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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/23775-0.txt b/23775-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d0a89b --- /dev/null +++ b/23775-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,642 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Der Totentanz, by Hans Holbien + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Der Totentanz + +Author: Hans Holbien + +Editor: Hans Ganz + +Illustrator: Hans Holbein + +Release Date: December 9, 2007 [EBook #23775] + +Language: German + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DER TOTENTANZ *** + + + + +Produced by Alexander Bauer, Jana Srna, Markus Brenner and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + + DER TOTENTANZ + + Vierzig Holzschnitte von Hans Holbein dem + Jüngeren. Faksimile-Nachbildungen der ersten + Ausgabe mit einer Einleitung von + Hans Ganz + + + + Holbein-Verlag, München + + + + Druck von Oscar Brandstetter in Leipzig. + + + + +Verzeichnis der Tafeln. + + + 1. Die Schöpfung der Welt. + 2. Der Sündenfall. + 3. Die Vertreibung aus dem Paradies. + 4. Adam bebaut die Erde. + 5. Der Papst. + 6. Der Kardinal. + 7. Der Bischoff. + 8. Der Domherr. + 9. Der Abt. +10. Der Pfarrer. +11. Der Prediger. +12. Der Mönch. +13. Der Arzt. +14. Der Kaiser. +15. Der König. +16. Der Herzog. +17. Der Richter. +18. Der Fürsprech. +19. Der Graf. +20. Der Ritter. +21. Der Edelmann. +22. Der Ratsherr. +23. Der reiche Mann. +24. Der Kaufmann. +25. Der Krämer. +26. Der Schiffer. +27. Der Ackersmann. +28. Der alte Mann. +29. Die Kaiserin. +30. Die Königin. +31. Die Herzogin. +32. Die Gräfin. +33. Die Edelfrau. +34. Die Äbtissin. +35. Die Nonne. +36. Das alte Weib. +37. Das junge Kind. +38. Das Beinhaus. +39. Das jüngste Gericht. +40. Das Wappen des Todes. + + + + +Begleitwort + + +Wo die Menschen bedrückt oder gequält werden, da antworten sie mit +Hilferufen oder mit Taten. Die Totentänze, welche im Mittelalter an +Friedhofsmauern und Kreuzgängen im Deutschen Reiche gemalt standen, +waren die Hilferufe eines geknechteten Volkes, dessen weltliche Klassen +unter dem harten Drucke Roms an Geld und Geist erpreßt wurden. Oft schon +hatte der Papst den Bann gegen den Kaiser geschleudert, worauf die +Gotteshäuser verstummten, der Segen der Sakramente aufhörte und jede +Seelsorge dahinfiel. Aber auch Krieg, Erdbeben, Hungersnot und Seuche +durchkreuzten das Land. Die Kirche selbst, welche die so erschütterten +Menschen hätte aufrichten und festigen sollen, war innerlich zerfallen +durch die allgemeine Sittenverderbnis der Geistlichkeit. In solch +dumpfer Lebensluft, welche dem erfrischenden Gewitter der Reformation +voranging, konnte kein seelischer Halt gedeihen und die Gedanken +schienen sich im Anblick der Vergänglichkeit alles Irdischen zu sonnen +und zu beruhigen, wenn dies die Furcht vor dem letzten Gerichte zuließ. +Denn der Tod bedeutete für die Guten ein Ender und Erlöser elender +Zustände, für die moralisch versinkenden aber eine fürchterliche +Ungewißheit, die man durch Wohlleben zu betäuben suchte. + +Verschiedene Niederschriften bürgen dafür, daß dem gemalten Todesreigen +zeitlich die Schauspiele vorausgegangen sind. In Deutschland und +Frankreich entstehend, drang die Dichtung nach Spanien, England und +Italien ein und wurde unter der Regie der Prediger aufgeführt, welche +die lebendigste Darstellungskunst dazu benutzten, das »Memento mori« +jedermann eindringlich vor Augen zu halten und so die schwächeren +Naturen zu beherrschen. Allmählich aber verschwinden diese Spiele, und +im XV. Jahrhundert üben an ihrer Statt die Totentanzbilder ihre +Wirkungen aus. Berühmt waren die Todesreigen von Paris (Danse macabre), +von La Chaise-Dieu, von Lübeck, von Berlin und weithin bekannt auch +diejenigen von Basel, welche die Mauern des Klosters Klingental und des +Predigerstiftes schmückten. Nikolaus Manuel aber hatte als Erster in +Bern einen Todesreigen geschaffen, in welchem stadtbekannte Bürger ihr +eigenes Antlitz erkannten. + +Nicht genug tun konnten sich die Künstler in ihren +Vergänglichkeitsgefühlen, und ihre Phantasie, meist mit herber Ironie +durchsetzt, entzündete sich unaufhörlich am Dunkel der Zukunft nach dem +Tode. Ein Schrei nach