but to let his Knowledge be +_general_, and consequently his Sport will be so too. His Ignorance +otherwise will oblige him to be a Spectator in another River, when his +Excellency is confined to that only experienced one in or near his own +Parish or House. But to proceed, + +II. To understand the best _Time when_ to Angle in, We must first +consider Affirmatively, when most _Seasonable_: Or, 2. Negatively, when +_Unseasonable_. + +1. _Seasonable_ Angling is, When the Weather is calme, serene and clear; +tho the Cool cloudy Weather in Summer is to be preferred, provided the +Wind blow not too boistrously, to hinder your easy Guiding your Tools; +In the hottest Months the cooler the better. + +2. When a Violent shower hath disturbed the Water and mudded it, then +with a _Red Worm_, Angle in the Stream at the ground. + +3. A little before Fish spawn, when they repair to Gravely Fords to rub +and loosen their full Bellies; they bite freely. + +4. From Sun-rising till eight of the Clock in the Morning, and from four +in the Afternoon till night for _Carp_ and _Tench_. In _June_ and +_July_, _Carps_ shew themselves on the very rim of the Water, then Fish +with a _Lob-Worm_, as you would with a Natural Flye. But be sure to keep +out of sight. + +5. In _March_, _April_, and _September_, and all _VVinter_, when the Air +is clear, serene and warm. And after a showre of Rain, which hath only +beaten the _Gnats_, and _Flies_ into the _River_, without muddying. The +two first mentioned Months with _May_, and part of _June_, are most +proper for the _Fly_; _Nine_ in the Morning, and _Three_ a Clock in the +Afternoon, is the best time; as likewise, when the _Gnats_ play much in +a warm Evening. + +6. In a _Cloudy_, and _VVindy_ day, after a _Moon-shine_ clear Night, +for the brightness of the Night (through fear) making them abstain from +feeding, and the Gloominess of the Day emboldening and rendering them +(through Hunger) sharp, and eager upon food, they bite then freely. + +7. _Lastly_, At the opening of _Mill-dams_ or _Sluces_, you will find +_Trouts_, &c. come forth seeking food, brought down by the Water. We +come next to demonstrate the time not proper, _i. e._ + +2. _Unseasonable_ Angling in short is, When the Earth is parched, and +scorched with Vehement _Heat_, and _Drought_; benummed and frozen with +_Cold_, _Frost_, and _Snow_; or refrigerated with Spring _Hoar-Frosts_; +or blasted with the sharp, bitter, nipping, _North_, or _East_ Winds: Or +when blustring _Boreas_ disorders your well guiding your Tackling; or +the _Sheep-Shearers Washings_ glutted the _Fish_, and anticipated your +_Bait_; when the withdrawing of your sport, foretells a Storm, and +advises you to some shelter; or Lastly, when the night proves Dark, and +Cloudy, you need not trouble your self the next day, ’tis to no purpose, +_&c._ + +Thus much shall suffice for the two first Parts I proposed to treat of, +_viz._ What we seek after in this Recreation, and Where, and When to +find it; I come next to speak of the several _Implements_, and +_Tackling_ we ought to be provided with, for the prosecuting the same; +and then to our Sport. + +III. For providing _Stocks_, the best time is the Winter _Solstice_, +when the Sap is in the Roots of Trees, and their Leaves gone. It is +improper after _January_, the Sap then ascending into the Trunk, and +expanding it self over all the Branches. See that your Stocks be +_Taper-grown_, and your Tops of the best _Ground-Hazle_, that can be +had, smooth, slender, and straight, of an Ell-long, pliant, and bending; +and yet of a strength, that a reasonable jerk cannot break it, but it +will return to its first straightness; lest otherwise you endanger your +Line. Keep them two full years, before you use them; having preserved +them from Worm-eating, or Rotting, by thrice a year rubbing and chaffing +them well with Butter (if sweet) or Linsed or Sallet-Oyl; and if Bored, +Oyl poured into the Holes, and bathed four and twenty houres in it, and +then thrown out again, will exceedingly preserve them. + +But why should I further trouble my self with prescribing any Rules for +the ordering the Angle-Rod, since every Cane-shop in _London_ will +furnish us at an easy rate, with Rods of Cane, that shall suit with the +sport we designe; the usual Objection of their _Colour_ and Stiffness +being taken away, the first by covering it with Parchment or thin +Leather, dyed as you please; and the other by the length and strength of +the Top, being as before. + +The next thing we come to prepare is the _Line_, which though easy, yet +admits of some Rule; wherefore to make it neat, handsome and strong, +twist the Hair you make it of _even_, having seen if the Hair be of an +equal bigness; then steep your Line in Water, to see if the Hairs +shrink, if so, you must twist them over again. The _Colour_ of the Hair +is best of _Sorrel_, _White_ and _Grey_; Sorrel for muddy boggy Rivers, +and the two last for clear Waters. Nor is the _Pale watry green_ +contemptible, dyed thus: Take a pint of strong _Ale_, half a pound of +_Soot_, a little of the Juice of _Walnut-Leaves_ and _Allum_; Boyle +these together in a Pipkin half an hour, take it off, and when ’tis +cold, put in your Hair. In making your Line of Hair mix not Silk; but +either all Hair, or all Silk; as likewise distinguish the Line for the +Ground Angle, and that for the Fly-Rod, the last must be stronger than +the first; in that for the Artificial Fly, making the uppermost Link +twenty Hairs long, less in the next, and so less till you come to the +Fly. Lastly at each end of your Line make a Loop (called a _Bow_) the +one _Larger_, to fasten to, and take it from the top of your Rod, and +the other _Lesser_ to hang your Hook-line on. + +Your _Hook_ comes next, and requires your Care, That it be Long in the +shank, something Round in compass, the point straight and even, and +bending in the shank. Set on your Hook with strong small Silk, laying +your Hair on the inside of the Hook. + +Your _Flote_ challenges divers wayes of making. Some using _Muscovy_ +Duck-quills for still Waters. Others the best sound Cork without flaws +or holes, bored through with a hot Iron, and a Quill of a fit proportion +put into it; then pared into a pyramidal Form, or in the fashion of a +small Peare, to what bigness you please, and ground smooth with a +Grindstone or Pumice; this is best for strong Streams. + +In fine, _To plum the Ground_, get a _Carbine_ Bullet bored through, and +in a strong twist hanged on your _Hook_ or Rod. To sharpen your _Hook_, +carry a little _Whetstone_. To carry your several Utensils without +incommoding your Tackle, have several _Partitions_ of Parchment. And in +short the Ingenious Angler will not be unprovided of his _Bob_ and +_Palmer_; his _Boxes_ of all sizes for his _Hooks_, _Corks_, _Silk_, +_Thread_, _Flies_, _Lead_, &c. His _Linnen_ and _Woollen Bait-Bags_; His +splinted _Osier light Pannier_; And lastly his _Landing Hook_, with a +Screw at the end to screw it into the socket of a Pole, & stricken into +the Fish, to draw it to Land: To which socket, a Hook to cut up the +Weeds, and another to pull out Wood, may be fastned. + +But all those Implements I have described, serve to no purpose, if we do +not observe to have the _Agents_ and Effecters of our Pastime in store, +I mean proper _Baits_ and Inticements to take your Fish. Which branch +themselves into three Kinds. + +First, The _Life-baits_, which are all kind of _Worms_, _Redworm_, +_Maggot_, _Dors_, _Froggs_, _Bobb_, _Brown-Flies_, _Grashoppers_, +_Hornets_, _Wasps_, _Bees_, _Snails_, small _Roaches_, _Bleak_, +_Gudgeon_, or _Loaches_. + +Secondly, _Artificial living Baits_, of _Flyes_ of all sorts and shapes, +made about your Hooks with Silk and Feathers, at all times seasonable, +especially in blustering Weather. + +Lastly, _Dead Baits_, Pasts of all maings, Wasps dryed or undryed, +clotted _Sheeps-blood_, _Cheese_, _Bramble-berries_, _Corn_, _Seeds_, +_Cherries_, &c. The two first good in _May_, _June_ and _July_, the two +next in _April_; and the last in the _Fall_ of the Leaf. + + +_Of Flies._ + +Of _Natural_ Flies there are innumerable, and therefore it cannot be +expected I can particularize all; but some of their Names I shall +nominate, _viz._ The _Dun-Fly_, _Red-Fly_, _May-Fly_, _Tawny-Fly_, +_Moor-Fly_, _Shell-Fly_, _Flag-Fly_, _Vine-Fly_, _Cloudy_ or +_Blackish-Fly_, _Canker-Flies_, _Bear-Flies_, _Caterpillars_, and +thousands more, differing according to the Soiles, Rivers or Plants. + +_Artificial Flies_, are made by the ingenious Angler, according to Art, +in shape, colour and proportion like the Natural Fly, of _Fur_, _Wool_, +_Silk_, _Feathers_, &c. To delineate which I must confess my self not so +accurate and skilful a Painter, nor can any Pen-drawing illustrate their +Various Colours so, as to direct their Artificial Counterfeit; Nature +will help him in this by Observation, curiously Flourishing their +several Orient and bright Colours, after which they take their names, +as before said: And therefore to furnish your self with both Natural and +Artificial _Flyes_, repair in the morning to the River, and with a Rod +beat the Bushes that hang over the Water, and take your Choice; This is +a Rule whereby you may know by their Number what _Fly_ the Fish affect +most, and accordingly to use it; taking with you these following +Directions. + +1. Observe to Angle with the Artificial _Fly_ in Rivers disturbed +somewhat by Rain, or in a Cloudy day, the Wind blowing gently: If the +Wind be not so high, but you may well guide your Tackle, in plain Deeps +is to be found the best Fish, and best Sport: If small Wind breeze, in +swift streams is best Angling: Be sure to keep your _Fly_ in perpetual +slow motion; and observe that the Weather suit the Colour of your _Fly_, +as the light Colour’d in a Clear day, the Darkish in a dark, _&c._ As +likewise according to the Waters Complexions, have your Fly suitable. + +2. Let your Line be twice as long as your Rod: Keep as far as you can +from the Waterside, the Sun on your back; In casting your Fly, let that +fall first; your Line not touching the Water. + +3. Have a nimble Eye, and active quick Hand to strike presently upon the +rising of the Fish, lest finding his mistake he spew out the Hook. + +4. In slow Rivers cast your Fly cross them, let it sink a little, draw +it back gently, without breaking or circling the Water; let the Fly +float with the Current, and you will not fail of excellent Sport. + +5. Observe to let the Wings of your _Salmon-Flys_ to be one behind +another, whether two or four, and they and the Tail long, and of the +finest gaudiest Colours you can choose. + +_Lastly_, In clear Rivers a small _Fly_ with slender Wings is best, and +in muddied Rivers a Fly of a more than Ordinary large Body. + + +Thus much for Flies, I come next to that I called _Dead-Baits_, and +shall begin with the several Wayes of making Pastes. + + +_Of Pastes._ + +1. Beat in a Mortar the Leg of a young _Coney_ (Vulgarly called the +_Almond_) or of a Whelp or Catling, and a quantity of Virgins Wax and +_Sheeps_ suet, till they are incorporated, and temper them with +clarified _Honey_ into Paste. + +2. _Sheeps_ Blood, _Cheese_, fine _Manchet_ and clarified _Honey_ +tempered as before. + +3. _Sheeps_-Kidney-Suet, _Cheese_, fine Flower, with clarified _Honey_ +tempered. + +4. _Cherries_, _Sheeps_ Blood, _Saffron_ and fine _Manchet_ made into a +Paste. + +5. Beat into a Paste; the fattest Old _Cheese_, the strongest _Rennet_ +can be got, fine _Wheat-flower_ and _Annis-seed_ Water: If for a _Chub_ +you make the Paste, put a little rafty _Bacon_. + +Lastly, _Mutton_-Kidney Suet, and _Turmerick_ reduced to a fine Powder, +the fattest old _Cheese_ and strongest _Rennet_, wrought to a Paste, +adding _Turmerick_, till the Paste be of a curious Yellow; and is +excellent and approved for _Chevin_. + +All which Pastes when you use them, that you may have the desired +Effects of your Pains infallibly follow, anoint your Bait with this +Confection: Take the Oyl of _Aspray_, _Coculus India_, and _Assa Fœtida_ +beaten, and mix with it as much Life-_Honey_; then dissolve them in the +Oyle of _Polypody_, and keep it in a close Glass for your use. And that +your Paste may not wash off your Hook, beat Cotten-Wool or Flax into it. + + +_Of keeping Baits._ + +For the keeping and preserving all quick Baits, you must keep them +separately as they are several, not altogether; and feed them with that +they most delight in; as for instance, in short: + +The _Red-Worm_, must be kept in a bag of Red Cloth, with a handful of +chopt _Fennel_, mixt with half so much fresh, black and fertile Mould, +will scoure and preserve them: All other Worms, with the Leaves of Trees +they are bred on, renewing them often in a day. Only the _Cad-bait_, +_Bob_ and _Canker_, &c. must be kept in the same things you find them. + +The great _White Maggots_, keep them in Sheeps-Tallow, or little bits of +a beasts Liver; and to scoure them, hang them warm in a bag of +Blanketing with Sand. + +The _Frogs and Grasshoppers_, in wet Moss and long Grass, frequently +moistned; and when used, the Legs of the first, and the Wings of the +other must be cut close off. + +The _Flies_ use them as you take them. Only the _Wasps_, _Hornets_ and +_Humble-Bee_, must be dryed in an Oven, their heads dipt in Sheeps +blood, and dryed again, may be kept in a Box for use. + +Thus much shall suffice for the Anglers Tools and Baits, I shall now +lead him to his Sport, having first Clad himself with all inward and +outward Ornaments. + +_Inward_, In having his Mind cloathed with these Qualifications, _viz._ + +1. _Learning_, throughly to understand his Art, and skilfully argue and +dispute its Excellency, _&c._ + +2. _Faith_, to enjoy the Benefit of his Expectation. + +3. _Love_, to his Pleasure, not thinking it irksom and tedious, to his +Neighbour, in not offending him. + +4. _Patience_, In not excruciating himself for Accidents of Losses, +_&c._ + +5. _Humility_, in wetting himself, lying down, kneeling, _&c._ as +Occasion requires. + +6. _Liberality_, in dispencing to others the Fruits of his Labour. + +_Outward_, In cloathing his body with plain and comely Apparel, of sad +dark Colours, as sad grayes, tawny, purple, hair or Musk Colour. Warm +and well lined, to prevent the Evils which the Coldness of the Air, +or Moistness of the Water may produce. + +And now thus equipt let us walk to the Rivers side, there give me leave +to direct you in the _Measures_ you must take and observe, for the +obtaining the End of what all our forementioned Preparations aime