initial commit of ebook 23761HEADmain

444 files changed, 30504 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/23761-8.txt b/23761-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc146ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10082 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great,
+Volume 7, by Elbert  Hubbard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great, Volume 7
+       Little Journeys to the Homes of Eminent Orators
+
+Author: Elbert  Hubbard
+
+Release Date: December 7, 2007 [EBook #23761]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE JOURNEYS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Annie McGuire and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LITTLE JOURNEYS TO THE HOMES OF THE GREAT, VOLUME 7
+
+Little Journeys to the Homes of Eminent Orators
+
+by
+
+ELBERT HUBBARD
+
+Memorial Edition
+
+New York
+
+1916.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+  PERICLES
+  MARK ANTONY
+  SAVONAROLA
+  MARTIN LUTHER
+  EDMUND BURKE
+  WILLIAM PITT
+  JEAN PAUL MARAT
+  ROBERT INGERSOLL
+  PATRICK HENRY
+  STARR KING
+  HENRY WARD BEECHER
+  WENDELL PHILLIPS
+
+
+
+
+PERICLES
+
+
+     When we agreed, O Aspasia! in the beginning of our loves, to
+     communicate our thoughts by writing, even while we were both in
+     Athens, and when we had many reasons for it, we little foresaw the
+     more powerful one that has rendered it necessary of late. We never
+     can meet again: the laws forbid it, and love itself enforces them.
+     Let wisdom be heard by you as imperturbably, and affection as
+     authoritatively, as ever; and remember that the sorrow of Pericles
+     can rise but from the bosom of Aspasia. There is only one word of
+     tenderness we could say, which we have not said oftentimes before;
+     and there is no consolation in it. The happy never say, and never
+     hear said, farewell.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+     And now at the close of my day, when every light is dim and every
+     guest departed, let me own that these wane before me, remembering,
+     as I do in the pride and fulness of my heart, that Athens confided
+     her glory, and Aspasia her happiness, to me.
+
+     Have I been a faithful guardian? Do I resign them to the custody of
+     the gods, undiminished and unimpaired? Welcome then, welcome, my
+     last hour! After enjoying for so great a number of years, in my
+     public and private life, what I believe has never been the lot of
+     any other, I now extend my hand to the urn, and take without
+     reluctance or hesitation that which is the lot of all.
+
+                                         --_Pericles to Aspasia_
+
+[Illustration: PERICLES]
+
+
+Once upon a day there was a grocer who lived in Indianapolis, Indiana.
+The grocer's name being Heinrich Schliemann, his nationality can be
+inferred; and as for pedigree, it is enough to state that his ancestors
+did not land at either Plymouth or Jamestown. However, he was an
+American citizen.
+
+Now this grocer made much moneys, for he sold groceries as were, and had
+a feed-barn, a hay-scales, a sommer-garten and a lunch-counter. In fact,
+his place of business was just the kind you would expect a strenuous man
+by the name of Schliemann to keep.
+
+Soon Schliemann had men on the road, and they sold groceries as far west
+as Peoria and as far east as Xenia.
+
+Schliemann grew rich, and the opening up of Schliemann's Division, where
+town lots were sold at auction, and Anheuser-Busch played an important
+part, helped his bank-balance not a little.
+
+Schliemann grew rich: and the gentle reader being clairvoyant, now sees
+Schliemann weighed on his own hay-scales--and wanting everything in
+sight--tipping the beam at part of a ton. The expectation is that
+Schliemann will evolve into a large oval satrap, grow beautifully
+boastful and sublimely reminiscent, representing his Ward in the Common
+Council until pudge plus prunes him off in his prime.
+
+But this time the reader is wrong: Schliemann was tall, slender and
+reserved, also taciturn. Groceries were not the goal. In fact, he had
+interests outside of Indianapolis, that few knew anything about. When
+Schliemann was thirty-eight years old he was worth half a million
+dollars; and instead of making his big business still bigger, he was
+studying Greek. It was a woman and Eros taught Schliemann Greek, and
+this was so letters could be written--dictated by Eros, who they do say
+is an awful dictator--that would not be easily construed by Hoosier "hoi
+polloi." Together the woman and Schliemann studied the history of
+Hellas.
+
+About the year Eighteen Hundred Sixty-eight Schliemann turned all of his
+Indiana property into cash; and in April, Eighteen Hundred Seventy, he
+was digging in the hill of Hissarlik, Troad. The same faculty of
+thoroughness, and the ability to captain a large business--managing men
+to his own advantage, and theirs--made his work in Greece a success.
+Schliemann's discoveries at Mount Athos, Mycenæ, Ithaca and Tiryns
+turned a searchlight upon prehistoric Hellas and revolutionized
+prevailing ideas concerning the rise and the development of Greek Art.
+
+His Trojan treasures were presented to the city of Berlin. Had
+Schliemann given his priceless findings to Indianapolis, it would have
+made that city a Sacred Mecca for all the Western World--set it apart,
+and caused James Whitcomb Riley to be a mere side-show, inept,
+inconsequent, immaterial and insignificant. But alas! Indianapolis never
+knew Schliemann when he lived there--they thought he was a Dutch Grocer!
+And all the honors went to Benjamin Harrison, Governor Morton and Thomas
+A. Hendricks.
+
+If the Indiana Novelists would cease their dalliance with Dame Fiction
+and turn to Truth, writing a simple record of the life of Schliemann, it
+would eclipse in strangeness all the Knighthoods that ever were in
+Flower, and Ben Hur would get the flag in his Crawfordsville
+chariot-race for fame.
+
+Berlin gave the freedom of the city to Schliemann; the Emperor of
+Germany bestowed on him a Knighthood; the University voted him a Ph. D.;
+Heidelberg made him a D. C. L.; and Saint Petersburg followed with an
+LL. D.
+
+The value of the treasure, now in the Berlin Museum, found by Schliemann
+exceeds by far the value of the Elgin Marbles in the British Museum.
+
+We know, and have always known, who built the Parthenon and crowned the
+Acropolis; but not until Schliemann had by faith and good works removed
+the mountain of Hissarlik, did we know that the Troy, of which blind
+Homer sang, was not a figment of the poet's brain.
+
+Schliemann showed us that a thousand years before the age of Pericles
+there was a civilization almost as great. Aye! more than this--he showed
+us that the ancient city of Troy was built upon the ruins of a city
+that throve and pulsed with life and pride, a thousand years or more
+before Thetis, the mother of Achilles, held her baby by the heel and
+dipped him in the River Styx.
+
+Schliemann passed to the Realm of Shade in Eighteen Hundred Ninety, and
+is buried at Athens, in the Ceramicus, in a grave excavated by his own
+hands in a search for the grave of Pericles.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Pericles lived nearly twenty-five centuries ago. The years of his life
+were sixty-six--during the last thirty-one of which, by popular acclaim,
+he was the "First Citizen of Athens." The age in which he lived is
+called the Age of Pericles.
+
+Shakespeare died less than three hundred years ago, and although he
+lived in a writing age, and every decade since has seen a plethora of
+writing men, yet writing men are now bandying words as to whether he
+lived at all.
+
+Between us and Pericles lie a thousand years of night, when styli were
+stilled, pens forgotten, chisels thrown aside, brushes were useless, and
+oratory was silent, dumb. Yet we know the man Pericles quite as well as
+the popular mind knows George Washington, who lived but yesterday, and
+with whom myth and fable have already played their part.
+
+Thucydides, a contemporary of Pericles, who outlived him by nearly half
+a century, wrote his life. Fortunately, Thucydides was big enough
+himself to take the measure of a great man. At least seven other
+contemporaries, whose works we have in part, wrote also of the First
+Citizen.
+
+To Plutarch are we indebted for much of our knowledge of Pericles, and
+fortunately we are in position to verify most of Plutarch's gossipy
+chronicles.
+
+The vanishing-point of time is seen in that Plutarch refers to Pericles
+as an "ancient"; and through the mist of years it hardly seems possible
+that between Plutarch and Pericles is a period of five hundred years.
+Plutarch resided in Greece when Paul was at Athens, Corinth and other
+Grecian cities. Later, Plutarch was at Miletus, about the time Saint
+Paul stopped there on his way to Rome to be tried for blasphemy--the
+same offense committed by Socrates, and a sin charged, too, against
+Pericles. Nature punishes for most sins, but sacrilege, heresy and
+blasphemy are not in her calendar, so man has to look after them.
+Plutarch visited Patmos where Saint John was exiled and where he wrote
+the Book of Revelation. Plutarch was also at "Malta by the Sea," where
+Saint Paul was shipwrecked; but so far as we know, he never heard of
+Paul nor of Him of whom, upon Mars Hill, Paul preached.
+
+Paul bears testimony that at Athens the people spent their time in
+nothing else but either to tell or to hear some new thing. They were
+curious as children, and had to be diverted and amused. They were the
+same people that Pericles had diverted, amused and used--used without
+their knowing it, five hundred years before.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The gentle and dignified Anaxagoras, who abandoned all his property to
+the State that he might be free to devote himself to thought, was the
+first and best teacher of Pericles. Under his tutorship--better, the
+companionship of this noble man--Pericles acquired that sublime
+self-restraint, that intellectual breadth, that freedom from
+superstition, which marked his character.
+
+Superstitions are ossified metaphors, and back of every religious
+fallacy lies a truth. The gods of Greece were once men who fought their
+valiant fight and lived their day; the supernatural is the natural not
+yet understood--it is the natural seen through the mist of one, two,
+three, ten or twenty-five hundred years, when things loom large and out
+of proportion--and all these things were plain to Pericles. Yet he kept
+his inmost belief to himself, and let the mob believe whate'er it list.
+Morley's book on "Compromise" would not have appealed much to
+Pericles--his answer would have been, "A man must do what he can, and
+not what he would." Yet he was no vulgar demagog truckling to the
+caprices of mankind, nor was he a tyrant who pitted his will against the
+many and subdued by a show of arms. For thirty years he kept peace at
+home, and if this peace was once or twice cemented by an insignificant
+foreign war, he proved thereby that he was abreast of Napoleon, who
+said, "The cure for civil dissension is war abroad." Pericles stands
+alone in his success as a statesman. It was Thomas Brackett Reed, I
+believe, who said, "A statesman is a politician who is dead."
+
+And this is a sober truth, for, to reveal the statesman, perspective is
+required.
+
+Pericles built and maintained a State, and he did it, as every statesman
+must, by recognizing and binding to him ability. It is a fine thing to
+have ability, but the ability to discover ability in others is the true
+test. While Pericles lived, there also lived Æschylus, Sophocles,
+Euripides, Pythagoras, Socrates, Herodotus, Zeno, Hippocrates, Pindar,
+Empedocles and Democritus. Such a galaxy of stars has never been seen
+before nor since--unless we have it now--and Pericles was their one
+central sun.
+
+Pericles was great in many ways--great as an orator, musician,
+philosopher, politician, financier, and great and wise as a practical
+leader. Lovers of beauty are apt to be dreamers, but this man had the
+ability to plan, devise, lay out work and carry it through to a
+successful conclusion. He infused others with his own animation, and
+managed to set a whole cityful of lazy people building a temple grander
+far in its rich simplicity than the world had ever seen. By his masterly
+eloquence and the magic of his presence, Pericles infused the Greeks
+with a passion for beauty and a desire to create. And no man can inspire
+others with the desire to create who has not taken sacred fire from the
+altar of the gods. The creative genius is the highest gift vouchsafed to
+man, and wherein man is likest God. The desire to create does not burn
+the heart of the serf, and only free people can respond to the greatest
+power ever given to any First Citizen.
+
+In beautifying the city there was a necessity for workers in stone,
+brass, iron, ivory, gold, silver and wood. Six thousand of the citizens
+were under daily pay as jurors, to be called upon if their services were
+needed; most of the other male adults were soldiers. Through the genius
+of Pericles and his generals these men were set to work as masons,
+carpenters, braziers, goldsmiths, painters and sculptors. Talent was
+discovered where before it was supposed there was none; music found a
+voice; playwriters discovered actors; actors found an audience; and
+philosophy had a hearing. A theater was built, carved almost out of
+solid stone, that seated ten thousand people, and on the stage there was
+often heard a chorus of a thousand voices. Physical culture developed
+the perfect body so that the Greek forms of that time are today the
+despair of the human race. The recognition of the sacredness of the
+temple of the soul was taught as a duty; and to make the body beautiful
+by right exercise and by right life became a science. The sculptor must
+have models approaching perfection, and the exhibition of the sculptor's
+work, together with occasional public religious processions of naked
+youths, kept before the people ideals superb and splendid.
+
+For several years everybody worked, carrying stone, hewing, tugging,
+lifting, carving. Up the steep road that led to the Acropolis was a
+constant procession carrying materials. So infused was everybody and
+everything with the work that a story is told of a certain mule that had
+hauled a cart in the endless procession. This worthy worker, "who was
+sustained by neither pride of ancestry nor hope of posterity," finally
+became galled and lame and was turned out to die. But the mule did not
+die--nothing dies until hope dies. That mule pushed his way back into
+the throng and up and down he went, filled and comforted with the
+thought that he was doing his work--and all respected him and made way.
+If this story was invented by a comic poet of the time, devised by an
+enemy of Pericles, we see its moral, and think no less of Pericles. To
+inspire a mule with a passion for work and loyalty in a great cause is
+no mean thing.
+
+So richly endowed was Pericles that he was able to appreciate the best
+not only in men, but in literature, painting, sculpture, music,
+architecture and life as well. In him there was as near a perfect
+harmony as we have ever seen--in him all the various lines of Greek
+culture united, and we get the perfect man. Under the right conditions
+there might be produced a race of such men--but such a race never lived
+in Greece and never could. Greece was a splendid experiment. Greece was
+God's finest plaything--devised to show what He could do.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have sometimes thought that comeliness of feature and fine physical
+proportions were a handicap to an orator. If a man is handsome, it is
+quite enough--let him act as chairman and limit his words to stating the
+pleasure he has in introducing the speaker. No man in a full-dress suit
+can sway a thousand people to mingled mirth and tears, play upon their
+emotions and make them remember the things they have forgotten, drive
+conviction home, and change the ideals of a lifetime in an hour. The man
+in spotless attire, with necktie mathematically adjusted, is an usher.
+If too much attention to dress is in evidence, we at once conclude that
+the attire is first in importance and the message secondary.
+
+The orator is a man we hate, fear or love, and are curious to see. His
+raiment is incidental; the usher's clothes are vital. The attire of the
+usher may reveal the man--but not so the speaker. If our first
+impressions are disappointing, so much the better, provided the man is a
+man.
+
+The best thing in Winston Churchill's book, "The Crisis," is his
+description of Lincoln's speech at Freeport. Churchill got that
+description from a man who was there. Where the issue was great, Lincoln
+was always at first a disappointment. His unkempt appearance, his
+awkwardness, his shrill voice--these things made people laugh, then they
+were ashamed because they laughed, then they pitied, next followed
+surprise, and before they knew it, they were being wrapped 'round by
+words so gracious, so fair, so convincing, so free from prejudice, so
+earnest and so charged with soul that they were taken captive, bound
+hand and foot.
+
+Talmage, who knew his business, used to work this element of
+disappointment as an art. When the event was important and he wished to
+make a particularly good impression, he would begin in a very low,
+sing-song voice, and in a monotonous manner, dealing in trite nothings
+for five minutes or more. His angular form would seem to take on more
+angles and his homely face would grow more homely, if that were
+possible--disappointment would spread itself over the audience like a
+fog; people would settle back in their pews, sigh and determine to
+endure. And then suddenly the speaker would glide to the front, his
+great chest would fill, his immense mouth would open and there would
+leap forth a sentence like a thunderbolt.
+
+Visitors at "The Temple," London, will recall how Joseph Parker works
+the matter of surprise, and often piques curiosity by beginning his
+sermon to two thousand people in a voice that is just above a whisper.
+
+One of the most impressive orators of modern times was John P. Altgeld,
+yet to those who heard him for the first time his appearance was always
+a disappointment. Altgeld was so earnest and sincere, so full of his
+message that he scorned all the tricks of oratory, but still he must
+have been aware that his insignificant form and commonplace appearance
+were a perfect foil for the gloomy, melancholy and foreboding note of
+earnestness that riveted his words into a perfect whole.
+
+Over against the type of oratory represented by Altgeld, America has
+produced one orator who fascinated first by his personal appearance,
+next exasperated by his imperturbable calm, then disappointed through a
+reserve that nothing could baffle, and finally won through all three,
+more than by his message. This man was Roscoe Conkling, he of the
+Hyperion curls and Jovelike front.
+
+The chief enemy of Conkling (and he had a goodly list) was James G.
+Blaine, who once said of him, "He wins, like Pericles, by his grand and
+god-like manner--and knows it." In appearance and manner Pericles and
+Conkling had much in common, but there the parallel stops.
+
+Pericles appeared only on great occasions. We are told that in twenty
+years he was seen on the streets of Athens only once a year, and that
+was in going from his house to the Assembly where he made his annual
+report of his stewardship. He never made himself cheap. His speeches
+were prepared with great care and must have been memorized. Before he
+spoke he prayed the gods that not a single unworthy word might escape
+his lips. We are told that his manner was so calm, so well poised, that
+during his speech his mantle was never disarranged.
+
+In his speeches Pericles never championed an unpopular cause--he never
+led a forlorn hope--he never flung reasons into the teeth of a mob. His
+addresses were the orderly, gracious words of eulogy and congratulation.
+He won the approval of his constituents often against their will, and
+did the thing he wished to do, without giving offense. Thucydides says
+his words were like the honey of Hymettus--persuasion sat upon his lips.
+
+No man wins his greatest fame in that to which he has given most of his
+time; it's his side issue, the thing he does for recreation, his heart's
+play-spell, that gives him immortality. There is too much tension in
+that where his all is staked. But in his leisure the pressure is
+removed, his heart is free and judgment may for the time take a back
+seat--there was where Dean Swift picked his laurels. Although Pericles
+was the greatest orator of his day, yet his business was not oratory.
+Public speaking was to him merely incidental and accidental. He
+doubtless would have avoided it if he could--he was a man of affairs, a
+leader of practical men, and he was a teacher. He held his place by a
+suavity, gentleness and gracious show of reasons unparalleled. In
+oratory it is manner that wins, not words. One virtue Pericles had in
+such generous measure that the world yet takes note of it, and that is
+his patience. If interrupted in a speech, he gave way and never answered
+sharply, nor used his position to the other's discomfiture. In his
+speeches there was no challenge, no vituperation, no irony, no
+arraignment. He assumed that everybody was honest, everybody just, and
+that all men were doing what they thought was best for themselves and
+others. His enemies were not rogues--simply good men who were
+temporarily in error. He impeached no man's motives; but went much out
+of his way to give due credit.
+
+On one occasion, early in his public career, he was berated by a bully
+in the streets. Pericles made no answer, but went quietly about his
+business. The man followed him, continuing his abuse--followed him clear
+to the door of his house. It being dark, Pericles ordered one of his
+servants to procure a torch, light the man home and see that no harm
+befell him.
+
+The splendor of his intellect and the sublime strength of his will are
+shown in that small things did not distress him. He was building the
+Parthenon and making Athens the wonder of the world: this was enough.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Greeks at their best were barbarians; at their worst, slaves. The
+average intelligence among them was low; and the idea that they were
+such a wonderful people has gained a foothold simply because they are so
+far off. The miracle of it all is that such sublimely great men as
+Pericles, Phidias, Socrates and Anaxagoras should have sprung from such
+a barbaric folk. The men just named were as exceptional as was
+Shakespeare in the reign of Elizabeth. That the masses had small
+appreciation of these men is proven in the fact that Phidias and
+Anaxagoras died in prison, probably defeating their persecutors by
+suicide. Socrates drank the cup of hemlock, and Pericles, the one man
+who had made Athens immortal, barely escaped banishment and death by
+diverting attention from himself to a foreign war. The charge against
+both Pericles and Phidias was that of "sacrilege." They said that
+Pericles and Phidias should be punished because they had placed their
+pictures on a sacred shield.
+
+Humanity's job-lot was in the saddle, and sought to wound Pericles by
+attacking his dearest friends: so his old teacher, Anaxagoras, was made
+to die; his beloved helper, Phidias, the greatest sculptor the world has
+ever known, suffered a like fate; and his wife, Aspasia, was humiliated
+by being dragged to a public trial, where the eloquence of Pericles
+alone saved her from a malefactor's death; and it is said that this was
+the only time when Pericles lost his "Olympian calm."
+
+The son of Pericles and Aspasia was one of ten generals executed because
+they failed to win a certain battle. The scheme of beheading
+unsuccessful soldiers was not without its advantages, and in some ways
+is to be commended; but the plan reveals the fact that the Greeks had so
+little faith in their leaders that the threat of death was deemed
+necessary to make them do their duty. This son of Pericles was declared
+illegitimate by law; another law was passed declaring him legitimate:
+and finally his head was cut off, all as duly provided in the statutes.
+Doesn't this make us wonder what this world would have been without its
+lawmakers? The particular offense of Anaxagoras was that he said Jove
+occasionally sent thunder and lightning with no thought of Athens in
+mind. The same subject is up for discussion yet, but no special penalty
+is provided by the State as to conclusions.
+
+The citizens of Greece in the time of Pericles were given over to two
+things which were enough to damn any individual and any nation--idleness
+and superstition. The drudgery was done by slaves; the idea that a free
+citizen should work was preposterous; to be useful was a disgrace. For a
+time Pericles dissipated their foolish thought, but it kept cropping
+out. To speak disrespectfully of the gods was to invite death, and the
+philosophers who dared discuss the powers of Nature or refer to a
+natural religion were safe only through the fact that their language
+was usually so garlanded with the flowers of poesy that the people did
+not comprehend its import.
+
+Very early in the reign of Pericles a present of forty thousand bushels
+of wheat had been sent from the King of Egypt; at least it was called a
+present--probably it was an exacted tribute. This wheat was to be
+distributed among the free citizens of Athens, and accordingly when the
+cargo arrived there was a fine scramble among the people to show that
+they were free. Everybody produced a certificate and demanded wheat.
+
+Some time before this Pericles had caused a law to be passed providing
+that in order to be a citizen a man must be descended from a father and
+a mother who were both Athenians. This law was aimed directly at
+Themistocles, the predecessor of Pericles, whose mother was an alien. It
+is true the mother of Themistocles was an alien, but her son was
+Themistocles. The law worked and Themistocles was declared a bastardicus
+and banished.
+
+Before unloading our triremes of wheat, let the fact be stated that laws
+aimed at individuals are apt to prove boomerangs. "Thee should build no
+dark cells," said Elizabeth Fry to the King of France, "for thy children
+may occupy them." Some years after Pericles had caused this law to be
+passed defining citizenship, he loved a woman who had the misfortune to
+be born at Miletus. According to his own law the marriage of Pericles
+to this woman was not legal--she was only his slave, not his wife. So
+finally Pericles had to go before the people and ask for the repeal of
+the law that he had made, in order that his own children might be made
+legitimate. Little men in shovel hats and knee-breeches who hotly fume
+against the sin of a man marrying his deceased wife's sister are usually
+men whose wives are not deceased, and have no sisters.
+
+The wheat arrived at the Piræus, and the citizens jammed the docks. The
+slaves wore sleeveless tunics. The Greeks were not much given to that
+absurd plan of cutting off heads--they simply cut off sleeves. This
+meant that the man was a worker--the rest affected sleeves so long that
+they could not work, somewhat after the order of the Chinese nobility,
+who wear their finger-nails so long they can not use their hands. "To
+kill a bird is to lose it," said Thoreau. "To kill a man is to lose
+him," said the Greeks.
+
+"You should have your sleeves cut off," said some of the citizens to
+others, with a bit of acerbity, as they crowded the docks for their
+wheat.
+
+The talk increased--it became louder.
+
+Finally it was proposed that the distribution of wheat should be
+deferred until every man had proved his pedigree.
+
+The ayes had it.
+
+The result was that on close scrutiny five thousand supposed citizens
+had a blot on their 'scutcheon. The property of these five thousand men
+was immediately confiscated and the men sold into slavery. The total
+number of free men, women and children in the city of Athens was about
+seventy-five thousand, and of the slaves or helots about the same,
+making the total population of the city about one hundred fifty
+thousand.
+
+We have heard so much of "the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur
+that was Rome," that we are, at times, apt to think the world is making
+progress backward. But let us all stand erect and lift up our hearts in
+thankfulness that we live in the freest country the world has ever
+known. Wisdom is not monopolized by a few; power is not concentrated in
+the hands of a tyrant; knowledge need not express itself in cipher; to
+work is no longer a crime or a disgrace.
+
+We have superstition yet, but it is toothless: we can say our say
+without fear of losing our heads or our sleeves. We may lose a few
+customers, and some subscribers may cancel, but we are not in danger of
+banishment; and that attenuated form of ostracism which consists in
+neglecting to invite the offender to a four-o'clock tea has no terrors.
+
+Bigotry is abroad, but it has no longer the power to throttle science;
+the empty threat of future punishment and the offer of reward are
+nothing to us, since we perceive they are offered by men who haven't
+these things to give. The idea of war and conquest is held by many, but
+concerning it we voice our thoughts and write our views; and the fact
+that we perceive and point out what we believe are fallacies, and brand
+the sins of idleness and extravagance, is proof that light is breaking
+in the East. If we can profit by the good that was in Greece and avoid
+the bad, we have the raw material here, if properly used, to make her
+glory fade into forgetfulness by comparison.
+
+Do not ask that the days of Greece shall come again--we now know that to
+live by the sword is to die by the sword, and the nation that builds on
+conquest builds on sand. We want no splendor fashioned by slaves--no
+labor driven by the lash, nor lured on through superstitious threat of
+punishment and offer of reward: we recognize that to own slaves is to be
+one.
+
+Ten men built Athens. The passion for beauty that these men had may be
+ours, their example may inspire us, but to live their lives--we will
+none of them! Our lives are better--the best time the world has ever
+seen is now; and a better yet is sure to be. The night is past and
+gone--the light is breaking in the East!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Womanhood was not held in high esteem in Greece. To be sure, barbaric
+Sparta made a bold stand for equality, and almost instituted a
+gynecocracy, but the usual idea was that a woman's opinion was not worth
+considering. Hence the caricaturists of the day made sly sport of the
+love of Pericles and Aspasia. These two were intellectual equals,
+comrades; and that all of Pericles' public speeches were rehearsed to
+her, as his enemies averred, is probably true. "Aspasia has no time for
+society; she is busy writing a speech for her lord," said Aristophanes.
+Socrates used to visit Aspasia, and he gave it out as his opinion that
+Aspasia wrote the sublime ode delivered by Pericles on the occasion of
+his eulogy on the Athenian dead. The popular mind could not possibly
+comprehend how a great man could defer to a woman in important matters,
+and she be at once his wife, counselor, comrade, friend. Socrates, who
+had been taught by antithesis, understood it.
+
+The best minds of our day behold that Pericles was as sublimely great in
+his love-affairs as he was in his work as architect and statesman. Life
+is a whole, and every man works his love up into life--his life is
+revealed in his work, and his love is mirrored in his life. For myself I
+can not see why the Parthenon may not have been a monument to a great
+and sublime passion, and the statue of Athena, its chief ornament, be
+the sacred symbol of a great woman greatly loved.
+
+So far as can be found, the term of "courtesan" applied by the mob to
+Aspasia came from the fact that she was not legally married to Pericles,
+and for no other reason. That their union was not legal was owing to the
+simple fact that Pericles, early in his career, had caused a law to be
+passed making marriage between an Athenian and an alien morganatic: very
+much as in England, for a time, the children of a marriage where one
+parent was a Catholic and the other a Protestant were declared by the
+State to be illegitimate. The act of Pericles in spreading a net for his
+rival and getting caught in it himself is a beautiful example of the
+truth of a bucolic maxim, "Chickens most generally come home to roost."
+
+Thucydides says that for thirty years Pericles never dined away from
+home but once. He kept out of crowds, and was very seldom seen at public
+gatherings. The idea held by many was that a man who thus preferred his
+home and the society of a woman was either silly or bad, or both.
+Socrates, for instance, never went home as long as there was any other
+place to go, which reminds us of a certain American statesman who met a
+friend on the street, the hour being near midnight. "Where are you
+going, Bill?" asked the statesman. "Home," said Bill. "What!" said the
+statesman, "haven't you any place to go?" The Athenian men spent their
+spare time in the streets and marketplaces--this was to them what the
+daily paper is to us.
+
+In his home life Pericles was simple, unpretentious and free from all
+extravagance. No charge could ever be brought against him that he was
+wasting the public money for himself--the beauty he materialized was for
+all. He held no court, had no carriages, equipage, nor guards; wore no
+insignia of office, and had no title save that of "First Citizen" given
+him by the people. He is the supreme type of a man who, though holding
+no public office, yet ruled like a monarch, and, best of all, ruled his
+own spirit. There is no government so near perfect as that of an
+absolute monarchy--where the monarch is wise and just.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Greece is a beautiful dream. Dreams do not endure, yet they are a part
+of life, no less than the practical deeds of the day. The glory of
+Greece could not last; its limit was thirty years--one generation. The
+splendor of Athens was built on tribute and conquest, and the lesson of
+it all lies in this: For thirty years Pericles turned the revenues of
+war into art, beauty and usefulness.
+
+England spent more in her vain efforts to subjugate two little South
+African republics than Pericles spent in making Athens the Wonder of the
+World. If Chamberlain and Salisbury had been the avatars of Pericles and
+Phidias, they would have used the nine hundred millions of dollars
+wasted in South Africa, and the services of those three hundred thousand
+men, and done in England, aye! or done in South Africa, a work of
+harmony and undying beauty such as this tired earth had not seen since
+Phidias wrought and Pindar sang.
+
+And another thing, the thirty thousand Englishmen sacrificed to the God
+of War, and the ten thousand Boers, dead in a struggle for what they
+thought was right, would now nearly all be alive and well, rejoicing in
+the contemplation of a harmony unparalleled and unsurpassed.
+
+During the last year the United States has appropriated four hundred
+million dollars for war and war-apparatus. Since Eighteen Hundred
+Ninety-seven we have expended about three times the sum named for war
+and waste. If there had been among us a Pericles who could have used
+this vast treasure in irrigating the lands of the West and building
+Manual-Training Schools where boys and girls would be taught to do
+useful work and make beautiful things, we could have made ancient Greece
+pale into forgetfulness beside the beauty we would manifest.
+
+When Pericles came into power there was a union of the Greek States,
+formed with intent to stand against Persia, the common foe. A treasure
+had been accumulated at Delos by Themistocles, the predecessor of
+Pericles, to use in case of emergency.
+
+The ambition of Themistocles was to make Greece commercially supreme.
+She must be the one maritime power of the world. All the outlying
+islands of the Ægean Sea were pouring their tithes into Athens and Delos
+that they might have protection from the threatening hordes of Persia.
+
+Pericles saw that war was not imminent, and under the excuse of
+increased safety he got the accumulated treasure moved from Delos to
+Athens. The amount of this emergency fund, to us, would be
+insignificant--a mere matter of, say, two million dollars. Pericles used
+this money, or a portion of it at least, for beautifying Athens, and he
+did his wondrous work by maintaining a moderate war-tax in a time of
+peace, using the revenue for something better than destruction and
+vaunting pride.
+
+But Pericles could not forever hold out against the mob at Athens and
+the hordes abroad. He might have held the hordes at bay, but disloyalty
+struck at him at home--his best helpers were sacrificed to
+superstition--his beloved helper Phidias was dead. War came--the
+population from the country flocked within the walls of Athens for
+protection. The pent-up people grew restless, sick; pestilence followed,
+and in ministering to their needs, trying to infuse courage into his
+whimpering countrymen, bearing up under the disloyalty of his own sons,
+planning to meet the lesser foe without, Pericles grew aweary, Nature
+flagged, and he was dead.
+
+From his death dates the decline of Greece--she has been twenty-five
+centuries dying and is not dead even yet. To Greece we go for
+consolation, and in her armless and headless marbles we see the perfect
+type of what men and women yet may be. Copies of her Winged Victory are
+upon ten thousand pedestals pointing us the way.
+
+England has her Chamberlain, Salisbury, Lord Bobs, Buller, and
+Kitchener; America has her rough-riders who bawl and boast, her
+financiers, and her promoters. In every city of America there is a
+Themistocles who can organize a Trust of Delos and make the outlying
+islands pay tithes and tribute through an indirect tax on this and that.
+In times of alleged danger all Kansans flock to arms and offer their
+lives in the interest of outraged humanity.
+
+These things are well, but where is the Pericles who can inspire men to
+give in times of peace what all are willing to give in the delirium of
+war--that is to say, themselves?
+
+We can Funstonize men into fighting-machines; we can set half a nation
+licking stamps for strife; but where is the Pericles who can infuse the
+populace into paving streets, building good roads, planting trees,
+constructing waterways across desert sands, and crowning each
+rock-ribbed hill with a temple consecrated to Love and Beauty! We take
+our mules from their free prairies, huddle them in foul transports and
+send them across wide oceans to bleach their bones upon the burning
+veldt; but where is the man who can inspire our mules with a passion to
+do their work, add their mite to building a temple and follow the
+procession unled, undriven--with neither curb nor lash--happy in the
+fond idea that they are a part of all the seething life that throbs,
+pulses and works for a Universal Good!
+
+England is today a country tied with crape. On the lintels of her
+doorposts there linger yet the marks of sprinkled blood; the guttural
+hurrahs of her coronation are mostly evoked by beer; behind it all are
+fears and tears and a sorrow that will not be comforted.
+
+"I never caused a single Athenian to wear mourning," truthfully said
+Pericles with his dying breath. Can the present prime ministers of earth
+say as much? That is the kind of leader America most needs today--a man
+who can do his work and make no man, woman or child wear crape.
+
+The time is ripe for him--we await his coming.
+
+We are sick and tired of plutocrats who struggle and scheme but for
+themselves; we turn with loathing from the concrete selfishness of
+Newport and Saratoga; the clatter of arms and the blare of
+battle-trumpets in time of peace are hideous to our ears--we want no
+wealth gained from conquest and strife.
+
+Ours is the richest country the world has ever known. Greece was a
+beggar compared with Iowa and Illinois, where nothing but honest effort
+is making small cities great. But we need a Pericles who shall inspire
+us to work for truth, harmony and beauty--a beauty wrought for
+ourselves--and a love that shall perform such miracles that they will
+minister to the millions yet unborn. We need a Pericles! We need a
+Pericles!
+
+
+
+
+MARK ANTONY
+
+
+     It is not long, my Antony, since, with these hands, I buried thee.
+     Alas! they were then free, but thy Cleopatra is now a prisoner,
+     attended by guard, lest, in the transports of her grief, she should
+     disfigure this captive body, which is reserved to adorn the triumph
+     over thee. These are the last offerings, the last honors she can
+     pay thee; for she is now to be conveyed to a distant country.
+     Nothing could part us while we lived, but in death we are to be
+     divided. Thou, though a Roman, liest buried in Egypt; and I, an
+     Egyptian, must be interred in Italy, the only favor I shall receive
+     from thy country. Yet, if the Gods of Rome have power or mercy left
+     (for surely those of Egypt have forsaken us), let them not suffer
+     me to be led in living triumph to thy disgrace! No! hide me, hide
+     me with thee in the grave; for life, since thou hast left it, has
+     been misery to me.
+
+                                                --_Plutarch_
+
+[Illustration: MARK ANTONY]
+
+
+The sole surviving daughter of the great King Ptolemy of Egypt,
+Cleopatra was seventeen years old when her father died.
+
+By his will the King made her joint heir to the throne with her brother
+Ptolemy, several years her junior. And according to the custom not
+unusual among royalty at that time, it was provided that Ptolemy should
+become the husband of Cleopatra.
+
+She was a woman--her brother a child.
+
+She had intellect, ambition, talent. She knew the history of her own
+country, and that of Assyria, Greece and Rome; and all the written
+languages of the world were to her familiar. She had been educated by
+the philosophers, who had brought from Greece the science of Pythagoras
+and Plato. Her companions had been men--not women, or nurses, or pious,
+pedantic priests.
+
+Through the veins of her young body pulsed and leaped life plus.
+
+She abhorred the thought of an alliance with her weak-chinned brother;
+and the ministers of state who suggested another husband, as a
+compromise, were dismissed with a look. They said she was intractable,
+contemptuous, unreasonable, and was scheming for the sole possession of
+the throne. She was not to be diverted even by ardent courtiers who
+were sent to her, and who lay in wait, ready with amorous sighs--she
+scorned them all.
+
+Yet she was a woman still, and in her dreams she saw the coming prince.
+
+She was banished from Alexandria.
+
+A few friends followed her, and an army was formed to force from the
+enemy her rights.
+
+But other things were happening. A Roman army came leisurely drifting in
+with the tide, and disembarked at Alexandria. The Great Cæsar himself
+was in command--a mere holiday, he said. He had intended to join the
+land forces of Mark Antony and help crush the rebellious Pompey, but
+Antony had done the trick alone, and only a few days before, word had
+come that Pompey was dead.
+
+Cæsar knew that civil war was on in Alexandria, and being near he sailed
+slowly in, sending messengers ahead warning both sides to lay down their
+arms.
+
+With him was the far-famed invincible Tenth Legion that had ravished
+Gaul. Cæsar wanted to rest his men, and incidentally to reward them.
+They took possession of the city without a blow.
+
+Cleopatra's troops laid down their arms, but Ptolemy's refused. They
+were simply chased beyond the walls, and their punishment was for a time
+deferred.
+
+Cæsar took possession of the palace of the King, and his soldiers
+accommodated themselves in the houses, public buildings and temples as
+best they could.
+
+Cleopatra asked for a personal interview that she might present her
+cause. Cæsar declined to meet her. He understood the trouble--many such
+cases he had seen. Claimants for thrones were not new to him. Where two
+parties quarreled both were right--or wrong--it really mattered little.
+It is absurd to quarrel--still more foolish to fight. Cæsar was a man of
+peace, and to keep the peace he would appoint one of his generals
+governor, and make Egypt a Roman colony. In the meantime he would rest a
+week or two, with the kind permission of the Alexandrians, and work upon
+his "Commentaries"--no, he would not see either Cleopatra or Ptolemy:
+any information desired he would get through his trusted emissaries.
+
+In the service of Cleopatra was a Sicilian slave who had been her
+personal servant since she was a little girl. This man's name was
+Appolidorus--a man of giant stature and imposing mien. Ten years before
+his tongue had been torn out as a token that as he was to attend a queen
+he should tell no secrets.
+
+Appolidorus had but one thought in life, and that was to defend his
+gracious queen. He slept at the door of Cleopatra's tent, a naked sword
+at his side, held in his clenched and brawny hand.
+
+And now behold at dusk of day the grim and silent Appolidorus, carrying
+upon his giant shoulders a large and curious rug, rolled up and tied
+'round at either end with ropes. He approaches the palace of the King,
+and at the guarded gate hands a note to the officer in charge. This note
+gives information to the effect that a certain patrician citizen of
+Alexandria, being glad that the gracious Cæsar had deigned to visit
+Egypt, sends him the richest rug that can be woven, done, in fact, by
+his wife and daughters and held against this day, awaiting Rome's
+greatest son.
+
+The officer reads the note, and orders a soldier to accept the gift and
+carry it within--presents were constantly arriving. A sign from the dumb
+giant makes the soldier stand back--the present is for Cæsar and can be
+delivered only in person. "Lead and I will follow," were the words done
+in stern pantomime.
+
+The officer laughs, sends the note inside, and the messenger soon
+returning, signifies that the present is acceptable and the slave
+bearing it shall be shown in. Appolidorus shifts the burden to the other
+shoulder, and follows the soldier through the gate, up the marble steps,
+along the splendid hallway lighted by flaring torches and lined with
+reclining Roman soldiers.
+
+At a door they pause an instant, there is a whispered word--they enter.
+
+The room is furnished as becomes the room that is the private library of
+the King of Egypt. In one corner, seated at the table, pen in hand, sits
+a man of middle age, pale, clean-shaven, with hair close-cropped. His
+dress is not that of a soldier--it is the flowing, white robe of a
+Roman Priest. Only one servant attends this man, a secretary, seated
+near, who rises and explains that the present is acceptable and shall be
+deposited on the floor.
+
+The pale man at the table looks up, smiles a tired smile, and murmurs in
+a perfunctory way his thanks.
+
+Appolidorus having laid his burden on the floor, kneels to untie the
+ropes.
+
+The secretary explains that he need not trouble, pray bear thanks and
+again thanks to his master--he need not tarry!
+
+The dumb man on his knees neither hears nor heeds.
+
+The rug is unrolled.
+
+From out the roll a woman leaps lightly to her feet--a beautiful young
+woman of twenty.
+
+She stands there, poised, defiant, gazing at the pale-faced man seated
+at the table.
+
+He is not surprised--he never was. One might have supposed he received
+all his visitors in this manner.
+
+"Well?" he says in a quiet way, a half-smile parting his thin lips.
+
+The woman's breast heaves with tumultuous emotion--just an instant. She
+speaks, and there is no tremor in her tones. Her voice is low, smooth
+and scarcely audible: "I am Cleopatra."
+
+The man at the desk lays down his pen, leans back and gently nods his
+head, as much as to say, indulgently, "Yes, my child, I hear--go on!"
+
+"I am Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, and I would speak with thee alone."
+
+She paused; then raising one jeweled arm motions to Appolidorus that he
+shall withdraw. With a similar motion, the man at the desk signifies the
+same to his astonished secretary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Appolidorus went down the long hallway, down the stone steps and waited
+at the outer gate amid the throng of soldiers. They questioned him,
+gibed him, railed at him, but they got no word in reply.
+
+He waited--he waited an hour, two--and then came a messenger with a note
+written on a slip of parchment. The words ran thus: "Well-beloved
+'Dorus: Veni, vidi, vici! Go fetch my maids, also all of our personal
+belongings."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Standing alone by the slashed and stiffened corpse of Julius Cæsar, Mark
+Antony says:
+
+  "Thou art the ruins of the noblest man
+  That ever lived in the tide of times."
+
+Cæsar had two qualities that mark the man of supreme power: he was
+gentle and he was firm.
+
+To be gentle, generous, lenient, forgiving, and yet never relinquish the
+vital thing--this is to be great.
+
+To know when to be generous and when firm--this is wisdom.
+
+The first requisite in ruling others is to rule one's own spirit.
+
+The suavity, moderation, dignity and wise diplomacy of Cæsar led him by
+sure and safe steps from a lowly clerkship to positions of gradually
+increasing responsibility. At thirty-seven he was elected Pontifex
+Maximus--the head of the State Religion.
+
+Between Pagan Rome and Christian Paganism there is small choice--all
+State religions are very much alike. Cæsar was Pope: and no State
+religion since his time has been an improvement on that of Cæsar.
+
+In his habits Cæsar was ascetic--a scholar by nature. He was tall,
+slender, and in countenance sad. For the intellect Nature had given him,
+she had taken toll by cheating him in form and feature. He was
+deliberate and of few words--he listened in a way that always first
+complimented the speaker and then disconcerted him.
+
+By birth he was a noble, and by adoption one of the people. He was both
+plebeian and patrician.
+
+His military experience had been but slight, though creditable, and his
+public addresses were so few that no one claimed he was an orator. He
+had done nothing of special importance, and yet the feeling was
+everywhere that he was the greatest man in Rome. The nobles feared him,
+trembling at thought of his displeasure. The people loved him--he called
+them, "My children."
+
+Cæsar was head of the Church, but politically there were two other
+strong leaders in Rome, Pompey and Crassus. These two men were rich, and
+each was at the head of a large number of followers whom he had armed as
+militia "for the defense of State." Cæsar was poor in purse and could
+not meet them in their own way even if so inclined. He saw the danger of
+these rival factions. Strife between them was imminent--street fights
+were common--and it would require only a spark to ignite the tinder.
+
+Cæsar the Pontiff--the man of peace--saw a way to secure safety for the
+State from these two men who had armed their rival legions to protect
+it.
+
+To secure this end he would crush them both.
+
+The natural way to do this would have been to join forces with the party
+he deemed the stronger, and down the opposition. But this done, the
+leader with whom he had joined forces would still have to be dealt with.
+
+Cæsar made peace between Pompey and Crassus by joining with them,
+forming a Triumvirate.
+
+This was one of the greatest strokes of statecraft ever devised. It made
+peace at home--averted civil war--cemented rival factions.
+
+When three men join forces, make no mistake--power is never equally
+divided.
+
+Before the piping times of peace could pall, a foreign war diverted
+attention from approaching difficulties at home.
+
+The Gauls were threatening--they were always threatening--war could be
+had with them any time by just pushing out upon them. To the south,
+Sicily, Greece, Persia and Egypt had been exploited--fame and empire lay
+in the dim and unknown North.
+
+Only a Cæsar could have known this. He had his colleagues make him
+governor of Gaul. Gaul was a troublesome place to be, and they were
+quite willing he should go there. For a priest to go among the fighting
+Gauls--they smiled and stroked their chins! Gaul had definite boundaries
+on the south--the Rubicon marked the line--but on the north it was
+without limit. Real-estate owners own as high in the air and as deep in
+the earth as they wish to go. Cæsar alone guessed the greatness of Gaul.
+
+Under pretense of protecting Rome from a threatened invasion he secured
+the strongest legions of Pompey and Crassus. Combining them into one
+army he led them northward to such conquest and victory as the world
+had never before seen.
+
+It is not for me to tell the history of Cæsar's Gallic wars. Suffice it
+to say that in eight years he had penetrated what is now Switzerland,
+France, Germany and England. Everywhere he left monuments of his
+greatness in the way of splendid highways, baths, aqueducts and temples.
+Colonies of settlers from the packed population of Rome followed the
+victors.
+
+An army left to itself after conquest will settle down to riot and mad
+surfeit, but this man kept his forces strong by keeping them at
+work--discipline was never relaxed, yet there was such kindness and care
+for his men that no mutiny ever made head.
+
+Cæsar became immensely rich--his debts were now all paid--the treasure
+returned to Rome did the general coffers fill, his name and fame were
+blazoned on the Roman streets.
+
+When he returned he knew, and had always known, it would be as a
+conquering hero. Pompey and Crassus did not wish Cæsar to return. He was
+still governor of Gaul and should stay there. They made him governor--he
+must do as they required--they sent him his orders. "The die is cast,"
+said Cæsar on reading the message. Immediately he crossed the Rubicon.
+
+An army fights for a leader, not a cause. The leader's cause is theirs.
+Cæsar had led his men to victory, and he had done it with a
+comparatively small degree of danger. He never made an attack until
+every expedient for peace was exhausted. He sent word to each barbaric
+tribe to come in and be lovingly annexed, or else be annexed
+willy-nilly. He won, but through diplomacy where it was possible. When
+he did strike, it was quickly, unexpectedly and hard. The priest was as
+great a strategist as he was a diplomat. He pardoned his opposers when
+they would lay down their arms--he wanted success, not vengeance. But
+always he gave his soldiers the credit.
+
+They were loyal to him.
+
+Pompey and Crassus could not oppose a man like this--they fled.
+
+Cæsar's most faithful and trusted colleague was Mark Antony, seventeen
+years his junior--a slashing, dashing, audacious, exuberant fellow.
+
+Cæsar became dictator, really king or emperor. He ruled with moderation,
+wisely and well. He wore the purple robe of authority, but refused the
+crown. He was honored, revered, beloved. The habit of the Pontiff still
+clung to him--he called the people, "My children."
+
+The imperturbable calm of the man of God was upon him. His courage was
+unimpeachable, but caution preserved him from personal strife. That he
+could ever be approached by one and all was his pride.
+
+But clouds were beginning to gather.
+
+He had pardoned his enemies, but they had not forgiven him.
+
+There were whisperings that he was getting ready to assume the office
+of emperor. At a certain parade when Cæsar sat upon the raised seat,
+reviewing the passing procession, Mark Antony, the exuberant, left his
+place in the ranks, and climbing to the platform, tried to crown his
+beloved leader with laurel. Cæsar had smilingly declined the honor, amid
+the plaudits of the crowd.
+
+Some said this whole episode was planned to test the temper of the
+populace.
+
+Another cause of offense was that, some time before, Cæsar had spent
+several months in Alexandria at the court of Cleopatra. And now the
+young and beautiful queen had arrived in Rome, and Cæsar had appeared
+with her at public gatherings. She had with her a boy, two years old, by
+name Cæsario.
+
+This Egyptian child, said the conspirators, was to be the future Emperor
+of Rome. To meet this accusation Cæsar made his will and provided that
+his grand-nephew, Octavius Cæsar, should be his adopted son and heir.
+But this was declared a ruse.
+
+The murmurings grew louder.
+
+Sixty senators combined to assassinate Cæsar. The high position of these
+men made them safe--by standing together they would be secure.
+
+Cæsar was warned, but declined to take the matter seriously. He neither
+would arm himself nor allow guards to attend him.
+
+On the Fifteenth of March, B. C. Forty-four, as Cæsar entered the Senate
+the rebels crowded upon him under the pretense of handing him a
+petition, and at a sign fell upon him. Twenty-three of the conspirators
+got close enough to send their envious daggers home.
+
+Brutus dipped his sword in the flowing blood, and waving the weapon
+aloft cried, "Liberty is restored!"
+
+Two days later, Mark Antony, standing by the dead body of his beloved
+chief, sadly mused:
+
+  "Thou art the ruins of the noblest man
+  That ever lived in the tide of times."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Cæsar died aged fifty-six. Mark Antony, his executor, occupying the
+office next in importance, was thirty-nine.
+
+In point of physique Mark Antony far surpassed Cæsar: they were the same
+height, but Antony was almost heroic in stature and carriage, muscular
+and athletic. His face was comely: his nose large and straight; his eyes
+set wide apart; his manner martial. If he lacked in intellect, in
+appearance he held averages good.
+
+Antony had occupied the high offices of questor and tribune, the first
+calling for literary ability, the second for skill as an orator. Cæsar,
+the wise and diplomatic, had chosen Mark Antony as his Secretary of
+State on account of his peculiar fitness, especially in representing the
+Government at public functions. Antony had a handsome presence, a
+gracious tongue, and was a skilled and ready writer. Cæsar himself was
+too great a man to be much in evidence.
+
+In passing it is well to note that all the tales as to the dissipation
+and profligacy of Mark Antony in his early days come from the
+"Philippics" of Cicero, who made the mistake of executing Lentulus, the
+step-father of Mark Antony, and then felt called upon forever after to
+condemn the entire family. "Philippics" are always a form of
+self-vindication.
+
+However, it need not be put forward that Mark Antony was by any means a
+paragon of virtue--a man who has been successively and successfully
+soldier, lawyer, politician, judge, rhetorician and diplomat is what he
+is. Rome was the ruler of the world; Cæsar was the undisputed greatest
+man of Rome; and Mark Antony was the right hand of Cæsar.
+
+At the decisive battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar had chosen Mark Antony to
+lead the left wing while he himself led the right. More than once Mark
+Antony had stopped the Roman army in its flight and had turned defeat
+into victory. In the battle with Aristobulus he was the first to scale
+the wall.
+
+His personal valor was beyond cavil--he had distinguished himself in
+every battle in which he had taken part.
+
+It was the first intent of the conspirators that Cæsar and Antony should
+die together, but the fear was that the envious hate of the people
+toward Cæsar would be neutralized by the love the soldiers bore both
+Cæsar and Antony. So they counted on the cupidity and ambition of Antony
+to keep the soldiers in subjection.
+
+Antony was kept out of the plot, and when the blow was struck he was
+detained at his office by pretended visitors who wanted a hearing.
+
+When news came to him that Cæsar was dead, he fled, thinking that
+massacre would follow. But the next day he returned and held audience
+with the rebels.
+
+Antony was too close a follower of Cæsar to depart from his methods.
+Naturally he was hasty and impulsive; but now, everything he did was in
+imitation of the great man he had loved.
+
+Cæsar always pardoned. Antony listened to the argument of Brutus that
+Cæsar had been removed for the good of Rome. Brutus proposed that Antony
+should fill Cæsar's place as Consul or nominal dictator; and in return
+Brutus and Cassius were to be made governors of certain
+provinces--amnesty was to be given to all who were in the plot.
+
+Antony agreed, and at once the Assembly was called and a law passed
+tendering pardon to all concerned--thus was civil war averted. Cæsar was
+dead, but Rome was safe.
+
+The funeral of Cæsar was to occur the next day. It was to be the funeral
+of a private citizen--the honor of a public funeral-pyre was not to be
+his. Brutus would say a few words, and Antony, as the closest friend of
+the dead, would also speak--the body would be buried and all would go on
+in peace.
+
+Antony had done what he had because it was the only thing he could do.
+To be successor of Cæsar filled his ambition to the brim--but to win the
+purple by a compromise with the murderers! It turned his soul to gall.
+
+At the funeral of Cæsar the Forum was crowded to every corner with a
+subdued, dejected, breathless throng. People spoke in whispers--no one
+felt safe--the air was stifled and poisoned with fear and fever.
+
+Brutus spoke first: we do not know his exact words, but we know the
+temper of the man, and his mental attitude.
+
+Mark Antony had kept the peace, but if he could only feel that the
+people were with him he would drive the sixty plotting conspirators
+before him like chaff before the whirlwind.
+
+He would then be Cæsar's successor because he had avenged his death.
+
+The orator must show no passion until he has aroused passion in the
+hearer--oratory is a collaboration. The orator is the active
+principle--the audience the passive.
+
+Mark Antony, the practised orator, begins with simple propositions to
+which all agree. Gradually he sends out quivering feelers--the response
+returns--he continues, the audience answers back--he plays upon their
+emotion, and soon only one mind is supreme, and that is his own.
+
+We know what he did and how he did it, but his words are lost.
+Shakespeare, the man of imagination, supplies them.
+
+The plotters have made their defense--it is accepted.
+
+Antony, too, defends them--he repeats that they are honorable men, and
+to reiterate that a man is honorable is to admit that possibly he is
+not. The act of defense implies guilt--and to turn defense into
+accusation through pity and love for the one wronged is the supreme task
+of oratory.
+
+From love of Cæsar to hate for Brutus and Cassius is but a step. Panic
+takes the place of confidence among the conspirators--they slink away.
+The spirit of the mob is uppermost--the only honor left to Cæsar is the
+funeral-pyre. Benches are torn up, windows pulled from their fastenings,
+every available combustible is added to the pile, and the body of
+Cæsar--he alone calm and untroubled amid all this mad mob--is placed
+upon this improvised throne of death. Torches flare and the pile is soon
+in flames.
+
+Night comes on, and the same torches that touched to red the
+funeral-couch of Cæsar hunt out the houses of the conspirators who
+killed him.
+
+But the conspirators have fled.
+
+One man is supreme, and that man is Mark Antony.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To maintain a high position requires the skill of a harlequin. It is an
+abnormality that any man should long tower above his fellows.
+
+For a few short weeks Mark Antony was the pride and pet of Rome. He gave
+fetes, contests, processions and entertainments of lavish kind. "These
+things are pleasant, but they have to be paid for," said Cicero.
+
+Then came from Illyria, Octavius Cæsar, aged nineteen, the adopted son
+of Cæsar the Great, and claimed his patrimony.
+
+Antony laughed at the stripling, and thought to bribe him with a fete in
+his honor and a promise, and in the meantime a clerkship where there was
+no work to speak of and pay in inverse ratio.
+
+The boy was weak in body and commonplace in mind--in way of culture he
+had been overtrained--but he was stubborn.
+
+Mark Antony lived so much on the surface of things that he never
+imagined there was a strong party pushing the "Young Augustus" forward.
+
+Finally Antony became impatient with the importuning young man, and
+threatened to send him on his way with a guard at his heels to see that
+he did not return.
+
+At once a storm broke over the head of Antony. It came from a seemingly
+clear sky--Antony had to flee, not Octavius.
+
+The soldiers of the Great Cæsar had been remembered in his will with
+seventy-five drachmas to every man, and the will must stand or fall as
+an entirety. Cæsar had provided that Octavius should be his
+successor--this will must be respected. Cicero was the man who made the
+argument. The army was with the will of the dead man, rather than with
+the ambition of the living.
+
+Antony fled, but gathered a goodly army as he went, intending to return.
+
+After some months of hard times passion cooled, and Antony, Octavius and
+Lepidus, the chief general of Octavius, met in the field for
+consultation. Swayed by the eloquence of Antony, who was still full of
+the precedents of the Great Cæsar, a Triumvirate was formed, and Antony,
+Octavius and Lepidus coolly sat down to divide the world between them.
+
+One strong argument that Antony used for the necessity of this
+partnership was that Brutus and Cassius were just across in Macedonia,
+waiting and watching for the time when civil war would so weaken Rome
+that they could step in and claim their own.
+
+Brutus and his fellow conspirators must be punished.
+
+In two years from that time, they had performed their murderous deed;
+Cassius was killed at his own request by his servant, and Brutus had
+fallen on his sword to escape the sword of Mark Antony.
+
+In the stress of defeat and impending calamity, Mark Antony was a great
+man; he could endure anything but success.
+
+But now there were no more enemies to conquer: unlike Cæsar the Great
+he was no scholar, so books were not a solace; to build up and beautify
+a great State did not occur to him. His camp was turned into a place of
+mad riot and disorder. Harpers, dancers, buffoons and all the sodden
+splendor of the East made the nights echo with "shouts, sacrifices,
+songs and groans."
+
+When Antony entered Ephesus the women went out to meet him in the
+undress of bacchanals, while troops of naked boys representing cupids,
+and men clothed like satyrs danced at the head of the procession.
+Everywhere were ivy crowns, spears wreathed with green, and harps,
+flutes, pipes, and human voices sang songs of praise to the great god
+Bacchus--for such Antony liked to be called.
+
+Antony knew that between Cleopatra and Cæsar there had been a tender
+love. All the world that Cæsar ruled, Antony now ruled--or thought he
+did. In the intoxication of success he, too, would rule the heart that
+the great Cæsar had ruled. He would rule this proud heart or he would
+crush it beneath his heel.
+
+He dispatched Dellius, his trusted secretary, to Alexandria, summoning
+the Queen to meet him at Cilicia, and give answer as to why she had
+given succor to the army of Cassius.
+
+The charge was preposterous, and if sincere, shows the drunken condition
+of Antony's mind. Cleopatra loved Cæsar--he was to her the King of
+Kings, the one supreme and god-like man of earth. Her studious and
+splendid mind had matched his own; this cold, scholarly man of fifty-two
+had been her mate--the lover of her soul. Scarcely five short years
+before, she had attended him on his journey as he went away, and there
+on the banks of the Nile as they parted, her unborn babe responded to
+the stress of parting, no less than she.
+
+Afterward she had followed him to Rome that he might see his son,
+Cæsario.
+
+She was in Rome when Brutus and Cassius struck their fatal blows, and
+had fled, disguised, her baby in her arms--refusing to trust the
+precious life in the hands of hirelings.
+
+And now that she should be accused of giving help to the murderer of her
+joy! She had execrated and despised Cassius, and now she hated, no less,
+the man who had wrongfully accused her.
+
+But he was dictator--his summons must be obeyed. She would obey it, but
+she would humiliate him.
+
+Antony waited at Cilicia on the day appointed, but Cleopatra did not
+appear. He waited two days--three--and very leisurely, up the river, the
+galleys of Cleopatra came.
+
+But she did not come as suppliant.
+
+Her curiously carved galley was studded with nails of gold; the oars
+were all tipped with silver; the sails were of purple silk. The rowers
+kept time to the music of flutes. The Queen in the gauzy dress of Venus
+reclined under a canopy, fanned by cupids. Her maids were dressed like
+the Graces, and fragrance of burning incense diffused the shores.
+
+The whole city went down the river to meet this most gorgeous pageant,
+and Antony the proud was left at the tribunal alone.
+
+On her arrival Cleopatra sent official word of her presence. Antony sent
+back word that she should come to him.
+
+She responded that if he wished to see her he should call and pay his
+respects.
+
+He went down to the riverside and was astonished at the dazzling,
+twinkling lights and all the magnificence that his eyes beheld. Very
+soon he was convinced that in elegance and magnificence he could not
+cope with this Egyptian queen.
+
+The personal beauty of Cleopatra was not great. Many of her maids
+outshone her. Her power lay in her wit and wondrous mind. She adapted
+herself to conditions; and on every theme and topic that the
+conversation might take, she was at home.
+
+Her voice was marvelously musical, and was so modulated that it seemed
+like an instrument of many strings. She spoke all languages, and
+therefore had no use for interpreters.
+
+When she met Antony she quickly took the measure of the man. She fell at
+once into his coarse soldier ways, and answered him jest for jest.
+
+Antony was at first astonished, then subdued, next entranced--a woman
+who could be the comrade of a man she had never seen before! She had the
+intellect of a man and all the luscious weaknesses of a woman.
+
+Cleopatra had come hating this man Antony, and to her surprise she found
+him endurable--and more. Besides that, she had cause to be grateful to
+him--he had destroyed those conspirators who had killed her Cæsar--her
+King of Kings.
+
+She ordered her retinue to make ready to return. The prows were turned
+toward Alexandria; and aboard the galley of the Queen, beneath the
+silken canopy, at the feet of Cleopatra, reclined the great Mark
+Antony.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The subject is set forth in Byron's masterly phrase, "Man's love is of
+man's life a thing apart; 'tis woman's whole existence." Still, I
+suppose it will not be disputed that much depends upon the man and--the
+woman.
+
+In this instance we have a strong, wilful, ambitious and masculine man.
+Up to the time he met Cleopatra, love was of his life apart; after this,
+it was his whole existence. When they first met there at Cilicia, Antony
+was past forty; she was twenty-five.
+
+Plutarch tells us that Fulvia, the wife of Antony, an earnest and
+excellent woman, had tried to discipline him. The result was that,
+instead of bringing him over to her way of thinking, she had separated
+him from her.
+
+Cleopatra ruled the man by entwining her spirit with his--mixing the
+very fibers of their being--fastening her soul to his with hoops of
+steel. She became a necessity to him--a part and parcel of the fabric of
+his life. Together they attended to all the affairs of State. They were
+one in all the games and sports. The exuberant animal spirits of Antony
+occasionally found vent in roaming the streets of Alexandria at dead of
+night, rushing into houses and pulling people out of bed, and then
+absconding before they were well awake. In these nocturnal pranks,
+Cleopatra often attended him, dressed like a boy. Once they both got
+well pummeled, and deservedly, but they stood the drubbing rather than
+reveal their identity.
+
+The story of their fishing together, and Antony making all the catch has
+been often told. He had a skilful diver go down every now and then and
+place a fish on his hook. Finally, when he grew beautifully boastful, as
+successful fishermen are apt to do, Cleopatra had her diver go down and
+attach a large Newfoundland salt codfish to his hook, which when pulled
+up before the company turned the laugh, and in the guise of jest taught
+the man a useful lesson. Antony should have known better than to try to
+deceive a woman like that--other men have tried it before and since.
+
+But all this horseplay was not to the higher taste of Cleopatra--with
+Cæsar, she would never have done it.
+
+It is the man who gives the key to conduct in marriage, not the woman;
+the partnership is successful only as a woman conforms her life to his.
+If she can joyfully mingle her life with his, destiny smiles in
+benediction and they become necessary to each other. If she grudgingly
+gives, conforming outwardly, with mental reservations, she droops, and
+spirit flagellates the body until it sickens, dies. If she holds out
+firmly upon principle, intent on preserving her individuality, the man,
+if small, sickens and dies; if great he finds companionship elsewhere,
+and leaves her to develop her individuality alone--which she never does.
+One of three things happens to her: she dies, lapses into nullity, or
+finds a mate whose nature is sufficiently like her own that they can
+blend.
+
+Cleopatra was a greater woman, far, than Antony was a man. But she
+conformed her life to his and counted it joy. She was capable of better
+things, but she waived them all, as strong women do and have done since
+the world began. Love is woman's whole existence--sometimes. But love
+was not Cleopatra's whole existence, any more than it is the sole
+existence of the silken Sara, whose prototype she was. Cleopatra loved
+power first, afterward she loved love. By attaching to herself a man of
+power both ambitions were realized.
+
+Two years had gone by, and Antony still remained at Alexandria.
+Importunities, requests and orders had all failed to move him to return.
+The days passed in the routine affairs of State, hunting, fishing,
+excursions, fetes and games. Antony and Cleopatra were not separated
+night or day.
+
+Suddenly news of serious import came: Fulvia, and Lucius, the brother of
+Antony, had rebelled against Cæsar and had gathered an army to fight
+him.
+
+Antony was sore distressed, and started at once to the scene of the
+difficulty. Fulvia's side of the story was never told, for before Antony
+arrived in Italy she was dead.
+
+Octavius Cæsar came out to meet Antony and they met as friends.
+According to Cæsar the whole thing had been planned by Fulvia as a
+scheme to lure her lord from the arms of Cleopatra. And anyway the plan
+had worked. The Triumvirate still existed--although Lepidus had
+practically been reduced to the rank of a private citizen.
+
+Antony and Cæsar would now rule the world as one, and to cement the bond
+Antony should take the sister of Octavius to wife. Knowing full well the
+relationship of Antony and Cleopatra, she consented to the arrangement,
+and the marriage ceremony was duly performed.
+
+Antony was the head of the Roman army and to a great degree the actual
+ruler. Power was too unequally divided between him and Cæsar for either
+to be happy--they quarreled like boys at play.
+
+Antony was restless, uneasy, impatient. Octavia tried to keep the peace,
+but her kindly offices only made matters worse.
+
+War broke out between Rome and certain tribes in the East, and Antony
+took the field. Octavia importuned her liege that she might attend him,
+and he finally consented. She went as far as Athens, then across to
+Macedonia, and here Antony sent her home to her brother that she might
+escape the dangers of the desert.
+
+Antony followed the enemy down into Syria; and there sent for Cleopatra,
+that he might consult with her about joining the forces of Egypt with
+those of Rome to crush the barbarians.
+
+Cleopatra came on, the consultation followed, and it was decided that
+when Cæsar the Great--the god-like man whose memory they mutually
+revered--said, "War is a foolish business," he was right. They would
+let the barbarians slide--if they deserved punishment, the gods would
+look after the case. If the barbarians did not need punishment, then
+they should go free.
+
+Tents were struck, pack-camels were loaded, horses were saddled, and the
+caravan started for Alexandria. By the side of the camel that carried
+the queen, quietly stepped the proud barb that bore Mark Antony.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Cleopatra and Antony ruled Egypt together for fourteen years. The
+country had prospered, even in spite of the extravagance of its
+governors, and the Egyptians had shown a pride in their Roman ruler, as
+if he had done them great honor to remain and be one with them.
+
+Cæsario was approaching manhood--his mother's heart was centering her
+ambition in him--she called him her King of Kings, the name she had
+given to his father. Antony was fond of the young man, and put him
+forward at public fetes even in advance of Cleopatra, his daughter, and
+Alexander and Ptolemy, his twin boys by the same mother. In playful
+paraphrase of Cleopatra, Antony called her the Queen of Kings, and also
+the Mother of Kings.
+
+Word reached Rome that these children of Cleopatra were being trained as
+if they were to rule the world--perhaps it was so to be! Octavius Cæsar
+scowled. For Antony to wed his sister, and then desert her, and bring up
+a brood of barbarians to menace the State, was a serious offense.
+
+An order was sent commanding Antony to return--requests and prayer all
+having proved futile and fruitless.
+
+Antony had turned into fifty; his hair and beard were whitening with the
+frost of years. Cleopatra was near forty--devoted to her children, being
+their nurse, instructor, teacher.
+
+The books refer to the life of Antony and Cleopatra as being given over
+to sensuality, licentiousness, profligacy. Just a word here to state
+this fact: sensuality alone sickens and turns to satiety ere a single
+moon has run her course. Sensuality was a factor in the bond, because
+sensuality is a part of life; but sensuality alone soon separates a man
+and a woman--it does not long unite. The bond that united Antony and
+Cleopatra can not be disposed of by either the words "sensuality" or
+"licentiousness"--some other term here applies: make it what you wish.
+
+A copy of Antony's will had been stolen from the Alexandria archives and
+carried to Rome by traitors in the hope of personal reward. Cæsar read
+the will to Senate. One clause of it was particularly offensive to
+Cæsar: it provided that on the death of Antony, wherever it might occur,
+his body should be carried to Cleopatra. The will also provided that the
+children of Cleopatra should be provided for first, and afterward the
+children of Fulvia and Octavia.
+
+The Roman Senate heard the will, and declared Mark Antony an outlaw--a
+public enemy.
+
+Erelong Cæsar himself took the field and the Roman legions were pressing
+down upon Egypt. The renegade Mark Antony was fighting for his life. For
+a time he was successful, but youth was no longer his, the spring had
+gone out of his veins, and pride and prosperity had pushed him toward
+fatty degeneration.
+
+His soldiers lost faith in him, and turned to the powerful name of
+Cæsar--a name to conjure with. A battle had been arranged between the
+fleet of Mark Antony and that of Cæsar. Mark Antony stood upon a
+hillside, overlooking the sea, and saw the valiant fleet approach, in
+battle-array, the ships of the enemy. The two fleets met, hailed each
+other in friendly manner with their oars, turned and together sailed
+away.
+
+On shore the cavalry had done the same as the soldiers on the sea--the
+infantry were routed.
+
+Mark Antony was undone--he made his way back to the city, and as usual
+sought Cleopatra. The palace was deserted, save for a few servants. They
+said that the Queen had sent the children away some days before, and she
+was in the mausoleum.
+
+To the unhappy man this meant that she was dead. He demanded that his
+one faithful valet, known by the fanciful name of Eros, should keep his
+promise and kill him. Eros drew his sword, and Antony bared his breast,
+but instead of striking the sword into the vitals of his master, Eros
+plunged the blade into his own body, and fell at his master's feet.
+
+At which Mark Antony exclaimed, "This was well done, Eros--thy heart
+would not permit thee to kill thy master, but thou hast set him an
+example!" So saying, he plunged his sword into his bowels.
+
+The wound was not deep enough to cause immediate death, and Antony
+begged the gathered attendants to kill him.
+
+Word had been carried to Cleopatra, who had moved into her mausoleum for
+safety. This monument and tomb had been erected some years before; it
+was made of square blocks of solid stone, and was the stoutest building
+in Alexandria. While Antony was outside the walls fighting, Cleopatra
+had carried into this building all of her jewelry, plate, costly silks,
+gold, silver, pearls, her private records and most valuable books. She
+had also carried into the mausoleum a large quantity of flax and several
+torches.
+
+The intent was that, if Antony were defeated and the city taken by
+Cæsar, the conqueror should not take the Queen alive, neither should he
+have her treasure. With her two women, Iras and Charmion, she entered
+the tomb, all agreeing that when the worst came they would fire the flax
+and die together.
+
+When the Queen heard that Antony was at death's door she ordered that he
+should be brought to her. He was carried on a litter to the iron gate of
+the tomb; but she, fearing treachery, would not unbar the door. Cords
+were let down from a window above, and the Queen and her two women, with
+much effort, drew the sorely stricken man up, and lifted him through the
+window.
+
+Cleopatra embraced him, calling him her lord, her life, her king, her
+husband. She tried to stanch his wound, but the death-rattle was already
+in his throat. "Do not grieve," he said; "remember our love--remember,
+too, I fought like a Roman and have been overcome only by a Roman!"
+
+And so holding him in her arms, Antony died.
+
+When Cæsar heard that his enemy was dead, he put on mourning for the man
+who had been his comrade and colleague, and sent messages of condolence
+to Cleopatra. He set apart a day for the funeral and ordered that the
+day should be sacred, and Cleopatra should not be disturbed in any way.
+
+Cleopatra prepared the body for burial with her own hands, dug the grave
+alone, and with her women laid the body to rest, and she alone gave the
+funeral address.
+
+Cæsar was gentle, gracious, kind. Assurances came that he would do
+neither the city nor the Queen the slightest harm.
+
+Cleopatra demanded Egypt for her children, and for herself she wished
+only the privilege of living with her grief in obscurity. Cæsar would
+make no promises for her children, but as for herself she should still
+be Queen--they were of one age--why should not Cæsar and Cleopatra still
+rule, just as, indeed, a Cæsar had ruled before!
+
+But this woman had loved the Great Cæsar, and now her heart was in the
+grave with Mark Antony--she scorned the soft, insinuating promises.
+
+She clothed herself in her most costly robes, wearing the pearls and
+gems that Antony had given her, and upon her head was the diadem that
+proclaimed her Queen. A courier from Cæsar's camp knocked at the door
+of the mausoleum, but he knocked in vain.
+
+Finally a ladder was procured, and he climbed to the window through
+which the body of Antony had been lifted.
+
+In the lower room he saw the Queen seated in her golden chair of state,
+robed and serene, dead. At her feet lay Iras, lifeless. The faithful
+Charmion stood as if in waiting at the back of her mistress' chair,
+giving a final touch to the diadem that sat upon the coils of her
+lustrous hair.
+
+The messenger from Cæsar stood in the door aghast--orders had been given
+that Cleopatra should not be harmed, neither should she be allowed to
+harm herself.
+
+Now she had escaped!
+
+"Charmion!" called the man in stern rebuke. "How was this done?"
+
+"Done, sir," said Charmion, "as became a daughter of the King of Egypt."
+
+As the woman spoke the words she reeled, caught at the chair, fell, and
+was dead.
+
+Some said these women had taken a deadly poison invented by Cleopatra
+and held against this day; others, still, told of how a countryman had
+brought a basket of figs, by appointment, covered over with green
+leaves, and in the basket was hidden an asp, that deadliest of serpents.
+Cleopatra had placed the asp in her bosom, and the other women had
+followed her example.
+
+Cæsar, still wearing mourning for Mark Antony, went into retirement and
+for three days refused all visitors. But first he ordered that the body
+of Cleopatra, clothed as she had died, in her royal robes, should be
+placed in the grave beside the body of Mark Antony.
+
+And it was so done.
+
+
+
+
+SAVONAROLA
+
+
+     Some have narrowed their minds, and so fettered them with the
+     chains of antiquity that not only do they refuse to speak save as
+     the ancients spake, but they refuse to think save as the ancients
+     thought. God speaks to us, too, and the best thoughts are those now
+     being vouchsafed to us. We will excel the ancients!
+
+                                         --_Savonarola_
+
+[Illustration: SAVONAROLA]
+
+
+The wise ones say with a sigh, Genius does not reproduce itself. But let
+us take heart and remember that mediocrity does not always do so,
+either. Men of genius have often been the sons of commonplace
+parents--no hovel is safe from it.
+
+The father of Girolamo Savonarola was a trifler, a spendthrift and a
+profligate. Yet he proved a potent teacher for his son, pressing his
+lessons home by the law of antithesis. The sons of dissipated fathers
+are often temperance fanatics.
+
+The character of Savonarola's mother can be best gauged by the letters
+written to her by her son. Many of these have come down to us, and they
+breathe a love that is very gentle, very tender and yet very profound.
+That this woman had an intellect which went to the heart of things is
+shown in these letters: we write for those who understand, and the
+person to whom a letter is written gives the key that calls forth its
+quality. Great love-letters are written only to great women.
+
+But the best teacher young Girolamo had was Doctor Michael Savonarola,
+his grandfather, who was a physician of Padua, and a man of much wisdom
+and common-sense, besides. Between the old man and his grandchild there
+was a very tender sentiment, that soon formed itself into an abiding
+bond. Together they rambled along the banks of the Po, climbed the hills
+in springtime looking for the first flowers, made collections of
+butterflies, and caught the sunlight in their hearts as it streamed
+across the valleys as the shadows lengthened. On these solitary little
+journeys they usually carried a copy of Saint Thomas Aquinas, and seated
+on a rock the old man would read to the boy lying on the grass at his
+feet. In a year or two the boy did the reading, and would expound the
+words of the Saint as he went along.
+
+The old grandfather was all bound up in this slim, delicate youngster,
+with the olive complexion and sober ways. There were brothers and
+sisters at home--big and strong--but this boy was different. He was not
+handsome enough to be much of a favorite with girls, nor strong enough
+to win the boys, and so he and the grandfather were chums together.
+
+This thought of aloofness, of being peculiar, was first fostered in the
+lad's mind by the old man. It wasn't exactly a healthy condition. The
+old man taught the boy to play the flute, and together they constructed
+a set of pipes--the pipes o' Pan--and out along the river they would
+play, when they grew tired of reading, and listen for the echo that came
+across the water.
+
+"There are voices calling to me," said the boy looking up at the old
+man, one day, as they rested by the bank.
+
+"Yes, I believe it--you must listen for the Voice," said the old man.
+
+And so the idea became rooted in the lad's mind that he was in touch
+with another world, and was a being set apart.
+
+"Lord, teach me the way my soul should walk!" was his prayer. Doubt and
+distrust filled his mind, and his nights were filled with fear. This
+child without sin believed himself to be a sinner.
+
+But this feeling was all forgotten when another companion came to join
+them in their walks. This was a girl about the same age as Girolamo. She
+was the child of a neighbor--one of the Strozzi family. The Strozzi
+belonged to the nobility, and the Savonarolas were only peasants, yet
+with children there is no caste. So this trinity of boy, girl and
+grandfather was very happy. The old man taught his pupils to observe the
+birds and bees, to make tracings of the flowers, and to listen to the
+notes he played on the pipes, so as to call them all by name. And then
+there was always the Saint Thomas Aquinas to fall back upon should
+outward nature fail.
+
+But there came a day when the boy and the girl ceased to walk hand in
+hand, and instead of the delight and abandon of childhood there was
+hesitation and aloofness.
+
+When the parents of the girl forbade her playing with the boy, reminding
+her of the difference in their station, and she came by stealth to bid
+the old man and her playmate Girolamo good-by, the pride in the boy's
+heart flamed up: he clenched his fist--and feeling spent itself in
+tears.
+
+When he looked up the girl was gone--they were never to meet again.
+
+The grief of the boy pierced the heart of the old man, and he murmured,
+"Joy liveth yet for a day, but the sorrow of man abideth forever."
+
+Doubt and fear assailed the lad.
+
+The efforts of his grandfather to interest him in the study of his own
+profession of medicine failed. Religious brooding filled his days, and
+he became pale and weak from fasting.
+
+He had grown in stature, but the gauntness of his face made his coarse
+features stand out so, that he was almost repulsive. But this homeliness
+was relieved by the big, lustrous, brown eyes--eyes that challenged and
+beseeched in turn.
+
+The youth was now a young man--eighteen summers lay behind--when he
+disappeared from home.
+
+Soon came a letter from Bologna in which Girolamo explained at length to
+his mother that the world's wickedness was to him intolerable, its
+ambition ashes, and its hopes not worth striving for. He had entered the
+monastery of Saint Dominico, and to save his family the pain of parting
+he had stolen quietly away. "I have harkened to the Voice," he said.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Savonarola remained in the monastery at Bologna for six years, scarcely
+passing beyond its walls. These were years of ceaseless study, writing,
+meditation--work. He sought the most menial occupations--doing tasks
+that others cautiously evaded. His simplicity, earnestness and austerity
+won the love and admiration of the monks, and they sought to make life
+more congenial to him, by advancing him to the office of teacher to the
+novitiates.
+
+He declared his unfitness to teach, and it was an imperative order, and
+not a suggestion, that forced him to forsake the business of scrubbing
+corridors on hands and knees, and array himself in the white robe of a
+teacher and reader.
+
+The office of teacher and that of orator are not far apart--it is all a
+matter of expression. The first requisite in expression is
+animation--you must feel in order to impart feeling. No drowsy, lazy,
+disinterested, half-hearted, preoccupied, selfish, trifling person can
+teach--to teach you must have life, and life in abundance. You must have
+abandon--you must project yourself, and inundate the room with your
+presence. To infuse life, and a desire to remember, to know, to become,
+into a class of a dozen pupils, is to reveal the power of an orator. If
+you can fire the minds of a few with your own spirit, you can, probably,
+also fuse and weld a thousand in the same way.
+
+Savonarola taught his little class of novitiates, and soon the older
+monks dropped in to hear the discourse. A larger room was necessary, and
+in a short time the semi-weekly informal talk resolved itself into a
+lecture, and every seat was occupied when it was known that Brother
+Girolamo would speak.
+
+This success suggested to the Prior that Savonarola be sent out to
+preach in the churches round about, and it was so done.
+
+But outside the monastery Savonarola was not a success: he was precise,
+exact, and labored to make himself understood--freedom had not yet come
+to him.
+
+But let us wait!
+
+One of America's greatest preachers was well past forty before he
+evolved abandon, swung himself clear, and put out for open sea.
+Uncertainty and anxiety are death to oratory.
+
+In every monastery there are two classes of men--the religious, the
+sincere, the earnest, the austere; and the fat, lazy, profligate and
+licentious.
+
+And the proportion of the first class to the second changes just in
+proportion as the monastery is successful--to succeed in Nature is to
+die. The fruit much loved by the sun rots first. The early monasteries
+were mendicant institutions, and for mendicancy to grow rich is an
+anomaly that carries a penalty. A successful beggar is apt to be
+haughty, arrogant, dictatorial--from a humble request for alms to a
+demand for your purse is but a step. In either case the man wants
+something that is not his--there are three ways to get it: earn it, beg
+it, seize it. The first method is absurd--to dig I am ashamed--the
+second, easy; the last is best of all, provided objection is not too
+strenuous. Beggars a-horseback are knights of the road.
+
+That which comes easy, goes easy, and so it is the most natural thing in
+the world for a monk to become a connoisseur of wines, an expert
+gourmet, a sensualist who plays the limit. The monastic impulse begins
+in the beautiful desire for solitude--to be alone with God--and ere it
+runs its gamut dips deep into license and wallows in folly.
+
+The austere monk leaves woman out, the other kind enslaves her: both are
+wrong, for man can never advance and leave woman behind. God never
+intended that man, made in His image, should be either a beast or a
+fool.
+
+And here we are wiser than Savonarola--noble, honest and splendid man
+that he was. He saw the wickedness of the world and sought to shun it by
+fleeing to a monastery. There he saw the wickedness of the monastery,
+and there being no place to flee he sought to purify it. And at the same
+time he sought to purify and better the world by standing outside of the
+world.
+
+The history of the Church is a history of endeavor to keep it from
+drifting into the thing it professes not to be--concrete selfishness.
+The Church began in humility and simplicity, and when it became
+successful, behold it became a thing of pomp, pride, processional,
+crowns, jewels, rich robes and a power that used itself to subjugate and
+subdue, instead of to uplift and lead by love and pity.
+
+Oh, the shame of it!
+
+And Savonarola saw these things--saw them to the exclusion of everything
+else--and his cry continually was for a return to the religion of Jesus
+the Carpenter, the Man who gave his life that others might live.
+
+The Christ spirit filled the heart of Savonarola. His soul was wrung
+with pity for the poor, the unfortunate, the oppressed; and he had
+sufficient insight into economics to know that where greed, gluttony and
+idleness abound, there too stalk oppression, suffering and death. The
+palaces of the rich are built on the bones of the poor.
+
+Others, high in Church authority, saw these things, too, and knew, no
+less than Savonarola, the need of reform--they gloried in his ringing
+words of warning, and they admired no less his example of austerity.
+
+They could not do the needed work--perhaps he could do a little, at
+least.
+
+And so he was transferred to Saint Mark's Monastery at Florence--the
+place that needed him most.
+
+Florence was the acknowledged seat of art and polite learning of all
+Italy, and Saint Mark's was the chief glory of the Church in Florence.
+
+Florence was prosperous and so was Saint Mark's, and have we not said
+that there is something in pure prosperity that taints the soul?
+
+Savonarola was sent to Saint Mark's merely as a teacher and lecturer.
+Bologna was full of gloom and grime--the bestiality there was untamed.
+Here everything was gilded, gracious and good to look upon. The
+cloister-walks were embowered in climbing roses, the walls decorated
+fresh from the brush of Fra Angelico, and the fountains in the gardens,
+adorned by naked cupids, sent their sparkling beads aloft to greet the
+sunlight.
+
+Brother Girolamo had never seen such beauty before--its gracious essence
+enfolded him round, and for a few short hours lifted that dead weight of
+abiding melancholy from his soul.
+
+When he lectured he was surprised to find many fashionable ladies in his
+audience: learning was evidently a fad. He saw that it was expected that
+he should be amusing, diverting, and incidentally, instructive. He had
+only one mode of preaching--this was earnest exhortation to a higher
+life, the life of austerity, simplicity and nearness to God, by laboring
+to benefit His children.
+
+He mumbled through his lecture and retired, abashed and humiliated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was the year Fourteen Hundred Eighty-two, and the whole world was
+athrill with thought and feeling. Lorenzo the Magnificent was at the
+very height of his power and popularity; printing-presses gave letters
+an impetus; art flourished; the people were dazzled by display and were
+dipping deep into the love of pleasure. The austerity of Christian
+religion had glided off by imperceptible degrees into pagan pageantry,
+and the song of bacchanals filled the streets at midnight.
+
+Lorenzo did for the world a great and splendid work--for one thing, he
+discovered Michelangelo--and the encouragement he gave to the arts made
+Florence the beautiful dream in stone that she is even to this day.
+
+The world needs the Lorenzos and the world needs, too, the
+Savonarolas--they form an Opposition of Forces that holds the balance
+true. Power left to itself attains a terrific impetus: a governor is
+needed, and it was Savonarola who tempered and tamed the excesses of the
+Medici.
+
+In Fourteen Hundred Eighty-three Savonarola was appointed Lenten
+preacher at the Church of Saint Lorenzo in Florence. His exhortations
+were plain, homely, blunt--his voice uncertain, and his ugly features at
+times inclined his fashionable auditors to unseemly smiles. When
+ugliness forgets itself and gives off the flash of the spirit, it
+becomes magnificent--takes upon itself a halo--but this was not yet to
+be.
+
+The orator must subdue his audience or it will subdue him.
+
+Savonarola retired to his cloister-cell, whipped and discouraged. He
+took no part in the festivals and fetes: the Gardens of Lorenzo were not
+for him; the society of the smooth and cultured lovers of art and
+literature was beyond his pale. Being incapable by temperament of mixing
+in the whirl of pleasure, he found a satisfaction in keeping out of it,
+thus proving his humanity. Not being able to have a thing, we scorn it.
+Men who can not dance are apt to regard dancing as sinful.
+
+Savonarola saw things as a countryman sees them when he goes to a great
+city for the first time.
+
+There is much that is wrong--very much that is wasteful, extravagant,
+absurd and pernicious, but it is not all base, and the visitor is apt to
+err in his conclusions, especially if he be of an intense and ascetic
+type.
+
+Savonarola was sick at heart, sick in body--fasts and vigils had done
+their sure and certain work for nerves and digestion. He saw visions and
+heard voices, and in the Book of Revelation he discovered the symbols of
+prophesy that foretold the doom of Florence. He felt that he was
+divinely inspired.
+
+In the outside world he saw only the worst--and this was well.
+
+He believed that he was one sent from God to cleanse the Church of its
+iniquities--and he was right.
+
+These madmen are needed--Nature demands them, and so God makes them to
+order. They are ignorant of what the many know, and this is their
+advantage; they are blind to all but a few things, and therein lies
+their power.
+
+The belief in his mission filled the heart of Savonarola. Gradually he
+gained ground, made head, and the Prior of Saint Mark's did what the
+Prior of Saint Dominico's had done at Bologna--he sent the man out on
+preaching tours among the churches and monasteries. The austerity and
+purity of his character, the sublimity of his faith, and his relentless
+war upon the extravagance of the times, made his presence valuable to
+the Church. Then in all personal relationships the man was most
+lovable--gentle, sympathetic, kind. Wherever he went his influence was
+for the best.
+
+Power plus came to him for the first time at Brescia in Fourteen Hundred
+Eighty-six. The sermon he gave was one he had given many times; in fact,
+he never had but one theme: flee from the wrath to come, and accept the
+pardon of the gentle Christ ere it is too late--ere it is too late.
+
+Much of what passes for oratory is merely talk, lecture, harangue and
+argument. These things may all be very useful, and surely they have
+their place in the world of work and business, but oratory is another
+thing. Oratory is the impassioned outpouring of a heart--a heart full to
+bursting: it is the absolute giving of soul to soul.
+
+Every great speech is an evolution--it must be given many times before
+it becomes a part of the man himself. Oratory is the ability to weld a
+mass of people into absolutely one mood. To do this the orator must lose
+himself in his subject--he must cast expediency to the winds. And more
+than this, his theme must always be an appeal for humanity. Invective,
+threat, challenge, all play their parts, but love is the great recurring
+theme that winds in and out through every great sermon or oration.
+Pathos is only possible where there is great love, and pathos is always
+present in the oration that subdues, that convinces, that wins, and
+sends men to their knees in abandonment of their own wills. The audience
+is the female element--the orator the male, and love is the theme. The
+orator comes in the name of God to give protection--freedom.
+
+Usually the great orator is on the losing side. And this excites on the
+part of the audience the feminine attribute of pity, and pity fused with
+admiration gives us love--thus does love act and react on love.
+
+Oratory supplies the most sublime gratification which the gods have to
+give. To subdue the audience and blend mind with mind affords an
+intoxication beyond the ambrosia of Elysium. When Sophocles pictured the
+god Mercury seizing upon the fairest daughter of Earth and carrying her
+away through the realms of space, he had in mind the power of the
+orator, which through love lifts up humanity and sways men by a burst of
+feeling that brooks no resistance.
+
+Oratory is the child of democracy--it pleads for the weak, for the many
+against the few--and no great speech was ever yet made save in behalf of
+mankind. The orator feels their joys, their sorrows, their hopes, their
+desires, their aspirations, their sufferings and pains. They may have
+wandered far, but his arms are open wide for their return. Here alone
+does soul respond to soul. And it is love, alone, that fuses feeling so
+that all are of one mind and mood. Oratory is an exercise of power.
+
+But oratory, like all sublime pleasures, pays its penalty--this way
+madness lies. The great orator has ever been a man of sorrows and
+acquainted with grief. Oratory points the martyr's path; it leads by the
+thorn road; and those who have trod the way have carried the cross with
+bleeding feet, and deep into their side has been thrust the spear.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was not until his fortieth year that Savonarola attained that
+self-sufficiency and complete self-reliance that marks a man who is fit
+for martyrdom. Courage comes only to those who have done the thing
+before.
+
+By this time Savonarola had achieved enemies, and several dignitaries
+had done him the honor of publicly answering him. His invective was
+against the sins of Church and Society, but his enemies, instead of
+defending their cause, did the very natural thing of inveighing against
+Savonarola.
+
+Thus did they divert attention from the question at issue. Personal
+abuse is often more effective than argument, and certainly much more
+easy to wield.
+
+Savonarola was getting himself beautifully misunderstood. Such words as
+fanatic, pretender, agitator, heretic, renegade and "dangerous" were
+freely hurled at him. They said he was pulling down the pillars of
+Society. He seriously considered retiring entirely from the pulpit; and
+as a personal vindication and that his thoughts might live, he wrote a
+book, "The Triumph of the Cross." This volume contains all his
+philosophy and depicts truth as he saw it.
+
+Let a reader, ignorant of the author, peruse this book today, and he
+will find in it only the oft-repeated appeal of a believer in "Primitive
+Christianity." Purity of life, sincerity, simplicity, earnestness,
+loyalty to God and love to man--these are very old themes, yet they can
+never die. Zeal can always fan them into flame.
+
+Savonarola was an unconscious part of the great "humanist" movement.
+
+Savonarola, John Knox, the Wesleys, Calvin, Luther, the Puritans,
+Huguenots, Quakers, Shakers, Mennonites and Dunkards--all are one. The
+scientist sees species under all the manifold manifestations of climate,
+environment and local condition.
+
+Florence was a republic, but it is only eternal vigilance that can keep
+a republic a republic. The strong man who assumes the reins is
+continually coming to the fore, and the people diplomatically handled
+are quite willing to make him king, provided he continues to call
+himself "Citizen."
+
+Lorenzo de Medici ruled Florence, yet occupied no office, and assumed no
+title. He dictated the policy of the government, filled all the offices,
+and ministered the finances. Incidentally he was a punctilious
+Churchman--obeying the formula--and the Church at Florence was within
+his grasp no less than the police. The secret of this power lay in the
+fact that he handled the "sinews of war"--no man ever yet succeeded
+largely in a public way who was not a financier, or else one who owned a
+man who was. Public power is a matter of money, wisely used.
+
+To divert, amuse and please the people is a necessity to the ruler, for
+power at the last is derived from the people, and no government endures
+that is not founded on the consent of the governed. If you would rule
+either a woman or a nation, you had better gain consent. To secure this
+consent you must say "please."
+
+The gladiatorial shows of Greece, the games, contests, displays, all the
+barbaric splendor of processions, music, fetes, festivals, chants, robes
+and fantastic folderol of Rome--ancient and modern--the boom of guns in
+sham battles, coronations, thrones and crowns are all manifestations of
+this great game of power.
+
+The people are children, and must be pleased.
+
+But eventually the people reach adolescence: knowledge comes to them (to
+a few at least) and they perceive that they themselves foot all bills,
+and pay in sweat and tears and blood for all this pomp of power.
+
+They rise in their might, like a giant aroused from sleep, and the
+threads that bound them are burst asunder. They themselves assume the
+reins of government, and we have a republic.
+
+And this republic endures until some republican, coming in the name of
+the people, waxes powerful and evolves into a plutocrat who assumes the
+reins, and the cycle goes its round and winds itself up on the reel of
+time.
+
+Savonarola thundered against the extravagance, moral riot and pomp of
+the rich--and this meant the Medici, and all those who fed at the public
+trough, and prided themselves on their patriotism.
+
+Lorenzo grew uneasy, and sent requests that the preacher moderate his
+tone in the interests of public weal. Savonarola sent back words that
+were unbecoming in one addressing a ruler.
+
+Then it was that Lorenzo the Magnificent, also the wise and wily,
+resolved on a great diplomatic move.
+
+He had the fanatical and troublesome monk, Fra Girolamo Savonarola, made
+Prior of the Monastery of Saint Mark's--success was the weapon that
+would undo him.
+
+Of course, Lorenzo did not act directly in the matter--personally he did
+not appear at all.
+
+Now the Prior of Saint Mark's had the handling of large sums of money,
+the place could really be the home of a prince if the Prior wished to be
+one, and all he had to do was to follow the wishes of the Magnificent
+Lorenzo.
+
+"Promote him," said Lorenzo, "and his zeal will dilute itself, and
+culture will come to take the place of frenzy. Art is better than
+austerity, and silken robes and 'broidered chasubles are preferable to
+horsehair and rope. A crown looks better than a tonsure."
+
+And Savonarola became Prior of Saint Mark's.
+
+Now the first duty, according to established custom, of a newly
+appointed Prior was to call, in official robes, and pay his respects to
+Lorenzo, the nominal governor of Florence. It was just a mere form, you
+know--simply showing the people that Saint Mark's was still loyal to the
+State.
+
+Lorenzo appointed a day and sent word that at a certain hour he would
+be pleased to welcome the Prior, and congratulate him upon his
+elevation. At the same time the Prior was expected to say mass in the
+private chapel of the governor, and bestow his blessing upon the House
+of the Medici.
+
+But Savonarola treated the invitation to call with disdain, and turned
+the messengers of Lorenzo away with scant courtesy. Instead of joining
+hands with Lorenzo he preached a sermon at the Cathedral, bitterly
+arraigning the aristocracy, prophesying their speedy downfall, and
+beseeching all men who wished to be saved to turn, repent, make
+restitution and secure the pardon of God, ere it was too late. The
+sermon shook the city, and other addresses of the same tenor followed
+daily. It was a "revival," of the good old Methodist kind--and religious
+emotion drifting into frenzy is older far than history.
+
+The name of Lorenzo was not mentioned personally, but all saw it was a
+duel to the death between the plain people and the silken and perfumed
+rulers. It was the same old fight--personified by Savonarola on one side
+and Lorenzo on the other.