Erschaffung neuen Lebens, ein zitterndes Bangen +nach dem undenkbaren Jenseits strömte in der Volksseele, und den +Künstlern, welche zu allen Zeiten die berufenen Träger des Gefühls sind, +war es vorbehalten, dieser psychischen Massenexpansion durch ihre Werke +Raum und Luft zu schenken. + +Allgemein trägt die Erscheinung des Todes die Kraft in sich, die +menschlichen Triebe aufs Tiefste zu erwecken, weshalb wir die Kultur +eines Volkes darnach messen dürfen, wie es sich in Religion, +Wissenschaft und Kunst zum Problem der Vergänglichkeit gestellt hat. +Ebenso ist für einen Künstler die Auffassung des Todes gleichsam der +Spiegel seines eigenen Wertes, seiner schöpferischen Kraft, welche sich +aus dem Kampf des täglichen Lebens, aus dem Streben und Werden der +Umgebung, zu den ewigen Gedanken Bahn bricht, bis er von diesen getragen +die gerechte Gelegenheit zu höheren Meisterwerken errungen hat. + +In dieser Kraft entstanden die Schöpfungen Hans Holbeins. Dreimal hat er +den Totentanz gezeichnet; einmal als Entwurf zu einer Dolchscheide, dann +als xylographisches Alphabet, und zuletzt schuf er die vorliegende Folge +von Holzschnitten, welche man oft als den großen Totentanz bezeichnet. +Wohl hatten auch Meister wie Albrecht Dürer, Hans Baldung, Burckmair und +Scheuffelin die Nähe des Todes dargestellt, doch meist so, daß dieser +seine Opfer unter den Sündern und Verworfenen suchte, während Holbein in +umfassender Weise den Reigen an die Stätten führte, wo der Bürger seinem +Berufe oder alltäglichen Neigungen nachging. Wie bei Manuel finden sich +auch hier bekannte Gesichter vor, so trägt der Kaiser die Züge +Maximilians, der König das Antlitz Franz I. von Frankreich, und zu +Seiten des Todeswappens stehen der Künstler und sein Weib. + +Die erste datierte Ausgabe der Todesbildung kam bei den Brüdern Trechsel +im Jahre 1538 zu Lyon heraus und trug den Titel »Simulachres de la mort« +oder »Imagines mortis«. Die Entstehungszeit dieser Folge aber fällt in +die Jahre 1524-25, wo Holbein in Basel weilte. Probedrucke der +Originalstöcke befinden sich im dortigen Museum. Hans Lützelburger, +welcher schon 1526 starb, hatte das Schneiden in Holz besorgt. + +Dem nüchternen Sinn, mit welcher er die Natur zu betrachten gewohnt +war, und seiner reichen Gestaltungskraft hatte Hans Holbein zu danken, +daß er sich aus der zeitlichen Tendenz und ihren wechselnden Affekten +zur Schöpfung eines freien Kunstwerkes durchringen konnte, das in +vollendeter Zucht die Tragödie der menschlichen Vergänglichkeit +schildert und daher ein Beweis dafür bleiben wird, daß der gesunde Geist +den Tod lebendig überwindet. + + Hans Ganz. + + + + +[Illustration: Die schöpffung aller ding.] + +[Illustration: Adam Eua im Paradyß.] + +[Illustration: Vßtribung Ade Eue.] + +[Illustration: Adam bawgt die erden.] + +[Illustration: Der Bapst.] + +[Illustration: Der Cardinal.] + +[Illustration: Der Bischoff.] + +[Illustration: Der Thůmherr.] + +[Illustration: Der Apt.] + +[Illustration: Der Pfarrherr.] + +[Illustration: Der Predicant.] + +[Illustration: Der Münch.] + +[Illustration: Der Artzet.] + +[Illustration: Der Keyser.] + +[Illustration: Der Künig.] + +[Illustration: Der Hertzog.] + +[Illustration: Der Richter.] + +[Illustration: Der Furspräch.] + +[Illustration: Der Groff.] + +[Illustration: Der Ritter.] + +[Illustration: Der Edelman.] + +[Illustration: Der Ratßherr.] + +[Illustration: Der Rych man.] + +[Illustration: Der Kauffman.] + +[Illustration: Der Krämer.] + +[Illustration: Der Schiffman.] + +[Illustration: Der Ackerman.] + +[Illustration: Der Alt man.] + +[Illustration: Die Keyserinn.] + +[Illustration: Die Küniginn.] + +[Illustration: Die Hertzoginn.] + +[Illustration: Die Greffinn.] + +[Illustration: Die Edelfraw.] + +[Illustration: Die Aptißinn.] + +[Illustration: Die Nunne.] + +[Illustration: Daß Alt weyb.] + +[Illustration: Daß Iung kint.] + +[Illustration: Gebeyn aller menschen.] + +[Illustration: Daß Iüngst gericht.] + +[Illustration: Die wapen deß Thotß.] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Der Totentanz, by Hans Holbien + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DER TOTENTANZ *** + +***** This file should be named 23775-0.txt or 23775-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/7/7/23775/ + +Produced by Alexander Bauer, Jana Srna, Markus Brenner and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/23775-0.zip b/23775-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..82ec6b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/23775-0.zip diff --git a/23775-8.txt b/23775-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2558fb --- /dev/null +++ b/23775-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,642 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Der Totentanz, by Hans Holbien + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Der Totentanz + +Author: Hans Holbien + +Editor: Hans Ganz + +Illustrator: Hans Holbein + +Release Date: December 9, 2007 [EBook #23775] + +Language: German + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DER TOTENTANZ *** + + + + +Produced by Alexander Bauer, Jana Srna, Markus Brenner and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + + DER TOTENTANZ + + Vierzig Holzschnitte von Hans Holbein dem + Jüngeren. Faksimile-Nachbildungen der ersten + Ausgabe mit einer Einleitung von + Hans Ganz + + + + Holbein-Verlag, München + + + + Druck von Oscar Brandstetter in Leipzig. + + + + +Verzeichnis der Tafeln. + + + 1. Die Schöpfung der Welt. + 2. Der Sündenfall. + 3. Die Vertreibung aus dem Paradies. + 4. Adam bebaut die Erde. + 5. Der Papst. + 6. Der Kardinal. + 7. Der Bischoff. + 8. Der Domherr. + 9. Der Abt. +10. Der Pfarrer. +11. Der Prediger. +12. Der Mönch. +13. Der Arzt. +14. Der Kaiser. +15. Der König. +16. Der Herzog. +17. Der Richter. +18. Der Fürsprech. +19. Der Graf. +20. Der Ritter. +21. Der Edelmann. +22. Der Ratsherr. +23. Der reiche Mann. +24. Der Kaufmann. +25. Der Krämer. +26. Der Schiffer. +27. Der Ackersmann. +28. Der alte Mann. +29. Die Kaiserin. +30. Die Königin. +31. Die Herzogin. +32. Die Gräfin. +33. Die Edelfrau. +34. Die Äbtissin. +35. Die Nonne. +36. Das alte Weib. +37. Das junge Kind. +38. Das Beinhaus. +39. Das jüngste Gericht. +40. Das Wappen des Todes. + + + + +Begleitwort + + +Wo die Menschen bedrückt oder gequält werden, da antworten sie mit +Hilferufen oder mit Taten. Die Totentänze, welche im Mittelalter an +Friedhofsmauern und Kreuzgängen im Deutschen Reiche gemalt standen, +waren die Hilferufe eines geknechteten Volkes, dessen weltliche Klassen +unter dem harten Drucke Roms an Geld und Geist erpreßt wurden. Oft schon +hatte der Papst den Bann gegen den Kaiser geschleudert, worauf die +Gotteshäuser verstummten, der Segen der Sakramente aufhörte und jede +Seelsorge dahinfiel. Aber auch Krieg, Erdbeben, Hungersnot und Seuche +durchkreuzten das Land. Die Kirche selbst, welche die so erschütterten +Menschen hätte aufrichten und festigen sollen, war innerlich zerfallen +durch die allgemeine Sittenverderbnis der Geistlichkeit. In solch +dumpfer Lebensluft, welche dem erfrischenden Gewitter der Reformation +voranging, konnte kein seelischer Halt gedeihen und die Gedanken +schienen sich im Anblick der Vergänglichkeit alles Irdischen zu sonnen +und zu beruhigen, wenn dies die Furcht vor dem letzten Gerichte zuließ. +Denn der Tod bedeutete für die Guten ein Ender und Erlöser elender +Zustände, für die moralisch versinkenden aber eine fürchterliche +Ungewißheit, die man durch Wohlleben zu betäuben suchte. + +Verschiedene Niederschriften bürgen dafür, daß dem gemalten Todesreigen +zeitlich die Schauspiele vorausgegangen sind. In Deutschland und +Frankreich entstehend, drang die Dichtung nach Spanien, England und +Italien ein und wurde unter der Regie der Prediger aufgeführt, welche +die lebendigste Darstellungskunst dazu benutzten, das »Memento mori« +jedermann eindringlich vor Augen zu halten und so die schwächeren +Naturen zu beherrschen. Allmählich aber verschwinden diese Spiele, und +im XV. Jahrhundert üben an ihrer Statt die Totentanzbilder ihre +Wirkungen aus. Berühmt waren die Todesreigen von Paris (Danse macabre), +von La Chaise-Dieu, von Lübeck, von Berlin und weithin bekannt auch +diejenigen von Basel, welche die Mauern des Klosters Klingental und des +Predigerstiftes schmückten. Nikolaus Manuel aber hatte als Erster in +Bern einen Todesreigen geschaffen, in welchem stadtbekannte Bürger ihr +eigenes Antlitz erkannten. + +Nicht genug tun konnten