at; +I mean the Catching those sundry kinds of Fish I enumerated at the +begining of this Discourse; and observing that first method, I shall +Alphabetically describe, what Baits are most Proper for taking them, and +How to use them. + +To begin then with the _Barbel_. The best time for Angling for this Fish +is at the latter end of _May_, _June_, _July_, and beginning of +_August_, in his Haunts aforementioned; and the best Bait (omiting +others) is the well-scoured _Lob-Worm_ (being of a curious cleanly +Palate as well as shape) or Cheese steept an hour or two in clarified +Honey. He is a subtile Fish, extraordinary strong, and dogged to be +dealt with, and therefore be sure to have your Rod and Line strong and +long, or you may endanger to break it. + +The _Breame_ is next in order; The most seasonable time to Angle for him +is from St. _James_ tide till _Bartholomew_ tide. He spawneth in _June_ +or begining of _July_; is easily taken, as falling on his side after one +or two gentle turnes, and so drawn easily to Land. The best Bait for him +is that (most delightful to him) _Red-Worme_ (found in Commons & +_Chalky_ Grounds after Rain) at the root of a great _Dock_, wrapt up in +a round Clue. He loves also Paste, Flag-Wormes, Wasps, Green-Flies, +Butter-Flies, and a Grass-hopper, without Leggs. + +Bait your Ground the night before with gross-ground Malt, boiled and +strained, and then in the morning with the Red-Worm, bait your Hook, and +plumbing your Ground within half an Inch, Fish. + +The _Bleak_, an eager Fish, is caught with all sorts of Worms bred on +Trees or Herbs, also with _Flies_, _Cad-bait_, _Bobs_, _Paste_, +_Sheeps-Blood_, _White Snails_, _Wasps_, _Gnats_, &c. In a warm clear +day the small Flye at the rim of the Water is best; In a Cloudy day, +_Gentles_ or _Cadis_ two foot under the Water. + +The _Bull-head_ or _Millers-thumb_, being Childrens Recreation, I shall +speak little of, only being serviceable for Baits, I shall only say he +is easily taken with a small Worm, being lazie and simple, and will +swallow any thing; and the _Minnow_, _Loach_, and _Bansticle_ being of +the same diet, I place here too. + +The _Chevin_, loveth all sorts of _Worms_, _Flies_, _Cheese_, _Grain_, +and _Black Worms_, their Bellies being slit, that the White may be seen: +And very much delighteth in the _Pith_ of an _Oxes back_, the tough +outward skin being carefully taken off, without breaking the inward +tender skin. In the Morning early angle for _Chevin_, with a _Snail_; +in the heat of the day, with some other Bait; in the afternoon with the +_Fly_; the great _Moth_, with a great Head, yellow Body, and whiteish +Wings, usually found in _Gardens_, about the Evening: The larger the +_Chevin_, the sooner taken; loving his Bait large, and variety on a +Hook. + +The _Char_ is a _Lancashire Fish_, found in a _Mere_, called +_Winander-Mere_ in that _County_, the largest in _England_; and being to +be found no where else, I shall not lead my _London_ Angler thither to +teach him to take it. + +The _Chub_, called by some a _Cheven_, by others a _Villain_, is a +_Fish_ of no rare Meat; however, is good for a young Angler, and is thus +to be taken: Bait your hook with a _Grass-hopper_, find the Hole where +he lies, accompanied in a hot day, with twenty or more, floating almost +on the very superficies of the Water; choose which you think best, and +fairest, and drop your Hook some two foot before him, and he will bite +at it greedily, and cannot break hold with his _Leather Mouth_; let him +play and tire, lest you break your Line. If you cannot get a +_Grass-hopper_, then any _Worm_, or _Fly_ you will. In cold Weather, +fish for him near the Bottom, and the _Humble-Bee_ is the best Bait. +Some appropriate Baits according to the Month, but I shall Omit that; +The _Chub_ (being best and in his Prime in the Winter, and then +excellent meat Baked) a Paste made of _Cheese_, and _Turpentine_, is the +only Bait to take him. + +The _Carp_ is subtle, and full of Policy, will never bite in Cold +Weather, but in Hot you cannot be too Early, or too Late. In _March_, he +seldome refuseth the _Red-Worme_, in _June_ the _Cadice_, and the three +next _Months_ the _Grass-hopper_: Pastes that are sweet, of which I have +spoken before, are very delightfull to _Carps_: And especially; if you +Bait your ground two or three dayes before you angle, with _Pellets_ of +course Paste, _Chickens-guts_, _Garbage_, &c. _Gentles_ anointed, and a +Piece of _Scarlet_ dipt in _Honey_, put them on the Hook, is an approved +way. + +The _Dace_, _Dare_, _Rudd_, and _Roach_, being much of a kind, and +feeding, I shall put together, and are easily taken with small _Worms_, +_Bobs_, _Cadbaits_, _Flies_, _sheeps-Blood_, all sorts of _Worms_, bred +on _Trees_ or _Herbs_, _Paste_, _Wasps_, _Gnats_, _Lipberries_, &c. The +Heads of the _Wasps_, being dipt in Blood, is good for _Dace_, and +_Dare_; as is likewise the _Ant-flie_. + +The _Eel_, takes great _Red-worms_, _Beef_, _Wasps_, _Guts_ of _Fowl_, +or _Fish_, _Menow_, small _Roaches_ are good Bait for Night Hooks; the +Hooks being in the Mouth of the _Fish_. Now because this is very +delightfull to most, I shall prescribe three wayes of taking them, as +are most full of Pleasure. The first way is called, _Sniggling_, or +_Broggling_ for _Eels_, thus: Take a strong Line and Hook, baited with a +_Lob_, or _Garden-Worm_, and observing where _Eels_ lurk in the day +time, with a stick forked at the Top, gently put your Bait into the +Hole, and if there be any _Eels_ there, you will not fail of a Bite, of +as large _Eels_ as can be had, but pull not too hard lest you spoyl all. +The second is called _Bobbing_, which is thus done: Take some large well +scowred _Lobs_, and with a Needle, run some strong twisted _Silk_ +through them, from end to end, so many as are enough to wrap about a +Board near a dozen times; tye them fast with the two ends of the _Silk_ +to hang in so many Hanks; then fasten all to a strong Cord, and a +handfull above the _Worms_ fasten a _Plumb_ of three quarters of a +pound, and your Cord to a strong _Pole_, and in muddy Waters, you may +_Fish_, and find the _Eels_ tug lustily, and when you think they have +swallowed them, draw up your Line, and a-shore with them. _Lastly_, the +_Eel-Spear_ made with four Teeth, jagged on both sides, stricken into +the Mud, on the bottom of a River, and if you chance to strike where +they lye, you infallibly take. + +There is likewise an assured way of taking _Eels_, approved to excel any +other, thus done: Take some Bottles of _Hay_, mixt with green _Osiers_, +or _Willows_, Bait them with _Sheeps Guts_, or other _Beasts Garbage_, +sink them down in the middle, to the bottom of your _Pond_, or by the +_Bank-sides_, having fastned a Cord to the Bottles, that you may twitch +them up at your pleasure, and all the best _Eels_ will resort to them, +and you may take abundance. + +The _Flounder_, _Shad_, _Thwait_, _Suant_, and _Mullet_, are taken with +_Red-Worms_ of all sorts, _Wasps_, and _Gentles_. + +The _Grayling_ is next; In _Angling_ for which, you must head your Hook +upon the shank, with a very slender and narrow plate of _Lead_, that the +Bait (a large _Grass-hopper_) may the more easily come over it; and at +the point put a _Cadbait_, and keep the Bait in continual motion; not +forgetting to pull off the _Grass-hoppers_ Wings. + +The _Gudgeon_, takes the smallest _Red-Worm_, _Wasps_, _Gentles_, and +_Cadbaits_. When you _Fish_ for him, stir up the _Sand_ or _Gravel_ with +a _Pole_, which will make them gather thither, and bite more eagerly. + +The _Guiniad_, I shall remit speaking to, only mentioning it in course, +being no where found, but in a place called, _Pemble-Mere_, in which +place they abound, as the River _Dee_ does with _Salmon_. + +The _Pope_, or _Ruff_, is excellent for a young _Angler_, bites +greedily, and quantities may be taken, by Baiting the Ground with +_Earth_, and your Hook with small Red _Worms_. + +The _Pike_, loveth all sorts of Baits (unless the _Fly_) _Gudgeon_, +_Dace_, _Roaches_ and _Loaches_; and young _Frogs_ in _Summer_ time, +of which the yellowest is best. + +The _Pearch_, taketh all sorts of _Earth-worms_, especially the +_Lob-worm_, and _Brandling_, well scowred, _Bobs_, _Oak-worms_, _Dors_, +_Gentles_, _Cole-wort-worms_, _Wasps_, _Cadbaits_, and _Menow_, or a +little _Frog_, the Hook being fastned through the skin of his Leg, +towards the upper part of it. Be sure you give the _Pearch_ time enough +to pouch his Bait, before you strike. + +The _Salmon_, is taken best with _Lob-worms_, scented with the Oyl of +_Ivy-berries_, or the Oyl of _Polypody_ of the _Oak_ mixt with +_Turpentine_: Or the well-scowred _Garden-worm_, is an excellent Bait: +The _Salmon_ bites best in _May_, _June_, and _July_, at three a _Clock_ +in the Afternoon, if the Water be clear, a little Wind stirring, +especially near the _Sea_. + +The _Tench_, is a great lover of large Red _Worms_, first dipt in _Tar_. +As also all sorts of Paste, made up with strong scented _Oyls_, or +_Tar_, or a Paste made up of Brown _Bread_, and _Honey_. He will bite +too at a _Cad-worm_, _Lob-worm_, _Flag-worm_, green _Gentle_, _Cadbait_, +_Marsh-worm_, or soft boil’d _Bread-grain_. + +The _Torcoth_, being before mentioned, I only let you know, that he is +only found, in the Pool _Linperis_ in _Carnarvan-shire_; and leave you +to the _Welch-mens_ description, both of him and his _Bait_. + +The _Trout_, is fattest, and in his prime in _May_, and is caught with +all sorts of _Worms_, especially _Brandlings_, commonly found in an Old +_Dung-hill_, _Cow-dung_, _Hors-dung_, or _Tanners-bark_: Also with +_Flies_, Natural and Artificial, with young _Frogs_, _Menow_, _Marsh_, +_Dock_ or _Flag-worms_; all sorts of _Cad-bait_, _Dors_, _Bobs_, +_Palmers_, _Gentles_, _Wasps_, _Hornets_, &c. and with the +_Catterpiller_, used according to the Rule before prescribed for the +_Grayling_. + +_Lastly_, The _Umber_, endeth our _Alphabet_, and _Discourse_ of +_Fishing_ too, and gives me occasion to add no more, but that he is +taken as the _Trout_, just now mentioned; And therefore now to your +Sport: To assist your well effecting which, I have but this to add; Cast +into your Haunts where you use to _Fish_, once in four or five dayes, +soft boyled _Corn_ (or oftner for _Carp_, and _Tench_) Also _Garbage_, +_Beasts Livers_, chopt _Worms_, _Grains_ steept in _Blood_, to attract +them to the place; and to keep them together, throw in half a handfull +of _Grains_ of ground _Malt_: But in a stream, cast it above your Hook, +that floating towards you may draw the Fish thither. + +Before I conclude, I was afraid this discourse would have been +imperfect, had not something been spoken of _Fish-ponds_, their +Ordering, and Improving, that the private Gentleman may not be destitute +of some appropriated place to himself, wherein he may Recreate himself +in this excellent Pastime; great _Rivers_ belonging either to the King, +or to Lords of Mannours, whose Authorities and Jurisdictions must be +kept inviolate, and excludes our Intrusion there. + + +_Of Fish-ponds._ + +When you have a desire to dig a _Fish-pond_, coveting the several +Advantages that do thence accrue to you, you must first of all consult, +what _Grounds_ are most fit and proper to be cast into a Pond, _viz_, +Those which are _Marrishy_; or _Boggy_; or full of _Springs_, unfit for +_Grazing_, or to be put to any profitable use besides. Of these the +last, full of _springs_, will yield the best Water; that which is +_Marshy_ will feed Fish; and that which is _Boggy_ is best for a Defence +against Thieves. + +Thus being furnished with a piece of Wast Ground, I now mentioned, let +us now to work; And first draw by small Trenches all the Springs or +moist Veines into one place, and so drain the rest of the Ground; then +mark out the Head of your Pond, and make it the highest part of the +ground in the Eye, tho it be the lowest in the true Level: Cut the +Trench of your _Floodgate_ so, that when the VVater is let out, it may +have a swift Fall: On each side of which Trench drive in great Stakes of +_Oak_, _Ash_ or (which is best) _Elme_, six foot long, and six Inches +square; place these in Rowes four foot distance one from another, as +broad and wide from the _Floodgate_ as you intend the Head of your Pond +shall go: Now give us the Spade _Tom_, and fetch us the Pick-ax _Jack_, +and to digging of our Pond; Dig it as big and large a Compass as the +Ground will permit, throw your Earth amongst the said stakes, and ram it +between them, hard and firm, till you have covered the stakes: Drive in +as many new ones more besides the heads of the first stakes, and ram +more Earth above them too: Do thus with stakes above stakes till the +head-sides be of a convenient Height: Taking care, that the inside of +your Banks be smooth, even, hard and strong, that you may not fear the +wearing of the Earth off the stakes by any Current of the Water. + +Having thus digged about _eight foot deep_, that so it may carry about +_six foot_ VVater, pave all the _bottom_ and the Banks of the Pond with +large Sods of _Flot-Grass_, laying them very close together, pin them +down fast with small stakes and windings: This Grass is a great Feeder +of Fish, and grows naturally under VVater. Stake down to the bottom of +one side of the Pond divers Bavens and Brush-VVood-Faggots, into which +the Fish may cast their spawn, and preserve it: In another place lay +Sods upon Sods, the grass sides together to nourish and breed _Eels_. + +The Pond being thus made, let in the Water, and now observe to store it +thus: Put your _Carp_, _Breame_ and _Tench_ by themselves: _Pike_, +_Pearch_, _Eel_ and _Tench_ (the Fishes Physician) by themselves; & for +Food of the greater Fishes, as well as Meat for your greater Dishes, put +good store of _Roach_, _Dace_, _Loach_ and _Menow_; and Lastly to every +one _Melter_ put three _Spawners_, and in three Years the Increase will +be great; and in five Years with difficulty destroyed. + +At the end of three Years _Sue your Pond_; which you must ever continue +so to do, for that the _Roach_, &c. will increase in such abundance, +that eating up the sweetest food, will make your other Fish, as _Carps_, +&c. be lean and hunger-starved: And therefore every Year view your Pond, +and observe if any such Fry appears; and use your Discretion. + +And because the _Carp_ is a Fish of a general Acceptation, and is of a +_bon goust_ almost in every mans palate; and being by the aforesaid +little Devourers and Multiplyers, very often Deceived in your +expectation of a fat _Carp_, large