+
+Lorenzo sunk his pride and went to Saint Mark's for an interview with
+the Prior. He found a man of adamant and iron, one blind and deaf to
+political logic, one who scorned all persuasion and in whose lexicon
+there was no such word as expediency.
+
+Lorenzo turned away, whipped and disappointed--the prophecies of
+impending doom had even touched his own stout heart. He was stricken
+with fever, and the extent of his fear is shown that in his extremity he
+sent for the Prior of Saint Mark's to come to his bedside.
+
+Even there, Savonarola was not softened. Before granting absolution to
+the sick man, he demanded three things:
+
+"First, you must repent and feel a true faith in God, who in His mercy
+alone can pardon."
+
+Lorenzo assented.
+
+"Second, you must give up your ill-gotten wealth to the people."
+
+Lorenzo groaned, and finally reluctantly agreed.
+
+"Third, you must restore to Florence her liberty."
+
+Lorenzo groaned and moaned, and turned his face to the wall.
+
+Savonarola grimly waited half an hour, but no sign coming from the
+stricken man, he silently went his way.
+
+The next day Lorenzo the Magnificent, aged forty-two, died--died
+unabsolved.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lorenzo left three sons. The eldest was Pietro, just approaching his
+majority, who was the recognized successor of his father. The second son
+was Giuliano, who had already been made a cardinal at thirteen years of
+age, and who was destined to be the powerful Pope, Leo X.
+
+The death of Lorenzo had been indirectly foretold by Savonarola, and now
+some of his disciples were not slow in showing an ill-becoming
+exultation. They said, "I told you so!" The intensity of the revival
+increased, and there was danger of its taking on the form of revolution.
+
+Savonarola saw this mob spirit at work, and for a time moderated his
+tone. But there were now occasional outbreaks between his followers and
+those of the Medici. A guard was necessary to protect Savonarola as he
+passed from Saint Mark's to the different churches where he preached.
+The police and soldiers were on the side of the aristocracy who
+supported them.
+
+The Pope had been importuned to use his influence to avert the
+threatened harm to "true religion." Savonarola should be silenced, said
+the aristocrats, and that speedily.
+
+A letter came from Pope Alexander, couched in most gentle and gracious
+words, requesting Savonarola to come to Rome, and there give exhibition
+of his wondrous gifts.
+
+Savonarola knew that he was dealing with a Borgia--a man who cajoled,
+bought and bribed, and when these failed there were noose, knife and
+poison close at hand. The Prior of Saint Mark's could deal with Lorenzo
+in Florence, but with Alexander at Rome he would be undone. The
+iniquities of the Borgia family far exceeded the sins of the Medici, and
+in his impassioned moments Savonarola had said as much.
+
+At Rome he would have to explain these things--and to explain them would
+be to repeat them. Alexander stood for nepotism, which is the sugared
+essence of that time-honored maxim, "To the victor belong the spoils."
+The world has never seen so little religion and so much pretense as
+during the reign of the Borgias.
+
+At this time when offenders were called to Rome, it sometimes happened
+that they were never again heard from. Beneath the Castle Saint Angelo
+were dungeons--no records were kept--and the stories told of human bones
+found in walled-up cells are no idle tales. An iron collar circling the
+neck of a skeleton that was once a man is a sight these eyes have seen.
+
+Prison records open to the public are a comparatively new thing, and the
+practise of "doctoring" a record has, until recently, been quite in
+vogue.
+
+Savonarola acknowledged the receipt of the Pope's request, but made
+excuses, and asked for time.
+
+Alexander certainly did all he could to avoid an open rupture with the
+Prior of Saint Mark's. He was inwardly pleased when Savonarola affronted
+the Medici--it was a thing he dared not do--and if the religious
+revival could be localized and kept within bounds, all would have been
+well. It had now gone far enough; if continued, and Rome should behold
+such scenes as Florence had witnessed, the Holy See itself would not be
+safe.
+
+Alexander accepted the excuses of Savonarola with much courtesy. Soon
+word came that the Prior of Saint Mark's was to be made a cardinal, but
+the gentle hint went with the message that the red hat was to be in the
+nature of a reward for bringing about peace at Florence.
+
+Peace! Peace! How could there be peace unless Savonarola bowed his head
+to the rule of the aristocrats?
+
+His sermons were often interrupted--stones were thrown through the
+windows when he preached. The pulpit where he was to speak had been
+filled with filth, and the skin of an ass tacked over the sacred desk.
+Must he go back?
+
+To the offer of the cardinal's hat he sent this message: "No hat will I
+have but that of a martyr, reddened with my own blood."
+
+The tactics of the Pope now changed; he sent an imperative order that
+Savonarola should present himself at Rome, and give answer to the
+charges there made against him.
+
+Savonarola silently scorned the message.
+
+The Pope was still patient. He would waive the insult to himself, if
+Florence would only manage to take care of her own troubles. But
+importunities kept coming that Savonarola should be silenced--the power
+of the man had grown until Florence was absolutely under his subjection.
+Bonfires of pictures, books and statuary condemned by him had been made
+in the streets; and the idea was carried to Rome that there was danger
+of the palaces being pillaged. Florence could deal with the man, but
+would not so long as he was legally a part of the Church.
+
+Then it was that the Pope issued his Bull of Excommunication, and the
+order removing Savonarola from his office as Prior of Saint Mark's.
+
+The answer of Savonarola was a sermon in the form of a defiance. He
+claimed, and rightly, that he was no heretic--no obligations that the
+Church asked had he ever disregarded, and therefore the Pope had no
+right to silence him.
+
+He made his appeal to the rulers of the world, and declared that
+Alexander was no Pope, because he had deliberately bought his way to the
+Vatican.
+
+There was now a brief struggle between the authorities of the Pope and
+those of Florence as to who should have the man. The Pope wanted him to
+be secretly captured and taken to Rome for trial. Alexander feared the
+publicity that Florence would give to the matter--he knew a shorter way.
+
+But Florence stood firm. Savonarola had now retired to Saint Mark's and
+his followers barricaded the position. The man might have escaped, and
+the authorities hoped he would, but there he remained, holding the
+place, and daily preaching to the faithful few who stood by him.
+
+Finally the walls were stormed, and police, soldiers and populace
+overran the monastery. Savonarola remained passive, and he even reproved
+several of the monks who, armed with clubs, made stout resistance.
+
+The warrants for arrest called only for Fra Girolamo, Fra Domenico and
+Fra Silvestro--these last being his most faithful disciples, preaching
+often in his pulpit and echoing his words.
+
+The prisoners were bound and hurried through the streets toward the
+Piazza Signoria. The soldiers made a guard of spears and shields around
+them, but this did not prevent their being pelted with mud and stones.
+
+They were lodged in separate cells, in the prison portion of the Palazzo
+Vecchio, and each was importuned to recant the charges made against the
+Pope and the Medici. All refused, even when told that the others had
+recanted.
+
+Savonarola's judges were chosen from among his most bitter foes. He was
+brought before them, and ordered to take back his accusations.
+
+He remained silent.
+
+Threatened, he answered in parable.
+
+He was then taken to the torture-cell, stripped of all clothing, and a
+thin, strong rope passed under his arms. He was suddenly drawn up, and
+dropped.
+
+This was repeated until the cord around the man's body cut the skin and
+his form was covered with blood.
+
+The physically sensitive nature of the man gave way and he recanted.
+
+Being taken to his cell he repeated all he had said against the Pope,
+and called aloud, "Lord Jesus, pardon me that I forsook thy truth--it
+was the torture--I now repeat all I ever said from my pulpit--Lord
+Jesus, pardon!"
+
+Again he was taken to the torture-chamber and all was gone over as
+before.
+
+He and his two companions were now formally condemned to death and their
+day of execution set.
+
+To know the worst is peace--it is uncertainty that kills.
+
+A great calm came over Savonarola--he saw the gates of Heaven opening
+for him. He was able now to sleep and eat. The great brown eyes beamed
+with love and benediction, and his hands were raised only in blessing to
+friend and foe alike.
+
+The day of execution came, and the Piazza Signoria was filled with a
+vast concourse of people. Every spare foot of space was taken. Platforms
+had been erected and seats sold for fabulous prices. Every window was
+filled with faces.
+
+An elevated walk had been built out from the second story of the prison
+to the executioner's platform. From this high scaffold rose a great
+cross with ropes and chains dangling from the arms. Below were piled
+high heaps of fagots, saturated with oil.
+
+There was a wild exultant yell from the enemies of the men on their
+appearance, but others of their adversaries appeared dazed at their
+success, and it seemed for a few moments as if pity would take the place
+of hate, and the mob would demand the release of the men.
+
+The prisoners walked firmly and conversed in undertone, encouraging each
+other to stand firm. Each held a crucifix and pressed it to his lips,
+repeating the creed. Halfway across to the gibbet, they were stopped,
+the crucifixes torn from their hands, and their priestly robes stripped
+from them. There they stood, clad only in scant underclothes, in sight
+of the mob that seethed and mocked. Sharp sticks were thrust up between
+the crevices of the board walk, so blood streamed from their bare feet.
+
+Having advanced so that they stood beneath the gibbet, their priestly
+robes were again thrown over them, and once more torn off by a bishop
+who repeated the words, "Thus do I sever you from the Church Militant
+and the Church Triumphant!"
+
+"Not the Church Triumphant!" answered Savonarola in a loud voice. "You
+can not do that."
+
+In order to prolong the torture of Savonarola, his companions were
+hanged first, before his eyes.
+
+When his turn came he stepped lightly to his place between the dead and
+swinging bodies of his brethren. As the executioner was adjusting the
+cord about his neck, his great tender eyes were raised to heaven and
+his lips moved in prayer as the noose tightened.
+
+The chains were quickly fastened about the bodies to hold them in place,
+and scarcely had the executioner upon the platform slid down the
+ladders, than the waiting torches below fired the pile and the flames
+shot heavenward and licked the great cross where the three bodies
+swayed.
+
+The smoke soon covered them from view.
+
+Then suddenly there came a gust of wind that parted the smoke and
+flames, and the staring mob, now silent, saw that the fire had burned
+the thongs that bound the arms of Savonarola. One hand was uplifted in
+blessing and benediction.
+
+So died Savonarola.
+
+
+
+
+MARTIN LUTHER
+
+
+     Only slaves die of overwork. Work a weariness, a danger, forsooth!
+     Those who say so can know very little about it. Labor is neither
+     cruel nor ungrateful; it restores the strength we give it a
+     hundredfold and, unlike financial operations, the revenue is what
+     brings in the capital. Put soul into your work, and joy and health
+     will be yours.
+
+                                         --_Luther_
+
+[Illustration: MARTIN LUTHER]
+
+
+The idea of the monastery is as old as man, and its rise is as natural
+as the birth and death of the seasons.
+
+We need society, and we need solitude. But it happens again and again
+that man gets a surfeit of society--he is thrown with those who
+misunderstand him, who thwart him, who contradict his nature, who bring
+out the worst in his disposition: he is sapped of his strength, and then
+he longs for solitude. He would go alone up into the mountain. What is
+called the "monastic impulse" comes over him--he longs to be
+alone--alone with God.
+
+The monastic impulse can be traced back a thousand years before Christ:
+the idea is neither Christian, Jewish, Philistine nor Buddhist. Every
+people of which we know have had their hermits and recluses.
+
+The communal thought is a form of monasticism--it is a getting away from
+the world. Monasticism does not necessarily imply celibacy, but as
+unrequited or misplaced love is usually the precursor of the monastic
+impulse, celibacy or some strange idea on the sex problem usually is in
+evidence.
+
+Monasticism has many forms: College Settlements, Zionism, Deaconesses'
+Homes, Faith Cottages, Shakerism, Mormonism, are all manifestations of
+the impulse to get away from the world, and still benefit the world by
+standing outside of it. This desire to get away from the world and still
+mix in it shows that monasticism is not quite sincere--we want society
+no less than we want solitude. Very seldom, indeed, has a monk ever gone
+away and remained: he comes back to the world, occasionally, to beg, or
+sell things, and to "do good."
+
+The rise of the Christian monastery begins with Paul the Hermit, who in
+the year Two Hundred Fifty withdrew to an oasis in the desert, and lived
+in a cave before which was a single palm-tree and a spring.
+
+Other men worn with strife, tired of stupid misunderstanding,
+persecution and unkind fate, came to him. And there they lived in
+common. The necessity of discipline and order naturally presented
+itself, so they made rules that governed conduct. The day was divided up
+into periods when the inmates of this first monastery prayed, communed
+with the silence, worked and studied.
+
+Within a hundred years there were similar religious communities at fifty
+or more places in Upper Egypt.
+
+Women have always imitated men, and soon nunneries sprang up here and
+there. In fact, the nunnery has a little more excuse for being than the
+monastery. In a barbaric society an unattached woman needs protection,
+and this she gets in the nunnery. Even so radical a thinker as Max
+Muller regarded the nunnery as a valuable agent in giving dignity to
+woman's estate. If she was mistreated and desired protection, she could
+find refuge in this sanctuary. She became the Bride of Christ, and
+through the protection of the convent, man was forced to be civil, and
+chivalry came to take the place of force.
+
+Most monasteries have been mendicant institutions. As early as the year
+Five Hundred we read of the monks going abroad a-questing, a bag on
+their backs. They begged as a business, and some became very expert at
+it, just as we have expert evangelists and expert debt-raisers. They
+took anything that anybody had to give. They begged in the name of the
+poor; and as they traveled they undertook to serve those who were poorer
+than themselves. They were distributing agents.
+
+They ceased to do manual labor and scorned those who did. They traversed
+the towns and highways by trios and asked alms at houses or of
+travelers. Occasionally they carried cudgels, and if such a pair asked
+for alms it was usually equal to a demand. These monks made
+acquaintances, they had their friends among men and women, and often
+being far from home they were lodged and fed by the householders. In
+some instances the alms given took the form of a tax which the sturdy
+monks collected with startling regularity. We hear of their dividing the
+country up into districts, and each man having a route that he jealously
+guarded.
+
+They came in the name of the Lord--they were supposed to have authority.
+They said, "He who giveth to the poor lendeth to the Lord." They
+blessed those who gave, and cursed those who refused. Some of them
+presumed to forgive the sins of those who paid. And soon the idea
+suggested itself of forgiving in advance, or granting an indulgence.
+They made promises of mansions in the skies to those who conformed, and
+threatened with the pains of hell those who declined their requests. So
+the monks occasionally became rich.
+
+And when they grew rich they often became arrogant, dictatorial,
+selfish, gluttonous and licentious. They undertook to manage the
+government which they had before in their poverty renounced. They hired
+servants to wait upon them. The lust of power, and the lust of the
+flesh, and the pride of the heart all became manifest.
+
+However, there were always a few men, pure of heart and earnest in
+purpose, who sought to stem the evil tendencies. And so the history of
+monasticism and the history of the Church is the record of a struggle
+against idleness and corruption. To shave a man's head, give him a new
+name, and clothe him in strange garments, does not change his nature.
+Monks grown rich and powerful will become idle, and the vows of poverty,
+chastity and obedience are then mere jokes and jests.
+
+No man knew this better than Benedict, who lived in the Sixth Century.
+The profligacy, ignorance and selfishness of the fat and idle monks
+appalled him. With the aid of Cassiodorus he set to work to reform the
+monasteries by interesting the inmates in beautiful work. Cassiodorus
+taught men to write, illumine and bind books. Through Italy, France and
+Germany he traveled and preached the necessity of manual labor, and the
+excellence of working for beauty. The art impulse in the nunneries and
+monasteries began with Benedict and Cassiodorus, who worked hand in hand
+for beauty, purity and truth. Benedict had the greater executive
+ability, but Cassiodorus had the more far-reaching and subtle intellect.
+He anticipated all that we have to say today on the New Education--the
+necessity of playing off one faculty of the mind against another through
+manual labor, play and art creation. He even anticipated the primal idea
+of the Kindergarten, for he said, "The pleasurable emotion that follows
+the making of beautiful forms with one's hands is not a sin, like unto
+the pleasure that is gained for the sake of pleasure--rather to do good
+and beautiful work is incense to the nostrils of God."
+
+In all Benedictine monasteries flagellations ceased, discipline was
+relaxed, and the inmates were enjoined to use their energies in their
+work, and find peace by imitating God, and like Him creating beautiful
+things.
+
+Beautiful bookmaking traces its genesis almost directly to Benedict and
+Cassiodorus.
+
+But a hundred years after the death of these great men, the necessity of
+reform was as great as ever, and other men took up the herculean task.
+
+And so it has happened that every century men have arisen who protested
+against the abuses inside the Church. The Church has tried to keep
+religion pure, but when she has failed and scandalized society at large,
+monasteries were wiped out of existence and their property confiscated.
+Since the Fifteenth Century, regularly once every hundred years, France
+has driven the monks from her borders, and in this year of our Lord
+Nineteen Hundred Three she is doing what Napoleon did a hundred years
+ago; what Cromwell did in England in Sixteen Hundred Forty-five; what
+has been done time and again in every corner of Christendom.
+
+Martin Luther's quarrel with the Church began simply as a protest
+against certain practises of the monks, and that his protests should
+develop into a something called "Protestantism" was a thing he never for
+a moment anticipated or desired. He had no thought of building an
+institution on negation; and that he should be driven from the Church,
+because he loved the Church and was trying to purify and benefit it, was
+a source to him of deepest grief.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Martin Luther was thirty-five years old. He was short in stature,
+inclining to be stout, strenuous and bold. His faults and his virtues
+were all on the surface. He neither deceived nor desired to deceive--the
+distinguishing feature of his character was frankness. He was an
+Augustinian monk, serving as a teacher in the University of Wittenberg.
+
+Up to this time his life had been uneventful. His parents had been very
+poor people--his father a day-laborer, working in the copper-mines. In
+his boyhood Martin was "stubborn and intractable," which means that he
+had life plus. His teachers had tried to repress him by flogging him
+"fifteen times in a forenoon," as he himself has told us.
+
+In childhood he used to beg upon the streets, and so he could the better
+beg he was taught to sing. This rough, early experience wore off all
+timidity, and put "stage-fright" forever behind. He could not remember a
+time when he could not sing a song or make a speech.
+
+That he developed all the alertness and readiness of tongue and fist of
+the street-urchin there is no doubt.
+
+When he was taken into a monastery at eighteen years of age, the fact
+that he was a good singer and a most successful beggar were points of
+excellence that were not overlooked.
+
+That the young man was stubbornly honest in his religious faith, there
+is not a particle of doubt. The strength of his nature and the extent of
+his passion made his life in the monastery most miserable. He had not
+yet reached the point that many of the older monks had, and learned how
+to overcome temptation by succumbing to it, so he fasted for days until
+he became too weak to walk, watched the night away in vigils, and
+whipped his poor body with straps until the blood flowed.
+
+We now think it is man's duty to eat proper food, to sleep at night, and
+to care for his body, so as to bring it to the most perfect condition
+possible--all this that he may use his life to its highest and best.
+Life is a privilege and not a crime.
+
+But Martin Luther never knew of these things and there was none to teach
+him, and probably he would have rejected them stoutly if they had been
+presented--arguing the question six nights and days together.
+
+The result of all that absurd flying in the face of Nature was
+indigestion and its concomitant, nervous irritability. These demons
+fastened upon him for life; and we have his word for it in a thousand
+places that he regarded them as veritable devils--thus does man create
+his devil in his own image. Luther had visions--he "saw things," and
+devils, witches and spirits were common callers to the day of his death.
+
+In those early monastery days he used to have fits of depression when he
+was sure that he had committed the "unpardonable sin," and over and over
+in his mind he would recount his shortcomings. He went to confession so
+often that he wore out the patience of at least one confessor, who once
+said to him, "Brother Martin, you are not so much a sinner as a fool."
+Still another gave him this good advice, "God is not angry with you, but
+He will be if you keep on, for you are surely angry with Him--you had
+better think less about yourself and more of others: go to work!"
+
+This excellent counsel was followed. Luther began to study the
+Scriptures and the writings of the saints. He took part in the disputes
+which were one of the principal diversions of all monasteries.
+
+Now, a monk had the privilege of remaining densely ignorant, or he could
+become learned. Life in a monastery was not so very different from what
+it was outside--a monk gravitated to where he belonged. The young man
+showed such skill as a debater, and such commendable industry at all of
+his tasks, from scrubbing the floor to expounding Scripture, that he was
+sent to the neighboring University of Erfurt. From there he was
+transferred to the University of Wittenberg. In the classes at these
+universities the plan obtained, which is still continued in all
+theological schools, of requiring a student to defend his position on
+his feet. Knotty propositions are put forth, and logical complications
+fired at the youth as a necessary part of his mental drill. Beside this
+there were societies where all sorts of abstrusities and absurdities
+were argued to a standstill.
+
+At this wordy warfare none proved more adept than Martin Luther. He
+became Senior Wrangler; secured his degree; remained at the college as a
+post-graduate and sub-lecturer; finally was appointed a teacher, then a
+professor, and when twenty-nine years old became a Doctor of Theology.
+
+He took his turn as preacher in the Schlosskirche, which was the School
+Chapel, and when he preached the place was crowded. He was something
+more than a monotonous mumbler of words: he made his addresses personal,
+direct, critical. His allusions were local, and contained a deal of
+wholesome criticism put with pith and point, well seasoned with a goodly
+dash of rough and surprising wit.
+
+Soon he was made District Vicar--a sort of Presiding Elder--and preached
+in a dozen towns over a circuit of a hundred miles. On these tours he
+usually walked, bareheaded, wearing the monk's robe. Often he was
+attended by younger monks and students, who considered it a great
+privilege to accompany him. His courage, his blunt wit, his active
+ways--all appealed to the youth, and often delegations would go out to
+meet him. Every college has his kind, whom the bantlings fall down and
+worship--fisticuffs and books are both represented, and a touch of
+irreverence for those in authority is no disadvantage.
+
+Luther's lack of reverence for his superiors held him back from
+promotion--and another thing was his imperious temper. He could not bear
+contradiction. The orator's habit of exaggeration was upon him, and
+occasionally he would affront his best friends in a way that tested
+their patience to the breaking-point. "You might become an Abbot, and
+even a Bishop, were it not for your lack of courtesy," wrote his
+Superior to him on one occasion.
+
+But this very lack of diplomacy, this indifference to the opinions of
+others, this boldness of speech, made him the pride and pet of the
+students. Whenever he entered the lecture-room they cheered him, and
+often they applauded him even in church.
+
+Luther was a "sensational preacher," and he was an honest preacher. No
+doubt the applause of his auditors urged him on to occasional
+unseemliness. He acted upon his audience, and the audience reacted upon
+him. He thundered against the profligacy of the rich, the selfishness of
+Society, the iniquities of the government, the excesses of the monks,
+the laxity of discipline in the schools, and the growing tendency in the
+Church to worship the Golden Calf. In some instances priests and monks
+had married, and he thundered against these.
+
+All of the topics he touched had been treated by Savonarola in Italy,
+Wyclif in England, Brenz at Heidelberg, Huss in Bohemia, Erasmus in
+Holland and Bucer in Switzerland--and they had all paid the penalty of
+death or exile.
+
+It is well to be bold, but not too bold. Up to a certain point the
+Church and Society will stand criticism: first it is diverting, next
+amusing, then tiresome, finally heretical--that is to say, criminal.
+
+There had been a good deal of heresy. It was in the air--men were
+thinking for themselves--the printing-presses were at work, and the
+spirit of the Renaissance was abroad.
+
+Martin Luther was not an innovator--he simply expressed what the many
+wished to hear--he was caught in the current of the time: he was part
+and parcel of the Renaissance. And he was a loyal Churchman. None of his
+diatribes were against the Church itself--he wished to benefit the
+Church by freeing it from the faults that he feared would disintegrate
+it.
+
+And so it happened that on the Thirty-first day of October, Fifteen
+Hundred Seventeen, Martin Luther tacked on the church-door at Wittenberg
+his Ninety-five Theses.
+
+The church-door was the bulletin-board for the University. The
+University consisted of about five hundred students. Wittenberg was a
+village of three or four thousand people, all told. The Theses were
+simply questions for discussion, and the proposition was that Martin
+Luther and his pupils would defend these questions against all comers in
+public debate.
+
+Challenges of this sort were very common, public debates were of weekly
+occurrence; and little did Martin Luther realize that this paltry
+half-sheet of paper was to shake the world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The immediate cause of Luther's challenge was the presence of a
+Dominican monk by the name of John Tetzel. This man was raising money to
+complete Saint Peter's Church at Rome, and he was armed with a
+commission direct from Pope Leo the Tenth.
+
+That Brother John was an expert in his line, no one has ever denied. He
+had been in this business of raising money for about ten years, and had
+built monasteries, asylums, churches and convents. Beginning as a plain,
+sturdy beggar, this enterprising monk had developed a System--not
+entirely new, but he had added valuable improvements.
+
+There is a whole literature on the subject of the "indulgence," and I
+surely have no thought of adding to the mighty tomes on this theme. But
+just let me briefly explain how John worked: When he approached a town,
+he sent his agents ahead and secured the co-operation of some certain
+priest, under the auspices of whose church the place was to be worked.
+This priest would gather a big delegation of men, women and children,
+and they would go out in a body to meet the representative of God's
+Vicegerent on earth. The Pope couldn't come himself, and so he sent John
+Tetzel.
+
+Tetzel was carried on a throne borne on the shoulders of twenty-five
+men. His dress outshone any robe ever worn by mortal Pope. Upon his head
+was a crown, and in his hand a hollow, golden scepter that enclosed his
+commission from the Pope. In advance of this throne was carried an
+immense cross, painted red. As the procession entered a village, people
+would kneel or uncover as the Agent of the Pope passed by; all traffic
+would cease--stores and places of business would be closed. In the
+public square or marketplace a stage would be erected, and from this
+pulpit Tetzel would preach.
+
+The man had a commanding presence, and a certain rough and telling
+eloquence. He was the foremost Evangelist of his day. He had a chorus of
+chanters, who wore bright robes and sang and played harps. It will thus
+be seen that Moody and Sankey methods are no new thing. Crowds flocked
+to hear him, and people came for many miles.
+
+Tetzel reasoned of righteousness and judgment to come; he told of the
+horrors of sin, its awful penalties; he pictured purgatory, hell and
+damnation.
+
+Men cried aloud for mercy, women screamed, and the flaming cross was
+held aloft.
+
+Men must repent--and they must pay. If God had blessed you, you should
+show your gratitude. The Sacrament of Penance consists of three parts:
+Repentance, Confession, Satisfaction. The intent of Penance is
+educational, disciplinary and medicinal. If you have done wrong, you can
+make restitution to God, whom you have angered, by paying a certain sum
+to His Agent, for a good purpose.
+
+The Church has never given men the privilege of wronging other men by
+making a payment. That is one of the calumnies set afloat by infidels
+who pretend that Catholics worship images. You can, however, show
+penitence, sincerity and gratitude by giving. Any one can see that this
+is quite a different thing from buying an indulgence.
+
+This gift you made was similar to the "Wehrgeld," or money compensation
+made to the injured or kinsmen of those who had been slain.
+
+By giving, you wiped out the offense, and better still you became
+participant in all the prayers of those to whom you gave. If you helped
+rebuild Saint Peter's, you participated in all the masses said there for
+the repose of the dead. This would apply to all your kinsmen now in
+Purgatory. If you gave, you could get them out, and also insure yourself
+against the danger of getting in. Repent and show your gratitude.
+
+Tetzel had half a dozen Secretaries in purple robes, who made out
+receipts. These receipts were printed in red and gold and had a big seal
+and ribbon attached. The size of the receipt and seal was proportioned
+according to the amount paid--if you had a son or a daughter in
+Purgatory, it was wise to pay a large amount. The certificates were in
+Latin and certified in diffuse and mystical language many things, and
+they gave great joy to the owners.
+
+The money flowed in on the Secretaries in heaps. Women often took their
+jewelry and turned it over with their purses to Tetzel; and the
+Secretaries worked far into the night issuing receipts--or what some
+called, "Letters of Indulgence."
+
+That many who secured these receipts regarded them as a license to do
+wrong and still escape punishment, there is no doubt. Before Tetzel left
+a town his Secretaries issued, for a sum equal to twenty-five cents, a
+little certificate called a "Butterbriefe," which allowed the owner to
+eat butter on his bread on fast-days.
+
+Then in the night Tetzel and his cavalcade would silently steal away, to
+continue their good work in the next town. This program was gone through
+in hundreds of places, and the amount of money gathered no one knew, and
+what became of it all, no one could guess.
+
+Pope, Electors, Bishops, Priests and Tetzel all shared in the benefits.
+
+To a great degree the same plans are still carried on. In Protestant
+churches we have the professional Debt-Raiser, and the Evangelist who
+recruits by hypnotic Tetzel methods.
+
+In the Catholic Church receipts are still given for money paid, vouching
+that the holder shall participate in masses and prayers, his name be put
+in a window, or engrossed on a parchment to be placed beneath a
+cornerstone. Trinkets are sold to be worn upon the person as a
+protection against this and that.
+
+The Church does not teach that the Pope can forgive sin, or that by mere
+giving you can escape punishment for sin. Christ alone forgives.
+
+However, the Pope does decide on what constitutes sin and what not; and
+this being true, I, for myself, do not see why he can not decide that
+under certain conditions and with certain men an act is not a sin, which
+with other men is so considered. And surely if he decides it is not a
+sin, the act thereby carries no penalty. Thus does the Pope have the
+power to remit punishment.
+
+Either the Pope is supreme or he is not.
+
+Luther thought he was. The most that Luther objected to was Tetzel's
+extreme way of putting the thing. Tetzel was a Dominican; Luther was an
+Augustinian; and between these two orders was continual friction. Tetzel
+was working Luther's territory, and Luther told what he thought of him,
+and issued a challenge to debate him on ninety-five propositions. That
+priests in their zeal should overstep their authority, and that people
+should read into the preaching much more than the preacher intended, is
+not to the discredit of the Church. The Church can not be blamed for
+either the mistakes of Moses, or for the mistakes of her members.
+
+We have recently had the spectacle of a noted Evangelist, in Vermont,
+preaching prohibition, indulging in strong drink, and making a bet with
+a Jebusite that he would turn all his clothing wrong side out--socks,
+drawers, trousers, undershirt, shirt, vest and coat--and preach with his
+eyes shut. The feat was carried out, and the preacher won the bet; but
+it would hardly be fair to charge this action up against either the
+Prohibition Party or the Protestant Religion.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Revolution never depended on any one man. A strong man is acted upon by
+the thought of others: he is a sensitive plate upon which impressions
+are made, and his vivid personality gathers up these many convictions,
+concentrates them into one focus, and then expresses them. The great man
+is the one who first expresses what the many believe. He is a voice for
+the voiceless, and gives in trumpet tones what others would if they
+could.
+
+Throughout Germany there was a strong liberal movement. To obey
+blindly was not sufficient. To go to church, perform certain set
+acts at certain times, and pay were not enough--these things were
+all secondary--repentance must come first.
+
+And along comes John Tetzel with his pagan processions, supplying
+salvation for silver! Martin Luther, the strenuous, the impulsive, the
+bold, quickly writes a challenge in wrath to public disputation. "If God
+wills," said Martin to a friend, "I'll surely kick a hole in his drum."
+
+Within two weeks after the Ninety-five Theses were nailed to the
+church-door, copies had been carried all over Germany, and in a month
+the Theses had gone to every corner of Christendom. The local
+printing-press at Wittenberg had made copies for the students, and some
+of these prints were carried the next day to Leipzig and Mainz, and at
+once recognized by publishers as good copy. Luther had said the things
+that thousands had wanted to say. Tame enough are the propositions to
+us now. Let us give a few of them:
+
+     The whole life of the faithful disciple should be an act of
+     repentance.
+
+     Punishment remains as long as the sinner hates himself.
+
+     The Pope neither can nor will remit punishment for sin.
+
+     God must forgive first, and the Pope through his priests can then
+     corroborate the remission.
+
+     No one is sure of his own forgiveness.
+
+     Every sinner who truly repents has a plenary remission of
+     punishment due him without payment of money to any one.
+
+     Every Christian, living or dead, has a full share in all the wealth
+     of the Church, without letters of pardon, or receipts for money
+     paid.
+
+     Christians should be taught that the buying of pardons is in no
+     wise to be compared to works of mercy.
+
+     To give to a poor man is better than to pay money to a rich priest.
+
+     Because of charity and the works of charity, man becomes better,
+     whether he pays money to build a church or not.
+
+     Pardon for sin is from Christ, and is free.
+
+     The Pope needs prayers for himself more than ready money.
+
+     Christians should be taught that the Pope does not know of the
+     exactions of his agents who rob the poor by threat, otherwise he
+     would prefer that Saint Peter's should lie in ashes than be built
+     upon the skin, bones and flesh of his sheep.
+
+     If the Pope can release souls from Purgatory, why does he not empty
+     the place for love and charity?
+
+     Since the Pope is the richest man in Christendom, why indeed does
+     he not build Saint Peter's out of his own pocket?
+
+Such are the propositions that leaped hot from Luther's heart; but they
+are not all of one spirit, for as he wrote he bethought himself that
+Tetzel was a Dominican, and the Dominicans held the key to the
+Inquisition. Luther remembered the fate of Huss, and his inward eye
+caught the glare of fagots afire. So, changing his tone, to show that he
+was still a Catholic, he said, "God forgives no man his sin until the
+man first presents himself to His priestly Vicar."
+
+Were it not for such expressions as this last, one might assume that man
+had no need of the assistance of priests or sacraments, but might go to
+God direct and secure pardon. But this would do away with even Martin
+Luther's business, so Brother Martin affirms: "The Church is necessary
+to man's salvation, and the Church must have a Pope in whom is vested
+Supreme Authority. The Church is not to blame for the acts of its
+selfish, ignorant and sinful professors."
+
+One immediate effect of the Theses was that they put a quietus on the
+work of Brother John Tetzel. Instead of the people all falling prostrate
+on his approach, many greeted him with jeers and mud-balls. He was only
+a few miles away from Wittenberg, but news reached him of what the
+students had in store, and immediately he quit business and went South.
+
+But although he did not appear in person, Tetzel prepared a counter set
+of Theses, to the appalling number of one hundred thirteen, and had them
+printed and widely distributed. His agent came to Wittenberg and peddled
+the documents on the streets. The students got word of what was going on
+and in a body captured the luckless Tetzelite, led him to the public
+square, and burned his documents with much pomp and circumstance. They
+then cut off the man's coat-tails, conducted him to the outskirts of the
+town, turned him loose and cheered him lustily as he ran.
+
+It will thus be seen that the human heart is ever the same, and among
+college students there is small choice.
+
+The following Sunday Luther devoted his whole sermon to a vigorous
+condemnation of the act of his students, admonishing them in stern
+rebuke. The sermon was considered the biggest joke of the season.
+
+Tetzel seemed to sink out of sight. Those whom he had sought to serve
+repudiated him, and Bishops, Electors and Pope declined to defend his
+cause.
+
+As for Luther, certain Bishops made formal charges against him, sending
+a copy of his Theses to Pope Leo the Tenth. The Holy Father refused to
+interfere in what he considered a mere quarrel between Dominicans and
+Augustinians, and so the matter rested.
+
+But it did not rest long.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The general policy of the Church in Luther's time was not unlike what it
+is now. Had he gone to Rome, he would not have been humiliated--the
+intent would have been to pacify him. He might have been transferred to
+a new territory, with promise of a preferment, even to a Bishopric, if
+he did well.
+
+To silence men, excommunicate them, degrade them, has never been done
+except when it was deemed that the safety of the Church demanded it.
+
+The Church, like governments--all governments--is founded upon the
+consent of the governed. So every religion, and every government,
+changes with the people--rulers study closely the will of the people and
+endeavor to conform to their desire. Priests and preachers give people
+the religion they wish for--it is a question of supply and demand.
+
+The Church has constantly changed as the intelligence of the people has
+changed. And this change is always easy and natural. Dogmas and creeds
+may remain the same, but progress consists in giving a spiritual or
+poetic interpretation to that which once was taken literally. The scheme
+of the Esoteric and the Exoteric is a sliding, self-lubricating,
+self-adjusting, non-copyrighted invention--perfect in its workings--that
+all wise theologians fall back upon in time of stress.
+
+Had Luther obeyed the mandate and gone to Rome, that would have been the
+last of Luther.
+
+Private interpretation is all right, of course: the Church has always
+taught it--the mistake is to teach it to everybody. Those who should
+know, do know. Spiritual adolescence comes in due time, and then all
+things are made plain--be wise!
+
+But Luther was not to be bought off. His followers were growing in
+numbers, the howls of his enemies increased.
+
+Strong men grow through opposition--the plummet of feeling goes deeper,
+thought soars higher--vivid and stern personalities make enemies because
+they need them, otherwise they drowse. Then they need friends, too, to
+encourage: opposition and encouragement--thus do we get the alternating
+current.
+
+That Luther had not been publicly answered, except by Tetzel's weak
+rejoinders, was a constant boast in the liberal camp; and that Tetzel
+was only fit to address an audience of ignorant peasantry was very sure:
+some one else must be put forward worthy of Martin Luther's steel.
+
+Then comes John Eck, a priest and lawyer, a man in intimate touch with
+Rome, and the foremost public disputant and orator of his time. He
+proposed to meet Luther in public debate. In social station Eck stood
+much higher than Luther. Luther was a poor college professor in a poor
+little University--a mere pedagog, a nobody. That Eck should meet him
+was a condescension on the part of Eck--as Eck explained.
+
+They met at the University of Leipzig, an aristocratic and orthodox
+institution, Eck having refused to meet Luther either at Erfurt or at
+Wittenberg--wherein Eck was wise.
+
+The Bishop at Leipzig posted notices forbidding the dispute--this, it is
+believed, on orders from Rome, as the Church did not want to be known as
+having mixed in the matter. The Bishop's notices were promptly torn
+down, and Duke George decided that, as the dispute was not under the
+auspices of the Church, the Bishop had no business to interfere.
+
+The audience came for many miles. A gallery was set apart for the
+nobility. Thousands who could not gain admittance remained outside and
+had to be content with a rehearsal of the proceedings from those who
+were fortunate enough to have seats.
+
+The debate began June Twenty-seventh, Fifteen Hundred Nineteen, and
+continued daily for thirteen days.
+
+Eck was commanding in person, deep of voice, suave and terrible in turn.
+He had all the graces and the power of a great trial lawyer. Luther's
+small figure and plain clothes put him at a disadvantage in this
+brilliant throng, yet we are told that his high and piercing voice was
+heard much farther than Eck's.
+
+Duke George of Saxony sat on a throne in state, and acted as Master of
+Ceremonies. Wittenberg was in the minority, and the hundred students who
+had accompanied Luther were mostly relegated to places outside, under
+the windows--their ardor to cut off coat-tails had quite abated.
+
+The proceedings were orderly and dignified, save for the marked
+prejudice against Luther displayed by Duke George and the nobility.
+
+Luther held his own: his manner was self-reliant, with a touch of pride
+that perhaps did not help his cause.
+
+Eck led the debate along by easy stages and endeavored to force Luther
+into anger and unseemliness.
+
+Luther's friends were pleased with their champion--Luther stated his
+case with precision and Eck was seemingly vanquished.
+
+But Eck knew what he was doing--he was leading Luther into a defense of
+the doctrines set forth by Huss. And when the time was ripe, Eck, in
+assumed astonishment, cried out, "Why this is exactly that for which
+Huss the heretic was tried and rightly condemned!" He very skilfully and
+slyly gave Luther permission to withdraw certain statements, to which
+Luther replied with spirit that he took back nothing, "and if this is
+what Huss taught, why God be praised for Huss."
+
+Eck had gotten what he wanted--a defense of Huss, who had been burned at
+the stake for heresy.
+
+Eck put his reports in shape and took them to Rome in person, and a
+demand was made for a formal Bull of Excommunication against Martin
+Luther.
+
+Word came from Rome that if Luther would amend his ways and publicly
+disavow his defense of Huss, further proceedings would cease. The result
+was a volley of Wittenberg pamphlets restating, in still bolder
+language, what had already been put forth.
+
+Luther was still a good Catholic, and his quarrel was with the abuses in
+the Church, not with the Church itself. Had the Pope and his advisers
+been wise enough they would have paid no attention to Luther, and thus
+allowed opinion inside the Church to change, as it has changed in our
+day. Priests and preachers everywhere now preach exactly the things for
+which Huss, Wyclif, Ridley, Latimer and Tyndale forfeited their lives.
+
+But the Pope did not correctly gauge the people--he did not know that
+Luther was speaking for fifty-one per cent of all Germany.
+
+Orders were given out in Leipzig from pulpits, that on a certain day all
+good Catholics should bring such copies of Martin Luther's books as they
+had in their possession to the public square, and the books would there
+be burned.
+
+On October Ninth, the Bull of Excommunication mentioning Luther and six
+of his chief sympathizers reached Wittenberg, cutting them off from the
+Church forever.
+
+Luther still continued to preach daily, and declared that he was still a
+Catholic and that as Popes had made mistakes before, so had Pope Leo
+erred this time. With the Bull came a notice that, if Luther would
+recant, the Bull would be withdrawn and Luther would be reinstated in
+the Church.
+
+To which Luther replied, "If the Bull is withdrawn I will still be in
+the Church."
+
+Bonfires of Luther's books now burned bright in every town and city of
+Christendom--even in London.
+
+Then it was that Wittenberg decided to have a bonfire of its own. A
+printed bill was issued calling upon all students and other devout
+Christians to assemble at nine o'clock on the morning of December Tenth,
+Fifteen Hundred Twenty, outside the Elster gate, and witness a pious and
+religious spectacle. A large concourse gathered, a pyre of fagots was
+piled high, the Pope's Bull of Excommunication was solemnly placed on
+top, and the fire was lighted by the hand of Martin Luther.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Theses prepared by Tetzel had small sale. People had heard all these
+arguments before, but Luther's propositions were new.
+
+Everything that Luther said in public now was taken down, printed and
+passed along; his books were sold in the marketplaces and at the fairs
+throughout the Empire. Luther glorified Germany, and referred often to
+the "Deutsche Theologie," and this pleased the people. The jealousy that
+existed between Italians and Germans was fanned.
+
+He occasionally preached in neighboring cities, and always was attended
+by an escort of several hundred students. Once he spoke at Nuremberg and
+was entertained by that great man and artist, Albert Durer. Everywhere
+crowds hung upon his words, and often he was cheered and applauded, even
+in churches. He denounced the extravagance and folly of ecclesiastical
+display, the wrong of robbing the poor in order to add to the splendor
+of Rome; he pleaded for the right of private interpretation of the
+Scriptures, and argued the need of repentance and a deep personal
+righteousness.
+
+Not only was Luther the most popular preacher of that day, but his books
+outsold all other authors. He gave his writings to whoever would print
+them, and asked for no copyright nor royalties.
+
+A request came from the Pope that he should appear at Rome.
+
+Such a summons is considered mandatory, and usually this letter,
+although expressed in the gentlest and most complimentary way, strikes
+terror to the heart of the receiver. It means that he has offended or
+grieved the Head of the Church--God's Vicegerent on earth.
+
+In my own experience I have known several offending priests to receive
+this summons; I never knew of one who dared disregard the summons; I
+never knew of one who received it who was not filled with dire
+foreboding; and I never knew an instance where the man was humiliated or
+really punished.
+
+A few years ago the American newspapers echoed with the name of a priest
+who had been particularly bold in certain innovations. He was summoned
+to Rome, and this was the way he was treated as told me with his own
+lips, and he further informed me that he ascertained it was the usual
+procedure:
+
+The offender arrives in Rome full of the feeling that his enemies have
+wrongfully accused him. He knows charges have been filed against him,
+but what these charges are he is not aware. He is very much disturbed
+and very much in a fog. His reputation and character, aye! his future is
+at stake.
+
+Before the dust of travel is off his clothes, before he shaves, washes
+his face or eats, he appears at the Vatican and asks for a copy of the
+charges that have been brought against him.
+
+One of the Pope's numerous secretaries, a Cardinal possibly, receives
+him graciously, almost affectionately, and welcomes him to Rome in the
+name of the Pope. As for any matter of business, why, it can wait: the
+man who has it in charge is out of the city for a day or so--rest and
+enjoy the splendor of the Eternal City.
+
+"Where is the traveler's lodging?"
+
+"What? not that--here!"--a bell is rung, a messenger is called, the
+pilgrim's luggage is sent for, and he is given a room in the Vatican
+itself, or in one of the nearby "Colleges." A Brother is called in,
+introduced and duly instructed to attend personally on His Grace the
+Pilgrim. Show him the wonders of Rome--the churches, art-galleries, the
+Pantheon, the Appian Way, the Capitol, the Castle--he is one of the
+Church's most valued servants, he has come from afar--see that he has
+the attention accorded him that is his due.
+
+The Pilgrim is surprised, a trifle relieved, but not happy. He remembers
+that those condemned to die are given the best of food; but he tries to
+be patient, and so he accepts the Brother's guidance to see Rome--and
+then die, if he must.
+
+The days are crowded full--visitors come and go. He attends this
+congregation and that--fetes, receptions, pilgrimages follow fast.
+
+The cloud is still upon him--he may forget it for an hour, but each day
+begins in gloom--uncertainty is the only hell.
+
+At last he boldly importunes and asks that a day shall be set to try his
+case.
+
+Nobody knows anything about his case! Charges--what charges? However, a
+Committee of Cardinals wish to see him--why, yes, Thursday at ten
+o'clock!
+
+He passes a sleepless night, and appears at the time appointed, haggard,
+yet firm, armed with documents.
+
+He is ushered into the presence of the Cardinals. They receive him as an
+equal. A little speech is made, complimenting him on his good work, upon
+his uprightness, and ends with a gentle caution concerning the wisdom of
+making haste slowly.
+
+Charges? There are no charges against the Pilgrim--why should there be?
+And moreover, what if there are? Good men are always maligned. He has
+been summoned to Rome that the Cardinals might have his advice.
+
+The Pope will meet him tomorrow in order to bestow his personal
+blessing.
+
+It is all over--the burden falls from his back. He gasps in relief and
+sinks into a chair.
+
+The greatness of Rome and the kindness and courtesy he has received have
+subdued him.
+
+Possibly there is a temporary, slight reduction of position--he is given
+another diocese or territory; but there is a promise of speedy
+promotion--there is no humiliation. The man goes home subdued, conquered
+by kindness, happy in the determination to work for the Church as never
+before.
+
+Rome binds great men to her; she does not drive them away: her policy is
+wise--superbly, splendidly wise.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Luther was now beyond the pale--the Church had no further power to
+punish him, but agents of the Church, being a part of the Government,
+might proceed against him as an enemy of the State.
+
+Word came that if Luther would cease writing and preaching, and quietly
+go about his teaching in the University, he would not be troubled in any
+way.
+
+This only fired him to stronger expression. He issued a proclamation to
+the German Nation, appealing from the sentence of the Pope, stating he
+was an Augustinian monk, a Doctor of Theology, a preacher of truth, with
+no stain upon his character. He declared that no man in Italy or
+elsewhere had a right to order him to be silent, and no man or set of
+men could deprive him of a share in God's Kingdom.
+
+He called upon all lovers of liberty who hoped for heaven to repudiate
+the "Babylonish Captivity"--only by so doing could the smile of God be
+secured. Thus did Martin Luther excommunicate the Pope.
+
+Frederick, the Elector of Saxony, preserved a strictly neutral attitude.
+Martin Luther was his subject, and he might have proceeded against him
+on a criminal charge, and was hotly urged to do so, but his reply was,
+"Hands Off!"
+
+The city of Worms was at this time the political capital of Germany. A
+yearly congress, or Diet, was held by the Emperor and his Electors, to
+consider matters of special import to the State.
+
+As Frederick refused to proceed against Luther, an appeal was made to
+the Emperor, Charles the Fifth, asking that Luther be compelled to
+appear before the Diet of Worms and make answer to the charges that
+would there be brought against him.
+
+It was urged that Luther should be arrested and carried to Worms and
+there be confined in the castle until the Diet should meet; but Charles
+had too much respect for Frederick to attempt any such high-handed
+procedure--it might mean civil war. Gladly would he have ignored the
+whole matter, but a Cardinal from Rome was at his elbow, sent purposely
+to see that Luther should be silenced--silenced as Huss was, if
+necessary. Charles was a good Catholic--and so for that matter was the
+Elector Frederick. The latter was consulted and agreed that if the
+Emperor would issue a letter of "safe-conduct," and send a herald to
+personally accompany the Reverend Doctor Luther to Worms, the Elector
+would consent to the proceedings.
+
+The letter sent summoning Luther to Worms was an exceedingly guarded
+document. It addressed the excommunicated heretic as "honorable, beloved
+and pious," and begged him to accept the company and safe-conduct of the
+bearer to Worms and there kindly explain to the Emperor the import of
+his books and doctrines.
+
+This letter might have been an invitation to a banquet, but Luther said
+it was an invitation to a holocaust, and many of his friends so looked
+upon it. He was urged to disregard it, but his reply was, "Though the
+road to Worms were lined with devils I'd go just the same."
+
+No more vivid description of Luther's trial at Worms has been given than
+that supplied by Doctor Charles Beard. This man was neither Catholic nor
+Protestant, so we can not accuse him of hand-illumining the facts to
+suit his fancy. Says Doctor Beard:
+
+     Towards noon on the Sixteenth of April, Fifteen Hundred Twenty-one,
+     the watchers on the tower gate of Worms gave notice by sound of
+     trumpet that Luther's cavalcade was drawing near. First rode
+     Deutschland the Herald; next came the covered carriage with Luther
+     and three friends; last of all, Justus Jonas on horseback, with an
+     escort of knights who had ridden out from Worms to meet them. The
+     news quickly spread, and though it was dinner-time, the streets
+     were thronged, and two thousand men and women accompanied the
+     heretic to his lodging in the house of the Knights of Saint John.
+     Here he was close to the Elector, while his companions in his
+     lodging were two Saxon councilors. Aleandro, the Papal Nuncio, sent
+     out one of his servants to bring him news; he returned with the
+     report that as Luther alighted from his carriage a man had taken
+     him into his arms, and having touched his coat three times had gone
+     away glorying as if he had touched a relic of the greatest saint in
+     the world. On the other hand, Luther looked round about him, with
+     his demoniac eyes, and said, "God will be with me."
+
+     The audience to which Luther was summoned was fixed for four P.M.,
+     and the fact was announced to him by Ulrich von Pappenheim, the
+     hereditary marshal of the Empire. When the time came, there was a
+     great crowd assembled to see the heretic, and his conductors,
+     Pappenheim and Deutschland, were obliged to take him to the hall of
+     audience in the Bishop's Palace through gardens and by back ways.
+     There he was introduced into the presence of the Estates. He was a
+     peasant and a peasant's son, who, though he had written bold
+     letters to Pope and Prelate, had never spoken face to face with the
+     great ones of the land, not even with his own Elector, of whose
+     good-will he was assured. Now he was bidden to answer, less for
+     himself than for what he believed to be the truth of God, before
+     the representatives of the double authority by which the world is
+     swayed. The young Emperor looked at him with impassive eyes,
+     speaking no word either of encouragement or rebuke. Aleandro
+     represented the still greater, the intrinsically superior, power of
+     the successor of Peter, the Vicar of Christ. At the Emperor's side
+     stood his brother Ferdinand, the new founder of the House of
+     Austria, while round them were grouped six out of the seven
+     Electors, and a crowd of princes, prelates, nobles, delegates of
+     free cities, who represented every phase of German and
+     ecclesiastical feeling.
+
+     It was a turning-point of modern European history, at which the
+     great issues which presented themselves to men's consciences were
+     greater still than they knew.
+
+     The proceedings began with an injunction given by Pappenheim to
+     Luther that he was not to speak unless spoken to. Then John von
+     Eck, Official-General of the Archbishop of Trier, champion of the
+     Leipzig deputation, first in Latin, then in German, put, by
+     Imperial command, two questions to Luther. First, did he
+     acknowledge these books here present--showing a bundle of books
+     which were circulated under his name--to be his own; and secondly,
+     was he willing to withdraw and recall them and their contents, or
+     did he rather adhere to and persist in them? At this point, Schurf,
+     who acted as Luther's counsel, interposed with the demand, "Let the
+     titles be read." The official, in reply, recited, one by one, the
+     titles of the books comprised in the collected edition of Luther's
+     works published at Basel, among which were the "Commentaries on the
+     Psalms," the "Sermon of Good Works," the "Commentary on the Lord's
+     Prayer," and besides these, other Christian books, not of a
+     contentious kind.
+
+     Upon this, Luther made answer, first in German, then in Latin, that
+     the books were his.
+
+     The form of procedure had been committed by the Emperor to Eck,
+     Glapion, and Aleandro, and it may have been by their deliberate
+     intention that Luther was now asked, whether he wished to defend
+     all the books which he had acknowledged as his own, or to retract
+     any part of them? He began his answer in Latin, by an apology for
+     any mistakes that he might make in addressing personages so great,
+     as a man versed, not in courts, but in monk-cells; then, repeating
+     his acknowledgment of the books, proceeded to divide them into
+     three classes. There were some in which he had treated the piety of
+     faith and morals so simply and evangelically that his very
+     adversaries had been compelled to confess them useful, harmless,
+     and worthy of Christian reading. How could he condemn these? There
+     were others in which he attacked the Papacy and the doctrine of the
+     Papists, who both by their teachings and their wretched examples
+     have wasted Christendom with both spiritual and corporal evil. Nor
+     could any one deny or dissimulate this, since the universal
+     experience and complaint bear witness that, by the laws of the Pope
+     and the doctrines of men, consciences are miserably ensnared and
+     vexed, especially in this illustrious German nation. If he should
+     revoke these books, what would it be but to add force to tyranny,
+     and to open, not merely the windows, but the doors to so great
+     impiety? In that case, Good God, what a cover of wickedness and
+     tyranny would he not become! A third class of his books had been
+     written against private persons, those, namely, who had labored to
+     protect the Roman tyranny and to undermine the piety which he had
+     taught. In these he confessed that he had been more bitter than
+     became his religion and profession. Even these, however, he could
+     not recall, because to do so would be to throw his shield over
+     tyranny and impiety, and to augment their violence against the
+     people of God. From this he proceeded to ask for evidence against
+     himself and a fair trial, adducing the words of Christ before
+     Annas: "If I have spoken evil, bear witness of the evil." Then,
+     with a touch of his native boldness, he told his audience that it
+     needed to beware lest the reign of this most excellent youth,
+     Prince Charles, should become unhappy and of evil omen. "I might,"
+     he continued, "illustrate the matter more copiously by Scriptural
+     examples--as Pharaoh, the King of Babylon, the Kings of Israel--who
+     most completely ruined themselves at the moment when by wisest
+     counsels they were zealous to strengthen and pacify their kingdoms.
+     For it is He who taketh the wise in their own craftiness, and
+     overturns the mountains before they know it. Therefore it is
+     needful to fear God. I do not say these things because my teaching
+     or admonition is necessary to persons of such eminence, but because
+     I ought not to withhold from Germany my due obedience. And with
+     these things I commend myself to Your Most Serene Majesty, and to
+     Your Lordships, humbly asking that you will not suffer me to be
+     brought into ill repute by the efforts of my adversaries. I have
+     spoken."
+
+     This speech, spoken as it was with steady composure and a voice
+     that could be clearly heard by the whole assembly, did not satisfy
+     the official. His first demand was that, like the question to which
+     it was in answer, it should be repeated in German. Next, Eck
+     proceeded to point out that Luther's errors, which were the errors
+     of former heretics, Wyclif, Huss and the like, had been
+     sufficiently condemned by the Church, and particularly by the
+     Council of Konstanz. If Luther were willing to recant them, the
+     Emperor would engage that his other works, in which they were not
+     contained, should be tenderly handled: if not, let him recollect
+     the fate of other books condemned by the Church. Then, with the
+     customary exhortation to all theological innovators, not to set
+     their own opinions against those of apostles, saints and martyrs,
+     the official said that what he wanted was a simple and
+     straightforward answer: was Luther willing to recant or not? To
+     which Luther replied: "Since Your Most Serene Majesty and Your
+     Lordships ask for a simple answer, I will give it, after this
+     fashion: Unless I am convinced by witness of Scripture or plain
+     reason (for I do not believe in the Pope or in Councils alone,
+     since it is agreed that they have often erred and contradicted
+     themselves), I am overcome by the Scriptures which I have adduced,
+     and my conscience is caught in the Word of God. I neither can nor
+     will recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act
+     against one's conscience." Then having given this answer in both
+     languages, he added in German, "God help me! Amen."
+
+     The semblance of trial, which alone was allowed to Luther, was now
+     over; it only remained to pass sentence. Early on the morning of
+     the Nineteenth of April the Emperor summoned the Diet once more to
+     take counsel upon the matter. The Estates asked for time to
+     deliberate; on which the Emperor, replying that he would first give
+     them his own opinion, produced a document written in his own hand.
+     Beginning with the statement of his descent from Emperors, Kings of
+     Spain, Archdukes of Austria, and Dukes of Burgundy, all of whom had
+     lived and died faithful sons of the Church and defenders of the
+     Catholic faith, it announced the identity of his policy with
+     theirs. Whatever his predecessors had decreed in matters
+     ecclesiastical, whatever had been decided by the Council of
+     Konstanz and other Councils, he would uphold. Luther had set
+     himself against the whole of Christendom, alleging it to be, both
+     now and for a thousand years past, in error, and only himself in
+     possession of the truth. The Estates had heard the obstinate
+     answer which he had made the day before; let him be no further
+     heard, and let him be taken back whence he came, the terms of his
+     safe-conduct being carefully observed; but let him be forbidden to
+     preach, nor suffer to corrupt the people with his vile doctrine.
+     "And as we have before said, it is our will that he should be
+     proceeded against as a true and evident heretic."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The difference between heresy and treason, at one time, was very slight.
+One was disloyalty to the Church, the other disloyalty to the State.
+
+Luther's peril was very great. The coils had been deliberately laid for
+him, and he had as deliberately placed his neck in the noose. Surely his
+accusers had been very patient--every opportunity had been given to him
+to recant.
+
+Aleandro, the Papal Nuncio, argued that, in the face of such stubborn
+contumacy and insult to both Pope and Emperor, the Emperor would be
+justified in canceling his safe-conduct and arresting Luther then and
+there. His offense in refusing to retract was committed at Worms and his
+trial should be there--and there he should be executed.
+
+The Elector Frederick was a stronger man far in personality than was the
+Emperor Charles. "The promise of safe-conduct must be kept," said
+Frederick, and there he rested, refusing to argue the merits of the case
+by a word, one way or the other.
+
+Frederick held the life of Luther in his hand--a waver, a tremor--and
+the fagots would soon crackle: for the man who pleads guilty and refuses
+pardon there is short shrift.
+
+Luther started back for Saxony. All went well until he reached the Black
+Forest within the bounds of the domain of Frederick; when behold, the
+carriages and little group of horsemen were surrounded by an armed
+force of silent and determined men. Luther made a stout defense and was
+handled not over-gently. He was taken from his closed carriage and
+placed upon a horse--his friends and guard were ordered to be gone.
+
+The darkness of the forest swallowed Luther and his captors.
+
+News soon reached Wittenberg, and the students mourned him as dead.
+
+His enemies gloried in his disappearance, and everywhere told that he
+had been struck by the vengeance of God.
+
+Luther was lodged in the Castle of Wartburg, and all communication with
+the outside world cut off.
+
+The whole scheme was a diplomatic move on the part of the Elector. He
+expected a demand would be made for the arrest of the heretic. To
+anticipate this demand he arrested the man himself; and thus placed the
+matter in position to legally resist should the prisoner be demanded.
+
+The Elector was the Governor, and the Estate was what would be to us a
+State--the terms "state" and "estate" being practically the same word.
+It was the old question of State Rights, the same question that Hayne
+and Webster debated in Eighteen Hundred Thirty, and Grover Cleveland and
+John P. Altgeld fought over in Eighteen Hundred Ninety-four. The Elector
+Frederick prepared for a legal battle, and would defy the "Federal Arm"
+by force if worse came to worst.
+
+Luther remained a prisoner for seven months, and so closely guarded was
+he that he only knew by inference that his keepers were his friends. The
+Elector was discreet: he held no personal communication with Luther.
+
+In December, Fifteen Hundred Twenty-one, the prisoner was allowed to go
+to Wittenberg on a three-days' parole. When he appeared at the
+University he came as one from the dead. The event was too serious for
+student jollification; many were struck dumb with astonishment and glad
+tears of joy were upon every cheek--and by common consent all classes
+were abandoned, and a solemn service of thanksgiving held in the church,
+upon the door of which, four years before, this little college professor
+had tacked his Theses.
+
+All understood now that Luther was a prisoner--he must go back to his
+prison. He admonished his hearers to be patient, but to be firm; cleave
+to what they believed to be right, even though it led to the scaffold.
+He administered the sacrament, and through that congregation, and
+throughout Saxony, and throughout all Germany ran the vow, silent,
+solemn and serious, that Martin Luther's defiance of Papal authority was
+right. The Church was made for man and not man for the Church--and come
+what may, this man Luther must be protected even though the gutters ran
+with blood.
+
+When would his trial occur? Nobody knew--but there would be no haste.
+
+Luther went back to prison, but not to remain there. His little lease of
+liberty had been given just to see which way the wind lay. He was a
+prisoner still--a prisoner on parole--and if he was taken out of Saxony
+it could only be by illegal means.
+
+The action of the Elector was as wise and as successful a bit of legal
+procedure as ever mortal lawyer worked: that it was all done without the
+advice, consent or connivance of the prisoner makes it doubly admirable.
+
+Luther set himself to work as never before, writing and preaching. He
+kept close to Wittenberg and from there sent forth his thunders of
+revolt. Outside of Saxony, at regular intervals, edicts were read from
+pulpits ordering any and all copies of Luther's writings to be brought
+forward that they might be burned. This advertised the work, and made it
+prized--it was read throughout all Christendom.
+
+That gentle and ascetic Henry the Eighth of England issued a book
+denouncing Luther and telling what he would do with him if he came to
+England. Luther replied, a trifle too much in kind. Henry put in a pious
+rejoinder to the effect that the Devil would not have Luther in hell. In
+their opinion of Luther the Pope and King Henry were of one mind.
+
+So lived Martin Luther, execrated and beloved. At first he sought to
+serve the Church, and later he worked to destroy it. After three hundred
+years, the Catholic Church still lives, with more communicants than it
+had in the days of Luther. The fact that it still exists proves its
+usefulness. It will still live, and it will change as men change. The
+Church and the Pope are not the detestable things that Martin Luther
+pictured them; and Protestantism is not the sweet and lovely object that
+he would have us believe. All formal and organized religions will be
+what they are, as long as man is what he is--labels count for little.
+
+In Fifteen Hundred Twenty-five Martin Luther married "Catharine the
+Nun," a most excellent woman, and one whom rumor says had long
+encouraged and upheld him in his works. Children came to bless them, and
+the picture of the great heretic sitting at his wooden table with little
+Johnny Luther on his knee, his loving wife by his side, and kind
+neighbors entering for a friendly chat, shows the great reformer at his
+best.
+
+He was the son of a peasant, all his ancestors were peasants, as he so
+often told, and he lived like a peasant to the last. For himself he
+wanted little. He sided with the people, the toilers, with those who
+struggled in the bonds of slavery and fear--for them he was an Eye, an
+Ear, a trumpet Voice.
+
+There never lived a braver man--there never lived one more earnest and
+sincere. He fought freedom's fight with all the weapons God had given
+him; and for the liberty we now enjoy, in great degree, we are debtors
+to Martin Luther.
+
+
+
+
+EDMUND BURKE
+
+
+     I was not, like His Grace of Bedford, swaddled and rocked and
+     dandled into a legislator; "nitor in adversum" is the motto for a
+     man like me. I possessed not one of the qualities, nor cultivated
+     one of the arts, that recommend men to the favor and protection of
+     the great. I was not made for a minion or a tool. As little did I
+     follow the trade of winning the hearts, by imposing on the
+     understandings of the people.
+
+     At every step of my progress in life, for in every step I was
+     traversed and opposed, and at every turnpike I met, I was obliged
+     to show my passport, and again and again to prove my sole title to
+     the honor of being useful to my country, by a proof that I was not
+     wholly unacquainted with its laws and the whole system of its
+     interests both abroad and at home; otherwise no rank, no toleration
+     even, for me.
+
+                                                 --_Edmund Burke_
+
+[Illustration: EDMUND BURKE]
+
+
+In the "American Encyclopedia," a work I cheerfully recommend, will be
+found a statement to the effect that Edmund Burke was one of the fifteen
+children of his parents. Aside from the natural curiosity to know what
+became of the fourteen, the matter is of small moment, and that its
+truth or falsity should divide men is most absurd.
+
+Of this, however, we know: the parents of Burke were plain people,
+rescued from oblivion only through the excellence of this one son. The
+father was a lawyer, and fees being scarce, he became chief clerk for
+another barrister, and so lived his life and did his work.
+
+When Edmund Burke was born at Dublin in the year Seventeen Hundred
+Twenty-nine, that famous city was at its flood-tide of prosperity. It
+was a metropolis of commerce, art, wit, oratory and literary culture.
+The one name that looms large to us out of that time is that of Dean
+Swift, but then there were dozens just as great as he--so-said.
+
+Edmund must have been a bright, fine, attractive boy, for we hear that
+certain friends of his parents combined with his father and they bent
+themselves to the task of sending the lad to Trinity College. Before
+this, however, he had spent some time at a private school kept by one
+Abraham Shackleton, an Englishman and a member of the Society of
+Friends. Shackleton was a rare, sweet soul and a most excellent teacher,
+endowed with a grave, tranquil nature, constant and austere. Between his
+son Richard and young Mr. Burke there sprang up a close and affectionate
+friendship which neither time nor circumstance was able to dim.
+
+Now, the elder Burke was a lawyer, but not a great lawyer.
+
+What more natural, therefore, than that the boy Edmund should follow in
+his father's footsteps and reap the fame and high honors which an unkind
+Fate had withheld from his worthy parent?
+
+There was another boy destined for fame at Trinity College while Burke
+was there, but they did not get acquainted then. Some years later they
+met in London, though, and talked it over.
+
+In countenance these two young men had a certain marked resemblance.
+Reynolds painted pictures of both Burke and Goldsmith, and when I looked
+at these portraits this morning, side by side, I said, "Sir Joshua
+hadn't quite got the Burke out of his brush before he painted the
+Goldsmith." Burke is Goldsmith grown big.
+
+Each had a weak chin, which was redeemed by the fine, full forehead and
+brilliant eye.
+
+In face and features, taken as a whole, Burke had a countenance of
+surpassing beauty. Note the full sensuous lips, the clear, steady,
+lustrous, beaming eye, the splendid head! There is nothing small,
+selfish, mean or trifling about the man--he is open, frank,
+sympathetic, gentle, generous and wise.
+
+He is a manly man.
+
+No wonder that even the staid and chilly Hannah More loved him; and
+little Miss Burney worshiped at his shrine even in spite of "his
+friendship for those detested rebels, the Americans; and the other
+grievous sin of persecuting that good man, Warren Hastings."
+
+Goldsmith was small in stature, apologetic in manner, hesitating, and at
+times there was a lisp in speech, which might have been an artistic and
+carefully acquired adjunct of wit, but it was not. Burke was commanding
+in stature, dignified, suave, and in speech direct, copious and elegant.
+Goldsmith overworked the minor key, but Burke merely suggests that it
+had not been omitted.
+
+At college young Burke did not prove a brilliant student--his intellect
+and aptitude it seems were a modest mouse-color that escaped attention.
+
+His reading was desultory and pretty general, with spasms of passion for
+this study or that, this author or the other. And he has remarked, most
+regretfully, that these passions were all short-lived, none lasting more
+than six weeks.
+
+It is a splendid sign to find a youth with a passion for any branch of
+work, or study, or for any author. No matter how brief the love, it adds
+a ring of growth to character; and if you have loved a book once it is
+easy to go back to it. In all these varying moods of likes and
+dislikes, Burke was gathering up material for use in after-years.
+
+But his teachers did not regard it so, neither did his father.
+
+He got through college after a five-years' course, aged twenty, by the
+grace of his tutors. He knew everything except what was in the
+curriculum.
+
+Tall, handsome, with hair black as the raven's wing, and eyes that
+looked away off into space, dreamy and unconcerned, was Edmund Burke at
+twenty.
+
+His father was a business lawyer, with a sharp nose for technicalities,
+quirks and quillets, but the son studied law as a literary curiosity.
+Occasionally there were quick chidings, answered with irony needlessly
+calm: then the good wife and mother would intervene with her tears, and
+the result was that Burke the elder would withdraw to the open air to
+cool his coppers. Be it known that no man can stand out against his wife
+and son when they in love combine.
+
+Finally it was proposed that Edmund go to London and take a course of
+Law at the Middle Temple. The plan was accepted with ill-concealed
+alacrity. Father and son parted with relief, but the good-by between
+mother and son tore the hearts of both--they were parting forever, and
+Something told them so.
+
+It evidently was the intention of Burke the elder, who was a
+clear-headed, practical person, competent in all petty plans, that if
+the son settled down to law and got his "call," then he would be
+summoned back to Dublin and put in a way to achieve distinction. But if
+the young man still pursued his desultory reading and scribbling on
+irrelevant themes, why then the remittances were to be withdrawn and
+Edmund Burke, being twenty-one years of age, could sink or swim. Burke
+pater would wash his hands in innocency, having fully complied with all
+legal requirements, and God knows that is all any man can do--there!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In London town since time began, no embryo Coke ever rapped at the bar
+for admittance--lawyers are "summoned" just as clergymen are "called,"
+while other men find a job. In England this pretty little illusion of
+receiving a "call" to practise law still obtains.
+
+Burke never received the call, for the reason that he failed to fit
+himself for it. He read everything but law-books. He might have assisted
+a young man by the name of Blackstone in compiling his "Commentaries,"
+as their lodgings were not far apart, but he did not. They met
+occasionally, and when they did they always discussed Spenser or Milton,
+and waxed warm over Shakespeare.
+
+Burke gave Old Father Antic the Law as lavish a letter of recommendation
+as the Legal Profession ever received, and he gave it for the very
+natural reason that he had no use for the Law himself.
+
+The remittances from Dublin were always small, but they grew smaller,
+less frequent and finally ceased. It was sink or swim--and the young man
+simply paddled to keep afloat upon the tide of the times.
+
+He dawdled at Dodsley's, visited with the callers and browsed among the
+books. There was only one thing the young man liked better to do than
+read, and that was to talk. Once he had read a volume nearly through,
+when Dodsley up and sold it to a customer--"a rather ungentlemanly trick
+to play on an honest man," says Burke.
+
+It was at Dodsley's that he first met his countryman Goldsmith, also
+Garrick, Boswell and Johnson. It was then that Johnson received that
+lasting impression of Burke, of whom he said, "Sir, if you met Edmund
+Burke under a gateway, where you had taken shelter for five minutes to
+escape a shower, you would be so impressed by his conversation that you
+would say, 'This is a most extraordinary man.'"
+
+If one knows how, or has to, he can live in a large city at a small
+expense. For nine years Burke's London life is a tale of a garret, with
+the details almost lost in the fog. Of this time, in after-years, he
+seldom spoke, not because he was ashamed of all the straits and shifts
+he had to endure, but because he was endowed with that fine dignity of
+mind which does not dwell on hardships gone and troubles past, but
+rather fixes itself on blessings now at hand and other blessings yet to
+come. Then, better still, there came a time when work and important
+business filled every moment of the fast-flying hours. And so he himself
+once said, "The sure cure for all private griefs is a hearty interest in
+public affairs."
+
+The best searchlight through the mist of those early days comes to us
+through Burke's letters to his friend Richard, the son of his old Quaker
+teacher. Shackleton had the insight to perceive his friend was no common
+man, and so preserved every scrap of Burke's writing that came his way.
+
+About that time there seems to have been a sort of meteoric shower of
+chipmunk magazines, following in the luminous pathway of the "Spectator"
+and the "Tatler." Burke was passing through his poetic period, and
+supplied various stanzas of alleged poetry to these magazines for a
+modest consideration. For one poem he received eighteen pence, as
+tearfully told by Shackleton, but we have Hawkins for it that this was a
+trifle more than the poem was worth.
+
+Of this poetry we know little, happily, but glimpses of it are seen in
+the Shackleton letters; for instance, when he asks his friend's
+criticism of such lines as these:
+
+  "The nymphs that haunt the dusky wood,
+  Which hangs recumbent o'er the crystal flood."
+
+He speaks of his delight in ambient sunsets, when gilded oceans, ghostly
+ships, and the dull, dark city vanish for the night. Of course, such
+things never happen except in books, but the practise of writing about
+them is a fine drill, in that it enables the writer to get a grasp on
+his vocabulary. Poetry is for the poet.
+
+And if Burke wrote poetry in bed, having to remain there in the daytime,
+while his landlady was doing up his single ruffled shirt for an evening
+party, whose business was it?
+
+When he was invited out to dinner he did the meal such justice that he
+needed nothing the following day; and the welcome discovery was also
+made that fasting produced an exaltation of the "spiritual essence that
+was extremely favorable to writing good poetry."
+
+Burke had wit, and what Johnson called a "mighty affluence of
+conversation"; so his presence was welcome at the Turk's Head. Burke and
+Johnson were so thoroughly well matched as talkers that they respected
+each other's prowess and never with each other clinched in wordy
+warfare. Johnson was an arch Tory, Burke the leader of the Whigs; but
+Ursa was wise enough to say, "I'll talk with him on any subject but
+politics." This led Goldsmith to remark, "Doctor Johnson browbeats us
+little men, but makes quick peace with those he can not down." Then
+there were debating societies, from one of which he resigned because the
+limit of a speech was seven minutes; but finally the time was extended
+to fifteen minutes in order to get the Irish orator back.
+
+During these nine years, once referred to by Burke as the "Dark Ages,"
+he had four occupations: book-browsing at Dodsley's, debating in the
+clubs, attending the theater on tickets probably supplied by Garrick,
+who had taken a great fancy to him, and his writing.
+
+No writing man could wish a better environment than this: the friction
+of mind with strong men, books and the drama stirred his emotions to the
+printing-point.
+
+Burke's personality made a swirl in the social sea that brought the best
+straight to him.
+
+One of the writers that Burke most admired was Bolingbroke, that man of
+masterly mind and mighty tread. His paragraphs move like a phalanx, and
+in every sentence there is an argument. No man in England influenced his
+time more than Bolingbroke. He was the inspirer of writers. Burke
+devoured Bolingbroke, and when he took up his pen, wrote with the same
+magnificent, stately minuet step. Finally he was full of the essence of
+Bolingbroke to the point of saturation, and then he began to criticize
+him. Had Bolingbroke been alive Burke would have quarreled with
+him--they were so much alike. As it was, Burke contented himself by
+writing a book after the style of Bolingbroke, carrying the great man's
+arguments one step further with intent to show their fallacy. The
+paraphrase is always a complement, and is never well done except by a
+man who loves the original and is a bit jealous of him.
+
+If Burke began his "Vindication of Natural Society," with intent to
+produce a burlesque, he missed his aim, and came very near convincing
+himself of the truth of his proposition. And in fact, the book was
+hailed by the rationalists as a vindication of Rousseau's philosophy.
+
+Burke was a conservative rationalist, which is something like an
+altruistic pessimist. In the society of rationalists Burke was a
+conservative, and when with the conservatives he was a rationalist. That
+he was absolutely honest and sincere there is not a particle of doubt,
+and we will have to leave it to the psychologists to tell us why men
+hate the thing they love.
+
+"The Vindication of Natural Society" is a great book, and the fact that
+in the second edition Burke had to explain that it was an ironical
+paraphrase does not convince us it was. The things prophesied have come
+about and the morning stars still sing together. Wise men are more and
+more learning by inclining their hearts toward Nature. Not only is this
+true in pedagogics, but in law, medicine and theology as well. Dogma has
+less place now in religion than ever before; many deeply religious men
+eschew the creed entirely; and in all pulpits may be heard that the
+sublime truths of simple honesty and kindness are quite enough basis for
+a useful career. That is good which serves. Religions are many and
+diverse, but reason and goodness are one.
+
+Burke's attempt to prove that without "revealed religion" mankind would
+sit in eternal darkness makes us think of the fable of the man who
+planted potatoes, hoed them, and finally harvested the crop. Every day
+while this man toiled, there was another man who sat on the fence,
+chewed a straw and looked on. And the author of the story says that if
+it were not for the Bible, no one would have ever known to whom the
+potatoes belonged.
+
+Burke wrote and talked as all good men do, just to clear the matter up
+in his own mind. Our wisest moves are accidents. Burke's first book was
+of a sort so striking that both sides claimed it. Men stopped other men
+on the street and asked if they had read the "Vindication"; at the
+coffeehouses they wrangled and jangled over it; and all the time Dodsley
+smiled and rubbed his hands in glee.
+
+Burke soon blossomed out in clean ruffled shirt every morning, and
+shortly moved to a suite of rooms, where before he had received his mail
+and his friends at a coffeehouse.
+
+Then came William Burke, a distant cousin, and together they tramped off
+through rural England, loitering along flowering hedgerows, and stopping
+at quaint inns, where the villagers made guesses as to whether the two
+were gentlemen out for a lark, smugglers or Jesuits in disguise.
+
+One of these trips took our friends to Bath, and there we hear they were
+lodged at the house of a Doctor Nugent, an excellent and scholarly man.
+William Burke went back to London and left Edmund at Bath deep in the
+pursuit of the Sublime. Doctor Nugent had a daughter, aged twenty,
+beautiful, gentle and gracious. The reader can guess the rest.
+
+That Burke's wife was a most amiable and excellent woman there is no
+doubt. She loved her lord, believed in him and had no other gods before
+him. But that she influenced his career directly or through antithesis,
+there is no trace. Her health was too frail to follow him--his stride
+was terrific--so she remained at home, and after every success he came
+back and told her of it, and rested his great, shaggy head in her lap.
+
+Only one child was born to them, and this boy closely resembled his
+mother in intellect and physique. This son passed out early in life, and
+so with Edmund died the name.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next book Burke launched was the one we know best, "On the Sublime."
+The original bore the terrifying title, "A Philosophical Inquiry Into
+the Origin of Our Ideas Concerning the Sublime and Beautiful." This book
+consists of one hundred seventeen chapters, each chapter dealing with
+some special phase of the subject.
+
+It is the most searching and complete analysis of an abstract theme of
+which I know. It sums the subject up like an essay by Herbert Spencer,
+and disposes of the case once and forever. It is so learned that only a
+sophomore could have written it, and we quite forgive the author when we
+are told that it was composed when he was nineteen.
+
+The book proved Burke's power to follow an idea to its lair, and its
+launching also launched the author upon the full tide of polite society.
+Goldsmith said, "We will lose him now," but Burke still stuck by his
+coffeehouse companions and used them as a pontoon to bridge the gulf
+'twixt Bohemia and Piccadilly.
+
+In the meantime he had written a book for Dodsley on "English
+Settlements in North America," and this did Burke more good than any one
+else, as it caused him to focus his inquiring mind on the New World.
+After this man began to write on a subject, his intellect became
+luminous on the theme, and it was his forevermore.
+
+At routs and fetes and four-o'-clocks, Burke was sought as an authority
+on America. He had never been there--he had but promised himself that he
+would go--for a sick wife held him back. In the meantime he had seen
+every man of worth who had been to America, and had sucked the orange
+dry. Macaulay gives the idea when he describes Burke's speech at the
+Warren Hastings trial. Burke had never been to India; Macaulay had, but
+that is nothing.
+
+Says Macaulay:
+
+     When Burke spoke, the burning sun, the strange vegetation of the
+     palm and cocoa-tree, the rice-field, the tank, the huge trees,
+     older than the Mogul Empire, under which the village crowds
+     assemble, the thatched roof of the peasant's hut, the rich tracery
+     of the mosque where the Imam prays with his face to Mecca, the
+     drums, the banners and gaudy idols, the devotee swinging in the
+     air, the graceful maiden with the pitcher on her head, descending
+     the steps to the riverside, the black faces, the long beards, the
+     yellow streaks of sect, the turbans and the flowing robes, the
+     spears and silver maces, the elephants with their canopies of
+     state, the gorgeous palanquin of the prince, and the close litter
+     of the noble lady--all these things were to him as familiar as the
+     subjects which lay on the road between Beaconsfield and Saint James
+     Street. All India was present to the eye of his mind, from the
+     halls where suitors laid gold and perfumes at the feet of the
+     sovereign, to the wild moor where the gipsy camp was pitched; from
+     the bazar, humming like a beehive with the crowd of buyers and
+     sellers, to the jungle where the lonely courier shakes his bunch of
+     iron rings to scare away the hyenas. He had just as lively an idea
+     of the insurrection at Benares as of Lord George Gordon's riots,
+     and of the execution of Numcomar as of Doctor Dodd. Oppression in
+     Bengal was to him the same thing as oppression in the streets of
+     London.
+
+The wide encompassing quality of Burke's mind made him a man among men.
+Just how much he lent his power in those early days to assist those in
+high places who needed him, we do not know. Such services were sacred to
+him--done in friendship and in confidence, and held as steadfast as a
+good lawyer holds the secrets of his client.
+
+No doubt, though, that the one speech which gave glory and a nickname to
+Single-Speech Hamilton was written by Burke. It was wise, witty and
+profound--and never again did Hamilton do a thing that rose above the
+dull and deadly mediocre.
+
+It was a rival of Burke's who said, "He is the only man since Cicero who
+is a great orator, and who can write as well as he can talk."
+
+That Burke wrote the lectures of Sir Joshua Reynolds is now pretty
+generally believed; in fact, that he received the goodly sum of four
+thousand pounds for writing these lectures has been proved to the
+satisfaction of a jury. Burke never said he wrote the Reynolds lectures,
+and Sir Joshua left it to his valet to deny it. But read the lectures
+now and you will see the stately step of Bolingbroke, and the insight,
+wit and gravity of the man who said: "Mr. Speaker, I rise to a question
+of privilege. If it is the pleasure of the House that all the heaviest
+folios known to us should be here read aloud, I am in honor bound to
+graciously submit, but only this I ask, that proceedings shall be
+suspended long enough for me to send home for my nightcap."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Presently Burke graduated from doing hack-work for William Gerard
+Hamilton to the position of his private secretary--Hamilton had been
+appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and so highly did he prize Burke's
+services that he had the Government vote him a pension of three hundred
+pounds a year. This was the first settled income Burke had ever
+received, and he was then well past thirty years of age. But though he
+was in sore straits financially, when he perceived that the intent of
+the income was to bind him into the exclusive service of his patron, he
+resigned his office and refused the pension.
+
+Without knowing how wisely he was acting, Burke, by declining the
+pension and affronting Lord Hamilton, had done the very thing that it
+was most expedient to do.
+
+When Hamilton could not buy his man, he foolishly sought to crush him,
+and this brought Burke for the first time into the white light of
+publicity.
+
+I suppose it is fully understood that the nobility of England are not
+necessarily either cultured or well-read. Literature to most of the
+titled gentry is a blank, my lord--it is so now and always has been so.
+Burke's brilliant books were not sufficient to make him famous except
+among the Elect Few; but the episode with Lord Hamilton set the gossips
+by the ears, and all who had never read Burke's books now pretended they
+had.
+
+Burke was a national character--such a man merely needs to be known to
+be wanted--strong men are always needed. The House of Commons opened its
+doors to him--several boroughs competing with each other for the favor
+of being represented by him.
+
+A political break-up with opportunity came along, and we find the
+Marquis of Rockingham made Premier, and Edmund Burke his secretary. It
+was Fitzherbert who recommended Burke to Rockingham, and Fitzherbert is
+immortal for this and for the fact that Johnson used him to point a
+moral. Said Doctor Johnson: "A man is popular more through negative
+qualities than positive ones. Fitzherbert is the most acceptable man in
+London because he never overpowers any one by the superiority of his
+talents, makes no man think worse of himself by being his rival, seems
+always ready to listen, does not oblige you to hear much from him, and
+never opposes what you say."
+
+With Rockingham and Burke it was a case of the tail wagging the dog, but
+Burke and Rockingham understood each other, and always remained firm
+friends.
+
+I believe it was John J. Ingalls who said America had never elected but
+one first-class man for President, and he was chosen only because he was
+unknown.
+
+Rockingham could neither make a speech nor write a readable article; but
+he was kindly disposed, honest and intelligent and had a gracious and
+winning presence. He lives in history today chiefly because Edmund
+Burke was associated with him.
+
+Burke was too big a man for Premier--such men have to be kept in
+subjection--the popular will is wise. Men like Burke make
+enemies--common folks can not follow them in their flight, and in their
+presence we feel "like a farmer in the presence of a sleight-of-hand
+man."
+
+To have life, and life in abundance, is the prayer of every strong and
+valiant soul. But men are forever running away from life--getting into
+"positions," monasteries, communities, and now and again cutting the
+cable of existence by suicide. The man who commits suicide usually
+leaves a letter giving a reason--almost any reason is sufficient--he was
+looking for a reason and when he thought he had found it, he seized upon
+it.
+
+Life to Edmund Burke was the gracious gift of the gods, and he was
+grateful for it. He ripened slowly. Arrested development never caught
+him--all the days of his life his mind was expanding and reaching out,
+touching every phase of human existence. Nothing was foreign to him;
+nothing that related to human existence was small or insignificant. When
+the home-thrust was made that Ireland had not suffered more through the
+absenteeism of her landlords than through the absenteeism of her men of
+genius, Burke made the reply that Ireland needed friends in the House of
+Commons more than at home.
+
+Burke loved Ireland to the last, and his fine loyalty for her people
+doubtless cost him a seat in the Cabinet. In moments of passion his
+tongue took on a touch of the old sod, which gave Fox an opportunity of
+introducing a swell bull, "Burke's brogue is worth going miles to see."
+And once when Burke was speaking of America he referred to the wondrous
+forests "where the hand of man had never trod," Fox arose to a point of
+order. And this was a good deal easier on the part of Fox than to try to
+meet his man in serious debate.
+
+Burke's was not the primrose path of dalliance. He fought his way inch
+by inch. Often it was a dozen to one against him. In one speech he said:
+"The minister comes down in state attended by beasts clean and unclean.
+He opens his budget and edifies us with a speech--one-half the house
+goes away. A second gentleman gets up and another half goes, and a third
+gentleman launches a speech that rids the house of another half."
+
+A loud laugh here came in, and Burke stopped and said he was most happy
+if a small dehorned Irish bull of his could put the House in such good
+humor, and went on with his speech. Soon, however, there were cries of
+"Shame!" from the Tories, who thought Burke was speaking disrespectfully
+of the King.
+
+Burke paused and said: "Mr. Speaker, I have not spoken of the King
+except in high esteem--I prize my head too well for that. But I do not
+think it necessary that I should bow down to his manservant, nor his
+maidservant, nor his ox nor his ass"--and he fixed his intrepid gaze
+upon the chief offender.
+
+Nature's best use for genius is to make other men think; to stir things
+up so sedimentation does not take place; to break the ankylosis of
+self-complacency; and start the stream of public opinion running so it
+will purify itself.
+
+Burke was an agitator--not a leader. He had the great gift of
+exaggeration, without which no man can be a great orator. He painted the
+picture large, and put the matter in a way that compelled attention. For
+thirty years he was a most prominent figure in English politics--no
+great measure could be passed without counting on him. His influence
+held dishonesty in check, and made oppression pause.
+
+History is usually written from one of three points of view--political,
+literary or economic. Macaulay stands for the first, Taine the second,
+Buckle the third. Each writer considers his subject supreme. When we
+speak of the history of a country we usually refer to its statesmen.
+
+Politicians live the lives of moths as compared with the lasting
+influence of commerce that feeds, houses and clothes, says Buckle.
+
+Rulers govern, but it is literature that enlightens, says Taine.
+
+Literature and commerce are made possible only through the wisdom of
+statesmen, says Macaulay.
+
+Edmund Burke's business was statecraft; his play was letters; but he
+lives for us through letters.
+
+He had two sets of ardent friends: his political associates, and that
+other little group of literary cronies made up of Johnson, Goldsmith,
+Boswell, Reynolds and Garrick.
+
+With these his soul was free--his sense of sublimity then found wings:
+the vocabulary of Johnson, the purling poetry of Goldsmith, the grace of
+Garrick's mimicry, the miracle of Reynolds' pencil and brush--these
+ministered to his hungry heart.
+
+They were forms of expression.
+
+All life is an expression of spirit.
+
+Burke's life was dedicated to expression.
+
+He expressed through speech, personal presence and written words. Who
+ever expressed in this way so well? And--stay!--who ever had so much
+that was worth while to express?
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM PITT
+
+
+     Time was when slaves were exported like cattle from the British
+     Coast and exposed for sale in the Roman market. These men and women
+     who were thus sold were supposed to be guilty of witchcraft, debt,
+     blasphemy or theft. Or else they were prisoners taken in war--they
+     had forfeited their right to freedom, and we sold them. We said
+     they were incapable of self-government and so must be looked after.
+     Later we quit selling British slaves, but began to buy and trade in
+     African humanity. We silenced conscience by saying, "It's all
+     right--they are incapable of self-government." We were once as
+     obscure, as debased, as ignorant, as barbaric, as the African is
+     now. I trust that the time will come when we are willing to give to
+     Africa the opportunity, the hope, the right to attain to the same
+     blessings that we ourselves enjoy.
+
+               --_William Pitt, on "Abolition of Slavery in England"_
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM PITT]
+
+
+The Law of Heredity has been described as that law of our nature which
+provides that a man shall resemble his grandmother--or not, as the case
+may be.
+
+What traits are inherited and what acquired--who shall say? Married
+folks who resort to the happy expedient of procuring their children at
+orphan-asylums can testify to the many times they have been complimented
+on the striking resemblance of father to daughter, or son to mother.
+
+Possibly that is all there is of it--we resemble those with whom we
+associate. Far be it from me to say the final word on this theme--I
+would not, if I could, deprive men of a problem they can never solve.
+When all questions are answered, it will be time to telephone the
+undertaker.
+
+That men of genius do not reproduce themselves after the flesh is an
+axiom; but that William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, did, is brought forth as
+an exception, incident, accident or circumstance, just according to
+one's mood at the moment.
+
+"Great men do have great sons!" we cry. "Just look at the Pitts, the
+Adamses, the Walpoles, the Beechers, the Booths, the Bellinis, the
+Disraelis!" and here we begin to falter. And then the opposition takes
+it up and rattles off a list of great men whose sons were spendthrifts,
+gamblers, ne'er-do-wells and jackanapes.
+
+When Pitt the Younger made his first speech in the House of Commons, he
+struck thirteen. The members of the House were amazed.
+
+"He's a chip off the old block," they said.
+
+"He's the block itself," said Burke.
+
+Lord Rosebery, who had the felicity to own a Derby winner, once said of
+Pitt, "He was bred for speed, but not for endurance."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Since the subject of heredity always seems to come up when the Pitts are
+mentioned, it may be proper for us to go back and trace pedigree a bit,
+to see if we have here the formula for producing a genius.
+
+The grandfather of William Pitt the Elder was Thomas Pitt, a
+sea-captain, trader and gentleman adventurer. In fact, he was a bold
+buccaneer, but not too bold, for he gave large sums to church and
+charity, and showed his zeal for virtue by once hanging three smugglers
+in chains, high up on a gibbet overlooking the coast of Cornwall, and
+there the bodies were left until the birds of prey and the elements had
+bleached their bones.
+
+Thomas Pitt was known as "Diamond Tom" through bringing from India and
+selling to the Regent Orleans the largest diamond, I believe, ever owned
+in England. For this diamond, Tom received one hundred thirty-five
+thousand pounds--a sum equal to one million dollars. That Diamond Tom
+received this money there is no doubt, but where and how he got the
+diamond nobody seems to know, and in his own time it was deemed
+indelicate to inquire.
+
+Tom might have wasted that money right shortly--there are several ways
+of dissipating a fortune--but he wisely decided to found a house. That
+is to say, he bought a borough--the borough of Old Sarum, the locality
+that was to become famous as the "rotten borough" of the Reform Bill.
+
+He bought this borough and all the tenants outright from the Government,
+just as we bought the Filipinos at two dollars a head. All the people
+who lived in the borough had to pay tribute, taxes or rent to Tom, for
+Tom owned the tenures. They had to pay, hike or have their heads cut
+off. Most of them paid.
+
+If the time were at our disposal, it might be worth while to let this
+story extend itself into a picture of how all the land in England once
+belonged to the Crown, and how this land was transferred at will to
+Thomas, Richard and Henry for cash or as reward for services rendered.
+It was much the same in America--the Government once owned all the land,
+and then this land was sold, given out to soldiers, or to homesteaders
+who would clear the land of trees; and later we reversed the proposition
+and gave the land to those who would plant trees.
+
+There was this similarity, too, between English and American land-laws:
+the Indians on the land in America had to pay, move or be perforated.
+For them to pay rent or work out a road-tax was quite out of the
+question. Indians, like the Irish, will not pay rent, so we were
+compelled to evict them.
+
+But there was this difference in America: the owner of the land could
+sell it; in England he could not. The law of entail has been much
+modified, but as a general proposition the landowner in England has the
+privilege of collecting the rent, and warning off poachers, but he can
+not mortgage the land and eat it up. This keeps the big estates intact,
+and is a very good scheme. Under a similar law in the United States,
+Uncle Billy Bushnell or Ali Baba might live in Hot Springs, Arkansas,
+and own every foot of East Aurora, and all of us would then vote as
+Baron Bushnell or Sir Ali dictated, thus avoiding much personal animus
+at Town-Meetin' time.
+
+But no tenure can be made with death--he can neither be bought, bribed,
+cajoled nor intimidated. Diamond Tom died and his eldest son Robert came
+into possession of the estate.
+
+Now, Robert was commonplace and beautifully mediocre. It is one of
+Nature's little ironies at the expense of the Law of Entail that she
+will occasionally send out of the spirit-realm, into a place of worldly
+importance, a man who is a regular chibot, chitterling and chump. Robert
+Pitt, son of Diamond Tom, escaped all censure and unkind criticism by
+doing nothing, saying nothing and being nothing.
+
+But he proved procreant and reared a goodly brood of sons and
+daughters--all much like himself, save one, the youngest son.
+
+This son, by name William Pitt, very much resembled Diamond Tom, his
+illustrious grandfather--Nature bred back. William was strong in body,
+firm in will, active, alert, intelligent. Times had changed or he might
+have been a bold buccaneer, too. He was all his grandfather was, only
+sandpapered, buffed and polished by civilization.
+
+He was sent to Eton, and then to Trinity College, Oxford, where
+buccaneer instincts broke out and he left without a degree. Two careers
+were open to him, as to all aspiring sons of Noble Beef-eaters--he could
+enter the Church or the Army.
+
+He chose the Army, and became in due course the first cornet of his
+company.
+
+His elder brother Thomas was very naturally a member of the House of
+Commons for Old Sarum, and later sat for Oakhampton. Another of Nature's
+little ironies here outcrops: Thomas, who was named for his illustrious
+grandfather--he of the crystallized carbon--didn't resemble his
+grandfather nearly so much as did his younger brother William. So Thomas
+with surprising good sense named his brother for a seat in the House of
+Commons from Old Sarum.
+
+William was but twenty-seven years of age when he began his official
+career, but he seemed one who had leaped into life full-armed. He
+absorbed knowledge on every hand. Demosthenes was his idol, and he, too,
+declaimed by the seashore with his mouth full of pebbles. His splendid
+command of language was acquired by the practise of translation and
+retranslation. Whether Greek or Latin ever helped any man to become a
+better thinker is a mooted question, but the practise of talking off in
+your own tongue a page of a foreign language is a mighty good way to
+lubricate your English.