sich die Künstler in ihren +Vergänglichkeitsgefühlen, und ihre Phantasie, meist mit herber Ironie +durchsetzt, entzündete sich unaufhörlich am Dunkel der Zukunft nach dem +Tode. Ein Schrei nach Erschaffung neuen Lebens, ein zitterndes Bangen +nach dem undenkbaren Jenseits strömte in der Volksseele, und den +Künstlern, welche zu allen Zeiten die berufenen Träger des Gefühls sind, +war es vorbehalten, dieser psychischen Massenexpansion durch ihre Werke +Raum und Luft zu schenken. + +Allgemein trägt die Erscheinung des Todes die Kraft in sich, die +menschlichen Triebe aufs Tiefste zu erwecken, weshalb wir die Kultur +eines Volkes darnach messen dürfen, wie es sich in Religion, +Wissenschaft und Kunst zum Problem der Vergänglichkeit gestellt hat. +Ebenso ist für einen Künstler die Auffassung des Todes gleichsam der +Spiegel seines eigenen Wertes, seiner schöpferischen Kraft, welche sich +aus dem Kampf des täglichen Lebens, aus dem Streben und Werden der +Umgebung, zu den ewigen Gedanken Bahn bricht, bis er von diesen getragen +die gerechte Gelegenheit zu höheren Meisterwerken errungen hat. + +In dieser Kraft entstanden die Schöpfungen Hans Holbeins. Dreimal hat er +den Totentanz gezeichnet; einmal als Entwurf zu einer Dolchscheide, dann +als xylographisches Alphabet, und zuletzt schuf er die vorliegende Folge +von Holzschnitten, welche man oft als den großen Totentanz bezeichnet. +Wohl hatten auch Meister wie Albrecht Dürer, Hans Baldung, Burckmair und +Scheuffelin die Nähe des Todes dargestellt, doch meist so, daß dieser +seine Opfer unter den Sündern und Verworfenen suchte, während Holbein in +umfassender Weise den Reigen an die Stätten führte, wo der Bürger seinem +Berufe oder alltäglichen Neigungen nachging. Wie bei Manuel finden sich +auch hier bekannte Gesichter vor, so trägt der Kaiser die Züge +Maximilians, der König das Antlitz Franz I. von Frankreich, und zu +Seiten des Todeswappens stehen der Künstler und sein Weib. + +Die erste datierte Ausgabe der Todesbildung kam bei den Brüdern Trechsel +im Jahre 1538 zu Lyon heraus und trug den Titel »Simulachres de la mort« +oder »Imagines mortis«. Die Entstehungszeit dieser Folge aber fällt in +die Jahre 1524-25, wo Holbein in Basel weilte. Probedrucke der +Originalstöcke befinden sich im dortigen Museum. Hans Lützelburger, +welcher schon 1526 starb, hatte das Schneiden in Holz besorgt. + +Dem nüchternen Sinn, mit welcher er die Natur zu betrachten gewohnt +war, und seiner reichen Gestaltungskraft hatte Hans Holbein zu danken, +daß er sich aus der zeitlichen Tendenz und ihren wechselnden Affekten +zur Schöpfung eines freien Kunstwerkes durchringen konnte, das in +vollendeter Zucht die Tragödie der menschlichen Vergänglichkeit +schildert und daher ein Beweis dafür bleiben wird, daß der gesunde Geist +den Tod lebendig überwindet. + + Hans Ganz. + + + + +[Illustration: Die schöpffung aller ding.] + +[Illustration: Adam Eua im Paradyß.] + +[Illustration: Vßtribung Ade Eue.] + +[Illustration: Adam bawgt die erden.] + +[Illustration: Der Bapst.] + +[Illustration: Der Cardinal.] + +[Illustration: Der Bischoff.] + +[Illustration: Der Thumherr.] + +[Illustration: Der Apt.] + +[Illustration: Der Pfarrherr.] + +[Illustration: Der Predicant.] + +[Illustration: Der Münch.] + +[Illustration: Der Artzet.] + +[Illustration: Der Keyser.] + +[Illustration: Der Künig.] + +[Illustration: Der Hertzog.] + +[Illustration: Der Richter.] + +[Illustration: Der Furspräch.] + +[Illustration: Der Groff.] + +[Illustration: Der Ritter.] + +[Illustration: Der Edelman.] + +[Illustration: Der Ratßherr.] + +[Illustration: Der Rych man.] + +[Illustration: Der Kauffman.] + +[Illustration: Der Krämer.] + +[Illustration: Der Schiffman.] + +[Illustration: Der Ackerman.] + +[Illustration: Der Alt man.] + +[Illustration: Die Keyserinn.] + +[Illustration: Die Küniginn.] + +[Illustration: Die Hertzoginn.] + +[Illustration: Die Greffinn.] + +[Illustration: Die Edelfraw.] + +[Illustration: Die Aptißinn.] + +[Illustration: Die Nunne.] + +[Illustration: Daß Alt weyb.] + +[Illustration: Daß Iung kint.] + +[Illustration: Gebeyn aller menschen.] + +[Illustration: Daß Iüngst gericht.] + +[Illustration: Die wapen deß Thotß.] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Der Totentanz, by Hans Holbien + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DER TOTENTANZ *** + +***** This file should be named 23775-8.txt or 23775-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/7/7/23775/ + +Produced by Alexander Bauer, Jana Srna, Markus Brenner and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Der Totentanz + +Author: Hans Holbien + +Editor: Hans Ganz + +Illustrator: Hans Holbein + +Release Date: December 9, 2007 [EBook #23775] + +Language: German + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DER TOTENTANZ *** + + + + +Produced by Alexander Bauer, Jana Srna, Markus Brenner and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<h1>DER TOTENTANZ</h1> + +<p class="subtitle"> +Vierzig Holzschnitte von Hans Holbein dem<br /> +Jüngeren. Faksimile-Nachbildungen der ersten<br /> +Ausgabe mit einer Einleitung von<br /> +Hans Ganz</p> + +<p class="figornament"><img src="images/ornament.jpg" alt="" title="" /></p> + +<p class="publisher">Holbein-Verlag, München</p> + +<p class="printer">Druck von Oscar Brandstetter in Leipzig.</p> + +<div class="textbody"> + + + + +<h2>Verzeichnis der Tafeln.</h2> + +<div class="contents"> +<div class="column_left"> +<ul> +<li> 1. <a href="#Die_Schoepfung_der_Welt">Die Schöpfung der Welt.</a></li> + +<li> 2. <a href="#Der_Suendenfall">Der Sündenfall.</a></li> + +<li> 3. <a href="#Die_Vertreibung_aus_dem_Paradies">Die Vertreibung aus dem Paradies.</a></li> + +<li> 4. <a href="#Adam_bebaut_die_Erde">Adam bebaut die Erde.</a></li> + +<li> 5. <a href="#Der_Papst">Der Papst.</a></li> + +<li> 6. <a href="#Der_Kardinal">Der Kardinal.</a></li> + +<li> 7. <a href="#Der_Bischoff">Der Bischoff.</a></li> + +<li> 8. <a href="#Der_Domherr">Der Domherr.</a></li> + +<li> 9. <a href="#Der_Abt">Der Abt.</a></li> + +<li>10. <a href="#Der_Pfarrer">Der Pfarrer.</a></li> + +<li>11. <a href="#Der_Prediger">Der Prediger.</a></li> + +<li>12. <a href="#Der_Moench">Der Mönch.</a></li> + +<li>13. <a href="#Der_Arzt">Der Arzt.</a></li> + +<li>14. <a href="#Der_Kaiser">Der Kaiser.</a></li> + +<li>15. <a href="#Der_Koenig">Der König.</a></li> + +<li>16. <a href="#Der_Herzog">Der Herzog.</a></li> + +<li>17. <a href="#Der_Richter">Der Richter.</a></li> + +<li>18. <a href="#Der_Fuersprech">Der Fürsprech.</a></li> + +<li>19. <a href="#Der_Graf">Der Graf.</a></li> + +<li>20. <a href="#Der_Ritter">Der Ritter.</a></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<div class="column_right"> +<ul> +<li>21. <a href="#Der_Edelmann">Der Edelmann.</a></li> + +<li>22. <a href="#Der_Ratsherr">Der Ratsherr.</a></li> + +<li>23. <a href="#Der_reiche_Mann">Der reiche Mann.</a></li> + +<li>24. <a href="#Der_Kaufmann">Der Kaufmann.</a></li> + +<li>25. <a href="#Der_Kraemer">Der Krämer.</a></li> + +<li>26. <a href="#Der_Schiffer">Der Schiffer.</a></li> + +<li>27. <a href="#Der_Ackersmann">Der Ackersmann.</a></li> + +<li>28. <a href="#Der_alte_Mann">Der alte Mann.</a></li> + +<li>29. <a href="#Die_Kaiserin">Die Kaiserin.</a></li> + +<li>30. <a href="#Die_Koenigin">Die Königin.</a></li> + +<li>31. <a href="#Die_Herzogin">Die Herzogin.</a></li> + +<li>32. <a href="#Die_Graefin">Die Gräfin.</a></li> + +<li>33. <a href="#Die_Edelfrau">Die Edelfrau.</a></li> + +<li>34. <a href="#Die_Aebtissin">Die Äbtissin.</a></li> + +<li>35. <a href="#Die_Nonne">Die Nonne.</a></li> + +<li>36. <a href="#Das_alte_Weib">Das alte Weib.</a></li> + +<li>37. <a href="#Das_junge_Kind">Das junge Kind.</a></li> + +<li>38. <a href="#Das_Beinhaus">Das Beinhaus.</a></li> + +<li>39. <a href="#Das_juengste_Gericht">Das jüngste Gericht.</a></li> + +<li>40. <a href="#Das_Wappen_des_Todes">Das Wappen des Todes.