and sweet; I shall insert here an +excellent VVay of making _Carps_ grow to an extraordinary Bigness in a +Pond. + + +_To make _Carps_ grow large, &c._ + +About the Month of _April_, when you perceive your Pond grow low in +VVater, rake all the sides where the VVater is fallen away with an Iron +Rake, and sow _Hay-seeds_ there, and rake it well; and at the Latter end +of Summer you shall have good store of Grass: The _Winter_ being come +the VVater will encrease and over-top all the Grass, and there being +VVater enough to carry them, the _Carps_ will resort to the seeds, and +feed briskly and grow as fat as _Hoggs_: Thus do every _Summer_, till +you sue your pond, and no River _Carp_ can surpass them. + +Thus much of _Fishing_ and _Fish-Ponds_. + + + + +Of Shooting. + + +The Use of the Bow is of so great Antiquity, and of so important a +Consequence for a _defensive_ and _offensive Armes_, that I could not +but a little consider, how needful the true knowledge of its Use was +esteemed of Old, and how _little it is accounted_ now. It is uncertain, +as well as (almost) unknown, who was the First Inventor of the Bow; but +if we examine the _Probability_ there may be of its being derived from +the Tyranical Government of _Nimrod_, that so _Mighty Hunter before the +Lord_, we may _Conjecture_ him to be the first Inventor of the Bow: For +as he is called the _First Founder_ of a _Monarchick Government_, by +reducing and subduing a disordered People under the Government of +himself; so was he likewise esteemed a _Mighty Hunter_ in another +respect, for that he _Subdued likewise the Beasts of the Field_; as is +observed of him and his Character, by sundry Commentators on him and his +Family. So that in the whole we may suppose him to be the Inventor, or +first Finder out of the Bow, as a Weapon of an infallible Execution and +mortal Efficacy on that account. Nor can I find any mention made of the +_Bow_ thro the whole Hystory of _Genesis_ from _Nimrod_ to _Esau_, they +both being characterized with those Epithets of _Mighty and Cunning +Hunters_, _Men of the Field_; who very well understood the Use of the +Bow, as well for their _Profit_ as _Pleasure_; the last of which is +particularly hinted in the commands of _Isaac_ to _Esau_, that with his +_Quiver_ and his _Bow_, he should Hunt and take that only _Seasonable_ +Dish, which might procure and entaile a _Blessing_ on him and his +Posterity. Nay, that Holy Patriarch _Jacob_ himself, in his last Will +and Testament to his Illustrious Family, bequeaths a _singular Portion_ +to his beloved _Joseph_, which the _strength of his Bow_ had intitled +him to. _Gen._ 48. 22. + +Nor are we to doubt in what Estimation it was held to the Reign of +_David_ King of _Israel_, who thought it the most _Necessary +Qualification_ of his Subjects, to be very well versed in the Use of the +_Bow_. The _Bow_ which was the Famous _Signal_ between his beloved +_Jonathan_ and himself, and made the private _Testimonial_ of the +undeserv’d Fury of his Maliciously & Enviously incensed _Father Saul_: +By reason of whose eminent Skill, in the expert use of it, he chants +forth his _Mournful Elegy_, The _Bow of _Jonathan_ returned not empty, +from the Blood of the slain_, &c. Nay further so useful (no doubt) he +thought the Knowledge of the Bow was, and of so necessary a Consequence +for a Defensive as well as Offensive Armes, that it is observable he +issued out a particular Edict or Proclamation, commanding the _general +Learning its use throughout_ Judah. And the Use of it continued and +still does in the East, as the only Weapon they are skilled in. + +Dr. _Heylin_ in his Cosmographical Description of the World, tells us, +That the _Czeremissi_, a People living in great Forrests, without +Houses, feeding on Honey & the Flesh of Wild Beasts & Clothed with their +Skins, under the Empire of the _Czar_ of _Russia_, are such excellent +Archers, and so light of Foot, that they carry their Bows continually in +their hands, and practise their Children so timely in it, that (after +such an age) till they can hit a _White_ that is set before them, they +give them nothing to eat. + +Further; it is recorded of the _Parthians_ (and indeed all the +_Persians_ too) that their greatest Fame consisted in their skilful +handling their _Bows_ and _Arrows_, & were deservedly reckon’d the best +Archers in the World, having the Art of _Shooting backwards_, and making +their _Retreat_ and _Flight_ more pernicious and terrible, than their +_Charge_ and _Onset_. So that when _Marcus Crassus_ in his expedition +against them, was told by an _Astrologer_, that having found an ill +Aspect in _Scorpio_, he presaged his Enterprize would prove +unsuccesseful, _Tush Man_ (quoth he) _I fear not Scorpio, but +Sagittarius_. + +And to descend to our own Countrymen the English, the frequent Victories +they obtained over the _French_ formerly, rendred them as famous and +able Bow-men (next the _Parthians_) as were in the World. + +But since the Ingenious _Franciscan_ Fryer (_Bertholdus Swart_) appeared +in _Germany_, his _Sulphureous_ Brain has quite (or almost) _blown_ up +the Reputation of the Bow, and all other Ancient Devices and Engines of +War, by his _Accidental Invention_ of that Fatal Instrument the _Gun_, +which he first communicated to the _Venetians_, _Anno 1330_. Who gave by +these (then so called) _Bombards_, a notable discomfiture to the +_Genoys_; and was next made use of by the Inhabitants of the _Baltick +Sea_; And at the Siege of _Callice_ _Anno 1347._ used by the _English_; +who taught it the _Mounsieur Frenchman_, and he gratified him with the +death of the Famous Leader, _Thomas Mountacute_ Earl of _Salisbury_, +shot at the Siege of _Orleance_, _Anno. 1425_. After which _Spain_ +learnt it, and the _Jews_ and _Moors_ from thence taught the _Turk_; and +from the first Invention of _large_ and _unweildy_, they were made fit +for _Walls_ and _Hands_; and in fine _is a less expensive way of +shedding blood than that of Archery is_. + +Thus you see how Ancient the Use of the _Bow_ is, and how lately its +Disuse began (I mean in relation to the Common-Wealth, as a defensive, +or offensive Weapon) and how great the Ancient Fame of our _English_ was +in the knowledge of it: However the Glory of it is somewhat still +preserved (though in a Pastime) by the Honourable City of _London_, +whose _Lord Mayor_ annually appears to see a _Prize_ performed by +_Shooting_ with a Pound _Arrow_: And therefore all I have to say more, +is, That it is deservedly placed amongst my Recreations, having +_Metamorphosed_ its Use, and become a Healthful Conserver, instead of +Destroyer of mens Bodies. And is vulgarly distinguished into two sorts, +the _Long-bow_, and the _Cross_ or _Crow-Bow_. + +I shall begin first with the _Long-bow_, whose Use is (now) thus to be +understood. That it conduces much to the Health of our Body, disperses +our stagnated Blood, extends our contracted Limbs, and renders the +Members of our Bodies plyant, and flexible; and for the better obtaining +these Effects, the following Rules are to be Observed. + +Before the _Archer_ goes to his Sport (to follow the Method of this +Treatise) he must first provide himself with necessary _Accoutrements_, +_viz_, The _Bow_ which claimes his first Care, must be the best (_as +best is best Cheap_) of _Spanish_ or _English Yew_, (the _VVithen_, or +_Elme_ being the worst:) Next his _Shaft_, which must be of _Birch_, +_Sugar-Chest_, or _Brazeel_, with _Gray_, or _White Feathers_. + +Thus equipt, to the Field, and here we are to understand three sorts of +_Marks_, _viz_, The _But_, which is a _Mark_ that is level, and requires +a strong _Arrow_ with a broad Feather: The _Prick_, a _Mark_ of some +compass, of a certain distance, requires an _Arrow_ that is strong, and +nimble, with a middle Feather: The _Rover_, is an uncertain _Mark_, and +Proportionable to the distance, suit your _Arrows_. But before you +Shoot, hold a little, and hearken to your Charge. + +_First_, The _Archer_ must have a good _Eye_, to see and discern his +_Mark_; attended with a _Knowing Judgment_, to Understand the distance +of Ground, and in what compass his _Arrow_ must Fly, and to take the +true Advantage of a Side-Wind; and a Dexterity to give his _Shaft_ a +sharp strong and sudden Loose, and without hanging on the string, to +draw his _Arrow_ close to the Head, and in an instant deliver it. + +_Secondly_, He must observe a _Decorum_ in his standing Posture, that +his Body be fair, comely, and upright; his left Foot a convenient stride +before his right, with both his Hams stiff, his left Arm holding his +_Bow_ in the midst, stretch’d out streight; and with his three +Fore-Fingers and Thumb of his right-hand, draw the string to his right +Ear, the Notch of his _Arrow_ resting between his fore and long Fingers +of his Right-Hand, and the _Steel_ of his _Arrow_ below the _Feathers_ +upon the middle _Knuckle_ of his fore-finger, on his Left-Hand, drawing +it up close, as abovesaid. + +The _Cross-Bow_ (as I said in the Introduction to this _Treatise_) is of +equal Benefit and Pleasure with the _Long-Bow_, when through an +imbecillity in the _Arm_ or _Back_, that will not be a suitable +Recreation: This _Bow_ must be made of the same Wood with the other, for +_Gafel_ carried upon a string, and the other end being placed in a Rest, +furnish your self with strong and heavy _Arrows_, suitable to your +_Bows_ strength, and all the foregoing _Marks_, may afford you an equal +Delight with the Former; but especially for Persons that have the +unhappiness of looking asquint, it is an excellent Disposer of the +sight, to a direct Line, and helps that _Watermans_ quality of _Looking +one way, and Rowing another_. Thus much shall suffice for _Shooting_. + + + + +Of Bowling, + + +This is a Recreation of an Ancient Institution, the _Lydians_ being +thought to have been the first Inventors of _Sphæromachia_, which +signifies _Bowling_, as well as _Tennis-Playing_; besides these they +instituted several other Games, as the _Dice_, _Tables_, _Cards_, &c. +Necessity, and Hunger enforcing them to that Ingenuity, as _Persius_ +well observes, _Artis Magister, Ingenijque largitor Venter_: For that +Country being Oppressed with a great Dearth and Famine, in the time of +_Atis_, one of the Progenitors of _Omphale_, they Devised these Games, +that every second day playing at them, they might beguile their Hungry +Bellies, and drive away the Tediousness of the Famine. And indeed, +according to its Original institution, of infinite use for the diverting +Melancholly, for Exercise of the Body, by runing and stirring in this +Game, for helping likewise sundry Bodily Infirmities, as the _Stone_, +_Gravel_, _Reins_, &c. For which aforesaid ends several Pious, Learned +and Sober Persons have sometimes made up the Company of a +_Bowling-Green_ (tho I must confess rarely to be seen in those common +_Bowling-Allies_ and _Bares_, which too usually are pestered with +_Damming-Rooks_, _Cunning Betters_, _Crafty Matchers_, and base +_Booty-Players_:) Herein we may see the World moralized, or +emblematically described, where most are short, over, wide or +wrong-Byassed, and few justle in to the Mistress _Fortune_: On one side +we find _Heraclitus_ and his Followers fret, vex, rail, swear and cavil +at every thing; on the other side _Democritus_, and his Company rejoice +and laugh, as if they were created for that purpose. On one side you may +see the _Mimick_ screwing and twisting his Body into several Postures, +which he perswades himself adds either to the Swiftness or Slowness of +his Bowl; On the other side the senseless _Orator_, with his perswasive +Intreaties of _Rub, O Rub a little_; Or, _Flee, Flee_, and the like, to +hasten or retard the Speed of his Bowl; when if the stupid Bowl lend a +deaf Ear to his Perswasions, then he _belyes_ his Disobedience, by +crying _Short, Short, O Short_, when tis gone ten yards over; and when +tis bowled short of the _Jack_ six yards, he cryes, _Gone a Mile, +a Mile, a Mile_, &c. But not to detain you any longer in characterizing +this excellent sport: (_Excellent_ I mean if rightly used) I shall +before I lead you into the _Green_ or _Bare_, instruct you in some +Rules, how to choose your _Bowls_. + +The first and greatest Cunning to be observed in _Bowling_, is the right +_chusing your Bowl_, which must be suitable to the Grounds you design to +run on, thus: For _close Alleys_, your best Choice is the _Flat Bowl_: +2. For _open Grounds_ of Advantage, the _Round-Byassed-Bowl_; 3. For +_Green Swarths_, that are plain and level, the Bowl that is _Round as a +Ball_. + +The next thing requires your Care is, _The chusing out your Ground_, and +preventing the Windings, Hangings, and many turning _Advantages_ of the +same, whether it be in open wide places, as _Bares_ and +_Bowling-Greens_, or in close _Bowling-Alleys_. + +Lastly, Have your _Judgment_ about you to observe and distinguish the +_Risings_, _Fallings_ and _Advantages_ of the Places where you Bowl: +Have your _Wits_ about you to avoid being rookt of your Money: And have +your Understanding about you, to know your best Time and Opportunity for +this Recreation; and finally a studious Care of your Words and Passions, +and then _Bowl_ away, and you may deserve, _Well have you Bowled +indeed_. + +But methinks I cannot conclude here, without admiring how aptly a +Bowling-Green is by the Divine _Quarles_ characterized, in the following +Verses, thus. + + _Brave pastime, _Readers_, to consume that Day, + Which without Pastime flies too swift away! + See how they Labour, as if Day and Night + Were both too short to serve their loose Delight? + See how their curved _Bodies_ wreath, and skrue + Such Antick shapes as _Proteus_ never knew: + One rapps an Oath, another deals a Curse, + He never better bowl’d, this never worse; + One rubs his itchless Elbow, shruggs and laughs, + The t’other bends his beetle-brows, and chafes; + Sometimes they whoop, sometimes the _Stygian_ Cryes, + Send their black _Santo’s_ to the blushing Skies: + Thus mingling Humours in a mad Confusion + They make bad Premisses and worse Conclusion._ + +Thus much for _Bowling_. + + + + +Of Tennis. + + +This Recreation is of the same Date for its _Antiquity_ of Invention +with _Bowling_, and for the _Violence_ of its Exercise to be preferred +before it. This sport indeed is of so universal an Acceptance, that +Majesty it self is pleased to design it its Recommendation, by tracking +its laborious steps; and _Princes_ and _Lords_ admire it too for the +most proper Recreation, to suit with _Innocence_, and _true