+
+William Pitt had all the graces of a great orator--he was deliberate,
+self-possessed, positive. In form he was rather small, but he had a way
+of carrying himself that gave an impression of size. He was one of the
+world's big little men--the type of Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton,
+Benjamin Harrison and John D. Long. In the House of Commons he lost no
+time in making his presence felt. He was assertive, theatrical,
+declamatory--still, he usually knew what he was talking about. His
+criticisms of the Government so exasperated Sir Robert Walpole that
+Walpole used to refer to him as "that terrible cornet of horse."
+Finally, Walpole had him dismissed from the Army. This, instead of
+silencing the young man, really made matters worse, and George the
+Second, who patronized the Opposition when he could not down it, made
+him groom of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales. This was an office
+lined with adipose, with no work to speak of.
+
+The feeling is that Pitt revealed his common clay by accepting the
+favor. He was large enough to get along without such things.
+
+In most of the good old "School Speakers" was an extract from a speech
+supposed to have been delivered by Pitt on the occasion of his being
+taunted by Horace Walpole on account of his youth. Pitt replied in
+language something like this: "It is true that I am young, yet I'll get
+over that; but the man who is a fool will probably remain one all his
+days."
+
+The speech was reported by a lout of a countryman, Samuel Johnson by
+name, who had come up to London to make his fortune, and found his first
+work in reporting speeches in the House of Commons. Pitt did not write
+out his speeches for the press, weeks in advance, according to
+latter-day methods; the man who reported them had to have a style of his
+own--and certainly Johnson had. Pitt was much pleased with Johnson's
+reports of his speeches, but on one occasion mildly said, "Ah, Mr.
+Johnson--you know--I do not exactly remember using that expression!"
+
+And Samuel Johnson said, "Sir, it is barely possible that you did not
+use the language as I have written it out; but you should." Just how
+much Johnson we get in Pitt's printed speeches, is still a topic for
+debate.
+
+Pitt could think on his feet, while Samuel Johnson never made but one
+speech and broke down in that. But Johnson could write, and the best of
+Pitt's speeches are those reported by Ursa Major in a style superbly
+Johnsonese. The member from Old Sarum once sent Johnson two butts of
+Canary and a barrel of whitebait, as a token of appreciation for his
+skill in accurate reporting.
+
+Pitt followed the usual course of successful reformers, and in due time
+lined up on the side of the conservatives, and gradually succumbed to a
+strictly aristocratic disease, gout. Whether genius is transmissible or
+not is a question, but all authorities agree as to gout.
+
+Pitt's opposition to the Walpoles was so very firmly rooted that it
+continued for life, and for this he was rewarded by the Duchess of
+Marlborough with a legacy of ten thousand pounds. Her Grace was the
+mother of the lady who had the felicity to have her picture painted by
+Gainsborough, which picture was brought to America and secreted here for
+many years and finally was purchased for sixty-five thousand dollars by
+Pierpont Morgan, through the kind offices of my friend Patricius Sheedy,
+Philistine-at-Large.
+
+The Duchess in her will said she gave the money to Pitt as "an
+acknowledgment of the noble defense he had made for the support of the
+laws of England." But the belief is that it was her hatred for Walpole
+that prompted her admiration for Pitt. And her detestation of Walpole
+was not so much political as sentimental--a woman's love-affairs being
+much more to her than patriotism--but the Duchess being a woman deceived
+herself as to reasons. Our acts are right, but our reasons seldom are. I
+leave this Marlborough matter with those who are interested in the
+psychology of the heart--merely calling attention to the fact that
+although the Duchess was ninety when she passed out, the warm
+experiences of her early womanhood were very vivid in her memory. If you
+wish to know when love dies out of a woman's brain, you will have to ask
+some one who is older than was the Duchess of Marlborough.
+
+When George the Second died, and his grandson George the Third came into
+power, Pitt resigned his office in the Cabinet and abandoned politics.
+
+At last he found time to get married. He was then forty-six years of
+age.
+
+Men retire from active life, but seldom remain upon the shelf--either
+life or death takes them down. In five years' time we find the King
+offering Pitt anything in sight, and Mr. Pitt, the Great Commoner,
+became Viscount Pitt, Earl of Chatham.
+
+By this move Pitt lost in popularity more than he had gained in
+dignity--there was a complete revulsion of feeling toward him by the
+people, and he never again attained the influence and power he had once
+known.
+
+Burke once referred to a certain proposed bill as "insignificant,
+irrelevant, pompous, creeping, explanatory and ambiguous--done in the
+true Chathamic style."
+
+But the disdain of Burke was really complimentary--it took a worthy foe
+to draw his fire. Chatham's faults were mostly on the surface, and were
+more a matter of manner than of head or heart. America has cause to
+treasure the memory of Chatham. He opposed the Stamp Act with all the
+vigor of his tremendous intellect, and in the last speech of his life he
+prophesied that the Americans would never submit to taxation without
+representation, and that all the power of England was not great enough
+to subdue men who were fighting for their country. Yet his appeal to
+George the Third and his minions was like bombarding a fog. But all he
+said proved true.
+
+On the occasion of this last great speech Chatham was attended by his
+favorite son William, then nineteen years old. Proud as was this father
+of his son, he did not guess that in four short years this boy would,
+through his brilliancy, cast his own splendid efforts into the shadow;
+and that Burke, the querulous, would give the son a measure of
+approbation he never vouchsafed to the father.
+
+William Pitt, the Younger, is known as the "Great Pitt," to distinguish
+him from his father, who in his day was known as the greatest man in
+England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+William Pitt, the second son of the Earl of Chatham, was born of poor
+but honest parents, in the year Seventeen Hundred Fifty-nine. That was
+the year that gave us Robert Burns--between whom and Pitt, in some
+respects, averages were held good. The same year was born William
+Wilberforce, philanthropist and emancipator, father of Canon
+Wilberforce.
+
+At this time the fortunes of William Pitt the Elder were at full flood.
+England was in a fever of exultation--drunk with success. Just where the
+thought got abroad that the average Englishman is moderate in success
+and in defeat not cast down, I do not know. But this I have seen: all
+London mad, howling, exultant, savage drunk, because of the report that
+the Redcoats had subjugated this colony or that. To subdue, crush, slay
+and defeat, has caused shrieking shouts of joy in London since London
+began--unless the slain were Englishmen.
+
+This is patriotism, concerning which Samuel Johnson, reporter in the
+House of Commons, once made a remark slightly touched with acerbity.
+
+In the years Seventeen Hundred Fifty-eight and Seventeen Hundred
+Fifty-nine not a month passed but bonfires burned bright from Cornwall
+to Scotland in honor of English victories on land and sea. In
+Westphalia, British Infantry defeated the armies of Louis the Fifteenth;
+Boscawen had sunk a French fleet; Hawke put to flight another; Amherst
+took Ticonderoga; Clive destroyed a Dutch armament; Wolfe achieved
+victory and a glorious death at Quebec. English arms had marched
+triumphant through India and secured for the tight little island an
+empire, while another had been gained on the shores of Ontario.
+
+For all this the Great Commoner received most of the glory; and that
+this tremendous popularity was too great to last is but a truism.
+
+But in such a year it was that William Pitt was born. His father was
+fifty years old, his mother about thirty. This mother was a woman of
+rare grace, intellect and beauty, the only sister of two remarkable
+brothers--George Grenville, the obstinate adviser of George the Third,
+the man who did the most to make America free--unintentionally--and the
+other brother was Richard Earl Temple, almost equally potent for right
+or wrong.
+
+That the child of a sensitive mother, born amid such a crash of
+excitement, should be feeble was to be expected. No one at first
+expected the baby to survive.
+
+But tenderness and care brought him through, and he grew into a tall,
+spindling boy whose intellect far outmatched his body. He was too weak
+to be sent to take his place at a common school, and so his father and
+mother taught him.
+
+Between the father and the son there grew up a fine bond of affection.
+Whenever the father made a public address the boy was there to admire
+and applaud.
+
+The father's declining fortunes drove him back to his family for repose,
+and all of his own ambitions became centered in his son. With a younger
+man this might not have been the case, but the baby boy of an old man
+means much more to him than a brood coming early.
+
+Daily, this boy of twelve or fourteen would go to his father's study to
+recite. Oratory was his aim, and the intent was that he should become
+the greatest parliamentarian of his time.
+
+This little mutual-admiration society, composed of father and son,
+speaks volumes for both. Boys reaching out toward manhood, when they are
+neither men nor boys, often have little respect for their fathers--they
+consider the pater to be both old-fashioned and tyrannical. And the
+father, expecting too much of the son, often fails in faith and
+patience. But there was no such failure here. Chatham personally
+superintended the matter of offhand translation, and this practise was
+kept up daily from the time the boy was eight years old until he was
+nineteen, when his father died.
+
+Then there was the tutor Pretyman who must not be left out. He was a
+combination valet and teacher, and the most pedantic and idolatrous
+person that ever moused through dusty tomes. With a trifle more adipose
+and a little less intellect, he would have made a most successful and
+awful butler. He seemed a type of the English waiter who by some chance
+had acquired a college education, and never said a wrong thing, nor did
+a right one, during his whole life.
+
+Pretyman wrote a life of Pitt, and according to Macaulay it enjoys the
+distinction of being the worst biography ever written. Lord Rosebery,
+however, declares the book is not so bad as it might be. I believe there
+are two other biographies equally stupid: Weems' "Life of Washington,"
+and the book on Gainsborough, by Thicknesse. Weems' book was written to
+elevate his man into a demigod; Thicknesse was intent on lowering his
+subject and exalting himself; while Pretyman extols himself and his
+subject equally, revealing how William Pitt could never have been
+William Pitt were it not for his tutor. Pretyman emphasizes trifles,
+slights important matters, and waxes learned concerning the irrelevant.
+
+A legacy coming to Pretyman, he changed his name to Tomline, as women
+change their names when they marry or enter a convent.
+
+Religion to Pitt was quite a perfunctory affair, necessary, of course;
+but a bishop in England was one who could do little good and,
+fortunately, not much harm. With an irony too subtle to be seen by but
+very few, Pitt when twenty-seven years of age made his old tutor Bishop
+of Winchester. Tomline proved an excellent and praiseworthy bishop; and
+his obsequious loyalty to Pitt led to the promise that if the Primacy
+should become vacant, Tomline was to be made Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+This promise was told by the unthinking Tomline, and reached the ears of
+George the Third, a man who at times was very much alert.
+
+There came a day when the Primacy was vacant, and to head off the
+nomination by Pitt, the King one morning at eight o'clock walked over to
+the residence of Bishop Manners Somers and plied the knocker.
+
+The servant who answered the summons explained that the Bishop was
+taking his bath and could not be seen until he had had breakfast.
+
+But the visitor was importunate.
+
+The servant went back to his master and explained that the stout man at
+the door would neither go away nor tell his name, but must see his
+lordship at once.
+
+When the Bishop appeared in his dressing-gown and saw the King, he
+nearly had apoplexy. But the King quickly told his errand and made his
+friend Primate on the doorstep, with the butler and the housemaid for
+witnesses.
+
+Later in the day when Pitt appeared at the palace he was told that a
+Primate had been appointed--the King was very sorry, but the present
+incumbent could not be removed unless charges were preferred. Pitt
+smilingly congratulated the King on the wisdom of his choice, but
+afterward referred to the transaction as "a rather scurvy trick."
+
+At twenty-three years of age, William Pitt entered the House of Commons
+from the same borough that his father had represented at twenty-seven.
+His elder brother made way, just as had the elder brother of his father.
+
+The first speech he made in Parliament fixed his place in that body. His
+fame had preceded him, and when he arose every seat was taken to hear
+the favorite son of the Earl of Chatham, the greatest orator England had
+ever seen.
+
+The subject was simply a plan of finance, and lacked all excuse for fine
+phrasing or flavor of sentiment. And what should a boy of twenty-three
+know about a nation's financial policy?
+
+Yet this boy knew all about it. Figures, statistics, results,
+conclusions, were shown in a steady, flowing, accurate, lucid manner.
+The young man knew his theme--every byway, highway and tracing of it. By
+that speech he proved his mathematical genius, and blazed the way
+straight to the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+
+Not only did he know his theme, but he had the ability to explain it. He
+spoke without hesitation or embarrassment, and revealed the same
+splendid dignity that his father had shown, all flavored by the same
+dash of indifference for the auditor. But the discerning ones saw that
+he surpassed his father, in that he carried more reserve and showed a
+suavity that was not the habit of Chatham.
+
+And the man was there--mighty and self-reliant.
+
+The voice is the index of the soul. The voice of the two Pitts was the
+same voice, we have been told--a deep, rich, cultivated lyric-barytone.
+It was a trained voice, a voice that came from a full column of air,
+that never broke into a screech, rasping the throat of the speaker and
+the ear of the listener. It was the natural voice carefully developed by
+right use. The power of Pitt lay in his cold, calculating intellect, but
+the instrument that made manifest this intellect was his deep, resonant,
+perfectly controlled voice.
+
+Pitt never married, and according to the biting phrase of Fox, all he
+knew of love was a description of it he got from the Iliad. That is to
+say, he was separated from it about three thousand years. This is a
+trifle too severe, for when twenty-one years of age he met the daughter
+of Necker at Paris--she who was to give the world of society a thrill as
+Madame de Stael. And if the gossips are right it was not the fault of
+Pitt that a love-match did not follow. But the woman gauged the man, and
+she saw that love to him would be merely an incident, not a consuming
+passion, and she was not the woman to write a book on Farthest North.
+She dallied with the young man a day, and then sent him about his
+business, exasperated and perplexed. He could strike fire with men as
+flint strikes on steel, but women were outside his realm.
+
+Yet he followed the career of Madame de Stael, and never managed to
+quite get her out of his life. Once, in his later years, he referred to
+her as that "cold and trifling daughter of France's greatest financier."
+He admired the father more than he loved the daughter.
+
+For twenty-four years Pitt piloted England's Ship of State. There were
+constant head-winds, and now and again shifting gales of fierce
+opposition, and all the time a fat captain to pacify and appease. This
+captain was stupid, sly, obstinate and insane by turns, and to run the
+ship and still allow the captain to believe that he was in command was
+the problem that confronted Pitt. And that he succeeded as well as any
+living man could, there is no doubt.
+
+During the reign of Pitt, England lost the American Colonies. This was
+not a defeat for England: it was Destiny. England preserved her
+independence by cutting the cable that bound her to us.
+
+The life of Pitt was a search for power--to love, wealth and fame he was
+indifferent.
+
+He was able to manage successfully the finances of a nation, but his own
+were left in a sorry muddle: at his death it took forty thousand pounds
+to cause him to be worth nothing. His debts were paid by the nation. And
+this indifference to his own affairs was put forth at the time as proof
+of his probity and excellence. We think now that it marked his
+limitations. His income for twenty years preceding his death was about
+fifty thousand dollars a year. One hour a day in auditing accounts with
+his butler would have made all secure. He had neither wife, child nor
+dependent kinsmen, yet it was found that his household consumed nine
+hundred pounds of meat a week and enough beer to float a ship. For a man
+to waste his own funds in riotous living is only a trifle worse than to
+allow others to do the same.
+
+Literature, music and art owe little to Pitt: only lovers care for
+beauty--the sensuous was not for him. He knew the Classics, spoke French
+like a Parisian, reveled in history, had no confidants, and loved one
+friend--Wilberforce.
+
+Pictures of Pitt by Reynolds and Gainsborough reveal a face commonplace
+in feature save for the eye--"the most brilliant eye ever seen in a
+human face." In describing the man, one word always seems to creep in,
+the word "haughty." That the man was gentle, kind and even playful among
+the few who knew him best, there is no doubt. The austerity of his
+manner was the inevitable result of an ambition the sole aim of which
+was to dictate the policy of a great nation. All save honor was
+sacrificed to this end, and that the man was successful in his ambition,
+there is no dispute.
+
+When he died, aged forty-seven, he was by popular acclaim the greatest
+Englishman of his time, and the passing years have not shaken that proud
+position.
+
+
+
+
+JEAN PAUL MARAT
+
+
+     Citizens: You see before you the widow of Marat. I do not come here
+     to ask your favors, such as cupidity would covet, or even such as
+     would relieve indigence--Marat's widow needs no more than a tomb.
+     Before arriving at that happy termination to my existence, however,
+     I come to ask that justice may be done in respect to the reports
+     recently put forth in this body against the memory of at once the
+     most intrepid and the most outraged defender of the people.
+
+                             --_Simonne Evrard Marat, to the Convention_
+
+[Illustration: JEAN PAUL MARAT]
+
+
+The French Revolution traces a lineal descent direct from Voltaire and
+Jean Jacques Rousseau. These men were contemporaries; they came to the
+same conclusions, expressing the same thought, each in his own way,
+absolutely independent of the other. And as genius seldom recognizes
+genius, neither knew the greatness of the other.
+
+Voltaire was an aristocrat--the friend of kings and courtiers, the
+brilliant cynic, the pet of the salons and the center of the culture and
+brains of his time.
+
+Rousseau was a man of the people, plain and unpretentious--a man without
+ambition--a dreamer. His first writings were mere debating-society
+monologs, done for his own amusement and the half-dozen or so cronies
+who cared to listen.
+
+But, as he wrote, things came to him; the significance of his words
+became to him apparent. Opposition made it necessary to define his
+position, and threat made it wise to amplify and explain. He grew
+through exercise, as all men do who grow at all; the spirit of the times
+acted upon him, and knowledge unrolled as a scroll.
+
+The sum of Rousseau's political philosophy found embodiment in his book,
+"The Social Contract," and his ideas on education in "Emile." "The
+Social Contract" became the Bible of the Revolution, and as Emerson
+says all of our philosophy will be found in Plato, so in a more exact
+sense can every argument of the men of the Revolution be found in "The
+Social Contract." But Rousseau did not know what firebrands he was
+supplying. He was essentially a man of peace--he launched these children
+of his brain, indifferently, like his children of the flesh, upon the
+world and left their fate to the god of Chance.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Out of the dust and din of the French Revolution, now seen by us on the
+horizon of time, there emerge four names: Robespierre, Mirabeau, Danton
+and Marat.
+
+Undaunted men all, hated and loved, feared and idolized, despised and
+deified--even yet we find it hard to gauge their worth, and give due
+credit for the good that was in each.
+
+Oratory played a most important part in bringing about the explosion.
+Oratory arouses passion--fear, vengeance, hate--and draws a beautiful
+picture of peace and plenty just beyond.
+
+Without oratory there would have been no political revolution in France,
+nor elsewhere.
+
+Politics, more than any other function of human affairs, turns on
+oratory. Orators make and unmake kings, but kings are seldom orators,
+and orators never secure thrones. Orators are made to die--the cross,
+the torch, the noose, the guillotine, the dagger, awaits them. They die
+through the passion that they fan to flame--the fear they generate turns
+upon themselves, and they are no more.
+
+But they have their reward. Their names are not writ in water; rather
+are they traced in blood on history's page. We know them, while the
+ensconced smug and successful have sunk into oblivion; and if now and
+then a name like that of Pilate or Caiaphas or Judas comes to us, it is
+only because Fate has linked the man to his victim, like unto that
+Roman soldier who thrust his spear into the side of the Unselfish Man.
+
+In the qualities that mark the four chief orators of the French
+Revolution, there is much alloy--much that seems like clay. Each had
+undergone an apprenticeship to Fate--each had been preparing for his
+work; and in this preparation who shall say what lessons could have been
+omitted and what not! Explosions require time to prepare: revolutions,
+political and domestic, are a long time getting ready. Orators, like
+artists, must go as did Dante, down into the nether regions and get a
+glimpse of hell.
+
+Jean Paul Marat was exactly five feet high, and his weight when at his
+best was one hundred twenty pounds--just the weight of Shakespeare. Jean
+Paul had a nose like the beak of a hawk, an eye like an eagle, a mouth
+that matched his nose, and a chin that argued trouble. Not only did he
+have red hair, but Carlyle refers to him as "red-headed."
+
+His parents were poor and obscure people, and his relationship with them
+seems a pure matter of accident. He was born at the village of Boudry,
+Switzerland, in Seventeen Hundred Forty-three. His childhood and boyhood
+were that of any other peasant boy born into a family where poverty held
+grim sway, and toil and hardship never relaxed their chilling grasp.
+
+His education was of the chance kind--but education anyway depends upon
+yourself--colleges only supply a few opportunities, and it lies with
+the student whether he will improve them or not.
+
+The ignorance of his parents and the squalor of his surroundings acted
+upon Jean Paul Marat as a spur, and from his fourteenth year the idea of
+cultivating his mental estate was strong upon him.
+
+Switzerland has ever been the refuge of the man who dares to think. It
+was there John Calvin lived, demanding the right to his own belief, but
+occasionally denying others that precious privilege; a few miles away,
+at beautiful Coppet, resided Madame de Stael, the daughter of Necker; at
+Geneva, Rousseau wrote, and to name that beautiful little island in the
+Rhone after him was not necessary to make his fame endure; but a little
+way from Boudry lived Voltaire, pointing his bony finger at every
+hypocrite in Christendom.
+
+But as in Greece, in her days of glory, the thinkers were few; so in
+Switzerland, the land of freedom, the many have been, and are, chained
+to superstition. Jean Paul Marat saw their pride was centered in a
+silver crucifix, "that keeps a man from harm"; their conscience
+committed to a priest; their labors for the rich; their days the same,
+from the rising of the sun to its going down. They did not love, and
+their hate was but a peevish dislike. They followed their dull routine
+and died the death, hopeful that they would get the reward in another
+world which was denied them in this.
+
+And Jean Paul Marat grew to scorn the few who would thus enslave the
+many. For priest and publican he had only aversion.
+
+Jean Paul Marat, the bantam, read Voltaire and steeped himself in
+Rousseau, and the desire grew strong upon him to do, to dare and to
+become.
+
+Tourists had told him of England, and like all hopeful and childlike
+minds, he imagined the excellent to be far off, and the splendid at a
+distance: Great Britain was to him the Land of Promise.
+
+In the countenance of young Marat was a strange mixture of the ludicrous
+and the terrible. This, with his insignificant size, and a bodily
+strength that was a miracle of surprise, won the admiration of an
+English gentleman; and when the tourist started back for Albion, the
+lusty dwarf rode on the box, duly articled, without consent of his
+parents, as a valet.
+
+As a servant he was active, alert, intelligent, attentive. He might have
+held his position indefinitely, and been handed down to the next
+generation with the family plate, had he kept a civil tongue in his red
+head and not quoted Descartes and Jean Jacques.
+
+He had ideas, and he expressed them. He was the central sun below
+stairs, and passed judgment upon the social order without stint, even
+occasionally to argufying economics with his master, the Baron, as he
+brushed his breech.
+
+This Baron is known to history through two facts: first, that Jean Paul
+Marat brushed his breeches, and second, that he evolved a new breed of
+fices.
+
+Now, the master was rich, with an entail of six thousand acres and an
+income of five thousand pounds, and very naturally he was
+surprised--amazed--to hear that any one should question the divine
+origin of the social order.
+
+Religion and government being at that time not merely second cousins,
+but Siamese twins, Jean Paul had expressed himself on things churchly as
+well as secular.
+
+And now, behold, one fine day he found himself confronted with a charge
+of blasphemy, not to mention another damning count of contumacy and
+contravention.
+
+In fact, he was commanded not to think, and was cautioned as to the sin
+of having ideas. The penalties were pointed out to Jean Paul, and in all
+kindness he was asked to make choice between immediate punishment and
+future silence.
+
+Thus was the wee philosopher raised at once to the dignity of a martyr;
+and the sweet satisfaction of being persecuted for what he believed, was
+his.
+
+The city of Edinburgh was not far away, and thither by night the victim
+of persecution made his way. There is a serio-comic touch to this
+incident that Marat was never quite able to appreciate--the man was not
+a humorist. In fact, men headed for the noose, the block, or destined
+for immortality by the assassin's dagger, very seldom are jokers--John
+Brown and his like do not jest. Of all the emancipators of men, Lincoln
+alone stands out as one who was perfectly sane. An ability to see the
+ridiculous side of things marks the man of perfect balance.
+
+The martyr type, whose blood is not only the seed of the church, but
+also of heresy, is touched with madness. To get the thing done, Nature
+sacrifices the man.
+
+Arriving in Edinburgh, Marat thought it necessary for a time to live in
+hiding, but finally he came out and was duly installed as barkeep at a
+tavern, and a student in the medical department of the University of
+Saint Andrews--a rather peculiar combination.
+
+Marat's sister and biographer, Albertine, tells us that Jean Paul was
+never given to the use of stimulants, and in fact, for the greater part
+of his career, was a total abstainer. And the man who knows somewhat of
+the eternal paradox of things can readily understand how this little
+tapster, proud and defiant, had a supreme contempt for the patrons who
+gulped down the stuff that he handed out over the bar. He dealt in that
+for which he had no use; and the American bartender today who wears his
+kohinoor and draws the pay of a bank cashier is one who "never touches a
+drop of anything." The security with which he holds his position is on
+that very account.
+
+Marat was hungry for knowledge and thirsty for truth, and in his daily
+life he was as abstemious as was Benjamin Franklin, whom he was to meet,
+know, and reverence shortly afterward.
+
+Jean Paul was studying medicine at the same place where Oliver
+Goldsmith, another exile, studied some years before. Each got his
+doctor's degree--just how we do not know. No one ever saw Goldsmith's
+diploma--Doctor Johnson once hinted that it was an astral one--but
+Marat's is still with us, yellow with age, but plain and legible with
+all of its signatures and the big seal with a ribbon that surely might
+impress the chance sufferers waiting in an outer room to see the doctor,
+who is busy enjoying his siesta on the other side of the partition.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+If it is ever your sweet privilege to clap eyes upon a diploma issued by
+the ancient and honorable University of Saint Andrews, Edinburgh, you
+will see that it reads thus:
+
+"Whereas: Since it is just and reasonable that one who has diligently
+attained a high degree of knowledge in some great and useful science,
+should be distinguished from the ignorant-vulgar," etc., etc.
+
+The intent of the document, it will be observed, is to certify that the
+holder is not one of the "ignorant-vulgar," and the inference is that
+those who are not possessed of like certificates probably are.
+
+A copy of the diploma issued to Doctor Jean Paul Marat is before me,
+wherein, in most flattering phrase, is set forth the attainments of the
+holder, in the science of medicine. And even before the ink was dry upon
+that diploma, the "science" of which it boasted had been discarded as
+inept and puerile, and a new one inaugurated. And in our day, within the
+last twenty-five years, the entire science of healing has shifted ground
+and the materia medica of the "Centennial" is now considered obsolete.
+
+In view of these things, how vain is a college degree that certifies, as
+the diplomas of Saint Andrews still certify, that the holder is not one
+of the "ignorant-vulgar"! Isn't a man who prides himself on not
+belonging to the "ignorant-vulgar" apt to be atrociously ignorant and
+outrageously vulgar?
+
+Wisdom is a point of view, and knowledge, for the most part, is a
+shifting product depending upon environment, atmosphere and condition.
+The eternal verities are plain and simple, known to babes and sucklings,
+but often unseen by men of learning, who focus on the difficult, soar
+high and dive deep, but seldom pay cash. In the sky of truth the fixed
+stars are few, and the shepherds who tend their flocks by night are
+quite as apt to know them as are the professed and professional Wise Men
+of the East--and Edinburgh.
+
+But never mind our little digression--the value of study lies in study.
+The reward of thinking is the ability to think--whether one comes to
+right conclusions or wrong matters little, says John Stuart Mill in his
+essay, "On Liberty."
+
+Thinking is a form of exercise, and growth comes only through
+exercise--that is to say, expression.
+
+We learn things only to throw them away: no man ever wrote well until he
+had forgotten every rule of rhetoric, and no orator ever spake straight
+to the hearts of men until he had tumbled his elocution into the Irish
+Sea.
+
+To hold on to things is to lose them. To clutch is to act the part of
+the late Mullah Bah, the Turkish wrestler, who came to America and
+secured through his prowess a pot of gold. Going back to his native
+country, the steamer upon which he had taken passage collided in
+mid-ocean with a sunken derelict. Mullah Bah, hearing the alarm, jumped
+from his berth and strapped to his person a belt containing five
+thousand dollars in gold. He rushed to the side of the sinking ship,
+leaped over the rail, and went to Davy Jones' Locker like a plummet,
+while all about frail women and weak men in life-preservers bobbed on
+the surface and were soon picked up by the boats. The fate of Mullah Bah
+is only another proof that athletes die young, and that it is harder to
+withstand prosperity than its opposite.
+
+But knowledge did not turn the head of Marat. His restless spirit was
+reaching out for expression, and we find him drifting to London for a
+wider field.
+
+England was then, as now, the refuge of the exile. There is today just
+as much liberty, and a little more free speech, in England than in
+America. We have hanged witches and burned men at the stake since
+England has, and she emancipated her slaves long before we did ours.
+Over against the home-thrust that respectable women drink at public bars
+from John O'Groat's to Land's End, can be placed the damning count that
+in the United States more men are lynched every year than Great Britain
+legally executes in double the time.
+
+A too-ready expression of the Rousseau philosophy had made things a bit
+unpleasant for Marat in Edinburgh, but in London he found ready
+listeners, and the coffeehouses echoed back his radical sentiments.
+
+These underground debating-clubs of London started more than one man off
+on the oratorical transverse. Swift, Johnson, Reynolds, Goldsmith,
+Garrick, Burke--all sharpened their wits at the coffeehouses. I see the
+same idea is now being revived in New York and Chicago: little clubs of
+a dozen or so will rent a room in some restaurant, and fitting it up for
+themselves, will dine daily and discuss great themes, or small,
+according to the mental caliber of the members.
+
+During the latter part of the Eighteenth Century, these clubs were very
+popular in London. Men who could talk or speak were made welcome, and if
+the new member generated caloric, so much the better--excitement was at
+a premium.
+
+Marat was now able to speak English with precision, and his slight
+French accent only added a charm to his words. He was fiery, direct,
+impetuous. He was a fighter by disposition, and care was taken never to
+cross him beyond a point where the sparks began to fly. The man was
+immensely diverting, and his size was to his advantage--orators should
+be very big or very little--anything but commonplace. The Duke of Mantua
+would have gloried in Jean Paul, and later might have cut off his head
+as a precautionary measure.
+
+Among the visitors at one of the coffeehouse clubs was one B. Franklin,
+big, patient, kind. He weighed twice as much as Marat: and his years
+were sixty, while Marat's were thirty.
+
+Franklin listened with amused smiles at the little man, and the little
+man grew to have an idolatrous regard for the big 'un. Franklin carried
+copies of a pamphlet called "Common Sense," written by one T. Paine.
+Paine was born in England, but was always pleased to be spoken of as an
+American, yet he called himself "A Citizen of the World."
+
+Paine's pamphlet, "The Crisis," was known by heart to Marat, and the
+success of Franklin and Paine as writers had fired him to write as well
+as to orate. As a result, we have "The Chains of Slavery." The work
+today has no interest to us except as a literary curiosity. It is a
+composite of Rousseau and Paine, done by a sophomore in a mood of
+exaltation, and might serve acceptably well as a graduation essay, done
+in F major. It lacks the poise of Paine and the reserve of Rousseau, and
+all the fine indifference of Franklin is noticeable by its absence.
+
+They say that Marat's name was "Mara" and his ancestors came from County
+Down. But never mind that--his heart was right. Of all the inane
+imbecilities and stupid untruths of history, none is worse than the
+statement that Jean Paul Marat was a demagog, hotly intent on the main
+chance.
+
+In this man's character there was nothing subtle, secret nor untrue. He
+was simplicity itself, and his undiplomatic bluntness bears witness to
+his honesty.
+
+In London, he lived as the Mayor of Boston said William Lloyd Garrison
+lived--in a hole in the ground. His services as a physician were free to
+all--if they could pay, all right; if not, it made no difference. He
+looked after the wants of political refugees, and head, heart and
+pocketbook were at the disposal of those who needed them. His
+lodging-place was a garret, a cellar--anywhere: he was homeless, and his
+public appearances were only at the coffeehouse clubs, or in the parks,
+where he would stand on a barrel and speak to the crowd on his one theme
+of liberty, fraternity and equality. His plea was for the individual. In
+order to have a strong and excellent society, we must have strong and
+excellent men and women. That phrase of Paine's, "The world is my
+country: to do good is my religion," he repeated over and over again.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the year Seventeen Hundred Seventy-nine, Marat moved to Paris. He was
+then thirty-six years old. In Paris he lived very much the same life
+that he had in London. He established himself as a physician, and might
+have made a decided success had he put all his eggs in one basket and
+then watched the basket.
+
+But he didn't. Franklin had inspired him with a passion for invention:
+he rubbed amber with wool, made a battery and applied the scheme in a
+crude way to the healing art. He wrote articles on electricity and even
+foreshadowed the latter-day announcement that electricity is life. And
+all the time he discussed economics, and gave out through speech and
+written word his views as to the rights of the people. He saw the needs
+of the poor--he perceived how through lack of nourishment there
+developed a craving for stimulants, and observed how disease and death
+fasten themselves upon the ill-fed and the ill-taught. To alleviate the
+suffering of the poor, he opened a dispensary as he had done in London,
+and gave free medical attendance to all who applied. At this dispensary,
+he gave lectures on certain days upon hygiene, at which times he never
+failed to introduce his essence of Rousseau and Voltaire.
+
+Some one called him "the people's friend." The name stuck--he liked it.
+
+In August, Seventeen Hundred Eighty-nine, this "terrible dwarf" was
+standing on his barrel in Paris haranguing crowds with an oratory that
+was tremendous in its impassioned quality. Men stopped to laugh and
+remained to applaud.
+
+Not only did he denounce the nobility, but he saw danger in the liberal
+leaders, and among others, Mirabeau came in for scathing scorn. Of all
+the insane paradoxes this one is the most paradoxical--that men will
+hate those who are most like themselves. Family feuds, and the wrangles
+of denominations that, to outsiders, hold the same faith, are common.
+When churches are locked in America, it is done to keep Christians out.
+Christians fight Christians much more than they fight the devil.
+
+Marat had grown to be a power among the lower classes--he was their
+friend, their physician, their advocate. He had no fear of interruption
+and never sought to pacify. At his belt, within easy reach, and in open
+sight, he carried a dagger.
+
+The crowds that hung upon his words were swayed to rank unreason by his
+impassioned eloquence.
+
+Marat fell a victim to his own eloquence, and the madness of the mob
+reacted upon him. Like the dyer's hand, he became subdued to that in
+which he worked. Suspicion and rebellion filled his soul. Wealth to him
+was an offense--he had not the prophetic vision to see the rise of
+capitalism and all the splendid industrial evolution which the world is
+today working out. Society to him was all founded on wrong premises,
+and he would uproot it.
+
+In bitter words he denounced the Assembly and declared that all of its
+members, including Mirabeau, should be hanged for their inaction in not
+giving the people relief from their oppressors.
+
+Mirabeau was very much like Marat. He, too, was working for the people,
+only he occupied a public office, while Marat was a private citizen.
+Mirabeau and his friends became alarmed at the influence Marat was
+gaining over the people, and he was ordered to cease public speaking. As
+he failed to comply, a price was put upon his head.
+
+Then it was that he began putting out a daily address in the form of a
+tiny pamphlet. This was at first called "The Publiciste," but was soon
+changed to "The People's Friend."
+
+Marat was now in hiding, but still his words were making their impress.
+
+In Seventeen Hundred Ninety-one, Mirabeau, the terrible, died--died
+peacefully in his bed.
+
+Paris went into universal mourning, and the sky of Marat's popularity
+was darkened.
+
+Marat lived in hiding until August of Seventeen Hundred Ninety-two, when
+he again publicly appeared and led the riots. The people hailed him as
+their deliverer. The insignificant size of the man made him conspicuous.
+His proud defiance, the haughtiness of his countenance, his stinging
+words, formed a personality that made him the pet of the people.
+
+Danton, the Minister of Justice, dared not kill him, and so he did the
+next best thing--he took him to his heart and made him his right-hand
+man. It was a great diplomatic move, and the people applauded. Danton
+was tall, powerful, athletic and commanding, just past his thirtieth
+year. Marat was approaching fifty, and his sufferings while in hiding in
+the sewers had told severely on his health, but he was still the
+fearless agitator. When Marat and Danton appeared upon the balcony of
+the Hotel de Ville, the hearts of the people were with the little man.
+
+But behold, another man had forged to the front, and this was
+Robespierre. And so it was that Danton, Marat and Robespierre formed a
+triumvirate, and ruled Paris with hands of iron. Coming in the name of
+the people, proclaiming peace, they held their place only through a
+violence that argued its own death.
+
+Marat was still full of the desire to educate--to make men think.
+Deprivation and disease had wrecked his frame until public speaking was
+out of the question--the first requisite of oratory is health. But he
+could write, and so his little paper, "The People's Friend," went
+fluttering forth with its daily message.
+
+So scrupulous was Marat in money matters that he would accept no help
+from the Government. He neither drew a salary nor would he allow any but
+private citizens to help issue his paper. He lived in absolute poverty
+with his beloved wife, Simonne Evrard.
+
+They had met about Seventeen Hundred Eighty-eight, and between them had
+grown up a very firm and tender bond. He was twenty years older than
+she, but Danton said of her, "She has the mind of a man."
+
+Simonne had some property and was descended from a family of note. When
+she became the wife of Marat, her kinsmen denounced her, refused to
+mention her name, but she was loyal to the man she loved.
+
+The Psalmist speaks of something "that passeth the love of woman," but
+the Psalmist was wrong--nothing does.
+
+Simonne Evrard gave her good name, her family position, her money, her
+life--her soul into the keeping of Jean Paul Marat. That his love and
+gratitude to her was great and profound, there is abundant proof. She
+was his only servant, his secretary, his comrade, his friend, his wife.
+Not only did she attend him in sickness, but in banishment and disgrace
+she never faltered. She even set the type, and at times her arm pulled
+the lever of the press that printed the daily message.
+
+Let it stand to the eternal discredit of Thomas Carlyle that he
+contemptuously disposes of Simonne Evrard, who represents undying love
+and unflinching loyalty, by calling her a "washerwoman." Carlyle, with a
+savage strain of Scotch Calvinism in his cold blood, never knew the
+sacredness of the love of man and woman--to him sex was a mistake on the
+part of God. Even for the sainted Mary of Galilee he has only a grim and
+patronizing smile, removing his clay pipe long enough to say to Milburn,
+the blind Preacher, "Oh, yes; a country lass elevated by Catholics into
+a wooden image and worshiped as a deity!"
+
+Carlyle never held in his arms a child of his own and saw the light of
+love reflected in a baby's eyes; and nowhere in his forty-odd volumes
+does he recognize the truth that love, art and religion are one. And
+this limitation gives Taine excuse for saying, "He writes splendidly,
+but it is neither truth nor poetry."
+
+When Charlotte Corday, that poor, deluded rustic, reached the rooms of
+Marat, under a friendly pretense, and thrust her murderous dagger to the
+sick man's heart, his last breath was a cry freighted with love, "A moi,
+chere amie!"
+
+And death-choked, that proud head drooped, and Simonne, seeing the
+terrible deed was done, blocked the way and held the murderess at bay
+until help arrived.
+
+Hardly had Marat's tired body been laid to rest in the Pantheon, before
+Charlotte Corday's spirit had gone across the Border to meet his--gone
+to her death by the guillotine that was so soon to embrace both Danton
+and Robespierre, the men who had inaugurated and popularized it.
+
+All Paris went into mourning for Marat--the public buildings were draped
+with black, and his portrait was displayed in the Pantheon with the
+great ones gone. A pension for life was bestowed upon his widow, and
+lavish resolutions of gratitude were laid at her feet in loving token of
+what she had done in upholding the hands of this strong man.
+
+But Paris, the fickle, in two short years repudiated the pension, the
+portrait of Marat was removed from the Pantheon, and his body taken by
+night to another resting-place.
+
+Simonne the widow, and Albertine the sister, sisters now in sorrow,
+uniting in a mutual love for the dead, lived but in memory of him.
+
+But Carlyle was right--this was a "washerwoman." She spent all of her
+patrimony in aiding her husband to publish and distribute his writings,
+and after his death, when friends proved false and even the obdurate
+kinsmen still considered her name pollution, she took in washing to earn
+money that she might defend the memory of the man she loved.
+
+She was a washerwoman.
+
+I uncover in her presence, and stand with bowed head in admiration of
+the woman who gave her life for liberty and love, and who chose a life
+of honest toil rather than accept charity or all that selfishness and
+soft luxury had to offer. She was a washerwoman, but she was more--she
+was a Woman.
+
+Let Carlyle have the credit of using the word "washerwoman" as a term of
+contempt, as though to do laundry-work were not quite as necessary as to
+produce literature.
+
+The sister and the widow wrote his life, republished very much that he
+had written, and lived but to keep alive the name and fame of Jean Paul
+Marat, whose sole crime seemed to be that he was a sincere and honest
+man, and was, throughout his life--often unwisely--the People's Friend.
+
+
+
+
+ROBERT INGERSOLL
+
+
+     Love is the only bow on life's dark cloud. It is the morning and
+     the evening star. It shines upon the babe, and sheds its radiance
+     on the quiet tomb. It is the Mother of Art, inspirer of poet,
+     patriot and philosopher. It is the air and light to tired
+     souls--builder of every home, kindler of every fire on every
+     hearth. It was the first to dream of immortality. It fills the
+     world with melody--for music is the voice of love. Love is the
+     magician, the enchanter that changes worthless things to joy, and
+     makes right-royal kings and queens of common clay. It is the
+     perfume of that wondrous flower, the heart, and without that sacred
+     passion, that divine swoon, we are less than beasts; but with it,
+     earth is heaven and we are gods.
+
+                                                 --_Robert G. Ingersoll_
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT G. INGERSOLL]
+
+
+He was three years old, was Robert Ingersoll. There was a baby boy one
+year old, Ebon by name; then there were John, five years, and two elder
+sisters.
+
+Little Robert wore a red linsey-woolsey dress, and was a restless,
+active youngster with a big head, a round face and a pug-nose. No one
+ever asked. "What is it?"--there was "boy" written large in every baby
+action and every feature from chubby bare feet to the two crowns of his
+close-cropped tow-head.
+
+It was a morning in January, and the snow lay smooth and white over all
+those York State hills. The winter sun sent long gleams of light through
+the frost-covered panes upon which the children were trying to draw
+pictures. Visitors began to arrive--visitors in stiff Sunday clothes,
+although it wasn't Sunday. There were aunts, and uncles, and cousins,
+and then just neighbors. They filled the little house full. Some of the
+men went out and split wood and brought in big armfuls and piled it in
+the corner. They moved on tiptoe and talked in whispers. And now and
+then they would walk softly into the little parlor by twos and threes
+and close the door after them.
+
+This parlor was always a forbidden place to the children; on Sunday
+afternoons only were they allowed to go in there, or on prayer-meeting
+night.
+
+In this parlor were six haircloth chairs and a sofa to match. In the
+center was a little marble-top table, and on it were two red books and a
+blue one. On the mantel was a plaster-of-Paris cat at one end and a
+bunch of crystallized flowers at the other. There was a "what-not" in
+the corner covered with little shells and filled with strange and
+wonderful things. There was a "store" carpet, bright red. It was a very
+beautiful room, and to look into it was a great privilege.
+
+Little Robert had tried several times to enter the parlor this cold
+winter morning, but each time he had been thrust back. Finally he clung
+to the leg of a tall man, and was safely inside. It was very cold--one
+of the windows was open! He looked about with wondering baby eyes to see
+what the people wanted to go in there for!
+
+On two of the haircloth chairs rested a coffin. The baby hands clutched
+the side--he drew himself up on tiptoe and looked down at the still,
+white face--the face of his mother. Her hands were crossed just so, and
+in her fingers was a spray of flowers--he recognized them as the flowers
+she had always worn on her Sunday bonnet--a rusty black bonnet--not real
+flowers, just "made" flowers.
+
+But why was she so quiet? He had never seen her hands that way before:
+those hands were always busy--knitting, sewing, cooking, weaving,
+scrubbing, washing!
+
+"Mamma! Mamma!" called the boy.
+
+"Hush, little boy, hush! Your Mamma is dead," said the tall man, and he
+lifted the boy in his arms and carried him from the room.
+
+Out in the kitchen, in a crib in the corner, lay the "Other Baby," and
+thither little Robert made his way. He patted the sleeping baby brother,
+and called aloud in lisping words, "Wake up, Baby, your Mamma is dead!"
+
+And the baby in the crib knew quite as much about it as the toddler in
+the linsey-woolsey dress, and the toddler knew as much about death as we
+do today. This wee youngster kept thinking how good it was that Mamma
+could have such a nice rest--the first rest she had ever known--and just
+lie there in the beautiful room and hold her flowers!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Fifty years pass. These children, grown to manhood, are again together.
+One, his work done, is at rest. Standing by his bier, the other voices
+these deathless words:
+
+"Life is a narrow vale between the cold and barren peaks of two
+eternities. We strive in vain to look beyond the heights. We call aloud,
+and the only answer is the echo of our wailing cry. From the voiceless
+lips of the unreplying dead there comes no word; but in the night of
+death, hope sees a star and listening love can hear the rustle of a
+wing.
+
+"He who sleeps here, when dying, mistaking the approach of death for the
+return of health, whispered with his latest breath, 'I am better now.'
+Let us believe, in spite of doubts and dogmas, of fears and tears, that
+these dear words are true of all the countless dead."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The mother of Ingersoll was a Livingston--a Livingston of right-royal
+lineage, tracing to that famous family of Revolutionary fame. To a great
+degree she gave up family and social position to become the wife of the
+Reverend John Ingersoll, of Vermont, a theolog from the Academy at
+Bennington.
+
+He was young and full of zeal--he was called "a powerful preacher." That
+he was a man of much strength of intellect, there is ample proof. He did
+his duty, said his say, called sinners to repentance, and told what
+would be their fate if they did not accept salvation. His desire was to
+do good, and therefore he warned men against the wrath to come. He was
+an educated man, and all of his beliefs and most of his ideas were
+gathered and gleaned from his college professors and Jonathan Edwards.
+
+He loved his beautiful wife and she loved him. She loved him just as all
+good women love, with a complete abandon--with heart, mind and strength.
+He at first had periods of such abandon, too, but his conscience soon
+made him recoil from an affection of which God might be jealous. He
+believed that a man should forsake father, mother, wife and child in
+order to follow duty--and duty to him was the thing we didn't want to
+do. That which was pleasant was not wholly good. And so he strove to
+thrust from him all earthly affections, and to love God alone. Not only
+this, but he strove to make others love God. He warned his family
+against the pride and pomp of the world, and the family income being
+something under four hundred dollars, they observed his edict.
+
+Life was a warfare--the devil constantly lay in wait--we must resist.
+This man hated evil--he hated evil more than he loved the good. His wife
+loved the good more than she hated evil, and he chided her--in love. She
+sought to explain her position. He was amazed at her temerity. What
+right had a woman to think!--what right had any one to think!
+
+He prayed for her.
+
+And soon she grew to keep her thoughts to herself. Sometimes she would
+write them out, and then destroy them before any eyes but her own could
+read. Once she went to a neighbor's and saw Paine's "Age of Reason." She
+peeped into its pages by stealth, and then put it quickly away. The next
+day she went back and read some more, and among other things she read
+was this, "To live a life of love and usefulness--to benefit
+others--must bring its due reward, regardless of belief."
+
+She thought about it more and more and wondered really if God could and
+would damn a person who just went ahead and did the best he could. She
+wanted to ask her husband about it--to talk it over with him in the
+evening--but she dare not. She knew too well what his answer would
+be--for her even to think such thoughts was a sin. And so she just
+decided she would keep her thoughts to herself, and be a dutiful wife,
+and help her husband in his pastoral work as a minister's wife should.
+
+But her proud spirit began to droop, she ceased to sing at her work, her
+face grew wan, yellow and sad. Yet still she worked--there were no
+servants to distress her--and when her own work was done she went out
+among the neighbors and helped them--she cared for the sick, the infirm,
+she dressed the new-born babe, and closed the eyes of the dying.
+
+That this woman had a thirst for liberty, and the larger life, is shown
+in that she herself prepared and presented a memorial to the President
+of the United States praying that slavery be abolished. So far as I
+know, this was the first petition ever prepared in America on the
+subject by a woman.
+
+This minister's family rarely remained over two years in a place. At
+first they were received with loving arms, and there were donation
+parties where cider was spilled on the floors, doughnuts ground into the
+carpets, and several haircloth chairs hopelessly wrecked. But the larder
+was filled and there was much good-cheer.
+
+I believe I said that the Reverend John Ingersoll was a powerful
+preacher: he was so powerful he quickly made enemies. He told men of
+their weaknesses in phrase so pointed that necks would be craned to see
+how certain delinquents took their medicine. Then some would get up and
+tramp out during the sermon in high dudgeon. These disaffected ones
+would influence others: contributions grew less, donations ceased, and
+just as a matter of bread and butter a new "call" would be angled for,
+and the parson's family would pack up--helped by the faction that loved
+them, and the one that didn't. Good-bys were said, blessings given--or
+the reverse--and the jokers would say, "A change of pastors makes fat
+calves."
+
+At one time the Reverend John Ingersoll tried to start an independent
+church in New York City. For a year he preached every Sunday at the old
+Lyceum Theater, and here it was, on the stage of the theater, in
+Eighteen Hundred Thirty-four, that Robert G. Ingersoll was baptized.
+
+But the New York venture failed--starved out was the verdict, and a
+country parish extending a call, it was gladly accepted.
+
+Such a life, to such a woman, was particularly wearing. But Mrs.
+Ingersoll kept right at her work, always doing for others, until there
+came a day when kind neighbors came in and cared for her, looked after
+her household, attending this stricken mother--tired out and old at
+thirty-one, unaware that she had blessed the world by giving to it a
+man-child who was to make an epoch.
+
+The watchers one night straightened the stiffening limbs, clothed the
+body in the gown that had been her wedding-dress, and folded the
+calloused fingers over the spray of flowers.
+
+"Hush, little boy--your Mamma is dead!" said the tall man, as he lifted
+the child and carried him from the room.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From the sleepy little village of Dresden, Yates County, New York, seven
+miles from Penn Yan, where Robert Ingersoll was born, to his niche in
+the Temple of Fame, was a zigzag journey. But that is Nature's plan--we
+make head by tacking. And as the years go by, more and more we see the
+line of Ingersoll's life stretching itself straight. Every change to him
+meant progress. Success is a question of temperament--it is all a matter
+of the red corpuscle. Ingersoll was a success; happy, exuberant, joying
+in life, reveling in existence, he marched to the front in every fray.
+
+As a boy he was so full of life that he very often did the wrong thing.
+And I have no doubt that wherever he went he helped hold good the
+precedent that preachers' boys are not especially angelic. For instance,
+we have it on good authority that Bob, aged fourteen, once climbed into
+the belfry of a church and removed the clapper, so that the sexton
+thought the bell was bewitched. At another time he placed a washtub over
+the top of a chimney where a prayer-meeting was in progress, and the
+smoke broke up the meeting and gave the good people a foretaste of the
+place they believed in. In these stories, told to prove his depravity,
+Bob was always climbing somewhere--belfries, steeples, house-tops,
+trees, verandas, barn-roofs, bridges. But I have noticed that youngsters
+given to the climbing habit usually do something when they grow up.
+
+For these climbing pranks Robert and Ebon were duly reproved with a
+stout strap that hung behind the kitchen-door. Whether the parsonage was
+in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio or Illinois--and it dodged all over
+these States--the strap always traveled, too. It never got lost. It need
+not be said that the Reverend John Ingersoll was cruel or abusive--not
+at all: he just believed with Solomon that to spare the rod was to spoil
+the child. He loved his children, and if a boy could be saved by so
+simple a means as "strap-oil," he was not the man to shirk his duty. He
+was neither better nor worse than the average preacher of his day. No
+doubt, too, the poverty and constant misunderstandings with
+congregations led to much irritability--it is hard to be amiable on
+half-rations.
+
+When a stepmother finally appeared upon the scene, there was more
+trouble for the children. She was a worthy woman and meant to be kind,
+but her heart wasn't big enough to love boys who carried live mice in
+their pockets and turned turtles loose in the pantry.
+
+So we find Bob and his brother bundled off to his Grandfather
+Livingston's in Saint Lawrence County, New York. Here Bob got his first
+real educational advantages. The old man seems to have been a sort of
+"Foxy Grandpa": he played, romped, read and studied with the boys and
+possibly neutralized some of the discipline they had received.
+
+Of his childhood days Robert Ingersoll very rarely spoke. There was too
+much bitterness and disappointment in it all, but it is curious to note
+that when he did speak of his boyhood, it was always something that
+happened at "Grandfather Livingston's," Finally, the old Grandpa got to
+thinking so much of the boys that he wanted to legally adopt them, and
+then we find their father taking alarm and bringing them back to the
+parsonage, which was then at Elyria, Ohio.
+
+The boys worked at odd jobs, on farms in Summer, clerking in country
+stores, driving stage--and be it said to the credit of their father, he
+allowed them to keep the money they made. Education comes through doing
+things, making things, going without things, taking care of yourself,
+talking about things, and when Robert was seventeen he had education
+enough to teach a "Deestrick School" in Illinois.
+
+To teach is a good way to get an education. If you want to know all
+about a subject, write a book on it, a wise man has said. If you wish to
+know all about things, start in and teach them to others.
+
+Bob was eighteen--big and strong, with a good nature and an enthusiasm
+that had no limit. There were spelling-bees in his school, and a
+debating-society, that had impromptu rehearsals every night at the
+grocery. Country people are prone to "argufying"--the greater and more
+weighty the question, the more ready are the bucolic Solons to engage
+with it. And it is all education to the youth who listens and takes
+part--who has the receptive mind.
+
+This love of argument and contention among country people finds vent in
+lawsuits. Pigs break into a man's garden and root up the potatoes, and
+straightway the owner of the potatoes "has the law" on the owner of the
+pigs. This strife is urged on by kind neighbors who take sides, and by
+the "setters" at the store, who fire the litigants on to unseemliness.
+Local attorneys are engaged and the trial takes place at the
+railroad-station, or in the schoolhouse on Saturday. Everybody has
+opinions, and overrules the "jedge" next day, or not, as the case may
+be.
+
+This petty strife may seem absurd to us, but it is all a part of the
+Spirit of the Hive, as Maeterlinck would say. It is better than
+dead-level dumbness--better than the subjection of the peasantry of
+Europe. These pioneers settle their own disputes. It makes them think,
+and a few at least are getting an education. This is the cradle in which
+statesmen are rocked.
+
+And so it happened that no one was surprised when, in the year Eighteen
+Hundred Fifty-three, there was a sign tacked up over a grocery in
+Shawneetown, Illinois, and the sign read thus: "R. G. & E. C. Ingersoll,
+Attorneys and Counselors at Law."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Shawneetown, Illinois, was once the pride and pet of Egypt. It was
+larger than Chicago, and doubtless it would have become the capital of
+the State had it been called Shawnee City. But the name was against it,
+and dry rot set in. And so today Shawneetown has the same number of
+inhabitants that it had in Eighteen Hundred Fifty-five, and in
+Shawneetown are various citizens who boast that the place has held its
+own.
+
+Robert Ingersoll had won a case for a certain steamboat captain, and in
+gratitude the counsel had been invited by his client to go on an
+excursion to Peoria, the head of navigation on the Illinois River. The
+lawyer took the trip, and duly reached Peoria after many hairbreadth
+'scapes on the imminently deadly sandbar. But a week must be spent at
+Peoria while the boat was reloading for her return trip.
+
+There was a railroad war on in Peoria. The town had one railroad, which
+some citizens said was enough for any place; others wanted the new
+railroad.
+
+Whether the new company should be granted certain terminal
+facilities--that was the question. The route had been surveyed, but the
+company was forbidden to lay its tracks until the people said "Aye."
+
+So there the matter rested when Robert Ingersoll was waiting for the
+stern-wheeler to reload. The captain of the craft had meanwhile
+circulated reports about the eloquence and legal ability of his star
+passenger. These reports coming to the ears of the manager of the new
+railroad, he sought out the visiting lawyer and advised with him.
+
+Railroad Law is a new thing, not quite so new as the Law of the Bicycle,
+or the Statutes concerning Automobiling, but older than the Legal
+Precedents of the Aeromotor. Railroad Law is an evolution, and the
+Railroad Lawyer is a by-product: what Mr. Mantinelli would call a
+demnition product.
+
+It was a railroad that gave Robert Ingersoll his first fee in Peoria.
+The man was only twenty-three, but semi-pioneer life makes men early,
+and Robert Ingersoll stood first in war and first in peace among the
+legal lights of Shawneetown. His size made amends for his cherubic face,
+and the insignificant nose was more than balanced by the forceful jaw.
+The young man was a veritable Greek in form, and his bubbling wit and
+ready speech on any theme made him a drawing card at the political
+barbecue.
+
+"Bob" at this time didn't know much about railroads--there was no
+railroad in Shawneetown--but he was an expert on barbecues. A barbecue
+is a gathering where a whole ox is roasted and where there is much hard
+cider and effervescent eloquence. Bob would speak to the people about
+the advantages of the new railroad; and the opposition could answer if
+they wished. Pioneers are always ready for a picnic--they delight in
+speeches--they dote on argument and wordy warfare. The barbecue was to
+be across the river on Saturday afternoon.
+
+The whole city quit business to go to the barbecue and hear the
+speeches.
+
+Bob made the first address. He spoke for two hours about everything and
+anything--he told stories, and dealt in love, life, death, politics and
+farming--all but railroading. The crowd was delighted--cheers filled the
+air.
+
+When the opposition got up to speak and brought forward its profound
+reasons and heavy logic, 'most everybody adjourned to the tables to eat
+and drink.
+
+Finally there came rumors that something was going on across the river.
+The opposition grew nervous and started to go home, but in some
+mysterious way the two ferryboats were tied up on the farther bank, and
+were deaf and blind to signals.
+
+It was well after dark before the people reached home, and when they got
+up the next morning they found the new railroad had a full mile of track
+down and engines were puffing at their doors.
+
+Bob made another speech in the public square, and cautioned everybody to
+be law-abiding. The second railroad had arrived--it was a good thing--it
+meant wealth, prosperity and happiness for everybody. And even if it
+didn't, it was here and could not be removed except by legal means. And
+we must all be law-abiding citizens--let the matter be determined by the
+courts. Then there were a few funny stories, and cheers were given for
+the speaker.
+
+On the next trip of the little stern-wheeler the young lawyer and his
+brother arrived. They hadn't much baggage, but they carried a tin sign
+that they proceeded to tack up over a store on Adams Street. It read
+thus: "R. G. & E. C. Ingersoll, Attorneys and Counselors at Law." And
+there the sign was to remain for twenty-five years.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At Peoria, the Ingersoll Brothers did not have to wait long for clients.
+Ebon was the counselor, Robert the pleader, and some still have it that
+Ebon was the stronger, just as we hear that Ezekiel Webster was a more
+capable man than Daniel--which was probably the truth.
+
+The Ingersolls had not been long at Peoria before Robert had a case at
+Groveland, a town only a few miles away, and a place which, like
+Shawneetown, has held its own.
+
+The issue was the same old classic--hogs had rooted up the man's garden,
+and then the hogs had been impounded. This time there was a tragedy, for
+before the hogs were released the owner had been killed.
+
+The people for miles had come to town to hear the eloquent young lawyer
+from Peoria. The taverns were crowded, and not having engaged a room,
+the attorney for the defense was put to straits to find a place in which
+to sleep. In this extremity 'Squire Parker, the first citizen of the
+town, invited young Ingersoll to his house.
+
+Parker was a character in that neck of the woods--he was an "infidel,"
+and a terror to all the clergy 'round about. And strangely enough--or
+not--his wife believed exactly as he did, and so did their daughter Eva,
+a beautiful girl of nineteen. But 'Squire Parker got into no argument
+with his guest--their belief was the same. Probably we would now call
+the Parkers simply radical Unitarians. Their kinsman, Theodore Parker,
+expressed their faith, and they had no more use for a "personal devil"
+that he had. The courage of the young woman in stating her religious
+views had almost made her an outcast in the village, and here she was
+saying the same things in Groveland that Robert was saying in Peoria.
+She was the first woman he ever knew who had ideas.
+
+It was one o'clock before he went to bed that night--his head was in a
+whirl. It was a wonder he didn't lose his case the next day, but he
+didn't.
+
+He cleared his client and won a bride.
+
+In a few months Robert Ingersoll and Eva Parker were married.
+
+Never were man and woman more perfectly mated than this couple. And how
+much the world owes to her sustaining love and unfaltering faith, we can
+not compute; but my opinion is that if it had not been for Eva
+Parker--twice a daughter of the Revolution, whose ancestors fought side
+by side with the Livingstons--we should never have heard of Robert
+Ingersoll as the maker of an epoch. It is love that makes the world go
+'round--and it is love that makes the orator and fearless thinker, no
+less than poet, painter and musician.
+
+No man liveth unto himself alone: we demand the approval and approbation
+of another: we write and speak for some One; and our thought coming back
+from this One approved, gives courage and that bold determination which
+carries conviction home. Before the world believes in us we must believe
+in ourselves, and before we fully believe in ourselves this some One
+must believe in us. Eva Parker believed in Robert Ingersoll, and it was
+her love and faith that made him believe in himself and caused him to
+fling reasons into the face of hypocrisy and shower with sarcasm and
+ridicule the savage and senseless superstitions that paraded themselves
+as divine.
+
+Wendell Phillips believed in himself because Ann never doubted him.
+Without Ann he would not have had the courage to face that twenty years'
+course of mobs. If it had ever occurred to him that the mob was right he
+would have gone down in darkness and defeat; but with Ann such a
+suspicion was not possible. He pitted Ann's faith against the prejudice
+of centuries--two with God are a majority.
+
+It was Eva's faith that sustained Robert. In those first years of
+lecturing she always accompanied him, and at his lectures sat on the
+stage in the wings and gloried in his success. He did not need her to
+protect him from the mob, but he needed her to protect him from himself.
+It is only perfect love that casteth out fear.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a little book called, "Ingersoll as He Is," which is being
+circulated by some earnest advocates of truth.
+
+The volume is a vindication, a refutation and an apology. It takes up a
+goodly list of zealous calumniators and cheerful prevaricators and tacks
+their pelts on the barn-door of obliquity.
+
+That Ingersoll won the distinction of being more grossly misrepresented
+than any other man of his time, there is no doubt. This was to his
+advantage--he was advertised by his rabid enemies no less than by his
+loving friends. But his good friends who are putting out this
+vindication should cultivate faith, and know that there is a God, or
+Something, who looks after the lies and the liars--we needn't.
+
+A big man should never be cheapened by a defense. Life is its own excuse
+for being, and every life is its own apology. Silence is better than
+wordy refutation. People who want to believe the falsehoods told of this
+man, or any other, will continue to believe them until the crack o'
+doom.
+
+Most accusations contain a certain basis of truth, but they may be no
+less libels on that account. One zealous advocate, intent on loving his
+supposed enemy, printed a thrilling story about Ingersoll being taken
+prisoner during the war, while taking refuge in a pig-pen. To this some
+of Bob's friends interposed a fierce rejoinder declaring that Bob stood
+like Falstaff at Gadshill and fought the rogues in buckram to a
+standstill.
+
+Heaven forfend me from my friends--I can withstand mine enemies alone!
+
+I am quite ready to believe that Bob, being attacked by an overwhelming
+force, suddenly bethought him of an engagement, and made a swift run for
+safety. The impeccable man who has never done a cowardly thing, nor a
+mean thing, is no kinsman of mine! The saintly hero who has not had his
+heels run away with his head, and sought safety in a friendly
+pig-pen--aye! and filled his belly with the husks that the swine did
+eat--has dropped something out of his life that he will have to go back
+for and pick up in another incarnation. We love men for their
+limitations and weaknesses, no less than for their virtues. A fault may
+bring a man very close to us. Have we, too, not sought safety in
+pig-pens! The people who taunt other people with having taken temporary
+refuge in a pig-pen are usually those who live in pig-pens the whole
+year 'round.
+
+The one time in the life of Savonarola when he comes nearest to us is
+when his tortured flesh wrenched from his spirit a recantation. And who
+can forget that cry of Calvary, "My God, my God! Why hast thou forsaken
+me!" That call for help, coming to us across twenty centuries, makes the
+man, indeed, our Elder Brother.
+
+And let it here be stated that even Bob's bitterest foe never declared
+that the man was a coward by nature, nor that the business of his life
+was hiding in pig-pens. The incident named was exceptional and therefore
+noteworthy; let us admit it, at least not worry ourselves into a passion
+denying it. Let us also stipulate the truth that Bob could never quite
+overcome the temptation to take an unfair advantage of his opponent in
+an argument. He laid the fools by the heels and suddenly, 'gainst all
+the rules of either Roberts or Queensbury.
+
+To go after the prevaricators, and track them to their holes, is to make
+much of little, and lift the liars into the realm of equals. This story
+of the pig-pen I never heard of until Ingersoll's friends denied it in a
+book.
+
+Just one instance to show how trifles light as air are to the zealous
+confirmation strong as holy writ. In April, Eighteen Hundred
+Ninety-four, Ingersoll lectured at Utica, New York. The following Sunday
+a local clergyman denounced the lecturer as a sensualist, a
+gourmand--one totally indifferent to decency and the feelings and rights
+of others. Then the preacher said, "At breakfast in this city last
+Thursday, Ingersoll ordered everything on the bill of fare, and then
+insulted and roundly abused the waiter-girl because she did not bring
+things that were not in the hotel."
+
+I happened to be present at that meal. It was an "early-train
+breakfast," and the bill of fare for the day had not been printed. The
+girl came in, and standing at the Colonel's elbow, in genuine
+waiter-girl style, mumbled this: "Ham and eggs, mutton-chops,
+beefsteak, breakfast bacon, codfish balls and buckwheat cakes."
+
+And Bob solemnly said: "Ham and eggs, mutton-chops, beefsteak, breakfast
+bacon, codfish balls and buckwheat cakes."
+
+In amazement the girl gasped, "What?" And then Bob went over it
+backward: "Buckwheat cakes, codfish balls, breakfast bacon, beefsteak,
+mutton-chops, and ham and eggs."
+
+This memory test raised a laugh that sent a shout of mirth all through
+the room, in which even the girl joined.
+
+"Haven't you anything else, my dear?" asked the great man in a sort of
+disappointed way.
+
+"I think we have tripe and pig's feet," said the girl.
+
+"Bring a bushel," said Bob; "and say, tell the cook I'd like a dish of
+peacock-tongues on the side." The infinite good nature of it all caused
+another laugh from everybody.
+
+The girl brought everything Bob ordered except the peacock-tongues, and
+this order supplied the lecturer and his party of four. The waitress
+found a dollar-bill under Bob's plate, and the cook who stood in the
+kitchen-door and waved a big spoon, and called, "Good-by, Bob!" got
+another dollar for himself.
+
+Ingersoll carried mirth, and joy, and good-cheer, and radiated a feeling
+of plenitude wherever he went. He was a royal liver and a royal spender.
+"If I had but a dollar," he used to say, "I'd spend it as though it
+were a dry leaf, and I were the owner of an unbounded forest." He
+maintained a pension-list of thirty persons or more for a decade, spent
+upwards of forty thousand dollars a year, and while the fortune he left
+for his wife and children was not large, as men count things on 'Change,
+yet it is ample for their ease and comfort. His family always called him
+"Robert" with an almost idolatrous flavor of tender love in the word.
+But to the world who hated him and the world who loved him, he was just
+plain "Bob." To trainmen, hackdrivers, and the great singers, poets and
+players, he was "Bob." "Dignity is the mask behind which we hide our
+ignorance." When half a world calls a man by a nickname, it is a patent
+to nobility--small men are never so honored.
+
+"Good-by, Bob," called the white-aproned cook as he stood in the
+kitchen-door and waved his big spoon.
+
+"Good-by, Brother, and mind you get those peacock-tongues by the time I
+get back," answered Bob.
+
+As to Ingersoll's mental evolution we can not do better than to let him
+tell the story himself:
+
+     Like the most of us, I was raised among people who knew--who were
+     certain. They did not reason or investigate. They had no doubts.
+     They knew they had the truth. In their creed there was no guess--no
+     perhaps. They had a revelation from God. They knew the beginning of
+     things. They knew that God commenced to create one Monday morning
+     and worked until Saturday night, four thousand and four years
+     before Christ. They knew that in the eternity--back of that
+     morning, He had done nothing. They knew that it took Him six days
+     to make the earth--all plants, all animals, all life, and all the
+     globes that wheel in space. They knew exactly what He did each day
+     and when He rested. They knew the origin, the cause, of evil, of
+     all crime, of all disease and death.
+
+     They not only knew the beginning, but they knew the end. They knew
+     that life had one path and one road. They knew that the path,
+     grass-grown and narrow, filled with thorns and nettles, infested
+     with vipers, wet with tears, stained by bleeding feet, led to
+     heaven, and that the road, broad and smooth, bordered with fruits
+     and flowers, filled with laughter and song, and all the happiness
+     of human love, led straight to hell. They knew that God was doing
+     His best to make you take the path and that the Devil used every
+     art to keep you in the road.
+
+     They knew that there was a perpetual battle waged between the great
+     Powers of good and evil for the possession of human souls. They
+     knew that many centuries ago God had left His throne and had been
+     born a babe into this poor world--that He had suffered death for
+     the sake of man--for the sake of saving a few. They also knew that
+     the human heart was utterly depraved, so that man by nature was in
+     love with wrong and hated God with all his might.
+
+     At the same time they knew that God created man in His own image
+     and was perfectly satisfied with His work. They also knew that He
+     had been thwarted by the Devil--who with wiles and lies had
+     deceived the first of human kind. They knew that in consequence of
+     that, God cursed the man and woman; the man with toil, the woman
+     with slavery and pain, and both with death; and that He cursed the
+     earth itself with briars and thorns, brambles and thistles. All
+     these blessed things they knew. They knew too all that God had done
+     to purify and elevate the race. They knew all about the Flood--knew
+     that God, with the exception of eight, drowned all His
+     children--the old and young--the bowed patriarch and the dimpled
+     babe--the young man and the merry maiden--the loving mother and the
+     laughing child--because His mercy endureth forever. They knew, too,
+     that He drowned the beasts and birds--everything that walked or
+     crawled or flew--because His loving-kindness is over all His works.
+     They knew that God, for the purpose of civilizing His children, had
+     devoured some with earthquakes, destroyed some with storms of fire,
+     killed some with his lightnings, millions with famine, with
+     pestilence, and sacrificed countless thousands upon the fields of
+     war. They knew that it was necessary to believe these things and to
+     love God. They knew that there could be no salvation except by
+     faith, and through the atoning blood of Jesus Christ.
+
+     All who doubted or denied would be lost. To live a moral and honest
+     life--to keep your contracts, to take care of wife and child--to
+     make a happy home--to be a good citizen, a patriot, a just and
+     thoughtful man, was simply a respectable way of going to hell.
+
+     God did not reward men for being honest, generous and brave, but
+     for the act of faith--without faith, all the so-called virtues
+     were sins, and the men who practised these virtues, without faith,
+     deserved to suffer eternal pain.
+
+     All of these comforting and reasonable things were taught by the
+     ministers in their pulpits--by teachers in Sunday schools and by
+     parents at home. The children were victims. They were assaulted in
+     the cradle--in their mother's arms. Then, the schoolmaster carried
+     on the war against their natural sense, and all the books they read
+     were filled with the same impossible truths. The poor children were
+     helpless. The atmosphere they breathed was filled with lies--lies
+     that mingled with their blood.
+
+     In those days ministers depended on revivals to save souls and
+     reform the world.
+
+     In the Winter, navigation having closed, business was mostly
+     suspended. There were no railways, and the only means of
+     communication were wagons and boats. Generally the roads were so
+     bad that the wagons were laid up with the boats. There were no
+     operas, no theaters, no amusements except parties and balls. The
+     parties were regarded as worldly and the balls as wicked. For real
+     and virtuous enjoyment the good people depended on revivals.
+
+     The sermons were mostly about the pains and agonies of hell, the
+     joys and ecstasies of heaven, salvation by faith, and the efficacy
+     of the atonement. The little churches, in which the services were
+     held, were generally small, badly ventilated, and exceedingly warm.
+     The emotional sermons, the sad singing, the hysterical amens, the
+     hope of heaven, the fear of hell, caused many to lose the little
+     sense they had. They became substantially insane. In this
+     condition they flocked to the "mourners' bench"--asked for the
+     prayers of the faithful--had strange feelings, prayed and wept and
+     thought they had been "born again." Then they would tell their
+     experience--how wicked they had been--how evil had been their
+     thoughts, their desires, and how good they had suddenly become.
+
+     They used to tell the story of an old woman who, in telling her
+     experience, said, "Before I was converted, before I gave my heart
+     to God, I used to lie and steal; but now, thanks to the grace and
+     blood of Jesus Christ, I have quit 'em both, in a great measure."
+
+     Of course, all the people were not exactly of one mind. There were
+     some scoffers, and now and then, some man had sense enough to laugh
+     at the threats of priests and make a jest of hell. Some would tell
+     of unbelievers who had lived and died in peace.
+
+     When I was a boy I heard them tell of an old farmer in Vermont. He
+     was dying. The minister was at his bedside--asked him if he was a
+     Christian--if he was prepared to die. The old man answered that he
+     had made no preparations, that he was not a Christian--that he had
+     never done anything but work. The preacher said that he could give
+     him no hope unless he had faith in Christ, and that if he had no
+     faith his soul would certainly be lost.
+
+     The old man was not frightened. He was perfectly calm. In a weak
+     and broken voice he said: "Mr. Preacher, I suppose you noticed my
+     farm. My wife and I came here more than fifty years ago. We were
+     just married. It was a forest then and the land was covered with
+     stones. I cut down the trees, burned the logs, picked up the
+     stones and laid the walls. My wife spun and wove and worked every
+     moment. We raised and educated our children--denied ourselves.
+     During all those years my wife never had a good dress, or a decent
+     bonnet. I never had a good suit of clothes. We lived on the
+     plainest food. Our hands, our bodies, are deformed by toil. We
+     never had a vacation. We loved each other and the children. That is
+     the only luxury we ever had. Now, I am about to die and you ask me
+     if I am prepared. Mr. Preacher, I have no fear of the future, no
+     terror of any other world. There may be such a place as hell--but
+     if there is, you never can make me believe that it's any worse than
+     old Vermont."
+
+     So they told of a man who compared himself with his dog. "My dog,"
+     he said, "just barks and plays--has all he wants to eat. He never
+     works--has no trouble about business. In a little while he dies,
+     and that is all. I work with all my strength. I have no time to
+     play. I have trouble every day. In a little while I will die, and
+     then I go to hell. I wish that I had been a dog."
+
+     Well, while the cold weather lasted, while the snows fell, the
+     revival went on, but when the Winter was over, when the steamboat's
+     whistle was heard, when business started again, most of the
+     converts "back-slid" and fell again into their old ways. But the
+     next Winter they were on hand, ready to be "born again." They
+     formed a kind of stock company, playing the same parts every Winter
+     and backsliding every Spring.
+
+     The ministers who preached at these revivals were in earnest. They
+     were zealous and sincere. They were not philosophers. To them
+     science was the name of a vague dread--a dangerous enemy. They did
+     not know much, but they believed a great deal. To them hell was a
+     burning reality--they could see the smoke and flames. The Devil was
+     no myth. He was an actual person, a rival of God, an enemy of
+     mankind. They thought that the important business of this life was
+     to save your soul--that all should resist and scorn the pleasures
+     of sense, and keep their eyes steadily fixed on the golden gate of
+     the New Jerusalem. They were unbalanced, emotional, hysterical,
+     bigoted, hateful, loving, and insane. They really believed the
+     Bible to be the actual word of God--a book without mistake or
+     contradiction. They called its cruelties, justice--its absurdities,
+     mysteries--its miracles, facts, and the idiotic passages were
+     regarded as profoundly spiritual. They dwelt on the pangs, the
+     regrets, the infinite agonies of the lost, and showed how easily
+     they could be avoided, and how cheaply heaven could be obtained.
+     They told their hearers to believe, to have faith, to give their
+     hearts to God, their sins to Christ, who would bear their burdens
+     and make their souls as white as snow.
+
+     All this the ministers really believed. They were absolutely
+     certain. In their minds the Devil had tried in vain to sow the
+     seeds of doubt.
+
+     I heard hundreds of these evangelical sermons--heard hundreds of
+     the most fearful and vivid descriptions of the tortures inflicted
+     in hell, of the horrible state of the lost. I supposed that what I
+     heard was true and yet I did not believe it. I said, "It is," and
+     then I thought, "It can not be."
+
+     From my childhood I had heard read, and read the Bible. Morning and
+     evening the sacred volume was opened and prayers were said. The
+     Bible was my first history, the Jews were the first people, and
+     the events narrated by Moses and the other inspired writers, and
+     those predicted by prophets, were the all-important things. In
+     other books were found the thoughts and dreams of men, but in the
+     Bible were the sacred truths of God.
+
+     Yet, in spite of my surroundings, of my education, I had no love
+     for God. He was so saving of mercy, so extravagant in murder, so
+     anxious to kill, so ready to assassinate, that I hated Him with all
+     my heart. At His command, babes were butchered, women violated, and
+     the white hair of trembling age stained with blood. This God
+     visited the people with pestilence--filled the houses and covered
+     the streets with the dying and the dead--saw babes starving on the
+     empty breasts of pallid mothers, heard the sobs, saw the tears, the
+     sunken cheeks, the sightless eyes, the new-made graves, and
+     remained as pitiless as the pestilence.
+
+     This God withheld the rain--caused the famine--saw the fierce eyes
+     of hunger--the wasted forms, the white lips, saw mothers eating
+     babes, and remained ferocious as famine.
+
+     It seems to me impossible for a civilized man to love or worship or
+     respect the God of the Old Testament. A really civilized man, a
+     really civilized woman, must hold such a God in abhorrence and
+     contempt.
+
+     But in the old days the good people justified Jehovah in His
+     treatment of the heathen. The wretches who were murdered were
+     idolators and therefore unfit to live.
+
+     According to the Bible, God had never revealed Himself to these
+     people and He knew that without a revelation they could not know
+     that He was the true God. Whose fault was it, then, that they were
+     heathen?
+
+     The Christians said that God had the right to destroy them because
+     He created them. What did He create them for? He knew when He made
+     them that they would be food for the sword. He knew that He would
+     have the pleasure of seeing them murdered.
+
+     As a last answer, as a final excuse, the worshipers of Jehovah said
+     that all these horrible things took place under the "old
+     dispensation" of unyielding law, and absolute justice, but that
+     now, under the "new dispensation," all had been changed--the sword
+     of justice had been sheathed and love enthroned. In the Old
+     Testament, they said, God is the judge--but in the New, Christ is
+     the merciful. As a matter of fact, the New Testament is infinitely
+     worse than the Old. In the Old there is no threat of eternal pain.
+     Jehovah had no eternal prison--no everlasting fire. His hatred
+     ended at the grave. His revenge was satisfied when his enemy was
+     dead.
+
+     In the New Testament, death is not the end, but the beginning of
+     punishment that has no end. In the New Testament the malice of God
+     is infinite and the hunger of His revenge eternal.
+
+     The orthodox God, when clothed in human flesh, told His disciples
+     not to resist evil, to love their enemies, and when smitten on one
+     cheek to turn the other; and yet we are told that this same God,
+     with the same loving lips, uttered these heartless, these fiendish
+     words: "Depart, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the
+     Devil and his angels."
+
+     These are the words of "eternal love."
+
+     No human being has imagination enough to conceive of this infinite
+     horror.
+
+     All that the human race has suffered in war and want, in pestilence
+     and famine, in fire and flood--all the pangs and pains of every
+     disease and every death--all this is as nothing compared with the
+     agonies to be endured by one lost soul.
+
+     This is the consolation of the Christian religion. This is the
+     justice of God--the mercy of Christ.
+
+     This frightful dogma, this infinite lie, made me the implacable
+     enemy of Christianity. The truth is that this belief in eternal
+     pain has been the real persecutor. It founded the Inquisition,
+     forged the chains, and furnished the fagots. It has darkened the
+     lives of many millions. It made the cradle as terrible as the
+     coffin. It enslaved nations and shed the blood of countless
+     thousands. It sacrificed the wisest, the bravest and the best. It
+     subverted the idea of justice, drove mercy from the heart, changed
+     men to fiends, and banished reason from the brain.
+
+     Like a venomous serpent it crawls and coils and hisses in every
+     orthodox creed.
+
+     It makes man an eternal victim and God an eternal fiend. It is the
+     one infinite horror. Every church in which it is taught is a public
+     curse. Every preacher who teaches it is an enemy of mankind. Below
+     this Christian dogma, savagery can not go. It is the infinite of
+     malice, hatred and revenge.
+
+     Nothing could add to the horror of hell, except the presence of its
+     creator, God.
+
+     While I have life, as long as I draw breath, I shall deny with all
+     my strength, and hate with every drop of my blood, this infinite
+     lie.
+
+     Nothing gives me greater joy than to know that this belief in
+     eternal pain is growing weaker every day--that thousands of
+     ministers are ashamed of it. It gives me joy to know that
+     Christians are becoming merciful, so merciful that the fires of
+     hell are burning low--flickering, choked with ashes, destined in a
+     few years to die out forever.
+
+     For centuries Christendom was a madhouse. Popes, cardinals,
+     bishops, priests, monks and heretics were all insane.
+
+     Only a few--four or five in a century--were sound in heart and
+     brain. Only a few, in spite of the roar and din, in spite of the
+     savage cries, heard Reason's voice. Only a few, in the wild rage of
+     ignorance, fear and zeal, preserved the perfect calm that wisdom
+     gives.
+
+     We have advanced. In a few years the Christians will become humane
+     and sensible enough to deny the dogma that fills the endless years
+     with pain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The world is getting better. We are gradually growing honest, and men
+everywhere, even in the pulpit, are acknowledging they do not know all
+about things. There was little hope for the race so long as an
+individual was disgraced if he did not pretend to believe a thing at
+which his reason revolted. We are simplifying life--simplifying truth.
+The man who serves his fellowmen best is he who simplifies. The learned
+man used to be the one who muddled things, who scrambled thought, who
+took reason away, and instead, thrust upon us faith, with a threat of
+punishment if we did not accept it, and an offer of reward if we did.
+
+We have now discovered that the so-called learned man had no authority,
+either for his threat of punishment or his offer of reward. Hypocrisy
+will not now pass current, and sincerity, frozen stiff with fright, is
+no longer legal tender for truth. In the frank acknowledgment of
+ignorance there is much promise. The man who does not know, and is not
+afraid to say so, is in the line of evolution. But for the head that is
+packed with falsehood and the heart that is faint with fear, there is no
+hope. That head must be unloaded of its lumber, and the heart given
+courage before the march of progress can begin.
+
+Now, let us be frank, and let us be honest, just for a few moments. Let
+us acknowledge that this revolution in thought that has occurred during
+the last twenty-five years was brought about mainly by one individual.
+The world was ripe for this man's utterance, otherwise he would not have
+gotten the speaker's eye. A hundred years before we would have snuffed
+him out in contumely and disgrace. But men listened to him and paid high
+for the privilege. And those who hated this man and feared him most,
+went, too, to listen, so as to answer him and thereby keep the planet
+from swinging out of its orbit and sweeping on to destruction.
+
+Wherever this man spoke, in towns and cities or country, for weeks the
+air was heavy with the smoke of rhetoric, and reasons, soggy and solid,
+and fuzzy logic and muddy proof were dragged like siege-guns to the
+defense.
+
+They dared the man to come back and fight it out. The clouds were
+charged with challenges, and the prophecy was made and made again that
+never in the same place could this man go back and get a second hearing.
+Yet he did go back year after year, and crowds hung upon his utterances
+and laughed with him at the scarecrow that had once filled their
+day-dreams, made the nights hideous, and the future black with terror.
+Through his influence the tears of pity put out the fires of hell; and
+he literally laughed the devil out of court. This man, more than any
+other man of his century, made the clergy free. He raised the standard
+of intelligence in both pew and pulpit, and the preachers who denounced
+him most, often were, and are, the most benefited by his work.
+
+This man was Robert G. Ingersoll.
+
+On the urn that encloses his ashes should be these words: Liberator of
+Men. When he gave his lecture on "The Gods" at Cooper Union, New York
+City, in Eighteen Hundred Seventy-two, he fired a shot heard 'round the
+world.
+
+It was the boldest, strongest, and most vivid utterance of the century.
+
+At once it was recognized that the thinking world had to deal with a man
+of power. Efforts were made in dozens of places to bring statute law to
+bear upon him, and the State of Delaware held her whipping-post in
+readiness for his benefit; but blasphemy enactments and laws for the
+protection of the Unknown were inoperative in his gracious presence.
+Ingersoll was a hard hitter, but the splendid good nature of the man,
+his freedom from all personal malice, and his unsullied character, saved
+him, in those early days, from the violence that would surely have
+overtaken a smaller person.
+
+The people who now seek to disparage the name and fame of Ingersoll
+dwell on the things he was not, and give small credit for that which he
+was.
+
+They demand infinity and perfection, not quite willing yet to
+acknowledge that perfection has never been incorporated in a single
+soul.
+
+Let us acknowledge freely that Ingersoll was not a pioneer in science.
+Let us admit, for argument's sake, that Rousseau, Voltaire, Paine and
+Renan voiced every argument that he put forth. Let us grant that he was
+often the pleader, and that the lawyer habit of painting his own side
+large, never quite forsook him, and that he was swayed more by his
+feelings than by his intellect. Let us further admit that in his own
+individual case there was small evolution, and that for thirty years he
+threshed the same straw. And these things being said and admitted,
+nothing more in truth can be said against the man.
+
+But these points are neither to his discredit nor his disgrace. On them
+you can not construct an indictment--they mark his limitations, that is
+all.
+
+Ingersoll gave superstition such a jolt that the consensus of
+intelligence has counted it out. Ingersoll did not destroy the good--all
+that is vital and excellent and worthy in religion we have yet, and in
+such measure as it never existed before.
+
+In every so-called "Orthodox" pulpit you can now hear sermons calling
+upon men to manifest their religion in their work; to show their love
+for God in their attitude toward men; to gain the kingdom of heaven by
+having the kingdom of heaven in their own hearts.
+
+Ingersoll pleaded for the criminal, the weak, the defenseless and the
+depraved. Our treatment toward all these has changed marvelously within
+a decade. When we ceased to believe that God was going to damn folks,
+we left off damning them ourselves. We think better now of God and we
+think better of men and women. Who dares now talk about the "hopelessly
+lost"?
+
+You can not afford to indict a man who practised every so-called
+Christian virtue, simply because there was a flaw or two in his
+"belief"--the world has gotten beyond that. Everybody now admits that
+Ingersoll was quite as good a man as those who denounced him most. His
+life was full of kind deeds and generous acts, and his daily walk was
+quite as blameless as the life of the average priest and preacher.
+
+Those who seek to cry Ingersoll down reveal either density or malice. He
+did a great and necessary work, and did it so thoroughly and well that
+it will never have to be done again. His mission was to liberalize and
+to Christianize every church in Christendom; and no denomination, be its
+creed never so ossified, stands now where it stood before Ingersoll
+began his crusade. He shamed men into sanity.
+
+Ingersoll uttered in clarion tones what thousands of men and women
+believed, but dared not voice. He was the spokesman for many of the best
+thinkers of his time. He abolished fear, gave courage in place of
+cringing doubt, and lived what he believed was truth. His was a brave,
+cheerful and kindly life. He was loved most by those who knew him best,
+for in his nature there was neither duplicity nor concealment. He had
+nothing to hide. We know and acknowledge the man's limitations, yet we
+realize his worth: his influence in the cause of simplicity and honesty
+has been priceless.
+
+The dust of conflict has not yet settled; prejudice still is in the air;
+but time, the great adjuster, will give Ingersoll his due. The history
+of America's thought evolution can never be written and the name of
+Ingersoll left out. In his own splendid personality he had no rivals, no
+competitors. He stands alone; and no name in liberal thought can ever
+eclipse his. He prepared the way for the thinkers and the doers who
+shall come after, and in insight surpass him, reaching spiritual heights
+which he, perhaps, could never attain.
+
+This earth is a better place, and life and liberty are safer, because
+Robert G. Ingersoll lived.
+
+The last words of Ingersoll were, by a strange coincidence, the dying
+words of his brother Ebon: "I am better!"--words of hope, words of
+assurance to the woman he loved.
+
+Sane to the last! And let us, too, hope that these dear words are true
+of all the countless dead.
+
+
+
+
+PATRICK HENRY
+
+
+     It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry,
+     Peace, peace; but there is no peace. The war is actually begun. The
+     next gale that sweeps from the North will bring to our ears the
+     clash of resounding arms. Our brethren are already in the field.
+     Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would
+     they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased
+     at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God!--I
+     know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me
+     liberty or give me death!
+
+                                                 --_Patrick Henry_
+
+[Illustration: PATRICK HENRY]
+
+
+Sarah Syme was a blooming widow, thirty-two in June--such widows are
+never over thirty-two--and she managed her estate of a thousand acres in
+Hanover County, Virginia, with business ability. That such a widow, and
+thirty-two, should remain a widow in a pioneer country was out of the
+question.
+
+She had suitors. Their horses were tied to the pickets all day long.
+
+One of these suitors has described the widow for us. He says she was
+"lively in disposition," and he also uses the words "buxom" and
+"portly." I do not like these expressions--they suggest too much, so I
+will none of them. I would rather refer to her as lissome and willowy,
+and tell how her sorrow for the dead wrapped her 'round with weeds and
+becoming sable--but in the interests of truth I dare not.
+
+Some of her suitors were widowers--ancient of days, fat and Falstaffian.
+Others were lean and lacrimose, with large families, fortunes impaired
+and futures mostly behind. Then there were gay fox-hunting
+holluschickies, without serious intent and minus both future and past
+worth mentioning, who called and sat on the front porch because they
+thought their presence would be pleasing and relieve the tedium of
+widowhood.
+
+Then there was a young Scotch schoolmaster, educated, temperate and
+gentlemanly, who came to instruct the two children of the widow in long
+division, and who blushed to the crown of his red head when the widow
+invited him to tea.
+
+Have a care, Widow Syme! Destiny has use for you with your lively ways
+and portly form. You are to make history, help mold a political policy,
+fan the flames of war, and through motherhood make yourself immortal.
+Choose your casket wisely, O Widow Syme! It is the hour of Fate!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The widow was a Queen Bee and so had a perfect right to choose her mate.
+The Scotchman proved to be it. He was only twenty-five, they say, but he
+was man enough when standing before the Registrar to make it thirty.
+When he put his red head inside the church-door some one cried,
+"Genius!" And so they were married and lived happily ever after.
+
+And the name of the Scotchman was John Henry--I'll not deceive you,
+Sweet!
+
+John and Sarah were well suited to each other. John was exact,
+industrious, practical. The wife had a lively sense of humor, was
+entertaining and intelligent. Under the management of the canny Scot the
+estate took on a look of prosperity. The man was a model citizen--honors
+traveled his way: he became colonel of the local militia, county
+surveyor, and finally magistrate. Babies arrived as rapidly as Nature
+would allow and with the regularity of an electric clock--although, of
+course, there wasn't any electricity then.
+
+The second child was named Patrick, Junior, in honor of and in deference
+to a brother of the happy father--a clergyman of the Established Church.
+Patrick Henry always subscribed himself "P. Henry, Junior," and whether
+he was ever aware that there was only one Patrick Henry is a question.
+
+There were nine altogether in the brood--eight of them good, honest,
+barnyard fowls.
+
+And one was an eagle.
+
+Why this was so no one knew--the mother didn't know and the father could
+not guess. All of them were born under about the same conditions, all
+received about the same training--or lack of it.
+
+However, no one at first suspected that the eagle was an eagle--more
+than a score of years were to pass before he was suddenly to spread out
+strong, sinewy wings and soar to the ether.
+
+Patrick Henry caused his parents more trouble and anxiety than all the
+rest of the family combined. Patrick and culture had nothing in common.
+As a youngster he roamed the woods, bare of foot and bare of head, his
+only garments a shirt and trousers held in place by a single gallus. He
+was indolent, dreamy, procrastinating, frolicsome, with a beautiful
+aversion to books, and a fondness for fishing that was carried to the
+limit. The boy's mother didn't worry very much about the youngster, but
+the father had spells when he took the matter to the Lord in prayer, and
+afterward, growing impatient of an answer, fell to and used the taws
+without mercy. John Henry probably did this as much to relieve his own
+feelings as for the good of the boy, but doubtless he did not reason
+quite that far.
+
+Patrick nursed his black-and-blue spots and fell back on his flute for
+solace.
+
+After one such seance, when he was twelve years of age, he disappeared
+with a colored boy about his own age. They took a shotgun,
+fishing-tackle and a violin. They were gone three weeks, during which
+time Patrick had not been out of his clothes, nor once washed his face.
+They had slept out under the sky by campfires. The smell of smoke was
+surely on his garments, and his parents were put to their wits to
+distinguish between the bond and the free.
+
+Had Patrick been an only child he would have driven his mother into
+hysteria and his father to the flowing bowl (I trust I use the right
+expression). If not this, then it would have been because the fond
+parents had found peace by transforming their son into a Little Lord
+Fauntleroy. Nature shows great wisdom in sending the young in
+litters--they educate each other, and so divide the time of the mother
+that attention to the individual is limited to the actual needs. Too
+much interference with children is a grave mistake.
+
+Patrick Henry quit school at fifteen, with a love for 'rithmetic--it was
+such a fine puzzle--and an equal regard for history--history was a lot
+o' good stories. For two years he rode wild horses, tramped the woods
+with rod and gun, and played the violin at country dances.
+
+Another spasm of fear, chagrin and discouragement sweeping over the
+father, on account of the indifference and profligacy of his son, he
+decided to try the youth in trade, and if this failed, to let him go to
+the devil. So a stock of general goods was purchased, and Patrick and
+William, the elder brother, were shoved off upon the uncertain sea of
+commerce.
+
+The result was just what might have been expected. The store was a
+loafing-place for all the ne'er-do-wells in the vicinity. Patrick
+trusted everybody--those who could not get trusted elsewhere patronized
+Patrick.
+
+Things grew worse. In a year, when just eighteen years old, P. Henry,
+Junior, got married--married a rollicking country lass, as foolish as
+himself--done in bravado, going home from a dance, calling a minister
+out on his porch, in a crazy-quilt, to perform the ceremony. John Henry
+would have applied the birch to this hare-brained bridegroom, and the
+father of the girl would have stung her pink-and-white anatomy, but
+Patrick coolly explained that the matter could not be undone--they were
+duly married for better or for worse, and so the less fuss the better.
+Patrick loved his Doxey, and Doxey loved her Patrick, and together they
+made as precious a pair of beggars as ever played Gipsy music at a
+country fair.
+
+Most of the time they were at the home of the bride's parents--not by
+invitation--but they were there. The place was a wayside tavern. The
+girl made herself useful in the kitchen, and Patrick welcomed the
+traveler and tended bar.
+
+So things drifted, until Patrick was twenty-four, when one fine day he
+appeared on the streets of Williamsburg. He had come in on horseback,
+and his boots, clothing, hair and complexion formed a chromatic ensemble
+the color of Hanover County clay. The account comes from his old-time
+comrade, Thomas Jefferson, who was at Williamsburg attending college.
+
+"I've come up here to be admitted to the bar," gravely said P. Henry to
+T. Jefferson.
+
+"But you are a barkeeper now, I hear."
+
+"Yes," said Patrick; "but that's the other kind. You see, I've been
+studying law, and I want to be admitted to practise."
+
+It took several minutes for the man who was to write the Declaration of
+Independence to get it through his head that the matter wasn't a joke.
+Then he conducted the lean, lank, rawboned rustic into the presence of
+the judges. There were four of these men: Wythe, Pendleton, Peyton and
+John Randolph. These men were all to be colleagues of the bumpkin at the
+First Continental Congress at Philadelphia, but that lay in the misty
+future.