</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> + + +<h2>Begleitwort</h2> + +<p>Wo die Menschen bedrückt oder gequält werden, da antworten +sie mit Hilferufen oder mit Taten. Die Totentänze, welche im +Mittelalter an Friedhofsmauern und Kreuzgängen im Deutschen +Reiche gemalt standen, waren die Hilferufe eines geknechteten +Volkes, dessen weltliche Klassen unter dem harten +Drucke Roms an Geld und Geist erpreßt wurden. Oft schon +hatte der Papst den Bann gegen den Kaiser geschleudert, worauf +die Gotteshäuser verstummten, der Segen der Sakramente +aufhörte und jede Seelsorge dahinfiel. Aber auch Krieg, Erdbeben, +Hungersnot und Seuche durchkreuzten das Land. Die +Kirche selbst, welche die so erschütterten Menschen hätte aufrichten +und festigen sollen, war innerlich zerfallen durch die +allgemeine Sittenverderbnis der Geistlichkeit. In solch dumpfer +Lebensluft, welche dem erfrischenden Gewitter der Reformation +voranging, konnte kein seelischer Halt gedeihen und die Gedanken +schienen sich im Anblick der Vergänglichkeit alles +Irdischen zu sonnen und zu beruhigen, wenn dies die Furcht +vor dem letzten Gerichte zuließ. Denn der Tod bedeutete für +die Guten ein Ender und Erlöser elender Zustände, für die +moralisch versinkenden aber eine fürchterliche Ungewißheit, die +man durch Wohlleben zu betäuben suchte.</p> + +<p>Verschiedene Niederschriften bürgen dafür, daß dem gemalten +Todesreigen zeitlich die Schauspiele vorausgegangen sind. In +Deutschland und Frankreich entstehend, drang die Dichtung +nach Spanien, England und Italien ein und wurde unter der +Regie der Prediger aufgeführt, welche die lebendigste Darstellungskunst +dazu benutzten, das »Memento mori« jedermann +eindringlich vor Augen zu halten und so die schwächeren +Naturen zu beherrschen. Allmählich aber verschwinden diese +Spiele, und im XV. Jahrhundert üben an ihrer Statt die Totentanzbilder +ihre Wirkungen aus. Berühmt waren die Todesreigen +von Paris (Danse macabre), von La Chaise-Dieu, von Lübeck, +von Berlin und weithin bekannt auch diejenigen von Basel, +welche die Mauern des Klosters Klingental und des Predigerstiftes +schmückten. Nikolaus Manuel aber hatte als Erster in +Bern einen Todesreigen geschaffen, in welchem stadtbekannte +Bürger ihr eigenes Antlitz erkannten.</p> + +<p>Nicht genug tun konnten sich die Künstler in ihren Vergänglichkeitsgefühlen, +und ihre Phantasie, meist mit herber +Ironie durchsetzt, entzündete sich unaufhörlich am Dunkel der +Zukunft nach dem Tode. Ein Schrei nach Erschaffung neuen +Lebens, ein zitterndes Bangen nach dem undenkbaren Jenseits +strömte in der Volksseele, und den Künstlern, welche zu allen +Zeiten die berufenen Träger des Gefühls sind, war es vorbehalten, +dieser psychischen Massenexpansion durch ihre Werke +Raum und Luft zu schenken.</p> + +<p>Allgemein trägt die Erscheinung des Todes die Kraft in sich, +die menschlichen Triebe aufs Tiefste zu erwecken, weshalb wir +die Kultur eines Volkes darnach messen dürfen, wie es sich in +Religion, Wissenschaft und Kunst zum Problem der Vergänglichkeit +gestellt hat. Ebenso ist für einen Künstler die Auffassung +des Todes gleichsam der Spiegel seines eigenen Wertes, +seiner schöpferischen Kraft, welche sich aus dem Kampf des +täglichen Lebens, aus dem Streben und Werden der Umgebung, +zu den ewigen Gedanken Bahn bricht, bis er von diesen getragen +die gerechte Gelegenheit zu höheren Meisterwerken errungen +hat.</p> + +<p>In dieser Kraft entstanden die Schöpfungen Hans Holbeins. +Dreimal hat er den Totentanz gezeichnet; einmal als Entwurf +zu einer Dolchscheide, dann als xylographisches Alphabet, und +zuletzt schuf er die vorliegende Folge von Holzschnitten, welche +man oft als den großen Totentanz bezeichnet. Wohl hatten +auch Meister wie Albrecht Dürer, Hans Baldung, Burckmair +und Scheuffelin die Nähe des Todes dargestellt, doch meist so, +daß dieser seine Opfer unter den Sündern und Verworfenen +suchte, während Holbein in umfassender Weise den Reigen an +die Stätten führte, wo der Bürger seinem Berufe oder alltäglichen +Neigungen nachging. Wie bei Manuel finden sich auch +hier bekannte Gesichter vor, so trägt der Kaiser die Züge Maximilians, +der König das Antlitz Franz I. von Frankreich, und +zu Seiten des Todeswappens stehen der Künstler und sein Weib.</p> + +<p>Die erste datierte Ausgabe der Todesbildung kam bei den +Brüdern Trechsel im Jahre 1538 zu Lyon heraus und trug den +Titel »Simulachres de la mort« oder »Imagines mortis«. Die +Entstehungszeit dieser Folge aber fällt in die Jahre 1524–25, +wo Holbein in Basel weilte. Probedrucke der Originalstöcke +befinden sich im dortigen Museum. Hans Lützelburger, welcher +schon 1526 starb, hatte das Schneiden in Holz besorgt.