Nobility_. +Here the body is briskly exercised more than ordinary, and inured in +_Agility_ and _Nimbleness_; this renders the Limbs flexible and +mettlesom, and adapts them for the most Vigorous Enterprize: It makes +the languid and slothful, _brisk_ and _sprightful_; and rejects +_Effeminacy_ and _Delicacy_, as contemptible and unworthy so Royal and +Noble a Recreation: And so General indeed is the Estimation this +Exercise of _Tennis_ amongst most meets with, that it is reckoned one of +the most absolute Qualifications of a well-bred Gentleman, throughly to +understand this famous Game. + +But why should we wonder at the general Love Gentlemen have for this +Recreation, since it must be acknowledged, it challengeth as deserving a +place in the Catalogue of violent Exercises, as any that goes before it +in this Treatise; indeed it may be well rankt among those great +Excellencies of Exercise which rendered the _Lacedemonians_, Famous to +all Posterity for instructing their young Gentlemen and Noblemen in: Nay +for ought I know it is a _derivative Vertue_ which descended to the true +_English_ Gentleman, from that so excellent Method of Education used +amongst the Warlike Nation the _Gothes_: Who (as _Olaus Magnus_ informes +us) amongst the greatest Severities, as _Beatings_ and _Wounds_, _Change +of Heat into sudden Cold_, _lying_ (not on _Downe_ but) upon _Boards_, +_coursely clad_, and _Feeding_ on _Ordinary_, but strong _Food_, used +themselves to the most tedious, wearisome and Violent Exercises, as +_Riding_, _Darting_, _Shooting_, &c. _Wearing heavy Armes_, _Swimming on +Horse-Back and in Armour_; And had they been acquainted with this +Exercise of _Tennis_, would not have omitted that neither: But I shall +not enlarge any further on its _Encomium_, its being the Pastime of the +most knowing and greatest men, shall stop any longer _Eulogies_ my Pen +can make on its Worth and Excellence. All I have to say is, I am +heartily sorry, there are no _Rules_ which fall within the Sphere of +_Demonstration_, to be laid down for my Readers use, for the right +prosecuting this Noble Game: Practice and Experience alone must be his +Information and Direction, and not any Writing may be communicated to +him: Only let me say this. + +_Tennis_ and _Baloon_ are Sports which are play’d almost with the same +Instruments; and therefore may be under one and the same Head: The first +is a pastime, used in close or open Courts, by striking a little _Round +Ball_ to and fro, either with the _Palmes_ of the hands (and then is +called _Pila palmaria_ in Latin) or else a _Racket_, made for the +purpose, round with Net or Cat-gut, with a Handle: The other a strong +and moving Sport in the Open Fields with a great Ball of a double +Leather filled with Wind, and so driven to and fro with the strength of +a Mans Arm, armed in a Brace of Wood: And thus much shall suffice to +speak of the _Baloon_ and _Tennis_; only let me desire you, let not this +or any other Pastime disturb your Minds; divert you from the diligent +and careful Prosecution of your own lawful Business; or invite you to +throw away your Time and Money too lavishly and idley; nor engage you in +any Passion; that so you may not offend God, dislike your _Neighbour_, +nor incomode your _Self_ and _Family_ in your Well-being and Felicity; +and then you may recreate your self without Fear, and in this Recreation +observe the ensuing Morality of + + +The Tennis-Court. + + _When as the Hand _at Tennis_ Playes, + And Men to Gaming fall, + _Love_ is the _Court_, _Hope_ is the _House_, + And _Favour_ serves the _Ball_._ + + _This _Ball_ it self is _due Desert_, + The _Line_ that measure showes + Is _Reason_, whereon _Judgment_ looks + Where Players win and lose._ + + _The _Tutties_ are _Deceitful Shifts_, + The _Stoppers_, _Jealousy_, + Which hath Sir _Argus_ hundred Eyes, + Wherewith to watch and pry._ + + _The _Fault_ whereon _Fifteen is lost_, + Is _Want of Wit and Sense_, + And he that brings the _Racket_ in + Is _Double Diligence_._ + + _But now the _Racket_ is _Free-Will_, + Which makes the _Ball_ rebound, + And noble _Beauty_ is the _Choice_, + And of each Game the _Ground_._ + + _Then _Racket_ strikes the _Ball_ away, + And there is _Over-sight_, + A _Bandy_ ho! the People cry, + And so the _Ball_ takes flight._ + + _Now at the length _Good-liking_ proves + _Content_ to be their _Gain_: + Thus in the _Tennis-Court_, _Love is + A Pleasure mixt with Pain_._ + + + + +Of Ringing. + + +Since this Recreation of _Ringing_ is become so highly esteemed, for its +excellent _Harmony of Musick_ it affords the _Ear_, for its +_Mathematical Invention_ delighting the _Mind_, and for the _Violence of +its Exercise_ bringing Health to the _Body_, causing it to transpire +plentifully, and by Sweats dissipate and expel those Fuliginous thick +_Vapours_, which _Idleness_, _Effeminacy_ and _Delicacy_ subject men to; +I say for these and sundry other Reasons, I was induced to bring this of +_Ringing_ into the Company of _Exercises_ in this Treatise, that I might +as well recreate you with some health-conducing Pleasure at _home_, as I +have carryed you _abroad_, and there endeavoured to please you in what +Pastime your Inclinations may most peculiarly select. + +Whosoever would then become an accurate Master of this excellent Art and +Pleasure, and is very desirous to be esteemed an Elaborate and Ingenious +_Ringer_, and be enrolled amongst that Honoured _Society_ of +Colledge +Youths+; I must beg Leave to instruct him before he enters the +_Bell-free_, in these ensuing short Rules, which he must strictly +observe. _viz._ + +1. That as all _Musick_ consists in these six plain _Notes_, _La Sol Fa +Mi Re Ut_; so in _Ringing_, a Peal of Bells is Tuned according to these +Principles of Musick: For as each _Bell takes its Denomination from the +Note it Sounds_, by its being flatter or deeper, as, _First_, or Treble, +_Second_, _Third_, _Fourth_, &c. as they are in number to _Ten_ or +_Twelve_ Bells, the Last being called the _Tennor_; So must they +successively strike one after another both _Fore-stroke_ and +_Back-stroke_, in a due Musical Time or Equidistance, to render their +Harmony the more pleasant, and to make the Young Practitioner the better +informed to observe the _Life of Musick_, and indeed of true Ringing, +_Time_; and therefore is called, _Round-Ringing_. + +2. As in Musick, so in Ringing there are _three Concords_, so called +from their Melodious Harmony and Agreement, which Principally are these; +_Thirds_, _viz._ 1 3, 2 4. _&c._ _Fifths_ 1 5, 2 6 _&c._ _Eights_ 1 8, +2 9, 3 10 &c. and these are the more pleasant according to the Number of +Bells they are struck on, and as they are struck, whether seperately or +mutually. From hence _Changes_ are made, which is only a Changing place +of one _Note_ with another, so variously, as Musick may be heard a +thousand wayes of Harmony; which being so obvious to common Observation, +I shall not go about to demonstrate; for that if two may be varied two +wayes, surely by the _Rule of Multiplication_, a Man may easily learn +how many times 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 12 Bells Notes may be varied, which +will run almost _ad infinitum_. + +3. For the better observing the Ringing of _Changes_ or _Rounds_, these +three things are to be noted. + +1. _The Raising true in Peal._ + +2. _Ringing at a low Compass_; And + +3. _Ceasing in true Peal_; All which three are the most essential Parts +to render a Practitioner _Excellent_. + +1. For _Raising a Peal of Bells true_, the modern & best Practice +recommends the _swiftest and quickest possible_, every one taking +Assistance to raise his Bell, as its going requires: The _lesser_ Bells +as _Treble_, _&c._ being by main strength _held down_ in their first +Sway (or pull) to get time for the striking of the rest of Larger +Compass; and so continued to be strong pulled till Frame-high, and then +may be slackned: The _Bigger_, as _Tenor_, &c. must be _pincht_ or +checkt over head, that the Notes may be heard to strike roundly and +hansomely. Observe that all the Notes strike round at one Pull: I do not +mean the First; but ’tis according to the Bigness and Weightiness of +your Bells: However in raising a Peal, do not let one _Bell_ strike +before the rest, or miss when the rest do; this is contrary to the +Strict Rules of _true Ringing_: And this is called _Round-Ringing_. Now +if you design to raise a Peal of Bells for _Changes_, you ought to raise +them to a Set-Pull, as the most proper for commanding the Notes, and he +who is not well skilled to manage his Bell at a _Set-Pull_, will be apt +to drop or overturn it, be in a Wood, and fruitlessly toil and moil +himself. Therefore in practising the Setting of a Bell, cast your Eye +about the other Bell-Ropes, during your managing your own, that you may +accustome your selfe to manage it according to the _Change_. + +2. For _Ringing at a Low Compass_, is thus observed: By keeping a due +_punctum_ or beat of Time, in the successive striking one after another +of every Bell; the _best Ringer_ being set to the _Treble_, that may +guide and direct the rest of the Notes in their due _Measure_. + +3. For _Ceasing a Peal of Bells_; Let them fall gradually from a set +_Peal_, checking them only at Sally, till the low Compass renders it +useless; and when so low, that for want of Compass, they can scarce +strike at Back-stroak; then let the _Treble_-Ringer stamp, as a Signal, +to notify, that the next time they come to strike at the Fore-stroke, +to check them down, to hinder their striking the Back-stroke; yet +Fore-stroke continued, till brought to a neat and gracefull Chime, which +may be the _Finis_ to that _Peal_. + +Thus much in short, for _Raising_, _Round-Ringing_, and _Ceasing_ a +_Peal_ of _Bells_; I come next to lead you forth into that spacious +_Field_ of Variety of _Changes_, and present you with Instructions that +may be meerly necessary, for the right Understanding the several kinds +of them. + +Now in _Ringing Changes_, two of our best Senses, are to be employed, +_viz._ The _Ear_, and the _Eye_: The _Ear_, Hearing when to make a +_Change_; and the _Eye_ directing the _Bell_ in making it: The _Bells_ +being the Object of the Former, and the _Bell-Ropes_ the Object of the +Latter. And to render both the Eye and Ear Usefull in Ringing _Changes_, +these _Five_ things are throughly to be Understood + +_First._ Endeavour to distinguish the _Notes_ of a _Peal_ of _Bells_, +one from another while Ringing. + +_Secondly_, Learn to apprehend the Places of the _Notes_. + +_Thirdly_, Understand the Precendency of _Notes_. + +_Fourthly_, How to make a _Change_ in _Ringing_. + +_Fifthly_, and _Lastly_. How to Practise the four fore-going Notions in +General. + +1. _To know the Notes of a Peal of Bells asunder_ (which is easy in +_Round-Ringing_) in _Changes_ is thus: Get the skill of Tuning them with +your _Voice_, by imitating their Notes while _Ringing_. Or if you are +acquainted, either by your self or Friend, with some _Singing-master_, +or one who has skill in _Singing_, get him to instruct you in the true +Pitch of any _Note_, and aid your distinguishing them; otherwise you may +be puzzled in this, to know which is _Treble_, which _Second_, &c. as in +532641, _&c._ + +2. To know the Places of the _Notes_, is no way better to be apprehended +than thus: The Practitioner ought to form an _Idea_ in his Head of the +Place of each _Note_, whether in a direct _Line_, or _Obliquely_; and +representing them by a _Figure_ in his mind, see (as it were) by the Eye +of his Understanding each stroke of the _Bell_, as the _Treble_, 1. +_Second_ 2. _Third_ 3. _&c._ so that as the _Ear_ is to direct him, when +to make the Change, so a right Apprehension of the _Motion_ and _Places_ +of the _Notes_, ought to be a means to guide his Ear. + +3. The Precedency of _Notes_, is of a very Obvious Demonstration; thus: +In Ringing _Changes_, the Fore and Back-stroke, successively following +one another, are properly said to _Lye behind_ one another, according to +their places of striking. Or in short, in 12345. the _Note_ that leads +either at Fore or Back-stroak, is said to _Lye before_ the rest, and the +last to be behind. As the 2 is said to lye behind the 1, so it lyeth +before the 3, as the 3 lyeth behind the 2, so it lyeth before the 4. And +so of as many as are _Rung_. + +4. The manner of making a _Change_, is very common, and needs no +particular, but general Rule; That it is made by moving one _Note_ into +anothers place, Up and Down, as Occasion requires; but all usually made +by two _Notes_ standing one next the other, as hereafter may be +Observed. + +_Lastly_, In your Ringing _Changes_, these two things (in which consists +the practick part of this Art) are to be rightly considered. _First_, +Readily to know which two _Bells_ are to make the succeeding _Change_. +And _Secondly_, to consider (if you are concern’d in it) what _Bell_ you +are to follow in making it. To understand which the more perfectly, you +must imprint in your memory, the Method of the _Changes_ prick’d in +_Figures_, and to be expert likewise in setting them down divers wayes, +and making any _Figure_ a _Hunt_ at Pleasure; and thus without pausing +or hesitating to consider the Course, you may throughly understand the +Methods; the Four preceding Observations being first perfectly +understood. + +There are two wayes of _Ringing Changes_, viz. By _Walking_ them, as the +Artists stile it; or by _Whole-pulls_, or _Half-pulls_: _Walking_ is, +when in one _Change_ the _Bells_ go round, _Four_, _Six_, or _Eight_ +times; which is a most incomparable way to improve a young Practitioner, +by giving him time to consider, which two _Bells_ do make the next +succeeding _Change_, and in making it, what _Bell_ each is to follow; +so that by this means (by his industry) he may be capable of Ringing at +_Whole-Pulls_; Which is, when the _Bells_ go round in a Change at fore +and back-stroke; and a new Change is made every time they are pulled +down at Sally: This an Ancient Practice, but is now laid aside, since we +have learnt a more advantageous way of hanging our _Bells_, that we can +manage a _Bell_ with more ease at a Set-Pull than formerly: So that +Ringing at _Half-Pulls_ is now the modern general Practice; that is, +When one Change is made at Fore-Stroke, another at Back-Stroke, _&c._ + +I have one Thing more to add in these _introductory_ Rules, and that in +short is this: He that Rings the slowest _Hunt_, ought to notify the +_extreme Changes_; which is, when the Leading _Bell_ is pulling down, +that he might make