+
+They looked at the candidate in surprise; two of them laughed and two
+looked needlessly solemn. However, after some little parley, they
+consented to examine the clown as to his fitness to practise law.
+
+In answer to the first question as to how long he had studied, his reply
+was, "About six weeks."
+
+One biographer says six months, and still another, with anxious intent
+to prove the excellence of his man, says six years.
+
+We had better take Jefferson's word--"Patrick Henry's reply was six
+weeks." As much as to say: "What difference is it about how long I have
+studied? You are here to find out how much I know. There are men who can
+get more in six weeks than others can in six years--I may be one of
+these."
+
+The easy indifference of the fellow was sublime. But he did know a
+little law, and he also knew a deal of history. The main thing against
+him was his unkempt appearance. After some hesitation the judges gave
+the required certificate, with a little lecture on the side concerning
+the beauties of etiquette and right attire as an adjunct to excellence
+in the learned professions.
+
+Young Mr. Jefferson didn't wait to witness the examination of his
+friend--it was too painful--and besides he did not wish to be around so
+as to get any of the blame when the prayer for admission was denied.
+
+So Patrick had to find Thomas. "I've got it!" said Patrick, and smiled
+grimly as he tapped his breast-pocket where the certificate was safely
+stowed.
+
+Then he mounted his lean, dun horse and rode away, disappearing into the
+forest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As a pedagogic policy the training that Patrick Henry received would be
+rank ruin. Educational systems are designed for average intellects, but
+as if to show us the littleness of our little schemes, Destiny seems to
+give her first prizes to those who have evaded all rules and ignored
+every axiom. Rules and regulations are for average men--and so are
+average prizes.
+
+Speak it softly: There are several ways of getting an education. Patrick
+Henry got his in the woods, following winding streams or lying at night
+under the stars; by mastering horses and wild animals; by listening to
+the wrangling of lawyers at country lawsuits, and the endless talk of
+planters who sat long hours at the tavern, perfectly willing to leave
+the labors of the field to the sons of Ham.
+
+Thus, at twenty-four, Patrick Henry had first of all a physical
+constitution like watch-spring steel; he had no nerves; fatigue was
+unknown to him; he was not aware that he had a stomach. His intellectual
+endowment lay in his close intimacy with Nature--he knew her and was so
+a part of her that he never thought of her, any more than the fishes
+think of the sea. The continual dwelling on a subject proves our
+ignorance of it--we discuss only that for which we are reaching out.
+
+Then, Patrick Henry knew men--he knew the workers, the toilers, the
+young, the old, the learned and the ignorant. He had mingled with
+mankind from behind the counter, the tavern-bar, in court and school
+and in church--by the roadside, at horse-races, camp-meetings, dances
+and social gatherings. He was light of foot, ready of tongue, and with
+no thought as to respectability, and no doubts and fears regarding the
+bread-and-butter question. He had no pride, save possibly a pride in the
+fact that he had none. He played checkers, worked out mathematical
+problems in his mind to astonish the loafers, related history to
+instruct them--and get it straight in his own mind--and told them
+stories to make them laugh. It is a great misfortune to associate only
+with cultured people. "God loves the common people," said Lincoln,
+"otherwise He would not have made so many of them." Patrick Henry knew
+them; and is not this an education--to know Life?
+
+He knew he could move men; that he could mold their thoughts; that he
+could convince them and bring them over to his own way of thinking. He
+had done it by the hour. In the continual rural litigations, he had
+watched lawyers make their appeal to the jury; he had sat on these
+juries, and he knew he could do the trick better. Therefore, he wanted
+to become a lawyer.
+
+The practise of law to him was to convince, befog or divert the jury; he
+could do it, and so he applied for permission to practise law.
+
+He was successful from the first. His clownish ways pleased the judge,
+the jury and the spectators. His ready tongue and infinite good humor
+made him a favorite. There may not be much law in Justice-of-the-Peace
+proceedings, but there is a certain rude equity which possibly answers
+the purpose better. And surely it is good practise for the fledglings:
+the best way to learn law is to practise it. And the successful practise
+of the law lies almost as much in evading the law as in complying with
+it--I suppose we should say that softly, too. In support of the last
+proposition, let me say that we are dealing with P. Henry, Junior, of
+Virginia, arch-rebel, and a defier of law and precedent. Had he
+reverenced law as law, his name would have been writ in water. The
+reputation of the man hinges on the fact that he defied authority.
+
+The first great speech of Patrick Henry was a defiance of the Common Law
+of England when it got in the way of the rights of the people. Every
+immortal speech ever given has been an appeal from the law of man to the
+Higher Law.
+
+Patrick Henry was twenty-seven--the same age that Wendell Phillips was
+when he discovered himself. No one had guessed the genius of the
+man--least of all his parents. He himself did not know his power. The
+years that had gone had been fallow years--years of failure--but it was
+all a getting together of his forces for the spring. Relaxation is the
+first requisite of strength.
+
+The case was a forlorn hope, and Patrick Henry, the awkward but clever
+country pettifogger, was retained to defend the "Parsons' Cause,"
+because he had opinions in the matter and no reputation to lose.
+
+First, let it be known that Virginia had an Established Church, which
+was really the Church of England. The towns were called parishes, and
+the selectmen, or supervisors, were vestrymen. These vestrymen hired the
+rectors or preachers, and the money which paid the preachers came from
+taxes levied on the people.
+
+Now, the standard of value in Virginia was tobacco, and the vestrymen,
+instead of paying the parsons in money, agreed to pay each parson
+sixteen thousand pounds of tobacco, with curates and bishops in
+proportion.
+
+But there came a bad year; the tobacco-crop was ruined by a drought, and
+the value of the weed doubled in price.
+
+The parsons demanded their tobacco; a bargain was a bargain; when
+tobacco was plentiful and cheap they had taken their quota and said
+nothing. Now that tobacco was scarce and high, things were merely
+equalized; a contract was a contract.
+
+But the people complained. The theme was discussed in every tavern and
+store. There were not wanting infidels to say that the parsons should
+have prayed for rain, and that as they did not secure the moisture, they
+were remiss. Others asked by what right shall men who do not labor
+demand a portion of the crop from those who plant, hoe and harvest?
+
+Of course, all good Church people, all of the really loyal citizens,
+argued that the Parsons were a necessary part of the State--without them
+Society would sink into savagery--and as they did their duties, they
+should be paid by the people; they served, and all contracts made with
+them should be kept.
+
+But the mutterings of discontent continued, and to appease the people,
+the House of Burgesses passed a law providing that, instead of tobacco
+being a legal tender, all debts could be paid in money; figuring tobacco
+at the rate of two cents a pound. As tobacco was worth about three times
+this amount, it will be seen at once that this was a law made in favor
+of the debtor class. It cut the salaries of the rectors down just
+two-thirds, and struck straight at English Common Law, which provides
+for the sacredness of contract.
+
+The rectors combined and decided to make a test case. The Parsons versus
+the People--or, more properly, "The Reverend John Maury versus The
+Colony of Virginia."
+
+Both law and equity were on the side of the Parsons. Their case was
+clear; only by absolutely overriding the law of England could the people
+win. The array of legal talent on the side of the Church included the
+best lawyers in the Colony--the Randolphs and other aristocrats were
+there.
+
+And on the other side was Patrick Henry, the tall, lean, lank, sallow
+and uncouth representative of the people. Five judges were on the bench,
+one of whom was the father of Patrick Henry.
+
+The matter was opened in a logical, lucid, judicial speech by the
+Honorable Jeremiah Lyon. He stated the case without passion or
+prejudice--there was only one side to it.
+
+Then Patrick Henry arose. He began to speak; stopped, hesitated, began
+again, shuffled his feet, cleared his throat, and his father, on the
+bench, blushed for shame. The auditors thought he was going to break
+down--even the opposition pitied him.
+
+Suddenly, his tall form shot up, he stepped one step forward and stood
+like a statue of bronze: his own father did not recognize him, he had so
+changed. His features were transformed from those of a clown into those
+of command and proud intelligence. A poise so perfect came upon him that
+it was ominous. He began to speak--his sentences were crystalline,
+sharp, clear, direct. The judges leaned forward, the audience hung
+breathless upon his words.
+
+He began by showing how all wealth comes from labor applied to the land.
+He pictured the people at their work, showed the laborer in the field in
+the rains of Spring, under the blaze of the Summer sun, amid the frosts
+of Autumn--bond and free working side by side with brain and brawn, to
+wring from the earth a scanty sustenance. He showed the homes of the
+poor, the mother with babe at her breast, the girls cooking at the fire,
+others tending the garden--all the process of toil and travail, of
+patient labor and endless effort, were rapidly marshaled forth. Over
+against this, he unveiled the clergy in broadcloth and silken gowns,
+riding in carriages, seated on cushions and living a life of luxury. He
+turned and faced the opposition, and shook his bony finger at them in
+scorn and contempt. The faces of the judges grew livid; many of the
+Parsons, unable to endure his withering rebuke, sneaked away: the people
+forgot to applaud; only silence and the stinging, ringing voice of the
+speaker filled the air.
+
+He accused the Parsons of being the defiers of the law; the people had
+passed the statute; the preachers had come, asking that it be annulled.
+And then was voiced, I believe, for the first time in America, the truth
+that government exists only by the consent of the governed--that law is
+the crystallized opinion of the people--that the voice of the people is
+the voice of God--that the act of the Parsons, in seeking to over-ride
+the will of the people, was treason, and should be punished. He defied
+the Common Law of England and appealed to the Law of God--the question
+of right--the question of justice--to whom does the fruit of labor
+belong!
+
+Before the fiery, overpowering torrent of eloquence of the man, the
+reason of the judges fled. There was but one will in that assembly, and
+that will was the will of Patrick Henry.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In that first great speech of his life--probably the greatest speech
+then ever given in Virginia--Patrick Henry committed himself irrevocably
+on the subject of human rights. The theme of taxation came to him in a
+way it never had before. Men are taxed that other men may live in
+idleness. Those who pay the tax must decide whether the tax is just or
+not--anything else is robbery. We shall see how this thought took hold
+on Patrick's very life. It was the weak many against the entrenched few.
+He had said more than he had intended to say--he had expressed things
+which he never before knew that he knew. As he made truth plain to his
+auditors, he had clarified his own mind.
+
+The heavens had opened before him--he was as one transformed. That
+outward change in his appearance marked only an inward illumination
+which had come to his spirit.
+
+In great oratory the appearance of the man is always changed. Men grow
+by throes and throbs, by leaps and bounds. The idea of "Cosmic
+Consciousness"--being born again--is not without its foundation in fact:
+the soul is in process of gestation, and when the time is ripe the new
+birth occurs, and will occur again and again.
+
+Patrick Henry at once took his place among the strong men of
+Virginia--his was a personality that must be reckoned with in political
+affairs. His law practise doubled, and to keep it down he doubled his
+prices--with the usual effect. He then tried another expedient, and
+very few lawyers indeed are strong enough to do this: he would accept no
+case until the fee was paid in advance. "I keep no books--my fee is so
+much--pay this and I will undertake your case." He accepted no
+contingent cases, and if he believed his client was in the wrong, he
+told him so, and brought about a compromise. Some enemies were made
+through this frank advice, but when the fight was once on, Patrick Henry
+was a whirlwind of wrath: he saw but one side and believed in his
+client's cause as though it had been written by Deity on tables of
+stone.
+
+Long years after the death of Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson made some
+remarks about Henry's indolence, and his indisposition to write out
+things. A little more insight, or less prejudice, would have shown that
+Patrick Henry's plan was only Nature's scheme for the conservation of
+forces, and at the last was the highest wisdom.
+
+By demanding the fee in advance, the business was simplified immensely.
+It tested the good faith of the would-be litigant, cut down the number
+of clients, preserved the peace, freed the secretions, aided digestion
+and tended to sweet sleep o' nights.
+
+Litigation is a luxury that must be paid for--by the other fellow, we
+expect when we begin, but later we find we are it. If the lawyers would
+form a union and agree not to listen to any man's tale of woe until he
+placed a hundred dollars in the attorney's ginger-jar, it would be a
+benefit untold to humanity. Contingent fees and blackmail have much in
+common.
+
+A man who could speak in public like Patrick Henry was destined for a
+political career. A vacancy in the State Legislature occurring, the tide
+of events carried him in. Hardly had he taken the oath and been seated
+before the House resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole to
+consider the Stamp Act. Mutterings from New England had been heard, but
+Virginia was inclined to abide by the acts of the Mother Country,
+gaining merely such modifications as could be brought about by modest
+argument and respectful petition. And in truth let it be stated that the
+Mother Country had not shown herself blind to the rights of the
+Colonies, nor deaf to their prayers--the aristocrats of Virginia usually
+got what they wanted.
+
+The Stamp Act was up for discussion; the gavel rapped for order and the
+Speaker declared the House in session.
+
+"Mr. Speaker," rang out a high, clear voice. It was the voice of the new
+member. Inadvertently he was recognized and had the floor. There was a
+little more "senatorial courtesy" then than now in deliberative bodies,
+and one of the unwritten laws of the Virginia Legislature was that no
+member during his first session should make an extended speech or take
+an active part in the business of the House.
+
+"Sir, I present for the consideration of this House the following
+resolutions." And the new member read seven resolutions he had scrawled
+off on the fly-leaves of a convenient law-book.
+
+As he read, the older members winced and writhed. Peyton Randolph cursed
+him under his breath. This audacious youth in buckskin shirt and leather
+breeches was assuming the leadership of the House. His audacity was
+unprecedented! Here are Numbers Five, Six and Seven of the
+Resolutions--these give the meat of the matter:
+
+"Resolved, That the general assembly of this colony has the only and
+sole exclusive right and power to lay taxes and impositions upon the
+inhabitants of this colony; and that every attempt to vest such power in
+any person or persons whatsoever, other than the general assembly
+aforesaid, has a manifest tendency to destroy British as well as
+American freedom.
+
+"Resolved, That His Majesty's liege people, the inhabitants of this
+colony, are not bound to yield obedience to any law or ordinance
+whatever, designed to impose any taxation whatsoever upon them, other
+than the laws or ordinances of the general assembly aforesaid.
+
+"Resolved, That any person who shall, by speaking or writing, assert or
+maintain that any person or persons, other than the general assembly of
+this colony, have any right or power to impose or lay any taxation on
+the people here, shall be deemed an enemy to His Majesty's colony."
+
+As the uncouth member ceased to read, there went up a howl of
+disapproval. But the resolutions were launched, and according to the
+rules of the House they could be argued, and in order to be repudiated,
+must be voted upon.
+
+Patrick Henry stood almost alone. Pitted against him was the very flower
+of Virginia's age and intellect. Logic, argument, abuse, raillery and
+threat were heaped upon his head. He stood like adamant and answered
+shot for shot. It was the speech in the "Parsons' Cause" multiplied by
+ten--the theme was the same: the right to confiscate the results of
+labor. Before the debater had ceased, couriers were carrying copies of
+Patrick Henry's resolutions to New England. Every press printed
+them--the people were aroused, and the name of Patrick Henry became
+known in every cot and cabin throughout the Colonies. He was the
+mouthpiece of the plain people; what Samuel Adams stood for in New
+England, Patrick Henry hurled in voice of thunder at the heads of
+aristocrats in Virginia. He lighted the fuse of rebellion.
+
+One passage in that first encounter in the Virginia Legislature has
+become deathless. Hackneyed though it be, it can never grow old.
+Referring to the injustice of the Stamp Act, Patrick Henry reached the
+climax of his speech in these words: "Cæsar had his Brutus; Charles the
+First, his Cromwell; and George the Third--"
+
+"Treason!" shouted the Speaker, and the gavel splintered the desk.
+
+"Treason! Treason!" came in roars from all over the House.
+
+Patrick Henry paused, proud and defiant, waiting for the tumult to
+subside--"And George the Third may profit by their example. If this be
+treason, make the most of it!" And he took his seat.
+
+The resolutions were put to a vote and carried. Again Patrick Henry had
+won.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By a singular coincidence, on the same day that Patrick Henry, of his
+own accord, introduced those resolutions at Williamsburg, a mass meeting
+was held in Boston to consider the same theme, and similar resolutions
+were passed. There was this difference, however: Patrick Henry flung his
+reasons into the teeth of an entrenched opposition and fought the fight
+single-handed, while in Boston the resolutions were read and passed by
+an assembly that had met for no other purpose.
+
+Patrick Henry's triumph was heralded throughout New England and gave
+strength and courage to those of feeble knees. From a Colonial he sprang
+into national fame, and his own words, "I am not a Virginian--I am an
+American!" went ringing through New England hills.
+
+Meantime, Patrick Henry went back to his farm and law-office. His wife
+rejoiced in his success, laughed with him at his mishaps and was always
+the helpful, uncomplaining comrade, and as he himself expressed it, "My
+best friend." And when he would get back home from one of his trips, the
+neighbors would gather to hear from his own lips about what he had done
+and said. He was still the unaffected countryman, seemingly careless,
+happy and indolent. It was on the occasion of one of these family
+gatherings that a contemporary saw him and wrote: "In mock complaint he
+exclaimed, 'How can I play the fiddle with two babies on each knee and
+three on my back!'"
+
+So the years went by in work, play and gradually widening fame. Patrick
+Henry grew with his work--the years gave him dignity--gradually the
+thought of his heart 'graved its lines upon his face. The mouth became
+firm and the entire look of the man was that of earnest resolution. Fate
+was pushing him on. What once was only whispered, he had voiced in
+trumpet tones; the thought of liberty was being openly expressed even in
+pulpits.
+
+He had been returned to the Legislature, was a member of the Continental
+Congress, and rode horseback side by side with Washington and Pendleton
+to Philadelphia, as told at length in Washington's diary.
+
+In his utterances he was a little less fiery, but in his heart,
+everybody who knew him at all realized that there dwelt the thought of
+liberty for the Colonies. John Adams wrote to Abigail that Patrick Henry
+looked like a Quaker preacher turned Presbyterian.
+
+A year later came what has been rightly called the third great speech of
+Henry's life, the speech at the Revolutionary Convention at Richmond.
+Good people often expect to hear oratory at a banquet, a lyceum lecture,
+or in a Sunday sermon; but oratory is neither lecture, talk, harangue,
+declamation nor preaching. Of course we say that the great speech is the
+one that has been given many times, but the fact is, the great speech is
+never given but once.
+
+The time is ripe--the hour arrives--mighty issues tremble in the
+balances. The auditors are not there to be amused nor instructed--they
+have not stopped at the box-office and paid good money to have their
+senses alternately lulled and titillated. No! The question is that of
+liberty or bondage, life or death--passion is in the saddle--hate and
+prejudice are sweeping events into a maelstrom--and now is the time for
+oratory! Such occasions are as rare as the birth of stars. A man stands
+before you--it is no time for fine phrasing--no time for pose or
+platitude. Self-consciousness is swallowed up in purpose. He is as calm
+as the waters above the Rapids of Niagara, as composed as a lioness
+before she makes her spring. Intensity measures itself in perfect poise.
+And Patrick Henry arises to speak. Those who love the man pray for him
+in breathless silence, and the many who hate him in their hearts curse
+him. Pale faces grow paler, throats swallow hard, hands clutch at
+nothing, and open and shut in nervous spasms. It is the hour of fate.
+
+Patrick Henry speaks:
+
+     Mr. President: It is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of
+     hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and
+     listen to the song of the siren until she transforms us into
+     beasts. Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and
+     arduous struggle for liberty? Are we disposed to be of the number
+     of those who having eyes see not, and having ears hear not the
+     things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation? For my
+     part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know
+     the whole truth; to know the worst and to provide for it.
+
+     I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided; and that is the
+     lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but
+     by the past. And judging by the past, I wish to know what there has
+     been in the conduct of the British Ministry for the last ten years,
+     to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to
+     solace themselves and this House? Is it that insidious smile with
+     which our petition has been lately received? Trust it not, it will
+     prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed
+     with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our
+     petition comports with those war-like preparations which cover our
+     waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a
+     work of love and reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so
+     unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back
+     our love? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the
+     implements of war and subjugation--the last arguments to which
+     kings resort. I say, gentlemen, what means this martial array, if
+     its purpose be not to force us to submission? Can you assign any
+     other possible motive for it? Has Britain any enemy in this quarter
+     of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and
+     armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us; they can be
+     meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us
+     those chains which the British Ministry have been so long forging.
+     And what have we to oppose to them? Shall we try argument? Sir, we
+     have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything new
+     to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in
+     every light of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain.
+     Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication? What terms
+     shall we find which have not been already exhausted? Let us not, I
+     beseech you, deceive ourselves longer.
+
+     Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm
+     which is now coming on. We have petitioned, we have remonstrated,
+     we have supplicated, we have prostrated ourselves before the
+     throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the
+     tyrannical hands of the Ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have
+     been slighted; remonstrances have produced additional violence and
+     insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and we have been
+     spurned with contempt from the foot of the throne. In vain, after
+     these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and
+     reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to
+     be free, if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable
+     privileges for which we have been so long contending, if we mean
+     not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so
+     long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon
+     until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained--we must
+     fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms and to
+     the God of Hosts is all that is left us!
+
+     They tell us, sir, that we are weak--unable to cope with so
+     formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be
+     the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally
+     disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every
+     house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall
+     we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on
+     our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope until our
+     enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak, if
+     we make a proper use of those means which the God of Nature hath
+     placed in our power. Three millions of people, armed in the holy
+     cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess,
+     are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us.
+     Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just
+     God who presides over the destinies of nations; and who will raise
+     up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to
+     the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave.
+     Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire
+     it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no
+     retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged; their
+     clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is
+     inevitable--and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come!
+
+     It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry,
+     Peace, peace; but there is no peace. The war is actually begun. The
+     next gale that sweeps from the North will bring to our ears the
+     clash of resounding arms. Our brethren are already in the field.
+     Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would
+     they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased
+     at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know
+     not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or
+     give me death!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Life is a gradual death. There are animals and insects that die on the
+instant of the culmination of the act for which they were created.
+Success is death, and death, if you have bargained wisely with Fate, is
+victory.
+
+Patrick Henry, with his panther's strength and nerves of steel, had
+thrown his life into a Cause--that Cause had won, and now the lassitude
+of dissolution crept into his veins. We hear of hair growing white in a
+single day, and we know that men may round out a life-work in an hour.
+Oratory, like all of God's greatest gifts, is bought with a price. The
+abandon of the orator is the spending of his divine heritage for a
+purpose.
+
+Patrick Henry had given himself. Even in his law business he was the
+conscientious servant, and having undertaken a cause, he put his soul
+into it. Shame upon those who call this man indolent! He often did in a
+day--between the rising of the sun and its setting--what others spread
+out thin over a lifetime and then fail to accomplish.
+
+And now virtue had gone out from him. Four times had Virginia elected
+him Governor; he had served his State well, and on the fifth nomination
+he had declined. When Washington wished to make him his Secretary of
+State, he smiled and shook his head, and to the entreaty that he be
+Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, he said that there were others who
+could fill the place better, but he knew of no one who could manage his
+farm.
+
+And so he again became the country lawyer, looked after his plantation,
+attended to the education of his children, told stories to the neighbors
+who came and sat on the veranda--now and again went to rustic parties,
+played the violin, and the voice that had cried, "Give me liberty or
+give me death," called off for the merry dancers as in the days of old.
+
+In Seventeen Hundred Ninety-nine, at the personal request of Washington,
+who needed, or thought he needed, a strong advocate at the Capitol,
+Patrick Henry ran for the Legislature. He was elected, but before the
+day arrived when he was to take his seat, he sickened and died,
+surrounded by his stricken family. Those who knew him, loved him--those
+who did not love him, did not know him.
+
+And a Nation mourned his taking off.
+
+
+
+
+STARR KING
+
+
+     The chief difference between a wise man and an ignorant one is, not
+     that the first is acquainted with regions invisible to the second,
+     away from common sight and interest, but that he understands the
+     common things which the second only sees.
+
+                                                 --_Sight and Insight_
+
+[Illustration: STARR KING]
+
+
+If you had chanced to live in Boston in the early Nineties, alert for
+all good things in a mental and spiritual way, you would have made the
+Sundays sacred to Minot Savage, Phillips Brooks and Edward Everett Hale.
+
+Emerson says that if you know a clergyman's sect and behold his livery,
+in spite of all his show of approaching the subject without prejudice,
+you know beforehand exactly to what conclusions he will come. This is
+what robs most sermons of their interest. Preaching, like humor, must
+have in it the element of surprise. I remember with what a thrill of
+delight I would sit and watch Minot Savage unwind his logic and then
+gently weave it into a fabric. The man was not afraid to follow a reason
+to its lair. He had a way of saying the thing for the first time--it
+came as a personal message, contradicting, possibly, all that had been
+said before on the subject, oblivious of precedent.
+
+I once saw a man with a line around his waist leap from a stranded ship
+into the sea, and strike out boldly for the shore. The thrill of
+admiration for the act was unforgetable.
+
+The joy of beholding a strong and valiant thinker plunge into a theme is
+an event. Will he make the shore, or shall he go down to defeat before
+these thousands of spectators?
+
+When Minot Savage ceased to speak, you knew he had won--he had brought
+the line safely to shore and made all secure.
+
+Or, if you have heard Rabbi Hirsch or Felix Adler, you know the feeling.
+These men make a demand upon you--you play out the line for them, and
+when all is secure, there is a relief which shows you have been under an
+intense strain. To paraphrase Browning, they offer no substitute, to an
+idle man, for a cushioned chair and cigar.
+
+Phillips Brooks made small demand upon his auditors. If I heard Minot
+Savage in the morning and got wound up tight, as I always did, I went to
+Vespers at Trinity Church for rest.
+
+The soft, sweet playing of the organ, the subdued lights, the far-away
+voices of the choir, and finally the earnest words of the speaker,
+worked a psychic spell. The sermon began nowhere and ended nowhere--the
+speaker was a great, gentle personality, with a heart of love for
+everybody and everything. We have heard of the old lady who would go
+miles to hear her pastor pronounce the word Mesopotamia, but he put no
+more soul into it than did Phillips Brooks. The service was all a sort
+of lullaby for tired souls--healing and helpful.
+
+But as after every indulgence there comes a minor strain of
+dissatisfaction following the awakening, so it was here--it was
+beautiful while it lasted. Then eight o'clock would come and I would be
+at Edward Everett Hale's. This sturdy old man, with his towering form,
+rugged face and echoing bass voice, would open up the stops and give his
+blessed "Mesopotamia" like a trumpet call. He never worked the soft
+pedal. His first words always made me think of "Boots and Saddles!" Be a
+man--do something! Why stand ye here all the day idle!
+
+And there was love and entreaty, too, but it never lulled you into
+forgetfulness. There was intellect, but it did not ask you to follow it.
+The dear old man did not wind in and out among the sinuosities of
+thought--no, he was right out on the broad prairie, under the open sky,
+sounding "Boots and Saddles!"
+
+In Doctor Hale's church is a most beautiful memorial window to Thomas
+Starr King, who was at one time the pastor of this church. I remember
+Doctor Hale once rose and pointing to that window, said: "That window is
+in memory of a man! But how vain a window, how absurd a monument if the
+man had not left his impress upon the hearts of humanity! That beautiful
+window only mirrors our memories of the individual."
+
+And then Doctor Hale talked, just talked for an hour about Starr King.
+
+Doctor Hale has given that same talk or sermon every year for thirty
+years: I have heard it three times, but never exactly twice alike. I
+have tried to get a printed copy of the address, but have so far
+failed. Yet this is sure: you can not hear Doctor Hale tell of Starr
+King without a feeling that King was a most royal specimen of humanity,
+and a wish down deep in your heart that you, too, might reflect some of
+the sterling virtues that he possessed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Starr King died in California in Eighteen Hundred Sixty-four. In Golden
+Gate Park, San Francisco, is his statue in bronze. In the First
+Unitarian Church of San Francisco is a tablet to his memory; in the
+Unitarian Church at Oakland are many loving tokens to his personality;
+and in the State House at Sacramento is his portrait and an engrossed
+copy of resolutions passed by the Legislature at the time of his death,
+wherein he is referred to as "the man whose matchless oratory saved
+California to the Union."
+
+"Who was Starr King?" I once asked Doctor Charles H. Leonard of Tufts
+College. And the saintly old man lifted his eyes as if in prayer of
+thankfulness and answered: "Starr King! Starr King! He was the gentlest
+and strongest, the most gifted soul I ever knew--I bless God that I
+lived just to know Starr King!"
+
+Not long after this I asked the same question of Doctor C. A. Bartol
+that I had asked Doctor Leonard, and the reply was: "He was a man who
+proved the possible--in point of temper and talent, the most virile
+personality that New England has produced. We call Webster our greatest
+orator, but this man surpassed Webster: he had a smile that was a
+benediction; a voice that was a caress. We admired Webster, but Starr
+King we loved: one convinced our reason, the other captured our hearts."
+
+The Oriental custom of presenting a thing to the friend who admires it
+symbols a very great truth. If you love a thing well enough, you make it
+yours.
+
+Culture is a matter of desire; knowledge is to be had for the asking;
+and education is yours if you want it. All men should have a college
+education in order that they may know its worthlessness. George William
+Curtis was a very prince of gentlemen, and as an orator he won by his
+manner and by his gentle voice fully as much as by the orderly
+procession of his thoughts.
+
+"Oh, what is it in me that makes me tremble so at voices! Whoever speaks
+to me in the right voice, him or her will I follow," says Walt Whitman.
+
+If you have ever loved a woman and you care to go back to May-time and
+try to analyze the why and the wherefore, you probably will not be able
+to locate the why and the wherefore, but this negative truth you will
+discover: you were not won by logic. Of course you admired the woman's
+intellect--it sort of matched your own, and in loving her you
+complimented yourself, for thus by love and admiration do we prove our
+kinship with the thing loved.
+
+But intellect alone is too cold to fuse the heart. Something else is
+required, and for lack of a better word we call it "personality." This
+glowing, winning personality that inspires confidence and trust is a
+bouquet of virtues, the chief flower of which is Right Intent--honesty
+may be a bit old-fashioned, but do not try to leave it out.
+
+George William Curtis and Starr King had a frank, wide-open, genuine
+quality that disarmed prejudice right at the start. And both were big
+enough so that they never bemoaned the fact that Fate had sent them to
+the University of Hard Knocks instead of matriculating them at Harvard.
+
+I once heard George William Curtis speak at Saint James Hall, Buffalo,
+on Civil-Service Reform--a most appalling subject with which to hold a
+"popular audience." He was introduced by the Honorable Sherman S.
+Rogers, a man who was known for ten miles up the creek as the greatest
+orator in Erie County. After the speech of introduction, Curtis stepped
+to the front, laid on the reading-desk a bundle of manuscript, turned
+one page, and began to talk. He talked for two hours, and never once
+again referred to his manuscript--we thought he had forgotten it. He
+himself tells somewhere of Edward Everett doing the same. It is fine to
+have a thing and still show that you do not need it. The style of Curtis
+was in such marked contrast to the bluegrass article represented by
+Rogers that it seemed a rebuke. One was florid, declamatory, strong,
+full of reasons: the other was keyed low--it was so melodious, so gently
+persuasive, that we were thrown off our guard and didn't know we had
+imbibed rank heresy until we were told so the next day by a man who was
+not there. As the speaker closed, an old lady seated near me sighed
+softly, adjusted her Paisley shawl and said, "That was the finest
+address I ever heard, except one given in this very hall in Eighteen
+Hundred Fifty-nine by Starr King."
+
+And I said, "Well, a speech that you can remember for twenty-five years
+must have been a good one!"
+
+"It wasn't the address so much as the man," answered this mother in
+Israel, and she heaved another small sigh.
+
+And therein did the good old lady drop a confession. I doubt me much
+whether any woman will remember any speech for a week--she just
+remembers the man.
+
+And this applies pretty nearly as much to men, too. Is there sex in
+spirit? Hardly! Thoreau says the character of Jesus was essentially
+feminine. Herbert Spencer avers, "The high intuitive quality which we
+call genius is largely feminine in character." "Starr King was the child
+of his mother, and his best qualities were feminine," said the Reverend
+E. H. Chapin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When Starr King's father died the boy was fifteen. There were five
+younger children and Starr was made man of the house by Destiny's
+acclaim. Responsibility ripens. This slim, slender youth became a man in
+a day.
+
+The father had been the pastor of the Charlestown Universalist Church. I
+suppose it is hardly necessary to take a page and prove that this
+clergyman in an unpopular church did not leave a large fortune to his
+family. In truth, he left a legacy of debts. Starr King, the boy of
+fifteen, left school and became clerk in a drygoods-store. The mother
+cared for her household and took in sewing.
+
+Joshua Bates, master of the Winthrop School, describes Starr King as he
+was when the father's death cut off his schooldays: "Slight of build,
+golden-haired, active, agile, with a homely face which everybody thought
+was handsome on account of the beaming eyes, the winning smile and the
+earnest desire of always wanting to do what was best and right."
+
+This kind of boy gets along all right anywhere--God is on his side. The
+hours in the drygoods-store were long, and on Saturday nights it was
+nearly midnight before Starr would reach home. But there was a light in
+the window for him, even if whale-oil was scarce, and the mother was at
+her sewing. Together they ate their midnight lunch, and counted the
+earnings of the week.
+
+And the surprise of both that they were getting a living and paying off
+the debts sort of cleared the atmosphere of its gloom.
+
+In Burke's "Essay on the Sublime," he speaks of the quiet joy that comes
+through calamity when we discover that the calamity has not really
+touched us. The death of a father who leaves a penniless widow and a
+hungry brood comes at first as a shock--the heavens are darkened and
+hope has fled.
+
+I know a man who was in a railroad wreck--the sleeping-car in which he
+rode left the track and rolled down an embankment. There was a black
+interval of horror, and then this man found himself, clad in his
+underclothes, standing on the upturned car, looking up at the Pleiades
+and this thought in his mind, "What beauty and peace are in these winter
+heavens!" The calamity had come--he was absolutely untouched--he was
+locating the constellations and surprised and happy in his ability to
+enjoy them.
+
+Starr King and his mother sipped their midnight tea and grew jolly over
+the thought of their comfortable home; they were clothed and fed, the
+children well and sleeping soundly in baby abandon upstairs, the debts
+were being paid. They laughed, did this mother and son, really laughed
+aloud, when only a month before they had thought that only gloom and
+misery could ever again be theirs.
+
+They laughed!
+
+And soon the young man's salary was increased--people liked to trade
+with him--customers came and asked that he might wait on them. He sold
+more goods than anyone else in his department, and yet he never talked
+things on to people. He was alert, affable, kindly, and anticipated the
+wishes and wants of his customers without being subservient, fawning or
+domineering.
+
+This kind of helper is needed everywhere--the one who gives a willing
+hand, who puts soul into his service, who brings a glow of good-cheer
+into all his relations with men.
+
+The doing things with a hearty enthusiasm is often what makes the doer a
+marked person and his deeds effective. The most ordinary service is
+dignified when it is performed in that spirit. Every employer wants
+those who work for him to put heart and mind into the toil. He soon
+picks out those whose souls are in their service, and gives them
+evidence of his appreciation. They do not need constant watching. He can
+trust them in his absence, and so the places of honor and profit
+naturally gravitate to them.
+
+The years went by, and one fine day Starr King was twenty years of age.
+All of the debts were paid, the children were going to school, and
+mother and son faced the world from the vantage-ground of success. Starr
+had quit the drygoods trade and gone to teaching school on less salary,
+so as to get more leisure for study.
+
+Incidentally he kept books at the Navy Yard.
+
+About this time Theodore Parker wrote to a friend in Maiden: "I can not
+come to preach for you as I would like, but with your permission I will
+send Thomas Starr King. This young man is not a regularly ordained
+preacher, but he has the grace of God in his heart, and the gift of
+tongues. He is a rare, sweet spirit, and I know that after you have met
+him you will thank me for sending him to you."
+
+Then soon we hear of Starr King's being invited to Medford to give a
+Fourth of July oration, and also of his speaking in the Universalist
+churches at Cambridge, Waltham, Watertown, Hingham and Salem--sent to
+these places by Doctor E. H. Chapin, pastor of the Charlestown
+Universalist Church, and successor to the Reverend Thomas F. King,
+father of Starr King.
+
+Starr seems to have served as a sort of assistant to Chapin, and thereby
+revealed his talent and won the heart of the great man. Edwin Hubbell
+Chapin was only ten years older than Starr King, and at that time had
+not really discovered himself, but in discovering another he found
+himself. Twenty years later Beecher and Chapin were to rival each other
+for first place as America's greatest pulpit orator. These men were
+always fast friends, yet when they met at convention or conference folks
+came for miles to see the fire fly. "Where are you going?" once asked
+Beecher of Chapin when they met by chance on Broadway. "Where am I
+going?" repeated Chapin. "Why, if you are right in what you preach, you
+know where I am going." But only a few years were to pass before Chapin
+said in public in Beecher's presence, "I am jealous of Mr. Beecher--he
+preaches a better Universalist sermon than I can." Chapin made his mark
+upon the time: his sermons read as though they were written yesterday,
+and carry with them a deal of the swing and onward sweep that are
+usually lost when the orator attempts to write. But if Chapin had done
+nothing else but discover Starr King, the drygoods-clerk, rescue him
+from the clutch of commerce and back him on the orator's platform, he
+deserves the gratitude of generations. And all this I say as a
+businessman who fully recognizes that commerce is just as honorable and
+a deal more necessary than oratory. But there were other men to sell
+thread and calico, and God had special work for Thomas Starr King.
+
+Chapin was a graduate of Bennington Seminary, the school that also
+graduated the father of Robert Ingersoll. On Chapin's request Theodore
+Parker, himself a Harvard man, sent Starr King over to Cambridge to
+preach. Boston was a college town--filled with college traditions, and
+when one thinks of sending out this untaught stripling to address
+college men, we can not but admire the temerity of both Chapin and
+Parker. "He has never attended a Divinity School," writes Chapin to
+Deacon Obadiah B. Queer of Quincy, "but he is educated just the same. He
+speaks Greek, Hebrew, French, German, and fairly good English, as you
+will see. He knows natural history and he knows humanity; and if one
+knows man and Nature, he comes pretty close to knowing God."
+
+Where did this drygoods-clerk get his education? Ah, I'll tell you--he
+got his education as the lion's whelp gets his. The lioness does not
+send her cub away to a lioness that has no cubs in order that he may be
+taught. The lion nature gets what it needs with its mother's milk and by
+doing.
+
+Schools and colleges are cumbrous makeshifts, often forcing truth on
+pupils out of season, and thus making lessons grievous. "The soul knows
+all things," says Emerson, "and knowledge is only a remembering." "When
+the time is ripe, men know," wrote Hegel. At the last we can not teach
+anything--nothing is imparted. We can not make the plants and flowers
+grow--all we can do is to supply the conditions, and God does the rest.
+In education we can only supply the conditions for growth--we can not
+impart, nor force the germs to unfold.
+
+Starr King's mother was his teacher. Together they read good books, and
+discussed great themes. She read for him and he studied for her. She did
+not treat him as a child--things that interested her she told to him.
+The sunshine of her soul was reflected upon his, and thus did he grow. I
+know a woman whose children will be learned, even though they never
+enter a schoolroom. This woman is a companion to her children and her
+mind vitalizes theirs. This does not mean that we should at once do away
+with schools and colleges, but it does reveal the possible. To read and
+then discuss with a strong and sympathetic intellect what you read is to
+make the thought your own--it is a form of exercise that brings growth.
+
+Starr King's mother was not a wonderful nor a famous person--I find no
+mention of her in Society's Doings of the day--nothing of her dress or
+equipage. If she was "superbly gowned," we do not know it; if she was
+ever one of the "unbonneted," history is silent. All we know is, that
+together they read Bulfinch's "Mythology," Grote's "History of Greece,"
+Plutarch, Dante and Shakespeare. We know that she placed a light in the
+window for him to make his home-coming cheerful, that together they
+sipped their midnight tea, that together they laughed, and sometimes
+wept--but not for long.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Eighteen Hundred Forty-six Chapin was thirty-two years old. Starr
+King was twenty-two. A call had reached Chapin to come up higher; but he
+refused to leave the old church at Charlestown unless Starr King was to
+succeed him. To place a young man in the position of pastor where he has
+sat in the pews, his feet not reaching the floor, is most trying. Starr
+King knew every individual man, woman and child in the church, and they
+had known him since babyhood. In appearance he was but a boy, and the
+dignity that is supposed to send conviction home was entirely wanting.
+
+But Chapin had his way and the boy was duly ordained and installed as
+pastor of the First Universalist Church of Charlestown.
+
+The new pastor fully expected his congregation to give him "absent
+treatment," but instead, the audience grew--folks even came over from
+Boston to hear the boy-preacher. His sermons were carefully written, and
+dealt in the simple, every-day lessons of life. To Starr King this world
+is paradise enow; it's the best place of which we know, and the way for
+man to help himself is to try and make it a better place. There is a
+flavor of Theodore Parker in those early sermons, a trace of Thoreau and
+much tincture of Emerson--and all this was to the credit of the
+boy-preacher. His woman's mind absorbed things.
+
+About that time Boston was in very fact the intellectual hub of
+America. Emerson was forty-three, his "Nature" had been published
+anonymously, and although it took eight years to sell this edition of
+five hundred copies, the author was in demand as a lecturer, and in some
+places society conceded him respectable. Wendell Phillips was addressing
+audiences that alternately applauded and jeered. Thoreau had discovered
+the Merrimac and explored Walden Woods; little Doctor Holmes was
+peregrinating in his One-Hoss Shay, vouchsafing the confidences of his
+boarding-house; Lowell was beginning to violate the rules of rhetoric;
+Whittier was making his plea for the runaway slave; and throughout New
+England the Lecture Lyceum was feeling its way.
+
+A lecture course was then no vaudeville--five concerts and two lectures
+to take off the curse--not that! The speakers supplied strong meat for
+men. The stars in the lyceum sky were Emerson, Chapin, Beecher, Holmes,
+Bartol, Phillips, Ballou, Everett and Lowell. These men made the New
+England Lyceum a vast pulpit of free speech and advanced thought. And to
+a degree the Lyceum made these men what they were. They influenced the
+times and were influenced by the times. They were in competition with
+each other. A pace had been set, a record made, and the audiences that
+gathered expected much. An audience gets just what it deserves and no
+more. If you have listened to a poor speech, blame yourself.
+
+In the life of George Francis Train, he tells that in Eighteen Hundred
+Forty Emerson spoke in Waltham for five dollars and four quarts of oats
+for his horse--now he received twenty-five dollars. Chapin got the same,
+and when the Committee could not afford this, he referred them to Starr
+King, who would lecture for five dollars and supply his own horse-feed.
+
+Two years went by and calls came for Starr King to come up higher.
+Worcester would double his salary if he would take a year's course at
+the Harvard Divinity School. Starr showed the letter to Chapin, and both
+laughed. Worcester was satisfied with Starr King as he was, but what
+would Springfield say if they called a man who had no theological
+training? And then it was that Chapin said, "Divinity is not taught in
+the Harvard Divinity School," which sounds like a paraphrase of Ernest
+Renan's, "You will find God anywhere but in a theological seminary."
+
+King declined the call to Worcester, but harkened to one from the Hollis
+Street Church of Boston. He went over from Universalism to Unitarianism
+and still remained a Universalist--and this created quite a dust among
+the theologs. Little men love their denomination with a jealous
+love--truth is secondary--they see microscopic difference where big men
+behold only unity.
+
+It was about this time that Starr King pronounced this classic: "The
+difference between Universalism and Unitarianism is that Universalists
+believe that God is too good to damn them; and the Unitarians believe
+that they are too good to be damned."
+
+At the Hollis Street Church this stripling of twenty-four now found
+himself being compared with the foremost preachers of America. And the
+man grew with his work, rising to the level of events. It was at the
+grave of Oliver Wendell Holmes that Edward Everett Hale said, "The five
+men who have influenced the literary and intellectual thought of America
+most, believed in their own divinity no less than in the divinity of
+Jesus of Nazareth."
+
+The destiny of the liberal church is not to become strong and powerful,
+but to make all other denominations more liberal. When Chapin accused
+Beecher of preaching Universalist sermons, it was a home thrust, because
+Beecher would never have preached such sermons had not Murray, Ballou,
+Theodore Parker, Chapin and Starr King done so first--and Beecher
+supplied the goods called for.
+
+Starr King's voice was deep, melodious and far-reaching, and it was not
+an acquired "bishop's voice"--it was his own. The biggest basso I ever
+heard was just five feet high and weighed one hundred twenty in his
+stockings; Brignoli, the tenor, weighed two hundred forty. Avoirdupois
+as a rule lessens the volume of the voice and heightens the
+register--you can't have both adipose and chest tone. Webster and Starr
+King had voices very much alike, and Webster, by the way, wasn't the big
+man physically that the school readers proclaim. It was his gigantic
+head and the royal way he carried himself that made the Liverpool
+stevedores say, "There goes the King of America."
+
+There was no pomposity about Starr King. Doctor Bartol has said that
+when King lectured in a new town his homely, boyish face always caused a
+small spasm of disappointment or merriment to sweep over the audience.
+But when he spoke he was a transformed being, and his deep, mellow voice
+would hush the most inveterate whisperers.
+
+For eleven years Starr King remained pastor of the Hollis Street Church.
+During the last years of his pastorate he was much in demand as a
+lecturer, and his voice was heard in all the principal cities as far
+west as Chicago.
+
+His lecture, "Substance and Show," deserves to rank with Wendell
+Phillips' "The Lost Arts." In truth it is very much like Phillips'
+lecture. In "The Lost Arts" Phillips tells in easy conversational way of
+the wonderful things that once existed; and Starr King relates in the
+same manner the story of some of the wonderful things that are right
+here and all around us. It reveals the mind of the man, his manner and
+thought, as well as any of his productions. The great speech is an
+evolution, and this lecture, given many times in the Eastern States
+under various titles, did not touch really high-water mark until King
+reached California and had cut loose from manuscript and tradition. An
+extract seems in order:
+
+     Most persons, doubtless, if you place before them a paving-stone
+     and a slip of paper with some writing on it, would not hesitate to
+     say that there is as much more substance in the rock than in the
+     paper as there is heaviness. Yet they might make a great mistake.
+     Suppose that the slip of paper contains the sentence, "God is
+     love"; or, "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself"; or, "All men
+     have moral rights by reason of heavenly parentage," then the paper
+     represents more force and substance than the stone. Heaven and
+     earth may pass away, but such words can never die out or become
+     less real.
+
+     The word "substance" means that which stands under and supports
+     anything else. Whatever then creates, upholds, classifies anything
+     which our senses behold, though we can not handle, see, taste or
+     smell it, is more substantial than the object itself. In this way
+     the soul which vivifies, moves and supports the body is a more
+     potent substance than the hard bones and heavy flesh which it
+     vitalizes. A ten-pound weight falling on your head affects you
+     unpleasantly as substance, much more so than a leaf of the New
+     Testament, if dropped in the same direction; but there is a way in
+     which a page of the New Testament may fall upon a nation and split
+     it, or infuse itself into its bulk and give it strength and
+     permanence. We should be careful, therefore, what test we adopt in
+     order to decide the relative stability of things.
+
+     There is a very general tendency to deny that ideal forces have any
+     practical power. But there have been several thinkers whose
+     skepticism has an opposite direction. "We can not," they say,
+     "attribute external reality to the sensations we feel." We need
+     not wonder that this theory has failed to convince the
+     unmetaphysical common-sense of people that a stone post is merely a
+     stubborn thought, and that the bite of a dog is nothing but an
+     acquaintance with a pugnacious, four-footed conception. When a man
+     falls downstairs it is not easy to convince him that his thought
+     simply tumbles along an inclined series of perceptions and comes to
+     a conclusion that breaks his head; least of all, can you induce a
+     man to believe that the scolding of his wife is nothing but the
+     buzzing of his own waspish thoughts, and her too free use of his
+     purse only the loss of some golden fancies from his memory. We are
+     all safe against such idealism as Bishop Berkeley reasoned out so
+     logically. Byron's refutation of it is neat and witty:
+
+          "When Bishop Berkeley says there is no matter,
+           It is no matter what Bishop Berkeley says."
+
+     And yet, by more satisfactory evidence than that which the
+     idealists propose, we are warned against confounding the conception
+     of substance with matter, and confining it to things we can see and
+     grasp. Science steps in and shows us that the physical system of
+     things leans on spirit. We talk of the world of matter, but there
+     is no such world. Everything about us is a mixture or marriage of
+     matter and spirit. A world of matter--there would be no motion, no
+     force, no form, no order, no beauty, in the universe as it now is;
+     organization meets us at every step and wherever we look;
+     organization implies spirit--something that rules, disposes,
+     penetrates and vivifies matter.
+
+     See what a sermon astronomy preaches as to the substantial power of
+     invisible things. If the visible universe is so stupendous, what
+     shall we think of the unseen force and vitality in whose arms all
+     its splendors rest? It is no gigantic Atlas, as the Greeks fancied,
+     that upholds the celestial sphere; all the constellations are kept
+     from falling by an impalpable energy that uses no muscles and no
+     masonry. The ancient mathematician, Archimedes, once said, "Give me
+     a foot of ground outside the globe to stand upon, and I will make a
+     lever that will lift the world." The invisible lever of
+     gravitation, however, without any fulcrum or purchase, does lift
+     the globe, and makes it waltz, too, with its blonde lunar partner,
+     twelve hundred miles a minute to the music of the sun--ay, and
+     heaves sun and systems and Milky Way in majestic cotillions on its
+     ethereal floor.
+
+     You grasp an iron ball, and call it hard; it is not the iron that
+     is hard, but cohesive force that packs the particles of metal into
+     intense sociability. Let the force abate, and the same metal
+     becomes like mush; let it disappear, and the ball is a heap of
+     powder which your breath scatters in the air. If the cohesive
+     energy in Nature should get tired and unclench its grasp of matter,
+     our earth would instantly become "a great slump"; so that which we
+     tread on is not material substance, but matter braced up by a
+     spiritual substance, for which it serves as the form and show.
+
+     All the peculiarities of rock and glass, diamond, ice and crystal
+     are due to the working of unseen military forces that employ
+     themselves under ground--in caverns, beneath rivers, in mountain
+     crypts, and through the coldest nights, drilling companies of
+     atoms into crystalline battalions and squares, and every caprice of
+     a fantastic order.
+
+     When we turn to the vegetable kingdom, is not the revelation still
+     more wonderful? The forms which we see grow out of substances and
+     are supported by forces which we do not see. The stuff out of which
+     all vegetable appearances are made is reducible to oxygen,
+     hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen. How does it happen that this common
+     stock is worked up in such different ways? Why is a lily woven out
+     of it in one place and a dahlia in another, a grapevine here, and a
+     honeysuckle there--the orange in Italy, the palm in Egypt, the
+     olive in Greece and the pine in Maine? Simply because a subtile
+     force of a peculiar kind is at work wherever any vegetable
+     structure adorns the ground, and takes to itself its favorite robe.
+     We have outgrown the charming fancy of the Greeks that every tree
+     has its Dryad that lives in it, animates it, and dies when the tree
+     withers. But we ought, for the truth's sake, to believe that a
+     life-spirit inhabits every flower and shrub, and protects it
+     against the prowling forces of destruction. Look at a full-sized
+     oak, the rooted Leviathan of the fields. Judging by your senses and
+     by the scales, you would say that the substance of the noble tree
+     was its bulk of bark and bough and branch and leaves and sap, the
+     cords of woody and moist matter that compose it and make it heavy.
+     But really its substance is that which makes it an oak, that which
+     weaves its bark and glues it to the stem, and wraps its rings of
+     fresh wood around the trunk every year, and pushes out its boughs
+     and clothes its twigs with breathing leaves and sucks up nutriment
+     from the soil continually, and makes the roots clench the ground
+     with their fibrous fingers as a purchase against the storm, and at
+     last holds aloft its tons of matter against the constant tug and
+     wrath of gravitation, and swings its Briarean arms in triumph, in
+     defiance of the gale. Were it not for this energetic essence that
+     crouches in the acorn and stretches its limbs every year, there
+     would be no oak; the matter that clothes it would enjoy its stupid
+     slumber; and when the forest monarch stands up in his sinewy,
+     lordliest pride, let the pervading life-power, and its vassal
+     forces that weigh nothing at all, be annihilated, and the whole
+     structure would wither in a second to inorganic dust. So every
+     gigantic fact in Nature is the index and vesture of a gigantic
+     force. Everything which we call organization that spots the
+     landscape of Nature is a revelation of secret force that has been
+     wedded to matter, and if the spiritual powers that have thus
+     domesticated themselves around us should be canceled, the whole
+     planet would be a huge Desert of Sahara--a bleak sand-ball, without
+     shrub, grass-blade or moss.
+
+     As we rise in the scale of forces towards greater subtility, the
+     forces become more important and efficient. Water is more
+     intimately concerned with life than rock, air higher in the rank of
+     service than water, electric and magnetic agencies more powerful
+     than air; and light, the most delicate, is the supreme magician of
+     all. Just think how much expenditure of mechanical strength is
+     necessary to water a city in the hot summer months. What pumping
+     and tugging and wearisome trudging of horses with the great
+     sprinklers over the tedious pavement! But see by what beautiful
+     and noiseless force Nature waters the world! The sun looks steadily
+     on the ocean, and its beams lift lakes of water into the air,
+     tossing it up thousands of feet with their delicate fingers, and
+     carefully picking every grain of salt from it before they let it
+     go. No granite reservoirs are needed to hold in the Cochituates and
+     Crotons of the atmosphere, but the soft outlines of the clouds hem
+     in the vast weight of the upper tides that are to cool the globe,
+     and the winds harness themselves as steeds to the silken caldrons
+     and hurry them along through space, while they disburse their
+     rivers of moisture from their great height so lightly that seldom a
+     violet is crushed by the rudeness with which the stream descends.
+
+     Our conceptions of strength and endurance are so associated with
+     visible implements and mechanical arrangements that it is hard to
+     divorce them, and yet the stream of electric fire that splits an
+     ash is not a ponderable thing, and the way in which the lodestone
+     reaches the ten-pound weight and makes it jump is not perceptible.
+     You would think the man had pretty good molars that should gnaw a
+     spike like a stick of candy, but a bottle of innocent-looking
+     hydrogen-gas will chew up a piece of bar-iron as though it were
+     some favorite Cavendish.
+
+     The prominent lesson of science to men, therefore, is faith in the
+     intangible and invisible. Shall we talk of matter as the great
+     reality of the world, the prominent substance? It is nothing but
+     the battleground of terrific forces. Every particle of matter, the
+     chemists tell us, is strained up to its last degree of endurance.
+     The glistening bead of dew from which the daisy gently nurses its
+     strength, and which a sunbeam may dissipate, is the globular
+     compromise of antagonistic powers that would shake this building in
+     their unchained rage. And so every atom of matter is the slave of
+     imperious masters that never let it alone. It is nursed and
+     caressed, next bandied about, and soon cuffed and kicked by its
+     invisible overseers. Poor atoms! No abolition societies will ever
+     free them from their bondage, no colonization movement waft them to
+     any physical Liberia. For every particle of matter is bound by
+     eternal fealty to some spiritual lords, to be pinched by one and
+     squeezed by another and torn asunder by a third; now to be painted
+     by this and now blistered by that; now tormented with heat and soon
+     chilled with cold; hurried from the Arctic Circle to sweat at the
+     Equator, and then sent on an errand to the Southern Pole; forced
+     through transmigrations of fish, fowl and flesh; and, if in some
+     corner of creation the poor thing finds leisure to die, searched
+     out and whipped to life again and kept in its constant round.
+
+     Thus the stuff that we weigh, handle and tread upon is only the
+     show of invisible substances, the facts over which subtle and
+     mighty forces rule.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Starr King was that kind of plant which needs to be repotted in order to
+make it flower at its very best. Events kept tugging to loosen his
+tendrils from his early environments. People who live on Boston Bay like
+to remain there. We have all heard of the good woman who died and went
+to Heaven, and after a short sojourn there was asked how she liked it,
+and she sighed and said, "Ah, yes, it is very beautiful, but it isn't
+East Somerville!"
+
+Had Starr King consented to remain in Boston he might have held his
+charge against the ravages of time, secreted a curate, taken on a
+becoming buffer of adipose, and glided off by imperceptible degrees on
+to the Superannuated List.
+
+But early in that historic month of April, Eighteen Hundred Sixty-one,
+he set sail for California, having accepted a call from the First
+Unitarian Church of San Francisco. This was his first trip to the
+Pacific Coast, but New England people had preceded him, and not being
+able to return, they wanted Boston to come to them. The journey was made
+by the way of Panama, without any special event. The pilot who met the
+ship outside of Golden Gate bore them the first news that Sumter had
+been fired upon, and the bombardment was at the time when the ship that
+bore Starr King was only a few miles from South Carolina's coast.
+
+With prophetic vision Starr King saw the struggle that was to come, and
+the words of Webster, uttered many years before, rushed to his lips:
+
+"When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in
+heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments
+of a once glorious Union; on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent;
+on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal
+blood! Let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the
+gorgeous ensign of the republic now known and honored throughout the
+earth, still full high advanced, its arms and trophies streaming in
+their original luster, not a stripe erased nor polluted, nor a single
+star obscured, bearing for its motto no such miserable interrogatory as
+'What is all this worth?' nor those other words of delusion and folly,
+'Liberty first and Union afterwards'; but everywhere, spread over all in
+characters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds, as they
+float over the sea and over the land, and in every wind under the whole
+heavens, that other sentiment, dear to every true American
+heart--Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"
+
+The landing was made on Saturday, and the following day Starr King spoke
+for the first time in California. An hour before the service was to
+begin, the church was wedged tight. The preacher had much difficulty in
+making his way through the dense mass of humanity to reach the pulpit.
+"Is that the man?" went up the smothered exclamation, as Starr King
+reached the platform and faced his audience. His slight, slender figure
+and boyish face were plainly a disappointment, but this was not to last.
+The preacher had prepared a sermon--such a sermon as he had given many
+times to well-dressed, orderly and cultured Boston.
+
+And if this California audience was surprised, the speaker also was no
+less. The men to women were as seven to one. He saw before him a sea of
+bronzed and bearded faces, earnest, attentive and hungry for truth.
+There were occasional marks of dissipation and the riot of the senses,
+softened by excess into penitence--whipped out and homesick. Here were
+miners in red-flannel shirts, sailors, soldiers in uniform and soldiers
+of fortune. The preacher looked at the motley mass in a vain attempt to
+pick out his old friends from New England. The genteel, slightly blasé
+quality of culture that leans back in its cushioned pew and courteously
+waits to be instructed, was not there. These people did not lean back:
+they leaned forward, and with parted lips they listened for every word.
+There was no choir, and when "an old familiar hymn" was lined off by a
+volunteer who knew his business, that great audience arose and sang as
+though it would shake the rafters of heaven.
+
+Those who go down to the sea in ships, sing; shepherds who tend their
+flocks by night, sing; men in the forest or those who follow the
+trackless plains, sing. Congregational singing is most popular among
+those who live far apart--to get together and sing is a solace.
+Loneliness, separation and heart-hunger all drive men into song.
+
+These men, many of them far from home, lifted up their voices, and the
+sounds surged through that church and echoed, surged again and caught
+even the preacher in their winding waves. He started in to give one
+sermon and gave another. The audience, the time, the place, acted upon
+him.
+
+Oratory is essentially a pioneer product, a rustic article. Great
+sermons and great speeches are given only to people who have come from
+afar.
+
+Starr King forgot his manuscript and pulpit manners. His deep voice
+throbbed and pulsed with emotion, and the tensity of the times was upon
+him. Without once referring directly to Sumter, his address was a call
+to arms.
+
+He spoke for an hour, and when he sat down he knew that he had won. The
+next Sunday the place was again packed, and then followed urgent
+invitations that he should speak during the week in a larger hall.
+
+California was trembling in the balances, and orators were not wanting
+to give out the arguments of Calhoun. They showed that the right of
+secession was plainly provided for in the Constitution. Lincoln's call
+for troops was coldly received, and from several San Francisco pulpits
+orthodox clergymen were expressing deep regret that the President was
+plunging the country into civil war.
+
+The heart of Starr King burned with shame--to him there was but one side
+to this question--the Union must be preserved.
+
+One man who had known King in Massachusetts wrote back home saying: "You
+would not know Starr King--he is not the orderly man of genteel culture
+you once had in Boston. He is a torrent of eloquence, so heartfelt, so
+convincing, so powerful, that when he speaks on Sunday afternoon out on
+the sand-hills, he excites the multitude into a whirlwind of applause,
+with a basso undertone of dissent, which, however, seems to grow
+gradually less."
+
+Loyalty to the Union was to him the one vital issue. His fight was not
+with individuals--he made no personal issues. And in several joint
+debates his courteous treatment of his adversary won converts for his
+cause. He took pains to say that personally he had only friendship and
+pity for the individuals who upheld secession and slavery--"The man in
+the wrong needs friends as never before, since he has ceased to be his
+own. Do we blame a blind man whom we see rushing towards a precipice?"
+
+From that first Sunday he preached in San Francisco, his life was an
+ovation wherever he went. Wherever he was advertised to speak,
+multitudes were there to hang upon his words. He spoke in all the
+principal towns of California; and often on the plains, in the
+mountains, or by the seashore, men would gather from hundreds of miles
+to hear him.
+
+He gave himself, and before he had been in California a year, the State
+was safe for the Union, and men and treasure were being sent to
+Lincoln's aid. The fame of Starr King reached the President, and he
+found time to write several letters to the orator, thanking him for what
+he had done. It was in one of these letters that Lincoln wrote, "The
+only sermons I have ever been able to read and enjoy are those of John
+Murray"--a statement which some have attempted to smile away as showing
+the Rail-Splitter's astute diplomacy.
+
+Starr King gave his life to the Cause. He as much died for the Union as
+though he had fallen stricken by flying lead upon the field. And he knew
+what he was doing, but in answer to his warning friends he said, "I have
+only one life to live and now is my time to spend it."
+
+For three years, lacking two months, he spoke and preached several times
+every week. All he made and all he was he freely gave.
+
+For that frail frame this life of intensity had but one end.
+
+The Emancipation Proclamation had been issued, but Lee's surrender was
+yet to be.
+
+"May I live to see unity and peace for my country," was the constant
+prayer of the devoted preacher.
+
+Starr King died March Fourth, Eighteen Hundred Sixty-four, aged forty
+years. The closing words of his lecture on Socrates might well be
+applied to himself: "Down the river of Life, by its Athenian banks, he
+had floated upon his raft of reason serene, in cloudy as in smiling
+weather. And now the night is rushing down, and he has reached the mouth
+of the stream, and the great ocean is before him, dim-heaving in the
+dusk. But he betrays no fear. There is land ahead, he thought; eternal
+continents there are, that rise in constant light beyond the gloom. He
+trusted still in the raft his soul had built, and with a brave farewell
+to the true friends who stood by him on the shore, he put out into the
+darkness, a moral Columbus, trusting in his haven on the faith of an
+idea."
+
+
+
+
+HENRY WARD BEECHER
+
+
+     You know how the heart is subject to freshets; you know how the
+     mother, always loving her child, yet seeing in it some new wile of
+     affection, will catch it up and cover it with kisses and break
+     forth in a rapture of loving. Such a kind of heart-glow fell from
+     the Savior upon that young man who said to him, "Good Master, what
+     good thing shall I do that I may inherit eternal life?" It is said,
+     "Then Jesus, beholding him, loved him."
+
+                                                 --_Henry Ward Beecher_
+
+
+[Illustration: HENRY WARD BEECHER]
+
+
+The influence of Henry Ward Beecher upon his time was marked. And now
+the stream of his life is lost amid the ocean of our being. As a single
+drop of aniline in a barrel of water will tint the whole mass, so has
+the entire American mind been colored through the existence of this one
+glowing personality. He placed a new interpretation on religion, and we
+are different people because he lived.
+
+He was not constructive, not administrative--he wrote much, but as
+literature his work has small claim on immortality. He was an orator,
+and the business of the orator is to inspire other men to think and act
+for themselves.
+
+Orators live but in memory. Their destiny is to be the sweet, elusive
+fragrance of oblivion--the thyme and mignonette of things that were.
+
+The limitations in the all-around man are by-products which are used by
+destiny in the making of orators. The welling emotions, the vivid
+imagination, the forgetfulness of self, the abandon to feeling--all
+these things in Wall Street are spurious coin. No prudent man was ever
+an orator--no cautious man ever made a multitude change its mind, when
+it had vowed it would not.
+
+Oratory is indiscretion set to music.
+
+The great orator is great on account of his weaknesses as well as on
+account of his strength. So why should we expect the orator to be the
+impeccable man of perfect parts?
+
+These essays attempt to give the man--they are neither a vindication nor
+an apology.
+
+Edmund Gosse has recently said something so wise and to the point on the
+subject of biography that I can not resist the temptation to quote him:
+
+     If the reader will but bear with me so far as to endure the thesis
+     that the first theoretical object of the biographer should be
+     indiscretion, not discretion, I will concede almost everything
+     practical to delicacy. But this must be granted to me: that the aim
+     of all portraiture ought to be the emphasizing of what makes the
+     man different from, not like, other men. The widow almost always
+     desires that her deceased hero should be represented as exactly
+     like all other respectable men, only a little grander, a little
+     more glorified. She hates, as only a bad biographer can hate, the
+     telling of the truth with respect to those faults and foibles which
+     made the light and shade of his character. This, it appears, was
+     the primitive view of biography. The mass of medieval memorials was
+     of the "expanded-tract" order: it was mainly composed of lives of
+     the saints, tractates in which the possible and the impossible were
+     mingled in inextricable disorder, but where every word was intended
+     directly for edification. Here the biographer was a moralist whose
+     hold upon exact truth of statement was very loose indeed, but who
+     was determined that every word he wrote should strengthen his
+     readers in the faith. Nor is this generation of biographers dead
+     today. Half the lives of the great and good men, which are
+     published in England and America, are expanded tracts. Let the
+     biographer be tactful, but do not let him be cowardly; let him
+     cultivate delicacy, but avoid its ridiculous parody, prudery.
+
+And I also quote this from James Anthony Froude:
+
+     The usual custom in biography is to begin with the brightest side
+     and to leave the faults to be discovered afterwards. It is
+     dishonest and it does not answer. Of all literary sins, Carlyle
+     himself detested most a false biography. Faults frankly
+     acknowledged are frankly forgiven. Faults concealed work always
+     like poison. Burns' offenses were made no secret of. They are now
+     forgotten, and Burns stands without a shadow on him, the idol of
+     his countrymen.
+
+     Byron's diary was destroyed, and he remains and will remain with a
+     stain of suspicion about him, which revives and will revive, and
+     will never be wholly obliterated. "The truth shall make you free"
+     in biography as in everything else. Falsehood and concealment are a
+     great man's worst enemy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Henry Ward Beecher was born at Litchfield, Connecticut, June
+Twenty-third, Eighteen Hundred Thirteen. He was the eighth child of
+Lyman and Roxana Foote Beecher. Like Lincoln and various other great
+men, Beecher had two mothers: the one who gave him birth, and the one
+who cared for him as he grew up. Beecher used to take with him on his
+travels an old daguerreotype of his real mother, and in the cover of the
+case, beneath the glass, was a lock of her hair--fair in color, and
+bright as if touched by the kiss of the summer sun. Often he would take
+this picture out and apostrophize it, just as he would the uncut gems
+that he always carried in his pockets. "My first mother," he used to
+call her; and to him she stood as a sort of deity. "My first mother
+stands to me for love; my second mother for discipline; my father for
+justice," he once said to Halliday.
+
+I am not sure that Beecher had a well-defined idea of either discipline
+or justice, but love to him was a very vivid and personal reality. He
+knew what it meant--infinite forgiveness, a lifelong, yearning
+tenderness, a Something that suffereth long and is kind. This he
+preached for fifty years, and he preached little else. Lyman Beecher
+proclaimed the justice of God; Henry Ward Beecher told of His love.
+Lyman Beecher was a logician, but Henry Ward was a lover. There is a
+task on hand for the man who attempts to prove that Nature is kind, or
+that God is love. Perhaps man himself, with all his imperfections, gives
+us the best example of love that the universe has to offer. In preaching
+the love of God, Henry Ward Beecher revealed his own; for oratory, like
+literature, is only a confession.
+
+"My first mother is always pleading for me--she reaches out her arms to
+me--her delicate, long, tapering fingers stroke my hair--I hear her
+voice, gentle and low!" Do you say this is the language of o'erwrought
+emotion? I say to you it is simply the language of love. This mother,
+dead and turned to dust, who passed out when the boy was scarce three
+years old, stood to him for the ideal. Love, anyway, is a matter of the
+imagination, and he who can not imagine can not love, and love is from
+within. The lover clothes the beloved in the garments of his fancy, and
+woe to him if he ever loses the power to imagine.
+
+Have you not often noticed how the man or woman whose mother died before
+a time that the child could recall, and whose memory clusters around a
+faded picture and a lock of hair--how this person is thrice blessed in
+that the ideal is always a shelter when the real palls? Love is a refuge
+and a defense. The Law of Compensation is kind: Lincoln lived, until the
+day of his death, bathed in the love of Nancy Hanks, that mother, worn,
+yellow and sad, who gave him birth, and yet whom he had never known. No
+child ever really lost its mother--nothing is ever lost. Men are really
+only grown-up children, and the longing to be mothered is not effaced by
+the passing years. The type is well shown in the life of Meissonier,
+whose mother died in his childhood, but she was near him to the last. In
+his journal he wrote this: "It is the morning of my seventieth birthday.
+What a long time to look back upon! This morning, at the hour my mother
+gave me birth, I wished my first thoughts to be of her. Dear Mother, how
+often have the tears risen at the remembrance of you! It was your
+absence--my longing for you--that made you so dear to me. The love of my
+heart goes out to you! Do you hear me, Mother, crying and calling for
+you? How sweet it must be to have a mother!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One might suppose that a childless woman suddenly presented by Fate with
+an exacting husband and a brood of nine would soon be a candidate for
+nervous prostration; Sarah Porter Beecher, however, rose to the level of
+events, and looked after her household with diligence and a
+conscientious heart. Little Henry Ward was four years old and wore a
+red-flannel dress, outgrown by one of the girls. He was chubby, with a
+full-moon face and yellow curls, which were so much trouble to take care
+of that they were soon cut off, after he had set the example of cutting
+off two himself. He talked as though his mouth were full of hot mush. If
+sent to a neighbor's on an errand, he usually forgot what he was sent
+for, or else explained matters in such a way that he brought back the
+wrong thing. His mother meant to be kind; her patience was splendid; and
+one's heart goes out to her in sympathy when we think of her faithful
+efforts to teach the lesser catechism to this baby savage who much
+preferred to make mud-pies.
+
+Little Henry Ward had a third mother who did him much gentle benefit,
+and that was his sister Harriet, two years his senior. These little
+child-mothers who take care of the younger members of the family deserve
+special seats in Paradise. Harriet taught little Henry Ward to talk
+plainly, to add four and four, and to look solemn when he did not feel
+so--and thus escape the strap behind the kitchen-door. His bringing-up
+was of the uncaressing, let-alone kind.
+
+Lyman Beecher was a deal better than his religion; for his religion,
+like that of most people, was an inheritance, not an evolution. Piety
+settled down upon the household like a pall every Saturday at sundown;
+and the lessons taught were largely from the Old Testament.
+
+These big, bustling, strenuous households are pretty good life-drill for
+the members. The children are taught self-reliance, to do without each
+other, to do for others, and the older members educate the younger ones.
+It is a great thing to leave children alone. Henry Ward Beecher has
+intimated in various places in his books how the whole Beecher brood
+loved their father, yet as precaution against misunderstanding they made
+the sudden sneak and the quick side-step whenever they saw him coming.
+
+Village life with a fair degree of prosperity, but not too much, is an
+education in itself. The knowledge gained is not always classic, nor
+even polite, but it is all a part of the great, seething game of life.
+Henry Ward Beecher was not an educated man in the usual sense of the
+word. At school he carved his desk, made faces at the girls, and kept
+the place in a turmoil generally: doing the wrong thing, just like many
+another bumpkin. At home he carried in the wood, picked up chips, worked
+in the garden in Summer, and shoveled out the walks in Winter. He knew
+when the dishwater was worth saving to mix up with meal for the
+chickens, and when it should be put on the asparagus-bed or the
+rosebushes. He could make a lye-leach, knew that it was lucky to set
+hens on thirteen eggs, realized that hens' eggs hatched in three weeks,
+and ducks' in four. He knew when the berries ripened, where the crows
+nested, and could find the bee-trees by watching the flight of the bees
+after they had gotten their fill on the basswood-blossoms. He knew all
+the birds that sang in the branches--could tell what birds migrated and
+what not--was acquainted with the flowers and weeds and fungi--knew
+where the rabbits burrowed--could pick the milkweed that would cure
+warts, and tell the points of the compass by examining the bark of the
+trees. He was on familiar terms with all the ragamuffins in the village,
+and regarded the man who kept the livery-stable as the wisest person in
+New England, and the stage-driver as the wittiest.
+
+Lyman Beecher was a graduate of Yale, and Henry Ward would have been,
+had he been able to pass the preparatory examinations. But he couldn't,
+and finally he was bundled off to Amherst, very much as we now send boys
+to a business college when they get plucked at the high school. But it
+matters little--give the boys time--some of them ripen slowly, and
+others there be who know more at sixteen than they will ever know again,
+like street gamins with the wit of debauchees, rareripes at ten, and
+rotten at the core. "Delay adolescence," wrote Doctor Charcot to an
+anxious mother; "delay adolescence, and you bank energy until it is
+needed. If your boy is stupid at fourteen, thank God! Dulness is a
+fulcrum and your son is getting ready to put a lever under the world."
+
+At Amherst, Henry Ward stood well at the foot of his class. He read
+everything except what was in the curriculum, and never allowed his
+studies to interfere with his college course. He reveled in the debating
+societies, and was always ready to thrash out any subject in wordy
+warfare against all comers. His temper was splendid, his good-nature
+sublime. If an opponent got the best of him he enjoyed it as much as the
+audience--he could wait his turn. The man who can laugh at himself, and
+who is not anxious to have the last word, is right in the suburbs of
+greatness.
+
+However, the Beechers all had a deal of positivism in their characters.
+Thomas K. Beecher of Elmira, in Eighteen Hundred Fifty-six, declared he
+would not shave until John C. Fremont was elected President. It is
+needless to add that he wore whiskers the rest of his life.
+
+When Henry Ward was nineteen his father received a call to become
+President of Lane Theological Seminary at Cincinnati, and Henry Ward
+accompanied him as assistant. The stalwart old father had now come to
+recognize the worth of his son, and for the first time parental
+authority was waived and they were companions. They were very much
+alike--exuberant health, energy plus, faith and hope to spare. And
+Henry Ward now saw that there was a gentle, tender and yearning side to
+his father's nature, into which the world caught only glimpses. Lyman
+Beecher was not free--he was bound by a hagiograph riveted upon his
+soul; and so to a degree his whole nature was cramped and tortured in
+his struggles between the "natural man" and the "spiritual." The son was
+taught by antithesis, and inwardly vowed he would be free. The one word
+that looms large in the life of Beecher is Liberty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Henry Ward Beecher died aged seventy-four, having preached since he was
+twenty-three. During that time he was pastor of three churches--two
+years at Lawrenceburg, Indiana, six years at Indianapolis, and
+forty-three years in Brooklyn. It was in Eighteen Hundred Thirty-seven
+that he became pastor of the Congregational Church at Lawrenceburg. This
+town was then a rival of Cincinnati. It had six churches--several more
+than were absolutely needed. The Baptists were strong, the Presbyterians
+were strenuous, the Episcopalians were exclusive, while the
+Congregationalists were at ebb-tide through the rascality of a preacher
+who had recently decamped and thrown a blanket of disgrace over the
+whole denomination for ten miles up the creek. Thus were things when
+Henry Ward Beecher assumed his first charge. The membership of the
+church was made up of nineteen women and one man. The new pastor was
+sexton as well as preacher--he swept out, rang the bell, lighted the
+candles and locked up after service.
+
+Beecher remained in Lawrenceburg two years. The membership had increased
+to one hundred six men and seventy women. I suppose it will not be
+denied as an actual fact that women bolster the steeples so that they
+stay on the churches. From the time women held the rope and let Saint
+Paul down in safety from the wall in a basket, women have maintained the
+faith. But Beecher was a man's preacher from first to last. He was a
+bold, manly man, making his appeal to men.
+
+Two years at Lawrenceburg and he moved to Indianapolis, the capital of
+the State, his reputation having been carried thither by the member from
+Posey County, who incautiously boasted that his "deestrick" had the most
+powerful preacher of any town on the Ohio River.
+
+At Indianapolis, Beecher was a success at once. He entered into the
+affairs of the people with an ease and a good nature that won the hearts
+of this semi-pioneer population. His "Lectures to Young Men," delivered
+Sunday evenings to packed houses, still have a sale. This bringing
+religion down from the lofty heights of theology and making it a matter
+of every-day life was eminently Beecheresque. And the reason it was a
+success was because it fitted the needs of the people. Beecher expressed
+what the people were thinking. Mankind clings to the creed; we will not
+burn our bridges--we want the religion of our mothers, yet we crave the
+simple common-sense we can comprehend as well as the superstition we
+can't. Beecher's task was to rationalize orthodoxy so as to make it
+palatable to thinking minds. "I can't ride two horses at one time," once
+said Robert Ingersoll to Beecher, "but possibly I'll be able to yet, for
+tomorrow I am going to hear you preach." Then it was that Beecher
+offered to write Ingersoll's epitaph, which he proceeded to do by
+scribbling two words on the back of an envelope, thus: "Robert Burns."
+
+But these men understood and had a thorough respect for each other. Once
+at a mass-meeting at Cooper Union, Beecher introduced Ingersoll as the
+"first, foremost and most gifted of all living orators."
+
+And Ingersoll, not to be outdone, referred in his speech to Beecher as
+the "one orthodox clergyman in the world who has eliminated hell from
+his creed and put the devil out of church, and still stands in his
+pulpit."
+
+Six years at Indianapolis put Beecher in command of his armament. And
+Brooklyn, seeking a man of power, called him thither. His first sermon
+in Plymouth Church outlined his course; and the principles then laid
+down he was to preach for fifty years: the love of God; the life of
+Christ, not as a sacrifice, but as an example--our Elder Brother; and
+Liberty--liberty to think, to express, to act, to become.
+
+It would have been worth going miles to see this man as he appeared at
+Plymouth Church those first years of his ministry. Such a specimen of
+mental, spiritual and physical manhood Nature produces only once in a
+century. Imagine a man of thirty-five, when manhood has not yet left
+youth behind, height five feet ten, weight one hundred eighty, a body
+like that of a Greek god, and a mind poised, sure, serene, with a fund
+of good nature that could not be overdrawn; a face cleanly shaven; a
+wealth of blond hair falling to his broad shoulders; eyes of infinite
+blue--eyes like the eyes of Christ when He gazed upon the penitent
+thief on the cross, or eyes that flash fire, changing their color with
+the mood of the man--a radiant, happy man, the cheeriest, sunniest
+nature that ever dwelt in human body, with a sympathy that went out to
+everybody and everything--children, animals, the old, the feeble, the
+fallen--a man too big to be jealous, too noble to quibble, a man so
+manly that he would accept guilt rather than impute it to another. If he
+had been possessed of less love he would have been a stronger man. The
+generous nature lies open and unprotected--through its guilelessness it
+allows concrete rascality to come close enough to strike it. "One reason
+why Beecher had so many enemies was because he bestowed so many
+benefits," said Rufus Choate.
+
+Talmage did not discover himself until he was forty-six; Beecher was
+Beecher at thirty-five. He was as great then as he ever was--it was too
+much to ask that he should evolve into something more--Nature has to
+distribute her gifts. Had Beecher grown after his thirty-fifth year, as
+he grew from twenty-five to thirty-five, he would have been a Colossus
+that would have disturbed the equilibrium of the thinking world, and
+created revolution instead of evolution. The opposition toward great men
+is right and natural--it is a part of Nature's plan to hold the balance
+true, "lest ye become as gods!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I traveled with Major James B. Pond one lecture season, and during that
+time heard only two themes discussed, John Brown and Henry Ward Beecher.
+These were his gods. Pond fought with John Brown in Kansas, shoulder to
+shoulder, and it was only through an accident that he was not with Brown
+at Harpers Ferry, in which case his soul would have gone marching on
+with that of Old John Brown. From Eighteen Hundred Sixty to Eighteen
+Hundred Sixty-six Pond belonged to the army, and was stationed in
+Western Missouri, where there was no commissariat, where they took no
+prisoners, and where men like Jesse James lived, who never knew the war
+was over. Pond had so many notches cut on the butt of his pistol that he
+had ceased to count them.
+
+He was big, brusk, quibbling, insulting, dictatorial, painstaking,
+considerate and kind. He was the most exasperating and lovable man I
+ever knew. He left a trail of enemies wherever he traveled, and the
+irony of fate is shown in that he was allowed to die peacefully in his
+bed.
+
+I cut my relationship with him because I did not care to be pained by
+seeing his form dangling from the crossbeam of a telegraph-pole. When I
+lectured at Washington a policeman appeared at the box-office and
+demanded the amusement-license fee of five dollars. "Your authority?"
+roared Pond. And the policeman not being able to explain, Pond kicked
+him down the stairway, and kept his club as a souvenir. We got out on
+the midnight train before warrants could be served.
+
+He would often push me into the first carriage when we arrived at a
+town, and sometimes the driver would say, "This is a private carriage,"
+or, "This rig is engaged," and Pond would reply, "What's that to
+me?--drive us to the hotel--you evidently don't know whom you are
+talking to!" And so imperious was his manner that his orders were
+usually obeyed. Arriving at the hotel, he would hand out double fare. It
+was his rule to pay too much or too little. Yet as a manager he was
+perfection--he knew the trains to a minute, and always knew, too, what
+to do if we missed the first train, or if the train was late. At the
+hall he saw that every detail was provided for. If the place was too
+hot, or too cold, somebody got thoroughly damned. If the ventilation was
+bad, and he could not get the windows open, he would break them out. If
+you questioned his balance-sheet he would the next day flash up an
+expense-account that looked like a plumber's bill and give you fifty
+cents as your share of the spoils. At hotels he always got a room with
+two beds, if possible. I was his prisoner--he was despotically kind--he
+regulated my hours of sleep, my meals, my exercise. He would throw
+intruding visitors downstairs as average men shoo chickens or scare
+cats. He was a bundle of profanity and unrest until after the lecture.
+Then we would go to our room, and he would talk like a windmill. He
+would crawl into his bed and I into mine, and then he would continue
+telling Beecher stories half the night, comparing me with Beecher to my
+great disadvantage. A dozen times I have heard him tell how Beecher
+would say, "Pond, never consult me about plans or explain details--if
+you do, our friendship ceases." Beecher was glad to leave every detail
+of travel to Pond, and Pond delighted in assuming sole charge. Beecher
+never audited an account--he just took what Pond gave him and said
+nothing. In this Beecher was very wise--he managed Pond and Pond never
+knew it. Pond had a pride in paying Beecher as much as possible, and
+found gratification in giving the money to Beecher instead of keeping
+it. He was immensely proud of his charge and grew to have an idolatrous
+regard for Beecher. Pond's brusk ways amused Beecher, and the Osawatomie
+experience made him a sort of hero in Beecher's eyes.
+
+Beecher took Pond at his true value, regarded his wrath as a child's
+tantrum, and let him do most of the talking as well as the business. And
+Beecher's great welling heart touched a side of Pond's nature that few
+knew existed at all--a side that he masked with harshness; for, in spite
+of his perversity, Pond had his virtues--he was simple as a child, and
+so ingenuous that deception with him was impossible. He could not tell a
+lie so you would not know it.
+
+He served Beecher with a doglike loyalty, and an honesty beyond
+suspicion. They were associated fourteen years, traveled together over
+three hundred thousand miles, and Pond paid to Beecher two hundred forty
+thousand dollars.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Beecher and Tilton became acquainted about the year Eighteen Hundred
+Sixty. Beecher was at that time forty-seven years old; Tilton was
+twenty-five. The influence of the older man over the younger was very
+marked. Tilton became one of the most zealous workers in Plymouth
+Church: he attended every service, took part in the Wednesday evening
+prayer-meeting, helped take up the collection, and was a constant
+recruiting force. Tilton was a reporter, and later an editorial writer
+on different New York and Brooklyn dailies. Beecher's Sunday sermon
+supplied Tilton the cue for his next day's leader. And be it said to his
+honor, he usually gave due credit, and in various ways helped the cause
+of Plymouth Church by booming the reputation of its pastor.
+
+Tilton was possessed of a deal of intellectual nervous force. His mind
+was receptive, active, versatile. His all-round newspaper experience had
+given him an education, and he could express himself acceptably on any
+theme. He wrote children's stories, threw off poetry in idle hours,
+penned essays, skimmed the surface of philosophy, and dived occasionally
+into theology. But his theology and his philosophy were strictly the
+goods put out by Beecher, distilled through the Tilton cosmos. He
+occasionally made addresses at social gatherings, and evolved into an
+orator whose reputation extended to Staten Island.
+
+Beecher's big, boyish heart went out to this bright and intelligent
+young man--they were much in each other's company. People said they
+looked alike; although one was tall and slender and the other was
+inclined to be stout. Beecher wore his hair long, and now Tilton wore
+his long, too. Beecher affected a wide-brimmed slouch-hat; Tilton wore
+one of similar style, with brim a trifle wider. Beecher wore a large,
+blue cloak; Tilton wrapped himself 'round with a cloak one shade more
+ultramarine than Beecher's.
+
+Tilton's wife was very much like Tilton--both were intellectual,
+nervous, artistic. They were so much alike that they give us a hint of
+what a hell this world would be if all mankind were made in one mold.
+But there was this difference between them: Mrs. Tilton was proud, while
+Tilton was vain. They were only civil toward each other because they had
+vowed they would be. They did not throw crockery, because to do so would
+have been bad form.
+
+Beecher was a great joker--hilarious, laughing, and both witty and
+humorous. I was going to say he was wise, but that isn't the word.
+Tilton lacked wit--he never bubbled except as a matter of duty. Both Mr.
+and Mrs. Tilton greatly enjoyed the society of Beecher, for, besides
+being a great intellectual force, his presence was an antiseptic 'gainst
+jaundice and introspection. And Beecher loved them both, because they
+loved him, and because he loved everybody. They supplied him a foil for
+his wit, a receptacle for his overflow of spirit, a flint on which to
+strike his steel. Mrs. Tilton admired Beecher a little more than her
+husband did--she was a woman. Tilton was glad that his wife liked
+Beecher--it brought Beecher to his house; and if Beecher admired
+Tilton's wife--why, was not this a proof that Tilton and Beecher were
+alike? I guess so! Mrs. Tilton was musical, artistic, keen of brain,
+emotional, with all a fine-fibered woman's longings, hopes and ideals.
+
+So matters went drifting on the tide, and the years went by, as the
+years will.
+
+Mrs. Tilton became a semi-invalid, the kind that doctors now treat with
+hypophosphites, beef-iron-and-wine, cod-liver oil, and massage by the
+right attendant. They call it congenital anemia--a scarcity of the red
+corpuscle.
+
+Some doctors there be who do not yet know that the emotions control the
+secretions, and a perfect circulation is a matter of mind. Anyway, what
+can the poor Galenite do in a case like this--his pills are powerless,
+his potions inane! Tilton knew that his wife loved Beecher, and he also
+fully realized that in this she was only carrying out a little of the
+doctrine of freedom that he taught, and that he claimed for himself. For
+a time Tilton was beautifully magnanimous. Occasionally Mrs. Tilton had
+spells of complete prostration, when she thought she was going to die.
+At such times her husband would send for Beecher to come and administer
+extreme unction.
+
+Instead of dying, the woman would get well.
+
+After one such attack, Tilton taunted his wife with her quick recovery.
+It was a taunt that pulled tight on the corners of his mouth; it was
+lacking in playfulness. Beecher was present at the bedside of the
+propped-up invalid. They turned on Tilton, did these two, and flayed him
+with their agile wit and ready tongues. Tilton protested they were
+wrong--he was not jealous--the idea!
+
+But that afternoon he had his hair cut, and he discarded the slouch-hat
+for one with a stiff brim.
+
+It took six months for his hair to grow to a length sufficient to
+indicate genius.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Beecher's great heart was wrung and stung by the tangle of events in
+which he finally found himself plunged. That his love for Mrs. Tilton
+was great there is no doubt, and for the wife with whom he had lived for
+over a score of years he had a profound pity and regard. She had not
+grown with him. Had she remained in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, and married a
+well-to-do grocer, all for her would have been well. Beecher belonged to
+the world, and this his wife never knew: she thought she owned him. To
+interest her and to make her shine before the world, certain literary
+productions were put out with her name as author, on request of Robert
+Bonner, but all this was a pathetic attempt by her husband to conceal
+the truth of her mediocrity. She spied upon him, watched his mail,
+turned his pockets, and did all the things no wife should do, lest
+perchance she be punished by finding her suspicions true. Wives and
+husbands must live by faith. The wife who is miserable until she makes
+her husband "confess all" is never happy afterwards. Beecher could not
+pour out his soul to his wife--he had to watch her mood and dole out to
+her the platitudes she could digest--never with her did he reach
+abandon. But the wife strove to do her duty--she was a good housekeeper,
+economical and industrious, and her very virtues proved a source of
+exasperation to her husband--he could not hate her.
+
+It was Mrs. Beecher herself who first discovered the relationship
+existing between her husband and Mrs. Tilton. She accused her husband,
+and he made no denial--he offered her her liberty. But this she did not
+want. Beecher promised to break with Mrs. Tilton. They parted--parted
+forever in sweet sorrow.
+
+And the next week they met again.
+
+The greater the man before the public, the more he outpours himself, the
+more his need for mothering in the quiet of his home. All things are
+equalized, and with the strength of the sublime, spiritual nature goes
+the weakness of a child. Beecher was an undeveloped boy to the day of
+his death.
+
+Beecher at one time had a great desire to stand square before the world.
+Major Pond, on Beecher's request, went to Mrs. Beecher and begged her to
+sue for a divorce. At the same time Tilton was asked to secure a divorce
+from his wife. When all parties were free, Beecher would marry Mrs.
+Tilton and face the world an honest man--nothing to hide--right out
+under the clear, blue sky, blown upon by the free winds of heaven!
+
+This was his heart's desire.
+
+But all negotiations failed. Mrs. Beecher would not give up her husband,
+and Tilton was too intent on revenge--and cash--to even consider the
+matter. Then came the crash.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Tilton sued Beecher for one hundred thousand dollars' damages for
+alienating his wife's affection. It took five months to try the case.
+The best legal talent in the land was engaged. The jury disagreed and
+the case was not tried again.
+
+Had Mrs. Beecher applied for a divorce on statutory grounds, no court
+would have denied her prayer. In actions for divorce, guilt does not
+have to be proved--it is assumed. But when one man sues another for
+money damages, the rulings are drawn finer and matters must be proved.
+That is where Tilton failed in his lawsuit.
+
+At the trial, Beecher perjured himself like a gentleman to protect Mrs.
+Tilton; Mrs. Tilton waived the truth for Beecher's benefit; and Mrs.
+Beecher swore black was white, because she did not want to lose her
+husband. Such a precious trinity of prevaricators is very seldom seen in
+a courtroom, a place where liars much do congregate. Judge and jury knew
+they lied and respected them the more, for down in the hearts of all men
+is a feeling that the love-affairs of a man and a woman are sacred
+themes, and a bulwark of lies to protect the holy of holies is ever
+justifiable.
+
+Tilton was the one person who told the truth, and he was universally
+execrated for it. Love does not leave a person without reason. And there
+is something in the thought of money as payment to a man for a woman's
+love that is against nature.
+
+Tilton lost the woman's love, and he would balm his lacerated heart with
+lucre! Money? God help us--a man should earn money. We sometimes hear of
+men who subsist on women's shame; but what shall we say of a man who
+would turn parasite and live in luxury on a woman's love--and this woman
+by him now spurned and scorned! The faults and frailties of men and
+women caught in the swirl of circumstances are not without excuse, but
+the cold plottings to punish them and the desire to thrive by their
+faults are hideous.
+
+The worst about a double life is not its immorality--it is that the
+relationship makes a man a liar. The universe is not planned for
+duplicity--all the energy we have is needed in our business, and he who
+starts out on the pathway of untruth finds himself treading upon
+brambles and nettles which close behind him and make return impossible.
+The further he goes the worse the jungle of poison-oak and ivy, which at
+last circles him round in strangling embrace. He who escapes the clutch
+of a life of falsehood is as one in a million. Victor Hugo has pictured
+the situation when he tells of the man whose feet are caught in the bed
+of bird-lime. He attempts to jump out, but only sinks deeper--he
+flounders, calls for help, and puts forth all his strength. He is up to
+his knees--to his hips--his waist--his neck, and at last only hands are
+seen reaching up in mute appeal to heaven. But the heavens are as
+brass, and soon where there was once a man is only the dumb indifference
+of Nature.
+
+The only safe course is the open road of truth. Lies once begun, pile
+up; and lies require lies to bolster them.
+
+Mrs. Tilton had made a written confession to her husband, but this she
+repudiated in court, declaring it was given "in terrorem." Now she had
+only words of praise and vindication for Beecher.
+
+Mrs. Beecher sat by her husband's side all through the long trial. For a
+man to leave the woman with whom he has lived a lifetime, and who is the
+mother of his children, is out of the question. What if she does lack
+intellect and spirituality! He has endured her; aye! he has even been
+happy with her at times--the relationship has been endurable--'twere
+imbecility, and death for both, to break it.
+
+Beecher and his wife would stand together.
+
+Mrs. Tilton's lips had been sanctified by love, and were sealed, though
+her heart did break.
+
+The jury stood nine for Beecher and three against. Major Pond, the
+astute, construed this into a vindication--Beecher was not guilty!
+
+The first lecture after the trial was given at Alexandria Bay. Pond had
+sold out for five hundred dollars. Beecher said it was rank robbery--no
+one would be there. The lecture was to be in the grove at three o'clock
+in the afternoon. In the forenoon, boats were seen coming from east and
+west and north--excursion-boats laden with pilgrims; sailboats,
+rowboats, skiffs, and even birch-bark canoes bearing red men. The people
+came also in carts and wagons, and on horseback. An audience of five
+thousand confronted the lecturer.
+
+The man who had planned the affair had banked on his knowledge of
+humanity--the people wanted to see and hear the individual who had been
+whipped naked at the cart's tail, and who still lived to face the world
+smilingly, bravely, undauntedly.
+
+Major Pond was paid the five hundred dollars as agreed. The enterprise
+had netted its manager over a thousand dollars--he was a rich man
+anyway--things had turned out as he had prophesied, and in the
+exuberance of his success he that night handed Mr. Beecher a check for
+two hundred fifty dollars, saying, "This is for you with my love--it is
+outside of any arrangement made with Major Pond." After they had retired
+to their rooms, Beecher handed the check to Pond, and said, as his blue
+eyes filled with tears, "Major, you know what to do with this?" And
+Major Pond said, "Yes."
+
+Tilton went to Europe, leaving his family behind. But Major Pond made it
+his business to see that Mrs. Tilton wanted for nothing that money could
+buy. Beecher never saw Mrs. Tilton, to converse with her, again. She
+outlived him a dozen years. On her deathbed she confessed to her sister
+that her denials as to her relations with Beecher were untrue. "He loved
+me," she said; "he loved me, and I would have been less than woman had
+I not loved him. This love will be my passport to Paradise--God
+understands." And so she died.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Tilton was by nature an unsuccessful man. He was proudly aristocratic,
+lordly, dignified, jealous, mentally wiggling and spiritually jiggling.