</p> + +<p>Dem nüchternen Sinn, mit welcher er die Natur zu betrachten +gewohnt war, und seiner reichen Gestaltungskraft hatte Hans +Holbein zu danken, daß er sich aus der zeitlichen Tendenz und +ihren wechselnden Affekten zur Schöpfung eines freien Kunstwerkes +durchringen konnte, das in vollendeter Zucht die Tragödie +der menschlichen Vergänglichkeit schildert und daher ein +Beweis dafür bleiben wird, daß der gesunde Geist den Tod +lebendig überwindet.</p> + +<p class="signature">Hans Ganz.</p> +</div> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Die_Schoepfung_der_Welt" id="Die_Schoepfung_der_Welt"></a><a href="images/illo_01.jpg"><img src="images/illo_01_th.jpg" alt="Die schöpffung aller ding" title="Die schöpffung aller ding" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Suendenfall" id="Der_Suendenfall"></a><a href="images/illo_02.jpg"><img src="images/illo_02_th.jpg" alt="Adam Eua im Paradyß" title="Adam Eua im Paradyß" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Die_Vertreibung_aus_dem_Paradies" id="Die_Vertreibung_aus_dem_Paradies"></a><a href="images/illo_03.jpg"><img src="images/illo_03_th.jpg" alt="Vßtribung Ade Eue" title="Vßtribung Ade Eue" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Adam_bebaut_die_Erde" id="Adam_bebaut_die_Erde"></a><a href="images/illo_04.jpg"><img src="images/illo_04_th.jpg" alt="Adam bawgt die erden" title="Adam bawgt die erden" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Papst" id="Der_Papst"></a><a href="images/illo_05.jpg"><img src="images/illo_05_th.jpg" alt="Der Bapst" title="Der Bapst" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Kardinal" id="Der_Kardinal"></a><a href="images/illo_06.jpg"><img src="images/illo_06_th.jpg" alt="Der Cardinal" title="Der Cardinal" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Bischoff" id="Der_Bischoff"></a><a href="images/illo_07.jpg"><img src="images/illo_07_th.jpg" alt="Der Bischoff" title="Der Bischoff" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Domherr" id="Der_Domherr"></a><a href="images/illo_08.jpg"><img src="images/illo_08_th.jpg" alt="Der Thůmherr" title="Der Thůmherr" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Abt" id="Der_Abt"></a><a href="images/illo_09.jpg"><img src="images/illo_09_th.jpg" alt="Der Apt" title="Der Apt" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Pfarrer" id="Der_Pfarrer"></a><a href="images/illo_10.jpg"><img src="images/illo_10_th.jpg" alt="Der Pfarrherr" title="Der Pfarrherr" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Prediger" id="Der_Prediger"></a><a href="images/illo_11.jpg"><img src="images/illo_11_th.jpg" alt="Der Predicant" title="Der Predicant" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Moench" id="Der_Moench"></a><a href="images/illo_12.jpg"><img src="images/illo_12_th.jpg" alt="Der Münch" title="Der Münch" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Arzt" id="Der_Arzt"></a><a href="images/illo_13.jpg"><img src="images/illo_13_th.jpg" alt="Der Artzet" title="Der Artzet" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Kaiser" id="Der_Kaiser"></a><a href="images/illo_14.jpg"><img src="images/illo_14_th.jpg" alt="Der Keyser" title="Der Keyser" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Koenig" id="Der_Koenig"></a><a href="images/illo_15.jpg"><img src="images/illo_15_th.jpg" alt="Der Künig" title="Der Künig" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Herzog" id="Der_Herzog"></a><a href="images/illo_16.jpg"><img src="images/illo_16_th.jpg" alt="Der Hertzog" title="Der Hertzog" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Richter" id="Der_Richter"></a><a href="images/illo_17.jpg"><img src="images/illo_17_th.jpg" alt="Der Richter" title="Der Richter" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Fuersprech" id="Der_Fuersprech"></a><a href="images/illo_18.jpg"><img src="images/illo_18_th.jpg" alt="Der Furspräch" title="Der Furspräch" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Graf" id="Der_Graf"></a><a href="images/illo_19.jpg"><img src="images/illo_19_th.jpg" alt="Der Groff" title="Der Groff" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Ritter" id="Der_Ritter"></a><a href="images/illo_20.jpg"><img src="images/illo_20_th.jpg" alt="Der Ritter" title="Der Ritter" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Edelmann" id="Der_Edelmann"></a><a