the Change next before the Extreme, he ought to say, +_Extreme_. By this means, betwixt the Warning and the Extreme there will +be one compleat Change. + + +_Of Changes_, &c. + +There are _two kinds of Changes_, viz. _Plain Changes_, and +_Cross-Peals_; which Terms do denote the _Nature_ of them; for as the +first is stiled _Plain_, so are its Methods easy; and as the second is +called _Cross_, so are its Methods cross and intricate: The First have a +general Method, in which all the Notes (except Three) have a direct +_Hunting-Course_, moving gradually under each other, plainly and +uniformly: _Plain_ are likewise termed _single Changes_, because there +is but one single Change made in the striking all the Notes round, +either at fore or back-stroke. But the Second is _various_, each Peal +differing in its Course from all others; and _in Cross-Peals as many +Changes may be made as the Notes will permit_. In short, as to +_Plain-Changes_, I shall not dilate on them here, it being so _plainly_ +understood by every one that lately have rung a _Bell_ in peal; All +therefore I shall add is this, That any two Notes that strike next +together may make a Change, which may be done either _single_ or +_double_, as you list. The _single_, by changing Two Notes; and the +_Double_, by changing Four, _i. e._ Two to make one Change, and two +another; which is however called _One double Change_, and not two +Changes; because tis made in striking the Notes of the _Bells_ once +round. For the rest, common Observation and Practice bids me stop here, +and demands a Clearing those dark Intricacies which attend +_Cross-Peals_. + + +_Of Cross-Peals._ + +_Art_, being a curious Searcher and Enquirer into the hidden and +abstruse _Arcana_’s of Difficulties, having found out that dark and +remote Corner of Obscurity, wherein the nature of these _Cross-Peals_ +lay at first invelopped, has exhibited by its _Proselytes_ the ensuing +Demonstrations of that which before lay mantled up in Doubt: And to +effect this, these _Favourites of Art_ have, like ingenious Architects, +made Order and Method the _Basis_, on which the whole Structure depends: +For in these _Cross-Peals_ we must observe the _prime Movement_, which +sets the whole Frame a going, and that is called the _Hunt_, which hath +_One constant Uniform Motion throughout the Peal_, and different from +that of the other Notes; and indeed by this the whole Course of the Peal +is Steered. This keeps a continual motion through the other Notes, +_i. e._ From Leading, to strike behind, and from thence again to Lead; +which is called one _compleat Course_. + +Some Peals upon _five Bells_ consist of _single_ Courses, wherein are +ten Changes, and twelve Courses make the Peal. Others upon Five, consist +of Double Courses, wherein are twenty Changes to every Course, and six +Courses in the Peal. + +Upon _six Bells_ there are likewise _single_ and _double_ Courses, +_viz._ Twelve Changes in every single Course, as in _Grandsire Bob_, &c. +and Twenty-four Changes in every Double Course, as in _Colledge Bobs_, +that being the first Change of every Course, wherein the _Hunt_ leaves +Leading: In short, judiciously observe the first Course of any +_Cross-Peal_, and you will soon see the general Method of the whole +Peal: All Courses in Cross-Peals agreeing in these following three +Respects. First, _In the motion of the Hunt_. Secondly, _In the motion +of the rest of the Notes_: And Thirdly, _In making the Changes_. Which +three things being well (to omit Instances of Demonstration) and +narrowly observed, will be very helpful both in pricking and ringing +Courses; the first and third for directing you in Pricking them, and the +first and second in Ringing them. + +There is one _Difficulty_ to be removed e’re I can come to prick down +those _Peals_ I design to be the Subject of the Discourse of this +_Epitome_, and that is, _How to make the first Changes at the beginning +of each Peal_; I mean to make the _Second_, _Third_, _Fourth_, &c. +_whole Hunts_; and this in short is thus directed: In any _Cross-Peal_ +the _Whole Hunt_ may move either up or down at the beginning; and the +Motion of the _Whole Hunt_, in the first Course of each of the following +Peals, will direct the first Motion of any _Cross-hunt_, and by +Consequence of making the first Changes in that Peal. Taking along with +you this Observation. + +That whensoever the first Change of any Peal happens to be _single_, it +must be made at the back-stroke, to prevent _cutting Compass_; and the +like when a double Change happens first in a Peal of _Triples and +doubles_: But when it happens, that the first Change is made at the +Back-stroke, then Consequently the Bells at the end of the Peal will +come round at a Fore-stroke Change. + +I shall omit speaking to any of the several _Peals_ on _four or five +Bells_; for that in my Opinion little _Musick_ is heard, though much +_practical Observation_ is made, from them; and therefore shall begin +with _Grandsire-Bob_, as having mentioned it but just before in my +general View I made of _Cross-Peals_. + + + _Grandsire Bob._ + +_Bob_ Changes take their Name from this, _viz._ When the _Treble_ leads +in the _Second_ and _Third_, and the _Fifth_ and _Sixth_’s places, then +they are called _Bob-Changes_. In Ringing which you are to observe these +Rules, _viz._ + +Whatsoever Bells you follow when you _Hunt up_, the same Bells in the +same order you must follow in _Hunting down_; as in the Changes here +prickt, where the _Treble_ hunting up _First_ follow _Second_, then +_Fourth_, and then _Sixth_; when it comes behind, _First_ follows +_Second_, in hunting down _Fourth_; and when hunted up follows _Sixth_ +in the same Order: The like may be observed in Ringing any other Bell, +with this Difference betwixt the Whole-hunt and the rest, _viz._ Every +time the Whole-hunt leaves the _Treble_’s place, and hunts up, it +followeth different Bells from what it did at its first hunting up. + +In the ensuing Peal here prickt are _Eighteen-score_ Changes, wanting +one. It may be Rung with any _Hunts_, and begin the Changes _Triple_ and +_Double_: You may make your Extreme at the first, second, or third +_single Bob_; or the first, second, or third time, that the half and +_quarter-hunts_ dodg behind; the _single_ must be made behind in either +of these. + + 123456 + ------ + 214365 + 241635 + 426153 + 462513 + 645231 + 654321 + 563412 + 536142 + 351624 + 315264 + 132546 + 135264 + 312546 + 321456 + 234165 + 243615 + 426351 + 462531 + 645213 + 654123 + 561432 + 516342 + 153624 + 156342 + 513624 + 531264 + 352146 + 325416 + 234561 + 243651 + 426315 + 462135 + 641253 + 614523 + 165432 + _bob._ + 156423 + 514632 + 541362 + 453126 + 435216 + 342561 + 324651 + 236415 + 263145 + 621354 + 612534 + 165243 + 162534 + 615243 + 651423 + 564132 + 546312 + 453621 + 435261 + 342516 + 324156 + 231465 + 213645 + 126354 + 123645 + 216354 + 261534 + 625143 + 652413 + 564231 + 546321 + 453612 + 435162 + 341526 + 314256 + 132465 + 134256 + 312465 + 321645 + 236154 + 263514 + 625341 + 652431 + 564213 + 546123 + 451632 + 415362 + 143526 + _bob._ + 134562 + 315426 + 351246 + 532164 + 523614 + 256341 + 265431 + 624513 + 642153 + 461235 + 416325 + 143652 + _bob._ + 134625 + 316452 + 361542 + 635124 + 653214 + 562341 + 526431 + 254613 + 245163 + 421536 + 412356 + 143265 + 142356 + ------ + 124536 + 125463 + ------ + 152643 + 156234 + ------ + 165324 + 163542 + ------ + 136452 + _bob._ + 163425 + ------ + 136245 + 132654 + ------ + 123564 + 125346 + ------ + 152436 + 154263 + ------ + 145623 + _bob._ + 154632 + ------ + 145362 + _bob._ + 154326 + ------ + 145236 + 142563 + ------ + 124653 + 126435 + ------ + 162345 + 163254 + ------ + 136524 + 135642 + ------ + 153462 + _bob._ + 135426 + ------ + 153246 + 152364 + ------ + 125634 + 126543 + ------ + 162453 + 164235 + ------ + 146325 + _bob._ + 164352 + ------ + 146532 + _bob._ + 164523 + ------ + 146253 + 142635 + ------ + 124365 + ------ + 123456 + ------ + +Thus much for the _Grandsire-Bob_; I shall next collect what _London +Peals_ I think most Harmonious, and agreeable, without troubling my self +to go to _Oxford_, or _Nottingham_, or _Redding_, to enquire after their +different Methods of _Peales_, as indeed needless; and my reason is +this: Because I think the same Rules for _Peales_ that are suitable to +our _London Genius_, may challenge likewise an Acceptance amongst other +_Cities_; provided their _Steeples_ are furnished with as many, and as +good _Bells_, and their _Belfree’s_ with as ingenious and elaborate +_Ringers_ as here in _London_. + +I shall begin then with _Peales upon Six Bells_, and herein in order, +measure out the Delights on _Peals_ from _Six_ to _Eight_ Bells, and +setting out early, present you with + + + _The Morning Exercise._ + +_Doubles_ and _Singles_. The whole _Hunt_ is the _Treble_, which +_Hunteth_ up into the _Second_, _Third_, and _Fourth_ places, lying +twice in each; and then lyeth still in the _Sixth_ place, having dodged +behind, and makes another, and then _Hunts_ down as it _Hunted_ up, and +then leads four times. Observing the manner of its Pricking, and its +Practice, may excuse any further defining it. + + 123456 + ------ + 213465 + 213456 + 231465 + 231456 + 234165 + 234156 + 243516 + 243561 + 245316 + 245361 + 254631 + 254613 + 256431 + 256413 + 265143 + 265134 + 261543 [printed as: 265143] + 261534 + 216543 + 216534 + 126543 + 126534 + 162543 + 162534 + ------ + 164352 + 164325 + _bob._ + 163452 + 163425 + ------ + 165243 + 165234 + 156243 + 156234 + ------ + 154326 + 154362 + _bob._ + 153426 + 153462 + ------ + 152643 + 152634 + 125643 + 125634 + ------ + 124365 + 124356 + 142365 + 142356 + ------ + 146532 + 146523 + _bob._ + 145632 + 145623 + ------ + 143265 + 143256 + 134265 + 134256 + ------ + 136524 + 136542 + _bob._ + 135624 + 135642 + ------ + 132465 + 132456 + 123465 + 123456 + ------ + +This will go a 120 _Changes_, and by making _Bobs_, 240, 360, 720. + + + _A Cure for _Melancholy_._ + _Doubles_ and _Singles_. + +I should think it needless to explain the method of prick’d Peales, and +give a large Definition of them, when their plain Demonstration might be +sufficient; However, as the Old _Phrase_ is, _Because ’tis usual_, +something shall be said of this too. + +The _Treble_ is the whole _Hunt_, as in the former, and leads four +times, and lyeth behind as many, and twice in every other place; the two +_Bells_ in the 3d. add 4th. places continue dodging, when the _Treble_ +moves out of the 4th. place; untill it comes down there again, and then +the two hindmost dodge, till the _Treble_ displaceth them; who maketh +every double _Change_, except when it lieth behind, and then the double +is on the four first, and on the four last when it leads. Every Single +(except when the _Treble_ lies there) is in the 5th. and 6th. places; +or if possessed by the _Treble_, then in the 3d. and 4th. places: Every +_Bell_ (except the _Treble_) lies four times in the Second place: But +enough; a word is enough to the Wise. See it here Deciphered. + + 123456 + ------ + 213465 + 213456 + 231465 + 231456 + 234165 + 234156 + 243516 + 245316 + 243561 + 245361 + 423561 + 425361 + 423516 + 425316 + 452136 + 452163 + 451236 + 451263 + 415236 + 415263 + 145236 + 145263 + 142536 + 142563 + ------ + 156423 + 156432 + _bob._ + 165423 + 165432 + ------ + 143652 + 143625 + _bob._ + 134652 + 134625 + ------ + 162345 + 162354 + 163245 + 163254 + ------ + 125634 + 125643 + 126534 + 126543 + ------ + 154263 + 154236 + 152463 + 152436 + ------ + 143526 + 143562 + _bob._ + 134526 + 134562 + ------ + 156423 + 156432 + _bob._ + 165423 + 165432 + ------ + 132654 + 132645 + 136254 + 136245 + ------ + 124365 + 124356 + 123465 + 123456 + ------ + +This will go _Six-score Changes_, but by making _bobs_, it will go 240, +360, or 720. The _bob_ is a double _Change_ at the leading of the +_Treble_, in which the _Bell_ in the 4th Place lyeth still. + + + London Nightingale, + _Doubles_ and _Singles_. + +The Whole-_Hunt_ is the _Treble_, who lyeth four times before, and as +many behind, and twice in every other place: The two hind _bells_ +continue dodging, when the _Treble_ moves down out of the _Fifth_ place, +till he comes there again, the _bell_ in the _Fourth_ place lying still +all the while: When the two hind _bells_ aforesaid leave dodging, then +the two _First bells_ take their dodging places, till dispossessed +again, by the return of the said Hind _bells_ to their dodging; and then +they Cease. + + 123456 + ------ + 213465 + 213456 + 231465 + 231456 + 234165 + 234156 + 243516 + 423516 + 243561 + 423561 + 245361 + 425361 + 245316 + 425316 + 452136 + 452163 + 451236 + 451263 + 415236 + 415263 + 145236 + 145263 + 154236 + 154263 + ------ + 126543 + 126534 + 162543 + 162534 + ------ + 153624 + 153642 + _bob._ + 156324 + 156342 + ------ + 134562 + 134526 + _bob._ + 135462 + 135426 + ------ + 142356 + 142365 + 124356 + 124365 + ------ + 136245 + 136254 + 163245 + 163254 + ------ + 125634 + 125643 + 152634 + 152643 [printed as: 152634] + ------ + 164523 + 164532 + _bob._ + 165423 + 165432 + ------ + 143652 + 143625 + _bob._ + 146352 + 146325 + ------ + 132465 + 132456 + 123465 + 123456 + ------ + +This will go 120, and by making _bobs_, 240, 360, or 720. + + + _Colledge Bobs._ + +In this _bob_, when the _Treble_ leaves the two Hind _bells_, they dodge +till it comes there again, and till the _Treble_ gives way for the +dodging again of the said two Hind _bells_, the two _First bells_ dodge, +but after Cease dodging, when the two Hind _bells_ dodge. + + 123456 + ------ + 214365 + 124356 + 213465 + 231456 + 324165 + 321456 + 234165 + 243615 + 426351 + 246315 + 423651 + 246351 + 423615 + 243651 + 426315 + 462135 + 641253 + 642135 + 461253 + 416235 + 142653 + 412635 + 146253 + 142635 + 416253 + 146235 + 412653 + 421635 + 246153 + 241635 + 426153 + 462513 + _&c._ + 165432 + _bob._ + 156423 + ------ + 143526 + _bob._ + 134562 + ------ + 152364 + 153246 + ------ + 126543 + 125634 + ------ + 164235 + 162453 + ------ + 143652 + _bob._ + 134625 + ------ + 165324 + _bob._ + 156342 + ------ + 132546 + 135264 + ------ + 124365 + 123456 + ------ + + + _Another._ + +Here, every _bell_, when it comes to lead, makes a dodge before, then +after one _Change_, it lyeth still; after it has made another dodge, +it moves up into the _4th._ place, where twice it lyeth still; and down +again; except the _Treble_ happens to dodge with it in the _4th._ place, +then it _Hunts_ up behind. When the _Treble_ moves down out of the _3d._ +place, the two _bells_ in the _3d._ and _4th._ place continue there, +till the _Treble_ comes