+His career was like that of a race-horse which makes a record faster
+than he can ever attain again, and thus is forever barred from all
+slow-paced competitions. Tilton aspired to be a novelist, an essayist, a
+poet, an orator. His performances in each of these lines, unfortunately,
+were not bad enough to damn him; and his work done in fair weather was
+so much better than he could do in foul that he was caught by the
+undertow. And as for doing what Adirondack Murray did--get right down to
+hardpan and wash dishes in a dishpan--he couldn't do it. Like an Indian,
+he would starve before he would work--and he came near it, gaining a
+garret-living, teaching languages and doing hack literary work in Paris,
+where he went to escape the accumulation of contempt that came his way
+just after the great Beecher trial.
+
+Before this, Tilton started out to star the country as a lecturer. He
+evidently thought he could climb to popularity over the wreck of Henry
+Ward Beecher. Even had he wrecked Beecher completely, it is very likely
+he would have gone down in the swirl, and become literary flotsam and
+jetsam just the same.
+
+Tilton had failed to down his man, and men who are failures do not draw
+on the lecture platform. The auditor has failure enough at home, God
+knows! and what he wants when he lays down good money for a
+lecture-ticket is to annex himself to a success.
+
+Tilton's lecture was called, "The Problem of Life"--a title which had
+the advantage of allowing the speaker to say anything he wished to say
+on any subject and still not violate the unities. I heard Tilton give
+this lecture twice, and it was given from start to finish in exactly the
+same way. It contained much learning--had flights of eloquence, bursts
+of bathos, puffs of pathos, but not a smile in the whole hour and a
+half. It was faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null, dead
+perfection--no more. It was so perfect that some people thought it
+great. The man was an actor and had what is called platform presence. He
+would walk on the stage, carrying his big, blue cloak over his arm, his
+slouch-hat in his hand--for he clung to these Beecher properties to the
+last, even claiming that Beecher was encroaching on his preserve in
+wearing them.
+
+He would bow as stiffly and solemnly as a new-made judge. Then he would
+toss the cloak on a convenient sofa, place the big hat on top of it, and
+come down to the footlights, deliberately removing his yellow kid
+gloves. There was no introduction--he was the whole show and brooked no
+competition. He would begin talking as he removed the gloves; he would
+get one glove off and hold it in the other hand, seemingly lost in his
+speech. From time to time he would emphasize his remarks by beating the
+palm of his gloved hand with the loose glove. By the time the lecture
+was half over, both gloves would be lying on the table; unlike the
+performance of Sir Edwin Arnold, who, during his readings, always wore
+one white kid glove and carried its mate in the gloved hand from
+beginning to end.
+
+Theodore Tilton's lectures were consummate art, done by a handsome,
+graceful and cultured man in a red necktie, but they did not carry
+enough caloric to make them go. They seemed to lack vibrations. Art
+without a message is for the people who love art for art's sake, and God
+does not care much for these, otherwise he would not have made so few of
+them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lyman Abbott sums up his estimate of the worth of his lifelong friend
+and literary associate, Henry Ward Beecher, in the following words:
+
+     "It was in the pulpit that Beecher was seen at his best. His
+     mastery of the English tongue, his dramatic power, his instinctive
+     art of impersonation, which had become a second nature, his vivid
+     imagination, his breadth of intellectual view, the catholicity of
+     his sympathies, his passionate enthusiasm, which made for the
+     moment his immediate theme seem to him the one theme of
+     transcendent importance, his quaint humor alternating with genuine
+     pathos, and above all his simple and singularly unaffected
+     devotional nature, made him as a preacher without a peer in his own
+     time and country. His favorite theme was love: love to man was to
+     him the fulfilment of all law; love of God was the essence of all
+     Christianity. Retaining to the day of his death the forms and
+     phrases of the New England theology in which he had been reared, he
+     poured into them a new meaning and gave to them a new significance.
+
+     "He probably did more than any other man in America to lead the
+     Puritan churches from a faith which regarded God as a moral
+     governor, the Bible as a book of laws, and religion as obedience to
+     a conscience, to a faith which regards God as a father, the Bible
+     as a book of counsels, and religion as a life of liberty in love."
+
+As a sample of Beecher's eloquence, this extract from his sermon on the
+death of Lincoln reveals his quality as well perhaps as anything he ever
+said:
+
+     The joy of the Nation came upon us suddenly, with such a surge as
+     no words can describe. Men laughed, embraced one another, sang and
+     prayed, and many could only weep for gladness.
+
+     In one short hour, joy had no pulse. The sorrow was so terrible
+     that it stunned sensibility. The first feeling was the least, and
+     men wanted to get strength to feel. Other griefs belong always to
+     some one in chief, but this belonged to all. Men walked for hours
+     as though a corpse lay in their houses. The city forgot to roar.
+     Never did so many hearts in so brief a time touch two such
+     boundless feelings. It was the uttermost of joy and the uttermost
+     of sorrow--noon and midnight without a space between. We should not
+     mourn, however, because the departure of the President was so
+     sudden. When one is prepared to die, the suddenness of death is a
+     blessing. They that are taken awake and watching, as the bridegroom
+     dressed for the wedding, and not those who die in pain and stupor,
+     are blessed. Neither should we mourn the manner of his death. The
+     soldier prays that he may die by the shot of the enemy in the hour
+     of victory, and it was meet that he should be joined in a common
+     experience in death with the brave men to whom he had been joined
+     in all his sympathy and life.
+
+     This blow was but the expiring rebellion. Epitomized in this foul
+     act we find the whole nature and disposition of slavery. It is fit
+     that its expiring blow should be such as to take away from men the
+     last forbearance, the last pity, and fire the soul with invincible
+     determination that the breeding system of such mischiefs and
+     monsters shall be forever and utterly destroyed. We needed not that
+     he should put on paper that he believed in slavery, who, with
+     treason, with murder, with cruelty infernal, hovered round that
+     majestic man to destroy his life. He was himself the lifelong sting
+     with which Slavery struck at Liberty, and he carried the poison
+     that belonged to Slavery; and as long as this Nation lasts it will
+     never be forgotten that we have had one Martyr-President--never,
+     never while time lasts, while heaven lasts, while hell rocks and
+     groans, will it be forgotten that Slavery by its minions slew him,
+     and in slaying him made manifest its whole nature and tendency.
+     This blow was aimed at the life of the Government. Some murders
+     there have been that admitted shades of palliation, but not such a
+     one as this--without provocation, without reason, without
+     temptation--sprung from the fury of a heart cankered to all that is
+     pure and just.
+
+     The blow has failed of its object. The Government stands more solid
+     today than any pyramid of Egypt. Men love liberty and hate slavery
+     today more than ever before. How naturally, how easily, the
+     Government passed into the hands of the new President, and I avow
+     my belief that he will be found a man true to every instinct of
+     liberty, true to the whole trust that is imposed in him, vigilant
+     of the Constitution, careful of the laws, wise for liberty: in that
+     he himself for his life long, has known what it is to suffer from
+     the stings of slavery, and to prize liberty from the bitter
+     experience of his own life. Even he that sleeps has by this event
+     been clothed with new influence. His simple and weighty words will
+     be gathered like those of Washington, and quoted by those who, were
+     he alive, would refuse to listen. Men will receive a new access to
+     patriotism. I swear you on the altar of his memory to be more
+     faithful to that country for which he perished. We will, as we
+     follow his hearse, swear a new hatred to that slavery against which
+     he warred, and which in vanquishing him has made him a martyr and
+     conqueror. I swear you by the memory of this martyr to hate slavery
+     with an unabatable hatred, and to pursue it. We will admire the
+     firmness of this man in justice, his inflexible conscience for the
+     right, his gentleness and moderation of spirit, which not all the
+     hate of party could turn to bitterness. And I swear you to follow
+     his justice, his moderation, his mercy. How can I speak to that
+     twilight million to whom his name was as the name of an angel of
+     God, and whom God sent before them to lead them out of the house of
+     bondage? O thou Shepherd of Israel, Thou that didst comfort Thy
+     people of old, to Thy care we commit these helpless and
+     long-wronged and grieved.
+
+     And now the martyr is moving in triumphal march, mightier than one
+     alive. The Nation rises up at every stage of his coming; cities and
+     States are his pall-bearers, and the cannon beat the hours in
+     solemn progression; dead, dead, dead, he yet speaketh. Is
+     Washington dead? Is Hampden dead? Is David?
+
+     Four years ago, O Illinois, we took from your midst an untried man
+     from among the people. Behold! we return him to you a mighty
+     conqueror; not thine any more, but the Nation's--not ours, but the
+     world's. Give him place, O ye prairies! in the midst of this great
+     continent shall rest a sacred treasure to myriads who shall pilgrim
+     to that shrine to kindle anew their zeal and patriotism. Ye winds
+     that move over mighty spaces of the West, chant his requiem! Ye
+     people, behold the martyr whose blood, as so many articulate words,
+     pleads for fidelity, for law, for Liberty!
+
+
+
+
+WENDELL PHILLIPS
+
+
+     What worldwide benefactors these "imprudent" men are! How prudently
+     most men creep into nameless graves; while now and then one or two
+     forget themselves into immortality.
+
+                                                 --_Speech on Lovejoy_
+
+[Illustration: WENDELL PHILLIPS]
+
+
+May the good Lord ever keep me from wishing to say the last word; and
+also from assigning ranks or awarding prizes to great men gone. However,
+it is a joy to get acquainted with a noble, splendid personality, and
+then introduce him to you, or at least draw the arras, so you can see
+him as he lived and worked or nobly failed.
+
+And if you and I understand this man it is because we are much akin to
+him. The only relationship, after all, is the spiritual relationship.
+Your brother after the flesh may not be your brother at all; you may
+live in different worlds and call to each other in strange tongues
+across wide seas of misunderstandings. "Who is my mother and who are my
+brethren?"
+
+As you understand a man, just in that degree are you related to him.
+There is a great joy in discovering kinship--for in that moment you
+discover yourself, and life consists in getting acquainted with
+yourself. We see ourselves mirrored in the soul of another--that is what
+love is, or pretty nearly so.
+
+If you like what I write, it is because I express for you the things you
+already know; we are akin, our heads are in the same stratum--we are
+breathing the same atmosphere. To the degree that you comprehend the
+character of Wendell Phillips you are akin to him. I once thought great
+men were all ten feet high, but since I have met a few, both in astral
+form and in the flesh, I have found out differently.
+
+What kind of a man was Wendell Phillips?
+
+Very much like you and me, Blessed, very much like you and me.
+
+I think well of great people, I think well of myself, and I think well
+of you. We are all God's children--all parts of the Whole--akin to
+Divinity.
+
+Phillips never thought he was doing much--never took any great pride in
+past performances. When what you have done in the past looks large to
+you, you have not done much today. His hopes were so high that there
+crept into his life a tinge of disappointment--some have called it
+bitterness, but that is not the word--just a touch of sadness because he
+was unable to do more. This was a matter of temperament, perhaps, but it
+reveals the humanity as well as the divinity of the man. There is
+nothing worse than self-complacency--smugosity is sin.
+
+Phillips was not supremely great--if he were, how could we comprehend
+him?
+
+And now if you will open those folding doors--there! that will do--thank
+you.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When was he born? Ah, I'll tell you--it was in his twenty-fifth
+year--about three in the afternoon, by the clock, October Twenty-first,
+Eighteen Hundred Thirty-five. The day was Indian summer, warm and balmy.
+He sat there reading in the window of his office on Court Street,
+Boston, a spick-span new law-office, with four shelves of law-books
+bound in sheep, a green-covered table in the center, three armchairs,
+and on the wall a steel engraving of "Washington Crossing the Delaware."
+
+He was a handsome fellow, was this Wendell Phillips--it would a' been
+worth your while just to run up the stairs and put your head in the door
+to look at him. "Can I do anything for you?" he would have asked.
+
+"No, we just wanted to see you, that's all," we would have replied.
+
+He sat there at the window, his long legs crossed, a copy of "Coke on
+Littleton" in his hands. His dress was what it should be--that of a
+gentleman--his face cleanly shaven, hair long, cut square and falling to
+his black stock. He was the only son of Boston's first Mayor, both to
+the manor and to the manner born, rich in his own right; proud,
+handsome, strong, gentle, refined, educated--a Christian gentleman, heir
+to the best that Boston had to give--a graduate of the Boston Latin
+School, of Harvard College, of the Harvard Law School--living with his
+widowed mother in a mansion on Beacon Hill, overlooking Boston's
+forty-three acres of Common!
+
+Can you imagine anything more complete in way of endowment than all
+this? Did Destiny ever do more for mortal man?
+
+There he sat waiting for clients. About this time he made the
+acquaintance of a cockeyed pulchritudinous youth, Ben Butler by name,
+who was errand-boy in a nearby office. It was a strange
+friendship--peppered by much cross-fire whenever they met in public--to
+endure loyal for a lifetime.
+
+Clients are sure to come to the man who is not too anxious about
+them--sure to come to a man like Phillips--a youth clothed with the
+graces of a Greek--waiting on the threshold of manhood's morning.
+
+Here is his career: a successful lawyer and leader in society; a member
+of the Legislature; a United States Senator, and then if he cares for
+it--well, well, well!
+
+But in the meantime, there he sits, not with his feet in the window or
+on a chair--he is a gentleman, I said, a Boston gentleman--the flower of
+a gracile ancestry. In the lazy, hazy air is the hum of autumn birds and
+beetles--the hectic beauty of the dying year is over all. The hum seems
+to grow--it becomes a subdued roar.
+
+You have sat behind the scenes waiting for the curtain to rise--a
+thousand people are there just out of your sight--five hundred of them
+are talking. It is one high-keyed, humming roar.
+
+The roar of a mob is keyed lower--it is guttural and approaches a
+growl--it seems to come in waves, a brazen roar rising and falling--but
+a roar, full of menace, hate, deaf to reason, dead to appeal.
+
+You have heard the roar of the mob in "Julius Cæsar," and stay! once I
+heard the genuine article. It was in Eighty-four--goodness gracious, I
+am surely getting old!--it was in a town out West. I saw nothing but a
+pushing, crowding mass of men, and all I heard was that deep guttural
+roar of the beast. I could not make out what it was all about until I
+saw a man climbing a telegraph-pole.
+
+He was carrying a rope in one hand. As he climbed higher, the roar
+subsided. The climber reached the arms that form the cross. He swung the
+rope over the crossbeam and paid it out until the end was clutched by
+the uplifted hands of those below.
+
+The roar arose again like an angry sea, and I saw the figure of a human
+being leap twenty feet into the air and swing and swirl at the end of
+the rope.
+
+The roar ceased.
+
+The lawyer laid down the brand-new book, bound in sheep, and leaned out
+of the window--men were running down the thoroughfare, some hatless, and
+at Washington Street could be seen a black mass of human beings--beings
+who had forsaken their reason and merged their personality into a mob.
+
+The young lawyer arose, put on his hat, locked his office, followed down
+the street. His tall and muscular form pushed its way through the mass.
+
+Theodore Lyman, the Mayor, was standing on a barrel importuning the
+crowd to disperse. His voice was lost in the roar of the mob.
+
+From down a stairway came a procession of women, thirty or so, walking
+by twos, very pale, but calm. The crowd gradually opened out on a stern
+order from some unknown person. The young lawyer threw himself against
+those who blocked the way. The women passed on, and the crowd closed in
+as water closes over a pebble dropped into the river.
+
+The disappearance of the women seemed to heighten the confusion: there
+were stones thrown, sounds of breaking glass, a crash on the stairway,
+and down the narrow passage, with yells of triumph, came a crowd of men,
+half-dragging a prisoner, a rope around his waist, his arms pinioned.
+The man's face was white, his clothing disheveled and torn. His
+resistance was passive--no word of entreaty or explanation escaped his
+lips. A sudden jerk on the rope from the hundred hands that clutched it
+threw the man off his feet--he fell headlong, his face struck the stones
+of the pavement, and he was dragged for twenty yards. The crowd grabbed
+at him and lifted him to his feet--blood dripped from his face, his hat
+was gone, his coat, vest and shirt were in shreds. The man spoke no
+word.
+
+"That's him--Garrison, the damned abolitionist!" The words arose above
+the din and surge of the mob: "Kill him! Hang him!"
+
+Phillips saw the colonel of his militia regiment, and seizing him by the
+arm, said, "Order out the men to put down this riot!"
+
+"Fool!" said the Colonel, "don't you see our men are in this crowd!"
+
+"Then order them into columns, and we will protect this man."
+
+"I never give orders unless I know they will be obeyed. Besides, this
+man Garrison is a rioter himself--he opposes the government."
+
+"But, do we uphold mob-law--here, in Boston!"
+
+"Don't blame me--I haven't anything to do with this business. I tell
+you, if this man Garrison had minded his own affairs, this scene would
+never have occurred."
+
+"And those women?"
+
+"Oh, they are members of the Anti-Slavery Society. It was their holding
+the meeting that made the trouble. The children followed them, hooting
+them through the streets!"
+
+"Children?"
+
+"Yes; you know children repeat what they hear at home--they echo the
+thoughts of their elders. The children hooted them, then some one threw
+a stone through a window. A crowd gathered, and here you are!"
+
+The Colonel shook himself loose from the lawyer and followed the mob.
+The Mayor's counsel prevailed: "Give the prisoner to me--I will see that
+he is punished!"
+
+And so he was dragged to the City Hall and there locked up.
+
+The crowd lingered, then thinned out. The shouts grew less, and soon the
+police were able to rout the loiterers.
+
+The young lawyer went back to his law-office, but not to study. The law
+looked different to him now--the whole legal aspect of things had
+changed in an hour.
+
+It was a pivotal point.
+
+He had heard much of the majesty of the law, and here he had seen the
+entire machinery of justice brushed aside.
+
+Law! It is the thing we make with our hands and then fall down and
+worship. Men want to do things, so they do them, and afterward they
+legalize them, just as we believe things first and later hunt for
+reasons. Or we illegalize the thing we do not want others to do.
+
+Boston, standing for law and order, will not even allow a few women to
+meet and discuss an economic proposition!
+
+Abolition is a fool idea, but we must have free speech--that is what our
+Constitution is built upon! Law is supposed to protect free speech, even
+to voicing wrong ideas! Surely a man has a legal right to a wrong
+opinion! A mob in Boston to put down free speech!
+
+This young lawyer was not an Abolitionist--not he, but he was an
+American, descended from the Puritans, with ancestors who fought in the
+War of the Revolution--he believed in fair play.
+
+His cheeks burned with shame.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Seen from Mount Olympus, how small and pitiful must seem the antics of
+Earth--all these churches and little sects--our laws, our arguments, our
+courts of justice, our elections, our wars!
+
+Viewed across the years, the Abolition Movement seems a small thing. It
+is so thoroughly dead--so far removed from our present interests! We
+hear a Virginian praise John Brown, listen to Henry Watterson as he
+says, "The South never had a better friend than Lincoln," or brave
+General Gordon, as he declares, "We now know that slavery was a gigantic
+mistake, and that Emerson was right when he said, 'One end of the
+slave's chain is always riveted to the wrist of the master.'"
+
+We can scarcely comprehend that fifty years ago the trinity of money,
+fashion and religion combined in the hot endeavor to make human slavery
+a perpetuity; that the man of the North who hinted at resisting the
+return of a runaway slave was in danger of financial ruin, social
+ostracism, and open rebuke from the pulpit. The ears of Boston were so
+stuffed with South Carolina cotton that they could not hear the cry of
+the oppressed. Commerce was fettered by self-interest, and law ever
+finds precedents and sanctions for what commerce most desires. And as
+for the pulpit, it is like the law, in that Scriptural warrant is always
+forthcoming for what the pew wishes to do.
+
+Slavery, theoretically, might be an error, but in America it was a
+commercial, political, social and religious necessity, and any man who
+said otherwise was an enemy of the State.
+
+William Lloyd Garrison said otherwise. But who was William Lloyd
+Garrison? Only an ignorant and fanatical freethinker from the country
+town of Newburyport, Massachusetts. He had started four or five
+newspapers, and all had failed, because he would not keep his pen quiet
+on the subject of slavery.
+
+New England must have cotton, and cotton could not be produced without
+slaves. Garrison was a fool. All good Christians refused to read his
+vile sheet, and businessmen declined to advertise with him or to
+subscribe to his paper.
+
+However, he continued to print things, telling what he thought of
+slavery. In Eighteen Hundred Thirty-one, he was issuing a periodical
+called, "The Liberator."
+
+I saw a partial file of "The Liberator" recently at the Boston Public
+Library. They say it is very precious, and a custodian stood by and
+tenderly turned the leaves for me. I was not allowed even to touch it,
+and when I was through looking at the tattered pages, they locked it up
+in a fireproof safe.
+
+The sheets of different issues were of various sizes, and the paper was
+of several grades in quality, showing that stock was scarce, and that
+there was no system in the office.
+
+There surely was not much of a subscription-list, and we hear of
+Garrison's going around and asking for contributions. But interviews
+were what he really wished, as much as subscribers. He let the preachers
+defend the peculiar institution--to print a man's fool remarks is the
+most cruel way of indicting him. Among those Garrison called on was
+Doctor Lyman Beecher, then thundering against Unitarianism.
+
+Garrison got various clergymen to commit themselves in favor of slavery,
+and he quoted them verbatim, whereas on this subject the clergy of the
+North wished to remain silent--very silent.
+
+Doctor Beecher was wary--all he would say was, "I have too many irons in
+the fire now!"
+
+"You had better take them all out and put this one in," said the seedy
+editor.
+
+But Doctor Beecher made full amends later--he supplied a son and a
+daughter to the Abolition Movement, and this caused Carlos Martyn to
+say, "The old man's loins were wiser than his head."
+
+Garrison had gotten himself thoroughly disliked in Boston. The Mayor
+once replied to a letter inquiring about him, "He is a nobody and lives
+in a rat-hole."
+
+But Garrison managed to print his paper--rather irregularly, to be sure,
+but he printed it. From one room he moved into two, and a straggling
+company, calling themselves "The Anti-Slavery Society," used his office
+for a meeting-place.
+
+And now, behold the office mobbed, the type pitched into the street,
+the Society driven out, and the fanatical editor, bruised and battered,
+safely lodged in jail--writing editorials with a calm resolution and a
+will that never faltered.
+
+And Wendell Phillips? He was pacing the streets, wondering whether it
+was worth while to be respectable and prosperous in a city where
+violence took the place of law when logic failed.
+
+To him, Garrison had won--Garrison had not been answered: only beaten,
+bullied, abused and thrust behind prison-bars.
+
+Wendell Phillips' cheeks burned with shame.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Garrison was held a prisoner for several days.
+
+The Mayor would have punished the man, Pilate-like, to appease public
+opinion, but there was no law to cover the case--no illegal offense had
+been committed. Garrison demanded a trial, but the officials said that
+they had locked him up merely to protect him, and that he was a base
+ingrate. Official Boston now looked at the whole matter as a good thing
+to forget. The prisoner's cell-door was left open, in the hope that he
+would escape, just as, later, George Francis Train enjoyed the
+distinction of being the only man who was literally kicked down the
+stone steps of the Tombs.
+
+Garrison was thrust out of limbo, with a warning, and a hint that
+Boston-town was a good place for him to emigrate from.
+
+But Garrison neither ran away nor went into hiding--he calmly began a
+canvass to collect money to refit his printing-office. Boston had
+treated him well--the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church--he
+would stay. Men who fatten on difficulties are hard to subdue. Phillips
+met Garrison shortly after his release, quite by chance, at the house of
+Henry G. Chapman. Garrison was six years older than Phillips--tall,
+angular, intellectual, and lacked humor. He also lacked culture.
+Phillips looked at him and smiled grimly.
+
+But in the Chapman household was still another person, more or less
+interesting--a Miss Ann Terry Greene. She was an orphan and an
+heiress--a ward of Chapman's. Young Phillips had never before met Miss
+Greene, but she had seen him. She was one of the women who had come down
+the stairs from "The Liberator" office, when the mob collected. She had
+seen the tall form of Phillips, and had noticed that he used his elbows
+to good advantage in opening up the gangway.
+
+"It was a little like a cane-rush--your campus practise served you in
+good stead," said the lady, and smiled.
+
+And Phillips listened, perplexed--that a young woman like this, frail,
+intellectual, of good family, should mix up in fanatical schemes for
+liberating black men. He could not understand it!
+
+"But you were there--you helped get us out of the difficulty. And if
+worse had come to worst, I might have appealed to you personally for
+protection!"
+
+And the young lawyer stammered, "I should have been only too happy," or
+something like that. The lady had the best of the logic, and a thin
+attempt to pity her on account of the unfortunate occurrence went off by
+the right oblique and was lost in space.
+
+These Abolitionists were a queer lot!
+
+Not long after that meeting at the Chapmans, the young lawyer had legal
+business at Greenfield that must be looked after. Now, Greenfield is one
+hundred miles from Boston, but then it was the same distance from
+tidewater that Omaha is now--that is to say, a two-days' journey.
+
+The day was set. The stage left every morning at nine o'clock from the
+Bowdoin Tavern in Bowdoin Square. A young fellow by the name of Charles
+Sumner was going with Phillips, but at the last moment was detained by
+other business. That his chum could not go was a disappointment to
+Phillips--he paced the stone-paved courtway of the tavern with clouded
+brow. All around was the bustle of travel, and tearful friends bidding
+folks good-by, and the romantic rush of stagecoach land.
+
+The ease and luxury of travel have robbed it of its poetry--Ruskin was
+right!
+
+But it didn't look romantic to Wendell Phillips just then--his chum had
+failed him--the weather was cold, two days of hard jolting lay ahead.
+And--"Ah! yes--it is Miss Greene! and Miss Grew, and Mr. Alvord. To
+Greenfield? why, how fortunate!"
+
+Obliging strangers exchanged seats, so that our friends could be
+together--passengers found their places on top or inside, bundles and
+bandboxes were packed away, harness-chains rattled, a long whip sang
+through the air, and the driver, holding a big bunch of lines in one
+hand, swung the six horses, with careless grace, out of Bowdoin Square,
+and turned the leaders' heads toward Cambridge. The post-horn tooted
+merrily, dogs barked, and stableboys raised a good-by cheer!
+
+Out past Harvard Square they went, through Arlington and storied
+Lexington--on to Concord--through Fitchburg, to Greenfield.
+
+It doesn't take long to tell it, but that was a wonderful trip for
+Phillips--the greatest and most important journey of his life, he said
+forty years later.
+
+Miss Grew lived in Greenfield and had been down to visit Miss Greene.
+Mr. Alvord was engaged to Miss Grew, and wanted to accompany her home,
+but he couldn't exactly, you know, unless Miss Greene went along.
+
+So Miss Greene obliged them. The girls knew the day Phillips was going,
+and hastened their plans a trifle, so as to take the same stage--at
+least that is what Charles Sumner said.
+
+They didn't tell Phillips, because a planned excursion on the part of
+these young folks wouldn't have been just right--Beacon Hill would not
+have approved. But when they had bought their seats and met at the
+stage-yard--why, that was a different matter.
+
+Besides, Mr. Alvord and Miss Grew were engaged, and Miss Greene was a
+cousin of Miss Grew--there!
+
+Let me here say that I am quite aware that long after Miss Grew became
+Mrs. Alvord, she wrote a most charming little book about Ann Terry
+Greene, in which she defends the woman against any suspicion that she
+plotted and planned to snare the heart of Wendell Phillips, on the road
+to Greenfield. The defense was done in love, but was unnecessary. Ann
+Terry Greene needs no vindication. As for her snaring the heart of
+Wendell Phillips, I rest solidly on this: She did.
+
+Whether Miss Greene coolly planned that trip to Greenfield, I can not
+say, but I hope so.
+
+And, anyway, it was destiny--it had to be.
+
+This man and this woman were made for each other--they were "elected"
+before the foundations of Earth were laid.
+
+The first few hours out, they were very gay. Later, they fell into
+serious conversation. The subject was Abolition. Miss Greene knew the
+theme in all of its ramifications and parts--its history, its
+difficulties, its dangers, its ultimate hopes. Phillips soon saw that
+all of his tame objections had been made before and answered. Gradually
+the horror of human bondage swept over him, and against this came the
+magnificence of freedom and of giving freedom. By evening, it came to
+him that all of the immortal names in history were those of men who had
+fought liberty's battle. That evening, as they sat around the crackling
+fire at the Fitchburg Tavern, they did not talk--a point had been
+reached where words were superfluous--the silence sufficed. At daybreak
+the next morning the journey was continued. There was conversation, but
+voices were keyed lower. When the stage mounted a steep hill they got
+out and walked. Melancholy had taken the place of mirth. Both felt that
+a great and mysterious change had come over their spirits--their thought
+was fused. Miss Greene had suffered social obloquy on account of her
+attitude on the question of slavery--to share this obloquy seemed now
+the one thing desirable to Phillips. It is a great joy to share disgrace
+with the right person. The woman had intellect, education,
+self-reliance--and passion. There was an understanding between them. And
+yet no word of tenderness had been spoken. An avowal formulated in words
+is a cheap thing, and a spoken proposal goes with a cheap passion. The
+love that makes the silence eloquent and fills the heart with a melody
+too sacred to voice is the true token. O God! we thank thee for the
+thoughts and feelings that are beyond speech!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When it became known that Wendell Phillips, the most promising of
+Boston's young sons, had turned Abolitionist, Beacon Hill rent its
+clothes and put ashes on its head.
+
+On the question of slavery, the first families of the North stood with
+the first families of the South--the rights of property were involved,
+as well as the question of caste.
+
+Let one of the scions of Wall Street avow himself an anarchist and the
+outcry of horror would not be greater than it was when young Phillips
+openly declared himself an Abolitionist. His immediate family were in
+tears; the relatives said they were disgraced; cousins cut him dead on
+the street, and his name was stricken from the list of "invited guests."
+The social-column editors ignored him, and worst of all, his clients
+fled.
+
+The biographers are too intensely partisan to believe, literally; and
+when one says, "He left a large and lucrative practise that he might
+devote himself," etc., we'd better reach for the Syracuse product.
+
+Wendell Phillips never had a large and lucrative practise, and if he
+had, he would not have left it. His little law business was the kind
+that all fledglings get--the kind that big lawyers do not want, and so
+they pass it over to the boys. Doctors are always turning pauper
+patients over to the youngsters, and so in successful law-offices there
+is more or less of this semi-charitable work to do. Business houses also
+have fag-end work that they give to beginners, as kind folks give bones
+to Fido. Wendell Phillips' law-work was exactly of this contingent
+kind--big business and big fees only go to big men and tried.
+
+Law is a business, and lawyers who succeed are businessmen. Social
+distinction has its pull in all professions and all arts, and the man
+who can afford to affront society and hope to succeed is as one in a
+million.
+
+Lawyers and businessmen were not so troubled about Wendell Phillips'
+inward beliefs as they were in the fact that he was a fool--he had flung
+away his chances of getting on in the world. They ceased to send him
+business--he had no work--no callers--folks he used to know were now
+strangely nearsighted.
+
+Phillips didn't quit the practise of law, any more than he withdrew from
+society--both law and society quit him. And then he made a virtue of
+necessity and boldly resigned his commission as a lawyer--he would not
+longer be bound to protect the Constitution that upheld the right of a
+slave-owner to capture his "property" in Massachusetts.
+
+He and Ann talked this over at length--they had little else to do. They
+excommunicated society, and Wendell Phillips became an outlaw, in the
+same way that the James boys became outlaws--through accident, and not
+through choice. Social disgrace is never sought, and obloquy is not a
+thing to covet--these things may come, and usually they mean a
+smother-blanket to all worldly success. But Ann and Wendell had their
+love; and each had a bank-account, and then they had a pride that proved
+a prophylactic 'gainst the clutch of oblivion.
+
+On October Twelfth, Eighteen Hundred Thirty-seven, the outlaws, Ann and
+Wendell, were married. It was a quiet wedding--guests were not invited
+because it was not pleasant to court cynical regrets, and kinsmen were
+noticeable by their absence.
+
+Proscription has its advantages--for one thing, it binds human hearts
+like hoops of steel. Yet it was not necessary here, for there was no
+waning of the honeymoon during that forty-odd years of married life.
+
+But scarcely had the petals fallen from the orange-blossoms before an
+event occurred that marked another milestone in the career of Phillips.
+
+At Saint Louis, the Reverend E. P. Lovejoy, a Presbyterian clergyman,
+had been mobbed and his printing-office sacked, because he had expressed
+himself on the subject of slavery. Lovejoy then moved up to Alton,
+Illinois, on the other side of the river, on free soil, and here he
+sought to re-establish his newspaper.
+
+But he was to benefit the cause in another way than by printing
+editorials. The place was attacked, the presses broken into fragments,
+the type flung into the Mississippi River, and Lovejoy was killed.
+
+A tremor of horror ran through the North--it was not the question of
+slavery--no, it was the right of free speech.
+
+A meeting was called at Faneuil Hall to consider the matter and pass
+fitting resolutions. There was something beautifully ironical in Boston
+interesting herself concerning the doings of a mob a thousand miles
+away, especially when Boston, herself, had done about the same thing
+only two years before.
+
+Boston preferred to forget--but somebody would not let her. Just who
+called the meeting, no one seemed to know. The word "Abolition" was not
+used on the placards--"free speech" was the shibboleth. The hall had
+been leased, and the assembly was to occur in the forenoon. The
+principal actors evidently anticipated serious trouble if the meeting
+was at night.
+
+The authorities sought to discourage the gathering, but this only
+advertised it. At the hour set, the place--the "Cradle of Liberty"--was
+packed.
+
+The crowd was made up of three classes, the Abolitionists--and they were
+in the minority--the mob who hotly opposed them, and the curious and
+indifferent people who wanted to see the fireworks.
+
+Many women were in the audience, and a dozen clergymen on the
+platform--this gave respectability to the assemblage. The meeting opened
+tamely enough with a trite talk by a Unitarian clergyman, and followed
+along until the resolutions were read. Then there were cries of, "Table
+them!"--the matter was of no importance.
+
+A portly figure was seen making its way to the platform.
+
+It was the Honorable James T. Austin, Attorney-General of the State. He
+was stout, florid, ready of tongue--a practical stump speaker and withal
+a good deal of a popular favorite. The crowd cheered him--he caught them
+from the start. His intent was to explode the whole thing in a laugh, or
+else end it in a row--he didn't care which.
+
+He pooh-poohed the whole affair, and referred to the slaves as a
+menagerie of lions, tigers, hyenas--a jackass or two--and a host of
+monkeys, which the fool Abolitionists were trying to turn loose. He
+regretted the death of Lovejoy, but his taking-off should be a warning
+to all good people--they should be law-abiding and mind their own
+business. He moved that the resolutions be tabled.
+
+The applause that followed showed that if a vote were then taken the
+Attorney-General's motion would have prevailed.
+
+"Answer him, Wendell, answer him!" whispered Ann, excitedly, and before
+the Attorney-General had bowed himself from the platform, Wendell
+Phillips had sprung upon the stage and stood facing the audience. There
+were cries of, "Vote! Vote!"--the mobocrats wanted to cut the matter
+short. Still others shouted: "Fair play! Let us hear the boy!" The young
+man stood there, calm, composed--handsome in the strength of youth. He
+waited until the audience came to him and then he spoke in that dulcet
+voice--deliberate, measured, faultless--every sentence spaced. The
+charm of his speech caught the curiosity of the crowd. People did not
+know whether he was going to sustain the Attorney-General or assail him.
+From compliments and generalities he moved off into bitter sarcasm. He
+riddled the cheap wit of his opponent, tore his logic to tatters, and
+held the pitiful rags of reason up before the audience. There were cries
+of: "Treason!" "Put him out!" Phillips simply smiled and waited for the
+frenzy to subside. The speaker who has aroused his hearers into a tumult
+of either dissent or approbation has won--and Phillips did both. He
+spoke for thirty minutes and finished in a whirlwind of applause. The
+Attorney-General had disappeared, and those of his followers who
+remained were strangely silent. The resolutions were passed in a shout
+of acclamation.
+
+The fame of Wendell Phillips as an orator was made. Father Taylor once
+said, "If Emerson goes to hell, he will start emigration in that
+direction." And from the day of that first Faneuil Hall speech Wendell
+Phillips gradually caused Abolitionism in New England to become
+respectable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Phillips was twenty-seven years old when he gave that first, great
+speech, and for just twenty-seven years he continued to speak on the
+subject of slavery. He was an agitator--he was a man who divided men. He
+supplied courage to the weak, arguments to the many, and sent a chill of
+hate and fear through the hearts of the enemy. And just here is a good
+place to say that your radical--your fire-eater, agitator, and
+revolutionary who dips his pen in aqua fortis, and punctuates with
+blood--is almost without exception, met socially, a very gentle, modest
+and suave individual. William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Horace
+Greeley, Fred. Douglas, George William Curtis, and even John Brown, were
+all men with low, musical voices and modest ways--men who would not
+tread on an insect nor harm a toad.
+
+When the fight had been won--the Emancipation Proclamation issued--there
+were still other fights ahead. The habit of Phillips' life had become
+fixed.
+
+He and Ann lived in that plain little home on Exeter Street, and to this
+home of love he constantly turned for rest and inspiration.
+
+At the close of the War he found his fortune much impaired, and he
+looked to the Lyceum Stage--the one thing for which he was so eminently
+fitted.
+
+It was about the year Eighteen Hundred Eighty that a callow interviewer
+asked him who his closest associates were. The answer was: "My
+colleagues are hackmen and hotel-clerks; and I also know every
+conductor, brakeman and engineer on every railroad in America. My home
+is in the caboose, and my business is establishing trains."
+
+I heard Wendell Phillips speak but once. I was about twelve years of
+age, and my father and I had ridden ten miles across the wind-swept
+prairie in the face of a winter storm.
+
+It was midnight when we reached home, but I could not sleep until I had
+told my mother all about it. I remember the hall was packed, and there
+were many gaslights, and on the stage were a dozen men--all very great,
+my father said. One man arose and spoke. He lifted his hands, raised his
+voice, stamped his foot, and I thought he surely was a very great man.
+He was just introducing the real speaker.
+
+Then the Real Speaker walked slowly down to the front of the stage and
+stood very still. And everybody was awful quiet--no one coughed, nor
+shuffled his feet, nor whispered--I never knew a thousand folks could be
+so still. I could hear my heart beat--I leaned over to listen and I
+wondered what his first words would be, for I had promised to remember
+them for my mother. And the words were these--"My dear friends: We have
+met here tonight to talk about the Lost Arts."... That is just what he
+said--I'll not deceive you--and it wasn't a speech at all--he just
+talked to us. We were his dear friends--he said so, and a man with a
+gentle, quiet voice like that would not call us his friends if he wasn't
+our friend.
+
+He had found out some wonderful things and he had just come to tell us
+about them; about how thousands of years ago men worked in gold and
+silver and ivory; how they dug canals, sailed strange seas, built
+wonderful palaces, carved statues and wrote books on the skins of
+animals. He just stood there and told us about these things--he stood
+still, with one hand behind him, or resting on his hip, or at his side,
+and the other hand motioned a little--that was all. We expected every
+minute he would burst out and make a speech, but he didn't--he just
+talked. There was a big, yellow pitcher and a tumbler on the table, but
+he didn't drink once, because you see he didn't work very hard--he just
+talked--he talked for two hours. I know it was two hours, because we
+left home at six o'clock, got to the hall at eight, and reached home at
+midnight. We came home as fast as we went, and if it took us two hours
+to come home, and he began at eight, he must have been talking for two
+hours. I didn't go to sleep--didn't nod once.
+
+We hoped he would make a speech before he got through, but he didn't. He
+just talked, and I understood it all. Father held my hand: we laughed a
+little in places, at others we wanted to cry, but didn't--but most of
+the time we just listened. We were going to applaud, but forgot it. He
+called us his dear friends.
+
+I have heard thousands of speeches since that winter night in Illinois.
+Very few indeed can I recall, and beyond the general theme, that speech
+by Wendell Phillips has gone from my memory. But I remember the presence
+and attitude and voice of the man as though it were but yesterday. The
+calm courage, deliberation, beauty and strength of the speaker--his
+knowledge, his gentleness, his friendliness! I had heard many sermons,
+and some had terrified me. This time I had expected to be thrilled, too,
+and so I sat very close to my father and felt for his hand. And here it
+was all just quiet joy--I understood it all. I was pleased with myself;
+and being pleased with myself, I was pleased with the speaker. He was
+the biggest and best man I had ever seen--the first real man.
+
+It is no small thing: to be a man!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Eighteen Hundred Fifty-three, Emerson said the reason Phillips was
+the best public speaker in America was because he had spoken every day
+for fourteen years.
+
+This observation didn't apply to Phillips at all, but Emerson used
+Phillips to hammer home a great general truth, which was that practise
+makes perfect.
+
+Emerson, like all the rest of us, had certain pet theories, which he was
+constantly bolstering by analogy and example. He had Phillips in mind
+when he said that the best drill for an orator was a course of mobs.
+
+But the cold fact remains that Phillips never made a better speech, even
+after fourteen years' daily practise, than that reply to
+Attorney-General Austin, at Faneuil Hall.
+
+He gave himself, and it was himself full-armed and at his best. All the
+conditions were exactly right--there was hot opposition; and there also
+was love and encouragement.
+
+His opponent, with brag, bluster, pomposity, cheap wit, and insincerity,
+served him as a magnificent foil. Never again were wind and tide so in
+his favor.
+
+It is opportunity that brings out the great man, but he only is great
+who prepares for the opportunity--who knows it will come--and who seizes
+upon it when it arrives.
+
+In this speech, Wendell Phillips reveals himself at his best--it has the
+same ring of combined courage, culture and sincerity that he showed to
+the last. Clear thinking and clear speaking marked the man. Taine says
+the style is the man--the Phillips style was all in that first speech,
+and here is a sample:
+
+     To draw the conduct of our ancestors into a precedent for mobs, for
+     a right to resist laws we ourselves have enacted, is an insult to
+     their memory. The difference between the excitement of those days
+     and our own, which this gentleman in kindness to the latter has
+     overlooked, is simply this: the men of that day went for the right,
+     as secured by laws. They were the people rising to sustain the laws
+     and the constitution of the province. The rioters of our day go for
+     their own wills, right or wrong. Sir, when I heard the gentleman
+     lay down principles which place the murderers of Alton side by side
+     with Otis and Hancock, with Quincy and Adams, I thought those
+     pictured lips [pointing to the portraits in the hall] would have
+     broken into voice to rebuke the recreant American--the slanderer of
+     the dead!
+
+     The gentleman said he should sink into insignificance if he
+     condescended to gainsay the principles of these resolutions. For
+     the sentiments he has uttered, on soil consecrated by the prayers
+     of Puritans and the blood of patriots, the earth should have yawned
+     and swallowed him up!
+
+     Allusion has been made to what lawyers understand very well--the
+     "conflict of laws." We are told that nothing but the Mississippi
+     River runs between Saint Louis and Alton; and the conflict of laws
+     somehow or other gives the citizens of the former a right to find
+     fault with the defender of the press for publishing his opinions so
+     near their limits. Will the gentleman venture that argument before
+     lawyers? How the laws of the two States could be said to come into
+     conflict in such circumstances, I question whether any lawyer in
+     this audience can explain or understand. No matter whether the line
+     that divides one sovereign State from another be an imaginary one
+     or ocean-wide, the moment you cross it, the State you leave is
+     blotted out of existence, so far as you are concerned. The Czar
+     might as well claim to control the deliberations of Faneuil Hall,
+     as the laws of Missouri demand reverence, or the shadow of
+     obedience, from an inhabitant of Illinois.
+
+     Sir, as I understand this affair, it was not an individual
+     protecting his property; it was not one body of armed men
+     assaulting another, and making the streets of a peaceful city run
+     blood with their contentions. It did not bring back the scenes in
+     some old Italian cities, where family met family, and faction met
+     faction, and mutually trampled the laws underfoot. No; the men in
+     that house were regularly enrolled under the sanction of the mayor.
+     There being no militia in Alton, about seventy men were enrolled
+     with the approbation of the mayor. These relieved each other every
+     other night. About thirty men were in arms on the night of the
+     Sixth, when the press was landed. The next evening it was not
+     thought necessary to summon more than half that number; among these
+     was Lovejoy. It was, therefore, you perceive, Sir, the police of
+     the city resisting rioters--civil government breasting itself to
+     the shock of lawless men. Here is no question about the right of
+     self-defense. It is, in fact, simply this: Has the civil
+     magistrate a right to put down a riot? Some persons seem to imagine
+     that anarchy existed at Alton from the commencement of these
+     disputes. Not at all. "No one of us," says an eye-witness and a
+     comrade of Lovejoy, "has taken up arms during these disturbances
+     but at the command of the mayor." Anarchy did not settle down on
+     that devoted city till Lovejoy breathed his last. Till then the
+     law, represented in his person, sustained itself against its foes.
+     When he fell, civil authority was trampled underfoot. He had
+     "planted himself on his constitutional rights"--appealed to the
+     laws--claimed the protection of the civil authority--taken refuge
+     under "the broad shield of the Constitution. When through that he
+     was pierced and fell, he fell but one sufferer in a common
+     catastrophe." He took refuge under the banner of liberty--amid its
+     folds; and when he fell, its glorious stars and stripes, the emblem
+     of free constitutions, around which cluster so many heart-stirring
+     memories, were blotted out in the martyr's blood.
+
+     If, Sir, I had adopted what are called peace principles, I might
+     lament the circumstances of this case. But all of you who believe,
+     as I do, in the right and duty of magistrates to execute the laws,
+     join with me and brand as base hypocrisy the conduct of those who
+     assemble year after year on the Fourth of July, to fight over
+     battles of the Revolution, and yet "damn with faint praise," or
+     load with obloquy, the memory of this man, who shed his blood in
+     defense of life, liberty, and the freedom of the press!
+
+     Imprudent to defend the freedom of the press! Why? Because the
+     defense was unsuccessful? Does success gild crime into patriotism,
+     and want of it change heroic self-devotion to imprudence? Was
+     Hampden imprudent when he drew the sword and threw away the
+     scabbard? Yet he, judged by that single hour, was unsuccessful.
+     After a short exile, the race he hated sat again upon the throne.
+
+     Imagine yourself present when the first news of Bunker Hill battle
+     reached a New England town. The tale would have run thus: "The
+     patriots are routed; the redcoats victorious; Warren lies dead upon
+     the field." With what scorn would that Tory have been received, who
+     should have charged Warren with imprudence! who should have said
+     that, bred as a physician, he was "out of place" in the battle, and
+     "died as the fool dieth!" [Great applause.] How would the
+     intimation have been received that Warren and his associates should
+     have waited a better time? But, if success be indeed the only
+     criterion of prudence, "Respice finem"--wait till the end.
+
+     Presumptuous to assert the freedom of the press on American ground!
+     Is the assertion of such freedom before the age? So much before the
+     age as to leave one no right to make it because it displeases the
+     community? Who invents this libel on his country? It is this very
+     thing which entitles Lovejoy to greater praise: the disputed right
+     which provoked the Revolution--taxation without representation--is
+     far beneath that for which he died. [Here there was a strong and
+     general expression of disapprobation.] One word, gentlemen! As much
+     as Thought is better than Money, so much is the cause in which
+     Lovejoy died nobler than a mere question of taxes. James Otis
+     thundered in this hall when the king did but touch his Pocket.
+     Imagine, if you can, his indignant eloquence had England offered to
+     put a gag upon his Lips. [Great applause.]
+
+     The question that stirred the Revolution touched our civil
+     interests. This concerns us not only as citizens, but as immortal
+     beings. Wrapped up in its fate, saved or lost with it, are not only
+     the voice of the statesman, but the instructions of the pulpit and
+     the progress of our faith.
+
+     Is the clergy "marvelously out of place" where free speech is
+     battled for--liberty of speech on national sins? Does the gentleman
+     remember that freedom to preach was first gained, dragging in its
+     train freedom to print? I thank the clergy here present, as I
+     reverence their predecessors, who did not so far forget their
+     country in their immediate profession as to deem it duty to
+     separate themselves from the struggle of Seventy-six--the Mayhews
+     and the Coopers--who remembered they were citizens before they were
+     clergymen....
+
+     I am glad, Sir, to see this crowded house. It is good for us to be
+     here. When liberty is in danger, Faneuil Hall has the right, it is
+     her duty, to strike the keynote of these United States. I am glad,
+     for one reason, that remarks such as those to which I have alluded
+     have been uttered here. The passage of these resolutions, in spite
+     of this opposition, led by the Attorney-General of the
+     Commonwealth, will show more clearly, more decisively, the deep
+     indignation with which Boston regards this outrage.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SO HERE ENDETH "LITTLE JOURNEYS TO THE HOMES OF EMINENT ORATORS," BEING
+VOLUME SEVEN OF THE SERIES, AS WRITTEN BY ELBERT HUBBARD: EDITED AND
+ARRANGED BY FRED BANN; BORDERS AND INITIALS BY ROYCROFT ARTISTS, AND
+PRODUCED BY THE ROYCROFTERS, AT THEIR SHOPS, WHICH ARE IN EAST AURORA,
+ERIE COUNTY, NEW YORK, MCMXXII.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Little Journeys to the Homes of the
+Great, Volume 7, by Elbert  Hubbard
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE JOURNEYS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 23761-8.txt or 23761-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/7/6/23761/
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Annie McGuire and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/23761-8.zip b/23761-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb2ffff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-8.zip
diff --git a/23761-h.zip b/23761-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..972c342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h.zip
diff --git a/23761-h/23761-h.htm b/23761-h/23761-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba4d3c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h/23761-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,10324 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Little Journeys To The Homes Of The Great, Volume 7 (of 14), by Elbert Hubbard.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
+<!--
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
+         text-align: justify;
+         margin-bottom: .75em;
+         }
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+         text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+         clear: both;
+         }
+    hr { width: 33%;
+	 margin-top: 2em;
+	 margin-bottom: 2em;
+         margin-left: auto;
+         margin-right: auto;
+         clear: both;
+       }
+
+    hr.full              {width: 100%;}
+
+    body{margin-left: 10%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
+        }
+
+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+                visibility: hidden;
+                position: absolute;
+                left: 92%;
+                font-size: smaller;
+                text-align: right;
+                font-size: 12px;
+                font-weight: normal;
+              } /* page numbers */
+
+   a:link {color:blue;
+         text-decoration:none}
+   link {color:blue;
+         text-decoration:none}
+   a:visited {color:blue;
+         text-decoration:none}
+   a:hover {color:red}
+   pre      {font-size: 8pt;}
+
+    .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;}
+
+
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+    .u        {text-decoration: underline;}
+
+    .caption  {font-weight: bold;}
+
+    .figcenter   {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
+
+    // -->
+    /* XML end  ]]>*/
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great,
+Volume 7, by Elbert  Hubbard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great, Volume 7
+       Little Journeys to the Homes of Eminent Orators
+
+Author: Elbert  Hubbard
+
+Release Date: December 7, 2007 [EBook #23761]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE JOURNEYS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Annie McGuire and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>Little Journeys To the Homes of the Great, Volume 7</h3>
+
+<h1>Little Journeys to the Homes<br />
+    of Eminent Orators</h1>
+
+<h3>by</h3>
+
+<h2>Elbert Hubbard</h2>
+
+<h3>Memorial Edition</h3>
+
+<h3>New York</h3>
+
+<h3>1916.</h3>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#PERICLES"><b>PERICLES</b></a><br />
+<a href="#MARK_ANTONY"><b>MARK ANTONY</b></a><br />
+<a href="#SAVONAROLA"><b>SAVONAROLA</b></a><br />
+<a href="#MARTIN_LUTHER"><b>MARTIN LUTHER</b></a><br />
+<a href="#EDMUND_BURKE"><b>EDMUND BURKE</b></a><br />
+<a href="#WILLIAM_PITT"><b>WILLIAM PITT</b></a><br />
+<a href="#JEAN_PAUL_MARAT"><b>JEAN PAUL MARAT</b></a><br />
+<a href="#ROBERT_INGERSOLL"><b>ROBERT INGERSOLL</b></a><br />
+<a href="#PATRICK_HENRY"><b>PATRICK HENRY</b></a><br />
+<a href="#STARR_KING"><b>STARR KING</b></a><br />
+<a href="#HENRY_WARD_BEECHER"><b>HENRY WARD BEECHER</b></a><br />
+<a href="#WENDELL_PHILLIPS"><b>WENDELL PHILLIPS</b></a><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="PERICLES" id="PERICLES"></a>PERICLES<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_9" id="VII_Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>When we agreed, O Aspasia! in the beginning of our loves, to
+communicate our thoughts by writing, even while we were both in
+Athens, and when we had many reasons for it, we little foresaw the
+more powerful one that has rendered it necessary of late. We never
+can meet again: the laws forbid it, and love itself enforces them.
+Let wisdom be heard by you as imperturbably, and affection as
+authoritatively, as ever; and remember that the sorrow of Pericles
+can rise but from the bosom of Aspasia. There is only one word of
+tenderness we could say, which we have not said oftentimes before;
+and there is no consolation in it. The happy never say, and never
+hear said, farewell.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>And now at the close of my day, when every light is dim and every
+guest departed, let me own that these wane before me, remembering,
+as I do in the pride and fulness of my heart, that Athens confided
+her glory, and Aspasia her happiness, to me.</p>
+
+<p>Have I been a faithful guardian? Do I resign them to the custody of
+the gods, undiminished and unimpaired? Welcome then, welcome, my
+last hour! After enjoying for so great a number of years, in my
+public and private life, what I believe has never been the lot of
+any other, I now extend my hand to the urn, and take without
+reluctance or hesitation that which is the lot of all.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">&mdash;<i>Pericles to Aspasia</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_10" id="VII_Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <a id="image0441-1"></a>
+    <img src="images/0441-1.jpg" width="301" height="400"
+       alt=""
+       title="" />
+
+   <p class="center">PERICLES</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_11" id="VII_Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>Once upon a day there was a grocer who lived in Indianapolis, Indiana.
+The grocer's name being Heinrich Schliemann, his nationality can be
+inferred; and as for pedigree, it is enough to state that his ancestors
+did not land at either Plymouth or Jamestown. However, he was an
+American citizen.</p>
+
+<p>Now this grocer made much moneys, for he sold groceries as were, and had
+a feed-barn, a hay-scales, a sommer-garten and a lunch-counter. In fact,
+his place of business was just the kind you would expect a strenuous man
+by the name of Schliemann to keep.</p>
+
+<p>Soon Schliemann had men on the road, and they sold groceries as far west
+as Peoria and as far east as Xenia.</p>
+
+<p>Schliemann grew rich, and the opening up of Schliemann's Division, where
+town lots were sold at auction, and Anheuser-Busch played an important
+part, helped his bank-balance not a little.</p>
+
+<p>Schliemann grew rich: and the gentle reader being clairvoyant, now sees
+Schliemann weighed on his own hay-scales&mdash;and wanting everything in
+sight&mdash;tipping the beam at part of a ton. The expectation is that
+Schliemann will evolve into a large oval satrap, grow beautifully
+boastful and sublimely reminiscent, representing his Ward in the Common
+Council until pudge<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_12" id="VII_Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> plus prunes him off in his prime.</p>
+
+<p>But this time the reader is wrong: Schliemann was tall, slender and
+reserved, also taciturn. Groceries were not the goal. In fact, he had
+interests outside of Indianapolis, that few knew anything about. When
+Schliemann was thirty-eight years old he was worth half a million
+dollars; and instead of making his big business still bigger, he was
+studying Greek. It was a woman and Eros taught Schliemann Greek, and
+this was so letters could be written&mdash;dictated by Eros, who they do say
+is an awful dictator&mdash;that would not be easily construed by Hoosier "hoi
+polloi." Together the woman and Schliemann studied the history of
+Hellas.</p>
+
+<p>About the year Eighteen Hundred Sixty-eight Schliemann turned all of his
+Indiana property into cash; and in April, Eighteen Hundred Seventy, he
+was digging in the hill of Hissarlik, Troad. The same faculty of
+thoroughness, and the ability to captain a large business&mdash;managing men
+to his own advantage, and theirs&mdash;made his work in Greece a success.
+Schliemann's discoveries at Mount Athos, Mycen&aelig;, Ithaca and Tiryns
+turned a searchlight upon prehistoric Hellas and revolutionized
+prevailing ideas concerning the rise and the development of Greek Art.</p>
+
+<p>His Trojan treasures were presented to the city of Berlin. Had
+Schliemann given his priceless findings to Indianapolis, it would have
+made that city a Sacred Mecca for all the Western World&mdash;set it apart,
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_13" id="VII_Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> caused James Whitcomb Riley to be a mere side-show, inept,
+inconsequent, immaterial and insignificant. But alas! Indianapolis never
+knew Schliemann when he lived there&mdash;they thought he was a Dutch Grocer!
+And all the honors went to Benjamin Harrison, Governor Morton and Thomas
+A. Hendricks.</p>
+
+<p>If the Indiana Novelists would cease their dalliance with Dame Fiction
+and turn to Truth, writing a simple record of the life of Schliemann, it
+would eclipse in strangeness all the Knighthoods that ever were in
+Flower, and Ben Hur would get the flag in his Crawfordsville
+chariot-race for fame.</p>
+
+<p>Berlin gave the freedom of the city to Schliemann; the Emperor of
+Germany bestowed on him a Knighthood; the University voted him a Ph.&nbsp;D.;
+Heidelberg made him a D.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;L.; and Saint Petersburg followed with an
+LL.&nbsp;D.</p>
+
+<p>The value of the treasure, now in the Berlin Museum, found by Schliemann
+exceeds by far the value of the Elgin Marbles in the British Museum.</p>
+
+<p>We know, and have always known, who built the Parthenon and crowned the
+Acropolis; but not until Schliemann had by faith and good works removed
+the mountain of Hissarlik, did we know that the Troy, of which blind
+Homer sang, was not a figment of the poet's brain.</p>
+
+<p>Schliemann showed us that a thousand years before the age of Pericles
+there was a civilization almost as great. Aye! more than this&mdash;he showed
+us that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_14" id="VII_Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> ancient city of Troy was built upon the ruins of a city
+that throve and pulsed with life and pride, a thousand years or more
+before Thetis, the mother of Achilles, held her baby by the heel and
+dipped him in the River Styx.</p>
+
+<p>Schliemann passed to the Realm of Shade in Eighteen Hundred Ninety, and
+is buried at Athens, in the Ceramicus, in a grave excavated by his own
+hands in a search for the grave of Pericles.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_15" id="VII_Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>Pericles lived nearly twenty-five centuries ago. The years of his life
+were sixty-six&mdash;during the last thirty-one of which, by popular acclaim,
+he was the "First Citizen of Athens." The age in which he lived is
+called the Age of Pericles.</p>
+
+<p>Shakespeare died less than three hundred years ago, and although he
+lived in a writing age, and every decade since has seen a plethora of
+writing men, yet writing men are now bandying words as to whether he
+lived at all.</p>
+
+<p>Between us and Pericles lie a thousand years of night, when styli were
+stilled, pens forgotten, chisels thrown aside, brushes were useless, and
+oratory was silent, dumb. Yet we know the man Pericles quite as well as
+the popular mind knows George Washington, who lived but yesterday, and
+with whom myth and fable have already played their part.</p>
+
+<p>Thucydides, a contemporary of Pericles, who outlived him by nearly half
+a century, wrote his life. Fortunately, Thucydides was big enough
+himself to take the measure of a great man. At least seven other
+contemporaries, whose works we have in part, wrote also of the First
+Citizen.</p>
+
+<p>To Plutarch are we indebted for much of our knowledge of Pericles, and
+fortunately we are in position to verify most of Plutarch's gossipy
+chronicles.</p>
+
+<p>The vanishing-point of time is seen in that Plutarch<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_16" id="VII_Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> refers to Pericles
+as an "ancient"; and through the mist of years it hardly seems possible
+that between Plutarch and Pericles is a period of five hundred years.
+Plutarch resided in Greece when Paul was at Athens, Corinth and other
+Grecian cities. Later, Plutarch was at Miletus, about the time Saint
+Paul stopped there on his way to Rome to be tried for blasphemy&mdash;the
+same offense committed by Socrates, and a sin charged, too, against
+Pericles. Nature punishes for most sins, but sacrilege, heresy and
+blasphemy are not in her calendar, so man has to look after them.
+Plutarch visited Patmos where Saint John was exiled and where he wrote
+the Book of Revelation. Plutarch was also at "Malta by the Sea," where
+Saint Paul was shipwrecked; but so far as we know, he never heard of
+Paul nor of Him of whom, upon Mars Hill, Paul preached.</p>
+
+<p>Paul bears testimony that at Athens the people spent their time in
+nothing else but either to tell or to hear some new thing. They were
+curious as children, and had to be diverted and amused. They were the
+same people that Pericles had diverted, amused and used&mdash;used without
+their knowing it, five hundred years before.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_17" id="VII_Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>The gentle and dignified Anaxagoras, who abandoned all his property to
+the State that he might be free to devote himself to thought, was the
+first and best teacher of Pericles. Under his tutorship&mdash;better, the
+companionship of this noble man&mdash;Pericles acquired that sublime
+self-restraint, that intellectual breadth, that freedom from
+superstition, which marked his character.</p>
+
+<p>Superstitions are ossified metaphors, and back of every religious
+fallacy lies a truth. The gods of Greece were once men who fought their
+valiant fight and lived their day; the supernatural is the natural not
+yet understood&mdash;it is the natural seen through the mist of one, two,
+three, ten or twenty-five hundred years, when things loom large and out
+of proportion&mdash;and all these things were plain to Pericles. Yet he kept
+his inmost belief to himself, and let the mob believe whate'er it list.
+Morley's book on "Compromise" would not have appealed much to
+Pericles&mdash;his answer would have been, "A man must do what he can, and
+not what he would." Yet he was no vulgar demagog truckling to the
+caprices of mankind, nor was he a tyrant who pitted his will against the
+many and subdued by a show of arms. For thirty years he kept peace at
+home, and if this peace was once or twice cemented by an insignificant
+foreign war, he proved thereby that he was abreast of Napoleon, who
+said, "The cure for civil dissension is war abroad." Pericles<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_18" id="VII_Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> stands
+alone in his success as a statesman. It was Thomas Brackett Reed, I
+believe, who said, "A statesman is a politician who is dead."</p>
+
+<p>And this is a sober truth, for, to reveal the statesman, perspective is
+required.</p>
+
+<p>Pericles built and maintained a State, and he did it, as every statesman
+must, by recognizing and binding to him ability. It is a fine thing to
+have ability, but the ability to discover ability in others is the true
+test. While Pericles lived, there also lived &AElig;schylus, Sophocles,
+Euripides, Pythagoras, Socrates, Herodotus, Zeno, Hippocrates, Pindar,
+Empedocles and Democritus. Such a galaxy of stars has never been seen
+before nor since&mdash;unless we have it now&mdash;and Pericles was their one
+central sun.</p>
+
+<p>Pericles was great in many ways&mdash;great as an orator, musician,
+philosopher, politician, financier, and great and wise as a practical
+leader. Lovers of beauty are apt to be dreamers, but this man had the
+ability to plan, devise, lay out work and carry it through to a
+successful conclusion. He infused others with his own animation, and
+managed to set a whole cityful of lazy people building a temple grander
+far in its rich simplicity than the world had ever seen. By his masterly
+eloquence and the magic of his presence, Pericles infused the Greeks
+with a passion for beauty and a desire to create. And no man can inspire
+others with the desire to create who has not taken sacred<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_19" id="VII_Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> fire from the
+altar of the gods. The creative genius is the highest gift vouchsafed to
+man, and wherein man is likest God. The desire to create does not burn
+the heart of the serf, and only free people can respond to the greatest
+power ever given to any First Citizen.</p>
+
+<p>In beautifying the city there was a necessity for workers in stone,
+brass, iron, ivory, gold, silver and wood. Six thousand of the citizens
+were under daily pay as jurors, to be called upon if their services were
+needed; most of the other male adults were soldiers. Through the genius
+of Pericles and his generals these men were set to work as masons,
+carpenters, braziers, goldsmiths, painters and sculptors. Talent was
+discovered where before it was supposed there was none; music found a
+voice; playwriters discovered actors; actors found an audience; and
+philosophy had a hearing. A theater was built, carved almost out of
+solid stone, that seated ten thousand people, and on the stage there was
+often heard a chorus of a thousand voices. Physical culture developed
+the perfect body so that the Greek forms of that time are today the
+despair of the human race. The recognition of the sacredness of the
+temple of the soul was taught as a duty; and to make the body beautiful
+by right exercise and by right life became a science. The sculptor must
+have models approaching perfection, and the exhibition of the sculptor's
+work, together with occasional public religious processions of naked
+youths, kept before the people<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_20" id="VII_Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> ideals superb and splendid.</p>
+
+<p>For several years everybody worked, carrying stone, hewing, tugging,
+lifting, carving. Up the steep road that led to the Acropolis was a
+constant procession carrying materials. So infused was everybody and
+everything with the work that a story is told of a certain mule that had
+hauled a cart in the endless procession. This worthy worker, "who was
+sustained by neither pride of ancestry nor hope of posterity," finally
+became galled and lame and was turned out to die. But the mule did not
+die&mdash;nothing dies until hope dies. That mule pushed his way back into
+the throng and up and down he went, filled and comforted with the
+thought that he was doing his work&mdash;and all respected him and made way.
+If this story was invented by a comic poet of the time, devised by an
+enemy of Pericles, we see its moral, and think no less of Pericles. To
+inspire a mule with a passion for work and loyalty in a great cause is
+no mean thing.</p>
+
+<p>So richly endowed was Pericles that he was able to appreciate the best
+not only in men, but in literature, painting, sculpture, music,
+architecture and life as well. In him there was as near a perfect
+harmony as we have ever seen&mdash;in him all the various lines of Greek
+culture united, and we get the perfect man. Under the right conditions
+there might be produced a race of such men&mdash;but such a race never lived
+in Greece and never could. Greece was a splendid experiment. Greece was
+God's finest plaything&mdash;devised to show what He could do.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_21" id="VII_Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>I have sometimes thought that comeliness of feature and fine physical
+proportions were a handicap to an orator. If a man is handsome, it is
+quite enough&mdash;let him act as chairman and limit his words to stating the
+pleasure he has in introducing the speaker. No man in a full-dress suit
+can sway a thousand people to mingled mirth and tears, play upon their
+emotions and make them remember the things they have forgotten, drive
+conviction home, and change the ideals of a lifetime in an hour. The man
+in spotless attire, with necktie mathematically adjusted, is an usher.
+If too much attention to dress is in evidence, we at once conclude that
+the attire is first in importance and the message secondary.</p>
+
+<p>The orator is a man we hate, fear or love, and are curious to see. His
+raiment is incidental; the usher's clothes are vital. The attire of the
+usher may reveal the man&mdash;but not so the speaker. If our first
+impressions are disappointing, so much the better, provided the man is a
+man.</p>
+
+<p>The best thing in Winston Churchill's book, "The Crisis," is his
+description of Lincoln's speech at Freeport. Churchill got that
+description from a man who was there. Where the issue was great, Lincoln
+was always at first a disappointment. His unkempt appearance, his
+awkwardness, his shrill voice&mdash;these things made people laugh, then they
+were ashamed because they laughed, then they pitied, next followed
+surprise,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_22" id="VII_Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> and before they knew it, they were being wrapped 'round by
+words so gracious, so fair, so convincing, so free from prejudice, so
+earnest and so charged with soul that they were taken captive, bound
+hand and foot.</p>
+
+<p>Talmage, who knew his business, used to work this element of
+disappointment as an art. When the event was important and he wished to
+make a particularly good impression, he would begin in a very low,
+sing-song voice, and in a monotonous manner, dealing in trite nothings
+for five minutes or more. His angular form would seem to take on more
+angles and his homely face would grow more homely, if that were
+possible&mdash;disappointment would spread itself over the audience like a
+fog; people would settle back in their pews, sigh and determine to
+endure. And then suddenly the speaker would glide to the front, his
+great chest would fill, his immense mouth would open and there would
+leap forth a sentence like a thunderbolt.</p>
+
+<p>Visitors at "The Temple," London, will recall how Joseph Parker works
+the matter of surprise, and often piques curiosity by beginning his
+sermon to two thousand people in a voice that is just above a whisper.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most impressive orators of modern times was John P. Altgeld,
+yet to those who heard him for the first time his appearance was always
+a disappointment. Altgeld was so earnest and sincere, so full of his
+message that he scorned all the tricks of oratory, but still he must
+have been aware that his insignificant<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_23" id="VII_Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> form and commonplace appearance
+were a perfect foil for the gloomy, melancholy and foreboding note of
+earnestness that riveted his words into a perfect whole.</p>
+
+<p>Over against the type of oratory represented by Altgeld, America has
+produced one orator who fascinated first by his personal appearance,
+next exasperated by his imperturbable calm, then disappointed through a
+reserve that nothing could baffle, and finally won through all three,
+more than by his message. This man was Roscoe Conkling, he of the
+Hyperion curls and Jovelike front.</p>
+
+<p>The chief enemy of Conkling (and he had a goodly list) was James G.
+Blaine, who once said of him, "He wins, like Pericles, by his grand and
+god-like manner&mdash;and knows it." In appearance and manner Pericles and
+Conkling had much in common, but there the parallel stops.</p>
+
+<p>Pericles appeared only on great occasions. We are told that in twenty
+years he was seen on the streets of Athens only once a year, and that
+was in going from his house to the Assembly where he made his annual
+report of his stewardship. He never made himself cheap. His speeches
+were prepared with great care and must have been memorized. Before he
+spoke he prayed the gods that not a single unworthy word might escape
+his lips. We are told that his manner was so calm, so well poised, that
+during his speech his mantle was never disarranged.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_24" id="VII_Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>In his speeches Pericles never championed an unpopular cause&mdash;he never
+led a forlorn hope&mdash;he never flung reasons into the teeth of a mob. His
+addresses were the orderly, gracious words of eulogy and congratulation.
+He won the approval of his constituents often against their will, and
+did the thing he wished to do, without giving offense. Thucydides says
+his words were like the honey of Hymettus&mdash;persuasion sat upon his lips.</p>
+
+<p>No man wins his greatest fame in that to which he has given most of his
+time; it's his side issue, the thing he does for recreation, his heart's
+play-spell, that gives him immortality. There is too much tension in
+that where his all is staked. But in his leisure the pressure is
+removed, his heart is free and judgment may for the time take a back
+seat&mdash;there was where Dean Swift picked his laurels. Although Pericles
+was the greatest orator of his day, yet his business was not oratory.
+Public speaking was to him merely incidental and accidental. He
+doubtless would have avoided it if he could&mdash;he was a man of affairs, a
+leader of practical men, and he was a teacher. He held his place by a
+suavity, gentleness and gracious show of reasons unparalleled. In
+oratory it is manner that wins, not words. One virtue Pericles had in
+such generous measure that the world yet takes note of it, and that is
+his patience. If interrupted in a speech, he gave way and never answered
+sharply, nor used his position to the other's<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_25" id="VII_Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> discomfiture. In his
+speeches there was no challenge, no vituperation, no irony, no
+arraignment. He assumed that everybody was honest, everybody just, and
+that all men were doing what they thought was best for themselves and
+others. His enemies were not rogues&mdash;simply good men who were
+temporarily in error. He impeached no man's motives; but went much out
+of his way to give due credit.</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion, early in his public career, he was berated by a bully
+in the streets. Pericles made no answer, but went quietly about his
+business. The man followed him, continuing his abuse&mdash;followed him clear
+to the door of his house. It being dark, Pericles ordered one of his
+servants to procure a torch, light the man home and see that no harm
+befell him.</p>
+
+<p>The splendor of his intellect and the sublime strength of his will are
+shown in that small things did not distress him. He was building the
+Parthenon and making Athens the wonder of the world: this was enough.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_26" id="VII_Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>The Greeks at their best were barbarians; at their worst, slaves. The
+average intelligence among them was low; and the idea that they were
+such a wonderful people has gained a foothold simply because they are so
+far off. The miracle of it all is that such sublimely great men as
+Pericles, Phidias, Socrates and Anaxagoras should have sprung from such
+a barbaric folk. The men just named were as exceptional as was
+Shakespeare in the reign of Elizabeth. That the masses had small
+appreciation of these men is proven in the fact that Phidias and
+Anaxagoras died in prison, probably defeating their persecutors by
+suicide. Socrates drank the cup of hemlock, and Pericles, the one man
+who had made Athens immortal, barely escaped banishment and death by
+diverting attention from himself to a foreign war. The charge against
+both Pericles and Phidias was that of "sacrilege." They said that
+Pericles and Phidias should be punished because they had placed their
+pictures on a sacred shield.</p>
+
+<p>Humanity's job-lot was in the saddle, and sought to wound Pericles by
+attacking his dearest friends: so his old teacher, Anaxagoras, was made
+to die; his beloved helper, Phidias, the greatest sculptor the world has
+ever known, suffered a like fate; and his wife, Aspasia, was humiliated
+by being dragged to a public trial, where the eloquence of Pericles
+alone saved her from a malefactor's death; and it is said that this was<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_27" id="VII_Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+the only time when Pericles lost his "Olympian calm."</p>
+
+<p>The son of Pericles and Aspasia was one of ten generals executed because
+they failed to win a certain battle. The scheme of beheading
+unsuccessful soldiers was not without its advantages, and in some ways
+is to be commended; but the plan reveals the fact that the Greeks had so
+little faith in their leaders that the threat of death was deemed
+necessary to make them do their duty. This son of Pericles was declared
+illegitimate by law; another law was passed declaring him legitimate:
+and finally his head was cut off, all as duly provided in the statutes.
+Doesn't this make us wonder what this world would have been without its
+lawmakers? The particular offense of Anaxagoras was that he said Jove
+occasionally sent thunder and lightning with no thought of Athens in
+mind. The same subject is up for discussion yet, but no special penalty
+is provided by the State as to conclusions.</p>
+
+<p>The citizens of Greece in the time of Pericles were given over to two
+things which were enough to damn any individual and any nation&mdash;idleness
+and superstition. The drudgery was done by slaves; the idea that a free
+citizen should work was preposterous; to be useful was a disgrace. For a
+time Pericles dissipated their foolish thought, but it kept cropping
+out. To speak disrespectfully of the gods was to invite death, and the
+philosophers who dared discuss the powers of Nature or refer to a
+natural religion were safe only<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_28" id="VII_Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> through the fact that their language
+was usually so garlanded with the flowers of poesy that the people did
+not comprehend its import.</p>
+
+<p>Very early in the reign of Pericles a present of forty thousand bushels
+of wheat had been sent from the King of Egypt; at least it was called a
+present&mdash;probably it was an exacted tribute. This wheat was to be
+distributed among the free citizens of Athens, and accordingly when the
+cargo arrived there was a fine scramble among the people to show that
+they were free. Everybody produced a certificate and demanded wheat.</p>
+
+<p>Some time before this Pericles had caused a law to be passed providing
+that in order to be a citizen a man must be descended from a father and
+a mother who were both Athenians. This law was aimed directly at
+Themistocles, the predecessor of Pericles, whose mother was an alien. It
+is true the mother of Themistocles was an alien, but her son was
+Themistocles. The law worked and Themistocles was declared a bastardicus
+and banished.</p>
+
+<p>Before unloading our triremes of wheat, let the fact be stated that laws
+aimed at individuals are apt to prove boomerangs. "Thee should build no
+dark cells," said Elizabeth Fry to the King of France, "for thy children
+may occupy them." Some years after Pericles had caused this law to be
+passed defining citizenship, he loved a woman who had the misfortune to
+be born<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_29" id="VII_Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> at Miletus. According to his own law the marriage of Pericles
+to this woman was not legal&mdash;she was only his slave, not his wife. So
+finally Pericles had to go before the people and ask for the repeal of
+the law that he had made, in order that his own children might be made
+legitimate. Little men in shovel hats and knee-breeches who hotly fume
+against the sin of a man marrying his deceased wife's sister are usually
+men whose wives are not deceased, and have no sisters.</p>
+
+<p>The wheat arrived at the Pir&aelig;us, and the citizens jammed the docks. The
+slaves wore sleeveless tunics. The Greeks were not much given to that
+absurd plan of cutting off heads&mdash;they simply cut off sleeves. This
+meant that the man was a worker&mdash;the rest affected sleeves so long that
+they could not work, somewhat after the order of the Chinese nobility,
+who wear their finger-nails so long they can not use their hands. "To
+kill a bird is to lose it," said Thoreau. "To kill a man is to lose
+him," said the Greeks.</p>
+
+<p>"You should have your sleeves cut off," said some of the citizens to
+others, with a bit of acerbity, as they crowded the docks for their
+wheat.</p>
+
+<p>The talk increased&mdash;it became louder.</p>
+
+<p>Finally it was proposed that the distribution of wheat should be
+deferred until every man had proved his pedigree.</p>
+
+<p>The ayes had it.</p>
+
+<p>The result was that on close scrutiny five thousand<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_30" id="VII_Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> supposed citizens
+had a blot on their 'scutcheon. The property of these five thousand men
+was immediately confiscated and the men sold into slavery. The total
+number of free men, women and children in the city of Athens was about
+seventy-five thousand, and of the slaves or helots about the same,
+making the total population of the city about one hundred fifty
+thousand.</p>
+
+<p>We have heard so much of "the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur
+that was Rome," that we are, at times, apt to think the world is making
+progress backward. But let us all stand erect and lift up our hearts in
+thankfulness that we live in the freest country the world has ever
+known. Wisdom is not monopolized by a few; power is not concentrated in
+the hands of a tyrant; knowledge need not express itself in cipher; to
+work is no longer a crime or a disgrace.</p>
+
+<p>We have superstition yet, but it is toothless: we can say our say
+without fear of losing our heads or our sleeves. We may lose a few
+customers, and some subscribers may cancel, but we are not in danger of
+banishment; and that attenuated form of ostracism which consists in
+neglecting to invite the offender to a four-o'clock tea has no terrors.</p>
+
+<p>Bigotry is abroad, but it has no longer the power to throttle science;
+the empty threat of future punishment and the offer of reward are
+nothing to us, since we perceive they are offered by men who haven't<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_31" id="VII_Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+these things to give. The idea of war and conquest is held by many, but
+concerning it we voice our thoughts and write our views; and the fact
+that we perceive and point out what we believe are fallacies, and brand
+the sins of idleness and extravagance, is proof that light is breaking
+in the East. If we can profit by the good that was in Greece and avoid
+the bad, we have the raw material here, if properly used, to make her
+glory fade into forgetfulness by comparison.</p>
+
+<p>Do not ask that the days of Greece shall come again&mdash;we now know that to
+live by the sword is to die by the sword, and the nation that builds on
+conquest builds on sand. We want no splendor fashioned by slaves&mdash;no
+labor driven by the lash, nor lured on through superstitious threat of
+punishment and offer of reward: we recognize that to own slaves is to be
+one.</p>
+
+<p>Ten men built Athens. The passion for beauty that these men had may be
+ours, their example may inspire us, but to live their lives&mdash;we will
+none of them! Our lives are better&mdash;the best time the world has ever
+seen is now; and a better yet is sure to be. The night is past and
+gone&mdash;the light is breaking in the East!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_32" id="VII_Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>Womanhood was not held in high esteem in Greece. To be sure, barbaric
+Sparta made a bold stand for equality, and almost instituted a
+gynecocracy, but the usual idea was that a woman's opinion was not worth
+considering. Hence the caricaturists of the day made sly sport of the
+love of Pericles and Aspasia. These two were intellectual equals,
+comrades; and that all of Pericles' public speeches were rehearsed to
+her, as his enemies averred, is probably true. "Aspasia has no time for
+society; she is busy writing a speech for her lord," said Aristophanes.
+Socrates used to visit Aspasia, and he gave it out as his opinion that
+Aspasia wrote the sublime ode delivered by Pericles on the occasion of
+his eulogy on the Athenian dead. The popular mind could not possibly
+comprehend how a great man could defer to a woman in important matters,
+and she be at once his wife, counselor, comrade, friend. Socrates, who
+had been taught by antithesis, understood it.</p>
+
+<p>The best minds of our day behold that Pericles was as sublimely great in
+his love-affairs as he was in his work as architect and statesman. Life
+is a whole, and every man works his love up into life&mdash;his life is
+revealed in his work, and his love is mirrored in his life. For myself I
+can not see why the Parthenon may not have been a monument to a great
+and sublime passion, and the statue of Athena, its chief ornament, be
+the sacred symbol of a great woman greatly loved.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_33" id="VII_Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>So far as can be found, the term of "courtesan" applied by the mob to
+Aspasia came from the fact that she was not legally married to Pericles,
+and for no other reason. That their union was not legal was owing to the
+simple fact that Pericles, early in his career, had caused a law to be
+passed making marriage between an Athenian and an alien morganatic: very
+much as in England, for a time, the children of a marriage where one
+parent was a Catholic and the other a Protestant were declared by the
+State to be illegitimate. The act of Pericles in spreading a net for his
+rival and getting caught in it himself is a beautiful example of the
+truth of a bucolic maxim, "Chickens most generally come home to roost."</p>
+
+<p>Thucydides says that for thirty years Pericles never dined away from
+home but once. He kept out of crowds, and was very seldom seen at public
+gatherings. The idea held by many was that a man who thus preferred his
+home and the society of a woman was either silly or bad, or both.
+Socrates, for instance, never went home as long as there was any other
+place to go, which reminds us of a certain American statesman who met a
+friend on the street, the hour being near midnight. "Where are you
+going, Bill?" asked the statesman. "Home," said Bill. "What!" said the
+statesman, "haven't you any place to go?" The Athenian men spent their
+spare time in the streets and marketplaces&mdash;this was to them what the
+daily paper<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_34" id="VII_Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> is to us.</p>
+
+<p>In his home life Pericles was simple, unpretentious and free from all
+extravagance. No charge could ever be brought against him that he was
+wasting the public money for himself&mdash;the beauty he materialized was for
+all. He held no court, had no carriages, equipage, nor guards; wore no
+insignia of office, and had no title save that of "First Citizen" given
+him by the people. He is the supreme type of a man who, though holding
+no public office, yet ruled like a monarch, and, best of all, ruled his
+own spirit. There is no government so near perfect as that of an
+absolute monarchy&mdash;where the monarch is wise and just.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_35" id="VII_Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>Greece is a beautiful dream. Dreams do not endure, yet they are a part
+of life, no less than the practical deeds of the day. The glory of
+Greece could not last; its limit was thirty years&mdash;one generation. The
+splendor of Athens was built on tribute and conquest, and the lesson of
+it all lies in this: For thirty years Pericles turned the revenues of
+war into art, beauty and usefulness.</p>
+
+<p>England spent more in her vain efforts to subjugate two little South
+African republics than Pericles spent in making Athens the Wonder of the
+World. If Chamberlain and Salisbury had been the avatars of Pericles and
+Phidias, they would have used the nine hundred millions of dollars
+wasted in South Africa, and the services of those three hundred thousand
+men, and done in England, aye! or done in South Africa, a work of
+harmony and undying beauty such as this tired earth had not seen since
+Phidias wrought and Pindar sang.</p>
+
+<p>And another thing, the thirty thousand Englishmen sacrificed to the God
+of War, and the ten thousand Boers, dead in a struggle for what they
+thought was right, would now nearly all be alive and well, rejoicing in
+the contemplation of a harmony unparalleled and unsurpassed.</p>
+
+<p>During the last year the United States has appropriated four hundred
+million dollars for war and war-apparatus. Since Eighteen Hundred
+Ninety-seven we have expended about three times the sum named for<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_36" id="VII_Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> war
+and waste. If there had been among us a Pericles who could have used
+this vast treasure in irrigating the lands of the West and building
+Manual-Training Schools where boys and girls would be taught to do
+useful work and make beautiful things, we could have made ancient Greece
+pale into forgetfulness beside the beauty we would manifest.</p>
+
+<p>When Pericles came into power there was a union of the Greek States,
+formed with intent to stand against Persia, the common foe. A treasure
+had been accumulated at Delos by Themistocles, the predecessor of
+Pericles, to use in case of emergency.</p>
+
+<p>The ambition of Themistocles was to make Greece commercially supreme.
+She must be the one maritime power of the world. All the outlying
+islands of the &AElig;gean Sea were pouring their tithes into Athens and Delos
+that they might have protection from the threatening hordes of Persia.</p>
+
+<p>Pericles saw that war was not imminent, and under the excuse of
+increased safety he got the accumulated treasure moved from Delos to
+Athens. The amount of this emergency fund, to us, would be
+insignificant&mdash;a mere matter of, say, two million dollars. Pericles used
+this money, or a portion of it at least, for beautifying Athens, and he
+did his wondrous work by maintaining a moderate war-tax in a time of
+peace, using the revenue for something better than destruction and
+vaunting pride.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_37" id="VII_Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>But Pericles could not forever hold out against the mob at Athens and
+the hordes abroad. He might have held the hordes at bay, but disloyalty
+struck at him at home&mdash;his best helpers were sacrificed to
+superstition&mdash;his beloved helper Phidias was dead. War came&mdash;the
+population from the country flocked within the walls of Athens for
+protection. The pent-up people grew restless, sick; pestilence followed,
+and in ministering to their needs, trying to infuse courage into his
+whimpering countrymen, bearing up under the disloyalty of his own sons,
+planning to meet the lesser foe without, Pericles grew aweary, Nature
+flagged, and he was dead.</p>
+
+<p>From his death dates the decline of Greece&mdash;she has been twenty-five
+centuries dying and is not dead even yet. To Greece we go for
+consolation, and in her armless and headless marbles we see the perfect
+type of what men and women yet may be. Copies of her Winged Victory are
+upon ten thousand pedestals pointing us the way.</p>
+
+<p>England has her Chamberlain, Salisbury, Lord Bobs, Buller, and
+Kitchener; America has her rough-riders who bawl and boast, her
+financiers, and her promoters. In every city of America there is a
+Themistocles who can organize a Trust of Delos and make the outlying
+islands pay tithes and tribute through an indirect tax on this and that.
+In times of alleged danger all Kansans flock to arms and offer their
+lives in the interest of outraged humanity.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_38" id="VII_Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>These things are well, but where is the Pericles who can inspire men to
+give in times of peace what all are willing to give in the delirium of
+war&mdash;that is to say, themselves?</p>
+
+<p>We can Funstonize men into fighting-machines; we can set half a nation
+licking stamps for strife; but where is the Pericles who can infuse the
+populace into paving streets, building good roads, planting trees,
+constructing waterways across desert sands, and crowning each
+rock-ribbed hill with a temple consecrated to Love and Beauty! We take
+our mules from their free prairies, huddle them in foul transports and
+send them across wide oceans to bleach their bones upon the burning
+veldt; but where is the man who can inspire our mules with a passion to
+do their work, add their mite to building a temple and follow the
+procession unled, undriven&mdash;with neither curb nor lash&mdash;happy in the
+fond idea that they are a part of all the seething life that throbs,
+pulses and works for a Universal Good!</p>
+
+<p>England is today a country tied with crape. On the lintels of her
+doorposts there linger yet the marks of sprinkled blood; the guttural
+hurrahs of her coronation are mostly evoked by beer; behind it all are
+fears and tears and a sorrow that will not be comforted.</p>
+
+<p>"I never caused a single Athenian to wear mourning," truthfully said
+Pericles with his dying breath. Can the present prime ministers of earth
+say as much? That is the kind of leader America most needs today&mdash;a man<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_39" id="VII_Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+who can do his work and make no man, woman or child wear crape.</p>
+
+<p>The time is ripe for him&mdash;we await his coming.</p>
+
+<p>We are sick and tired of plutocrats who struggle and scheme but for
+themselves; we turn with loathing from the concrete selfishness of
+Newport and Saratoga; the clatter of arms and the blare of
+battle-trumpets in time of peace are hideous to our ears&mdash;we want no
+wealth gained from conquest and strife.</p>
+
+<p>Ours is the richest country the world has ever known. Greece was a
+beggar compared with Iowa and Illinois, where nothing but honest effort
+is making small cities great. But we need a Pericles who shall inspire
+us to work for truth, harmony and beauty&mdash;a beauty wrought for
+ourselves&mdash;and a love that shall perform such miracles that they will
+minister to the millions yet unborn. We need a Pericles! We need a
+Pericles!</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="MARK_ANTONY" id="MARK_ANTONY"></a>MARK ANTONY<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_40" id="VII_Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It is not long, my Antony, since, with these hands, I buried thee.<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_41" id="VII_Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+Alas! they were then free, but thy Cleopatra is now a prisoner,
+attended by guard, lest, in the transports of her grief, she should
+disfigure this captive body, which is reserved to adorn the triumph
+over thee. These are the last offerings, the last honors she can
+pay thee; for she is now to be conveyed to a distant country.
+Nothing could part us while we lived, but in death we are to be
+divided. Thou, though a Roman, liest buried in Egypt; and I, an
+Egyptian, must be interred in Italy, the only favor I shall receive
+from thy country. Yet, if the Gods of Rome have power or mercy left
+(for surely those of Egypt have forsaken us), let them not suffer
+me to be led in living triumph to thy disgrace! No! hide me, hide
+me with thee in the grave; for life, since thou hast left it, has
+been misery to me.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">&mdash;<i>Plutarch</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_42" id="VII_Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <a id="image0442-1"></a>
+    <img src="images/0442-1.jpg" width="272" height="400"
+       alt=""
+       title="" />
+   <p class="center">MARK ANTONY</p>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_43" id="VII_Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>The sole surviving daughter of the great King Ptolemy of Egypt,
+Cleopatra was seventeen years old when her father died.</p>
+
+<p>By his will the King made her joint heir to the throne with her brother
+Ptolemy, several years her junior. And according to the custom not
+unusual among royalty at that time, it was provided that Ptolemy should
+become the husband of Cleopatra.</p>
+
+<p>She was a woman&mdash;her brother a child.</p>
+
+<p>She had intellect, ambition, talent. She knew the history of her own
+country, and that of Assyria, Greece and Rome; and all the written
+languages of the world were to her familiar. She had been educated by
+the philosophers, who had brought from Greece the science of Pythagoras
+and Plato. Her companions had been men&mdash;not women, or nurses, or pious,
+pedantic priests.</p>
+
+<p>Through the veins of her young body pulsed and leaped life plus.</p>
+
+<p>She abhorred the thought of an alliance with her weak-chinned brother;
+and the ministers of state who suggested another husband, as a
+compromise, were dismissed with a look. They said she was intractable,
+contemptuous, unreasonable, and was scheming for the sole possession of
+the throne. She was not to be diverted<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_44" id="VII_Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> even by ardent courtiers who
+were sent to her, and who lay in wait, ready with amorous sighs&mdash;she
+scorned them all.</p>
+
+<p>Yet she was a woman still, and in her dreams she saw the coming prince.</p>
+
+<p>She was banished from Alexandria.</p>
+
+<p>A few friends followed her, and an army was formed to force from the
+enemy her rights.</p>
+
+<p>But other things were happening. A Roman army came leisurely drifting in
+with the tide, and disembarked at Alexandria. The Great C&aelig;sar himself
+was in command&mdash;a mere holiday, he said. He had intended to join the
+land forces of Mark Antony and help crush the rebellious Pompey, but
+Antony had done the trick alone, and only a few days before, word had
+come that Pompey was dead.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar knew that civil war was on in Alexandria, and being near he sailed
+slowly in, sending messengers ahead warning both sides to lay down their
+arms.</p>
+
+<p>With him was the far-famed invincible Tenth Legion that had ravished
+Gaul. C&aelig;sar wanted to rest his men, and incidentally to reward them.
+They took possession of the city without a blow.</p>
+
+<p>Cleopatra's troops laid down their arms, but Ptolemy's refused. They
+were simply chased beyond the walls, and their punishment was for a time
+deferred.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar took possession of the palace of the King, and his soldiers
+accommodated themselves in the houses,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_45" id="VII_Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> public buildings and temples as
+best they could.</p>
+
+<p>Cleopatra asked for a personal interview that she might present her
+cause. C&aelig;sar declined to meet her. He understood the trouble&mdash;many such
+cases he had seen. Claimants for thrones were not new to him. Where two
+parties quarreled both were right&mdash;or wrong&mdash;it really mattered little.