href="images/illo_21.jpg"><img src="images/illo_21_th.jpg" alt="Der Edelman" title="Der Edelman" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Ratsherr" id="Der_Ratsherr"></a><a href="images/illo_22.jpg"><img src="images/illo_22_th.jpg" alt="Der Ratßherr" title="Der Ratßherr" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_reiche_Mann" id="Der_reiche_Mann"></a><a href="images/illo_23.jpg"><img src="images/illo_23_th.jpg" alt="Der Rych man" title="Der Rych man" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Kaufmann" id="Der_Kaufmann"></a><a href="images/illo_24.jpg"><img src="images/illo_24_th.jpg" alt="Der Kauffman" title="Der Kauffman" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Kraemer" id="Der_Kraemer"></a><a href="images/illo_25.jpg"><img src="images/illo_25_th.jpg" alt="Der Krämer" title="Der Krämer" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Schiffer" id="Der_Schiffer"></a><a href="images/illo_26.jpg"><img src="images/illo_26_th.jpg" alt="Der Schiffman" title="Der Schiffman" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_Ackersmann" id="Der_Ackersmann"></a><a href="images/illo_27.jpg"><img src="images/illo_27_th.jpg" alt="Der Ackerman" title="Der Ackerman" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Der_alte_Mann" id="Der_alte_Mann"></a><a href="images/illo_28.jpg"><img src="images/illo_28_th.jpg" alt="Der Alt man" title="Der Alt man" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Die_Kaiserin" id="Die_Kaiserin"></a><a href="images/illo_29.jpg"><img src="images/illo_29_th.jpg" alt="Die Keyserinn" title="Die Keyserinn" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Die_Koenigin" id="Die_Koenigin"></a><a href="images/illo_30.jpg"><img src="images/illo_30_th.jpg" alt="Die Küniginn" title="Die Küniginn" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Die_Herzogin" id="Die_Herzogin"></a><a href="images/illo_31.jpg"><img src="images/illo_31_th.jpg" alt="Die Hertzoginn" title="Die Hertzoginn" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Die_Graefin" id="Die_Graefin"></a><a href="images/illo_32.jpg"><img src="images/illo_32_th.jpg" alt="Die Greffinn" title="Die Greffinn" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Die_Edelfrau" id="Die_Edelfrau"></a><a href="images/illo_33.jpg"><img src="images/illo_33_th.jpg" alt="Die Edelfraw" title="Die Edelfraw" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Die_Aebtissin" id="Die_Aebtissin"></a><a href="images/illo_34.jpg"><img src="images/illo_34_th.jpg" alt="Die Aptißinn" title="Die Aptißinn" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Die_Nonne" id="Die_Nonne"></a><a href="images/illo_35.jpg"><img src="images/illo_35_th.jpg" alt="Die Nunne" title="Die Nunne" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Das_alte_Weib" id="Das_alte_Weib"></a><a href="images/illo_36.jpg"><img src="images/illo_36_th.jpg" alt="Daß Alt weyb" title="Daß Alt weyb" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Das_junge_Kind" id="Das_junge_Kind"></a><a href="images/illo_37.jpg"><img src="images/illo_37_th.jpg" alt="Daß Iung kint" title="Daß Iung kint" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Das_Beinhaus" id="Das_Beinhaus"></a><a href="images/illo_38.jpg"><img src="images/illo_38_th.jpg" alt="Gebeyn aller menschen" title="Gebeyn aller menschen" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Das_juengste_Gericht" id="Das_juengste_Gericht"></a><a href="images/illo_39.jpg"><img src="images/illo_39_th.jpg" alt="Daß Iüngst gericht" title="Daß Iüngst gericht" /></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a name="Das_Wappen_des_Todes" id="Das_Wappen_des_Todes"></a><a href="images/illo_40.jpg"><img src="images/illo_40_th.jpg" alt="Die wapen deß Thotß" title="Die wapen deß Thotß" /></a></p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Der Totentanz, by Hans Holbien + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DER TOTENTANZ *** + +***** This file should be named 23775-h.htm or 23775-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/7/7/23775/ + +Produced by Alexander Bauer, Jana Srna, Markus Brenner and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying 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