up thither again, the two hind _bells_ dodging +in the mean time. + + 123456 + ------ + 214365 + 124356 + 213465 + 231645 + 326154 + 231654 + 326145 + 362415 + 634251 + 364215 + 632451 + 623541 + 265314 + 625341 + 263514 + 236154 + 321645 + 236145 + 321654 + 312564 + 135246 + 315264 + 132546 + 135264 + 312546 + 132564 + 315246 + 351426 + 534162 + 351462 + 534126 + _&c._ + 153624 + _bob._ + 135642 + ------ + 153462 + _bob._ + 135426 + ------ + 153246 + 152364 + ------ + 125634 + 126543 + ------ + 162453 + 164235 + ------ + 146325 + _bob._ + 164352 + ------ + 146532 + _bob._ + 164523 + ------ + 146253 + 142635 + ------ + 124365 + 123456 + ------ + +Both these _bobs_ will go _One Hundred_ and _Twenty Changes_, and by +making of _bobs_, they will go, 240, 360, or 720. And thus with little +Variation, there are other _bobs_ may be made after the same manner, and +afford as Admirable Musick, as possibly can be made on _bells_. I shall +therefore hasten to finish this dayes Work, only first present you with +this one more called, + + + The City Delight: + _Doubles_ and _Singles_. + +The whole _Hunt_ is the _Treble_, and lieth as before in the +_Nightingale_: When the _Treble_ moves out of the _3d._ place, the +_Singles_ are made in the _2d._ and _3d._ places, till the _Treble_ +repossesses his _3d_ place, and then behind, till it moves up again out +of the _3d._ place. The two Hind _bells_ dodge, when the _Treble_ moves +out of the _4th._ place, till he returns again; the _bell_ in the _4th._ +place lying still all the while. + + 123456 + ------ + 213465 + 213456 + 231465 + 231456 + 234165 + 234156 + 243156 + 234615 + 243615 + 246351 + 264351 + 246531 + 264351 + 265413 + 256413 + 265143 + 256143 + 251634 + 251643 + 215634 + 215643 + 125634 + 125643 + 152634 + 152643 + ------ + 154326 + 154362 + _bob._ + 153426 + 153462 + ------ + 156234 + 156243 + 165234 + 165243 + ------ + 164352 + 164325 + _bob._ + 163452 + 163425 + ------ + 162534 + 162543 + 126534 + 126543 + ------ + 124365 + 124356 + 142365 + 142356 + ------ + 145623 + 145632 + _bob._ + 146523 + 146532 + ------ + 143265 + 143256 + 134265 + 134256 + ------ + 135642 + 135624 + _bob._ + 136542 + 136524 + ------ + 132465 + 132456 + 123465 + 123456 + ------ + +This will go as many _Changes_ as the last mentioned, by making _bobs_. +And here I will shut up this dayes Peal, upon Six Bells with + + + The Evening Delight. + _Doubles_ and _Singles_. + +The Whole-_Hunt_ is the _Treble_, and lyes as before specified, with +this exception only: That it dodges in the _2d._ and _3d._ places, every +time it _Hunts_ up, and down. Observe when _Treble_ goes to lead, and +leaves of leading, the _bells_ in the _3d._ and _4th._ places lye still, +_&c._ Note the pricking this _Peal_. + + 123456 + ------ + 213465 + 231465 + 213645 + 231645 + 236154 + 263154 + 236514 + 263514 + 265314 + 256341 + 265431 + 256431 + 254613 + 245613 + 254163 + 245163 + 241536 + 214536 + 241356 + 214356 + 124365 + 142365 + 124635 + 142635 + ------ + 146253 + 164235 + _bob._ + 146253 + 164235 + ------ + 162453 + 126453 + _bob._ + 162435 + 126435 + ------ + 124653 + 142653 + 124563 + 142563 + ------ + 145236 + 154236 + 145326 + 154326 + ------ + 153462 + 135462 + 153642 + 135642 + ------ + 136524 + 163524 + _bob._ + 136542 + 163542 + ------ + 165324 + 156324 + _bob._ + 165342 + 156342 + ------ + 153624 + 135624 + 153264 + 135264 + ------ + 132546 + 123546 + 132456 + 123456 + ------ + +This Peal will go 120 _Changes_, and by making _bobs_, as many as above. + +Note that in all the foregoing Peals upon _Six bells_, the _bobs_ are +double _Changes_, and made alwayes at the leadings of the _Whole-Hunt_. +He that Rings the _Half-Hunt_, may best call _bob_ in all Peales. + + +I come now to the _Changes_ upon Seven _bells_, which though the seldom +Practice of them might excuse my omitting them; yet because I promised +to say somewhat of them, I shall be as good as my Word, (the Character +of an Honest man) and present you with a couple of Examples, and then +proceed to _Peales_ upon _Eight_: But this I must crave leave to +premise, That Variety of _Changes_ may be prick’d upon Seven _bells_, as +_Triples_, and _Doubles_, _Triples Doubles_, and _Single Doubles_, &c. +and the same Methods may be prick’d upon _Seven_, as may be upon _Five_, +the true difference of Proportion being observed; but to proceed. + + + _Dodging Triples._ + +_Triples_ and _Doubles_, and indeed all _Peals_ upon Six, may likewise +go upon Seven _Bells_, thus, + + 1234567 + ------- + 2143576 + 2415367 + 4251376 + 4523167 + 5432617 + 4523671 + 5432761 + 4523716 + 5432176 + 5341267 + 3514276 + 3152467 + 1325476 + 1352746 + + + Plain Triples. + + 1234567 + ------- + 2143657 + 2416375 + 4261735 + 4627153 + 6472513 + 6745231 + 7654321 + 7563412 + 5736142 + 5371624 + 3517264 + 3152746 + 1325476 + +In this all the Bells have a Hunting _Course_. + + + _Colledge Triples_, dodging before, and behind. + + 1234567 + ------- + 2143576 + 2415367 [printed as: 2415357] + 4251376 + 2453167 + 4235617 + 2436571 + 4263751 + 2467315 + 4276135 + 2471653 + 4217635 + 4126753 + 1462735 + 1467253 + 4176235 + 4712653 + 7421635 + 4726153 + 7462513 + 4765231 + +This _Peal_ thus prick’t, will go, 84 _Changes_, and the _Treble_ +leading, and the _Half Hunt_ lying next it, and a parting _Change_ +(which is a _Double_ on the four middlemost of the Six hind _Bells_) +being made, it will go 420, and by making _bobs_, 5040. + +Thus much shall suffice for _Peales_ upon Seven _Bells_, I proceed to +_Changes_ upon _Eight_. + + + _Peals of Eight Bells._ + +Without amusing our selves with what Notes are most _Musical_, to _lye +behind_, we will come to the matter of Fact; for those Methods of +_Peals_ that are prick’t on _Six_, may be the same upon _Eight_, +Observing only, that _Triples_ and _Doubles_ upon _Six_, must be +_Quadruples_, and _Triples_ upon _Eight_. _Doubles_ upon _Six_, must be +_Triples_ upon _Eight_, &c. Now then to our purpose of Demonstration; +We generally give preference to things, as they are dignified with some +eminent Title, and are ready to suppose they may have something more +than ordinary, that merits such Esteem, whereof the Title is but a Sign, +or Token; which Custome induced me to head my Discourse upon _Changes_ +on _Eight Bells_, with that which carries the most _Swelling_ Title. + + + The Imperial Bob: + _Quadruples_ and _Triples_. + +The _Treble_ hath a dodging _Course_, the two first, and two last +_Bells_ always dodge, till hindred by the _Treble_, the two next to +these, lying still one _Change_, dodge the next, till the _Treble_ +hinders them too. Those in the 5th. and 6th. places dodge (the Treble +being behind) and those in the 3d. and 4th. places likewise dodge (the +Treble being before) and so till hindered by the Treble. + + 12345678 + -------- + 21436587 + 12346578 + 21436587 + 24136578 + 42315687 + 24135678 + 42316587 + 24361578 + 42635187 + 24631578 + 42365187 + 24635817 + 42368571 + 24365817 + 42638571 + 24365871 + 42638517 + 24635871 + 42368517 + 24638157 + 42361875 + 24368157 + 42631875 + 24613857 + 42168375 + 24618357 + 42163857 + 41268357 + 14623875 + 41263857 + 14628375 + 14263857 + 41628375 + 14268357 + 41623875 + 46128357 + 64213875 + 46123857 + 64218375 + 46281357 + _&c._ + 16847253 + 16482735 + -------- + 18765432 + _bob._ + 17864523 + -------- + 16573824 + _bob._ + 15678342 + -------- + 17352648 + 17536284 + -------- + 13274586 + 13725468 + -------- + 12438765 + 12347856 + -------- + 14826357 + 14283675 + -------- + 18645273 + 18462537 + -------- + 16587432 + _bob._ + 15684732 + -------- + 18753624 + _bob._ + 17856342 + -------- + 15372846 + 15738264 + -------- + 13254768 + 13527486 + -------- + 12436587 + 12345678 + -------- + +By this method, the Peal will go 224 Changes, and by making of Bobs it +will go 448, 672, 1344. The Bob is a _Triple_ Change at the Leading of +the Treble, wherein the Bell in the _Fourth_ place lies still. + + +The next that comes to our Observation, and answers to what we first +hinted at in the beginning of this discourse of Peals upon _Eight_ Bells +I mean _Precedency in Title_, is the + + + Bob Major. + _Plain Quadruples_ and _Triples_. + +In this all the _Bells_ have a direct _Hunting Course_, until the Treble +leads, and then the six hindmost _Bells_ dodge. + + 12345678 + -------- + 21436587 + 24163857 + 42618375 + 46281735 + 64827153 + 68472513 + 86745231 + 87654321 + 78563412 + 75836142 + 57381624 + 53718264 + 35172846 + 31527486 + 13254768 + 31527486 + +By this method this will go 112. And by making _Bobs_, 224, 336, or 672. +The _Bob_ is a _Triple Change_, as in the foregoing _Imperial_ is +specified. By making two _Extreams_ it will go 1344, and with four +_Extreams_, 2688. + +All Peals upon six Bells, wherein half the Changes are _Triples_, will +go upon _Eight_ according the method before-going, thus; If it be a Peal +upon _Six_, consisting of 360, or 720 Changes, then there must be five +_Hunts_ in the Ringing of it upon _Eight_, the Treble being the first, +2 the Second, _&c._ + + + Colledge Bob Major. + _Quadruples_ and _Triples_. + +There is four wayes of Pricking these. The first hath single Dodging +behind, and is thus Peal’d. + + + The First. + + 12345678 + -------- + 21436587 + 24163578 + 42615387 + 46251378 + 64523187 + 65432817 + 56348271 + 53684721 + 35867412 + 38576142 + 83751624 + 87315642 + 78136524 + 71863542 + 17685324 + 16758342 + + + The Second. + +This hath Single Dodging before and behind, thus prickt. + + 12345678 + -------- + 21436587 + 24163578 + 42615387 + 24651378 + 42563187 + 24536817 + 42358671 + 24385761 + 42837516 + 24873156 + 42781365 + 24718356 + 42173865 + 41237856 + 14328765 + 13482756 + + + The Third. + +This hath double Dodging behind, thus Prickt. + + 12345678 + -------- + 21436587 + 24135678 + 42316587 + 43261578 + 34625187 + 36452817 + 63548271 + 65384721 + 56837412 + 58673142 + 85761324 + 87216342 + 78153624 + 71856342 + 17583624 + 15786342 + + + The Fourth. + +This hath double Dodging before and behind both thus. + + 12345678 + -------- + 21436587 + 24135678 + 42316587 + 24361578 + 42635187 + 24365817 + 42638571 + 24368751 + 42637815 + 24367185 + 42631758 + 24613785 + 42167358 + 41263785 + 14627358 + 16423785 + +These may be prick’t several other wayes, but that I Omit here for +Brevities sake; The _Dodging_ is without Intermission, except an +hinderance comes by the _Treble_; as likewise between two Bells, until +_Treble_ parts the Fray. The _Bobs_ are _Triple Changes_, as the +_Treble_ leads; in the _1st._ _2d._ and _6th._ the Bell in the _4th._ +place lies still at the _Bobs_, and in the _3d._ _4th._ and _5th._ that +in the _2d._ place lies still. + +Each of these will go 112 Changes, and by making Bobs 224, 336, or 672. + + + Colledge Triples Dodging both before and behind. + +This Peal is the same for _Bobs_, as the _Bob Major_, and will go as +many Changes by making Bobs, or otherwise, as any of the foregoing Four, +and is thus Peal’d. + + 12345678 + -------- + 21436587 + 24153678 + 42513687 + 24531678 + 42536187 + 24563817 + 42568371 + 24586731 + 42587613 + 24578163 + 42571836 + 24517863 + 42157836 + 41275863 + 14725836 + 17452863 + + + The Wild-Goose Chace + _Triples._ + +The Explanation shall follow the Peal; intending here to put an end to +my _Epitome_ of the _Art of Ringing_, and therefore shall first present +you with this Prick’t thus. + + 12345678 + -------- + 21536784 + 25163748 + 52613784 + 56231748 + 65327184 + 63572814 + 36758241 + 37625481 + 73265418 + 72356148 + 27531684 + 25713648 + 52173684 + 51237648 + 15327684 + 13572648 + 31752684 + 37125648 + 73215684 + 72351648 + +In this Change the 4th. Bell must first hunt up into the Sevenths place, +and then the 4 and 8 alwayes dodge behind throughout the Peal, unless +when obstructed by the _Treble_. The Bell that moves up into the 6th. +place, when the _Treble_ moves thence down, lies still there, till +displaced by the _Treble_; during which time the two hind Bells dodge, +and the _five first_ go a perfect _Hunting-Course_: And when likewise +the _Treble_ moveth out the 5th. place the five first Bells go a +_Hunting-Course_, till it comes down there again: By this method it will +go 80 Changes, and by _Bobs_ 160, 240, or 480. The _Bob_ is made as in +the foregoing Changes. + +And here I thought to make an end of the Art of Ringing, but _Cynthius +aurem vellit_, the young Practitioner, whose only Information is hereby +aimed at, plucks me by the Sleeve, and tells me in the Ear, That tho +Peals upon six, as _Triples_ and _Doubles_, &c. make excellent Musick +upon Eight _Bells_, 4 8, 6 8, 4 1, or 1 8 lying behind: Or, _Triples_ +and _Doubles_ upon the six middle _Bells_, the _Tennor_ lying behind; +yet for him who is not arrived to such a perfection of Skill, at to Ring +these compleat Peals, the most proper and easy for him are +_Set-Changes_, which are founded on these _Grounds_. + +First, _Placing the Bells Fifths_; thus: The 4 must hunt up behind +the 7, the 3, behind the 6, and the 2 behind the 5; Or the one may hunt +down under the other, as the 5 under the 2, the 6 under 3, and 7 +under 4: Or if you will, first let a _Single_, next a _Double_, and then +a _Triple_ Change be made on the Middle _Bells_, all coming to the same +effect; for then the Changes will lye _Fifths_ thus, 1 5, 2 6, 3 7, 4 8. +In the Peal four _Concords_ are to be regarded, The first 1 5; the +second 2 6. the third 3 7. and the fourth 4 8. + +These four _Concords_ may go the Methods of any Changes upon four +_Bells_; 1, 5 being taken for the _Treble_; 2, 6 for the _Second_; 3, 7 +for the _Third_; and 4, 8 for the _Fourth_; and the _Concords_ may +Change places with one another, as you list. In which this Observation +is highly necessary, That the two Notes of every Concord must constantly +attend each other in their Motion; that is, whenever one of the two +Notes moves, the other must follow it. + +Or Secondly, _Place the Bells_ Thirds; thus: The 6 4 and 2 must hunt up, +or else the 3 5 7 down; or otherwise on the middle most _Bells_ let a +_Triple_, _Double_ or _Single_ Change be made, they are to one effect; +and then the _Bells_ will lie _Thirds_ thus, 1 3. 5 7. 2 4. 6 8. Herein +are four _Concords_ observable; as in the former Peal, _viz_, 1 3. 5 7. +2 4. 