+It is absurd to quarrel&mdash;still more foolish to fight. C&aelig;sar was a man of
+peace, and to keep the peace he would appoint one of his generals
+governor, and make Egypt a Roman colony. In the meantime he would rest a
+week or two, with the kind permission of the Alexandrians, and work upon
+his "Commentaries"&mdash;no, he would not see either Cleopatra or Ptolemy:
+any information desired he would get through his trusted emissaries.</p>
+
+<p>In the service of Cleopatra was a Sicilian slave who had been her
+personal servant since she was a little girl. This man's name was
+Appolidorus&mdash;a man of giant stature and imposing mien. Ten years before
+his tongue had been torn out as a token that as he was to attend a queen
+he should tell no secrets.</p>
+
+<p>Appolidorus had but one thought in life, and that was to defend his
+gracious queen. He slept at the door of Cleopatra's tent, a naked sword
+at his side, held in his clenched and brawny hand.</p>
+
+<p>And now behold at dusk of day the grim and silent Appolidorus, carrying
+upon his giant shoulders a large and curious rug, rolled up and tied
+'round at either<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_46" id="VII_Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> end with ropes. He approaches the palace of the King,
+and at the guarded gate hands a note to the officer in charge. This note
+gives information to the effect that a certain patrician citizen of
+Alexandria, being glad that the gracious C&aelig;sar had deigned to visit
+Egypt, sends him the richest rug that can be woven, done, in fact, by
+his wife and daughters and held against this day, awaiting Rome's
+greatest son.</p>
+
+<p>The officer reads the note, and orders a soldier to accept the gift and
+carry it within&mdash;presents were constantly arriving. A sign from the dumb
+giant makes the soldier stand back&mdash;the present is for C&aelig;sar and can be
+delivered only in person. "Lead and I will follow," were the words done
+in stern pantomime.</p>
+
+<p>The officer laughs, sends the note inside, and the messenger soon
+returning, signifies that the present is acceptable and the slave
+bearing it shall be shown in. Appolidorus shifts the burden to the other
+shoulder, and follows the soldier through the gate, up the marble steps,
+along the splendid hallway lighted by flaring torches and lined with
+reclining Roman soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>At a door they pause an instant, there is a whispered word&mdash;they enter.</p>
+
+<p>The room is furnished as becomes the room that is the private library of
+the King of Egypt. In one corner, seated at the table, pen in hand, sits
+a man of middle age, pale, clean-shaven, with hair close-cropped. His
+dress is not that of a soldier&mdash;it is the flowing, white<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_47" id="VII_Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> robe of a
+Roman Priest. Only one servant attends this man, a secretary, seated
+near, who rises and explains that the present is acceptable and shall be
+deposited on the floor.</p>
+
+<p>The pale man at the table looks up, smiles a tired smile, and murmurs in
+a perfunctory way his thanks.</p>
+
+<p>Appolidorus having laid his burden on the floor, kneels to untie the
+ropes.</p>
+
+<p>The secretary explains that he need not trouble, pray bear thanks and
+again thanks to his master&mdash;he need not tarry!</p>
+
+<p>The dumb man on his knees neither hears nor heeds.</p>
+
+<p>The rug is unrolled.</p>
+
+<p>From out the roll a woman leaps lightly to her feet&mdash;a beautiful young
+woman of twenty.</p>
+
+<p>She stands there, poised, defiant, gazing at the pale-faced man seated
+at the table.</p>
+
+<p>He is not surprised&mdash;he never was. One might have supposed he received
+all his visitors in this manner.</p>
+
+<p>"Well?" he says in a quiet way, a half-smile parting his thin lips.</p>
+
+<p>The woman's breast heaves with tumultuous emotion&mdash;just an instant. She
+speaks, and there is no tremor in her tones. Her voice is low, smooth
+and scarcely audible: "I am Cleopatra."</p>
+
+<p>The man at the desk lays down his pen, leans back and gently nods his
+head, as much as to say, indulgently, "Yes, my child, I hear&mdash;go on!"</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_48" id="VII_Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>"I am Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, and I would speak with thee alone."</p>
+
+<p>She paused; then raising one jeweled arm motions to Appolidorus that he
+shall withdraw. With a similar motion, the man at the desk signifies the
+same to his astonished secretary.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Appolidorus went down the long hallway, down the stone steps and waited
+at the outer gate amid the throng of soldiers. They questioned him,
+gibed him, railed at him, but they got no word in reply.</p>
+
+<p>He waited&mdash;he waited an hour, two&mdash;and then came a messenger with a note
+written on a slip of parchment. The words ran thus: "Well-beloved
+'Dorus: Veni, vidi, vici! Go fetch my maids, also all of our personal
+belongings."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_49" id="VII_Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>Standing alone by the slashed and stiffened corpse of Julius C&aelig;sar, Mark
+Antony says:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Thou art the ruins of the noblest man</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That ever lived in the tide of times."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar had two qualities that mark the man of supreme power: he was
+gentle and he was firm.</p>
+
+<p>To be gentle, generous, lenient, forgiving, and yet never relinquish the
+vital thing&mdash;this is to be great.</p>
+
+<p>To know when to be generous and when firm&mdash;this is wisdom.</p>
+
+<p>The first requisite in ruling others is to rule one's own spirit.</p>
+
+<p>The suavity, moderation, dignity and wise diplomacy of C&aelig;sar led him by
+sure and safe steps from a lowly clerkship to positions of gradually
+increasing responsibility. At thirty-seven he was elected Pontifex
+Maximus&mdash;the head of the State Religion.</p>
+
+<p>Between Pagan Rome and Christian Paganism there is small choice&mdash;all
+State religions are very much alike. C&aelig;sar was Pope: and no State
+religion since his time has been an improvement on that of C&aelig;sar.</p>
+
+<p>In his habits C&aelig;sar was ascetic&mdash;a scholar by nature. He was tall,
+slender, and in countenance sad. For the intellect Nature had given him,
+she had taken toll by cheating him in form and feature. He was
+deliberate and of few words&mdash;he listened in a way that always first
+complimented the speaker and then disconcerted him.</p>
+
+<p>By birth he was a noble, and by adoption one of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_50" id="VII_Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> people. He was both
+plebeian and patrician.</p>
+
+<p>His military experience had been but slight, though creditable, and his
+public addresses were so few that no one claimed he was an orator. He
+had done nothing of special importance, and yet the feeling was
+everywhere that he was the greatest man in Rome. The nobles feared him,
+trembling at thought of his displeasure. The people loved him&mdash;he called
+them, "My children."</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar was head of the Church, but politically there were two other
+strong leaders in Rome, Pompey and Crassus. These two men were rich, and
+each was at the head of a large number of followers whom he had armed as
+militia "for the defense of State." C&aelig;sar was poor in purse and could
+not meet them in their own way even if so inclined. He saw the danger of
+these rival factions. Strife between them was imminent&mdash;street fights
+were common&mdash;and it would require only a spark to ignite the tinder.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar the Pontiff&mdash;the man of peace&mdash;saw a way to secure safety for the
+State from these two men who had armed their rival legions to protect
+it.</p>
+
+<p>To secure this end he would crush them both.</p>
+
+<p>The natural way to do this would have been to join forces with the party
+he deemed the stronger, and down the opposition. But this done, the
+leader with whom he had joined forces would still have to be dealt with.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar made peace between Pompey and Crassus by<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_51" id="VII_Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> joining with them,
+forming a Triumvirate.</p>
+
+<p>This was one of the greatest strokes of statecraft ever devised. It made
+peace at home&mdash;averted civil war&mdash;cemented rival factions.</p>
+
+<p>When three men join forces, make no mistake&mdash;power is never equally
+divided.</p>
+
+<p>Before the piping times of peace could pall, a foreign war diverted
+attention from approaching difficulties at home.</p>
+
+<p>The Gauls were threatening&mdash;they were always threatening&mdash;war could be
+had with them any time by just pushing out upon them. To the south,
+Sicily, Greece, Persia and Egypt had been exploited&mdash;fame and empire lay
+in the dim and unknown North.</p>
+
+<p>Only a C&aelig;sar could have known this. He had his colleagues make him
+governor of Gaul. Gaul was a troublesome place to be, and they were
+quite willing he should go there. For a priest to go among the fighting
+Gauls&mdash;they smiled and stroked their chins! Gaul had definite boundaries
+on the south&mdash;the Rubicon marked the line&mdash;but on the north it was
+without limit. Real-estate owners own as high in the air and as deep in
+the earth as they wish to go. C&aelig;sar alone guessed the greatness of Gaul.</p>
+
+<p>Under pretense of protecting Rome from a threatened invasion he secured
+the strongest legions of Pompey and Crassus. Combining them into one
+army he led them northward to such conquest and victory as<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_52" id="VII_Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> the world
+had never before seen.</p>
+
+<p>It is not for me to tell the history of C&aelig;sar's Gallic wars. Suffice it
+to say that in eight years he had penetrated what is now Switzerland,
+France, Germany and England. Everywhere he left monuments of his
+greatness in the way of splendid highways, baths, aqueducts and temples.
+Colonies of settlers from the packed population of Rome followed the
+victors.</p>
+
+<p>An army left to itself after conquest will settle down to riot and mad
+surfeit, but this man kept his forces strong by keeping them at
+work&mdash;discipline was never relaxed, yet there was such kindness and care
+for his men that no mutiny ever made head.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar became immensely rich&mdash;his debts were now all paid&mdash;the treasure
+returned to Rome did the general coffers fill, his name and fame were
+blazoned on the Roman streets.</p>
+
+<p>When he returned he knew, and had always known, it would be as a
+conquering hero. Pompey and Crassus did not wish C&aelig;sar to return. He was
+still governor of Gaul and should stay there. They made him governor&mdash;he
+must do as they required&mdash;they sent him his orders. "The die is cast,"
+said C&aelig;sar on reading the message. Immediately he crossed the Rubicon.</p>
+
+<p>An army fights for a leader, not a cause. The leader's cause is theirs.
+C&aelig;sar had led his men to victory, and he had done it with a
+comparatively small degree of danger. He never made an attack until
+every expedient<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_53" id="VII_Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> for peace was exhausted. He sent word to each barbaric
+tribe to come in and be lovingly annexed, or else be annexed
+willy-nilly. He won, but through diplomacy where it was possible. When
+he did strike, it was quickly, unexpectedly and hard. The priest was as
+great a strategist as he was a diplomat. He pardoned his opposers when
+they would lay down their arms&mdash;he wanted success, not vengeance. But
+always he gave his soldiers the credit.</p>
+
+<p>They were loyal to him.</p>
+
+<p>Pompey and Crassus could not oppose a man like this&mdash;they fled.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar's most faithful and trusted colleague was Mark Antony, seventeen
+years his junior&mdash;a slashing, dashing, audacious, exuberant fellow.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar became dictator, really king or emperor. He ruled with moderation,
+wisely and well. He wore the purple robe of authority, but refused the
+crown. He was honored, revered, beloved. The habit of the Pontiff still
+clung to him&mdash;he called the people, "My children."</p>
+
+<p>The imperturbable calm of the man of God was upon him. His courage was
+unimpeachable, but caution preserved him from personal strife. That he
+could ever be approached by one and all was his pride.</p>
+
+<p>But clouds were beginning to gather.</p>
+
+<p>He had pardoned his enemies, but they had not forgiven him.</p>
+
+<p>There were whisperings that he was getting ready to<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_54" id="VII_Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> assume the office
+of emperor. At a certain parade when C&aelig;sar sat upon the raised seat,
+reviewing the passing procession, Mark Antony, the exuberant, left his
+place in the ranks, and climbing to the platform, tried to crown his
+beloved leader with laurel. C&aelig;sar had smilingly declined the honor, amid
+the plaudits of the crowd.</p>
+
+<p>Some said this whole episode was planned to test the temper of the
+populace.</p>
+
+<p>Another cause of offense was that, some time before, C&aelig;sar had spent
+several months in Alexandria at the court of Cleopatra. And now the
+young and beautiful queen had arrived in Rome, and C&aelig;sar had appeared
+with her at public gatherings. She had with her a boy, two years old, by
+name C&aelig;sario.</p>
+
+<p>This Egyptian child, said the conspirators, was to be the future Emperor
+of Rome. To meet this accusation C&aelig;sar made his will and provided that
+his grand-nephew, Octavius C&aelig;sar, should be his adopted son and heir.
+But this was declared a ruse.</p>
+
+<p>The murmurings grew louder.</p>
+
+<p>Sixty senators combined to assassinate C&aelig;sar. The high position of these
+men made them safe&mdash;by standing together they would be secure.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar was warned, but declined to take the matter seriously. He neither
+would arm himself nor allow guards to attend him.</p>
+
+<p>On the Fifteenth of March, B.&nbsp;C. Forty-four, as C&aelig;sar<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_55" id="VII_Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> entered the Senate
+the rebels crowded upon him under the pretense of handing him a
+petition, and at a sign fell upon him. Twenty-three of the conspirators
+got close enough to send their envious daggers home.</p>
+
+<p>Brutus dipped his sword in the flowing blood, and waving the weapon
+aloft cried, "Liberty is restored!"</p>
+
+<p>Two days later, Mark Antony, standing by the dead body of his beloved
+chief, sadly mused:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Thou art the ruins of the noblest man</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That ever lived in the tide of times."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_56" id="VII_Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>C&aelig;sar died aged fifty-six. Mark Antony, his executor, occupying the
+office next in importance, was thirty-nine.</p>
+
+<p>In point of physique Mark Antony far surpassed C&aelig;sar: they were the same
+height, but Antony was almost heroic in stature and carriage, muscular
+and athletic. His face was comely: his nose large and straight; his eyes
+set wide apart; his manner martial. If he lacked in intellect, in
+appearance he held averages good.</p>
+
+<p>Antony had occupied the high offices of questor and tribune, the first
+calling for literary ability, the second for skill as an orator. C&aelig;sar,
+the wise and diplomatic, had chosen Mark Antony as his Secretary of
+State on account of his peculiar fitness, especially in representing the
+Government at public functions. Antony had a handsome presence, a
+gracious tongue, and was a skilled and ready writer. C&aelig;sar himself was
+too great a man to be much in evidence.</p>
+
+<p>In passing it is well to note that all the tales as to the dissipation
+and profligacy of Mark Antony in his early days come from the
+"Philippics" of Cicero, who made the mistake of executing Lentulus, the
+step-father of Mark Antony, and then felt called upon forever after to
+condemn the entire family. "Philippics" are always a form of
+self-vindication.</p>
+
+<p>However, it need not be put forward that Mark Antony was by any means a
+paragon of virtue&mdash;a man who has been successively and successfully
+soldier, lawyer,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_57" id="VII_Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> politician, judge, rhetorician and diplomat is what he
+is. Rome was the ruler of the world; C&aelig;sar was the undisputed greatest
+man of Rome; and Mark Antony was the right hand of C&aelig;sar.</p>
+
+<p>At the decisive battle of Pharsalia, C&aelig;sar had chosen Mark Antony to
+lead the left wing while he himself led the right. More than once Mark
+Antony had stopped the Roman army in its flight and had turned defeat
+into victory. In the battle with Aristobulus he was the first to scale
+the wall.</p>
+
+<p>His personal valor was beyond cavil&mdash;he had distinguished himself in
+every battle in which he had taken part.</p>
+
+<p>It was the first intent of the conspirators that C&aelig;sar and Antony should
+die together, but the fear was that the envious hate of the people
+toward C&aelig;sar would be neutralized by the love the soldiers bore both
+C&aelig;sar and Antony. So they counted on the cupidity and ambition of Antony
+to keep the soldiers in subjection.</p>
+
+<p>Antony was kept out of the plot, and when the blow was struck he was
+detained at his office by pretended visitors who wanted a hearing.</p>
+
+<p>When news came to him that C&aelig;sar was dead, he fled, thinking that
+massacre would follow. But the next day he returned and held audience
+with the rebels.</p>
+
+<p>Antony was too close a follower of C&aelig;sar to depart from his methods.
+Naturally he was hasty and impulsive; but now, everything he did was in
+imitation of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_58" id="VII_Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> great man he had loved.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar always pardoned. Antony listened to the argument of Brutus that
+C&aelig;sar had been removed for the good of Rome. Brutus proposed that Antony
+should fill C&aelig;sar's place as Consul or nominal dictator; and in return
+Brutus and Cassius were to be made governors of certain
+provinces&mdash;amnesty was to be given to all who were in the plot.</p>
+
+<p>Antony agreed, and at once the Assembly was called and a law passed
+tendering pardon to all concerned&mdash;thus was civil war averted. C&aelig;sar was
+dead, but Rome was safe.</p>
+
+<p>The funeral of C&aelig;sar was to occur the next day. It was to be the funeral
+of a private citizen&mdash;the honor of a public funeral-pyre was not to be
+his. Brutus would say a few words, and Antony, as the closest friend of
+the dead, would also speak&mdash;the body would be buried and all would go on
+in peace.</p>
+
+<p>Antony had done what he had because it was the only thing he could do.
+To be successor of C&aelig;sar filled his ambition to the brim&mdash;but to win the
+purple by a compromise with the murderers! It turned his soul to gall.</p>
+
+<p>At the funeral of C&aelig;sar the Forum was crowded to every corner with a
+subdued, dejected, breathless throng. People spoke in whispers&mdash;no one
+felt safe&mdash;the air was stifled and poisoned with fear and fever.</p>
+
+<p>Brutus spoke first: we do not know his exact words, but we know the
+temper of the man, and his mental attitude.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_59" id="VII_Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>Mark Antony had kept the peace, but if he could only feel that the
+people were with him he would drive the sixty plotting conspirators
+before him like chaff before the whirlwind.</p>
+
+<p>He would then be C&aelig;sar's successor because he had avenged his death.</p>
+
+<p>The orator must show no passion until he has aroused passion in the
+hearer&mdash;oratory is a collaboration. The orator is the active
+principle&mdash;the audience the passive.</p>
+
+<p>Mark Antony, the practised orator, begins with simple propositions to
+which all agree. Gradually he sends out quivering feelers&mdash;the response
+returns&mdash;he continues, the audience answers back&mdash;he plays upon their
+emotion, and soon only one mind is supreme, and that is his own.</p>
+
+<p>We know what he did and how he did it, but his words are lost.
+Shakespeare, the man of imagination, supplies them.</p>
+
+<p>The plotters have made their defense&mdash;it is accepted.</p>
+
+<p>Antony, too, defends them&mdash;he repeats that they are honorable men, and
+to reiterate that a man is honorable is to admit that possibly he is
+not. The act of defense implies guilt&mdash;and to turn defense into
+accusation through pity and love for the one wronged is the supreme task
+of oratory.</p>
+
+<p>From love of C&aelig;sar to hate for Brutus and Cassius is but a step. Panic
+takes the place of confidence among the conspirators&mdash;they slink away.
+The spirit of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_60" id="VII_Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> mob is uppermost&mdash;the only honor left to C&aelig;sar is the
+funeral-pyre. Benches are torn up, windows pulled from their fastenings,
+every available combustible is added to the pile, and the body of
+C&aelig;sar&mdash;he alone calm and untroubled amid all this mad mob&mdash;is placed
+upon this improvised throne of death. Torches flare and the pile is soon
+in flames.</p>
+
+<p>Night comes on, and the same torches that touched to red the
+funeral-couch of C&aelig;sar hunt out the houses of the conspirators who
+killed him.</p>
+
+<p>But the conspirators have fled.</p>
+
+<p>One man is supreme, and that man is Mark Antony.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_61" id="VII_Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>To maintain a high position requires the skill of a harlequin. It is an
+abnormality that any man should long tower above his fellows.</p>
+
+<p>For a few short weeks Mark Antony was the pride and pet of Rome. He gave
+fetes, contests, processions and entertainments of lavish kind. "These
+things are pleasant, but they have to be paid for," said Cicero.</p>
+
+<p>Then came from Illyria, Octavius C&aelig;sar, aged nineteen, the adopted son
+of C&aelig;sar the Great, and claimed his patrimony.</p>
+
+<p>Antony laughed at the stripling, and thought to bribe him with a fete in
+his honor and a promise, and in the meantime a clerkship where there was
+no work to speak of and pay in inverse ratio.</p>
+
+<p>The boy was weak in body and commonplace in mind&mdash;in way of culture he
+had been overtrained&mdash;but he was stubborn.</p>
+
+<p>Mark Antony lived so much on the surface of things that he never
+imagined there was a strong party pushing the "Young Augustus" forward.</p>
+
+<p>Finally Antony became impatient with the importuning young man, and
+threatened to send him on his way with a guard at his heels to see that
+he did not return.</p>
+
+<p>At once a storm broke over the head of Antony. It came from a seemingly
+clear sky&mdash;Antony had to flee, not Octavius.</p>
+
+<p>The soldiers of the Great C&aelig;sar had been remembered in his will with
+seventy-five drachmas to every man, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_62" id="VII_Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> the will must stand or fall as
+an entirety. C&aelig;sar had provided that Octavius should be his
+successor&mdash;this will must be respected. Cicero was the man who made the
+argument. The army was with the will of the dead man, rather than with
+the ambition of the living.</p>
+
+<p>Antony fled, but gathered a goodly army as he went, intending to return.</p>
+
+<p>After some months of hard times passion cooled, and Antony, Octavius and
+Lepidus, the chief general of Octavius, met in the field for
+consultation. Swayed by the eloquence of Antony, who was still full of
+the precedents of the Great C&aelig;sar, a Triumvirate was formed, and Antony,
+Octavius and Lepidus coolly sat down to divide the world between them.</p>
+
+<p>One strong argument that Antony used for the necessity of this
+partnership was that Brutus and Cassius were just across in Macedonia,
+waiting and watching for the time when civil war would so weaken Rome
+that they could step in and claim their own.</p>
+
+<p>Brutus and his fellow conspirators must be punished.</p>
+
+<p>In two years from that time, they had performed their murderous deed;
+Cassius was killed at his own request by his servant, and Brutus had
+fallen on his sword to escape the sword of Mark Antony.</p>
+
+<p>In the stress of defeat and impending calamity, Mark Antony was a great
+man; he could endure anything but success.</p>
+
+<p>But now there were no more enemies to conquer:<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_63" id="VII_Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> unlike C&aelig;sar the Great
+he was no scholar, so books were not a solace; to build up and beautify
+a great State did not occur to him. His camp was turned into a place of
+mad riot and disorder. Harpers, dancers, buffoons and all the sodden
+splendor of the East made the nights echo with "shouts, sacrifices,
+songs and groans."</p>
+
+<p>When Antony entered Ephesus the women went out to meet him in the
+undress of bacchanals, while troops of naked boys representing cupids,
+and men clothed like satyrs danced at the head of the procession.
+Everywhere were ivy crowns, spears wreathed with green, and harps,
+flutes, pipes, and human voices sang songs of praise to the great god
+Bacchus&mdash;for such Antony liked to be called.</p>
+
+<p>Antony knew that between Cleopatra and C&aelig;sar there had been a tender
+love. All the world that C&aelig;sar ruled, Antony now ruled&mdash;or thought he
+did. In the intoxication of success he, too, would rule the heart that
+the great C&aelig;sar had ruled. He would rule this proud heart or he would
+crush it beneath his heel.</p>
+
+<p>He dispatched Dellius, his trusted secretary, to Alexandria, summoning
+the Queen to meet him at Cilicia, and give answer as to why she had
+given succor to the army of Cassius.</p>
+
+<p>The charge was preposterous, and if sincere, shows the drunken condition
+of Antony's mind. Cleopatra loved C&aelig;sar&mdash;he was to her the King of
+Kings, the one supreme and god-like man of earth. Her studious<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_64" id="VII_Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> and
+splendid mind had matched his own; this cold, scholarly man of fifty-two
+had been her mate&mdash;the lover of her soul. Scarcely five short years
+before, she had attended him on his journey as he went away, and there
+on the banks of the Nile as they parted, her unborn babe responded to
+the stress of parting, no less than she.</p>
+
+<p>Afterward she had followed him to Rome that he might see his son,
+C&aelig;sario.</p>
+
+<p>She was in Rome when Brutus and Cassius struck their fatal blows, and
+had fled, disguised, her baby in her arms&mdash;refusing to trust the
+precious life in the hands of hirelings.</p>
+
+<p>And now that she should be accused of giving help to the murderer of her
+joy! She had execrated and despised Cassius, and now she hated, no less,
+the man who had wrongfully accused her.</p>
+
+<p>But he was dictator&mdash;his summons must be obeyed. She would obey it, but
+she would humiliate him.</p>
+
+<p>Antony waited at Cilicia on the day appointed, but Cleopatra did not
+appear. He waited two days&mdash;three&mdash;and very leisurely, up the river, the
+galleys of Cleopatra came.</p>
+
+<p>But she did not come as suppliant.</p>
+
+<p>Her curiously carved galley was studded with nails of gold; the oars
+were all tipped with silver; the sails were of purple silk. The rowers
+kept time to the music of flutes. The Queen in the gauzy dress of Venus
+reclined<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_65" id="VII_Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> under a canopy, fanned by cupids. Her maids were dressed like
+the Graces, and fragrance of burning incense diffused the shores.</p>
+
+<p>The whole city went down the river to meet this most gorgeous pageant,
+and Antony the proud was left at the tribunal alone.</p>
+
+<p>On her arrival Cleopatra sent official word of her presence. Antony sent
+back word that she should come to him.</p>
+
+<p>She responded that if he wished to see her he should call and pay his
+respects.</p>
+
+<p>He went down to the riverside and was astonished at the dazzling,
+twinkling lights and all the magnificence that his eyes beheld. Very
+soon he was convinced that in elegance and magnificence he could not
+cope with this Egyptian queen.</p>
+
+<p>The personal beauty of Cleopatra was not great. Many of her maids
+outshone her. Her power lay in her wit and wondrous mind. She adapted
+herself to conditions; and on every theme and topic that the
+conversation might take, she was at home.</p>
+
+<p>Her voice was marvelously musical, and was so modulated that it seemed
+like an instrument of many strings. She spoke all languages, and
+therefore had no use for interpreters.</p>
+
+<p>When she met Antony she quickly took the measure of the man. She fell at
+once into his coarse soldier ways, and answered him jest for jest.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_66" id="VII_Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>Antony was at first astonished, then subdued, next entranced&mdash;a woman
+who could be the comrade of a man she had never seen before! She had the
+intellect of a man and all the luscious weaknesses of a woman.</p>
+
+<p>Cleopatra had come hating this man Antony, and to her surprise she found
+him endurable&mdash;and more. Besides that, she had cause to be grateful to
+him&mdash;he had destroyed those conspirators who had killed her C&aelig;sar&mdash;her
+King of Kings.</p>
+
+<p>She ordered her retinue to make ready to return. The prows were turned
+toward Alexandria; and aboard the galley of the Queen, beneath the
+silken canopy, at the feet of Cleopatra, reclined the great Mark
+Antony.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_67" id="VII_Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>The subject is set forth in Byron's masterly phrase, "Man's love is of
+man's life a thing apart; 'tis woman's whole existence." Still, I
+suppose it will not be disputed that much depends upon the man and&mdash;the
+woman.</p>
+
+<p>In this instance we have a strong, wilful, ambitious and masculine man.
+Up to the time he met Cleopatra, love was of his life apart; after this,
+it was his whole existence. When they first met there at Cilicia, Antony
+was past forty; she was twenty-five.</p>
+
+<p>Plutarch tells us that Fulvia, the wife of Antony, an earnest and
+excellent woman, had tried to discipline him. The result was that,
+instead of bringing him over to her way of thinking, she had separated
+him from her.</p>
+
+<p>Cleopatra ruled the man by entwining her spirit with his&mdash;mixing the
+very fibers of their being&mdash;fastening her soul to his with hoops of
+steel. She became a necessity to him&mdash;a part and parcel of the fabric of
+his life. Together they attended to all the affairs of State. They were
+one in all the games and sports. The exuberant animal spirits of Antony
+occasionally found vent in roaming the streets of Alexandria at dead of
+night, rushing into houses and pulling people out of bed, and then
+absconding before they were well awake. In these nocturnal pranks,
+Cleopatra often attended him, dressed like a boy. Once they both got
+well pummeled, and deservedly, but they stood the drubbing rather than
+reveal their identity.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_68" id="VII_Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>The story of their fishing together, and Antony making all the catch has
+been often told. He had a skilful diver go down every now and then and
+place a fish on his hook. Finally, when he grew beautifully boastful, as
+successful fishermen are apt to do, Cleopatra had her diver go down and
+attach a large Newfoundland salt codfish to his hook, which when pulled
+up before the company turned the laugh, and in the guise of jest taught
+the man a useful lesson. Antony should have known better than to try to
+deceive a woman like that&mdash;other men have tried it before and since.</p>
+
+<p>But all this horseplay was not to the higher taste of Cleopatra&mdash;with
+C&aelig;sar, she would never have done it.</p>
+
+<p>It is the man who gives the key to conduct in marriage, not the woman;
+the partnership is successful only as a woman conforms her life to his.
+If she can joyfully mingle her life with his, destiny smiles in
+benediction and they become necessary to each other. If she grudgingly
+gives, conforming outwardly, with mental reservations, she droops, and
+spirit flagellates the body until it sickens, dies. If she holds out
+firmly upon principle, intent on preserving her individuality, the man,
+if small, sickens and dies; if great he finds companionship elsewhere,
+and leaves her to develop her individuality alone&mdash;which she never does.
+One of three things happens to her: she dies, lapses into nullity, or
+finds a mate whose nature is sufficiently like her own that they can
+blend.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_69" id="VII_Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>Cleopatra was a greater woman, far, than Antony was a man. But she
+conformed her life to his and counted it joy. She was capable of better
+things, but she waived them all, as strong women do and have done since
+the world began. Love is woman's whole existence&mdash;sometimes. But love
+was not Cleopatra's whole existence, any more than it is the sole
+existence of the silken Sara, whose prototype she was. Cleopatra loved
+power first, afterward she loved love. By attaching to herself a man of
+power both ambitions were realized.</p>
+
+<p>Two years had gone by, and Antony still remained at Alexandria.
+Importunities, requests and orders had all failed to move him to return.
+The days passed in the routine affairs of State, hunting, fishing,
+excursions, fetes and games. Antony and Cleopatra were not separated
+night or day.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly news of serious import came: Fulvia, and Lucius, the brother of
+Antony, had rebelled against C&aelig;sar and had gathered an army to fight
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Antony was sore distressed, and started at once to the scene of the
+difficulty. Fulvia's side of the story was never told, for before Antony
+arrived in Italy she was dead.</p>
+
+<p>Octavius C&aelig;sar came out to meet Antony and they met as friends.
+According to C&aelig;sar the whole thing had been planned by Fulvia as a
+scheme to lure her lord from the arms of Cleopatra. And anyway the plan
+had worked. The Triumvirate still existed&mdash;although<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_70" id="VII_Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> Lepidus had
+practically been reduced to the rank of a private citizen.</p>
+
+<p>Antony and C&aelig;sar would now rule the world as one, and to cement the bond
+Antony should take the sister of Octavius to wife. Knowing full well the
+relationship of Antony and Cleopatra, she consented to the arrangement,
+and the marriage ceremony was duly performed.</p>
+
+<p>Antony was the head of the Roman army and to a great degree the actual
+ruler. Power was too unequally divided between him and C&aelig;sar for either
+to be happy&mdash;they quarreled like boys at play.</p>
+
+<p>Antony was restless, uneasy, impatient. Octavia tried to keep the peace,
+but her kindly offices only made matters worse.</p>
+
+<p>War broke out between Rome and certain tribes in the East, and Antony
+took the field. Octavia importuned her liege that she might attend him,
+and he finally consented. She went as far as Athens, then across to
+Macedonia, and here Antony sent her home to her brother that she might
+escape the dangers of the desert.</p>
+
+<p>Antony followed the enemy down into Syria; and there sent for Cleopatra,
+that he might consult with her about joining the forces of Egypt with
+those of Rome to crush the barbarians.</p>
+
+<p>Cleopatra came on, the consultation followed, and it was decided that
+when C&aelig;sar the Great&mdash;the god-like man whose memory they mutually
+revered&mdash;said,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_71" id="VII_Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> "War is a foolish business," he was right. They would
+let the barbarians slide&mdash;if they deserved punishment, the gods would
+look after the case. If the barbarians did not need punishment, then
+they should go free.</p>
+
+<p>Tents were struck, pack-camels were loaded, horses were saddled, and the
+caravan started for Alexandria. By the side of the camel that carried
+the queen, quietly stepped the proud barb that bore Mark Antony.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_72" id="VII_Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>Cleopatra and Antony ruled Egypt together for fourteen years. The
+country had prospered, even in spite of the extravagance of its
+governors, and the Egyptians had shown a pride in their Roman ruler, as
+if he had done them great honor to remain and be one with them.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sario was approaching manhood&mdash;his mother's heart was centering her
+ambition in him&mdash;she called him her King of Kings, the name she had
+given to his father. Antony was fond of the young man, and put him
+forward at public fetes even in advance of Cleopatra, his daughter, and
+Alexander and Ptolemy, his twin boys by the same mother. In playful
+paraphrase of Cleopatra, Antony called her the Queen of Kings, and also
+the Mother of Kings.</p>
+
+<p>Word reached Rome that these children of Cleopatra were being trained as
+if they were to rule the world&mdash;perhaps it was so to be! Octavius C&aelig;sar
+scowled. For Antony to wed his sister, and then desert her, and bring up
+a brood of barbarians to menace the State, was a serious offense.</p>
+
+<p>An order was sent commanding Antony to return&mdash;requests and prayer all
+having proved futile and fruitless.</p>
+
+<p>Antony had turned into fifty; his hair and beard were whitening with the
+frost of years. Cleopatra was near forty&mdash;devoted to her children, being
+their nurse, instructor, teacher.</p>
+
+<p>The books refer to the life of Antony and Cleopatra<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_73" id="VII_Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> as being given over
+to sensuality, licentiousness, profligacy. Just a word here to state
+this fact: sensuality alone sickens and turns to satiety ere a single
+moon has run her course. Sensuality was a factor in the bond, because
+sensuality is a part of life; but sensuality alone soon separates a man
+and a woman&mdash;it does not long unite. The bond that united Antony and
+Cleopatra can not be disposed of by either the words "sensuality" or
+"licentiousness"&mdash;some other term here applies: make it what you wish.</p>
+
+<p>A copy of Antony's will had been stolen from the Alexandria archives and
+carried to Rome by traitors in the hope of personal reward. C&aelig;sar read
+the will to Senate. One clause of it was particularly offensive to
+C&aelig;sar: it provided that on the death of Antony, wherever it might occur,
+his body should be carried to Cleopatra. The will also provided that the
+children of Cleopatra should be provided for first, and afterward the
+children of Fulvia and Octavia.</p>
+
+<p>The Roman Senate heard the will, and declared Mark Antony an outlaw&mdash;a
+public enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Erelong C&aelig;sar himself took the field and the Roman legions were pressing
+down upon Egypt. The renegade Mark Antony was fighting for his life. For
+a time he was successful, but youth was no longer his, the spring had
+gone out of his veins, and pride and prosperity had pushed him toward
+fatty degeneration.</p>
+
+<p>His soldiers lost faith in him, and turned to the powerful<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_74" id="VII_Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> name of
+C&aelig;sar&mdash;a name to conjure with. A battle had been arranged between the
+fleet of Mark Antony and that of C&aelig;sar. Mark Antony stood upon a
+hillside, overlooking the sea, and saw the valiant fleet approach, in
+battle-array, the ships of the enemy. The two fleets met, hailed each
+other in friendly manner with their oars, turned and together sailed
+away.</p>
+
+<p>On shore the cavalry had done the same as the soldiers on the sea&mdash;the
+infantry were routed.</p>
+
+<p>Mark Antony was undone&mdash;he made his way back to the city, and as usual
+sought Cleopatra. The palace was deserted, save for a few servants. They
+said that the Queen had sent the children away some days before, and she
+was in the mausoleum.</p>
+
+<p>To the unhappy man this meant that she was dead. He demanded that his
+one faithful valet, known by the fanciful name of Eros, should keep his
+promise and kill him. Eros drew his sword, and Antony bared his breast,
+but instead of striking the sword into the vitals of his master, Eros
+plunged the blade into his own body, and fell at his master's feet.</p>
+
+<p>At which Mark Antony exclaimed, "This was well done, Eros&mdash;thy heart
+would not permit thee to kill thy master, but thou hast set him an
+example!" So saying, he plunged his sword into his bowels.</p>
+
+<p>The wound was not deep enough to cause immediate death, and Antony
+begged the gathered attendants to kill him.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_75" id="VII_Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>Word had been carried to Cleopatra, who had moved into her mausoleum for
+safety. This monument and tomb had been erected some years before; it
+was made of square blocks of solid stone, and was the stoutest building
+in Alexandria. While Antony was outside the walls fighting, Cleopatra
+had carried into this building all of her jewelry, plate, costly silks,
+gold, silver, pearls, her private records and most valuable books. She
+had also carried into the mausoleum a large quantity of flax and several
+torches.</p>
+
+<p>The intent was that, if Antony were defeated and the city taken by
+C&aelig;sar, the conqueror should not take the Queen alive, neither should he
+have her treasure. With her two women, Iras and Charmion, she entered
+the tomb, all agreeing that when the worst came they would fire the flax
+and die together.</p>
+
+<p>When the Queen heard that Antony was at death's door she ordered that he
+should be brought to her. He was carried on a litter to the iron gate of
+the tomb; but she, fearing treachery, would not unbar the door. Cords
+were let down from a window above, and the Queen and her two women, with
+much effort, drew the sorely stricken man up, and lifted him through the
+window.</p>
+
+<p>Cleopatra embraced him, calling him her lord, her life, her king, her
+husband. She tried to stanch his wound, but the death-rattle was already
+in his throat. "Do not grieve," he said; "remember our love&mdash;remember,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_76" id="VII_Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
+too, I fought like a Roman and have been overcome only by a Roman!"</p>
+
+<p>And so holding him in her arms, Antony died.</p>
+
+<p>When C&aelig;sar heard that his enemy was dead, he put on mourning for the man
+who had been his comrade and colleague, and sent messages of condolence
+to Cleopatra. He set apart a day for the funeral and ordered that the
+day should be sacred, and Cleopatra should not be disturbed in any way.</p>
+
+<p>Cleopatra prepared the body for burial with her own hands, dug the grave
+alone, and with her women laid the body to rest, and she alone gave the
+funeral address.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar was gentle, gracious, kind. Assurances came that he would do
+neither the city nor the Queen the slightest harm.</p>
+
+<p>Cleopatra demanded Egypt for her children, and for herself she wished
+only the privilege of living with her grief in obscurity. C&aelig;sar would
+make no promises for her children, but as for herself she should still
+be Queen&mdash;they were of one age&mdash;why should not C&aelig;sar and Cleopatra still
+rule, just as, indeed, a C&aelig;sar had ruled before!</p>
+
+<p>But this woman had loved the Great C&aelig;sar, and now her heart was in the
+grave with Mark Antony&mdash;she scorned the soft, insinuating promises.</p>
+
+<p>She clothed herself in her most costly robes, wearing the pearls and
+gems that Antony had given her, and upon her head was the diadem that
+proclaimed her<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_77" id="VII_Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> Queen. A courier from C&aelig;sar's camp knocked at the door
+of the mausoleum, but he knocked in vain.</p>
+
+<p>Finally a ladder was procured, and he climbed to the window through
+which the body of Antony had been lifted.</p>
+
+<p>In the lower room he saw the Queen seated in her golden chair of state,
+robed and serene, dead. At her feet lay Iras, lifeless. The faithful
+Charmion stood as if in waiting at the back of her mistress' chair,
+giving a final touch to the diadem that sat upon the coils of her
+lustrous hair.</p>
+
+<p>The messenger from C&aelig;sar stood in the door aghast&mdash;orders had been given
+that Cleopatra should not be harmed, neither should she be allowed to
+harm herself.</p>
+
+<p>Now she had escaped!</p>
+
+<p>"Charmion!" called the man in stern rebuke. "How was this done?"</p>
+
+<p>"Done, sir," said Charmion, "as became a daughter of the King of Egypt."</p>
+
+<p>As the woman spoke the words she reeled, caught at the chair, fell, and
+was dead.</p>
+
+<p>Some said these women had taken a deadly poison invented by Cleopatra
+and held against this day; others, still, told of how a countryman had
+brought a basket of figs, by appointment, covered over with green
+leaves, and in the basket was hidden an asp, that deadliest of serpents.
+Cleopatra had placed the asp in her bosom, and the other women had
+followed her example.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_78" id="VII_Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>C&aelig;sar, still wearing mourning for Mark Antony, went into retirement and
+for three days refused all visitors. But first he ordered that the body
+of Cleopatra, clothed as she had died, in her royal robes, should be
+placed in the grave beside the body of Mark Antony.</p>
+
+<p>And it was so done.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="SAVONAROLA" id="SAVONAROLA"></a>SAVONAROLA<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_79" id="VII_Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Some have narrowed their minds, and so fettered them with the
+chains of antiquity that not only do they refuse to speak save as
+the ancients spake, but they refuse to think save as the ancients
+thought. God speaks to us, too, and the best thoughts are those now
+being vouchsafed to us. We will excel the ancients!</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">&mdash;<i>Savonarola</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_80" id="VII_Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <a id="image0443-1"></a>
+    <img src="images/0443-1.jpg" width="307" height="400"
+       alt=""
+       title="" />
+
+   <p class="center">SAVONAROLA</p>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_81" id="VII_Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>The wise ones say with a sigh, Genius does not reproduce itself. But let
+us take heart and remember that mediocrity does not always do so,
+either. Men of genius have often been the sons of commonplace
+parents&mdash;no hovel is safe from it.</p>
+
+<p>The father of Girolamo Savonarola was a trifler, a spendthrift and a
+profligate. Yet he proved a potent teacher for his son, pressing his
+lessons home by the law of antithesis. The sons of dissipated fathers
+are often temperance fanatics.</p>
+
+<p>The character of Savonarola's mother can be best gauged by the letters
+written to her by her son. Many of these have come down to us, and they
+breathe a love that is very gentle, very tender and yet very profound.
+That this woman had an intellect which went to the heart of things is
+shown in these letters: we write for those who understand, and the
+person to whom a letter is written gives the key that calls forth its
+quality. Great love-letters are written only to great women.</p>
+
+<p>But the best teacher young Girolamo had was Doctor Michael Savonarola,
+his grandfather, who was a physician of Padua, and a man of much wisdom
+and common-sense, besides. Between the old man and his grandchild there
+was a very tender sentiment, that soon formed<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_82" id="VII_Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> itself into an abiding
+bond. Together they rambled along the banks of the Po, climbed the hills
+in springtime looking for the first flowers, made collections of
+butterflies, and caught the sunlight in their hearts as it streamed
+across the valleys as the shadows lengthened. On these solitary little
+journeys they usually carried a copy of Saint Thomas Aquinas, and seated
+on a rock the old man would read to the boy lying on the grass at his
+feet. In a year or two the boy did the reading, and would expound the
+words of the Saint as he went along.</p>
+
+<p>The old grandfather was all bound up in this slim, delicate youngster,
+with the olive complexion and sober ways. There were brothers and
+sisters at home&mdash;big and strong&mdash;but this boy was different. He was not
+handsome enough to be much of a favorite with girls, nor strong enough
+to win the boys, and so he and the grandfather were chums together.</p>
+
+<p>This thought of aloofness, of being peculiar, was first fostered in the
+lad's mind by the old man. It wasn't exactly a healthy condition. The
+old man taught the boy to play the flute, and together they constructed
+a set of pipes&mdash;the pipes o' Pan&mdash;and out along the river they would
+play, when they grew tired of reading, and listen for the echo that came
+across the water.</p>
+
+<p>"There are voices calling to me," said the boy looking up at the old
+man, one day, as they rested by the bank.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, I believe it&mdash;you must listen for the Voice," said the old man.<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_83" id="VII_Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And so the idea became rooted in the lad's mind that he was in touch
+with another world, and was a being set apart.</p>
+
+<p>"Lord, teach me the way my soul should walk!" was his prayer. Doubt and
+distrust filled his mind, and his nights were filled with fear. This
+child without sin believed himself to be a sinner.</p>
+
+<p>But this feeling was all forgotten when another companion came to join
+them in their walks. This was a girl about the same age as Girolamo. She
+was the child of a neighbor&mdash;one of the Strozzi family. The Strozzi
+belonged to the nobility, and the Savonarolas were only peasants, yet
+with children there is no caste. So this trinity of boy, girl and
+grandfather was very happy. The old man taught his pupils to observe the
+birds and bees, to make tracings of the flowers, and to listen to the
+notes he played on the pipes, so as to call them all by name. And then
+there was always the Saint Thomas Aquinas to fall back upon should
+outward nature fail.</p>
+
+<p>But there came a day when the boy and the girl ceased to walk hand in
+hand, and instead of the delight and abandon of childhood there was
+hesitation and aloofness.</p>
+
+<p>When the parents of the girl forbade her playing with the boy, reminding
+her of the difference in their station, and she came by stealth to bid
+the old man and her playmate Girolamo good-by, the pride in the boy's
+heart flamed up: he clenched his fist&mdash;and feeling spent itself in
+tears.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_84" id="VII_Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>When he looked up the girl was gone&mdash;they were never to meet again.</p>
+
+<p>The grief of the boy pierced the heart of the old man, and he murmured,
+"Joy liveth yet for a day, but the sorrow of man abideth forever."</p>
+
+<p>Doubt and fear assailed the lad.</p>
+
+<p>The efforts of his grandfather to interest him in the study of his own
+profession of medicine failed. Religious brooding filled his days, and
+he became pale and weak from fasting.</p>
+
+<p>He had grown in stature, but the gauntness of his face made his coarse
+features stand out so, that he was almost repulsive. But this homeliness
+was relieved by the big, lustrous, brown eyes&mdash;eyes that challenged and
+beseeched in turn.</p>
+
+<p>The youth was now a young man&mdash;eighteen summers lay behind&mdash;when he
+disappeared from home.</p>
+
+<p>Soon came a letter from Bologna in which Girolamo explained at length to
+his mother that the world's wickedness was to him intolerable, its
+ambition ashes, and its hopes not worth striving for. He had entered the
+monastery of Saint Dominico, and to save his family the pain of parting
+he had stolen quietly away. "I have harkened to the Voice," he said.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_85" id="VII_Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>Savonarola remained in the monastery at Bologna for six years, scarcely
+passing beyond its walls. These were years of ceaseless study, writing,
+meditation&mdash;work. He sought the most menial occupations&mdash;doing tasks
+that others cautiously evaded. His simplicity, earnestness and austerity
+won the love and admiration of the monks, and they sought to make life
+more congenial to him, by advancing him to the office of teacher to the
+novitiates.</p>
+
+<p>He declared his unfitness to teach, and it was an imperative order, and
+not a suggestion, that forced him to forsake the business of scrubbing
+corridors on hands and knees, and array himself in the white robe of a
+teacher and reader.</p>
+
+<p>The office of teacher and that of orator are not far apart&mdash;it is all a
+matter of expression. The first requisite in expression is
+animation&mdash;you must feel in order to impart feeling. No drowsy, lazy,
+disinterested, half-hearted, preoccupied, selfish, trifling person can
+teach&mdash;to teach you must have life, and life in abundance. You must have
+abandon&mdash;you must project yourself, and inundate the room with your
+presence. To infuse life, and a desire to remember, to know, to become,
+into a class of a dozen pupils, is to reveal the power of an orator. If
+you can fire the minds of a few with your own spirit, you can, probably,
+also fuse and weld a thousand in the same way.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola taught his little class of novitiates, and soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_86" id="VII_Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> the older
+monks dropped in to hear the discourse. A larger room was necessary, and
+in a short time the semi-weekly informal talk resolved itself into a
+lecture, and every seat was occupied when it was known that Brother
+Girolamo would speak.</p>
+
+<p>This success suggested to the Prior that Savonarola be sent out to
+preach in the churches round about, and it was so done.</p>
+
+<p>But outside the monastery Savonarola was not a success: he was precise,
+exact, and labored to make himself understood&mdash;freedom had not yet come
+to him.</p>
+
+<p>But let us wait!</p>
+
+<p>One of America's greatest preachers was well past forty before he
+evolved abandon, swung himself clear, and put out for open sea.
+Uncertainty and anxiety are death to oratory.</p>
+
+<p>In every monastery there are two classes of men&mdash;the religious, the
+sincere, the earnest, the austere; and the fat, lazy, profligate and
+licentious.</p>
+
+<p>And the proportion of the first class to the second changes just in
+proportion as the monastery is successful&mdash;to succeed in Nature is to
+die. The fruit much loved by the sun rots first. The early monasteries
+were mendicant institutions, and for mendicancy to grow rich is an
+anomaly that carries a penalty. A successful beggar is apt to be
+haughty, arrogant, dictatorial&mdash;from a humble request for alms to a
+demand for your purse is but a step. In either case the man wants
+something that is<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_87" id="VII_Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> not his&mdash;there are three ways to get it: earn it, beg
+it, seize it. The first method is absurd&mdash;to dig I am ashamed&mdash;the
+second, easy; the last is best of all, provided objection is not too
+strenuous. Beggars a-horseback are knights of the road.</p>
+
+<p>That which comes easy, goes easy, and so it is the most natural thing in
+the world for a monk to become a connoisseur of wines, an expert
+gourmet, a sensualist who plays the limit. The monastic impulse begins
+in the beautiful desire for solitude&mdash;to be alone with God&mdash;and ere it
+runs its gamut dips deep into license and wallows in folly.</p>
+
+<p>The austere monk leaves woman out, the other kind enslaves her: both are
+wrong, for man can never advance and leave woman behind. God never
+intended that man, made in His image, should be either a beast or a
+fool.</p>
+
+<p>And here we are wiser than Savonarola&mdash;noble, honest and splendid man
+that he was. He saw the wickedness of the world and sought to shun it by
+fleeing to a monastery. There he saw the wickedness of the monastery,
+and there being no place to flee he sought to purify it. And at the same
+time he sought to purify and better the world by standing outside of the
+world.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the Church is a history of endeavor to keep it from
+drifting into the thing it professes not to be&mdash;concrete selfishness.
+The Church began in humility and simplicity, and when it became
+successful,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_88" id="VII_Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> behold it became a thing of pomp, pride, processional,
+crowns, jewels, rich robes and a power that used itself to subjugate and
+subdue, instead of to uplift and lead by love and pity.</p>
+
+<p>Oh, the shame of it!</p>
+
+<p>And Savonarola saw these things&mdash;saw them to the exclusion of everything
+else&mdash;and his cry continually was for a return to the religion of Jesus
+the Carpenter, the Man who gave his life that others might live.</p>
+
+<p>The Christ spirit filled the heart of Savonarola. His soul was wrung
+with pity for the poor, the unfortunate, the oppressed; and he had
+sufficient insight into economics to know that where greed, gluttony and
+idleness abound, there too stalk oppression, suffering and death. The
+palaces of the rich are built on the bones of the poor.</p>
+
+<p>Others, high in Church authority, saw these things, too, and knew, no
+less than Savonarola, the need of reform&mdash;they gloried in his ringing
+words of warning, and they admired no less his example of austerity.</p>
+
+<p>They could not do the needed work&mdash;perhaps he could do a little, at
+least.</p>
+
+<p>And so he was transferred to Saint Mark's Monastery at Florence&mdash;the
+place that needed him most.</p>
+
+<p>Florence was the acknowledged seat of art and polite learning of all
+Italy, and Saint Mark's was the chief glory of the Church in Florence.</p>
+
+<p>Florence was prosperous and so was Saint Mark's, and have we not said
+that there is something in pure<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_89" id="VII_Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> prosperity that taints the soul?</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola was sent to Saint Mark's merely as a teacher and lecturer.
+Bologna was full of gloom and grime&mdash;the bestiality there was untamed.
+Here everything was gilded, gracious and good to look upon. The
+cloister-walks were embowered in climbing roses, the walls decorated
+fresh from the brush of Fra Angelico, and the fountains in the gardens,
+adorned by naked cupids, sent their sparkling beads aloft to greet the
+sunlight.</p>
+
+<p>Brother Girolamo had never seen such beauty before&mdash;its gracious essence
+enfolded him round, and for a few short hours lifted that dead weight of
+abiding melancholy from his soul.</p>
+
+<p>When he lectured he was surprised to find many fashionable ladies in his
+audience: learning was evidently a fad. He saw that it was expected that
+he should be amusing, diverting, and incidentally, instructive. He had
+only one mode of preaching&mdash;this was earnest exhortation to a higher
+life, the life of austerity, simplicity and nearness to God, by laboring
+to benefit His children.</p>
+
+<p>He mumbled through his lecture and retired, abashed and humiliated.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_90" id="VII_Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>It was the year Fourteen Hundred Eighty-two, and the whole world was
+athrill with thought and feeling. Lorenzo the Magnificent was at the
+very height of his power and popularity; printing-presses gave letters
+an impetus; art flourished; the people were dazzled by display and were
+dipping deep into the love of pleasure. The austerity of Christian
+religion had glided off by imperceptible degrees into pagan pageantry,
+and the song of bacchanals filled the streets at midnight.</p>
+
+<p>Lorenzo did for the world a great and splendid work&mdash;for one thing, he
+discovered Michelangelo&mdash;and the encouragement he gave to the arts made
+Florence the beautiful dream in stone that she is even to this day.</p>
+
+<p>The world needs the Lorenzos and the world needs, too, the
+Savonarolas&mdash;they form an Opposition of Forces that holds the balance
+true. Power left to itself attains a terrific impetus: a governor is
+needed, and it was Savonarola who tempered and tamed the excesses of the
+Medici.</p>
+
+<p>In Fourteen Hundred Eighty-three Savonarola was appointed Lenten
+preacher at the Church of Saint Lorenzo in Florence. His exhortations
+were plain, homely, blunt&mdash;his voice uncertain, and his ugly features at
+times inclined his fashionable auditors to unseemly smiles. When
+ugliness forgets itself and gives off the flash of the spirit, it
+becomes magnificent&mdash;takes upon itself a halo&mdash;but this was not yet to
+be.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_91" id="VII_Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>The orator must subdue his audience or it will subdue him.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola retired to his cloister-cell, whipped and discouraged. He
+took no part in the festivals and fetes: the Gardens of Lorenzo were not
+for him; the society of the smooth and cultured lovers of art and
+literature was beyond his pale. Being incapable by temperament of mixing
+in the whirl of pleasure, he found a satisfaction in keeping out of it,
+thus proving his humanity. Not being able to have a thing, we scorn it.
+Men who can not dance are apt to regard dancing as sinful.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola saw things as a countryman sees them when he goes to a great
+city for the first time.</p>
+
+<p>There is much that is wrong&mdash;very much that is wasteful, extravagant,
+absurd and pernicious, but it is not all base, and the visitor is apt to
+err in his conclusions, especially if he be of an intense and ascetic
+type.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola was sick at heart, sick in body&mdash;fasts and vigils had done
+their sure and certain work for nerves and digestion. He saw visions and
+heard voices, and in the Book of Revelation he discovered the symbols of
+prophesy that foretold the doom of Florence. He felt that he was
+divinely inspired.</p>
+
+<p>In the outside world he saw only the worst&mdash;and this was well.</p>
+
+<p>He believed that he was one sent from God to cleanse the Church of its
+iniquities&mdash;and he was right.</p>
+
+<p>These madmen are needed&mdash;Nature demands them, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_92" id="VII_Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> so God makes them to
+order. They are ignorant of what the many know, and this is their
+advantage; they are blind to all but a few things, and therein lies
+their power.</p>
+
+<p>The belief in his mission filled the heart of Savonarola. Gradually he
+gained ground, made head, and the Prior of Saint Mark's did what the
+Prior of Saint Dominico's had done at Bologna&mdash;he sent the man out on
+preaching tours among the churches and monasteries. The austerity and
+purity of his character, the sublimity of his faith, and his relentless
+war upon the extravagance of the times, made his presence valuable to
+the Church. Then in all personal relationships the man was most
+lovable&mdash;gentle, sympathetic, kind. Wherever he went his influence was
+for the best.</p>
+
+<p>Power plus came to him for the first time at Brescia in Fourteen Hundred
+Eighty-six. The sermon he gave was one he had given many times; in fact,
+he never had but one theme: flee from the wrath to come, and accept the
+pardon of the gentle Christ ere it is too late&mdash;ere it is too late.</p>
+
+<p>Much of what passes for oratory is merely talk, lecture, harangue and
+argument. These things may all be very useful, and surely they have
+their place in the world of work and business, but oratory is another
+thing. Oratory is the impassioned outpouring of a heart&mdash;a heart full to
+bursting: it is the absolute giving of soul to soul.</p>
+
+<p>Every great speech is an evolution&mdash;it must be given<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_93" id="VII_Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> many times before
+it becomes a part of the man himself. Oratory is the ability to weld a
+mass of people into absolutely one mood. To do this the orator must lose
+himself in his subject&mdash;he must cast expediency to the winds. And more
+than this, his theme must always be an appeal for humanity. Invective,
+threat, challenge, all play their parts, but love is the great recurring
+theme that winds in and out through every great sermon or oration.
+Pathos is only possible where there is great love, and pathos is always
+present in the oration that subdues, that convinces, that wins, and
+sends men to their knees in abandonment of their own wills. The audience
+is the female element&mdash;the orator the male, and love is the theme. The
+orator comes in the name of God to give protection&mdash;freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Usually the great orator is on the losing side. And this excites on the
+part of the audience the feminine attribute of pity, and pity fused with
+admiration gives us love&mdash;thus does love act and react on love.</p>
+
+<p>Oratory supplies the most sublime gratification which the gods have to
+give. To subdue the audience and blend mind with mind affords an
+intoxication beyond the ambrosia of Elysium. When Sophocles pictured the
+god Mercury seizing upon the fairest daughter of Earth and carrying her
+away through the realms of space, he had in mind the power of the
+orator, which through love lifts up humanity and sways men by a burst of
+feeling that brooks no resistance.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_94" id="VII_Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>Oratory is the child of democracy&mdash;it pleads for the weak, for the many
+against the few&mdash;and no great speech was ever yet made save in behalf of
+mankind. The orator feels their joys, their sorrows, their hopes, their
+desires, their aspirations, their sufferings and pains. They may have
+wandered far, but his arms are open wide for their return. Here alone
+does soul respond to soul. And it is love, alone, that fuses feeling so
+that all are of one mind and mood. Oratory is an exercise of power.</p>
+
+<p>But oratory, like all sublime pleasures, pays its penalty&mdash;this way
+madness lies. The great orator has ever been a man of sorrows and
+acquainted with grief. Oratory points the martyr's path; it leads by the
+thorn road; and those who have trod the way have carried the cross with
+bleeding feet, and deep into their side has been thrust the spear.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_95" id="VII_Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>It was not until his fortieth year that Savonarola attained that
+self-sufficiency and complete self-reliance that marks a man who is fit
+for martyrdom. Courage comes only to those who have done the thing
+before.</p>
+
+<p>By this time Savonarola had achieved enemies, and several dignitaries
+had done him the honor of publicly answering him. His invective was
+against the sins of Church and Society, but his enemies, instead of
+defending their cause, did the very natural thing of inveighing against
+Savonarola.</p>
+
+<p>Thus did they divert attention from the question at issue. Personal
+abuse is often more effective than argument, and certainly much more
+easy to wield.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola was getting himself beautifully misunderstood. Such words as
+fanatic, pretender, agitator, heretic, renegade and "dangerous" were
+freely hurled at him. They said he was pulling down the pillars of
+Society. He seriously considered retiring entirely from the pulpit; and
+as a personal vindication and that his thoughts might live, he wrote a
+book, "The Triumph of the Cross." This volume contains all his
+philosophy and depicts truth as he saw it.</p>
+
+<p>Let a reader, ignorant of the author, peruse this book today, and he
+will find in it only the oft-repeated appeal of a believer in "Primitive
+Christianity." Purity of life, sincerity, simplicity, earnestness,
+loyalty to God and love to man&mdash;these are very old themes, yet they<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_96" id="VII_Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> can
+never die. Zeal can always fan them into flame.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola was an unconscious part of the great "humanist" movement.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola, John Knox, the Wesleys, Calvin, Luther, the Puritans,
+Huguenots, Quakers, Shakers, Mennonites and Dunkards&mdash;all are one. The
+scientist sees species under all the manifold manifestations of climate,
+environment and local condition.</p>
+
+<p>Florence was a republic, but it is only eternal vigilance that can keep
+a republic a republic. The strong man who assumes the reins is
+continually coming to the fore, and the people diplomatically handled
+are quite willing to make him king, provided he continues to call
+himself "Citizen."</p>
+
+<p>Lorenzo de Medici ruled Florence, yet occupied no office, and assumed no
+title. He dictated the policy of the government, filled all the offices,
+and ministered the finances. Incidentally he was a punctilious
+Churchman&mdash;obeying the formula&mdash;and the Church at Florence was within
+his grasp no less than the police. The secret of this power lay in the
+fact that he handled the "sinews of war"&mdash;no man ever yet succeeded
+largely in a public way who was not a financier, or else one who owned a
+man who was. Public power is a matter of money, wisely used.</p>
+
+<p>To divert, amuse and please the people is a necessity to the ruler, for
+power at the last is derived from the people, and no government endures
+that is not founded<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_97" id="VII_Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> on the consent of the governed. If you would rule
+either a woman or a nation, you had better gain consent. To secure this
+consent you must say "please."</p>
+
+<p>The gladiatorial shows of Greece, the games, contests, displays, all the
+barbaric splendor of processions, music, fetes, festivals, chants, robes
+and fantastic folderol of Rome&mdash;ancient and modern&mdash;the boom of guns in
+sham battles, coronations, thrones and crowns are all manifestations of
+this great game of power.</p>
+
+<p>The people are children, and must be pleased.</p>
+
+<p>But eventually the people reach adolescence: knowledge comes to them (to
+a few at least) and they perceive that they themselves foot all bills,
+and pay in sweat and tears and blood for all this pomp of power.</p>
+
+<p>They rise in their might, like a giant aroused from sleep, and the
+threads that bound them are burst asunder. They themselves assume the
+reins of government, and we have a republic.</p>
+
+<p>And this republic endures until some republican, coming in the name of
+the people, waxes powerful and evolves into a plutocrat who assumes the
+reins, and the cycle goes its round and winds itself up on the reel of
+time.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola thundered against the extravagance, moral riot and pomp of
+the rich&mdash;and this meant the Medici, and all those who fed at the public
+trough, and prided themselves on their patriotism.</p>
+
+<p>Lorenzo grew uneasy, and sent requests that the preacher moderate his
+tone in the interests of public<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_98" id="VII_Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> weal. Savonarola sent back words that
+were unbecoming in one addressing a ruler.</p>
+
+<p>Then it was that Lorenzo the Magnificent, also the wise and wily,
+resolved on a great diplomatic move.</p>
+
+<p>He had the fanatical and troublesome monk, Fra Girolamo Savonarola, made
+Prior of the Monastery of Saint Mark's&mdash;success was the weapon that
+would undo him.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, Lorenzo did not act directly in the matter&mdash;personally he did
+not appear at all.</p>
+
+<p>Now the Prior of Saint Mark's had the handling of large sums of money,
+the place could really be the home of a prince if the Prior wished to be
+one, and all he had to do was to follow the wishes of the Magnificent
+Lorenzo.</p>
+
+<p>"Promote him," said Lorenzo, "and his zeal will dilute itself, and
+culture will come to take the place of frenzy. Art is better than
+austerity, and silken robes and 'broidered chasubles are preferable to
+horsehair and rope. A crown looks better than a tonsure."</p>
+
+<p>And Savonarola became Prior of Saint Mark's.</p>
+
+<p>Now the first duty, according to established custom, of a newly
+appointed Prior was to call, in official robes, and pay his respects to
+Lorenzo, the nominal governor of Florence. It was just a mere form, you
+know&mdash;simply showing the people that Saint Mark's was still loyal to the
+State.</p>
+
+<p>Lorenzo appointed a day and sent word that at a certain<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_99" id="VII_Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> hour he would
+be pleased to welcome the Prior, and congratulate him upon his
+elevation. At the same time the Prior was expected to say mass in the
+private chapel of the governor, and bestow his blessing upon the House
+of the Medici.</p>
+
+<p>But Savonarola treated the invitation to call with disdain, and turned
+the messengers of Lorenzo away with scant courtesy. Instead of joining
+hands with Lorenzo he preached a sermon at the Cathedral, bitterly
+arraigning the aristocracy, prophesying their speedy downfall, and
+beseeching all men who wished to be saved to turn, repent, make
+restitution and secure the pardon of God, ere it was too late. The
+sermon shook the city, and other addresses of the same tenor followed
+daily. It was a "revival," of the good old Methodist kind&mdash;and religious
+emotion drifting into frenzy is older far than history.</p>
+
+<p>The name of Lorenzo was not mentioned personally, but all saw it was a
+duel to the death between the plain people and the silken and perfumed
+rulers. It was the same old fight&mdash;personified by Savonarola on one side
+and Lorenzo on the other.</p>
+
+<p>Lorenzo sunk his pride and went to Saint Mark's for an interview with
+the Prior. He found a man of adamant and iron, one blind and deaf to
+political logic, one who scorned all persuasion and in whose lexicon
+there was no such word as expediency.</p>
+
+<p>Lorenzo turned away, whipped and disappointed&mdash;the prophecies of
+impending doom had even touched his<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_100" id="VII_Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> own stout heart. He was stricken
+with fever, and the extent of his fear is shown that in his extremity he
+sent for the Prior of Saint Mark's to come to his bedside.</p>
+
+<p>Even there, Savonarola was not softened. Before granting absolution to
+the sick man, he demanded three things:</p>
+
+<p>"First, you must repent and feel a true faith in God, who in His mercy
+alone can pardon."</p>
+
+<p>Lorenzo assented.</p>
+
+<p>"Second, you must give up your ill-gotten wealth to the people."</p>
+
+<p>Lorenzo groaned, and finally reluctantly agreed.</p>
+
+<p>"Third, you must restore to Florence her liberty."</p>
+
+<p>Lorenzo groaned and moaned, and turned his face to the wall.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola grimly waited half an hour, but no sign coming from the
+stricken man, he silently went his way.</p>
+
+<p>The next day Lorenzo the Magnificent, aged forty-two, died&mdash;died
+unabsolved.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_101" id="VII_Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>Lorenzo left three sons. The eldest was Pietro, just approaching his
+majority, who was the recognized successor of his father. The second son
+was Giuliano, who had already been made a cardinal at thirteen years of
+age, and who was destined to be the powerful Pope, Leo X.</p>
+
+<p>The death of Lorenzo had been indirectly foretold by Savonarola, and now
+some of his disciples were not slow in showing an ill-becoming
+exultation. They said, "I told you so!" The intensity of the revival
+increased, and there was danger of its taking on the form of revolution.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola saw this mob spirit at work, and for a time moderated his
+tone. But there were now occasional outbreaks between his followers and
+those of the Medici. A guard was necessary to protect Savonarola as he
+passed from Saint Mark's to the different churches where he preached.
+The police and soldiers were on the side of the aristocracy who
+supported them.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope had been importuned to use his influence to avert the
+threatened harm to "true religion." Savonarola should be silenced, said
+the aristocrats, and that speedily.</p>
+
+<p>A letter came from Pope Alexander, couched in most gentle and gracious
+words, requesting Savonarola to come to Rome, and there give exhibition
+of his wondrous gifts.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola knew that he was dealing with a Borgia&mdash;a<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_102" id="VII_Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> man who cajoled,
+bought and bribed, and when these failed there were noose, knife and
+poison close at hand. The Prior of Saint Mark's could deal with Lorenzo
+in Florence, but with Alexander at Rome he would be undone. The
+iniquities of the Borgia family far exceeded the sins of the Medici, and
+in his impassioned moments Savonarola had said as much.</p>
+
+<p>At Rome he would have to explain these things&mdash;and to explain them would
+be to repeat them. Alexander stood for nepotism, which is the sugared
+essence of that time-honored maxim, "To the victor belong the spoils."
+The world has never seen so little religion and so much pretense as
+during the reign of the Borgias.</p>
+
+<p>At this time when offenders were called to Rome, it sometimes happened
+that they were never again heard from. Beneath the Castle Saint Angelo
+were dungeons&mdash;no records were kept&mdash;and the stories told of human bones
+found in walled-up cells are no idle tales. An iron collar circling the
+neck of a skeleton that was once a man is a sight these eyes have seen.</p>
+
+<p>Prison records open to the public are a comparatively new thing, and the
+practise of "doctoring" a record has, until recently, been quite in
+vogue.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola acknowledged the receipt of the Pope's request, but made
+excuses, and asked for time.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander certainly did all he could to avoid an open rupture with the
+Prior of Saint Mark's. He was inwardly pleased when Savonarola affronted
+the Medici&mdash;it was a<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_103" id="VII_Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> thing he dared not do&mdash;and if the religious
+revival could be localized and kept within bounds, all would have been
+well. It had now gone far enough; if continued, and Rome should behold
+such scenes as Florence had witnessed, the Holy See itself would not be
+safe.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander accepted the excuses of Savonarola with much courtesy. Soon
+word came that the Prior of Saint Mark's was to be made a cardinal, but
+the gentle hint went with the message that the red hat was to be in the
+nature of a reward for bringing about peace at Florence.</p>
+
+<p>Peace! Peace! How could there be peace unless Savonarola bowed his head
+to the rule of the aristocrats?</p>
+
+<p>His sermons were often interrupted&mdash;stones were thrown through the
+windows when he preached. The pulpit where he was to speak had been
+filled with filth, and the skin of an ass tacked over the sacred desk.
+Must he go back?</p>
+
+<p>To the offer of the cardinal's hat he sent this message: "No hat will I
+have but that of a martyr, reddened with my own blood."</p>
+
+<p>The tactics of the Pope now changed; he sent an imperative order that
+Savonarola should present himself at Rome, and give answer to the
+charges there made against him.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola silently scorned the message.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope was still patient. He would waive the insult to himself, if
+Florence would only manage to take care of her own troubles. But
+importunities kept coming<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_104" id="VII_Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> that Savonarola should be silenced&mdash;the power
+of the man had grown until Florence was absolutely under his subjection.
+Bonfires of pictures, books and statuary condemned by him had been made
+in the streets; and the idea was carried to Rome that there was danger
+of the palaces being pillaged. Florence could deal with the man, but
+would not so long as he was legally a part of the Church.</p>
+
+<p>Then it was that the Pope issued his Bull of Excommunication, and the
+order removing Savonarola from his office as Prior of Saint Mark's.</p>
+
+<p>The answer of Savonarola was a sermon in the form of a defiance. He
+claimed, and rightly, that he was no heretic&mdash;no obligations that the
+Church asked had he ever disregarded, and therefore the Pope had no
+right to silence him.</p>
+
+<p>He made his appeal to the rulers of the world, and declared that
+Alexander was no Pope, because he had deliberately bought his way to the
+Vatican.</p>
+
+<p>There was now a brief struggle between the authorities of the Pope and
+those of Florence as to who should have the man. The Pope wanted him to
+be secretly captured and taken to Rome for trial. Alexander feared the
+publicity that Florence would give to the matter&mdash;he knew a shorter way.</p>
+
+<p>But Florence stood firm. Savonarola had now retired to Saint Mark's and
+his followers barricaded the position. The man might have escaped, and
+the authorities hoped<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_105" id="VII_Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> he would, but there he remained, holding the
+place, and daily preaching to the faithful few who stood by him.</p>
+
+<p>Finally the walls were stormed, and police, soldiers and populace
+overran the monastery. Savonarola remained passive, and he even reproved
+several of the monks who, armed with clubs, made stout resistance.</p>
+
+<p>The warrants for arrest called only for Fra Girolamo, Fra Domenico and
+Fra Silvestro&mdash;these last being his most faithful disciples, preaching
+often in his pulpit and echoing his words.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoners were bound and hurried through the streets toward the
+Piazza Signoria. The soldiers made a guard of spears and shields around
+them, but this did not prevent their being pelted with mud and stones.</p>
+
+<p>They were lodged in separate cells, in the prison portion of the Palazzo
+Vecchio, and each was importuned to recant the charges made against the
+Pope and the Medici. All refused, even when told that the others had
+recanted.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola's judges were chosen from among his most bitter foes. He was
+brought before them, and ordered to take back his accusations.</p>
+
+<p>He remained silent.</p>
+
+<p>Threatened, he answered in parable.</p>
+
+<p>He was then taken to the torture-cell, stripped of all clothing, and a
+thin, strong rope passed under his arms. He was suddenly drawn up, and
+dropped.</p>
+
+<p>This was repeated until the cord around the man's<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_106" id="VII_Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> body cut the skin and
+his form was covered with blood.</p>
+
+<p>The physically sensitive nature of the man gave way and he recanted.</p>
+
+<p>Being taken to his cell he repeated all he had said against the Pope,
+and called aloud, "Lord Jesus, pardon me that I forsook thy truth&mdash;it
+was the torture&mdash;I now repeat all I ever said from my pulpit&mdash;Lord
+Jesus, pardon!"</p>
+
+<p>Again he was taken to the torture-chamber and all was gone over as
+before.</p>
+
+<p>He and his two companions were now formally condemned to death and their
+day of execution set.</p>
+
+<p>To know the worst is peace&mdash;it is uncertainty that kills.</p>
+
+<p>A great calm came over Savonarola&mdash;he saw the gates of Heaven opening
+for him. He was able now to sleep and eat. The great brown eyes beamed
+with love and benediction, and his hands were raised only in blessing to
+friend and foe alike.</p>
+
+<p>The day of execution came, and the Piazza Signoria was filled with a
+vast concourse of people. Every spare foot of space was taken. Platforms
+had been erected and seats sold for fabulous prices. Every window was
+filled with faces.</p>
+
+<p>An elevated walk had been built out from the second story of the prison
+to the executioner's platform. From this high scaffold rose a great
+cross with ropes and chains dangling from the arms. Below were piled
+high heaps of fagots, saturated with oil.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_107" id="VII_Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>There was a wild exultant yell from the enemies of the men on their
+appearance, but others of their adversaries appeared dazed at their
+success, and it seemed for a few moments as if pity would take the place
+of hate, and the mob would demand the release of the men.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoners walked firmly and conversed in undertone, encouraging each
+other to stand firm. Each held a crucifix and pressed it to his lips,
+repeating the creed. Halfway across to the gibbet, they were stopped,
+the crucifixes torn from their hands, and their priestly robes stripped
+from them. There they stood, clad only in scant underclothes, in sight
+of the mob that seethed and mocked. Sharp sticks were thrust up between
+the crevices of the board walk, so blood streamed from their bare feet.</p>
+
+<p>Having advanced so that they stood beneath the gibbet, their priestly
+robes were again thrown over them, and once more torn off by a bishop
+who repeated the words, "Thus do I sever you from the Church Militant
+and the Church Triumphant!"</p>
+
+<p>"Not the Church Triumphant!" answered Savonarola in a loud voice. "You
+can not do that."</p>
+
+<p>In order to prolong the torture of Savonarola, his companions were
+hanged first, before his eyes.</p>
+
+<p>When his turn came he stepped lightly to his place between the dead and
+swinging bodies of his brethren. As the executioner was adjusting the
+cord about his neck, his great tender eyes were raised to heaven and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_108" id="VII_Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
+his lips moved in prayer as the noose tightened.</p>
+
+<p>The chains were quickly fastened about the bodies to hold them in place,
+and scarcely had the executioner upon the platform slid down the
+ladders, than the waiting torches below fired the pile and the flames
+shot heavenward and licked the great cross where the three bodies
+swayed.</p>
+
+<p>The smoke soon covered them from view.</p>
+
+<p>Then suddenly there came a gust of wind that parted the smoke and
+flames, and the staring mob, now silent, saw that the fire had burned
+the thongs that bound the arms of Savonarola. One hand was uplifted in
+blessing and benediction.</p>
+
+<p>So died Savonarola.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="MARTIN_LUTHER" id="MARTIN_LUTHER"></a>MARTIN LUTHER<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_109" id="VII_Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Only slaves die of overwork. Work a weariness, a danger, forsooth!
+Those who say so can know very little about it. Labor is neither
+cruel nor ungrateful; it restores the strength we give it a
+hundredfold and, unlike financial operations, the revenue is what
+brings in the capital. Put soul into your work, and joy and health
+will be yours.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">&mdash;<i>Luther</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_110" id="VII_Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <a id="image0444-1"></a>
+    <img src="images/0444-1.jpg" width="300" height="400"
+       alt=""
+       title="" />
+
+   <p class="center">MARTIN LUTHER</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_111" id="VII_Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>The idea of the monastery is as old as man, and its rise is as natural
+as the birth and death of the seasons.</p>
+
+<p>We need society, and we need solitude. But it happens again and again
+that man gets a surfeit of society&mdash;he is thrown with those who
+misunderstand him, who thwart him, who contradict his nature, who bring
+out the worst in his disposition: he is sapped of his strength, and then
+he longs for solitude. He would go alone up into the mountain. What is
+called the "monastic impulse" comes over him&mdash;he longs to be
+alone&mdash;alone with God.</p>
+
+<p>The monastic impulse can be traced back a thousand years before Christ:
+the idea is neither Christian, Jewish, Philistine nor Buddhist. Every
+people of which we know have had their hermits and recluses.</p>
+
+<p>The communal thought is a form of monasticism&mdash;it is a getting away from
+the world. Monasticism does not necessarily imply celibacy, but as
+unrequited or misplaced love is usually the precursor of the monastic
+impulse, celibacy or some strange idea on the sex problem usually is in
+evidence.</p>
+
+<p>Monasticism has many forms: College Settlements, Zionism, Deaconesses'
+Homes, Faith Cottages, Shakerism, Mormonism, are all manifestations of
+the impulse<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_112" id="VII_Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> to get away from the world, and still benefit the world by
+standing outside of it. This desire to get away from the world and still
+mix in it shows that monasticism is not quite sincere&mdash;we want society
+no less than we want solitude. Very seldom, indeed, has a monk ever gone
+away and remained: he comes back to the world, occasionally, to beg, or
+sell things, and to "do good."</p>
+
+<p>The rise of the Christian monastery begins with Paul the Hermit, who in
+the year Two Hundred Fifty withdrew to an oasis in the desert, and lived
+in a cave before which was a single palm-tree and a spring.</p>
+
+<p>Other men worn with strife, tired of stupid misunderstanding,
+persecution and unkind fate, came to him. And there they lived in
+common. The necessity of discipline and order naturally presented
+itself, so they made rules that governed conduct. The day was divided up
+into periods when the inmates of this first monastery prayed, communed
+with the silence, worked and studied.</p>
+
+<p>Within a hundred years there were similar religious communities at fifty
+or more places in Upper Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>Women have always imitated men, and soon nunneries sprang up here and
+there. In fact, the nunnery has a little more excuse for being than the
+monastery. In a barbaric society an unattached woman needs protection,
+and this she gets in the nunnery. Even so radical a thinker as Max
+Muller regarded the nunnery as a valuable agent in giving dignity to
+woman's estate. If she was mistreated and desired protection, she could
+find<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_113" id="VII_Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> refuge in this sanctuary. She became the Bride of Christ, and
+through the protection of the convent, man was forced to be civil, and
+chivalry came to take the place of force.</p>
+
+<p>Most monasteries have been mendicant institutions. As early as the year
+Five Hundred we read of the monks going abroad a-questing, a bag on
+their backs. They begged as a business, and some became very expert at
+it, just as we have expert evangelists and expert debt-raisers. They
+took anything that anybody had to give. They begged in the name of the
+poor; and as they traveled they undertook to serve those who were poorer
+than themselves. They were distributing agents.</p>
+
+<p>They ceased to do manual labor and scorned those who did. They traversed
+the towns and highways by trios and asked alms at houses or of
+travelers. Occasionally they carried cudgels, and if such a pair asked
+for alms it was usually equal to a demand. These monks made
+acquaintances, they had their friends among men and women, and often
+being far from home they were lodged and fed by the householders. In
+some instances the alms given took the form of a tax which the sturdy
+monks collected with startling regularity. We hear of their dividing the
+country up into districts, and each man having a route that he jealously
+guarded.</p>
+
+<p>They came in the name of the Lord&mdash;they were supposed to have authority.
+They said, "He who giveth to<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_114" id="VII_Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> the poor lendeth to the Lord." They
+blessed those who gave, and cursed those who refused. Some of them
+presumed to forgive the sins of those who paid. And soon the idea
+suggested itself of forgiving in advance, or granting an indulgence.
+They made promises of mansions in the skies to those who conformed, and
+threatened with the pains of hell those who declined their requests. So
+the monks occasionally became rich.</p>
+
+<p>And when they grew rich they often became arrogant, dictatorial,
+selfish, gluttonous and licentious. They undertook to manage the
+government which they had before in their poverty renounced. They hired
+servants to wait upon them. The lust of power, and the lust of the
+flesh, and the pride of the heart all became manifest.</p>
+
+<p>However, there were always a few men, pure of heart and earnest in
+purpose, who sought to stem the evil tendencies. And so the history of
+monasticism and the history of the Church is the record of a struggle
+against idleness and corruption. To shave a man's head, give him a new
+name, and clothe him in strange garments, does not change his nature.
+Monks grown rich and powerful will become idle, and the vows of poverty,
+chastity and obedience are then mere jokes and jests.</p>
+
+<p>No man knew this better than Benedict, who lived in the Sixth Century.
+The profligacy, ignorance and selfishness of the fat and idle monks
+appalled him. With the aid of Cassiodorus he set to work to reform the
+monasteries by interesting the inmates in beautiful<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_115" id="VII_Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> work. Cassiodorus
+taught men to write, illumine and bind books. Through Italy, France and
+Germany he traveled and preached the necessity of manual labor, and the
+excellence of working for beauty. The art impulse in the nunneries and
+monasteries began with Benedict and Cassiodorus, who worked hand in hand
+for beauty, purity and truth. Benedict had the greater executive
+ability, but Cassiodorus had the more far-reaching and subtle intellect.
+He anticipated all that we have to say today on the New Education&mdash;the
+necessity of playing off one faculty of the mind against another through
+manual labor, play and art creation. He even anticipated the primal idea
+of the Kindergarten, for he said, "The pleasurable emotion that follows
+the making of beautiful forms with one's hands is not a sin, like unto
+the pleasure that is gained for the sake of pleasure&mdash;rather to do good
+and beautiful work is incense to the nostrils of God."</p>
+
+<p>In all Benedictine monasteries flagellations ceased, discipline was
+relaxed, and the inmates were enjoined to use their energies in their
+work, and find peace by imitating God, and like Him creating beautiful
+things.</p>
+
+<p>Beautiful bookmaking traces its genesis almost directly to Benedict and
+Cassiodorus.</p>
+
+<p>But a hundred years after the death of these great men, the necessity of
+reform was as great as ever, and other men took up the herculean task.</p>
+
+<p>And so it has happened that every century men have<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_116" id="VII_Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> arisen who protested
+against the abuses inside the Church. The Church has tried to keep
+religion pure, but when she has failed and scandalized society at large,
+monasteries were wiped out of existence and their property confiscated.
+Since the Fifteenth Century, regularly once every hundred years, France
+has driven the monks from her borders, and in this year of our Lord
+Nineteen Hundred Three she is doing what Napoleon did a hundred years
+ago; what Cromwell did in England in Sixteen Hundred Forty-five; what
+has been done time and again in every corner of Christendom.</p>
+
+<p>Martin Luther's quarrel with the Church began simply as a protest
+against certain practises of the monks, and that his protests should
+develop into a something called "Protestantism" was a thing he never for
+a moment anticipated or desired. He had no thought of building an
+institution on negation; and that he should be driven from the Church,
+because he loved the Church and was trying to purify and benefit it, was
+a source to him of deepest grief.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_117" id="VII_Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>Martin Luther was thirty-five years old. He was short in stature,
+inclining to be stout, strenuous and bold. His faults and his virtues
+were all on the surface. He neither deceived nor desired to deceive&mdash;the
+distinguishing feature of his character was frankness. He was an
+Augustinian monk, serving as a teacher in the University of Wittenberg.</p>
+
+<p>Up to this time his life had been uneventful. His parents had been very
+poor people&mdash;his father a day-laborer, working in the copper-mines. In
+his boyhood Martin was "stubborn and intractable," which means that he
+had life plus. His teachers had tried to repress him by flogging him
+"fifteen times in a forenoon," as he himself has told us.</p>
+
+<p>In childhood he used to beg upon the streets, and so he could the better
+beg he was taught to sing. This rough, early experience wore off all
+timidity, and put "stage-fright" forever behind. He could not remember a
+time when he could not sing a song or make a speech.</p>
+
+<p>That he developed all the alertness and readiness of tongue and fist of
+the street-urchin there is no doubt.</p>
+
+<p>When he was taken into a monastery at eighteen years of age, the fact
+that he was a good singer and a most successful beggar were points of
+excellence that were not overlooked.</p>
+
+<p>That the young man was stubbornly honest in his religious faith, there
+is not a particle of doubt. The strength of his nature and the extent of
+his passion made<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_118" id="VII_Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> his life in the monastery most miserable. He had not
+yet reached the point that many of the older monks had, and learned how
+to overcome temptation by succumbing to it, so he fasted for days until
+he became too weak to walk, watched the night away in vigils, and
+whipped his poor body with straps until the blood flowed.</p>
+
+<p>We now think it is man's duty to eat proper food, to sleep at night, and
+to care for his body, so as to bring it to the most perfect condition
+possible&mdash;all this that he may use his life to its highest and best.
+Life is a privilege and not a crime.</p>
+
+<p>But Martin Luther never knew of these things and there was none to teach
+him, and probably he would have rejected them stoutly if they had been
+presented&mdash;arguing the question six nights and days together.</p>
+
+<p>The result of all that absurd flying in the face of Nature was
+indigestion and its concomitant, nervous irritability. These demons
+fastened upon him for life; and we have his word for it in a thousand
+places that he regarded them as veritable devils&mdash;thus does man create
+his devil in his own image. Luther had visions&mdash;he "saw things," and
+devils, witches and spirits were common callers to the day of his death.</p>
+
+<p>In those early monastery days he used to have fits of depression when he
+was sure that he had committed the "unpardonable sin," and over and over
+in his mind he would recount his shortcomings. He went to confession so
+often that he wore out the patience of at<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_119" id="VII_Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> least one confessor, who once
+said to him, "Brother Martin, you are not so much a sinner as a fool."
+Still another gave him this good advice, "God is not angry with you, but
+He will be if you keep on, for you are surely angry with Him&mdash;you had
+better think less about yourself and more of others: go to work!"</p>
+
+<p>This excellent counsel was followed. Luther began to study the
+Scriptures and the writings of the saints. He took part in the disputes
+which were one of the principal diversions of all monasteries.</p>
+
+<p>Now, a monk had the privilege of remaining densely ignorant, or he could
+become learned. Life in a monastery was not so very different from what
+it was outside&mdash;a monk gravitated to where he belonged. The young man
+showed such skill as a debater, and such commendable industry at all of
+his tasks, from scrubbing the floor to expounding Scripture, that he was
+sent to the neighboring University of Erfurt. From there he was
+transferred to the University of Wittenberg. In the classes at these
+universities the plan obtained, which is still continued in all
+theological schools, of requiring a student to defend his position on
+his feet. Knotty propositions are put forth, and logical complications
+fired at the youth as a necessary part of his mental drill. Beside this
+there were societies where all sorts of abstrusities and absurdities
+were argued to a standstill.</p>
+
+<p>At this wordy warfare none proved more adept than<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_120" id="VII_Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> Martin Luther. He
+became Senior Wrangler; secured his degree; remained at the college as a
+post-graduate and sub-lecturer; finally was appointed a teacher, then a
+professor, and when twenty-nine years old became a Doctor of Theology.</p>
+
+<p>He took his turn as preacher in the Schlosskirche, which was the School
+Chapel, and when he preached the place was crowded. He was something
+more than a monotonous mumbler of words: he made his addresses personal,
+direct, critical. His allusions were local, and contained a deal of
+wholesome criticism put with pith and point, well seasoned with a goodly
+dash of rough and surprising wit.</p>
+
+<p>Soon he was made District Vicar&mdash;a sort of Presiding Elder&mdash;and preached
+in a dozen towns over a circuit of a hundred miles. On these tours he
+usually walked, bareheaded, wearing the monk's robe. Often he was
+attended by younger monks and students, who considered it a great
+privilege to accompany him. His courage, his blunt wit, his active
+ways&mdash;all appealed to the youth, and often delegations would go out to
+meet him. Every college has his kind, whom the bantlings fall down and
+worship&mdash;fisticuffs and books are both represented, and a touch of
+irreverence for those in authority is no disadvantage.</p>
+
+<p>Luther's lack of reverence for his superiors held him back from
+promotion&mdash;and another thing was his imperious temper. He could not bear
+contradiction. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_121" id="VII_Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> orator's habit of exaggeration was upon him, and
+occasionally he would affront his best friends in a way that tested
+their patience to the breaking-point. "You might become an Abbot, and
+even a Bishop, were it not for your lack of courtesy," wrote his
+Superior to him on one occasion.</p>
+
+<p>But this very lack of diplomacy, this indifference to the opinions of
+others, this boldness of speech, made him the pride and pet of the
+students. Whenever he entered the lecture-room they cheered him, and
+often they applauded him even in church.</p>
+
+<p>Luther was a "sensational preacher," and he was an honest preacher. No
+doubt the applause of his auditors urged him on to occasional
+unseemliness. He acted upon his audience, and the audience reacted upon
+him. He thundered against the profligacy of the rich, the selfishness of
+Society, the iniquities of the government, the excesses of the monks,
+the laxity of discipline in the schools, and the growing tendency in the
+Church to worship the Golden Calf. In some instances priests and monks
+had married, and he thundered against these.</p>
+
+<p>All of the topics he touched had been treated by Savonarola in Italy,
+Wyclif in England, Brenz at Heidelberg, Huss in Bohemia, Erasmus in
+Holland and Bucer in Switzerland&mdash;and they had all paid the penalty of
+death or exile.</p>
+
+<p>It is well to be bold, but not too bold. Up to a certain point the
+Church and Society will stand criticism: first<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_122" id="VII_Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> it is diverting, next
+amusing, then tiresome, finally heretical&mdash;that is to say, criminal.</p>
+
+<p>There had been a good deal of heresy. It was in the air&mdash;men were
+thinking for themselves&mdash;the printing-presses were at work, and the
+spirit of the Renaissance was abroad.</p>
+
+<p>Martin Luther was not an innovator&mdash;he simply expressed what the many
+wished to hear&mdash;he was caught in the current of the time: he was part
+and parcel of the Renaissance. And he was a loyal Churchman. None of his
+diatribes were against the Church itself&mdash;he wished to benefit the
+Church by freeing it from the faults that he feared would disintegrate
+it.</p>
+
+<p>And so it happened that on the Thirty-first day of October, Fifteen
+Hundred Seventeen, Martin Luther tacked on the church-door at Wittenberg
+his Ninety-five Theses.</p>
+
+<p>The church-door was the bulletin-board for the University. The
+University consisted of about five hundred students. Wittenberg was a
+village of three or four thousand people, all told. The Theses were
+simply questions for discussion, and the proposition was that Martin
+Luther and his pupils would defend these questions against all comers in
+public debate.</p>
+
+<p>Challenges of this sort were very common, public debates were of weekly
+occurrence; and little did Martin Luther realize that this paltry
+half-sheet of paper was to shake the world.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_123" id="VII_Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>The immediate cause of Luther's challenge was the presence of a
+Dominican monk by the name of John Tetzel. This man was raising money to
+complete Saint Peter's Church at Rome, and he was armed with a
+commission direct from Pope Leo the Tenth.</p>
+
+<p>That Brother John was an expert in his line, no one has ever denied. He
+had been in this business of raising money for about ten years, and had
+built monasteries, asylums, churches and convents. Beginning as a plain,
+sturdy beggar, this enterprising monk had developed a System&mdash;not
+entirely new, but he had added valuable improvements.</p>
+
+<p>There is a whole literature on the subject of the "indulgence," and I
+surely have no thought of adding to the mighty tomes on this theme. But
+just let me briefly explain how John worked: When he approached a town,
+he sent his agents ahead and secured the co-operation of some certain
+priest, under the auspices of whose church the place was to be worked.
+This priest would gather a big delegation of men, women and children,
+and they would go out in a body to meet the representative of God's
+Vicegerent on earth. The Pope couldn't come himself, and so he sent John
+Tetzel.</p>
+
+<p>Tetzel was carried on a throne borne on the shoulders of twenty-five
+men. His dress outshone any robe ever worn by mortal Pope. Upon his head
+was a crown, and in his hand a hollow, golden scepter that enclosed<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_124" id="VII_Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> his
+commission from the Pope. In advance of this throne was carried an
+immense cross, painted red. As the procession entered a village, people
+would kneel or uncover as the Agent of the Pope passed by; all traffic
+would cease&mdash;stores and places of business would be closed. In the
+public square or marketplace a stage would be erected, and from this
+pulpit Tetzel would preach.</p>
+
+<p>The man had a commanding presence, and a certain rough and telling
+eloquence. He was the foremost Evangelist of his day. He had a chorus of
+chanters, who wore bright robes and sang and played harps. It will thus
+be seen that Moody and Sankey methods are no new thing. Crowds flocked
+to hear him, and people came for many miles.</p>
+
+<p>Tetzel reasoned of righteousness and judgment to come; he told of the
+horrors of sin, its awful penalties; he pictured purgatory, hell and
+damnation.</p>
+
+<p>Men cried aloud for mercy, women screamed, and the flaming cross was
+held aloft.</p>
+
+<p>Men must repent&mdash;and they must pay. If God had blessed you, you should
+show your gratitude. The Sacrament of Penance consists of three parts:
+Repentance, Confession, Satisfaction. The intent of Penance is
+educational, disciplinary and medicinal. If you have done wrong, you can
+make restitution to God, whom you have angered, by paying a certain sum
+to His Agent, for a good purpose.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_125" id="VII_Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>The Church has never given men the privilege of wronging other men by
+making a payment. That is one of the calumnies set afloat by infidels
+who pretend that Catholics worship images. You can, however, show
+penitence, sincerity and gratitude by giving. Any one can see that this
+is quite a different thing from buying an indulgence.</p>
+
+<p>This gift you made was similar to the "Wehrgeld," or money compensation
+made to the injured or kinsmen of those who had been slain.</p>
+
+<p>By giving, you wiped out the offense, and better still you became
+participant in all the prayers of those to whom you gave. If you helped
+rebuild Saint Peter's, you participated in all the masses said there for
+the repose of the dead. This would apply to all your kinsmen now in
+Purgatory. If you gave, you could get them out, and also insure yourself
+against the danger of getting in. Repent and show your gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>Tetzel had half a dozen Secretaries in purple robes, who made out
+receipts. These receipts were printed in red and gold and had a big seal
+and ribbon attached. The size of the receipt and seal was proportioned
+according to the amount paid&mdash;if you had a son or a daughter in
+Purgatory, it was wise to pay a large amount. The certificates were in
+Latin and certified in diffuse and mystical language many things, and
+they gave great joy to the owners.</p>
+
+<p>The money flowed in on the Secretaries in heaps.<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_126" id="VII_Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> Women often took their
+jewelry and turned it over with their purses to Tetzel; and the
+Secretaries worked far into the night issuing receipts&mdash;or what some
+called, "Letters of Indulgence."</p>
+
+<p>That many who secured these receipts regarded them as a license to do
+wrong and still escape punishment, there is no doubt. Before Tetzel left
+a town his Secretaries issued, for a sum equal to twenty-five cents, a
+little certificate called a "Butterbriefe," which allowed the owner to
+eat butter on his bread on fast-days.</p>
+
+<p>Then in the night Tetzel and his cavalcade would silently steal away, to
+continue their good work in the next town. This program was gone through
+in hundreds of places, and the amount of money gathered no one knew, and
+what became of it all, no one could guess.</p>
+
+<p>Pope, Electors, Bishops, Priests and Tetzel all shared in the benefits.</p>
+
+<p>To a great degree the same plans are still carried on. In Protestant
+churches we have the professional Debt-Raiser, and the Evangelist who
+recruits by hypnotic Tetzel methods.</p>
+
+<p>In the Catholic Church receipts are still given for money paid, vouching
+that the holder shall participate in masses and prayers, his name be put
+in a window, or engrossed on a parchment to be placed beneath a
+cornerstone. Trinkets are sold to be worn upon the person as a
+protection against this and that.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_127" id="VII_Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>The Church does not teach that the Pope can forgive sin, or that by mere
+giving you can escape punishment for sin. Christ alone forgives.</p>
+
+<p>However, the Pope does decide on what constitutes sin and what not; and
+this being true, I, for myself, do not see why he can not decide that
+under certain conditions and with certain men an act is not a sin, which
+with other men is so considered. And surely if he decides it is not a
+sin, the act thereby carries no penalty. Thus does the Pope have the
+power to remit punishment.</p>
+
+<p>Either the Pope is supreme or he is not.</p>
+
+<p>Luther thought he was. The most that Luther objected to was Tetzel's
+extreme way of putting the thing. Tetzel was a Dominican; Luther was an
+Augustinian; and between these two orders was continual friction. Tetzel
+was working Luther's territory, and Luther told what he thought of him,
+and issued a challenge to debate him on ninety-five propositions. That
+priests in their zeal should overstep their authority, and that people
+should read into the preaching much more than the preacher intended, is
+not to the discredit of the Church. The Church can not be blamed for
+either the mistakes of Moses, or for the mistakes of her members.</p>
+
+<p>We have recently had the spectacle of a noted Evangelist, in Vermont,
+preaching prohibition, indulging in strong drink, and making a bet with
+a Jebusite that he would turn all his clothing wrong side out&mdash;socks,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_128" id="VII_Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>
+drawers, trousers, undershirt, shirt, vest and coat&mdash;and preach with his
+eyes shut. The feat was carried out, and the preacher won the bet; but
+it would hardly be fair to charge this action up against either the
+Prohibition Party or the Protestant Religion.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_129" id="VII_Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>Revolution never depended on any one man. A strong man is acted upon by
+the thought of others: he is a sensitive plate upon which impressions
+are made, and his vivid personality gathers up these many convictions,
+concentrates them into one focus, and then expresses them. The great man
+is the one who first expresses what the many believe. He is a voice for
+the voiceless, and gives in trumpet tones what others would if they
+could.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout Germany there was a strong liberal movement. To obey
+blindly was not sufficient. To go to church, perform certain set acts
+at certain times, and pay were not enough&mdash;these things were
+all secondary&mdash;repentance must come first.</p>
+
+<p>And along comes John Tetzel with his pagan processions, supplying
+salvation for silver! Martin Luther, the strenuous, the impulsive, the
+bold, quickly writes a challenge in wrath to public disputation. "If God
+wills," said Martin to a friend, "I'll surely kick a hole in his drum."</p>
+
+<p>Within two weeks after the Ninety-five Theses were nailed to the
+church-door, copies had been carried all over Germany, and in a month
+the Theses had gone to every corner of Christendom. The local
+printing-press at Wittenberg had made copies for the students, and some
+of these prints were carried the next day to Leipzig and Mainz, and at
+once recognized by publishers as good copy. Luther had said the things
+that thousands<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_130" id="VII_Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> had wanted to say. Tame enough are the propositions to
+us now. Let us give a few of them:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The whole life of the faithful disciple should be an act of
+repentance.</p>
+
+<p>Punishment remains as long as the sinner hates himself.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope neither can nor will remit punishment for sin.</p>
+
+<p>God must forgive first, and the Pope through his priests can then
+corroborate the remission.</p>
+
+<p>No one is sure of his own forgiveness.</p>
+
+<p>Every sinner who truly repents has a plenary remission of
+punishment due him without payment of money to any one.</p>
+
+<p>Every Christian, living or dead, has a full share in all the wealth
+of the Church, without letters of pardon, or receipts for money
+paid.</p>
+
+<p>Christians should be taught that the buying of pardons is in no
+wise to be compared to works of mercy.</p>
+
+<p>To give to a poor man is better than to pay money to a rich priest.</p>
+
+<p>Because of charity and the works of charity, man becomes better,
+whether he pays money to build a church or not.</p>
+
+<p>Pardon for sin is from Christ, and is free.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope needs prayers for himself more than ready money.</p>
+
+<p>Christians should be taught that the Pope does not know of the
+exactions of his agents who rob the poor by threat, otherwise he
+would prefer that Saint Peter's should lie in ashes than be built
+upon the skin, bones and flesh of his sheep.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_131" id="VII_Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>If the Pope can release souls from Purgatory, why does he not empty
+the place for love and charity?</p>
+
+<p>Since the Pope is the richest man in Christendom, why indeed does
+he not build Saint Peter's out of his own pocket?</p></div>
+
+<p>Such are the propositions that leaped hot from Luther's heart; but they
+are not all of one spirit, for as he wrote he bethought himself that
+Tetzel was a Dominican, and the Dominicans held the key to the
+Inquisition. Luther remembered the fate of Huss, and his inward eye
+caught the glare of fagots afire. So, changing his tone, to show that he
+was still a Catholic, he said, "God forgives no man his sin until the
+man first presents himself to His priestly Vicar."</p>
+
+<p>Were it not for such expressions as this last, one might assume that man
+had no need of the assistance of priests or sacraments, but might go to
+God direct and secure pardon. But this would do away with even Martin
+Luther's business, so Brother Martin affirms: "The Church is necessary
+to man's salvation, and the Church must have a Pope in whom is vested
+Supreme Authority. The Church is not to blame for the acts of its
+selfish, ignorant and sinful professors."</p>
+
+<p>One immediate effect of the Theses was that they put a quietus on the
+work of Brother John Tetzel. Instead of the people all falling prostrate
+on his approach, many greeted him with jeers and mud-balls. He was only
+a few miles away from Wittenberg, but news<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_132" id="VII_Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> reached him of what the
+students had in store, and immediately he quit business and went South.</p>
+
+<p>But although he did not appear in person, Tetzel prepared a counter set
+of Theses, to the appalling number of one hundred thirteen, and had them
+printed and widely distributed. His agent came to Wittenberg and peddled
+the documents on the streets. The students got word of what was going on
+and in a body captured the luckless Tetzelite, led him to the public
+square, and burned his documents with much pomp and circumstance. They
+then cut off the man's coat-tails, conducted him to the outskirts of the
+town, turned him loose and cheered him lustily as he ran.</p>
+
+<p>It will thus be seen that the human heart is ever the same, and among
+college students there is small choice.</p>
+
+<p>The following Sunday Luther devoted his whole sermon to a vigorous
+condemnation of the act of his students, admonishing them in stern
+rebuke. The sermon was considered the biggest joke of the season.</p>
+
+<p>Tetzel seemed to sink out of sight. Those whom he had sought to serve
+repudiated him, and Bishops, Electors and Pope declined to defend his
+cause.</p>
+
+<p>As for Luther, certain Bishops made formal charges against him, sending
+a copy of his Theses to Pope Leo the Tenth. The Holy Father refused to
+interfere in what he considered a mere quarrel between Dominicans and
+Augustinians, and so the matter rested.</p>
+
+<p>But it did not rest long.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_133" id="VII_Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>The general policy of the Church in Luther's time was not unlike what it
+is now. Had he gone to Rome, he would not have been humiliated&mdash;the
+intent would have been to pacify him. He might have been transferred to
+a new territory, with promise of a preferment, even to a Bishopric, if
+he did well.</p>
+
+<p>To silence men, excommunicate them, degrade them, has never been done
+except when it was deemed that the safety of the Church demanded it.</p>
+
+<p>The Church, like governments&mdash;all governments&mdash;is founded upon the
+consent of the governed. So every religion, and every government,
+changes with the people&mdash;rulers study closely the will of the people and
+endeavor to conform to their desire. Priests and preachers give people
+the religion they wish for&mdash;it is a question of supply and demand.</p>
+
+<p>The Church has constantly changed as the intelligence of the people has
+changed. And this change is always easy and natural. Dogmas and creeds
+may remain the same, but progress consists in giving a spiritual or
+poetic interpretation to that which once was taken literally. The scheme
+of the Esoteric and the Exoteric is a sliding, self-lubricating,
+self-adjusting, non-copyrighted invention&mdash;perfect in its workings&mdash;that
+all wise theologians fall back upon in time of stress.</p>
+
+<p>Had Luther obeyed the mandate and gone to Rome, that would have been the
+last of Luther.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_134" id="VII_Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>Private interpretation is all right, of course: the Church has always
+taught it&mdash;the mistake is to teach it to everybody. Those who should
+know, do know. Spiritual adolescence comes in due time, and then all
+things are made plain&mdash;be wise!</p>
+
+<p>But Luther was not to be bought off. His followers were growing in
+numbers, the howls of his enemies increased.</p>
+
+<p>Strong men grow through opposition&mdash;the plummet of feeling goes deeper,
+thought soars higher&mdash;vivid and stern personalities make enemies because
+they need them, otherwise they drowse. Then they need friends, too, to
+encourage: opposition and encouragement&mdash;thus do we get the alternating
+current.</p>
+
+<p>That Luther had not been publicly answered, except by Tetzel's weak
+rejoinders, was a constant boast in the liberal camp; and that Tetzel
+was only fit to address an audience of ignorant peasantry was very sure:
+some one else must be put forward worthy of Martin Luther's steel.</p>
+
+<p>Then comes John Eck, a priest and lawyer, a man in intimate touch with
+Rome, and the foremost public disputant and orator of his time. He
+proposed to meet Luther in public debate. In social station Eck stood
+much higher than Luther. Luther was a poor college professor in a poor
+little University&mdash;a mere pedagog, a nobody. That Eck should meet him
+was a condescension on the part of Eck&mdash;as Eck explained.</p>
+
+<p>They met at the University of Leipzig, an aristocratic<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_135" id="VII_Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> and orthodox
+institution, Eck having refused to meet Luther either at Erfurt or at
+Wittenberg&mdash;wherein Eck was wise.</p>
+
+<p>The Bishop at Leipzig posted notices forbidding the dispute&mdash;this, it is
+believed, on orders from Rome, as the Church did not want to be known as
+having mixed in the matter. The Bishop's notices were promptly torn
+down, and Duke George decided that, as the dispute was not under the
+auspices of the Church, the Bishop had no business to interfere.</p>
+
+<p>The audience came for many miles. A gallery was set apart for the
+nobility. Thousands who could not gain admittance remained outside and
+had to be content with a rehearsal of the proceedings from those who
+were fortunate enough to have seats.</p>
+
+<p>The debate began June Twenty-seventh, Fifteen Hundred Nineteen, and
+continued daily for thirteen days.</p>
+
+<p>Eck was commanding in person, deep of voice, suave and terrible in turn.