6 8. These _Concords_ may go the Methods of any Changes upon Four +_Bells_, 1, 3 being taken for the Treble; 5, 7 for the Second; 2, 4 for +the third; and 6, 8 for the fourth; moving in the same manner as before +shewed. + +By these _Grounds_ Variety of excellent & Musical Changes are to be +Rung; _Any Concord may be made a Hunt_, and to move up and down at the +begining. + +In Ringing these _Set-Changes_, the Note will lye sometimes _Fifths_, +sometimes _Thirds_, and sometimes _both_, and then to _Clam_ them, is +admirable Musick: Clamming is, when each _Concord_ strike together; +which being done true the 8 will strike as but four _Bells_, & make a +Melodious Harmony. You may _Clam_ two or three bouts, and then strike as +many times Open, alternatively, one _Clam_ one Pull, and Open the next, +_&c._ + +Thus much shall suffice for my treating of Ringing, and had not the +Variety of its _Theme_, in which I was insensibly engaged, invited my +Tast of something of every thing: I had not enlarged so much as I have; +but I hope the pleasure it may produce, will attone for my dilating on +so delightful a Subject; All I have therefore to add is, some _Advice_ +to the _Ringer_, in the Lawfull prosecuting this _Recreation_; and that +is this. + +When God in _Israels Exodus_ out of _Egypt_, commanded _Moses_ to +Consecrate _Aaron_, and his Sons, and invest them with those +_Pontificial_ Vestments, according to the Pattern God had cut out, it is +observable, that the _Robe_ of the _Ephod_, was with a particular +Circumstance of Beauty to be Adorned, by hanging the _Hem_ of it with +_Golden Bells_, and _Pomegranates_, each placed in an orderly Position, +one by another round: This was the first institution we can read of, for +the Use _Bells_ in Sacred Offices; but the reason was this: Because in +_Aarons_ Ministration before God, when he entered into the Holy Place, +and when he came out, the Sound of the _Bells_ might be heard in the +_Temple_, for a _Memorial_ to the Children of his People. This Use of +Bells continue in the _Aaronical_ Order, to this day. From hence the +_Christian Church_ likewise (of which the Church under the _Mosaic_ +Dispensation was but a _Type_) has made Use of _Bells_, for the +notifying the Time when the People are to Assemble, and made a Signal +for convocating them together to the _Temple_; and herein differing from +the _Mahometans_, in the _Steeples_ of whose _Temples_, are never found +any _Bells_, but _Cryers_, Persons who with a loud Voyce call them to +Prayers. + +Now then let us make this Use of the Institution of _Bells_. _First_, +Let not only the _Musick_ and _Delight_ the _Bells_ give thee, invite +thee to come to the _Temple_, to be partaker of that Pleasure they may +afford thy Body, but let their _Musick_ invite thee to come thither when +they call thee, to exercise thy Soul in Devotion; to God. Do not let thy +frequent coming thither on _Week-days_ for thy Diversion, make thee +absent thy self on _Sundays_ from thy Devotion; but let their Original +Use make thee mindful of the _Sanctum Sanctorum_, the most Holy Place. +Do not let the _Sunday_ Mornings Peal engage thy presence then, and the +_Ale-House_ have thy company afterwards. Be as quick in hearing the +_Chyming_ for _Prayers_, as thou art in the _Notes_ for _Pleasure_. + + _When ere the _Old-Exchange_ of Profit Rings, + Her Silver _Saints-Bell_, of uncertain Gains, + Thy Merchant-soul can stretch both _Legs & Wings_, + How canst thou run, and take unwearied Pains?_ + +And shouldst thou not be as nimble, when the _Saints-bell_ of the Church +sounds in thy Ears, and calls thee to attend the _Priest_, who now +signifyes his entrance into the _Holy-place_, and invites thee to joyn +with him in the Sacrifice of Prayers and Praises. + +_Secondly_, Nor let the Bells be made thy Lullaby, to drown some +Dissatisfaction, and so makes thee repair to the _Belfree_, (like the +_Nurse_ to her _Whistle-Bells_) to quiet thy disturbed mind, and thus +(as the Divine Poet excellently expresses it) to silence it with + + Look, Look, What’s here! A dainty Golden thing? + See how the dancing _Bells_ turn round, and Ring + To please my _Bantling_! here’s a _Knack_ will breed, + An hundred Kisses; here’s a _Knack_ indeed, _&c._ + +But let the _Altar_ have thy presence in Communion with God, in Prayers +for his Grace, and Patience, to support any Calamity that may fall upon +thee. + +_Lastly_, Let the Bells put you in mind to contemplate on _Death_, and +every time you Ring, think how long it may be ere one of these may be +your turn to have to sound + + _The Nine sad Knolls of a Dull _Passing-Bell_, + With the loud Language of a Nightly Knell._ + +This in short, is the use the _Ringer_ ought to make of this his +Recreation, which if he makes duly and rightly, he may then Lawfully +enjoy all the Benefit he can desire from it. And here I shall make an +end of this Observation by way of Advice to the _Ringer_, which perhaps +coming amongst Recreations may look unseasonable; But I know (at least +presume) if I meet with an ingenious Reader, I shall need no Apology, +for playing the Divine, in the directing the good Use of our Pleasures, +and aiming at the furtherance of Virtue in all our Actions. + +Thus much for _Ringing_. + + + + +Of Billiards, + + +_Italy_ is asserted by universal Consent, to have been the Country +whence this Recreation took its Birth and Original; and indeed ’tis no +wonder that she who is called the _Queen_ or _Empress of the World_, the +_Mistress of the Nations_, nay _the Paradise of the World_, should yield +such Art and Ingenuity, and gentile Cunning, as her proper Product: +A Country whose Inhabitants for their _Gravity_, _Respectiveness_, and +_Ingenuity_ will ever stand Chronicled in the Books of Fame. A People +that are _obedient_ to their _Superiors_, _Courteous_ to their +Inferiors, full of all _Civility_ to their Equals, _Affable_ to +Strangers, and most desirous by all fair and friendly Offices to win +their Love. In their _Apparel_ fine and modest, in their _Furniture_ of +their Houses sumptuous, and at their _Tables_ neat, sober in _Speech_, +Enemies of all _ill Reports_ of others, and so tender of their own +_Reputation_, that whosoever Slanders any one, and it reach the Parties +Ear, the Slanderer certainly dies for it: _Thrifty_ they are generally +of their Money and Expence, and love no more Cost, than what they are +sure to Save by, or have great Thanks for; but otherwise for civil +Behaviour and Deportment, surpassing all the Gentry of the World +besides. But one thing I dare not omit in this Character of them, _viz._ +That they are extream _Jealous of their Wives_; and indeed not without +some reason, if what is spoken proverbially of their Women, be true, +That they are as _Magpies_ at the door, _Saints_ in the Church, _Goats_ +in the Garden, _Devils_ in the House, _Angels_ in the Streets, and +_Syrens_ at the Windows; if Nature does not make them appear Beautiful, +Art shall, as Paintings and other sophistical Helps; whence comes this +Proverb among them, If _God make them tall and Fat_ (a _goodly_ Woman +being a Title of great Value among them) _they will make themselves +fair_. In fine, The Gentry are very Rich, live of all Men the most +careless and contented Lives, keeping the Poor as Drudges and Slaves for +them; and as it is said of the Tyrant _Polycrates_, _Have nothing to +trouble them, but that they are troubled with nothing_. + +Thus I have given you a brief Character of the Inventors of this +Recreation we are coming to treat of, and hence we may presume, how +_fit_ such a People as this is, to give Birth to such a Recreation, so +Gentile, so Cleanly, and so Ingenious, that as their Persons and Manners +are emulously esteemed, so are their Pastimes ambitiously pursued, by +most Nations in _Europe_; and this Sport is hugely valued by all in +general, few Noblemen’s or private Gentlemen’s Families, nor few noted +Towns in _England_, but have _Billiard Tables_, and admire the +Excellency of it, both for the Exercise of the Body, and the Recreation +of the Mind. But to the Matter in hand. + +_First_ then, He that would rightly understand this excellent Pastime, +must be very careful of the _Form_ and _Make of the Table_, and the +right ordering, framing, and fitting it for the Game, which is known by +these ensuing Marks. + +1. The _Form_ of a _Billiard Table_ ought to be _Oblong_, that is to +say, somewhat longer than it is broad; Both the length and breadth being +left to your Discretion to make; proportionable to the Room you design +it for; It ought to be _railed_ round, and this Rail or Ledge a little +swelled or stufft with fine Flox or Cotton, that may yield to the Ball +when struck against it, and expedites rather than deads the Flight of +the Ball; though that happens according to the Violence of the Stroke or +Push: The _Superficies_ of the Table ought to be covered with Green fine +Cloath, clean and free from Knots: The Board must be levelled as exactly +as is possible for the Eye and Hand of the most curious Joyner to Level, +to the end your Ball may run true upon any part of the Table, without +leaning or declining to any side of it: I must confess I do believe +there are few have been so careful in this last thing, as they ought, +because they have not timely foreseen, if the Boards, whereof the Table +is made, be _well-seasoned_, and not subject to _Warp_, and that the +_Floor_ whereon it stands be even and level; so that through the +Ill-seasonedness of the one, or Unevennes of the other, as likewise in +time by the weight of the Table, and the Gamesters yielding and giving +way, there are very few found true. And indeed without a Table be +exactly true, a good Gamester can never shew the Excellency of his Skill +and Art, but a very Bungler sometimes, by being well acquainted with the +Turnings and Windings of a false Table, may beat a good Gamester with +great vexation and shame, who otherwise would have given him any odds +whatsoever. Therefore let me tell you, it will conduce as much to the +Interest of the Master of the House, where a _Billiard Table_ is kept, +to see that it be well and truly levelled and kept, as it does to the +Pleasure and satisfaction of a good Gamester, whose Skill is best seen +and exhibited on such Tables, and never comes unattended with Company +and Profit to the House, by his Recommendation he gives abroad of it. +And now let us proceed to the rest of its parts, and fit it for our +Play; and then let’s to’t as you list. + +2. The four Corners of the Table must be furnished with _four Holes_, +and exactly in the middle of each side _one Hole_, and these Holes must +be hung at the bottoms with _Nets_, Which Holes are named _Hazards_, +because if either by Skill or Chance one Gamester strikes anothers Ball +into these Holes, or Hazards, as we will now call them, he wins One; the +_Nets_ are made to receive the Ball, and keep them from falling to the +Ground when hazarded; and indeed is a very commendable way, far better +than _Wooden_ Boxes which some use, these being apt to let a Ball to fly +out again, when they are struck in by a stiff stroke, whereas the Nets +keep them safe, and makes it impossible for them to rebound. + +_3dly._ The other _Utensils_ and _Instruments_ belonging to this first +part of our Observations of the _Billiard Table_, are 1. An _Ivory +Port_, this must be placed at one end of the Table. 2. An _Ivory King_, +which must stand at the other end. 3. Two _Ivory Balls_, which must be +compleatly round, or no good proof of your Play can be expected. 4. and +Lastly, _Two Sticks_ made of _Brasile_, _Lignum-Vitæ_, or some other +weighty Wood, to make them heavy, and at the broad end tipt with Ivory: +And be sure to observe narrowly, if the _Heads_ be tight and fast, for +if they should be loose you will never strike a smart stroke; and +therefore if you fear this Defect, see if your stroke be hollow and +dead, and your Ball run faintly, these are infallible Tokens that your +Play will come to nothing without a fresh supply of other Sticks, or the +heads of these fixt. + +Thus much for the Table, and all the other Implements belonging to it, +which are necessary for our first Enquiry for the right understanding of +this Game, I come next to those _Rules_ and _Measures_ which are to be +observed for the rendring one a Gamester at this gentile Game. + +_Secondly_, This Game in its _Number_ is, according to the _Place_ and +_Time_, when and where it is play’d; for in Gentlemens Houses they do +not oblige themselves to a certain Number, but make as many as they +please to admit up without any Restriction: But in Houses where part of +their Subsistence has a Dependance upon a _Billiard Table_, the Game is +_Five_ by Day-light or _Seven_, if odds be given, and _Three_ by +Candle-light, or more, as the Rule of the House is. Now then having +agreed upon what number we play, let us learn next how to manage our +Game skillfully and with Art, and this we may understand by these +following Rules. + +1. Let us know who must lead, which thus is resolved: You must stand on +the one side of the Table opposite to the (so called) King, with your +Ball laid near the Cushion, and your Adversary on the other placed in +the like posture; and thus He of the two, that comes nearest the King, +leads first. + +_2ly._ Having gotten the Lead, have a Care how you strike your Ball, +that at the first stroke you touch not with your Ball the end of the +Table, leading from the King to the Port, for if you touch it you lose +One, as you shall observe hereafter in the Orders. But after the first +Stroke you need not fear doing it: And you Leader be sure to lead so, +that you may be in a possibility of passing the Port the next Stroke; or +else to lye so cunningly, that you may probably hazard your Adversaries +Ball the very Stroke you play after him. + +_3ly._ Generally the first Contest is who shall _pass first the Port_, +and herein much Pains is taken, and all the Art and Cunning possible +used to do it, and sometimes, nay frequently, an Opportunity of a +_Hazard_ ends the Controversy: Sundry and various, as well as very +pleasant, are the Policies and Tricks which are here used to obstruct +each others Pass, as; _By turning the Port by a strong clever stroke_ +(the Sticks turning it, it is nothing, but to set aright again is the +amends, though some would have the severity of the Orders inflicted on +such an Offence by the Loss of One:) Next by _laying your Ball_ (when +you see it impossible to pass) _in the Port_, or _before your +Adversaries Ball_, for then let him do his utmost, he must Pass after +you; if he has Past first, and you dare not venture to follow him, as +fearing he should in the mean time touch the King, and so carry away the +End; then you must wait upon him, and watch every Opportunity how you +may hazard, or king him: Kinging of him is, when his Ball lyes in so +advantageous a manner, as that if you strike his Ball, he must +inevitably