+He had all the graces and the power of a great trial lawyer. Luther's
+small figure and plain clothes put him at a disadvantage in this
+brilliant throng, yet we are told that his high and piercing voice was
+heard much farther than Eck's.</p>
+
+<p>Duke George of Saxony sat on a throne in state, and acted as Master of
+Ceremonies. Wittenberg was in the minority, and the hundred students who
+had accompanied Luther were mostly relegated to places outside, under
+the windows&mdash;their ardor to cut off coat-tails had<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_136" id="VII_Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> quite abated.</p>
+
+<p>The proceedings were orderly and dignified, save for the marked
+prejudice against Luther displayed by Duke George and the nobility.</p>
+
+<p>Luther held his own: his manner was self-reliant, with a touch of pride
+that perhaps did not help his cause.</p>
+
+<p>Eck led the debate along by easy stages and endeavored to force Luther
+into anger and unseemliness.</p>
+
+<p>Luther's friends were pleased with their champion&mdash;Luther stated his
+case with precision and Eck was seemingly vanquished.</p>
+
+<p>But Eck knew what he was doing&mdash;he was leading Luther into a defense of
+the doctrines set forth by Huss. And when the time was ripe, Eck, in
+assumed astonishment, cried out, "Why this is exactly that for which
+Huss the heretic was tried and rightly condemned!" He very skilfully and
+slyly gave Luther permission to withdraw certain statements, to which
+Luther replied with spirit that he took back nothing, "and if this is
+what Huss taught, why God be praised for Huss."</p>
+
+<p>Eck had gotten what he wanted&mdash;a defense of Huss, who had been burned at
+the stake for heresy.</p>
+
+<p>Eck put his reports in shape and took them to Rome in person, and a
+demand was made for a formal Bull of Excommunication against Martin
+Luther.</p>
+
+<p>Word came from Rome that if Luther would amend his ways and publicly
+disavow his defense of Huss, further proceedings would cease. The result
+was a<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_137" id="VII_Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> volley of Wittenberg pamphlets restating, in still bolder
+language, what had already been put forth.</p>
+
+<p>Luther was still a good Catholic, and his quarrel was with the abuses in
+the Church, not with the Church itself. Had the Pope and his advisers
+been wise enough they would have paid no attention to Luther, and thus
+allowed opinion inside the Church to change, as it has changed in our
+day. Priests and preachers everywhere now preach exactly the things for
+which Huss, Wyclif, Ridley, Latimer and Tyndale forfeited their lives.</p>
+
+<p>But the Pope did not correctly gauge the people&mdash;he did not know that
+Luther was speaking for fifty-one per cent of all Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Orders were given out in Leipzig from pulpits, that on a certain day all
+good Catholics should bring such copies of Martin Luther's books as they
+had in their possession to the public square, and the books would there
+be burned.</p>
+
+<p>On October Ninth, the Bull of Excommunication mentioning Luther and six
+of his chief sympathizers reached Wittenberg, cutting them off from the
+Church forever.</p>
+
+<p>Luther still continued to preach daily, and declared that he was still a
+Catholic and that as Popes had made mistakes before, so had Pope Leo
+erred this time. With the Bull came a notice that, if Luther would
+recant, the Bull would be withdrawn and Luther would be reinstated in
+the Church.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_138" id="VII_Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>To which Luther replied, "If the Bull is withdrawn I will still be in
+the Church."</p>
+
+<p>Bonfires of Luther's books now burned bright in every town and city of
+Christendom&mdash;even in London.</p>
+
+<p>Then it was that Wittenberg decided to have a bonfire of its own. A
+printed bill was issued calling upon all students and other devout
+Christians to assemble at nine o'clock on the morning of December Tenth,
+Fifteen Hundred Twenty, outside the Elster gate, and witness a pious and
+religious spectacle. A large concourse gathered, a pyre of fagots was
+piled high, the Pope's Bull of Excommunication was solemnly placed on
+top, and the fire was lighted by the hand of Martin Luther.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_139" id="VII_Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>The Theses prepared by Tetzel had small sale. People had heard all these
+arguments before, but Luther's propositions were new.</p>
+
+<p>Everything that Luther said in public now was taken down, printed and
+passed along; his books were sold in the marketplaces and at the fairs
+throughout the Empire. Luther glorified Germany, and referred often to
+the "Deutsche Theologie," and this pleased the people. The jealousy that
+existed between Italians and Germans was fanned.</p>
+
+<p>He occasionally preached in neighboring cities, and always was attended
+by an escort of several hundred students. Once he spoke at Nuremberg and
+was entertained by that great man and artist, Albert Durer. Everywhere
+crowds hung upon his words, and often he was cheered and applauded, even
+in churches. He denounced the extravagance and folly of ecclesiastical
+display, the wrong of robbing the poor in order to add to the splendor
+of Rome; he pleaded for the right of private interpretation of the
+Scriptures, and argued the need of repentance and a deep personal
+righteousness.</p>
+
+<p>Not only was Luther the most popular preacher of that day, but his books
+outsold all other authors. He gave his writings to whoever would print
+them, and asked for no copyright nor royalties.</p>
+
+<p>A request came from the Pope that he should appear at Rome.</p>
+
+<p>Such a summons is considered mandatory, and usually<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_140" id="VII_Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> this letter,
+although expressed in the gentlest and most complimentary way, strikes
+terror to the heart of the receiver. It means that he has offended or
+grieved the Head of the Church&mdash;God's Vicegerent on earth.</p>
+
+<p>In my own experience I have known several offending priests to receive
+this summons; I never knew of one who dared disregard the summons; I
+never knew of one who received it who was not filled with dire
+foreboding; and I never knew an instance where the man was humiliated or
+really punished.</p>
+
+<p>A few years ago the American newspapers echoed with the name of a priest
+who had been particularly bold in certain innovations. He was summoned
+to Rome, and this was the way he was treated as told me with his own
+lips, and he further informed me that he ascertained it was the usual
+procedure:</p>
+
+<p>The offender arrives in Rome full of the feeling that his enemies have
+wrongfully accused him. He knows charges have been filed against him,
+but what these charges are he is not aware. He is very much disturbed
+and very much in a fog. His reputation and character, aye! his future is
+at stake.</p>
+
+<p>Before the dust of travel is off his clothes, before he shaves, washes
+his face or eats, he appears at the Vatican and asks for a copy of the
+charges that have been brought against him.</p>
+
+<p>One of the Pope's numerous secretaries, a Cardinal possibly, receives
+him graciously, almost affectionately, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_141" id="VII_Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> welcomes him to Rome in the
+name of the Pope. As for any matter of business, why, it can wait: the
+man who has it in charge is out of the city for a day or so&mdash;rest and
+enjoy the splendor of the Eternal City.</p>
+
+<p>"Where is the traveler's lodging?"</p>
+
+<p>"What? not that&mdash;here!"&mdash;a bell is rung, a messenger is called, the
+pilgrim's luggage is sent for, and he is given a room in the Vatican
+itself, or in one of the nearby "Colleges." A Brother is called in,
+introduced and duly instructed to attend personally on His Grace the
+Pilgrim. Show him the wonders of Rome&mdash;the churches, art-galleries, the
+Pantheon, the Appian Way, the Capitol, the Castle&mdash;he is one of the
+Church's most valued servants, he has come from afar&mdash;see that he has
+the attention accorded him that is his due.</p>
+
+<p>The Pilgrim is surprised, a trifle relieved, but not happy. He remembers
+that those condemned to die are given the best of food; but he tries to
+be patient, and so he accepts the Brother's guidance to see Rome&mdash;and
+then die, if he must.</p>
+
+<p>The days are crowded full&mdash;visitors come and go. He attends this
+congregation and that&mdash;fetes, receptions, pilgrimages follow fast.</p>
+
+<p>The cloud is still upon him&mdash;he may forget it for an hour, but each day
+begins in gloom&mdash;uncertainty is the only hell.</p>
+
+<p>At last he boldly importunes and asks that a day shall be set to try his
+case.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_142" id="VII_Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>Nobody knows anything about his case! Charges&mdash;what charges? However, a
+Committee of Cardinals wish to see him&mdash;why, yes, Thursday at ten
+o'clock!</p>
+
+<p>He passes a sleepless night, and appears at the time appointed, haggard,
+yet firm, armed with documents.</p>
+
+<p>He is ushered into the presence of the Cardinals. They receive him as an
+equal. A little speech is made, complimenting him on his good work, upon
+his uprightness, and ends with a gentle caution concerning the wisdom of
+making haste slowly.</p>
+
+<p>Charges? There are no charges against the Pilgrim&mdash;why should there be?
+And moreover, what if there are? Good men are always maligned. He has
+been summoned to Rome that the Cardinals might have his advice.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope will meet him tomorrow in order to bestow his personal
+blessing.</p>
+
+<p>It is all over&mdash;the burden falls from his back. He gasps in relief and
+sinks into a chair.</p>
+
+<p>The greatness of Rome and the kindness and courtesy he has received have
+subdued him.</p>
+
+<p>Possibly there is a temporary, slight reduction of position&mdash;he is given
+another diocese or territory; but there is a promise of speedy
+promotion&mdash;there is no humiliation. The man goes home subdued, conquered
+by kindness, happy in the determination to work for the Church as never
+before.</p>
+
+<p>Rome binds great men to her; she does not drive them away: her policy is
+wise&mdash;superbly, splendidly wise.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_143" id="VII_Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>Luther was now beyond the pale&mdash;the Church had no further power to
+punish him, but agents of the Church, being a part of the Government,
+might proceed against him as an enemy of the State.</p>
+
+<p>Word came that if Luther would cease writing and preaching, and quietly
+go about his teaching in the University, he would not be troubled in any
+way.</p>
+
+<p>This only fired him to stronger expression. He issued a proclamation to
+the German Nation, appealing from the sentence of the Pope, stating he
+was an Augustinian monk, a Doctor of Theology, a preacher of truth, with
+no stain upon his character. He declared that no man in Italy or
+elsewhere had a right to order him to be silent, and no man or set of
+men could deprive him of a share in God's Kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>He called upon all lovers of liberty who hoped for heaven to repudiate
+the "Babylonish Captivity"&mdash;only by so doing could the smile of God be
+secured. Thus did Martin Luther excommunicate the Pope.</p>
+
+<p>Frederick, the Elector of Saxony, preserved a strictly neutral attitude.
+Martin Luther was his subject, and he might have proceeded against him
+on a criminal charge, and was hotly urged to do so, but his reply was,
+"Hands Off!"</p>
+
+<p>The city of Worms was at this time the political capital of Germany. A
+yearly congress, or Diet, was held by the Emperor and his Electors, to
+consider<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_144" id="VII_Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> matters of special import to the State.</p>
+
+<p>As Frederick refused to proceed against Luther, an appeal was made to
+the Emperor, Charles the Fifth, asking that Luther be compelled to
+appear before the Diet of Worms and make answer to the charges that
+would there be brought against him.</p>
+
+<p>It was urged that Luther should be arrested and carried to Worms and
+there be confined in the castle until the Diet should meet; but Charles
+had too much respect for Frederick to attempt any such high-handed
+procedure&mdash;it might mean civil war. Gladly would he have ignored the
+whole matter, but a Cardinal from Rome was at his elbow, sent purposely
+to see that Luther should be silenced&mdash;silenced as Huss was, if
+necessary. Charles was a good Catholic&mdash;and so for that matter was the
+Elector Frederick. The latter was consulted and agreed that if the
+Emperor would issue a letter of "safe-conduct," and send a herald to
+personally accompany the Reverend Doctor Luther to Worms, the Elector
+would consent to the proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>The letter sent summoning Luther to Worms was an exceedingly guarded
+document. It addressed the excommunicated heretic as "honorable, beloved
+and pious," and begged him to accept the company and safe-conduct of the
+bearer to Worms and there kindly explain to the Emperor the import of
+his books and doctrines.</p>
+
+<p>This letter might have been an invitation to a banquet, but Luther said
+it was an invitation to a holocaust, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_145" id="VII_Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> many of his friends so looked
+upon it. He was urged to disregard it, but his reply was, "Though the
+road to Worms were lined with devils I'd go just the same."</p>
+
+<p>No more vivid description of Luther's trial at Worms has been given than
+that supplied by Doctor Charles Beard. This man was neither Catholic nor
+Protestant, so we can not accuse him of hand-illumining the facts to
+suit his fancy. Says Doctor Beard:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Towards noon on the Sixteenth of April, Fifteen Hundred Twenty-one,
+the watchers on the tower gate of Worms gave notice by sound of
+trumpet that Luther's cavalcade was drawing near. First rode
+Deutschland the Herald; next came the covered carriage with Luther
+and three friends; last of all, Justus Jonas on horseback, with an
+escort of knights who had ridden out from Worms to meet them. The
+news quickly spread, and though it was dinner-time, the streets
+were thronged, and two thousand men and women accompanied the
+heretic to his lodging in the house of the Knights of Saint John.
+Here he was close to the Elector, while his companions in his
+lodging were two Saxon councilors. Aleandro, the Papal Nuncio, sent
+out one of his servants to bring him news; he returned with the
+report that as Luther alighted from his carriage a man had taken
+him into his arms, and having touched his coat three times had gone
+away glorying as if he had touched a relic of the greatest saint in
+the world. On the other hand, Luther looked round about him, with
+his demoniac eyes, and said, "God will be with me."</p>
+
+<p>The audience to which Luther was summoned was<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_146" id="VII_Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> fixed for four P.M.,
+and the fact was announced to him by Ulrich von Pappenheim, the
+hereditary marshal of the Empire. When the time came, there was a
+great crowd assembled to see the heretic, and his conductors,
+Pappenheim and Deutschland, were obliged to take him to the hall of
+audience in the Bishop's Palace through gardens and by back ways.
+There he was introduced into the presence of the Estates. He was a
+peasant and a peasant's son, who, though he had written bold
+letters to Pope and Prelate, had never spoken face to face with the
+great ones of the land, not even with his own Elector, of whose
+good-will he was assured. Now he was bidden to answer, less for
+himself than for what he believed to be the truth of God, before
+the representatives of the double authority by which the world is
+swayed. The young Emperor looked at him with impassive eyes,
+speaking no word either of encouragement or rebuke. Aleandro
+represented the still greater, the intrinsically superior, power of
+the successor of Peter, the Vicar of Christ. At the Emperor's side
+stood his brother Ferdinand, the new founder of the House of
+Austria, while round them were grouped six out of the seven
+Electors, and a crowd of princes, prelates, nobles, delegates of
+free cities, who represented every phase of German and
+ecclesiastical feeling.</p>
+
+<p>It was a turning-point of modern European history, at which the
+great issues which presented themselves to men's consciences were
+greater still than they knew.</p>
+
+<p>The proceedings began with an injunction given by Pappenheim to
+Luther that he was not to speak unless spoken to. Then John von
+Eck, Official-General of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_147" id="VII_Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> Archbishop of Trier, champion of the
+Leipzig deputation, first in Latin, then in German, put, by
+Imperial command, two questions to Luther. First, did he
+acknowledge these books here present&mdash;showing a bundle of books
+which were circulated under his name&mdash;to be his own; and secondly,
+was he willing to withdraw and recall them and their contents, or
+did he rather adhere to and persist in them? At this point, Schurf,
+who acted as Luther's counsel, interposed with the demand, "Let the
+titles be read." The official, in reply, recited, one by one, the
+titles of the books comprised in the collected edition of Luther's
+works published at Basel, among which were the "Commentaries on the
+Psalms," the "Sermon of Good Works," the "Commentary on the Lord's
+Prayer," and besides these, other Christian books, not of a
+contentious kind.</p>
+
+<p>Upon this, Luther made answer, first in German, then in Latin, that
+the books were his.</p>
+
+<p>The form of procedure had been committed by the Emperor to Eck,
+Glapion, and Aleandro, and it may have been by their deliberate
+intention that Luther was now asked, whether he wished to defend
+all the books which he had acknowledged as his own, or to retract
+any part of them? He began his answer in Latin, by an apology for
+any mistakes that he might make in addressing personages so great,
+as a man versed, not in courts, but in monk-cells; then, repeating
+his acknowledgment of the books, proceeded to divide them into
+three classes. There were some in which he had treated the piety of
+faith and morals so simply and evangelically that his very
+adversaries<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_148" id="VII_Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> had been compelled to confess them useful, harmless,
+and worthy of Christian reading. How could he condemn these? There
+were others in which he attacked the Papacy and the doctrine of the
+Papists, who both by their teachings and their wretched examples
+have wasted Christendom with both spiritual and corporal evil. Nor
+could any one deny or dissimulate this, since the universal
+experience and complaint bear witness that, by the laws of the Pope
+and the doctrines of men, consciences are miserably ensnared and
+vexed, especially in this illustrious German nation. If he should
+revoke these books, what would it be but to add force to tyranny,
+and to open, not merely the windows, but the doors to so great
+impiety? In that case, Good God, what a cover of wickedness and
+tyranny would he not become! A third class of his books had been
+written against private persons, those, namely, who had labored to
+protect the Roman tyranny and to undermine the piety which he had
+taught. In these he confessed that he had been more bitter than
+became his religion and profession. Even these, however, he could
+not recall, because to do so would be to throw his shield over
+tyranny and impiety, and to augment their violence against the
+people of God. From this he proceeded to ask for evidence against
+himself and a fair trial, adducing the words of Christ before
+Annas: "If I have spoken evil, bear witness of the evil." Then,
+with a touch of his native boldness, he told his audience that it
+needed to beware lest the reign of this most excellent youth,
+Prince Charles, should become unhappy and of evil omen. "I might,"
+he continued, "illustrate the matter more copiously by Scriptural<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_149" id="VII_Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+examples&mdash;as Pharaoh, the King of Babylon, the Kings of Israel&mdash;who
+most completely ruined themselves at the moment when by wisest
+counsels they were zealous to strengthen and pacify their kingdoms.
+For it is He who taketh the wise in their own craftiness, and
+overturns the mountains before they know it. Therefore it is
+needful to fear God. I do not say these things because my teaching
+or admonition is necessary to persons of such eminence, but because
+I ought not to withhold from Germany my due obedience. And with
+these things I commend myself to Your Most Serene Majesty, and to
+Your Lordships, humbly asking that you will not suffer me to be
+brought into ill repute by the efforts of my adversaries. I have
+spoken."</p>
+
+<p>This speech, spoken as it was with steady composure and a voice
+that could be clearly heard by the whole assembly, did not satisfy
+the official. His first demand was that, like the question to which
+it was in answer, it should be repeated in German. Next, Eck
+proceeded to point out that Luther's errors, which were the errors
+of former heretics, Wyclif, Huss and the like, had been
+sufficiently condemned by the Church, and particularly by the
+Council of Konstanz. If Luther were willing to recant them, the
+Emperor would engage that his other works, in which they were not
+contained, should be tenderly handled: if not, let him recollect
+the fate of other books condemned by the Church. Then, with the
+customary exhortation to all theological innovators, not to set
+their own opinions against those of apostles, saints and martyrs,
+the official said that what he wanted was a simple and
+straightforward answer: was Luther willing to recant<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_150" id="VII_Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> or not? To
+which Luther replied: "Since Your Most Serene Majesty and Your
+Lordships ask for a simple answer, I will give it, after this
+fashion: Unless I am convinced by witness of Scripture or plain
+reason (for I do not believe in the Pope or in Councils alone,
+since it is agreed that they have often erred and contradicted
+themselves), I am overcome by the Scriptures which I have adduced,
+and my conscience is caught in the Word of God. I neither can nor
+will recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act
+against one's conscience." Then having given this answer in both
+languages, he added in German, "God help me! Amen."</p>
+
+<p>The semblance of trial, which alone was allowed to Luther, was now
+over; it only remained to pass sentence. Early on the morning of
+the Nineteenth of April the Emperor summoned the Diet once more to
+take counsel upon the matter. The Estates asked for time to
+deliberate; on which the Emperor, replying that he would first give
+them his own opinion, produced a document written in his own hand.
+Beginning with the statement of his descent from Emperors, Kings of
+Spain, Archdukes of Austria, and Dukes of Burgundy, all of whom had
+lived and died faithful sons of the Church and defenders of the
+Catholic faith, it announced the identity of his policy with
+theirs. Whatever his predecessors had decreed in matters
+ecclesiastical, whatever had been decided by the Council of
+Konstanz and other Councils, he would uphold. Luther had set
+himself against the whole of Christendom, alleging it to be, both
+now and for a thousand years past, in error, and only himself in
+possession of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_151" id="VII_Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> truth. The Estates had heard the obstinate
+answer which he had made the day before; let him be no further
+heard, and let him be taken back whence he came, the terms of his
+safe-conduct being carefully observed; but let him be forbidden to
+preach, nor suffer to corrupt the people with his vile doctrine.
+"And as we have before said, it is our will that he should be
+proceeded against as a true and evident heretic."</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_152" id="VII_Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>The difference between heresy and treason, at one time, was very slight.
+One was disloyalty to the Church, the other disloyalty to the State.</p>
+
+<p>Luther's peril was very great. The coils had been deliberately laid for
+him, and he had as deliberately placed his neck in the noose. Surely his
+accusers had been very patient&mdash;every opportunity had been given to him
+to recant.</p>
+
+<p>Aleandro, the Papal Nuncio, argued that, in the face of such stubborn
+contumacy and insult to both Pope and Emperor, the Emperor would be
+justified in canceling his safe-conduct and arresting Luther then and
+there. His offense in refusing to retract was committed at Worms and his
+trial should be there&mdash;and there he should be executed.</p>
+
+<p>The Elector Frederick was a stronger man far in personality than was the
+Emperor Charles. "The promise of safe-conduct must be kept," said
+Frederick, and there he rested, refusing to argue the merits of the case
+by a word, one way or the other.</p>
+
+<p>Frederick held the life of Luther in his hand&mdash;a waver, a tremor&mdash;and
+the fagots would soon crackle: for the man who pleads guilty and refuses
+pardon there is short shrift.</p>
+
+<p>Luther started back for Saxony. All went well until he reached the Black
+Forest within the bounds of the domain of Frederick; when behold, the
+carriages and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_153" id="VII_Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> little group of horsemen were surrounded by an armed
+force of silent and determined men. Luther made a stout defense and was
+handled not over-gently. He was taken from his closed carriage and
+placed upon a horse&mdash;his friends and guard were ordered to be gone.</p>
+
+<p>The darkness of the forest swallowed Luther and his captors.</p>
+
+<p>News soon reached Wittenberg, and the students mourned him as dead.</p>
+
+<p>His enemies gloried in his disappearance, and everywhere told that he
+had been struck by the vengeance of God.</p>
+
+<p>Luther was lodged in the Castle of Wartburg, and all communication with
+the outside world cut off.</p>
+
+<p>The whole scheme was a diplomatic move on the part of the Elector. He
+expected a demand would be made for the arrest of the heretic. To
+anticipate this demand he arrested the man himself; and thus placed the
+matter in position to legally resist should the prisoner be demanded.</p>
+
+<p>The Elector was the Governor, and the Estate was what would be to us a
+State&mdash;the terms "state" and "estate" being practically the same word.
+It was the old question of State Rights, the same question that Hayne
+and Webster debated in Eighteen Hundred Thirty, and Grover Cleveland and
+John P. Altgeld fought over in Eighteen Hundred Ninety-four. The Elector
+Frederick prepared for a legal battle, and would<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_154" id="VII_Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> defy the "Federal Arm"
+by force if worse came to worst.</p>
+
+<p>Luther remained a prisoner for seven months, and so closely guarded was
+he that he only knew by inference that his keepers were his friends. The
+Elector was discreet: he held no personal communication with Luther.</p>
+
+<p>In December, Fifteen Hundred Twenty-one, the prisoner was allowed to go
+to Wittenberg on a three-days' parole. When he appeared at the
+University he came as one from the dead. The event was too serious for
+student jollification; many were struck dumb with astonishment and glad
+tears of joy were upon every cheek&mdash;and by common consent all classes
+were abandoned, and a solemn service of thanksgiving held in the church,
+upon the door of which, four years before, this little college professor
+had tacked his Theses.</p>
+
+<p>All understood now that Luther was a prisoner&mdash;he must go back to his
+prison. He admonished his hearers to be patient, but to be firm; cleave
+to what they believed to be right, even though it led to the scaffold.
+He administered the sacrament, and through that congregation, and
+throughout Saxony, and throughout all Germany ran the vow, silent,
+solemn and serious, that Martin Luther's defiance of Papal authority was
+right. The Church was made for man and not man for the Church&mdash;and come
+what may, this man Luther must be protected even though the gutters ran
+with blood.</p>
+
+<p>When would his trial occur? Nobody knew&mdash;but there<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_155" id="VII_Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> would be no haste.</p>
+
+<p>Luther went back to prison, but not to remain there. His little lease of
+liberty had been given just to see which way the wind lay. He was a
+prisoner still&mdash;a prisoner on parole&mdash;and if he was taken out of Saxony
+it could only be by illegal means.</p>
+
+<p>The action of the Elector was as wise and as successful a bit of legal
+procedure as ever mortal lawyer worked: that it was all done without the
+advice, consent or connivance of the prisoner makes it doubly admirable.</p>
+
+<p>Luther set himself to work as never before, writing and preaching. He
+kept close to Wittenberg and from there sent forth his thunders of
+revolt. Outside of Saxony, at regular intervals, edicts were read from
+pulpits ordering any and all copies of Luther's writings to be brought
+forward that they might be burned. This advertised the work, and made it
+prized&mdash;it was read throughout all Christendom.</p>
+
+<p>That gentle and ascetic Henry the Eighth of England issued a book
+denouncing Luther and telling what he would do with him if he came to
+England. Luther replied, a trifle too much in kind. Henry put in a pious
+rejoinder to the effect that the Devil would not have Luther in hell. In
+their opinion of Luther the Pope and King Henry were of one mind.</p>
+
+<p>So lived Martin Luther, execrated and beloved. At first he sought to
+serve the Church, and later he worked to destroy it. After three hundred
+years, the Catholic Church still lives, with more communicants<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_156" id="VII_Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> than it
+had in the days of Luther. The fact that it still exists proves its
+usefulness. It will still live, and it will change as men change. The
+Church and the Pope are not the detestable things that Martin Luther
+pictured them; and Protestantism is not the sweet and lovely object that
+he would have us believe. All formal and organized religions will be
+what they are, as long as man is what he is&mdash;labels count for little.</p>
+
+<p>In Fifteen Hundred Twenty-five Martin Luther married "Catharine the
+Nun," a most excellent woman, and one whom rumor says had long
+encouraged and upheld him in his works. Children came to bless them, and
+the picture of the great heretic sitting at his wooden table with little
+Johnny Luther on his knee, his loving wife by his side, and kind
+neighbors entering for a friendly chat, shows the great reformer at his
+best.</p>
+
+<p>He was the son of a peasant, all his ancestors were peasants, as he so
+often told, and he lived like a peasant to the last. For himself he
+wanted little. He sided with the people, the toilers, with those who
+struggled in the bonds of slavery and fear&mdash;for them he was an Eye, an
+Ear, a trumpet Voice.</p>
+
+<p>There never lived a braver man&mdash;there never lived one more earnest and
+sincere. He fought freedom's fight with all the weapons God had given
+him; and for the liberty we now enjoy, in great degree, we are debtors
+to Martin Luther.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="EDMUND_BURKE" id="EDMUND_BURKE"></a>EDMUND BURKE<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_157" id="VII_Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I was not, like His Grace of Bedford, swaddled and rocked and
+dandled into a legislator; "nitor in adversum" is the motto for a
+man like me. I possessed not one of the qualities, nor cultivated
+one of the arts, that recommend men to the favor and protection of
+the great. I was not made for a minion or a tool. As little did I
+follow the trade of winning the hearts, by imposing on the
+understandings of the people.</p>
+
+<p>At every step of my progress in life, for in every step I was
+traversed and opposed, and at every turnpike I met, I was obliged
+to show my passport, and again and again to prove my sole title to
+the honor of being useful to my country, by a proof that I was not
+wholly unacquainted with its laws and the whole system of its
+interests both abroad and at home; otherwise no rank, no toleration
+even, for me.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">&mdash;<i>Edmund Burke</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_158" id="VII_Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <a id="image0445-1"></a>
+    <img src="images/0445-1.jpg" width="276" height="400"
+       alt=""
+       title="" />
+
+   <p class="center">EDMUND BURKE</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_159" id="VII_Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>In the "American Encyclopedia," a work I cheerfully recommend, will be
+found a statement to the effect that Edmund Burke was one of the fifteen
+children of his parents. Aside from the natural curiosity to know what
+became of the fourteen, the matter is of small moment, and that its
+truth or falsity should divide men is most absurd.</p>
+
+<p>Of this, however, we know: the parents of Burke were plain people,
+rescued from oblivion only through the excellence of this one son. The
+father was a lawyer, and fees being scarce, he became chief clerk for
+another barrister, and so lived his life and did his work.</p>
+
+<p>When Edmund Burke was born at Dublin in the year Seventeen Hundred
+Twenty-nine, that famous city was at its flood-tide of prosperity. It
+was a metropolis of commerce, art, wit, oratory and literary culture.
+The one name that looms large to us out of that time is that of Dean
+Swift, but then there were dozens just as great as he&mdash;so-said.</p>
+
+<p>Edmund must have been a bright, fine, attractive boy, for we hear that
+certain friends of his parents combined with his father and they bent
+themselves to the task of sending the lad to Trinity College. Before
+this, however, he had spent some time at a private school kept by one<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_160" id="VII_Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+Abraham Shackleton, an Englishman and a member of the Society of
+Friends. Shackleton was a rare, sweet soul and a most excellent teacher,
+endowed with a grave, tranquil nature, constant and austere. Between his
+son Richard and young Mr. Burke there sprang up a close and affectionate
+friendship which neither time nor circumstance was able to dim.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the elder Burke was a lawyer, but not a great lawyer.</p>
+
+<p>What more natural, therefore, than that the boy Edmund should follow in
+his father's footsteps and reap the fame and high honors which an unkind
+Fate had withheld from his worthy parent?</p>
+
+<p>There was another boy destined for fame at Trinity College while Burke
+was there, but they did not get acquainted then. Some years later they
+met in London, though, and talked it over.</p>
+
+<p>In countenance these two young men had a certain marked resemblance.
+Reynolds painted pictures of both Burke and Goldsmith, and when I looked
+at these portraits this morning, side by side, I said, "Sir Joshua
+hadn't quite got the Burke out of his brush before he painted the
+Goldsmith." Burke is Goldsmith grown big.</p>
+
+<p>Each had a weak chin, which was redeemed by the fine, full forehead and
+brilliant eye.</p>
+
+<p>In face and features, taken as a whole, Burke had a countenance of
+surpassing beauty. Note the full sensuous lips, the clear, steady,
+lustrous, beaming eye, the splendid head! There is nothing small,
+selfish,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_161" id="VII_Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> mean or trifling about the man&mdash;he is open, frank,
+sympathetic, gentle, generous and wise.</p>
+
+<p>He is a manly man.</p>
+
+<p>No wonder that even the staid and chilly Hannah More loved him; and
+little Miss Burney worshiped at his shrine even in spite of "his
+friendship for those detested rebels, the Americans; and the other
+grievous sin of persecuting that good man, Warren Hastings."</p>
+
+<p>Goldsmith was small in stature, apologetic in manner, hesitating, and at
+times there was a lisp in speech, which might have been an artistic and
+carefully acquired adjunct of wit, but it was not. Burke was commanding
+in stature, dignified, suave, and in speech direct, copious and elegant.
+Goldsmith overworked the minor key, but Burke merely suggests that it
+had not been omitted.</p>
+
+<p>At college young Burke did not prove a brilliant student&mdash;his intellect
+and aptitude it seems were a modest mouse-color that escaped attention.</p>
+
+<p>His reading was desultory and pretty general, with spasms of passion for
+this study or that, this author or the other. And he has remarked, most
+regretfully, that these passions were all short-lived, none lasting more
+than six weeks.</p>
+
+<p>It is a splendid sign to find a youth with a passion for any branch of
+work, or study, or for any author. No matter how brief the love, it adds
+a ring of growth to character; and if you have loved a book once it is
+easy to go back to it. In all these varying moods of likes and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_162" id="VII_Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
+dislikes, Burke was gathering up material for use in after-years.</p>
+
+<p>But his teachers did not regard it so, neither did his father.</p>
+
+<p>He got through college after a five-years' course, aged twenty, by the
+grace of his tutors. He knew everything except what was in the
+curriculum.</p>
+
+<p>Tall, handsome, with hair black as the raven's wing, and eyes that
+looked away off into space, dreamy and unconcerned, was Edmund Burke at
+twenty.</p>
+
+<p>His father was a business lawyer, with a sharp nose for technicalities,
+quirks and quillets, but the son studied law as a literary curiosity.
+Occasionally there were quick chidings, answered with irony needlessly
+calm: then the good wife and mother would intervene with her tears, and
+the result was that Burke the elder would withdraw to the open air to
+cool his coppers. Be it known that no man can stand out against his wife
+and son when they in love combine.</p>
+
+<p>Finally it was proposed that Edmund go to London and take a course of
+Law at the Middle Temple. The plan was accepted with ill-concealed
+alacrity. Father and son parted with relief, but the good-by between
+mother and son tore the hearts of both&mdash;they were parting forever, and
+Something told them so.</p>
+
+<p>It evidently was the intention of Burke the elder, who was a
+clear-headed, practical person, competent in all petty plans, that if
+the son settled down to law<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_163" id="VII_Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> and got his "call," then he would be
+summoned back to Dublin and put in a way to achieve distinction. But if
+the young man still pursued his desultory reading and scribbling on
+irrelevant themes, why then the remittances were to be withdrawn and
+Edmund Burke, being twenty-one years of age, could sink or swim. Burke
+pater would wash his hands in innocency, having fully complied with all
+legal requirements, and God knows that is all any man can do&mdash;there!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_164" id="VII_Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>In London town since time began, no embryo Coke ever rapped at the bar
+for admittance&mdash;lawyers are "summoned" just as clergymen are "called,"
+while other men find a job. In England this pretty little illusion of
+receiving a "call" to practise law still obtains.</p>
+
+<p>Burke never received the call, for the reason that he failed to fit
+himself for it. He read everything but law-books. He might have assisted
+a young man by the name of Blackstone in compiling his "Commentaries,"
+as their lodgings were not far apart, but he did not. They met
+occasionally, and when they did they always discussed Spenser or Milton,
+and waxed warm over Shakespeare.</p>
+
+<p>Burke gave Old Father Antic the Law as lavish a letter of recommendation
+as the Legal Profession ever received, and he gave it for the very
+natural reason that he had no use for the Law himself.</p>
+
+<p>The remittances from Dublin were always small, but they grew smaller,
+less frequent and finally ceased. It was sink or swim&mdash;and the young man
+simply paddled to keep afloat upon the tide of the times.</p>
+
+<p>He dawdled at Dodsley's, visited with the callers and browsed among the
+books. There was only one thing the young man liked better to do than
+read, and that was to talk. Once he had read a volume nearly through,
+when Dodsley up and sold it to a customer&mdash;"a rather ungentlemanly trick
+to play on an honest man," says<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_165" id="VII_Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> Burke.</p>
+
+<p>It was at Dodsley's that he first met his countryman Goldsmith, also
+Garrick, Boswell and Johnson. It was then that Johnson received that
+lasting impression of Burke, of whom he said, "Sir, if you met Edmund
+Burke under a gateway, where you had taken shelter for five minutes to
+escape a shower, you would be so impressed by his conversation that you
+would say, 'This is a most extraordinary man.'"</p>
+
+<p>If one knows how, or has to, he can live in a large city at a small
+expense. For nine years Burke's London life is a tale of a garret, with
+the details almost lost in the fog. Of this time, in after-years, he
+seldom spoke, not because he was ashamed of all the straits and shifts
+he had to endure, but because he was endowed with that fine dignity of
+mind which does not dwell on hardships gone and troubles past, but
+rather fixes itself on blessings now at hand and other blessings yet to
+come. Then, better still, there came a time when work and important
+business filled every moment of the fast-flying hours. And so he himself
+once said, "The sure cure for all private griefs is a hearty interest in
+public affairs."</p>
+
+<p>The best searchlight through the mist of those early days comes to us
+through Burke's letters to his friend Richard, the son of his old Quaker
+teacher. Shackleton had the insight to perceive his friend was no common
+man, and so preserved every scrap of Burke's writing that came his way.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_166" id="VII_Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>About that time there seems to have been a sort of meteoric shower of
+chipmunk magazines, following in the luminous pathway of the "Spectator"
+and the "Tatler." Burke was passing through his poetic period, and
+supplied various stanzas of alleged poetry to these magazines for a
+modest consideration. For one poem he received eighteen pence, as
+tearfully told by Shackleton, but we have Hawkins for it that this was a
+trifle more than the poem was worth.</p>
+
+<p>Of this poetry we know little, happily, but glimpses of it are seen in
+the Shackleton letters; for instance, when he asks his friend's
+criticism of such lines as these:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"The nymphs that haunt the dusky wood,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Which hangs recumbent o'er the crystal flood."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>He speaks of his delight in ambient sunsets, when gilded oceans, ghostly
+ships, and the dull, dark city vanish for the night. Of course, such
+things never happen except in books, but the practise of writing about
+them is a fine drill, in that it enables the writer to get a grasp on
+his vocabulary. Poetry is for the poet.</p>
+
+<p>And if Burke wrote poetry in bed, having to remain there in the daytime,
+while his landlady was doing up his single ruffled shirt for an evening
+party, whose business was it?</p>
+
+<p>When he was invited out to dinner he did the meal such justice that he
+needed nothing the following day; and the welcome discovery was also
+made that fasting<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_167" id="VII_Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> produced an exaltation of the "spiritual essence that
+was extremely favorable to writing good poetry."</p>
+
+<p>Burke had wit, and what Johnson called a "mighty affluence of
+conversation"; so his presence was welcome at the Turk's Head. Burke and
+Johnson were so thoroughly well matched as talkers that they respected
+each other's prowess and never with each other clinched in wordy
+warfare. Johnson was an arch Tory, Burke the leader of the Whigs; but
+Ursa was wise enough to say, "I'll talk with him on any subject but
+politics." This led Goldsmith to remark, "Doctor Johnson browbeats us
+little men, but makes quick peace with those he can not down." Then
+there were debating societies, from one of which he resigned because the
+limit of a speech was seven minutes; but finally the time was extended
+to fifteen minutes in order to get the Irish orator back.</p>
+
+<p>During these nine years, once referred to by Burke as the "Dark Ages,"
+he had four occupations: book-browsing at Dodsley's, debating in the
+clubs, attending the theater on tickets probably supplied by Garrick,
+who had taken a great fancy to him, and his writing.</p>
+
+<p>No writing man could wish a better environment than this: the friction
+of mind with strong men, books and the drama stirred his emotions to the
+printing-point.</p>
+
+<p>Burke's personality made a swirl in the social sea that brought the best
+straight to him.</p>
+
+<p>One of the writers that Burke most admired was<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_168" id="VII_Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> Bolingbroke, that man of
+masterly mind and mighty tread. His paragraphs move like a phalanx, and
+in every sentence there is an argument. No man in England influenced his
+time more than Bolingbroke. He was the inspirer of writers. Burke
+devoured Bolingbroke, and when he took up his pen, wrote with the same
+magnificent, stately minuet step. Finally he was full of the essence of
+Bolingbroke to the point of saturation, and then he began to criticize
+him. Had Bolingbroke been alive Burke would have quarreled with
+him&mdash;they were so much alike. As it was, Burke contented himself by
+writing a book after the style of Bolingbroke, carrying the great man's
+arguments one step further with intent to show their fallacy. The
+paraphrase is always a complement, and is never well done except by a
+man who loves the original and is a bit jealous of him.</p>
+
+<p>If Burke began his "Vindication of Natural Society," with intent to
+produce a burlesque, he missed his aim, and came very near convincing
+himself of the truth of his proposition. And in fact, the book was
+hailed by the rationalists as a vindication of Rousseau's philosophy.</p>
+
+<p>Burke was a conservative rationalist, which is something like an
+altruistic pessimist. In the society of rationalists Burke was a
+conservative, and when with the conservatives he was a rationalist. That
+he was absolutely honest and sincere there is not a particle of doubt,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_169" id="VII_Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
+and we will have to leave it to the psychologists to tell us why men
+hate the thing they love.</p>
+
+<p>"The Vindication of Natural Society" is a great book, and the fact that
+in the second edition Burke had to explain that it was an ironical
+paraphrase does not convince us it was. The things prophesied have come
+about and the morning stars still sing together. Wise men are more and
+more learning by inclining their hearts toward Nature. Not only is this
+true in pedagogics, but in law, medicine and theology as well. Dogma has
+less place now in religion than ever before; many deeply religious men
+eschew the creed entirely; and in all pulpits may be heard that the
+sublime truths of simple honesty and kindness are quite enough basis for
+a useful career. That is good which serves. Religions are many and
+diverse, but reason and goodness are one.</p>
+
+<p>Burke's attempt to prove that without "revealed religion" mankind would
+sit in eternal darkness makes us think of the fable of the man who
+planted potatoes, hoed them, and finally harvested the crop. Every day
+while this man toiled, there was another man who sat on the fence,
+chewed a straw and looked on. And the author of the story says that if
+it were not for the Bible, no one would have ever known to whom the
+potatoes belonged.</p>
+
+<p>Burke wrote and talked as all good men do, just to clear the matter up
+in his own mind. Our wisest moves are accidents. Burke's first book was
+of a sort so striking<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_170" id="VII_Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> that both sides claimed it. Men stopped other men
+on the street and asked if they had read the "Vindication"; at the
+coffeehouses they wrangled and jangled over it; and all the time Dodsley
+smiled and rubbed his hands in glee.</p>
+
+<p>Burke soon blossomed out in clean ruffled shirt every morning, and
+shortly moved to a suite of rooms, where before he had received his mail
+and his friends at a coffeehouse.</p>
+
+<p>Then came William Burke, a distant cousin, and together they tramped off
+through rural England, loitering along flowering hedgerows, and stopping
+at quaint inns, where the villagers made guesses as to whether the two
+were gentlemen out for a lark, smugglers or Jesuits in disguise.</p>
+
+<p>One of these trips took our friends to Bath, and there we hear they were
+lodged at the house of a Doctor Nugent, an excellent and scholarly man.
+William Burke went back to London and left Edmund at Bath deep in the
+pursuit of the Sublime. Doctor Nugent had a daughter, aged twenty,
+beautiful, gentle and gracious. The reader can guess the rest.</p>
+
+<p>That Burke's wife was a most amiable and excellent woman there is no
+doubt. She loved her lord, believed in him and had no other gods before
+him. But that she influenced his career directly or through antithesis,
+there is no trace. Her health was too frail to follow him&mdash;his stride
+was terrific&mdash;so she remained at home,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_171" id="VII_Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> and after every success he came
+back and told her of it, and rested his great, shaggy head in her lap.</p>
+
+<p>Only one child was born to them, and this boy closely resembled his
+mother in intellect and physique. This son passed out early in life, and
+so with Edmund died the name.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_172" id="VII_Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>The next book Burke launched was the one we know best, "On the Sublime."
+The original bore the terrifying title, "A Philosophical Inquiry Into
+the Origin of Our Ideas Concerning the Sublime and Beautiful." This book
+consists of one hundred seventeen chapters, each chapter dealing with
+some special phase of the subject.</p>
+
+<p>It is the most searching and complete analysis of an abstract theme of
+which I know. It sums the subject up like an essay by Herbert Spencer,
+and disposes of the case once and forever. It is so learned that only a
+sophomore could have written it, and we quite forgive the author when we
+are told that it was composed when he was nineteen.</p>
+
+<p>The book proved Burke's power to follow an idea to its lair, and its
+launching also launched the author upon the full tide of polite society.
+Goldsmith said, "We will lose him now," but Burke still stuck by his
+coffeehouse companions and used them as a pontoon to bridge the gulf
+'twixt Bohemia and Piccadilly.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime he had written a book for Dodsley on "English
+Settlements in North America," and this did Burke more good than any one
+else, as it caused him to focus his inquiring mind on the New World.
+After this man began to write on a subject, his intellect became
+luminous on the theme, and it was his forevermore.</p>
+
+<p>At routs and fetes and four-o'-clocks, Burke was sought<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_173" id="VII_Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> as an authority
+on America. He had never been there&mdash;he had but promised himself that he
+would go&mdash;for a sick wife held him back. In the meantime he had seen
+every man of worth who had been to America, and had sucked the orange
+dry. Macaulay gives the idea when he describes Burke's speech at the
+Warren Hastings trial. Burke had never been to India; Macaulay had, but
+that is nothing.</p>
+
+<p>Says Macaulay:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>When Burke spoke, the burning sun, the strange vegetation of the
+palm and cocoa-tree, the rice-field, the tank, the huge trees,
+older than the Mogul Empire, under which the village crowds
+assemble, the thatched roof of the peasant's hut, the rich tracery
+of the mosque where the Imam prays with his face to Mecca, the
+drums, the banners and gaudy idols, the devotee swinging in the
+air, the graceful maiden with the pitcher on her head, descending
+the steps to the riverside, the black faces, the long beards, the
+yellow streaks of sect, the turbans and the flowing robes, the
+spears and silver maces, the elephants with their canopies of
+state, the gorgeous palanquin of the prince, and the close litter
+of the noble lady&mdash;all these things were to him as familiar as the
+subjects which lay on the road between Beaconsfield and Saint James
+Street. All India was present to the eye of his mind, from the
+halls where suitors laid gold and perfumes at the feet of the
+sovereign, to the wild moor where the gipsy camp was pitched; from
+the bazar, humming like a beehive with the crowd of buyers and
+sellers, to the jungle where the lonely courier shakes his bunch of
+iron rings to scare away the hyenas. He had just as lively an idea<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_174" id="VII_Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>
+of the insurrection at Benares as of Lord George Gordon's riots,
+and of the execution of Numcomar as of Doctor Dodd. Oppression in
+Bengal was to him the same thing as oppression in the streets of
+London.</p></div>
+
+<p>The wide encompassing quality of Burke's mind made him a man among men.
+Just how much he lent his power in those early days to assist those in
+high places who needed him, we do not know. Such services were sacred to
+him&mdash;done in friendship and in confidence, and held as steadfast as a
+good lawyer holds the secrets of his client.</p>
+
+<p>No doubt, though, that the one speech which gave glory and a nickname to
+Single-Speech Hamilton was written by Burke. It was wise, witty and
+profound&mdash;and never again did Hamilton do a thing that rose above the
+dull and deadly mediocre.</p>
+
+<p>It was a rival of Burke's who said, "He is the only man since Cicero who
+is a great orator, and who can write as well as he can talk."</p>
+
+<p>That Burke wrote the lectures of Sir Joshua Reynolds is now pretty
+generally believed; in fact, that he received the goodly sum of four
+thousand pounds for writing these lectures has been proved to the
+satisfaction of a jury. Burke never said he wrote the Reynolds lectures,
+and Sir Joshua left it to his valet to deny it. But read the lectures
+now and you will see the stately step of Bolingbroke, and the insight,
+wit and gravity of the man who said: "Mr. Speaker, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_175" id="VII_Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> rise to a question
+of privilege. If it is the pleasure of the House that all the heaviest
+folios known to us should be here read aloud, I am in honor bound to
+graciously submit, but only this I ask, that proceedings shall be
+suspended long enough for me to send home for my nightcap."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_176" id="VII_Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>Presently Burke graduated from doing hack-work for William Gerard
+Hamilton to the position of his private secretary&mdash;Hamilton had been
+appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and so highly did he prize Burke's
+services that he had the Government vote him a pension of three hundred
+pounds a year. This was the first settled income Burke had ever
+received, and he was then well past thirty years of age. But though he
+was in sore straits financially, when he perceived that the intent of
+the income was to bind him into the exclusive service of his patron, he
+resigned his office and refused the pension.</p>
+
+<p>Without knowing how wisely he was acting, Burke, by declining the
+pension and affronting Lord Hamilton, had done the very thing that it
+was most expedient to do.</p>
+
+<p>When Hamilton could not buy his man, he foolishly sought to crush him,
+and this brought Burke for the first time into the white light of
+publicity.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose it is fully understood that the nobility of England are not
+necessarily either cultured or well-read. Literature to most of the
+titled gentry is a blank, my lord&mdash;it is so now and always has been so.
+Burke's brilliant books were not sufficient to make him famous except
+among the Elect Few; but the episode with Lord Hamilton set the gossips
+by the ears, and all who had never read Burke's books now pretended they
+had.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_177" id="VII_Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>Burke was a national character&mdash;such a man merely needs to be known to
+be wanted&mdash;strong men are always needed. The House of Commons opened its
+doors to him&mdash;several boroughs competing with each other for the favor
+of being represented by him.</p>
+
+<p>A political break-up with opportunity came along, and we find the
+Marquis of Rockingham made Premier, and Edmund Burke his secretary. It
+was Fitzherbert who recommended Burke to Rockingham, and Fitzherbert is
+immortal for this and for the fact that Johnson used him to point a
+moral. Said Doctor Johnson: "A man is popular more through negative
+qualities than positive ones. Fitzherbert is the most acceptable man in
+London because he never overpowers any one by the superiority of his
+talents, makes no man think worse of himself by being his rival, seems
+always ready to listen, does not oblige you to hear much from him, and
+never opposes what you say."</p>
+
+<p>With Rockingham and Burke it was a case of the tail wagging the dog, but
+Burke and Rockingham understood each other, and always remained firm
+friends.</p>
+
+<p>I believe it was John J. Ingalls who said America had never elected but
+one first-class man for President, and he was chosen only because he was
+unknown.</p>
+
+<p>Rockingham could neither make a speech nor write a readable article; but
+he was kindly disposed, honest and intelligent and had a gracious and
+winning presence. He lives in history today chiefly because Edmund<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_178" id="VII_Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>
+Burke was associated with him.</p>
+
+<p>Burke was too big a man for Premier&mdash;such men have to be kept in
+subjection&mdash;the popular will is wise. Men like Burke make
+enemies&mdash;common folks can not follow them in their flight, and in their
+presence we feel "like a farmer in the presence of a sleight-of-hand
+man."</p>
+
+<p>To have life, and life in abundance, is the prayer of every strong and
+valiant soul. But men are forever running away from life&mdash;getting into
+"positions," monasteries, communities, and now and again cutting the
+cable of existence by suicide. The man who commits suicide usually
+leaves a letter giving a reason&mdash;almost any reason is sufficient&mdash;he was
+looking for a reason and when he thought he had found it, he seized upon
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Life to Edmund Burke was the gracious gift of the gods, and he was
+grateful for it. He ripened slowly. Arrested development never caught
+him&mdash;all the days of his life his mind was expanding and reaching out,
+touching every phase of human existence. Nothing was foreign to him;
+nothing that related to human existence was small or insignificant. When
+the home-thrust was made that Ireland had not suffered more through the
+absenteeism of her landlords than through the absenteeism of her men of
+genius, Burke made the reply that Ireland needed friends in the House of
+Commons more than at home.</p>
+
+<p>Burke loved Ireland to the last, and his fine loyalty<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_179" id="VII_Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> for her people
+doubtless cost him a seat in the Cabinet. In moments of passion his
+tongue took on a touch of the old sod, which gave Fox an opportunity of
+introducing a swell bull, "Burke's brogue is worth going miles to see."
+And once when Burke was speaking of America he referred to the wondrous
+forests "where the hand of man had never trod," Fox arose to a point of
+order. And this was a good deal easier on the part of Fox than to try to
+meet his man in serious debate.</p>
+
+<p>Burke's was not the primrose path of dalliance. He fought his way inch
+by inch. Often it was a dozen to one against him. In one speech he said:
+"The minister comes down in state attended by beasts clean and unclean.
+He opens his budget and edifies us with a speech&mdash;one-half the house
+goes away. A second gentleman gets up and another half goes, and a third
+gentleman launches a speech that rids the house of another half."</p>
+
+<p>A loud laugh here came in, and Burke stopped and said he was most happy
+if a small dehorned Irish bull of his could put the House in such good
+humor, and went on with his speech. Soon, however, there were cries of
+"Shame!" from the Tories, who thought Burke was speaking disrespectfully
+of the King.</p>
+
+<p>Burke paused and said: "Mr. Speaker, I have not spoken of the King
+except in high esteem&mdash;I prize my head too well for that. But I do not
+think it necessary that I should bow down to his manservant, nor his<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_180" id="VII_Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+maidservant, nor his ox nor his ass"&mdash;and he fixed his intrepid gaze
+upon the chief offender.</p>
+
+<p>Nature's best use for genius is to make other men think; to stir things
+up so sedimentation does not take place; to break the ankylosis of
+self-complacency; and start the stream of public opinion running so it
+will purify itself.</p>
+
+<p>Burke was an agitator&mdash;not a leader. He had the great gift of
+exaggeration, without which no man can be a great orator. He painted the
+picture large, and put the matter in a way that compelled attention. For
+thirty years he was a most prominent figure in English politics&mdash;no
+great measure could be passed without counting on him. His influence
+held dishonesty in check, and made oppression pause.</p>
+
+<p>History is usually written from one of three points of view&mdash;political,
+literary or economic. Macaulay stands for the first, Taine the second,
+Buckle the third. Each writer considers his subject supreme. When we
+speak of the history of a country we usually refer to its statesmen.</p>
+
+<p>Politicians live the lives of moths as compared with the lasting
+influence of commerce that feeds, houses and clothes, says Buckle.</p>
+
+<p>Rulers govern, but it is literature that enlightens, says Taine.</p>
+
+<p>Literature and commerce are made possible only through the wisdom of
+statesmen, says Macaulay.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_181" id="VII_Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>Edmund Burke's business was statecraft; his play was letters; but he
+lives for us through letters.</p>
+
+<p>He had two sets of ardent friends: his political associates, and that
+other little group of literary cronies made up of Johnson, Goldsmith,
+Boswell, Reynolds and Garrick.</p>
+
+<p>With these his soul was free&mdash;his sense of sublimity then found wings:
+the vocabulary of Johnson, the purling poetry of Goldsmith, the grace of
+Garrick's mimicry, the miracle of Reynolds' pencil and brush&mdash;these
+ministered to his hungry heart.</p>
+
+<p>They were forms of expression.</p>
+
+<p>All life is an expression of spirit.</p>
+
+<p>Burke's life was dedicated to expression.</p>
+
+<p>He expressed through speech, personal presence and written words. Who
+ever expressed in this way so well? And&mdash;stay!&mdash;who ever had so much
+that was worth while to express?</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="WILLIAM_PITT" id="WILLIAM_PITT"></a>WILLIAM PITT<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_182" id="VII_Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Time was when slaves were exported like cattle from the British<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_183" id="VII_Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>
+Coast and exposed for sale in the Roman market. These men and women
+who were thus sold were supposed to be guilty of witchcraft, debt,
+blasphemy or theft. Or else they were prisoners taken in war&mdash;they
+had forfeited their right to freedom, and we sold them. We said
+they were incapable of self-government and so must be looked after.
+Later we quit selling British slaves, but began to buy and trade in
+African humanity. We silenced conscience by saying, "It's all
+right&mdash;they are incapable of self-government." We were once as
+obscure, as debased, as ignorant, as barbaric, as the African is
+now. I trust that the time will come when we are willing to give to
+Africa the opportunity, the hope, the right to attain to the same
+blessings that we ourselves enjoy.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">&mdash;<i>William Pitt, on "Abolition of Slavery in England"</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_184" id="VII_Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <a id="image0446-1"></a>
+    <img src="images/0446-1.jpg" width="268" height="400"
+       alt=""
+       title="" />
+
+   <p class="center">WILLIAM PITT</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_185" id="VII_Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>The Law of Heredity has been described as that law of our nature which
+provides that a man shall resemble his grandmother&mdash;or not, as the case
+may be.</p>
+
+<p>What traits are inherited and what acquired&mdash;who shall say? Married
+folks who resort to the happy expedient of procuring their children at
+orphan-asylums can testify to the many times they have been complimented
+on the striking resemblance of father to daughter, or son to mother.</p>
+
+<p>Possibly that is all there is of it&mdash;we resemble those with whom we
+associate. Far be it from me to say the final word on this theme&mdash;I
+would not, if I could, deprive men of a problem they can never solve.
+When all questions are answered, it will be time to telephone the
+undertaker.</p>
+
+<p>That men of genius do not reproduce themselves after the flesh is an
+axiom; but that William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, did, is brought forth as
+an exception, incident, accident or circumstance, just according to
+one's mood at the moment.</p>
+
+<p>"Great men do have great sons!" we cry. "Just look at the Pitts, the
+Adamses, the Walpoles, the Beechers, the Booths, the Bellinis, the
+Disraelis!" and here we<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_186" id="VII_Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> begin to falter. And then the opposition takes
+it up and rattles off a list of great men whose sons were spendthrifts,
+gamblers, ne'er-do-wells and jackanapes.</p>
+
+<p>When Pitt the Younger made his first speech in the House of Commons, he
+struck thirteen. The members of the House were amazed.</p>
+
+<p>"He's a chip off the old block," they said.</p>
+
+<p>"He's the block itself," said Burke.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Rosebery, who had the felicity to own a Derby winner, once said of
+Pitt, "He was bred for speed, but not for endurance."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_187" id="VII_Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>Since the subject of heredity always seems to come up when the Pitts are
+mentioned, it may be proper for us to go back and trace pedigree a bit,
+to see if we have here the formula for producing a genius.</p>
+
+<p>The grandfather of William Pitt the Elder was Thomas Pitt, a
+sea-captain, trader and gentleman adventurer. In fact, he was a bold
+buccaneer, but not too bold, for he gave large sums to church and
+charity, and showed his zeal for virtue by once hanging three smugglers
+in chains, high up on a gibbet overlooking the coast of Cornwall, and
+there the bodies were left until the birds of prey and the elements had
+bleached their bones.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Pitt was known as "Diamond Tom" through bringing from India and
+selling to the Regent Orleans the largest diamond, I believe, ever owned
+in England. For this diamond, Tom received one hundred thirty-five
+thousand pounds&mdash;a sum equal to one million dollars. That Diamond Tom
+received this money there is no doubt, but where and how he got the
+diamond nobody seems to know, and in his own time it was deemed
+indelicate to inquire.</p>
+
+<p>Tom might have wasted that money right shortly&mdash;there are several ways
+of dissipating a fortune&mdash;but he wisely decided to found a house. That
+is to say, he bought a borough&mdash;the borough of Old Sarum, the locality
+that was to become famous as the "rotten borough" of the Reform Bill.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_188" id="VII_Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>He bought this borough and all the tenants outright from the Government,
+just as we bought the Filipinos at two dollars a head. All the people
+who lived in the borough had to pay tribute, taxes or rent to Tom, for
+Tom owned the tenures. They had to pay, hike or have their heads cut
+off. Most of them paid.</p>
+
+<p>If the time were at our disposal, it might be worth while to let this
+story extend itself into a picture of how all the land in England once
+belonged to the Crown, and how this land was transferred at will to
+Thomas, Richard and Henry for cash or as reward for services rendered.
+It was much the same in America&mdash;the Government once owned all the land,
+and then this land was sold, given out to soldiers, or to homesteaders
+who would clear the land of trees; and later we reversed the proposition
+and gave the land to those who would plant trees.</p>
+
+<p>There was this similarity, too, between English and American land-laws:
+the Indians on the land in America had to pay, move or be perforated.
+For them to pay rent or work out a road-tax was quite out of the
+question. Indians, like the Irish, will not pay rent, so we were
+compelled to evict them.</p>
+
+<p>But there was this difference in America: the owner of the land could
+sell it; in England he could not. The law of entail has been much
+modified, but as a general proposition the landowner in England has the
+privilege of collecting the rent, and warning off poachers, but he<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_189" id="VII_Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> can
+not mortgage the land and eat it up. This keeps the big estates intact,
+and is a very good scheme. Under a similar law in the United States,
+Uncle Billy Bushnell or Ali Baba might live in Hot Springs, Arkansas,
+and own every foot of East Aurora, and all of us would then vote as
+Baron Bushnell or Sir Ali dictated, thus avoiding much personal animus
+at Town-Meetin' time.</p>
+
+<p>But no tenure can be made with death&mdash;he can neither be bought, bribed,
+cajoled nor intimidated. Diamond Tom died and his eldest son Robert came
+into possession of the estate.</p>
+
+<p>Now, Robert was commonplace and beautifully mediocre. It is one of
+Nature's little ironies at the expense of the Law of Entail that she
+will occasionally send out of the spirit-realm, into a place of worldly
+importance, a man who is a regular chibot, chitterling and chump. Robert
+Pitt, son of Diamond Tom, escaped all censure and unkind criticism by
+doing nothing, saying nothing and being nothing.</p>
+
+<p>But he proved procreant and reared a goodly brood of sons and
+daughters&mdash;all much like himself, save one, the youngest son.</p>
+
+<p>This son, by name William Pitt, very much resembled Diamond Tom, his
+illustrious grandfather&mdash;Nature bred back. William was strong in body,
+firm in will, active, alert, intelligent. Times had changed or he might
+have been a bold buccaneer, too. He was all his grandfather was, only
+sandpapered, buffed and polished<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_190" id="VII_Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> by civilization.</p>
+
+<p>He was sent to Eton, and then to Trinity College, Oxford, where
+buccaneer instincts broke out and he left without a degree. Two careers
+were open to him, as to all aspiring sons of Noble Beef-eaters&mdash;he could
+enter the Church or the Army.</p>
+
+<p>He chose the Army, and became in due course the first cornet of his
+company.</p>
+
+<p>His elder brother Thomas was very naturally a member of the House of
+Commons for Old Sarum, and later sat for Oakhampton. Another of Nature's
+little ironies here outcrops: Thomas, who was named for his illustrious
+grandfather&mdash;he of the crystallized carbon&mdash;didn't resemble his
+grandfather nearly so much as did his younger brother William. So Thomas
+with surprising good sense named his brother for a seat in the House of
+Commons from Old Sarum.</p>
+
+<p>William was but twenty-seven years of age when he began his official
+career, but he seemed one who had leaped into life full-armed. He
+absorbed knowledge on every hand. Demosthenes was his idol, and he, too,
+declaimed by the seashore with his mouth full of pebbles. His splendid
+command of language was acquired by the practise of translation and
+retranslation. Whether Greek or Latin ever helped any man to become a
+better thinker is a mooted question, but the practise of talking off in
+your own tongue a page of a foreign language is a mighty good way to
+lubricate your English.</p>
+
+<p>William Pitt had all the graces of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_191" id="VII_Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> great orator&mdash;he was deliberate,
+self-possessed, positive. In form he was rather small, but he had a way
+of carrying himself that gave an impression of size. He was one of the
+world's big little men&mdash;the type of Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton,
+Benjamin Harrison and John D. Long. In the House of Commons he lost no
+time in making his presence felt. He was assertive, theatrical,
+declamatory&mdash;still, he usually knew what he was talking about. His
+criticisms of the Government so exasperated Sir Robert Walpole that
+Walpole used to refer to him as "that terrible cornet of horse."
+Finally, Walpole had him dismissed from the Army. This, instead of
+silencing the young man, really made matters worse, and George the
+Second, who patronized the Opposition when he could not down it, made
+him groom of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales. This was an office
+lined with adipose, with no work to speak of.</p>
+
+<p>The feeling is that Pitt revealed his common clay by accepting the
+favor. He was large enough to get along without such things.</p>
+
+<p>In most of the good old "School Speakers" was an extract from a speech
+supposed to have been delivered by Pitt on the occasion of his being
+taunted by Horace Walpole on account of his youth. Pitt replied in
+language something like this: "It is true that I am young, yet I'll get
+over that; but the man who is a fool will probably remain one all his
+days."</p>
+
+<p>The speech was reported by a lout of a countryman,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_192" id="VII_Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> Samuel Johnson by
+name, who had come up to London to make his fortune, and found his first
+work in reporting speeches in the House of Commons. Pitt did not write
+out his speeches for the press, weeks in advance, according to
+latter-day methods; the man who reported them had to have a style of his
+own&mdash;and certainly Johnson had. Pitt was much pleased with Johnson's
+reports of his speeches, but on one occasion mildly said, "Ah, Mr.
+Johnson&mdash;you know&mdash;I do not exactly remember using that expression!"</p>
+
+<p>And Samuel Johnson said, "Sir, it is barely possible that you did not
+use the language as I have written it out; but you should." Just how
+much Johnson we get in Pitt's printed speeches, is still a topic for
+debate.</p>
+
+<p>Pitt could think on his feet, while Samuel Johnson never made but one
+speech and broke down in that. But Johnson could write, and the best of
+Pitt's speeches are those reported by Ursa Major in a style superbly
+Johnsonese. The member from Old Sarum once sent Johnson two butts of
+Canary and a barrel of whitebait, as a token of appreciation for his
+skill in accurate reporting.</p>
+
+<p>Pitt followed the usual course of successful reformers, and in due time
+lined up on the side of the conservatives, and gradually succumbed to a
+strictly aristocratic disease, gout. Whether genius is transmissible or
+not is a question, but all authorities agree as to gout.</p>
+
+<p>Pitt's opposition to the Walpoles was so very firmly<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_193" id="VII_Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> rooted that it
+continued for life, and for this he was rewarded by the Duchess of
+Marlborough with a legacy of ten thousand pounds. Her Grace was the
+mother of the lady who had the felicity to have her picture painted by
+Gainsborough, which picture was brought to America and secreted here for
+many years and finally was purchased for sixty-five thousand dollars by
+Pierpont Morgan, through the kind offices of my friend Patricius Sheedy,
+Philistine-at-Large.</p>
+
+<p>The Duchess in her will said she gave the money to Pitt as "an
+acknowledgment of the noble defense he had made for the support of the
+laws of England." But the belief is that it was her hatred for Walpole
+that prompted her admiration for Pitt. And her detestation of Walpole
+was not so much political as sentimental&mdash;a woman's love-affairs being
+much more to her than patriotism&mdash;but the Duchess being a woman deceived
+herself as to reasons. Our acts are right, but our reasons seldom are. I
+leave this Marlborough matter with those who are interested in the
+psychology of the heart&mdash;merely calling attention to the fact that
+although the Duchess was ninety when she passed out, the warm
+experiences of her early womanhood were very vivid in her memory. If you
+wish to know when love dies out of a woman's brain, you will have to ask
+some one who is older than was the Duchess of Marlborough.</p>
+
+<p>When George the Second died, and his grandson George the Third came into
+power, Pitt resigned his office in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_194" id="VII_Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> Cabinet and abandoned politics.</p>
+
+<p>At last he found time to get married. He was then forty-six years of
+age.</p>
+
+<p>Men retire from active life, but seldom remain upon the shelf&mdash;either
+life or death takes them down. In five years' time we find the King
+offering Pitt anything in sight, and Mr. Pitt, the Great Commoner,
+became Viscount Pitt, Earl of Chatham.</p>
+
+<p>By this move Pitt lost in popularity more than he had gained in
+dignity&mdash;there was a complete revulsion of feeling toward him by the
+people, and he never again attained the influence and power he had once
+known.</p>
+
+<p>Burke once referred to a certain proposed bill as "insignificant,
+irrelevant, pompous, creeping, explanatory and ambiguous&mdash;done in the
+true Chathamic style."</p>
+
+<p>But the disdain of Burke was really complimentary&mdash;it took a worthy foe
+to draw his fire. Chatham's faults were mostly on the surface, and were
+more a matter of manner than of head or heart. America has cause to
+treasure the memory of Chatham. He opposed the Stamp Act with all the
+vigor of his tremendous intellect, and in the last speech of his life he
+prophesied that the Americans would never submit to taxation without
+representation, and that all the power of England was not great enough
+to subdue men who were fighting for their country. Yet his appeal to
+George the Third and his minions was like bombarding a fog. But all he
+said proved true.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_195" id="VII_Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>On the occasion of this last great speech Chatham was attended by his
+favorite son William, then nineteen years old. Proud as was this father
+of his son, he did not guess that in four short years this boy would,
+through his brilliancy, cast his own splendid efforts into the shadow;
+and that Burke, the querulous, would give the son a measure of
+approbation he never vouchsafed to the father.</p>
+
+<p>William Pitt, the Younger, is known as the "Great Pitt," to distinguish
+him from his father, who in his day was known as the greatest man in
+England.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_196" id="VII_Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>William Pitt, the second son of the Earl of Chatham, was born of poor
+but honest parents, in the year Seventeen Hundred Fifty-nine. That was
+the year that gave us Robert Burns&mdash;between whom and Pitt, in some
+respects, averages were held good. The same year was born William
+Wilberforce, philanthropist and emancipator, father of Canon
+Wilberforce.</p>
+
+<p>At this time the fortunes of William Pitt the Elder were at full flood.
+England was in a fever of exultation&mdash;drunk with success. Just where the
+thought got abroad that the average Englishman is moderate in success
+and in defeat not cast down, I do not know. But this I have seen: all
+London mad, howling, exultant, savage drunk, because of the report that
+the Redcoats had subjugated this colony or that. To subdue, crush, slay
+and defeat, has caused shrieking shouts of joy in London since London
+began&mdash;unless the slain were Englishmen.</p>
+
+<p>This is patriotism, concerning which Samuel Johnson, reporter in the
+House of Commons, once made a remark slightly touched with acerbity.</p>
+
+<p>In the years Seventeen Hundred Fifty-eight and Seventeen Hundred
+Fifty-nine not a month passed but bonfires burned bright from Cornwall
+to Scotland in honor of English victories on land and sea. In
+Westphalia, British Infantry defeated the armies of Louis the Fifteenth;
+Boscawen had sunk a French fleet; Hawke put to flight another; Amherst
+took Ticonderoga; Clive<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_197" id="VII_Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> destroyed a Dutch armament; Wolfe achieved
+victory and a glorious death at Quebec. English arms had marched
+triumphant through India and secured for the tight little island an
+empire, while another had been gained on the shores of Ontario.</p>
+
+<p>For all this the Great Commoner received most of the glory; and that
+this tremendous popularity was too great to last is but a truism.</p>
+
+<p>But in such a year it was that William Pitt was born. His father was
+fifty years old, his mother about thirty. This mother was a woman of
+rare grace, intellect and beauty, the only sister of two remarkable
+brothers&mdash;George Grenville, the obstinate adviser of George the Third,
+the man who did the most to make America free&mdash;unintentionally&mdash;and the
+other brother was Richard Earl Temple, almost equally potent for right
+or wrong.</p>
+
+<p>That the child of a sensitive mother, born amid such a crash of
+excitement, should be feeble was to be expected. No one at first
+expected the baby to survive.</p>
+
+<p>But tenderness and care brought him through, and he grew into a tall,
+spindling boy whose intellect far outmatched his body. He was too weak
+to be sent to take his place at a common school, and so his father and
+mother taught him.</p>
+
+<p>Between the father and the son there grew up a fine bond of affection.
+Whenever the father made a public address the boy was there to admire
+and applaud.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_198" id="VII_Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>The father's declining fortunes drove him back to his family for repose,
+and all of his own ambitions became centered in his son. With a younger
+man this might not have been the case, but the baby boy of an old man
+means much more to him than a brood coming early.</p>
+
+<p>Daily, this boy of twelve or fourteen would go to his father's study to
+recite. Oratory was his aim, and the intent was that he should become
+the greatest parliamentarian of his time.</p>
+
+<p>This little mutual-admiration society, composed of father and son,
+speaks volumes for both. Boys reaching out toward manhood, when they are
+neither men nor boys, often have little respect for their fathers&mdash;they
+consider the pater to be both old-fashioned and tyrannical. And the
+father, expecting too much of the son, often fails in faith and
+patience. But there was no such failure here. Chatham personally
+superintended the matter of offhand translation, and this practise was
+kept up daily from the time the boy was eight years old until he was
+nineteen, when his father died.</p>
+
+<p>Then there was the tutor Pretyman who must not be left out. He was a
+combination valet and teacher, and the most pedantic and idolatrous
+person that ever moused through dusty tomes. With a trifle more adipose
+and a little less intellect, he would have made a most successful and
+awful butler. He seemed a type of the English waiter who by some chance
+had acquired<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_199" id="VII_Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> a college education, and never said a wrong thing, nor did
+a right one, during his whole life.</p>
+
+<p>Pretyman wrote a life of Pitt, and according to Macaulay it enjoys the
+distinction of being the worst biography ever written. Lord Rosebery,
+however, declares the book is not so bad as it might be. I believe there
+are two other biographies equally stupid: Weems' "Life of Washington,"
+and the book on Gainsborough, by Thicknesse. Weems' book was written to
+elevate his man into a demigod; Thicknesse was intent on lowering his
+subject and exalting himself; while Pretyman extols himself and his
+subject equally, revealing how William Pitt could never have been
+William Pitt were it not for his tutor. Pretyman emphasizes trifles,
+slights important matters, and waxes learned concerning the irrelevant.</p>
+
+<p>A legacy coming to Pretyman, he changed his name to Tomline, as women
+change their names when they marry or enter a convent.</p>
+
+<p>Religion to Pitt was quite a perfunctory affair, necessary, of course;
+but a bishop in England was one who could do little good and,
+fortunately, not much harm. With an irony too subtle to be seen by but
+very few, Pitt when twenty-seven years of age made his old tutor Bishop
+of Winchester. Tomline proved an excellent and praiseworthy bishop; and
+his obsequious loyalty to Pitt led to the promise that if the Primacy
+should become vacant, Tomline was to be made Archbishop of Canterbury.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_200" id="VII_Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>This promise was told by the unthinking Tomline, and reached the ears of
+George the Third, a man who at times was very much alert.</p>
+
+<p>There came a day when the Primacy was vacant, and to head off the
+nomination by Pitt, the King one morning at eight o'clock walked over to
+the residence of Bishop Manners Somers and plied the knocker.</p>
+
+<p>The servant who answered the summons explained that the Bishop was
+taking his bath and could not be seen until he had had breakfast.</p>
+
+<p>But the visitor was importunate.</p>
+
+<p>The servant went back to his master and explained that the stout man at
+the door would neither go away nor tell his name, but must see his
+lordship at once.</p>
+
+<p>When the Bishop appeared in his dressing-gown and saw the King, he
+nearly had apoplexy. But the King quickly told his errand and made his
+friend Primate on the doorstep, with the butler and the housemaid for
+witnesses.</p>
+
+<p>Later in the day when Pitt appeared at the palace he was told that a
+Primate had been appointed&mdash;the King was very sorry, but the present
+incumbent could not be removed unless charges were preferred. Pitt
+smilingly congratulated the King on the wisdom of his choice, but
+afterward referred to the transaction as "a rather scurvy trick."</p>
+
+<p>At twenty-three years of age, William Pitt entered the House of Commons
+from the same borough that<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_201" id="VII_Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> his father had represented at twenty-seven.
+His elder brother made way, just as had the elder brother of his father.</p>
+
+<p>The first speech he made in Parliament fixed his place in that body. His
+fame had preceded him, and when he arose every seat was taken to hear
+the favorite son of the Earl of Chatham, the greatest orator England had
+ever seen.</p>
+
+<p>The subject was simply a plan of finance, and lacked all excuse for fine
+phrasing or flavor of sentiment. And what should a boy of twenty-three
+know about a nation's financial policy?</p>
+
+<p>Yet this boy knew all about it. Figures, statistics, results,
+conclusions, were shown in a steady, flowing, accurate, lucid manner.
+The young man knew his theme&mdash;every byway, highway and tracing of it. By
+that speech he proved his mathematical genius, and blazed the way
+straight to the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer.</p>
+
+<p>Not only did he know his theme, but he had the ability to explain it. He
+spoke without hesitation or embarrassment, and revealed the same
+splendid dignity that his father had shown, all flavored by the same
+dash of indifference for the auditor. But the discerning ones saw that
+he surpassed his father, in that he carried more reserve and showed a
+suavity that was not the habit of Chatham.</p>
+
+<p>And the man was there&mdash;mighty and self-reliant.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_202" id="VII_Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>The voice is the index of the soul. The voice of the two Pitts was the
+same voice, we have been told&mdash;a deep, rich, cultivated lyric-barytone.
+It was a trained voice, a voice that came from a full column of air,
+that never broke into a screech, rasping the throat of the speaker and
+the ear of the listener. It was the natural voice carefully developed by
+right use. The power of Pitt lay in his cold, calculating intellect, but
+the instrument that made manifest this intellect was his deep, resonant,
+perfectly controlled voice.</p>
+
+<p>Pitt never married, and according to the biting phrase of Fox, all he
+knew of love was a description of it he got from the Iliad. That is to
+say, he was separated from it about three thousand years. This is a
+trifle too severe, for when twenty-one years of age he met the daughter
+of Necker at Paris&mdash;she who was to give the world of society a thrill as
+Madame de Stael. And if the gossips are right it was not the fault of
+Pitt that a love-match did not follow. But the woman gauged the man, and
+she saw that love to him would be merely an incident, not a consuming
+passion, and she was not the woman to write a book on Farthest North.
+She dallied with the young man a day, and then sent him about his
+business, exasperated and perplexed. He could strike fire with men as
+flint strikes on steel, but women were outside his realm.</p>
+
+<p>Yet he followed the career of Madame de Stael, and never managed to
+quite get her out of his life. Once,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_203" id="VII_Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> in his later years, he referred to
+her as that "cold and trifling daughter of France's greatest financier."
+He admired the father more than he loved the daughter.</p>
+
+<p>For twenty-four years Pitt piloted England's Ship of State. There were
+constant head-winds, and now and again shifting gales of fierce
+opposition, and all the time a fat captain to pacify and appease. This
+captain was stupid, sly, obstinate and insane by turns, and to run the
+ship and still allow the captain to believe that he was in command was
+the problem that confronted Pitt. And that he succeeded as well as any
+living man could, there is no doubt.</p>
+
+<p>During the reign of Pitt, England lost the American Colonies. This was
+not a defeat for England: it was Destiny. England preserved her
+independence by cutting the cable that bound her to us.</p>
+
+<p>The life of Pitt was a search for power&mdash;to love, wealth and fame he was
+indifferent.</p>
+
+<p>He was able to manage successfully the finances of a nation, but his own
+were left in a sorry muddle: at his death it took forty thousand pounds
+to cause him to be worth nothing. His debts were paid by the nation. And
+this indifference to his own affairs was put forth at the time as proof
+of his probity and excellence. We think now that it marked his
+limitations. His income for twenty years preceding his death was about
+fifty thousand dollars a year. One hour a day in auditing accounts with
+his butler would have made all secure. He had<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_204" id="VII_Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> neither wife, child nor
+dependent kinsmen, yet it was found that his household consumed nine
+hundred pounds of meat a week and enough beer to float a ship. For a man
+to waste his own funds in riotous living is only a trifle worse than to
+allow others to do the same.</p>
+
+<p>Literature, music and art owe little to Pitt: only lovers care for
+beauty&mdash;the sensuous was not for him. He knew the Classics, spoke French
+like a Parisian, reveled in history, had no confidants, and loved one
+friend&mdash;Wilberforce.</p>
+
+<p>Pictures of Pitt by Reynolds and Gainsborough reveal a face commonplace
+in feature save for the eye&mdash;"the most brilliant eye ever seen in a
+human face." In describing the man, one word always seems to creep in,
+the word "haughty." That the man was gentle, kind and even playful among
+the few who knew him best, there is no doubt. The austerity of his
+manner was the inevitable result of an ambition the sole aim of which
+was to dictate the policy of a great nation. All save honor was
+sacrificed to this end, and that the man was successful in his ambition,
+there is no dispute.</p>
+
+<p>When he died, aged forty-seven, he was by popular acclaim the greatest
+Englishman of his time, and the passing years have not shaken that proud
+position.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="JEAN_PAUL_MARAT" id="JEAN_PAUL_MARAT"></a>JEAN PAUL MARAT<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_205" id="VII_Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Citizens: You see before you the widow of Marat. I do not come here
+to ask your favors, such as cupidity would covet, or even such as
+would relieve indigence&mdash;Marat's widow needs no more than a tomb.
+Before arriving at that happy termination to my existence, however,
+I come to ask that justice may be done in respect to the reports
+recently put forth in this body against the memory of at once the
+most intrepid and the most outraged defender of the people.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">&mdash;<i>Simonne Evrard Marat, to the Convention</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_206" id="VII_Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <a id="image0447-1"></a>
+    <img src="images/0447-1.jpg" width="271" height="400"
+       alt=""
+       title="" />
+
+   <p class="center">JEAN PAUL MARAT</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_207" id="VII_Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>The French Revolution traces a lineal descent direct from Voltaire and
+Jean Jacques Rousseau. These men were contemporaries; they came to the
+same conclusions, expressing the same thought, each in his own way,
+absolutely independent of the other. And as genius seldom recognizes
+genius, neither knew the greatness of the other.</p>
+
+<p>Voltaire was an aristocrat&mdash;the friend of kings and courtiers, the
+brilliant cynic, the pet of the salons and the center of the culture and
+brains of his time.</p>
+
+<p>Rousseau was a man of the people, plain and unpretentious&mdash;a man without
+ambition&mdash;a dreamer. His first writings were mere debating-society
+monologs, done for his own amusement and the half-dozen or so cronies
+who cared to listen.</p>
+
+<p>But, as he wrote, things came to him; the significance of his words
+became to him apparent. Opposition made it necessary to define his
+position, and threat made it wise to amplify and explain. He grew
+through exercise, as all men do who grow at all; the spirit of the times
+acted upon him, and knowledge unrolled as a scroll.</p>
+
+<p>The sum of Rousseau's political philosophy found embodiment in his book,
+"The Social Contract," and his ideas on education in "Emile." "The
+Social<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_208" id="VII_Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> Contract" became the Bible of the Revolution, and as Emerson
+says all of our philosophy will be found in Plato, so in a more exact
+sense can every argument of the men of the Revolution be found in "The
+Social Contract." But Rousseau did not know what firebrands he was
+supplying. He was essentially a man of peace&mdash;he launched these children
+of his brain, indifferently, like his children of the flesh, upon the
+world and left their fate to the god of Chance.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_209" id="VII_Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>Out of the dust and din of the French Revolution, now seen by us on the
+horizon of time, there emerge four names: Robespierre, Mirabeau, Danton
+and Marat.</p>
+
+<p>Undaunted men all, hated and loved, feared and idolized, despised and
+deified&mdash;even yet we find it hard to gauge their worth, and give due
+credit for the good that was in each.</p>
+
+<p>Oratory played a most important part in bringing about the explosion.
+Oratory arouses passion&mdash;fear, vengeance, hate&mdash;and draws a beautiful
+picture of peace and plenty just beyond.</p>
+
+<p>Without oratory there would have been no political revolution in France,
+nor elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>Politics, more than any other function of human affairs, turns on
+oratory. Orators make and unmake kings, but kings are seldom orators,
+and orators never secure thrones. Orators are made to die&mdash;the cross,
+the torch, the noose, the guillotine, the dagger, awaits them. They die
+through the passion that they fan to flame&mdash;the fear they generate turns
+upon themselves, and they are no more.</p>
+
+<p>But they have their reward. Their names are not writ in water; rather
+are they traced in blood on history's page. We know them, while the
+ensconced smug and successful have sunk into oblivion; and if now and
+then a name like that of Pilate or Caiaphas or Judas comes to us, it is
+only because Fate has linked the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_210" id="VII_Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> man to his victim, like unto that
+Roman soldier who thrust his spear into the side of the Unselfish Man.</p>
+
+<p>In the qualities that mark the four chief orators of the French
+Revolution, there is much alloy&mdash;much that seems like clay. Each had
+undergone an apprenticeship to Fate&mdash;each had been preparing for his
+work; and in this preparation who shall say what lessons could have been
+omitted and what not! Explosions require time to prepare: revolutions,
+political and domestic, are a long time getting ready. Orators, like
+artists, must go as did Dante, down into the nether regions and get a
+glimpse of hell.</p>
+
+<p>Jean Paul Marat was exactly five feet high, and his weight when at his
+best was one hundred twenty pounds&mdash;just the weight of Shakespeare. Jean
+Paul had a nose like the beak of a hawk, an eye like an eagle, a mouth
+that matched his nose, and a chin that argued trouble. Not only did he
+have red hair, but Carlyle refers to him as "red-headed."</p>
+
+<p>His parents were poor and obscure people, and his relationship with them
+seems a pure matter of accident. He was born at the village of Boudry,
+Switzerland, in Seventeen Hundred Forty-three. His childhood and boyhood
+were that of any other peasant boy born into a family where poverty held
+grim sway, and toil and hardship never relaxed their chilling grasp.</p>
+
+<p>His education was of the chance kind&mdash;but education anyway depends upon
+yourself&mdash;colleges only supply<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_211" id="VII_Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> a few opportunities, and it lies with
+the student whether he will improve them or not.</p>
+
+<p>The ignorance of his parents and the squalor of his surroundings acted
+upon Jean Paul Marat as a spur, and from his fourteenth year the idea of
+cultivating his mental estate was strong upon him.</p>
+
+<p>Switzerland has ever been the refuge of the man who dares to think. It
+was there John Calvin lived, demanding the right to his own belief, but
+occasionally denying others that precious privilege; a few miles away,
+at beautiful Coppet, resided Madame de Stael, the daughter of Necker; at
+Geneva, Rousseau wrote, and to name that beautiful little island in the
+Rhone after him was not necessary to make his fame endure; but a little
+way from Boudry lived Voltaire, pointing his bony finger at every
+hypocrite in Christendom.</p>
+
+<p>But as in Greece, in her days of glory, the thinkers were few; so in
+Switzerland, the land of freedom, the many have been, and are, chained
+to superstition. Jean Paul Marat saw their pride was centered in a
+silver crucifix, "that keeps a man from harm"; their conscience
+committed to a priest; their labors for the rich; their days the same,
+from the rising of the sun to its going down. They did not love, and
+their hate was but a peevish dislike. They followed their dull routine
+and died the death, hopeful that they would get the reward in another
+world which was denied them in this.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_212" id="VII_Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>And Jean Paul Marat grew to scorn the few who would thus enslave the
+many. For priest and publican he had only aversion.</p>
+
+<p>Jean Paul Marat, the bantam, read Voltaire and steeped himself in
+Rousseau, and the desire grew strong upon him to do, to dare and to
+become.</p>
+
+<p>Tourists had told him of England, and like all hopeful and childlike
+minds, he imagined the excellent to be far off, and the splendid at a
+distance: Great Britain was to him the Land of Promise.</p>
+
+<p>In the countenance of young Marat was a strange mixture of the ludicrous
+and the terrible. This, with his insignificant size, and a bodily
+strength that was a miracle of surprise, won the admiration of an
+English gentleman; and when the tourist started back for Albion, the
+lusty dwarf rode on the box, duly articled, without consent of his
+parents, as a valet.</p>
+
+<p>As a servant he was active, alert, intelligent, attentive. He might have
+held his position indefinitely, and been handed down to the next
+generation with the family plate, had he kept a civil tongue in his red
+head and not quoted Descartes and Jean Jacques.</p>
+
+<p>He had ideas, and he expressed them. He was the central sun below
+stairs, and passed judgment upon the social order without stint, even
+occasionally to argufying economics with his master, the Baron, as he
+brushed his breech.</p>
+
+<p>This Baron is known to history through two facts:<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_213" id="VII_Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> first, that Jean Paul
+Marat brushed his breeches, and second, that he evolved a new breed of
+fices.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the master was rich, with an entail of six thousand acres and an
+income of five thousand pounds, and very naturally he was
+surprised&mdash;amazed&mdash;to hear that any one should question the divine
+origin of the social order.</p>
+
+<p>Religion and government being at that time not merely second cousins,
+but Siamese twins, Jean Paul had expressed himself on things churchly as
+well as secular.</p>
+
+<p>And now, behold, one fine day he found himself confronted with a charge
+of blasphemy, not to mention another damning count of contumacy and
+contravention.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, he was commanded not to think, and was cautioned as to the sin
+of having ideas. The penalties were pointed out to Jean Paul, and in all
+kindness he was asked to make choice between immediate punishment and
+future silence.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was the wee philosopher raised at once to the dignity of a martyr;
+and the sweet satisfaction of being persecuted for what he believed, was
+his.</p>
+
+<p>The city of Edinburgh was not far away, and thither by night the victim
+of persecution made his way. There is a serio-comic touch to this
+incident that Marat was never quite able to appreciate&mdash;the man was not
+a humorist. In fact, men headed for the noose, the block, or destined
+for immortality by the assassin's dagger, very seldom are jokers&mdash;John
+Brown and his like do<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_214" id="VII_Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> not jest. Of all the emancipators of men, Lincoln
+alone stands out as one who was perfectly sane. An ability to see the
+ridiculous side of things marks the man of perfect balance.</p>
+
+<p>The martyr type, whose blood is not only the seed of the church, but
+also of heresy, is touched with madness. To get the thing done, Nature
+sacrifices the man.</p>
+
+<p>Arriving in Edinburgh, Marat thought it necessary for a time to live in
+hiding, but finally he came out and was duly installed as barkeep at a
+tavern, and a student in the medical department of the University of
+Saint Andrews&mdash;a rather peculiar combination.</p>
+
+<p>Marat's sister and biographer, Albertine, tells us that Jean Paul was
+never given to the use of stimulants, and in fact, for the greater part
+of his career, was a total abstainer. And the man who knows somewhat of
+the eternal paradox of things can readily understand how this little
+tapster, proud and defiant, had a supreme contempt for the patrons who
+gulped down the stuff that he handed out over the bar. He dealt in that
+for which he had no use; and the American bartender today who wears his
+kohinoor and draws the pay of a bank cashier is one who "never touches a
+drop of anything." The security with which he holds his position is on
+that very account.</p>
+
+<p>Marat was hungry for knowledge and thirsty for truth, and in his daily
+life he was as abstemious as was Benjamin Franklin, whom he was to meet,
+know, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_215" id="VII_Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> reverence shortly afterward.</p>
+
+<p>Jean Paul was studying medicine at the same place where Oliver
+Goldsmith, another exile, studied some years before. Each got his
+doctor's degree&mdash;just how we do not know. No one ever saw Goldsmith's
+diploma&mdash;Doctor Johnson once hinted that it was an astral one&mdash;but
+Marat's is still with us, yellow with age, but plain and legible with
+all of its signatures and the big seal with a ribbon that surely might
+impress the chance sufferers waiting in an outer room to see the doctor,
+who is busy enjoying his siesta on the other side of the partition.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_216" id="VII_Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>If it is ever your sweet privilege to clap eyes upon a diploma issued by
+the ancient and honorable University of Saint Andrews, Edinburgh, you
+will see that it reads thus:</p>
+
+<p>"Whereas: Since it is just and reasonable that one who has diligently
+attained a high degree of knowledge in some great and useful science,
+should be distinguished from the ignorant-vulgar," etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>The intent of the document, it will be observed, is to certify that the
+holder is not one of the "ignorant-vulgar," and the inference is that
+those who are not possessed of like certificates probably are.</p>
+
+<p>A copy of the diploma issued to Doctor Jean Paul Marat is before me,
+wherein, in most flattering phrase, is set forth the attainments of the
+holder, in the science of medicine. And even before the ink was dry upon
+that diploma, the "science" of which it boasted had been discarded as
+inept and puerile, and a new one inaugurated. And in our day, within the
+last twenty-five years, the entire science of healing has shifted ground
+and the materia medica of the "Centennial" is now considered obsolete.</p>
+
+<p>In view of these things, how vain is a college degree that certifies, as
+the diplomas of Saint Andrews still certify, that the holder is not one
+of the "ignorant-vulgar"! Isn't a man who prides himself on not
+belonging to the "ignorant-vulgar" apt to be atrociously ignorant and
+outrageously vulgar?</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_217" id="VII_Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>Wisdom is a point of view, and knowledge, for the most part, is a
+shifting product depending upon environment, atmosphere and condition.