strike down the King, then you win, and prevent the Loss of +that End: But with this Caution however, That you be careful how you +strike, for if you do king him, and your Ball happens to fly over the +Table, or into a Hazard, you shall lose One notwithstanding you have +King’d him; and therefore a skillful Precaution must ever be had in +this, and he that would prevent any such Chance, must + +_4ly._ Have a _curious Eye_, and a _good Judgment_, to take and quarter +just so much of the Ball, that when he intends either to King or Hazard +his Adversaries Ball, he may with Facility & Dexterity effect either. +Which Observation must be noted, in passing on your Antagonists Ball, or +corner of the Port: And indeed some are curious Effectors of this part +of the Recreation, who with less than a fifth part of a Ball, will +rarely miss a King or Hazard; which I must confess is an excellent part +of a compleat Gamester in this Sport. + +_5ly._ Be careful that you _lay not your hand on the Table_ when you +strike, nor let your Sleeve drag upon it, if you do it is a Loss; Or if +you _smoke a Pipe of Spanish or Virginia_, being so wedded to that Fume, +that were you sure to smother all the rest of the Company you are +insensible of the Indecency, be careful that the Ashes fall not on the +Table, lest the Cloth be burnt, which many times falls out: In these two +Cases, let the Mulcts and Forfeitures of both, but especially the +Hinderance the last gives a Man in the Skillful managing his Game, deter +you from the lolling slovenly Posture of the first, and the stinking +Indecency of the latter; because this Pastime being of a neat and +cleanly Composition, will not admit any such Irregularities and +Indecorums, without an absolute Violation of its Laws, and a Punishment +attending such unhandsome Offences. + +_6thly._ As this cleanly Pastime exacts our diligent Care of keeping a +_Decorum_, in the prosecuting the same, so does it require that we +handle our Instruments with a neat and tractable hand, dislikes a +Clumsey-Fist, which palms the Stick, as if he were handling a +_Plough-share_: And therefore when you strike a long stroak, hold your +stick neatly between your two fore-Fingers and your Thumb, and then +strike a smart stroak; and by taking a steady and right Aim, (in this +having your Eye and Judgment about you) you may when you list, either +fetch back your Adversaries Ball, when he lyes fair for a Pass; or many +times, when he lyes behind the _King_, and you at the other end of the +Table, you may by a dextrous management of your stroke, _King_ him +backward: Both which ways, I must confess, require a great deal of Care, +and good Play, which he that would be, or already is, a Gamester, is +never wanting in. But + +_7thly_, If you lye close, then the small end of your Stick, or the flat +of the big end, raising up one end over your shoulder, is practicable +and useful, and either of them to be used, as Occasion shall require, +and as you judge most convenient and proper for the working the Effect +you Aim at. + +_8thly_, There is one Fault, which tho its Demerits perhaps may not +reach a Forfeiture, yet I must tell you will scarce admit of an Excuse, +though this I presume is regulated according to the Agreement first +stipulated between the Gamesters, and this Fault is called _Raking_, +_i. e._ not striking your Ball cleanly, but gliding along, as it were; +But in this, if you touch your Ball twice, it is a loss; as indeed +repugnant to all _Rule_ and _Method_. + +_9thly_, There is another Caution you are to take at the Port, _viz._ +When you jobb your Ball with the great end of your stick through the +Port, beware that you throw it not down, the doing of it is a loss; and +therefore be careful to do it so handsomly, that at one stroke without +turning the Port with your stick (which as I have mentioned before is a +fault) you accomplish your Intention: But on the contrary observe + +_10thly_, It is good play to turn the Port with your _Ball_, (not with +your stick) and so hinder your Adversary from passing: Nor is it amiss, +to make your Adversary a _Fornicator_ if it lyes in your Power: I mean +to make him a _Fornicator_ is, having past your self a little way, and +your Adversaries ball being hardly through the port, you put him back +again, and it may be quite out of pass, and so you may the sooner +peradventure gain the end, having the Advantage of passing, by gently +thrusting the other back again. + +_11thly_, Let Policy likewise be a guide to you, for obtaining the +Conquest, and lying a-loof off, and laying a long Hazard sometimes for +your Antagonist, will be an excellent way to entice and entrap him; for +that he promising to himself the good fortune of Hazarding you, will be +induced rashly to adventure at that distance, and supposing to strike +your Ball, which cunningly lyes (to tempt him to that Venture) near the +Hazard, is himself caught in that Trap he thought to throw you into, by +reason that the distance, deceives his Expectation, and blows up his +thoughts with fruitless Suppositions. + +_12thly_, Let Art likewise teach you Cunning, _i. e._ by lying abscond, +or at Bo-peep with your Adversary; this is a subtlety which perhaps may +gain the Advantage of a Pass or Hazard. For I must tell you, in this +Game, is required much Cunning, and subtle Contrivance, as in any +Recreation whatever, and therefore when you are to Play with an Expert +Player, you must muster up all the forces of your Ingenuity and Wit, for +the vanquishing of your Opponent. + +_Lastly_, Observe the Advantages may be gained, and endeavour to get +them, if they fall within the sphere of your Activity. One of which I +shall here insert, which is indeed the chief, _viz._ That if your +Adversary hath not past the Port, and lies up by the King, take the +Advantage of a Second Pass, endeavour to pass again, which if you +dextrously perform, and after touch the King, you gain two; but if your +too great Precipitancy and Inadvertency, or sometimes an unlucky Chance +hurryes you on to throw down the King, then you loose. + +Some instead of a King use a string and Bell, so that after you have +passed, you need not doubt the end, as being a thing not so ticklish, or +requiring so much Art as the King does, to be toucht finely and gently +at a distance, without throwing it down: This alone is to be preferred +for ingenious Persons, the other for the use only of Bunglers. + + +Thus much shall suffice for Rules for the right Playing at _Billiards_, +which being a Recreation not Admitting of any further Observations and +Methods to be made and shewn on it; Let Practice, and the Dictates of +the ensuing Orders compleat your Perfection in this gentile Game. + + +_ORDERS for Players at the Gentile Game of _Billiards_ to Observe._ + +I. + +If the Leader touch the end of the Table with his Ball, at the first +stroke, he loseth One. + +II. + +If the Follower intend to hit his Adversaries Ball, or pass at one +Stroke, he must string his Ball, that is, Lay it even with the King, or +he loseth One. + +III. + +He that Passeth through the Port hath the Advantage of touching the +King, which is One, if not thrown down. + +IV. + +He that passeth twice, his Adversary not having passed at all, and +toucheth the King, without throwing him down, wins two Ends. + +V. + +He that passeth not hath no other Advantage than the Hazards. + +VI. + +He that is a Fornicator (that is hath past through the Back of the Port) +he must pass twice thro the fore-part, or he cannot have the Advantage +of passing that end. + +VII. + +He that hits down the Port, or King, Hazards his own Ball, or strikes +either Ball over the Table, loseth One. + +VIII. + +He that Hazards his Adversaries Ball, or makes it hit down the King, +winneth the end. + +IX. + +If four Play, two against two, he that mistakes his stroke loseth one to +that side he is of. + +X. + +He that after both Balls plaid, removes the Port without consent, or +strikes his Ball twice together, or that his Adversaries Ball touch his +stick, hand, or Clothes, or playeth his Adversaries Balls, loseth One. + +XI. + +He that sets not one foot upon the Ground, when he strikes his Ball +shall lose an end, or if he layes his hand or Sleeve on the Cloth. + +XII. + +A stander-by, tho he betts shall not instruct, or speak in the Game +without Consent, or being first asked; If after he is Advertised hereof +he Offend in this nature, for every fault he shall instantly forfeit +Two-pence for the good of the Company, or not be suffered to stay in the +Room. + +XIII. + +He that Playes a Ball, while the other runs, or takes up a Ball before +it lies still, loseth an End. + +XIV. + +He that removes the Port with his stick, when he strikes his Ball, and +thereby prevents his Adversaries Ball from passing, loseth an end. + +XV. + +All Controversies are to be decided by the standers-by, upon asking +Judgment. + +XVI. + +Whosoever breaks the King forfeits a Shilling, for the Port ten +Shillings, and each stick Five Shillings. + +XVII. + +Five ends make a Game by Day-light, and Three by Candle-light. + +Many other Orders there are which concern the House, and thither I refer +you for further Infomation; and here take leave to conclude this my +_School of Recreation_. + + Utrum horum Mavis accipe, _&c._ + + +_FINIS._ + + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Some Books Printed for _Henry Rhodes_, near _Bride-Lane_ in +_Fleet-Street_. + + +The Strange Religions, Customes and Manners of sundry Nations, in +_Twelves_, price bound _One Shilling_. + +The History of the Life and Glorious Reign of Queen _Elizabeth_, the 2d. +Edition with Additions, by _S. Clark_ in _Twelves_ bound _One Shilling_. + +The History of King _Henry_ the eighth and _Edward_ the sixth, +_Twelves_, Price bound _One Shilling_. + +_Coffee-House-Jests_, the third Edition, with Additions, in _Twelves_, +Price bound _One Shilling_. + +The present State of _Turky_, _Twelves_, Price bound _One Shilling_. + +The _London Jilt_: Or, The _Politick Whore_, in two parts. + +_Witts Cabinet_, Twelves, Price bound _One Shilling_. + +Sundery Conversations, _Twelves_. + +The great Point of Succession, in _Folio_. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +Errors Noted by Transcriber: + +In several places the first line of a change-ringing chart was damaged +or missing; since these lines always read “123456” they are not +separately noted. Brackets in the body of the text are in the original. + + _Infirmity_, _Age_, _Station_, _Degree_, may render + [_“may” printed in emphatic type like preceding words_] + Give him sharp, as well as gentle, Courses [“as as well as”] + a bag of Chaff, and thresh’d Ears [“aud”] + a-cross these Paths, hollow, [“Paths ,ollow,”] + your Rods about twelve Inches long [_“a-/about” at line break_] + To sharpen your _Hook_, carry a little _Whetstone_. + [_“a / a” at line-break] + curiously Flourishing their several Orient and bright Colours + [“Flourishng”] + without breaking or circling the Water + [_“the / the” at line-break] + Oyl of _Aspray_, _Coculus India_, and _Assa Fœtida_ [“Fætida”] + and skilfully argue and dispute its Excellency, _&c. [, for .] + Warm and well lined [_“and / and” at line-break] + whose _Lord Mayor_ annually appears [“annnally”] + This will go a 120 _Changes_, and by making _Bobs_, 240, 360, 720. + [_text has “270” for 720_] + for the Use _Bells_ in Sacred Offices + [_text unchanged: “the Use of Bells”?_] + _Colledge Triples_ ... 2415367 [2415357] + and 4, 8 for the _Fourth_ [“for for”] + Thus much shall suffice for my treating of Ringing [“Riging”] + _i. e._ not striking your Ball cleanly [“i,e,”] + The great Point of Succession, in _Folio_. [, for .] + +Invisible letters: + +“Invisible” means that the letter does not appear, but there is an +appropriately sized blank space. + + _Names_, _Degrees_, _Ages_, and _Seasons_ [_a of “Seasons”_] + and the _Lim’d_ straws, lapping under their Wings [_d of “Lim’d”_] + seek _where to find_ that he prepared for [_w of “where”_] + The _greatest Eels_ lurk under Stones [_g of “greatest”_] + At the opening of _Mill-dams_ or _Sluces_ [_l of “Sluces”_] + lest you make his Limbs sore [_e of “lest”_] + the general Method of the whole Peal [_second e of “general”_] + +Period (full stop) missing or invisible: + + _Madness._ Lastly, If your Hound be Mad + Rub him with a _Brush_ of _Bristles_ over again. + Chaffinches_, _Goldfinches_, _Yellow-Hammers_, &c. + with _Gray_, or _White Feathers_. + render a Practitioner _Excellent_. + _Secondly_, Learn to apprehend the Places of the _Notes_. + +Missing words or letters supplied from 1696 edition, with supplements +shown in {braces}; full lines as printed: + + Thus much for their Names, Degrees{,} + and Ages: Now let us next obser{ve} + their _proper Seasons_ for Hunting. + The _Hart_ or _Buck_, beginneth _fift{een}_ + Days after _Mid-Summer-Day_, and l{ast-} + eth till _Holy-Rood-Day_. + The _Fox_, from _Christmass_, and l{ast-} + eth till the _Annunciation of the bless{ed} + Virgin Mary_. + + self all over, but his Nose, keeping the + middle, least by touching any Boughe{s} + he leave a Scent for the Hounds; And {by} + his Crossings and Doublings he will e{n-} + deavour to baffle his Pursuers: In th{ese} + Cases have regard to your _Old Hou{nds_,} + as I said before. When he is _Imbost_ {or} + weary, may be known thus: By {his} + Creeping into holes, and often lying + + {N}ow for the _Place_ where to find her, + {you} must examine and observe the Sea- + {sons} of the Year; for in Summer or + {Spring} time, you shall find them in + {Corn-}fields and open places, not sitting + {in Bushes}, for fear of Snakes, Adders, + {_&c._} In _Winter_ they love Tuffs of + {Tho}rns and Brambles, near Houses: + {In} these places you must regard the _Old- + ness_ or _Newness_ of her _Forme_ or Seat, + + rected: In any _Cross-Peal_ {the _Whole} + Hunt_ may move either up or down at + + _Peal{e}s_, as indeed needless; {and my} + + And thus with little Variatio{n, there} + +Missing letters stuck to following page: + + them together to inge{n}der in _January_, + _February_, or _March_, as {the} properest + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The School of Recreation (1684 edition), by +Robert Howlett + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SCHOOL OF RECREATION *** + +***** This file should be named 23776-0.txt or 23776-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/7/7/23776/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Jonathan Ingram and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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