+The eternal verities are plain and simple, known to babes and sucklings,
+but often unseen by men of learning, who focus on the difficult, soar
+high and dive deep, but seldom pay cash. In the sky of truth the fixed
+stars are few, and the shepherds who tend their flocks by night are
+quite as apt to know them as are the professed and professional Wise Men
+of the East&mdash;and Edinburgh.</p>
+
+<p>But never mind our little digression&mdash;the value of study lies in study.
+The reward of thinking is the ability to think&mdash;whether one comes to
+right conclusions or wrong matters little, says John Stuart Mill in his
+essay, "On Liberty."</p>
+
+<p>Thinking is a form of exercise, and growth comes only through
+exercise&mdash;that is to say, expression.</p>
+
+<p>We learn things only to throw them away: no man ever wrote well until he
+had forgotten every rule of rhetoric, and no orator ever spake straight
+to the hearts of men until he had tumbled his elocution into the Irish
+Sea.</p>
+
+<p>To hold on to things is to lose them. To clutch is to act the part of
+the late Mullah Bah, the Turkish wrestler, who came to America and
+secured through his prowess a pot of gold. Going back to his native
+country, the steamer upon which he had taken passage collided in
+mid-ocean with a sunken derelict. Mullah<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_218" id="VII_Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> Bah, hearing the alarm, jumped
+from his berth and strapped to his person a belt containing five
+thousand dollars in gold. He rushed to the side of the sinking ship,
+leaped over the rail, and went to Davy Jones' Locker like a plummet,
+while all about frail women and weak men in life-preservers bobbed on
+the surface and were soon picked up by the boats. The fate of Mullah Bah
+is only another proof that athletes die young, and that it is harder to
+withstand prosperity than its opposite.</p>
+
+<p>But knowledge did not turn the head of Marat. His restless spirit was
+reaching out for expression, and we find him drifting to London for a
+wider field.</p>
+
+<p>England was then, as now, the refuge of the exile. There is today just
+as much liberty, and a little more free speech, in England than in
+America. We have hanged witches and burned men at the stake since
+England has, and she emancipated her slaves long before we did ours.
+Over against the home-thrust that respectable women drink at public bars
+from John O'Groat's to Land's End, can be placed the damning count that
+in the United States more men are lynched every year than Great Britain
+legally executes in double the time.</p>
+
+<p>A too-ready expression of the Rousseau philosophy had made things a bit
+unpleasant for Marat in Edinburgh, but in London he found ready
+listeners, and the coffeehouses echoed back his radical sentiments.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_219" id="VII_Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>These underground debating-clubs of London started more than one man off
+on the oratorical transverse. Swift, Johnson, Reynolds, Goldsmith,
+Garrick, Burke&mdash;all sharpened their wits at the coffeehouses. I see the
+same idea is now being revived in New York and Chicago: little clubs of
+a dozen or so will rent a room in some restaurant, and fitting it up for
+themselves, will dine daily and discuss great themes, or small,
+according to the mental caliber of the members.</p>
+
+<p>During the latter part of the Eighteenth Century, these clubs were very
+popular in London. Men who could talk or speak were made welcome, and if
+the new member generated caloric, so much the better&mdash;excitement was at
+a premium.</p>
+
+<p>Marat was now able to speak English with precision, and his slight
+French accent only added a charm to his words. He was fiery, direct,
+impetuous. He was a fighter by disposition, and care was taken never to
+cross him beyond a point where the sparks began to fly. The man was
+immensely diverting, and his size was to his advantage&mdash;orators should
+be very big or very little&mdash;anything but commonplace. The Duke of Mantua
+would have gloried in Jean Paul, and later might have cut off his head
+as a precautionary measure.</p>
+
+<p>Among the visitors at one of the coffeehouse clubs was one B. Franklin,
+big, patient, kind. He weighed twice as much as Marat: and his years
+were sixty, while Marat's were thirty.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_220" id="VII_Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>Franklin listened with amused smiles at the little man, and the little
+man grew to have an idolatrous regard for the big 'un. Franklin carried
+copies of a pamphlet called "Common Sense," written by one T. Paine.
+Paine was born in England, but was always pleased to be spoken of as an
+American, yet he called himself "A Citizen of the World."</p>
+
+<p>Paine's pamphlet, "The Crisis," was known by heart to Marat, and the
+success of Franklin and Paine as writers had fired him to write as well
+as to orate. As a result, we have "The Chains of Slavery." The work
+today has no interest to us except as a literary curiosity. It is a
+composite of Rousseau and Paine, done by a sophomore in a mood of
+exaltation, and might serve acceptably well as a graduation essay, done
+in F major. It lacks the poise of Paine and the reserve of Rousseau, and
+all the fine indifference of Franklin is noticeable by its absence.</p>
+
+<p>They say that Marat's name was "Mara" and his ancestors came from County
+Down. But never mind that&mdash;his heart was right. Of all the inane
+imbecilities and stupid untruths of history, none is worse than the
+statement that Jean Paul Marat was a demagog, hotly intent on the main
+chance.</p>
+
+<p>In this man's character there was nothing subtle, secret nor untrue. He
+was simplicity itself, and his undiplomatic bluntness bears witness to
+his honesty.</p>
+
+<p>In London, he lived as the Mayor of Boston said<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_221" id="VII_Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> William Lloyd Garrison
+lived&mdash;in a hole in the ground. His services as a physician were free to
+all&mdash;if they could pay, all right; if not, it made no difference. He
+looked after the wants of political refugees, and head, heart and
+pocketbook were at the disposal of those who needed them. His
+lodging-place was a garret, a cellar&mdash;anywhere: he was homeless, and his
+public appearances were only at the coffeehouse clubs, or in the parks,
+where he would stand on a barrel and speak to the crowd on his one theme
+of liberty, fraternity and equality. His plea was for the individual. In
+order to have a strong and excellent society, we must have strong and
+excellent men and women. That phrase of Paine's, "The world is my
+country: to do good is my religion," he repeated over and over again.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_222" id="VII_Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>In the year Seventeen Hundred Seventy-nine, Marat moved to Paris. He was
+then thirty-six years old. In Paris he lived very much the same life
+that he had in London. He established himself as a physician, and might
+have made a decided success had he put all his eggs in one basket and
+then watched the basket.</p>
+
+<p>But he didn't. Franklin had inspired him with a passion for invention:
+he rubbed amber with wool, made a battery and applied the scheme in a
+crude way to the healing art. He wrote articles on electricity and even
+foreshadowed the latter-day announcement that electricity is life. And
+all the time he discussed economics, and gave out through speech and
+written word his views as to the rights of the people. He saw the needs
+of the poor&mdash;he perceived how through lack of nourishment there
+developed a craving for stimulants, and observed how disease and death
+fasten themselves upon the ill-fed and the ill-taught. To alleviate the
+suffering of the poor, he opened a dispensary as he had done in London,
+and gave free medical attendance to all who applied. At this dispensary,
+he gave lectures on certain days upon hygiene, at which times he never
+failed to introduce his essence of Rousseau and Voltaire.</p>
+
+<p>Some one called him "the people's friend." The name stuck&mdash;he liked it.</p>
+
+<p>In August, Seventeen Hundred Eighty-nine, this<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_223" id="VII_Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> "terrible dwarf" was
+standing on his barrel in Paris haranguing crowds with an oratory that
+was tremendous in its impassioned quality. Men stopped to laugh and
+remained to applaud.</p>
+
+<p>Not only did he denounce the nobility, but he saw danger in the liberal
+leaders, and among others, Mirabeau came in for scathing scorn. Of all
+the insane paradoxes this one is the most paradoxical&mdash;that men will
+hate those who are most like themselves. Family feuds, and the wrangles
+of denominations that, to outsiders, hold the same faith, are common.
+When churches are locked in America, it is done to keep Christians out.
+Christians fight Christians much more than they fight the devil.</p>
+
+<p>Marat had grown to be a power among the lower classes&mdash;he was their
+friend, their physician, their advocate. He had no fear of interruption
+and never sought to pacify. At his belt, within easy reach, and in open
+sight, he carried a dagger.</p>
+
+<p>The crowds that hung upon his words were swayed to rank unreason by his
+impassioned eloquence.</p>
+
+<p>Marat fell a victim to his own eloquence, and the madness of the mob
+reacted upon him. Like the dyer's hand, he became subdued to that in
+which he worked. Suspicion and rebellion filled his soul. Wealth to him
+was an offense&mdash;he had not the prophetic vision to see the rise of
+capitalism and all the splendid industrial evolution which the world is
+today working out.<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_224" id="VII_Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> Society to him was all founded on wrong premises,
+and he would uproot it.</p>
+
+<p>In bitter words he denounced the Assembly and declared that all of its
+members, including Mirabeau, should be hanged for their inaction in not
+giving the people relief from their oppressors.</p>
+
+<p>Mirabeau was very much like Marat. He, too, was working for the people,
+only he occupied a public office, while Marat was a private citizen.
+Mirabeau and his friends became alarmed at the influence Marat was
+gaining over the people, and he was ordered to cease public speaking. As
+he failed to comply, a price was put upon his head.</p>
+
+<p>Then it was that he began putting out a daily address in the form of a
+tiny pamphlet. This was at first called "The Publiciste," but was soon
+changed to "The People's Friend."</p>
+
+<p>Marat was now in hiding, but still his words were making their impress.</p>
+
+<p>In Seventeen Hundred Ninety-one, Mirabeau, the terrible, died&mdash;died
+peacefully in his bed.</p>
+
+<p>Paris went into universal mourning, and the sky of Marat's popularity
+was darkened.</p>
+
+<p>Marat lived in hiding until August of Seventeen Hundred Ninety-two, when
+he again publicly appeared and led the riots. The people hailed him as
+their deliverer. The insignificant size of the man made him conspicuous.
+His proud defiance, the haughtiness of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_225" id="VII_Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> countenance, his stinging
+words, formed a personality that made him the pet of the people.</p>
+
+<p>Danton, the Minister of Justice, dared not kill him, and so he did the
+next best thing&mdash;he took him to his heart and made him his right-hand
+man. It was a great diplomatic move, and the people applauded. Danton
+was tall, powerful, athletic and commanding, just past his thirtieth
+year. Marat was approaching fifty, and his sufferings while in hiding in
+the sewers had told severely on his health, but he was still the
+fearless agitator. When Marat and Danton appeared upon the balcony of
+the Hotel de Ville, the hearts of the people were with the little man.</p>
+
+<p>But behold, another man had forged to the front, and this was
+Robespierre. And so it was that Danton, Marat and Robespierre formed a
+triumvirate, and ruled Paris with hands of iron. Coming in the name of
+the people, proclaiming peace, they held their place only through a
+violence that argued its own death.</p>
+
+<p>Marat was still full of the desire to educate&mdash;to make men think.
+Deprivation and disease had wrecked his frame until public speaking was
+out of the question&mdash;the first requisite of oratory is health. But he
+could write, and so his little paper, "The People's Friend," went
+fluttering forth with its daily message.</p>
+
+<p>So scrupulous was Marat in money matters that he would accept no help
+from the Government. He neither drew a salary nor would he allow any but
+private<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_226" id="VII_Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> citizens to help issue his paper. He lived in absolute poverty
+with his beloved wife, Simonne Evrard.</p>
+
+<p>They had met about Seventeen Hundred Eighty-eight, and between them had
+grown up a very firm and tender bond. He was twenty years older than
+she, but Danton said of her, "She has the mind of a man."</p>
+
+<p>Simonne had some property and was descended from a family of note. When
+she became the wife of Marat, her kinsmen denounced her, refused to
+mention her name, but she was loyal to the man she loved.</p>
+
+<p>The Psalmist speaks of something "that passeth the love of woman," but
+the Psalmist was wrong&mdash;nothing does.</p>
+
+<p>Simonne Evrard gave her good name, her family position, her money, her
+life&mdash;her soul into the keeping of Jean Paul Marat. That his love and
+gratitude to her was great and profound, there is abundant proof. She
+was his only servant, his secretary, his comrade, his friend, his wife.
+Not only did she attend him in sickness, but in banishment and disgrace
+she never faltered. She even set the type, and at times her arm pulled
+the lever of the press that printed the daily message.</p>
+
+<p>Let it stand to the eternal discredit of Thomas Carlyle that he
+contemptuously disposes of Simonne Evrard, who represents undying love
+and unflinching loyalty, by calling her a "washerwoman." Carlyle, with a
+savage strain of Scotch Calvinism in his cold blood,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_227" id="VII_Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> never knew the
+sacredness of the love of man and woman&mdash;to him sex was a mistake on the
+part of God. Even for the sainted Mary of Galilee he has only a grim and
+patronizing smile, removing his clay pipe long enough to say to Milburn,
+the blind Preacher, "Oh, yes; a country lass elevated by Catholics into
+a wooden image and worshiped as a deity!"</p>
+
+<p>Carlyle never held in his arms a child of his own and saw the light of
+love reflected in a baby's eyes; and nowhere in his forty-odd volumes
+does he recognize the truth that love, art and religion are one. And
+this limitation gives Taine excuse for saying, "He writes splendidly,
+but it is neither truth nor poetry."</p>
+
+<p>When Charlotte Corday, that poor, deluded rustic, reached the rooms of
+Marat, under a friendly pretense, and thrust her murderous dagger to the
+sick man's heart, his last breath was a cry freighted with love, "A moi,
+chere amie!"</p>
+
+<p>And death-choked, that proud head drooped, and Simonne, seeing the
+terrible deed was done, blocked the way and held the murderess at bay
+until help arrived.</p>
+
+<p>Hardly had Marat's tired body been laid to rest in the Pantheon, before
+Charlotte Corday's spirit had gone across the Border to meet his&mdash;gone
+to her death by the guillotine that was so soon to embrace both Danton
+and Robespierre, the men who had inaugurated and popularized it.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_228" id="VII_Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>All Paris went into mourning for Marat&mdash;the public buildings were draped
+with black, and his portrait was displayed in the Pantheon with the
+great ones gone. A pension for life was bestowed upon his widow, and
+lavish resolutions of gratitude were laid at her feet in loving token of
+what she had done in upholding the hands of this strong man.</p>
+
+<p>But Paris, the fickle, in two short years repudiated the pension, the
+portrait of Marat was removed from the Pantheon, and his body taken by
+night to another resting-place.</p>
+
+<p>Simonne the widow, and Albertine the sister, sisters now in sorrow,
+uniting in a mutual love for the dead, lived but in memory of him.</p>
+
+<p>But Carlyle was right&mdash;this was a "washerwoman." She spent all of her
+patrimony in aiding her husband to publish and distribute his writings,
+and after his death, when friends proved false and even the obdurate
+kinsmen still considered her name pollution, she took in washing to earn
+money that she might defend the memory of the man she loved.</p>
+
+<p>She was a washerwoman.</p>
+
+<p>I uncover in her presence, and stand with bowed head in admiration of
+the woman who gave her life for liberty and love, and who chose a life
+of honest toil rather than accept charity or all that selfishness and
+soft luxury had to offer. She was a washerwoman, but she was more&mdash;she
+was a Woman.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_229" id="VII_Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>Let Carlyle have the credit of using the word "washerwoman" as a term of
+contempt, as though to do laundry-work were not quite as necessary as to
+produce literature.</p>
+
+<p>The sister and the widow wrote his life, republished very much that he
+had written, and lived but to keep alive the name and fame of Jean Paul
+Marat, whose sole crime seemed to be that he was a sincere and honest
+man, and was, throughout his life&mdash;often unwisely&mdash;the People's Friend.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="ROBERT_INGERSOLL" id="ROBERT_INGERSOLL"></a>ROBERT INGERSOLL<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_230" id="VII_Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Love is the only bow on life's dark cloud. It is the morning and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_231" id="VII_Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>
+the evening star. It shines upon the babe, and sheds its radiance
+on the quiet tomb. It is the Mother of Art, inspirer of poet,
+patriot and philosopher. It is the air and light to tired
+souls&mdash;builder of every home, kindler of every fire on every
+hearth. It was the first to dream of immortality. It fills the
+world with melody&mdash;for music is the voice of love. Love is the
+magician, the enchanter that changes worthless things to joy, and
+makes right-royal kings and queens of common clay. It is the
+perfume of that wondrous flower, the heart, and without that sacred
+passion, that divine swoon, we are less than beasts; but with it,
+earth is heaven and we are gods.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">&mdash;<i>Robert G. Ingersoll</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_232" id="VII_Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <a id="image0448-1"></a>
+    <img src="images/0448-1.jpg" width="273" height="400"
+       alt=""
+       title="" />
+
+   <p class="center">ROBERT G. INGERSOLL</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_233" id="VII_Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>He was three years old, was Robert Ingersoll. There was a baby boy one
+year old, Ebon by name; then there were John, five years, and two elder
+sisters.</p>
+
+<p>Little Robert wore a red linsey-woolsey dress, and was a restless,
+active youngster with a big head, a round face and a pug-nose. No one
+ever asked. "What is it?"&mdash;there was "boy" written large in every baby
+action and every feature from chubby bare feet to the two crowns of his
+close-cropped tow-head.</p>
+
+<p>It was a morning in January, and the snow lay smooth and white over all
+those York State hills. The winter sun sent long gleams of light through
+the frost-covered panes upon which the children were trying to draw
+pictures. Visitors began to arrive&mdash;visitors in stiff Sunday clothes,
+although it wasn't Sunday. There were aunts, and uncles, and cousins,
+and then just neighbors. They filled the little house full. Some of the
+men went out and split wood and brought in big armfuls and piled it in
+the corner. They moved on tiptoe and talked in whispers. And now and
+then they would walk softly into the little parlor by twos and threes
+and close the door after them.</p>
+
+<p>This parlor was always a forbidden place to the children;<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_234" id="VII_Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> on Sunday
+afternoons only were they allowed to go in there, or on prayer-meeting
+night.</p>
+
+<p>In this parlor were six haircloth chairs and a sofa to match. In the
+center was a little marble-top table, and on it were two red books and a
+blue one. On the mantel was a plaster-of-Paris cat at one end and a
+bunch of crystallized flowers at the other. There was a "what-not" in
+the corner covered with little shells and filled with strange and
+wonderful things. There was a "store" carpet, bright red. It was a very
+beautiful room, and to look into it was a great privilege.</p>
+
+<p>Little Robert had tried several times to enter the parlor this cold
+winter morning, but each time he had been thrust back. Finally he clung
+to the leg of a tall man, and was safely inside. It was very cold&mdash;one
+of the windows was open! He looked about with wondering baby eyes to see
+what the people wanted to go in there for!</p>
+
+<p>On two of the haircloth chairs rested a coffin. The baby hands clutched
+the side&mdash;he drew himself up on tiptoe and looked down at the still,
+white face&mdash;the face of his mother. Her hands were crossed just so, and
+in her fingers was a spray of flowers&mdash;he recognized them as the flowers
+she had always worn on her Sunday bonnet&mdash;a rusty black bonnet&mdash;not real
+flowers, just "made" flowers.</p>
+
+<p>But why was she so quiet? He had never seen her hands that way before:
+those hands were always busy&mdash;knitting,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_235" id="VII_Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> sewing, cooking, weaving,
+scrubbing, washing!</p>
+
+<p>"Mamma! Mamma!" called the boy.</p>
+
+<p>"Hush, little boy, hush! Your Mamma is dead," said the tall man, and he
+lifted the boy in his arms and carried him from the room.</p>
+
+<p>Out in the kitchen, in a crib in the corner, lay the "Other Baby," and
+thither little Robert made his way. He patted the sleeping baby brother,
+and called aloud in lisping words, "Wake up, Baby, your Mamma is dead!"</p>
+
+<p>And the baby in the crib knew quite as much about it as the toddler in
+the linsey-woolsey dress, and the toddler knew as much about death as we
+do today. This wee youngster kept thinking how good it was that Mamma
+could have such a nice rest&mdash;the first rest she had ever known&mdash;and just
+lie there in the beautiful room and hold her flowers!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Fifty years pass. These children, grown to manhood, are again together.
+One, his work done, is at rest. Standing by his bier, the other voices
+these deathless words:</p>
+
+<p>"Life is a narrow vale between the cold and barren peaks of two
+eternities. We strive in vain to look beyond the heights. We call aloud,
+and the only answer is the echo of our wailing cry. From the voiceless
+lips of the unreplying dead there comes no word; but in the night of
+death, hope sees a star and listening love can hear the rustle of a
+wing.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_236" id="VII_Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>"He who sleeps here, when dying, mistaking the approach of death for the
+return of health, whispered with his latest breath, 'I am better now.'
+Let us believe, in spite of doubts and dogmas, of fears and tears, that
+these dear words are true of all the countless dead."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_237" id="VII_Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>The mother of Ingersoll was a Livingston&mdash;a Livingston of right-royal
+lineage, tracing to that famous family of Revolutionary fame. To a great
+degree she gave up family and social position to become the wife of the
+Reverend John Ingersoll, of Vermont, a theolog from the Academy at
+Bennington.</p>
+
+<p>He was young and full of zeal&mdash;he was called "a powerful preacher." That
+he was a man of much strength of intellect, there is ample proof. He did
+his duty, said his say, called sinners to repentance, and told what
+would be their fate if they did not accept salvation. His desire was to
+do good, and therefore he warned men against the wrath to come. He was
+an educated man, and all of his beliefs and most of his ideas were
+gathered and gleaned from his college professors and Jonathan Edwards.</p>
+
+<p>He loved his beautiful wife and she loved him. She loved him just as all
+good women love, with a complete abandon&mdash;with heart, mind and strength.
+He at first had periods of such abandon, too, but his conscience soon
+made him recoil from an affection of which God might be jealous. He
+believed that a man should forsake father, mother, wife and child in
+order to follow duty&mdash;and duty to him was the thing we didn't want to
+do. That which was pleasant was not wholly good. And so he strove to
+thrust from him all earthly affections, and to love God alone. Not only
+this, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_238" id="VII_Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> he strove to make others love God. He warned his family
+against the pride and pomp of the world, and the family income being
+something under four hundred dollars, they observed his edict.</p>
+
+<p>Life was a warfare&mdash;the devil constantly lay in wait&mdash;we must resist.
+This man hated evil&mdash;he hated evil more than he loved the good. His wife
+loved the good more than she hated evil, and he chided her&mdash;in love. She
+sought to explain her position. He was amazed at her temerity. What
+right had a woman to think!&mdash;what right had any one to think!</p>
+
+<p>He prayed for her.</p>
+
+<p>And soon she grew to keep her thoughts to herself. Sometimes she would
+write them out, and then destroy them before any eyes but her own could
+read. Once she went to a neighbor's and saw Paine's "Age of Reason." She
+peeped into its pages by stealth, and then put it quickly away. The next
+day she went back and read some more, and among other things she read
+was this, "To live a life of love and usefulness&mdash;to benefit
+others&mdash;must bring its due reward, regardless of belief."</p>
+
+<p>She thought about it more and more and wondered really if God could and
+would damn a person who just went ahead and did the best he could. She
+wanted to ask her husband about it&mdash;to talk it over with him in the
+evening&mdash;but she dare not. She knew too well what his answer would
+be&mdash;for her even to think such<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_239" id="VII_Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> thoughts was a sin. And so she just
+decided she would keep her thoughts to herself, and be a dutiful wife,
+and help her husband in his pastoral work as a minister's wife should.</p>
+
+<p>But her proud spirit began to droop, she ceased to sing at her work, her
+face grew wan, yellow and sad. Yet still she worked&mdash;there were no
+servants to distress her&mdash;and when her own work was done she went out
+among the neighbors and helped them&mdash;she cared for the sick, the infirm,
+she dressed the new-born babe, and closed the eyes of the dying.</p>
+
+<p>That this woman had a thirst for liberty, and the larger life, is shown
+in that she herself prepared and presented a memorial to the President
+of the United States praying that slavery be abolished. So far as I
+know, this was the first petition ever prepared in America on the
+subject by a woman.</p>
+
+<p>This minister's family rarely remained over two years in a place. At
+first they were received with loving arms, and there were donation
+parties where cider was spilled on the floors, doughnuts ground into the
+carpets, and several haircloth chairs hopelessly wrecked. But the larder
+was filled and there was much good-cheer.</p>
+
+<p>I believe I said that the Reverend John Ingersoll was a powerful
+preacher: he was so powerful he quickly made enemies. He told men of
+their weaknesses in phrase so pointed that necks would be craned to see<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_240" id="VII_Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>
+how certain delinquents took their medicine. Then some would get up and
+tramp out during the sermon in high dudgeon. These disaffected ones
+would influence others: contributions grew less, donations ceased, and
+just as a matter of bread and butter a new "call" would be angled for,
+and the parson's family would pack up&mdash;helped by the faction that loved
+them, and the one that didn't. Good-bys were said, blessings given&mdash;or
+the reverse&mdash;and the jokers would say, "A change of pastors makes fat
+calves."</p>
+
+<p>At one time the Reverend John Ingersoll tried to start an independent
+church in New York City. For a year he preached every Sunday at the old
+Lyceum Theater, and here it was, on the stage of the theater, in
+Eighteen Hundred Thirty-four, that Robert G. Ingersoll was baptized.</p>
+
+<p>But the New York venture failed&mdash;starved out was the verdict, and a
+country parish extending a call, it was gladly accepted.</p>
+
+<p>Such a life, to such a woman, was particularly wearing. But Mrs.
+Ingersoll kept right at her work, always doing for others, until there
+came a day when kind neighbors came in and cared for her, looked after
+her household, attending this stricken mother&mdash;tired out and old at
+thirty-one, unaware that she had blessed the world by giving to it a
+man-child who was to make an epoch.</p>
+
+<p>The watchers one night straightened the stiffening<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_241" id="VII_Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> limbs, clothed the
+body in the gown that had been her wedding-dress, and folded the
+calloused fingers over the spray of flowers.</p>
+
+<p>"Hush, little boy&mdash;your Mamma is dead!" said the tall man, as he lifted
+the child and carried him from the room.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_242" id="VII_Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>From the sleepy little village of Dresden, Yates County, New York, seven
+miles from Penn Yan, where Robert Ingersoll was born, to his niche in
+the Temple of Fame, was a zigzag journey. But that is Nature's plan&mdash;we
+make head by tacking. And as the years go by, more and more we see the
+line of Ingersoll's life stretching itself straight. Every change to him
+meant progress. Success is a question of temperament&mdash;it is all a matter
+of the red corpuscle. Ingersoll was a success; happy, exuberant, joying
+in life, reveling in existence, he marched to the front in every fray.</p>
+
+<p>As a boy he was so full of life that he very often did the wrong thing.
+And I have no doubt that wherever he went he helped hold good the
+precedent that preachers' boys are not especially angelic. For instance,
+we have it on good authority that Bob, aged fourteen, once climbed into
+the belfry of a church and removed the clapper, so that the sexton
+thought the bell was bewitched. At another time he placed a washtub over
+the top of a chimney where a prayer-meeting was in progress, and the
+smoke broke up the meeting and gave the good people a foretaste of the
+place they believed in. In these stories, told to prove his depravity,
+Bob was always climbing somewhere&mdash;belfries, steeples, house-tops,
+trees, verandas, barn-roofs, bridges. But I have noticed that youngsters
+given to the climbing habit usually do something when they grow up.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_243" id="VII_Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>For these climbing pranks Robert and Ebon were duly reproved with a
+stout strap that hung behind the kitchen-door. Whether the parsonage was
+in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio or Illinois&mdash;and it dodged all over
+these States&mdash;the strap always traveled, too. It never got lost. It need
+not be said that the Reverend John Ingersoll was cruel or abusive&mdash;not
+at all: he just believed with Solomon that to spare the rod was to spoil
+the child. He loved his children, and if a boy could be saved by so
+simple a means as "strap-oil," he was not the man to shirk his duty. He
+was neither better nor worse than the average preacher of his day. No
+doubt, too, the poverty and constant misunderstandings with
+congregations led to much irritability&mdash;it is hard to be amiable on
+half-rations.</p>
+
+<p>When a stepmother finally appeared upon the scene, there was more
+trouble for the children. She was a worthy woman and meant to be kind,
+but her heart wasn't big enough to love boys who carried live mice in
+their pockets and turned turtles loose in the pantry.</p>
+
+<p>So we find Bob and his brother bundled off to his Grandfather
+Livingston's in Saint Lawrence County, New York. Here Bob got his first
+real educational advantages. The old man seems to have been a sort of
+"Foxy Grandpa": he played, romped, read and studied with the boys and
+possibly neutralized some of the discipline they had received.</p>
+
+<p>Of his childhood days Robert Ingersoll very rarely<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_244" id="VII_Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> spoke. There was too
+much bitterness and disappointment in it all, but it is curious to note
+that when he did speak of his boyhood, it was always something that
+happened at "Grandfather Livingston's," Finally, the old Grandpa got to
+thinking so much of the boys that he wanted to legally adopt them, and
+then we find their father taking alarm and bringing them back to the
+parsonage, which was then at Elyria, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>The boys worked at odd jobs, on farms in Summer, clerking in country
+stores, driving stage&mdash;and be it said to the credit of their father, he
+allowed them to keep the money they made. Education comes through doing
+things, making things, going without things, taking care of yourself,
+talking about things, and when Robert was seventeen he had education
+enough to teach a "Deestrick School" in Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>To teach is a good way to get an education. If you want to know all
+about a subject, write a book on it, a wise man has said. If you wish to
+know all about things, start in and teach them to others.</p>
+
+<p>Bob was eighteen&mdash;big and strong, with a good nature and an enthusiasm
+that had no limit. There were spelling-bees in his school, and a
+debating-society, that had impromptu rehearsals every night at the
+grocery. Country people are prone to "argufying"&mdash;the greater and more
+weighty the question, the more ready are the bucolic Solons to engage
+with it. And it is all education to the youth who listens and takes
+part&mdash;who<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_245" id="VII_Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> has the receptive mind.</p>
+
+<p>This love of argument and contention among country people finds vent in
+lawsuits. Pigs break into a man's garden and root up the potatoes, and
+straightway the owner of the potatoes "has the law" on the owner of the
+pigs. This strife is urged on by kind neighbors who take sides, and by
+the "setters" at the store, who fire the litigants on to unseemliness.
+Local attorneys are engaged and the trial takes place at the
+railroad-station, or in the schoolhouse on Saturday. Everybody has
+opinions, and overrules the "jedge" next day, or not, as the case may
+be.</p>
+
+<p>This petty strife may seem absurd to us, but it is all a part of the
+Spirit of the Hive, as Maeterlinck would say. It is better than
+dead-level dumbness&mdash;better than the subjection of the peasantry of
+Europe. These pioneers settle their own disputes. It makes them think,
+and a few at least are getting an education. This is the cradle in which
+statesmen are rocked.</p>
+
+<p>And so it happened that no one was surprised when, in the year Eighteen
+Hundred Fifty-three, there was a sign tacked up over a grocery in
+Shawneetown, Illinois, and the sign read thus: "R. G. &amp; E. C. Ingersoll,
+Attorneys and Counselors at Law."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_246" id="VII_Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>Shawneetown, Illinois, was once the pride and pet of Egypt. It was
+larger than Chicago, and doubtless it would have become the capital of
+the State had it been called Shawnee City. But the name was against it,
+and dry rot set in. And so today Shawneetown has the same number of
+inhabitants that it had in Eighteen Hundred Fifty-five, and in
+Shawneetown are various citizens who boast that the place has held its
+own.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Ingersoll had won a case for a certain steamboat captain, and in
+gratitude the counsel had been invited by his client to go on an
+excursion to Peoria, the head of navigation on the Illinois River. The
+lawyer took the trip, and duly reached Peoria after many hairbreadth
+'scapes on the imminently deadly sandbar. But a week must be spent at
+Peoria while the boat was reloading for her return trip.</p>
+
+<p>There was a railroad war on in Peoria. The town had one railroad, which
+some citizens said was enough for any place; others wanted the new
+railroad.</p>
+
+<p>Whether the new company should be granted certain terminal
+facilities&mdash;that was the question. The route had been surveyed, but the
+company was forbidden to lay its tracks until the people said "Aye."</p>
+
+<p>So there the matter rested when Robert Ingersoll was waiting for the
+stern-wheeler to reload. The captain of the craft had meanwhile
+circulated reports about the eloquence and legal ability of his star
+passenger.<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_247" id="VII_Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> These reports coming to the ears of the manager of the new
+railroad, he sought out the visiting lawyer and advised with him.</p>
+
+<p>Railroad Law is a new thing, not quite so new as the Law of the Bicycle,
+or the Statutes concerning Automobiling, but older than the Legal
+Precedents of the Aeromotor. Railroad Law is an evolution, and the
+Railroad Lawyer is a by-product: what Mr. Mantinelli would call a
+demnition product.</p>
+
+<p>It was a railroad that gave Robert Ingersoll his first fee in Peoria.
+The man was only twenty-three, but semi-pioneer life makes men early,
+and Robert Ingersoll stood first in war and first in peace among the
+legal lights of Shawneetown. His size made amends for his cherubic face,
+and the insignificant nose was more than balanced by the forceful jaw.
+The young man was a veritable Greek in form, and his bubbling wit and
+ready speech on any theme made him a drawing card at the political
+barbecue.</p>
+
+<p>"Bob" at this time didn't know much about railroads&mdash;there was no
+railroad in Shawneetown&mdash;but he was an expert on barbecues. A barbecue
+is a gathering where a whole ox is roasted and where there is much hard
+cider and effervescent eloquence. Bob would speak to the people about
+the advantages of the new railroad; and the opposition could answer if
+they wished. Pioneers are always ready for a picnic&mdash;they delight in
+speeches&mdash;they dote on argument and wordy<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_248" id="VII_Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> warfare. The barbecue was to
+be across the river on Saturday afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>The whole city quit business to go to the barbecue and hear the
+speeches.</p>
+
+<p>Bob made the first address. He spoke for two hours about everything and
+anything&mdash;he told stories, and dealt in love, life, death, politics and
+farming&mdash;all but railroading. The crowd was delighted&mdash;cheers filled the
+air.</p>
+
+<p>When the opposition got up to speak and brought forward its profound
+reasons and heavy logic, 'most everybody adjourned to the tables to eat
+and drink.</p>
+
+<p>Finally there came rumors that something was going on across the river.
+The opposition grew nervous and started to go home, but in some
+mysterious way the two ferryboats were tied up on the farther bank, and
+were deaf and blind to signals.</p>
+
+<p>It was well after dark before the people reached home, and when they got
+up the next morning they found the new railroad had a full mile of track
+down and engines were puffing at their doors.</p>
+
+<p>Bob made another speech in the public square, and cautioned everybody to
+be law-abiding. The second railroad had arrived&mdash;it was a good thing&mdash;it
+meant wealth, prosperity and happiness for everybody. And even if it
+didn't, it was here and could not be removed except by legal means. And
+we must all be law-abiding citizens&mdash;let the matter be determined by the
+courts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_249" id="VII_Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> Then there were a few funny stories, and cheers were given for
+the speaker.</p>
+
+<p>On the next trip of the little stern-wheeler the young lawyer and his
+brother arrived. They hadn't much baggage, but they carried a tin sign
+that they proceeded to tack up over a store on Adams Street. It read
+thus: "R. G. &amp; E. C. Ingersoll, Attorneys and Counselors at Law." And
+there the sign was to remain for twenty-five years.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_250" id="VII_Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>At Peoria, the Ingersoll Brothers did not have to wait long for clients.
+Ebon was the counselor, Robert the pleader, and some still have it that
+Ebon was the stronger, just as we hear that Ezekiel Webster was a more
+capable man than Daniel&mdash;which was probably the truth.</p>
+
+<p>The Ingersolls had not been long at Peoria before Robert had a case at
+Groveland, a town only a few miles away, and a place which, like
+Shawneetown, has held its own.</p>
+
+<p>The issue was the same old classic&mdash;hogs had rooted up the man's garden,
+and then the hogs had been impounded. This time there was a tragedy, for
+before the hogs were released the owner had been killed.</p>
+
+<p>The people for miles had come to town to hear the eloquent young lawyer
+from Peoria. The taverns were crowded, and not having engaged a room,
+the attorney for the defense was put to straits to find a place in which
+to sleep. In this extremity 'Squire Parker, the first citizen of the
+town, invited young Ingersoll to his house.</p>
+
+<p>Parker was a character in that neck of the woods&mdash;he was an "infidel,"
+and a terror to all the clergy 'round about. And strangely enough&mdash;or
+not&mdash;his wife believed exactly as he did, and so did their daughter Eva,
+a beautiful girl of nineteen. But 'Squire Parker got into no argument
+with his guest&mdash;their belief was the same. Probably we would now call
+the Parkers simply<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_251" id="VII_Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> radical Unitarians. Their kinsman, Theodore Parker,
+expressed their faith, and they had no more use for a "personal devil"
+that he had. The courage of the young woman in stating her religious
+views had almost made her an outcast in the village, and here she was
+saying the same things in Groveland that Robert was saying in Peoria.
+She was the first woman he ever knew who had ideas.</p>
+
+<p>It was one o'clock before he went to bed that night&mdash;his head was in a
+whirl. It was a wonder he didn't lose his case the next day, but he
+didn't.</p>
+
+<p>He cleared his client and won a bride.</p>
+
+<p>In a few months Robert Ingersoll and Eva Parker were married.</p>
+
+<p>Never were man and woman more perfectly mated than this couple. And how
+much the world owes to her sustaining love and unfaltering faith, we can
+not compute; but my opinion is that if it had not been for Eva
+Parker&mdash;twice a daughter of the Revolution, whose ancestors fought side
+by side with the Livingstons&mdash;we should never have heard of Robert
+Ingersoll as the maker of an epoch. It is love that makes the world go
+'round&mdash;and it is love that makes the orator and fearless thinker, no
+less than poet, painter and musician.</p>
+
+<p>No man liveth unto himself alone: we demand the approval and approbation
+of another: we write and speak for some One; and our thought coming back
+from this One approved, gives courage and that bold<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_252" id="VII_Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> determination which
+carries conviction home. Before the world believes in us we must believe
+in ourselves, and before we fully believe in ourselves this some One
+must believe in us. Eva Parker believed in Robert Ingersoll, and it was
+her love and faith that made him believe in himself and caused him to
+fling reasons into the face of hypocrisy and shower with sarcasm and
+ridicule the savage and senseless superstitions that paraded themselves
+as divine.</p>
+
+<p>Wendell Phillips believed in himself because Ann never doubted him.
+Without Ann he would not have had the courage to face that twenty years'
+course of mobs. If it had ever occurred to him that the mob was right he
+would have gone down in darkness and defeat; but with Ann such a
+suspicion was not possible. He pitted Ann's faith against the prejudice
+of centuries&mdash;two with God are a majority.</p>
+
+<p>It was Eva's faith that sustained Robert. In those first years of
+lecturing she always accompanied him, and at his lectures sat on the
+stage in the wings and gloried in his success. He did not need her to
+protect him from the mob, but he needed her to protect him from himself.
+It is only perfect love that casteth out fear.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_253" id="VII_Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>There is a little book called, "Ingersoll as He Is," which is being
+circulated by some earnest advocates of truth.</p>
+
+<p>The volume is a vindication, a refutation and an apology. It takes up a
+goodly list of zealous calumniators and cheerful prevaricators and tacks
+their pelts on the barn-door of obliquity.</p>
+
+<p>That Ingersoll won the distinction of being more grossly misrepresented
+than any other man of his time, there is no doubt. This was to his
+advantage&mdash;he was advertised by his rabid enemies no less than by his
+loving friends. But his good friends who are putting out this
+vindication should cultivate faith, and know that there is a God, or
+Something, who looks after the lies and the liars&mdash;we needn't.</p>
+
+<p>A big man should never be cheapened by a defense. Life is its own excuse
+for being, and every life is its own apology. Silence is better than
+wordy refutation. People who want to believe the falsehoods told of this
+man, or any other, will continue to believe them until the crack o'
+doom.</p>
+
+<p>Most accusations contain a certain basis of truth, but they may be no
+less libels on that account. One zealous advocate, intent on loving his
+supposed enemy, printed a thrilling story about Ingersoll being taken
+prisoner during the war, while taking refuge in a pig-pen. To this some
+of Bob's friends interposed a fierce rejoinder declaring that Bob stood
+like Falstaff at Gadshill and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_254" id="VII_Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> fought the rogues in buckram to a
+standstill.</p>
+
+<p>Heaven forfend me from my friends&mdash;I can withstand mine enemies alone!</p>
+
+<p>I am quite ready to believe that Bob, being attacked by an overwhelming
+force, suddenly bethought him of an engagement, and made a swift run for
+safety. The impeccable man who has never done a cowardly thing, nor a
+mean thing, is no kinsman of mine! The saintly hero who has not had his
+heels run away with his head, and sought safety in a friendly
+pig-pen&mdash;aye! and filled his belly with the husks that the swine did
+eat&mdash;has dropped something out of his life that he will have to go back
+for and pick up in another incarnation. We love men for their
+limitations and weaknesses, no less than for their virtues. A fault may
+bring a man very close to us. Have we, too, not sought safety in
+pig-pens! The people who taunt other people with having taken temporary
+refuge in a pig-pen are usually those who live in pig-pens the whole
+year 'round.</p>
+
+<p>The one time in the life of Savonarola when he comes nearest to us is
+when his tortured flesh wrenched from his spirit a recantation. And who
+can forget that cry of Calvary, "My God, my God! Why hast thou forsaken
+me!" That call for help, coming to us across twenty centuries, makes the
+man, indeed, our Elder Brother.</p>
+
+<p>And let it here be stated that even Bob's bitterest foe never declared
+that the man was a coward by nature,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_255" id="VII_Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> nor that the business of his life
+was hiding in pig-pens. The incident named was exceptional and therefore
+noteworthy; let us admit it, at least not worry ourselves into a passion
+denying it. Let us also stipulate the truth that Bob could never quite
+overcome the temptation to take an unfair advantage of his opponent in
+an argument. He laid the fools by the heels and suddenly, 'gainst all
+the rules of either Roberts or Queensbury.</p>
+
+<p>To go after the prevaricators, and track them to their holes, is to make
+much of little, and lift the liars into the realm of equals. This story
+of the pig-pen I never heard of until Ingersoll's friends denied it in a
+book.</p>
+
+<p>Just one instance to show how trifles light as air are to the zealous
+confirmation strong as holy writ. In April, Eighteen Hundred
+Ninety-four, Ingersoll lectured at Utica, New York. The following Sunday
+a local clergyman denounced the lecturer as a sensualist, a
+gourmand&mdash;one totally indifferent to decency and the feelings and rights
+of others. Then the preacher said, "At breakfast in this city last
+Thursday, Ingersoll ordered everything on the bill of fare, and then
+insulted and roundly abused the waiter-girl because she did not bring
+things that were not in the hotel."</p>
+
+<p>I happened to be present at that meal. It was an "early-train
+breakfast," and the bill of fare for the day had not been printed. The
+girl came in, and standing at the Colonel's elbow, in genuine
+waiter-girl style, mumbled this: "Ham and eggs, mutton-chops,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_256" id="VII_Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>
+beefsteak, breakfast bacon, codfish balls and buckwheat cakes."</p>
+
+<p>And Bob solemnly said: "Ham and eggs, mutton-chops, beefsteak, breakfast
+bacon, codfish balls and buckwheat cakes."</p>
+
+<p>In amazement the girl gasped, "What?" And then Bob went over it
+backward: "Buckwheat cakes, codfish balls, breakfast bacon, beefsteak,
+mutton-chops, and ham and eggs."</p>
+
+<p>This memory test raised a laugh that sent a shout of mirth all through
+the room, in which even the girl joined.</p>
+
+<p>"Haven't you anything else, my dear?" asked the great man in a sort of
+disappointed way.</p>
+
+<p>"I think we have tripe and pig's feet," said the girl.</p>
+
+<p>"Bring a bushel," said Bob; "and say, tell the cook I'd like a dish of
+peacock-tongues on the side." The infinite good nature of it all caused
+another laugh from everybody.</p>
+
+<p>The girl brought everything Bob ordered except the peacock-tongues, and
+this order supplied the lecturer and his party of four. The waitress
+found a dollar-bill under Bob's plate, and the cook who stood in the
+kitchen-door and waved a big spoon, and called, "Good-by, Bob!" got
+another dollar for himself.</p>
+
+<p>Ingersoll carried mirth, and joy, and good-cheer, and radiated a feeling
+of plenitude wherever he went. He was a royal liver and a royal spender.
+"If I had but a<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_257" id="VII_Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> dollar," he used to say, "I'd spend it as though it
+were a dry leaf, and I were the owner of an unbounded forest." He
+maintained a pension-list of thirty persons or more for a decade, spent
+upwards of forty thousand dollars a year, and while the fortune he left
+for his wife and children was not large, as men count things on 'Change,
+yet it is ample for their ease and comfort. His family always called him
+"Robert" with an almost idolatrous flavor of tender love in the word.
+But to the world who hated him and the world who loved him, he was just
+plain "Bob." To trainmen, hackdrivers, and the great singers, poets and
+players, he was "Bob." "Dignity is the mask behind which we hide our
+ignorance." When half a world calls a man by a nickname, it is a patent
+to nobility&mdash;small men are never so honored.</p>
+
+<p>"Good-by, Bob," called the white-aproned cook as he stood in the
+kitchen-door and waved his big spoon.</p>
+
+<p>"Good-by, Brother, and mind you get those peacock-tongues by the time I
+get back," answered Bob.</p>
+
+<p>As to Ingersoll's mental evolution we can not do better than to let him
+tell the story himself:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Like the most of us, I was raised among people who knew&mdash;who were
+certain. They did not reason or investigate. They had no doubts.
+They knew they had the truth. In their creed there was no guess&mdash;no
+perhaps. They had a revelation from God. They knew the beginning of
+things. They knew that God commenced<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_258" id="VII_Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> to create one Monday morning
+and worked until Saturday night, four thousand and four years
+before Christ. They knew that in the eternity&mdash;back of that
+morning, He had done nothing. They knew that it took Him six days
+to make the earth&mdash;all plants, all animals, all life, and all the
+globes that wheel in space. They knew exactly what He did each day
+and when He rested. They knew the origin, the cause, of evil, of
+all crime, of all disease and death.</p>
+
+<p>They not only knew the beginning, but they knew the end. They knew
+that life had one path and one road. They knew that the path,
+grass-grown and narrow, filled with thorns and nettles, infested
+with vipers, wet with tears, stained by bleeding feet, led to
+heaven, and that the road, broad and smooth, bordered with fruits
+and flowers, filled with laughter and song, and all the happiness
+of human love, led straight to hell. They knew that God was doing
+His best to make you take the path and that the Devil used every
+art to keep you in the road.</p>
+
+<p>They knew that there was a perpetual battle waged between the great
+Powers of good and evil for the possession of human souls. They
+knew that many centuries ago God had left His throne and had been
+born a babe into this poor world&mdash;that He had suffered death for
+the sake of man&mdash;for the sake of saving a few. They also knew that
+the human heart was utterly depraved, so that man by nature was in
+love with wrong and hated God with all his might.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time they knew that God created man in His own image
+and was perfectly satisfied with His work. They also knew that He
+had been thwarted by<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_259" id="VII_Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> the Devil&mdash;who with wiles and lies had
+deceived the first of human kind. They knew that in consequence of
+that, God cursed the man and woman; the man with toil, the woman
+with slavery and pain, and both with death; and that He cursed the
+earth itself with briars and thorns, brambles and thistles. All
+these blessed things they knew. They knew too all that God had done
+to purify and elevate the race. They knew all about the Flood&mdash;knew
+that God, with the exception of eight, drowned all His
+children&mdash;the old and young&mdash;the bowed patriarch and the dimpled
+babe&mdash;the young man and the merry maiden&mdash;the loving mother and the
+laughing child&mdash;because His mercy endureth forever. They knew, too,
+that He drowned the beasts and birds&mdash;everything that walked or
+crawled or flew&mdash;because His loving-kindness is over all His works.
+They knew that God, for the purpose of civilizing His children, had
+devoured some with earthquakes, destroyed some with storms of fire,
+killed some with his lightnings, millions with famine, with
+pestilence, and sacrificed countless thousands upon the fields of
+war. They knew that it was necessary to believe these things and to
+love God. They knew that there could be no salvation except by
+faith, and through the atoning blood of Jesus Christ.</p>
+
+<p>All who doubted or denied would be lost. To live a moral and honest
+life&mdash;to keep your contracts, to take care of wife and child&mdash;to
+make a happy home&mdash;to be a good citizen, a patriot, a just and
+thoughtful man, was simply a respectable way of going to hell.</p>
+
+<p>God did not reward men for being honest, generous and brave, but
+for the act of faith&mdash;without faith, all<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_260" id="VII_Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> the so-called virtues
+were sins, and the men who practised these virtues, without faith,
+deserved to suffer eternal pain.</p>
+
+<p>All of these comforting and reasonable things were taught by the
+ministers in their pulpits&mdash;by teachers in Sunday schools and by
+parents at home. The children were victims. They were assaulted in
+the cradle&mdash;in their mother's arms. Then, the schoolmaster carried
+on the war against their natural sense, and all the books they read
+were filled with the same impossible truths. The poor children were
+helpless. The atmosphere they breathed was filled with lies&mdash;lies
+that mingled with their blood.</p>
+
+<p>In those days ministers depended on revivals to save souls and
+reform the world.</p>
+
+<p>In the Winter, navigation having closed, business was mostly
+suspended. There were no railways, and the only means of
+communication were wagons and boats. Generally the roads were so
+bad that the wagons were laid up with the boats. There were no
+operas, no theaters, no amusements except parties and balls. The
+parties were regarded as worldly and the balls as wicked. For real
+and virtuous enjoyment the good people depended on revivals.</p>
+
+<p>The sermons were mostly about the pains and agonies of hell, the
+joys and ecstasies of heaven, salvation by faith, and the efficacy
+of the atonement. The little churches, in which the services were
+held, were generally small, badly ventilated, and exceedingly warm.
+The emotional sermons, the sad singing, the hysterical amens, the
+hope of heaven, the fear of hell, caused many to lose the little
+sense they had. They became<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_261" id="VII_Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> substantially insane. In this
+condition they flocked to the "mourners' bench"&mdash;asked for the
+prayers of the faithful&mdash;had strange feelings, prayed and wept and
+thought they had been "born again." Then they would tell their
+experience&mdash;how wicked they had been&mdash;how evil had been their
+thoughts, their desires, and how good they had suddenly become.</p>
+
+<p>They used to tell the story of an old woman who, in telling her
+experience, said, "Before I was converted, before I gave my heart
+to God, I used to lie and steal; but now, thanks to the grace and
+blood of Jesus Christ, I have quit 'em both, in a great measure."</p>
+
+<p>Of course, all the people were not exactly of one mind. There were
+some scoffers, and now and then, some man had sense enough to laugh
+at the threats of priests and make a jest of hell. Some would tell
+of unbelievers who had lived and died in peace.</p>
+
+<p>When I was a boy I heard them tell of an old farmer in Vermont. He
+was dying. The minister was at his bedside&mdash;asked him if he was a
+Christian&mdash;if he was prepared to die. The old man answered that he
+had made no preparations, that he was not a Christian&mdash;that he had
+never done anything but work. The preacher said that he could give
+him no hope unless he had faith in Christ, and that if he had no
+faith his soul would certainly be lost.</p>
+
+<p>The old man was not frightened. He was perfectly calm. In a weak
+and broken voice he said: "Mr. Preacher, I suppose you noticed my
+farm. My wife and I came here more than fifty years ago. We were
+just married. It was a forest then and the land was covered with
+stones. I cut down the trees, burned the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_262" id="VII_Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> logs, picked up the
+stones and laid the walls. My wife spun and wove and worked every
+moment. We raised and educated our children&mdash;denied ourselves.
+During all those years my wife never had a good dress, or a decent
+bonnet. I never had a good suit of clothes. We lived on the
+plainest food. Our hands, our bodies, are deformed by toil. We
+never had a vacation. We loved each other and the children. That is
+the only luxury we ever had. Now, I am about to die and you ask me
+if I am prepared. Mr. Preacher, I have no fear of the future, no
+terror of any other world. There may be such a place as hell&mdash;but
+if there is, you never can make me believe that it's any worse than
+old Vermont."</p>
+
+<p>So they told of a man who compared himself with his dog. "My dog,"
+he said, "just barks and plays&mdash;has all he wants to eat. He never
+works&mdash;has no trouble about business. In a little while he dies,
+and that is all. I work with all my strength. I have no time to
+play. I have trouble every day. In a little while I will die, and
+then I go to hell. I wish that I had been a dog."</p>
+
+<p>Well, while the cold weather lasted, while the snows fell, the
+revival went on, but when the Winter was over, when the steamboat's
+whistle was heard, when business started again, most of the
+converts "back-slid" and fell again into their old ways. But the
+next Winter they were on hand, ready to be "born again." They
+formed a kind of stock company, playing the same parts every Winter
+and backsliding every Spring.</p>
+
+<p>The ministers who preached at these revivals were in earnest. They
+were zealous and sincere. They were not philosophers. To them
+science was the name of a vague dread&mdash;a dangerous enemy. They did
+not know<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_263" id="VII_Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> much, but they believed a great deal. To them hell was a
+burning reality&mdash;they could see the smoke and flames. The Devil was
+no myth. He was an actual person, a rival of God, an enemy of
+mankind. They thought that the important business of this life was
+to save your soul&mdash;that all should resist and scorn the pleasures
+of sense, and keep their eyes steadily fixed on the golden gate of
+the New Jerusalem. They were unbalanced, emotional, hysterical,
+bigoted, hateful, loving, and insane. They really believed the
+Bible to be the actual word of God&mdash;a book without mistake or
+contradiction. They called its cruelties, justice&mdash;its absurdities,
+mysteries&mdash;its miracles, facts, and the idiotic passages were
+regarded as profoundly spiritual. They dwelt on the pangs, the
+regrets, the infinite agonies of the lost, and showed how easily
+they could be avoided, and how cheaply heaven could be obtained.
+They told their hearers to believe, to have faith, to give their
+hearts to God, their sins to Christ, who would bear their burdens
+and make their souls as white as snow.</p>
+
+<p>All this the ministers really believed. They were absolutely
+certain. In their minds the Devil had tried in vain to sow the
+seeds of doubt.</p>
+
+<p>I heard hundreds of these evangelical sermons&mdash;heard hundreds of
+the most fearful and vivid descriptions of the tortures inflicted
+in hell, of the horrible state of the lost. I supposed that what I
+heard was true and yet I did not believe it. I said, "It is," and
+then I thought, "It can not be."</p>
+
+<p>From my childhood I had heard read, and read the Bible. Morning and
+evening the sacred volume was opened and prayers were said. The
+Bible was my first history, the Jews were the first people, and
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_264" id="VII_Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> events narrated by Moses and the other inspired writers, and
+those predicted by prophets, were the all-important things. In
+other books were found the thoughts and dreams of men, but in the
+Bible were the sacred truths of God.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, in spite of my surroundings, of my education, I had no love
+for God. He was so saving of mercy, so extravagant in murder, so
+anxious to kill, so ready to assassinate, that I hated Him with all
+my heart. At His command, babes were butchered, women violated, and
+the white hair of trembling age stained with blood. This God
+visited the people with pestilence&mdash;filled the houses and covered
+the streets with the dying and the dead&mdash;saw babes starving on the
+empty breasts of pallid mothers, heard the sobs, saw the tears, the
+sunken cheeks, the sightless eyes, the new-made graves, and
+remained as pitiless as the pestilence.</p>
+
+<p>This God withheld the rain&mdash;caused the famine&mdash;saw the fierce eyes
+of hunger&mdash;the wasted forms, the white lips, saw mothers eating
+babes, and remained ferocious as famine.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me impossible for a civilized man to love or worship or
+respect the God of the Old Testament. A really civilized man, a
+really civilized woman, must hold such a God in abhorrence and
+contempt.</p>
+
+<p>But in the old days the good people justified Jehovah in His
+treatment of the heathen. The wretches who were murdered were
+idolators and therefore unfit to live.</p>
+
+<p>According to the Bible, God had never revealed Himself to these
+people and He knew that without a revelation they could not know
+that He was the true God. Whose fault was it, then, that they were
+heathen?</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_265" id="VII_Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>The Christians said that God had the right to destroy them because
+He created them. What did He create them for? He knew when He made
+them that they would be food for the sword. He knew that He would
+have the pleasure of seeing them murdered.</p>
+
+<p>As a last answer, as a final excuse, the worshipers of Jehovah said
+that all these horrible things took place under the "old
+dispensation" of unyielding law, and absolute justice, but that
+now, under the "new dispensation," all had been changed&mdash;the sword
+of justice had been sheathed and love enthroned. In the Old
+Testament, they said, God is the judge&mdash;but in the New, Christ is
+the merciful. As a matter of fact, the New Testament is infinitely
+worse than the Old. In the Old there is no threat of eternal pain.
+Jehovah had no eternal prison&mdash;no everlasting fire. His hatred
+ended at the grave. His revenge was satisfied when his enemy was
+dead.</p>
+
+<p>In the New Testament, death is not the end, but the beginning of
+punishment that has no end. In the New Testament the malice of God
+is infinite and the hunger of His revenge eternal.</p>
+
+<p>The orthodox God, when clothed in human flesh, told His disciples
+not to resist evil, to love their enemies, and when smitten on one
+cheek to turn the other; and yet we are told that this same God,
+with the same loving lips, uttered these heartless, these fiendish
+words: "Depart, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the
+Devil and his angels."</p>
+
+<p>These are the words of "eternal love."</p>
+
+<p>No human being has imagination enough to conceive of this infinite
+horror.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_266" id="VII_Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>All that the human race has suffered in war and want, in pestilence
+and famine, in fire and flood&mdash;all the pangs and pains of every
+disease and every death&mdash;all this is as nothing compared with the
+agonies to be endured by one lost soul.</p>
+
+<p>This is the consolation of the Christian religion. This is the
+justice of God&mdash;the mercy of Christ.</p>
+
+<p>This frightful dogma, this infinite lie, made me the implacable
+enemy of Christianity. The truth is that this belief in eternal
+pain has been the real persecutor. It founded the Inquisition,
+forged the chains, and furnished the fagots. It has darkened the
+lives of many millions. It made the cradle as terrible as the
+coffin. It enslaved nations and shed the blood of countless
+thousands. It sacrificed the wisest, the bravest and the best. It
+subverted the idea of justice, drove mercy from the heart, changed
+men to fiends, and banished reason from the brain.</p>
+
+<p>Like a venomous serpent it crawls and coils and hisses in every
+orthodox creed.</p>
+
+<p>It makes man an eternal victim and God an eternal fiend. It is the
+one infinite horror. Every church in which it is taught is a public
+curse. Every preacher who teaches it is an enemy of mankind. Below
+this Christian dogma, savagery can not go. It is the infinite of
+malice, hatred and revenge.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing could add to the horror of hell, except the presence of its
+creator, God.</p>
+
+<p>While I have life, as long as I draw breath, I shall deny with all
+my strength, and hate with every drop of my blood, this infinite
+lie.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing gives me greater joy than to know that this<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_267" id="VII_Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> belief in
+eternal pain is growing weaker every day&mdash;that thousands of
+ministers are ashamed of it. It gives me joy to know that
+Christians are becoming merciful, so merciful that the fires of
+hell are burning low&mdash;flickering, choked with ashes, destined in a
+few years to die out forever.</p>
+
+<p>For centuries Christendom was a madhouse. Popes, cardinals,
+bishops, priests, monks and heretics were all insane.</p>
+
+<p>Only a few&mdash;four or five in a century&mdash;were sound in heart and
+brain. Only a few, in spite of the roar and din, in spite of the
+savage cries, heard Reason's voice. Only a few, in the wild rage of
+ignorance, fear and zeal, preserved the perfect calm that wisdom
+gives.</p>
+
+<p>We have advanced. In a few years the Christians will become humane
+and sensible enough to deny the dogma that fills the endless years
+with pain.</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_268" id="VII_Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>The world is getting better. We are gradually growing honest, and men
+everywhere, even in the pulpit, are acknowledging they do not know all
+about things. There was little hope for the race so long as an
+individual was disgraced if he did not pretend to believe a thing at
+which his reason revolted. We are simplifying life&mdash;simplifying truth.
+The man who serves his fellowmen best is he who simplifies. The learned
+man used to be the one who muddled things, who scrambled thought, who
+took reason away, and instead, thrust upon us faith, with a threat of
+punishment if we did not accept it, and an offer of reward if we did.</p>
+
+<p>We have now discovered that the so-called learned man had no authority,
+either for his threat of punishment or his offer of reward. Hypocrisy
+will not now pass current, and sincerity, frozen stiff with fright, is
+no longer legal tender for truth. In the frank acknowledgment of
+ignorance there is much promise. The man who does not know, and is not
+afraid to say so, is in the line of evolution. But for the head that is
+packed with falsehood and the heart that is faint with fear, there is no
+hope. That head must be unloaded of its lumber, and the heart given
+courage before the march of progress can begin.</p>
+
+<p>Now, let us be frank, and let us be honest, just for a few moments. Let
+us acknowledge that this revolution in thought that has occurred during
+the last twenty-five<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_269" id="VII_Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> years was brought about mainly by one individual.
+The world was ripe for this man's utterance, otherwise he would not have
+gotten the speaker's eye. A hundred years before we would have snuffed
+him out in contumely and disgrace. But men listened to him and paid high
+for the privilege. And those who hated this man and feared him most,
+went, too, to listen, so as to answer him and thereby keep the planet
+from swinging out of its orbit and sweeping on to destruction.</p>
+
+<p>Wherever this man spoke, in towns and cities or country, for weeks the
+air was heavy with the smoke of rhetoric, and reasons, soggy and solid,
+and fuzzy logic and muddy proof were dragged like siege-guns to the
+defense.</p>
+
+<p>They dared the man to come back and fight it out. The clouds were
+charged with challenges, and the prophecy was made and made again that
+never in the same place could this man go back and get a second hearing.
+Yet he did go back year after year, and crowds hung upon his utterances
+and laughed with him at the scarecrow that had once filled their
+day-dreams, made the nights hideous, and the future black with terror.
+Through his influence the tears of pity put out the fires of hell; and
+he literally laughed the devil out of court. This man, more than any
+other man of his century, made the clergy free. He raised the standard
+of intelligence in both pew and pulpit, and the preachers who denounced
+him most, often were, and are, the most<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_270" id="VII_Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> benefited by his work.</p>
+
+<p>This man was Robert G. Ingersoll.</p>
+
+<p>On the urn that encloses his ashes should be these words: Liberator of
+Men. When he gave his lecture on "The Gods" at Cooper Union, New York
+City, in Eighteen Hundred Seventy-two, he fired a shot heard 'round the
+world.</p>
+
+<p>It was the boldest, strongest, and most vivid utterance of the century.</p>
+
+<p>At once it was recognized that the thinking world had to deal with a man
+of power. Efforts were made in dozens of places to bring statute law to
+bear upon him, and the State of Delaware held her whipping-post in
+readiness for his benefit; but blasphemy enactments and laws for the
+protection of the Unknown were inoperative in his gracious presence.
+Ingersoll was a hard hitter, but the splendid good nature of the man,
+his freedom from all personal malice, and his unsullied character, saved
+him, in those early days, from the violence that would surely have
+overtaken a smaller person.</p>
+
+<p>The people who now seek to disparage the name and fame of Ingersoll
+dwell on the things he was not, and give small credit for that which he
+was.</p>
+
+<p>They demand infinity and perfection, not quite willing yet to
+acknowledge that perfection has never been incorporated in a single
+soul.</p>
+
+<p>Let us acknowledge freely that Ingersoll was not a<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_271" id="VII_Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> pioneer in science.
+Let us admit, for argument's sake, that Rousseau, Voltaire, Paine and
+Renan voiced every argument that he put forth. Let us grant that he was
+often the pleader, and that the lawyer habit of painting his own side
+large, never quite forsook him, and that he was swayed more by his
+feelings than by his intellect. Let us further admit that in his own
+individual case there was small evolution, and that for thirty years he
+threshed the same straw. And these things being said and admitted,
+nothing more in truth can be said against the man.</p>
+
+<p>But these points are neither to his discredit nor his disgrace. On them
+you can not construct an indictment&mdash;they mark his limitations, that is
+all.</p>
+
+<p>Ingersoll gave superstition such a jolt that the consensus of
+intelligence has counted it out. Ingersoll did not destroy the good&mdash;all
+that is vital and excellent and worthy in religion we have yet, and in
+such measure as it never existed before.</p>
+
+<p>In every so-called "Orthodox" pulpit you can now hear sermons calling
+upon men to manifest their religion in their work; to show their love
+for God in their attitude toward men; to gain the kingdom of heaven by
+having the kingdom of heaven in their own hearts.</p>
+
+<p>Ingersoll pleaded for the criminal, the weak, the defenseless and the
+depraved. Our treatment toward all these has changed marvelously within
+a decade. When we ceased to believe that God was going to damn folks,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_272" id="VII_Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>
+we left off damning them ourselves. We think better now of God and we
+think better of men and women. Who dares now talk about the "hopelessly
+lost"?</p>
+
+<p>You can not afford to indict a man who practised every so-called
+Christian virtue, simply because there was a flaw or two in his
+"belief"&mdash;the world has gotten beyond that. Everybody now admits that
+Ingersoll was quite as good a man as those who denounced him most. His
+life was full of kind deeds and generous acts, and his daily walk was
+quite as blameless as the life of the average priest and preacher.</p>
+
+<p>Those who seek to cry Ingersoll down reveal either density or malice. He
+did a great and necessary work, and did it so thoroughly and well that
+it will never have to be done again. His mission was to liberalize and
+to Christianize every church in Christendom; and no denomination, be its
+creed never so ossified, stands now where it stood before Ingersoll
+began his crusade. He shamed men into sanity.</p>
+
+<p>Ingersoll uttered in clarion tones what thousands of men and women
+believed, but dared not voice. He was the spokesman for many of the best
+thinkers of his time. He abolished fear, gave courage in place of
+cringing doubt, and lived what he believed was truth. His was a brave,
+cheerful and kindly life. He was loved most by those who knew him best,
+for in his nature there was neither duplicity nor concealment. He had
+nothing to hide. We know and acknowledge<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_273" id="VII_Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> the man's limitations, yet we
+realize his worth: his influence in the cause of simplicity and honesty
+has been priceless.</p>
+
+<p>The dust of conflict has not yet settled; prejudice still is in the air;
+but time, the great adjuster, will give Ingersoll his due. The history
+of America's thought evolution can never be written and the name of
+Ingersoll left out. In his own splendid personality he had no rivals, no
+competitors. He stands alone; and no name in liberal thought can ever
+eclipse his. He prepared the way for the thinkers and the doers who
+shall come after, and in insight surpass him, reaching spiritual heights
+which he, perhaps, could never attain.</p>
+
+<p>This earth is a better place, and life and liberty are safer, because
+Robert G. Ingersoll lived.</p>
+
+<p>The last words of Ingersoll were, by a strange coincidence, the dying
+words of his brother Ebon: "I am better!"&mdash;words of hope, words of
+assurance to the woman he loved.</p>
+
+<p>Sane to the last! And let us, too, hope that these dear words are true
+of all the countless dead.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="PATRICK_HENRY" id="PATRICK_HENRY"></a>PATRICK HENRY<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_274" id="VII_Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_275" id="VII_Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>
+Peace, peace; but there is no peace. The war is actually begun. The
+next gale that sweeps from the North will bring to our ears the
+clash of resounding arms. Our brethren are already in the field.
+Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would
+they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased
+at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God!&mdash;I
+know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me
+liberty or give me death!</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">&mdash;<i>Patrick Henry</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_276" id="VII_Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <a id="image0449-1"></a>
+    <img src="images/0449-1.jpg" width="277" height="400"
+       alt=""
+       title="" />
+
+   <p class="center">PATRICK HENRY</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_277" id="VII_Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>Sarah Syme was a blooming widow, thirty-two in June&mdash;such widows are
+never over thirty-two&mdash;and she managed her estate of a thousand acres in
+Hanover County, Virginia, with business ability. That such a widow, and
+thirty-two, should remain a widow in a pioneer country was out of the
+question.</p>
+
+<p>She had suitors. Their horses were tied to the pickets all day long.</p>
+
+<p>One of these suitors has described the widow for us. He says she was
+"lively in disposition," and he also uses the words "buxom" and
+"portly." I do not like these expressions&mdash;they suggest too much, so I
+will none of them. I would rather refer to her as lissome and willowy,
+and tell how her sorrow for the dead wrapped her 'round with weeds and
+becoming sable&mdash;but in the interests of truth I dare not.</p>
+
+<p>Some of her suitors were widowers&mdash;ancient of days, fat and Falstaffian.
+Others were lean and lacrimose, with large families, fortunes impaired
+and futures mostly behind. Then there were gay fox-hunting
+holluschickies, without serious intent and minus both future and past
+worth mentioning, who called and sat on the front porch because they
+thought their presence would be<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_278" id="VII_Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> pleasing and relieve the tedium of
+widowhood.</p>
+
+<p>Then there was a young Scotch schoolmaster, educated, temperate and
+gentlemanly, who came to instruct the two children of the widow in long
+division, and who blushed to the crown of his red head when the widow
+invited him to tea.</p>
+
+<p>Have a care, Widow Syme! Destiny has use for you with your lively ways
+and portly form. You are to make history, help mold a political policy,
+fan the flames of war, and through motherhood make yourself immortal.
+Choose your casket wisely, O Widow Syme! It is the hour of Fate!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_279" id="VII_Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>The widow was a Queen Bee and so had a perfect right to choose her mate.
+The Scotchman proved to be it. He was only twenty-five, they say, but he
+was man enough when standing before the Registrar to make it thirty.
+When he put his red head inside the church-door some one cried,
+"Genius!" And so they were married and lived happily ever after.</p>
+
+<p>And the name of the Scotchman was John Henry&mdash;I'll not deceive you,
+Sweet!</p>
+
+<p>John and Sarah were well suited to each other. John was exact,
+industrious, practical. The wife had a lively sense of humor, was
+entertaining and intelligent. Under the management of the canny Scot the
+estate took on a look of prosperity. The man was a model citizen&mdash;honors
+traveled his way: he became colonel of the local militia, county
+surveyor, and finally magistrate. Babies arrived as rapidly as Nature
+would allow and with the regularity of an electric clock&mdash;although, of
+course, there wasn't any electricity then.</p>
+
+<p>The second child was named Patrick, Junior, in honor of and in deference
+to a brother of the happy father&mdash;a clergyman of the Established Church.
+Patrick Henry always subscribed himself "P. Henry, Junior," and whether
+he was ever aware that there was only one Patrick Henry is a question.</p>
+
+<p>There were nine altogether in the brood&mdash;eight of them good, honest,
+barnyard fowls.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_280" id="VII_Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span>And one was an eagle.</p>
+
+<p>Why this was so no one knew&mdash;the mother didn't know and the father could
+not guess. All of them were born under about the same conditions, all
+received about the same training&mdash;or lack of it.</p>
+
+<p>However, no one at first suspected that the eagle was an eagle&mdash;more
+than a score of years were to pass before he was suddenly to spread out
+strong, sinewy wings and soar to the ether.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry caused his parents more trouble and anxiety than all the
+rest of the family combined. Patrick and culture had nothing in common.
+As a youngster he roamed the woods, bare of foot and bare of head, his
+only garments a shirt and trousers held in place by a single gallus. He
+was indolent, dreamy, procrastinating, frolicsome, with a beautiful
+aversion to books, and a fondness for fishing that was carried to the
+limit. The boy's mother didn't worry very much about the youngster, but
+the father had spells when he took the matter to the Lord in prayer, and
+afterward, growing impatient of an answer, fell to and used the taws
+without mercy. John Henry probably did this as much to relieve his own
+feelings as for the good of the boy, but doubtless he did not reason
+quite that far.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick nursed his black-and-blue spots and fell back on his flute for
+solace.</p>
+
+<p>After one such seance, when he was twelve years of age, he disappeared
+with a colored boy about his own age. They took a shotgun,
+fishing-tackle and a violin.<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_281" id="VII_Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> They were gone three weeks, during which
+time Patrick had not been out of his clothes, nor once washed his face.
+They had slept out under the sky by campfires. The smell of smoke was
+surely on his garments, and his parents were put to their wits to
+distinguish between the bond and the free.</p>
+
+<p>Had Patrick been an only child he would have driven his mother into
+hysteria and his father to the flowing bowl (I trust I use the right
+expression). If not this, then it would have been because the fond
+parents had found peace by transforming their son into a Little Lord
+Fauntleroy. Nature shows great wisdom in sending the young in
+litters&mdash;they educate each other, and so divide the time of the mother
+that attention to the individual is limited to the actual needs. Too
+much interference with children is a grave mistake.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry quit school at fifteen, with a love for 'rithmetic&mdash;it was
+such a fine puzzle&mdash;and an equal regard for history&mdash;history was a lot
+o' good stories. For two years he rode wild horses, tramped the woods
+with rod and gun, and played the violin at country dances.</p>
+
+<p>Another spasm of fear, chagrin and discouragement sweeping over the
+father, on account of the indifference and profligacy of his son, he
+decided to try the youth in trade, and if this failed, to let him go to
+the devil. So a stock of general goods was purchased, and Patrick and
+William, the elder brother, were shoved off upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_282" id="VII_Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> the uncertain sea of
+commerce.</p>
+
+<p>The result was just what might have been expected. The store was a
+loafing-place for all the ne'er-do-wells in the vicinity. Patrick
+trusted everybody&mdash;those who could not get trusted elsewhere patronized
+Patrick.</p>
+
+<p>Things grew worse. In a year, when just eighteen years old, P. Henry,
+Junior, got married&mdash;married a rollicking country lass, as foolish as
+himself&mdash;done in bravado, going home from a dance, calling a minister
+out on his porch, in a crazy-quilt, to perform the ceremony. John Henry
+would have applied the birch to this hare-brained bridegroom, and the
+father of the girl would have stung her pink-and-white anatomy, but
+Patrick coolly explained that the matter could not be undone&mdash;they were
+duly married for better or for worse, and so the less fuss the better.
+Patrick loved his Doxey, and Doxey loved her Patrick, and together they
+made as precious a pair of beggars as ever played Gipsy music at a
+country fair.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the time they were at the home of the bride's parents&mdash;not by
+invitation&mdash;but they were there. The place was a wayside tavern. The
+girl made herself useful in the kitchen, and Patrick welcomed the
+traveler and tended bar.</p>
+
+<p>So things drifted, until Patrick was twenty-four, when one fine day he
+appeared on the streets of Williamsburg. He had come in on horseback,
+and his boots, clothing, hair and complexion formed a chromatic ensemble
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_283" id="VII_Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> color of Hanover County clay. The account comes from his old-time
+comrade, Thomas Jefferson, who was at Williamsburg attending college.</p>
+
+<p>"I've come up here to be admitted to the bar," gravely said P. Henry to
+T. Jefferson.</p>
+
+<p>"But you are a barkeeper now, I hear."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," said Patrick; "but that's the other kind. You see, I've been
+studying law, and I want to be admitted to practise."</p>
+
+<p>It took several minutes for the man who was to write the Declaration of
+Independence to get it through his head that the matter wasn't a joke.
+Then he conducted the lean, lank, rawboned rustic into the presence of
+the judges. There were four of these men: Wythe, Pendleton, Peyton and
+John Randolph. These men were all to be colleagues of the bumpkin at the
+First Continental Congress at Philadelphia, but that lay in the misty
+future.</p>
+
+<p>They looked at the candidate in surprise; two of them laughed and two
+looked needlessly solemn. However, after some little parley, they
+consented to examine the clown as to his fitness to practise law.</p>
+
+<p>In answer to the first question as to how long he had studied, his reply
+was, "About six weeks."</p>
+
+<p>One biographer says six months, and still another, with anxious intent
+to prove the excellence of his man, says six years.</p>
+
+<p>We had better take Jefferson's word&mdash;"Patrick Henry's<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_284" id="VII_Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> reply was six
+weeks." As much as to say: "What difference is it about how long I have
+studied? You are here to find out how much I know. There are men who can
+get more in six weeks than others can in six years&mdash;I may be one of
+these."</p>
+
+<p>The easy indifference of the fellow was sublime. But he did know a
+little law, and he also knew a deal of history. The main thing against
+him was his unkempt appearance. After some hesitation the judges gave
+the required certificate, with a little lecture on the side concerning
+the beauties of etiquette and right attire as an adjunct to excellence
+in the learned professions.</p>
+
+<p>Young Mr. Jefferson didn't wait to witness the examination of his
+friend&mdash;it was too painful&mdash;and besides he did not wish to be around so
+as to get any of the blame when the prayer for admission was denied.</p>
+
+<p>So Patrick had to find Thomas. "I've got it!" said Patrick, and smiled
+grimly as he tapped his breast-pocket where the certificate was safely
+stowed.</p>
+
+<p>Then he mounted his lean, dun horse and rode away, disappearing into the
+forest.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_285" id="VII_Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>As a pedagogic policy the training that Patrick Henry received would be
+rank ruin. Educational systems are designed for average intellects, but
+as if to show us the littleness of our little schemes, Destiny seems to
+give her first prizes to those who have evaded all rules and ignored
+every axiom. Rules and regulations are for average men&mdash;and so are
+average prizes.</p>
+
+<p>Speak it softly: There are several ways of getting an education. Patrick
+Henry got his in the woods, following winding streams or lying at night
+under the stars; by mastering horses and wild animals; by listening to
+the wrangling of lawyers at country lawsuits, and the endless talk of
+planters who sat long hours at the tavern, perfectly willing to leave
+the labors of the field to the sons of Ham.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, at twenty-four, Patrick Henry had first of all a physical
+constitution like watch-spring steel; he had no nerves; fatigue was
+unknown to him; he was not aware that he had a stomach. His intellectual
+endowment lay in his close intimacy with Nature&mdash;he knew her and was so
+a part of her that he never thought of her, any more than the fishes
+think of the sea. The continual dwelling on a subject proves our
+ignorance of it&mdash;we discuss only that for which we are reaching out.</p>
+
+<p>Then, Patrick Henry knew men&mdash;he knew the workers, the toilers, the
+young, the old, the learned and the ignorant. He had mingled with
+mankind from behind<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_286" id="VII_Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> the counter, the tavern-bar, in court and school
+and in church&mdash;by the roadside, at horse-races, camp-meetings, dances
+and social gatherings. He was light of foot, ready of tongue, and with
+no thought as to respectability, and no doubts and fears regarding the
+bread-and-butter question. He had no pride, save possibly a pride in the
+fact that he had none. He played checkers, worked out mathematical
+problems in his mind to astonish the loafers, related history to
+instruct them&mdash;and get it straight in his own mind&mdash;and told them
+stories to make them laugh. It is a great misfortune to associate only
+with cultured people. "God loves the common people," said Lincoln,
+"otherwise He would not have made so many of them." Patrick Henry knew
+them; and is not this an education&mdash;to know Life?</p>
+
+<p>He knew he could move men; that he could mold their thoughts; that he
+could convince them and bring them over to his own way of thinking. He
+had done it by the hour. In the continual rural litigations, he had
+watched lawyers make their appeal to the jury; he had sat on these
+juries, and he knew he could do the trick better. Therefore, he wanted
+to become a lawyer.</p>
+
+<p>The practise of law to him was to convince, befog or divert the jury; he
+could do it, and so he applied for permission to practise law.</p>
+
+<p>He was successful from the first. His clownish ways pleased the judge,
+the jury and the spectators. His ready tongue and infinite good humor
+made him a favorite.<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_287" id="VII_Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> There may not be much law in Justice-of-the-Peace
+proceedings, but there is a certain rude equity which possibly answers
+the purpose better. And surely it is good practise for the fledglings:
+the best way to learn law is to practise it. And the successful practise
+of the law lies almost as much in evading the law as in complying with
+it&mdash;I suppose we should say that softly, too. In support of the last
+proposition, let me say that we are dealing with P. Henry, Junior, of
+Virginia, arch-rebel, and a defier of law and precedent. Had he
+reverenced law as law, his name would have been writ in water. The
+reputation of the man hinges on the fact that he defied authority.</p>
+
+<p>The first great speech of Patrick Henry was a defiance of the Common Law
+of England when it got in the way of the rights of the people. Every
+immortal speech ever given has been an appeal from the law of man to the
+Higher Law.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry was twenty-seven&mdash;the same age that Wendell Phillips was
+when he discovered himself. No one had guessed the genius of the
+man&mdash;least of all his parents. He himself did not know his power. The
+years that had gone had been fallow years&mdash;years of failure&mdash;but it was
+all a getting together of his forces for the spring. Relaxation is the
+first requisite of strength.</p>
+
+<p>The case was a forlorn hope, and Patrick Henry, the awkward but clever
+country pettifogger, was retained<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_288" id="VII_Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> to defend the "Parsons' Cause,"
+because he had opinions in the matter and no reputation to lose.</p>
+
+<p>First, let it be known that Virginia had an Established Church, which
+was really the Church of England. The towns were called parishes, and
+the selectmen, or supervisors, were vestrymen. These vestrymen hired the
+rectors or preachers, and the money which paid the preachers came from
+taxes levied on the people.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the standard of value in Virginia was tobacco, and the vestrymen,
+instead of paying the parsons in money, agreed to pay each parson
+sixteen thousand pounds of tobacco, with curates and bishops in
+proportion.</p>
+
+<p>But there came a bad year; the tobacco-crop was ruined by a drought, and
+the value of the weed doubled in price.</p>
+
+<p>The parsons demanded their tobacco; a bargain was a bargain; when
+tobacco was plentiful and cheap they had taken their quota and said
+nothing. Now that tobacco was scarce and high, things were merely
+equalized; a contract was a contract.</p>
+
+<p>But the people complained. The theme was discussed in every tavern and
+store. There were not wanting infidels to say that the parsons should
+have prayed for rain, and that as they did not secure the moisture, they
+were remiss. Others asked by what right shall men who do not labor
+demand a portion of the crop from those who plant, hoe and harvest?</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_289" id="VII_Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>Of course, all good Church people, all of the really loyal citizens,
+argued that the Parsons were a necessary part of the State&mdash;without them
+Society would sink into savagery&mdash;and as they did their duties, they
+should be paid by the people; they served, and all contracts made with
+them should be kept.</p>
+
+<p>But the mutterings of discontent continued, and to appease the people,
+the House of Burgesses passed a law providing that, instead of tobacco
+being a legal tender, all debts could be paid in money; figuring tobacco
+at the rate of two cents a pound. As tobacco was worth about three times
+this amount, it will be seen at once that this was a law made in favor
+of the debtor class. It cut the salaries of the rectors down just
+two-thirds, and struck straight at English Common Law, which provides
+for the sacredness of contract.</p>
+
+<p>The rectors combined and decided to make a test case. The Parsons versus
+the People&mdash;or, more properly, "The Reverend John Maury versus The
+Colony of Virginia."</p>
+
+<p>Both law and equity were on the side of the Parsons. Their case was
+clear; only by absolutely overriding the law of England could the people
+win. The array of legal talent on the side of the Church included the
+best lawyers in the Colony&mdash;the Randolphs and other aristocrats were
+there.</p>
+
+<p>And on the other side was Patrick Henry, the tall, lean, lank, sallow
+and uncouth representative of the people. Five judges were on the bench,
+one of whom<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_290" id="VII_Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> was the father of Patrick Henry.</p>
+
+<p>The matter was opened in a logical, lucid, judicial speech by the
+Honorable Jeremiah Lyon. He stated the case without passion or
+prejudice&mdash;there was only one side to it.</p>
+
+<p>Then Patrick Henry arose. He began to speak; stopped, hesitated, began
+again, shuffled his feet, cleared his throat, and his father, on the
+bench, blushed for shame. The auditors thought he was going to break
+down&mdash;even the opposition pitied him.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly, his tall form shot up, he stepped one step forward and stood
+like a statue of bronze: his own father did not recognize him, he had so
+changed. His features were transformed from those of a clown into those
+of command and proud intelligence. A poise so perfect came upon him that
+it was ominous. He began to speak&mdash;his sentences were crystalline,
+sharp, clear, direct. The judges leaned forward, the audience hung
+breathless upon his words.</p>
+
+<p>He began by showing how all wealth comes from labor applied to the land.
+He pictured the people at their work, showed the laborer in the field in
+the rains of Spring, under the blaze of the Summer sun, amid the frosts
+of Autumn&mdash;bond and free working side by side with brain and brawn, to
+wring from the earth a scanty sustenance. He showed the homes of the
+poor, the mother with babe at her breast, the girls cooking at the fire,
+others tending the garden&mdash;all the process of toil and travail, of
+patient labor and endless effort,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_291" id="VII_Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> were rapidly marshaled forth. Over
+against this, he unveiled the clergy in broadcloth and silken gowns,
+riding in carriages, seated on cushions and living a life of luxury. He
+turned and faced the opposition, and shook his bony finger at them in
+scorn and contempt. The faces of the judges grew livid; many of the
+Parsons, unable to endure his withering rebuke, sneaked away: the people
+forgot to applaud; only silence and the stinging, ringing voice of the
+speaker filled the air.</p>
+
+<p>He accused the Parsons of being the defiers of the law; the people had
+passed the statute; the preachers had come, asking that it be annulled.
+And then was voiced, I believe, for the first time in America, the truth
+that government exists only by the consent of the governed&mdash;that law is
+the crystallized opinion of the people&mdash;that the voice of the people is
+the voice of God&mdash;that the act of the Parsons, in seeking to over-ride
+the will of the people, was treason, and should be punished. He defied
+the Common Law of England and appealed to the Law of God&mdash;the question
+of right&mdash;the question of justice&mdash;to whom does the fruit of labor
+belong!</p>
+
+<p>Before the fiery, overpowering torrent of eloquence of the man, the
+reason of the judges fled. There was but one will in that assembly, and
+that will was the will of Patrick Henry.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_292" id="VII_Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>In that first great speech of his life&mdash;probably the greatest speech
+then ever given in Virginia&mdash;Patrick Henry committed himself irrevocably
+on the subject of human rights. The theme of taxation came to him in a
+way it never had before. Men are taxed that other men may live in
+idleness. Those who pay the tax must decide whether the tax is just or
+not&mdash;anything else is robbery. We shall see how this thought took hold
+on Patrick's very life. It was the weak many against the entrenched few.
+He had said more than he had intended to say&mdash;he had expressed things
+which he never before knew that he knew. As he made truth plain to his
+auditors, he had clarified his own mind.</p>
+
+<p>The heavens had opened before him&mdash;he was as one transformed. That
+outward change in his appearance marked only an inward illumination
+which had come to his spirit.</p>
+
+<p>In great oratory the appearance of the man is always changed. Men grow
+by throes and throbs, by leaps and bounds. The idea of "Cosmic
+Consciousness"&mdash;being born again&mdash;is not without its foundation in fact:
+the soul is in process of gestation, and when the time is ripe the new
+birth occurs, and will occur again and again.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry at once took his place among the strong men of
+Virginia&mdash;his was a personality that must be reckoned with in political
+affairs. His law practise doubled, and to keep it down he doubled his
+prices&mdash;with<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_293" id="VII_Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> the usual effect. He then tried another expedient, and
+very few lawyers indeed are strong enough to do this: he would accept no
+case until the fee was paid in advance. "I keep no books&mdash;my fee is so
+much&mdash;pay this and I will undertake your case." He accepted no
+contingent cases, and if he believed his client was in the wrong, he
+told him so, and brought about a compromise. Some enemies were made
+through this frank advice, but when the fight was once on, Patrick Henry
+was a whirlwind of wrath: he saw but one side and believed in his
+client's cause as though it had been written by Deity on tables of
+stone.</p>
+
+<p>Long years after the death of Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson made some
+remarks about Henry's indolence, and his indisposition to write out
+things. A little more insight, or less prejudice, would have shown that
+Patrick Henry's plan was only Nature's scheme for the conservation of
+forces, and at the last was the highest wisdom.</p>
+
+<p>By demanding the fee in advance, the business was simplified immensely.
+It tested the good faith of the would-be litigant, cut down the number
+of clients, preserved the peace, freed the secretions, aided digestion
+and tended to sweet sleep o' nights.</p>
+
+<p>Litigation is a luxury that must be paid for&mdash;by the other fellow, we
+expect when we begin, but later we find we are it. If the lawyers would
+form a union and agree not to listen to any man's tale of woe until he<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_294" id="VII_Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>
+placed a hundred dollars in the attorney's ginger-jar, it would be a
+benefit untold to humanity. Contingent fees and blackmail have much in
+common.</p>
+
+<p>A man who could speak in public like Patrick Henry was destined for a
+political career. A vacancy in the State Legislature occurring, the tide
+of events carried him in. Hardly had he taken the oath and been seated
+before the House resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole to
+consider the Stamp Act. Mutterings from New England had been heard, but
+Virginia was inclined to abide by the acts of the Mother Country,
+gaining merely such modifications as could be brought about by modest
+argument and respectful petition. And in truth let it be stated that the
+Mother Country had not shown herself blind to the rights of the
+Colonies, nor deaf to their prayers&mdash;the aristocrats of Virginia usually
+got what they wanted.</p>
+
+<p>The Stamp Act was up for discussion; the gavel rapped for order and the
+Speaker declared the House in session.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Speaker," rang out a high, clear voice. It was the voice of the new
+member. Inadvertently he was recognized and had the floor. There was a
+little more "senatorial courtesy" then than now in deliberative bodies,
+and one of the unwritten laws of the Virginia Legislature was that no
+member during his first session should make an extended speech or take
+an active part in the business of the House.</p>
+
+<p>"Sir, I present for the consideration of this House the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_295" id="VII_Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> following
+resolutions." And the new member read seven resolutions he had scrawled
+off on the fly-leaves of a convenient law-book.</p>
+
+<p>As he read, the older members winced and writhed. Peyton Randolph cursed
+him under his breath. This audacious youth in buckskin shirt and leather
+breeches was assuming the leadership of the House. His audacity was
+unprecedented! Here are Numbers Five, Six and Seven of the
+Resolutions&mdash;these give the meat of the matter:</p>
+
+<p>"Resolved, That the general assembly of this colony has the only and
+sole exclusive right and power to lay taxes and impositions upon the
+inhabitants of this colony; and that every attempt to vest such power in
+any person or persons whatsoever, other than the general assembly
+aforesaid, has a manifest tendency to destroy British as well as
+American freedom.</p>
+
+<p>"Resolved, That His Majesty's liege people, the inhabitants of this
+colony, are not bound to yield obedience to any law or ordinance
+whatever, designed to impose any taxation whatsoever upon them, other
+than the laws or ordinances of the general assembly aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p>"Resolved, That any person who shall, by speaking or writing, assert or
+maintain that any person or persons, other than the general assembly of
+this colony, have any right or power to impose or lay any taxation on
+the people here, shall be deemed an enemy to His Majesty's colony."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_296" id="VII_Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>As the uncouth member ceased to read, there went up a howl of
+disapproval. But the resolutions were launched, and according to the
+rules of the House they could be argued, and in order to be repudiated,
+must be voted upon.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry stood almost alone. Pitted against him was the very flower
+of Virginia's age and intellect. Logic, argument, abuse, raillery and
+threat were heaped upon his head. He stood like adamant and answered
+shot for shot. It was the speech in the "Parsons' Cause" multiplied by
+ten&mdash;the theme was the same: the right to confiscate the results of
+labor. Before the debater had ceased, couriers were carrying copies of
+Patrick Henry's resolutions to New England. Every press printed
+them&mdash;the people were aroused, and the name of Patrick Henry became
+known in every cot and cabin throughout the Colonies. He was the
+mouthpiece of the plain people; what Samuel Adams stood for in New
+England, Patrick Henry hurled in voice of thunder at the heads of
+aristocrats in Virginia. He lighted the fuse of rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>One passage in that first encounter in the Virginia Legislature has
+become deathless. Hackneyed though it be, it can never grow old.
+Referring to the injustice of the Stamp Act, Patrick Henry reached the
+climax of his speech in these words: "C&aelig;sar had his Brutus; Charles the
+First, his Cromwell; and George the Third&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Treason!" shouted the Speaker, and the gavel splintered the desk.<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_297" id="VII_Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Treason! Treason!" came in roars from all over the House.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry paused, proud and defiant, waiting for the tumult to
+subside&mdash;"And George the Third may profit by their example. If this be
+treason, make the most of it!" And he took his seat.</p>
+
+<p>The resolutions were put to a vote and carried. Again Patrick Henry had
+won.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_298" id="VII_Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span>By a singular coincidence, on the same day that Patrick Henry, of his
+own accord, introduced those resolutions at Williamsburg, a mass meeting
+was held in Boston to consider the same theme, and similar resolutions
+were passed. There was this difference, however: Patrick Henry flung his
+reasons into the teeth of an entrenched opposition and fought the fight
+single-handed, while in Boston the resolutions were read and passed by
+an assembly that had met for no other purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry's triumph was heralded throughout New England and gave
+strength and courage to those of feeble knees. From a Colonial he sprang
+into national fame, and his own words, "I am not a Virginian&mdash;I am an
+American!" went ringing through New England hills.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime, Patrick Henry went back to his farm and law-office. His wife
+rejoiced in his success, laughed with him at his mishaps and was always
+the helpful, uncomplaining comrade, and as he himself expressed it, "My
+best friend." And when he would get back home from one of his trips, the
+neighbors would gather to hear from his own lips about what he had done
+and said. He was still the unaffected countryman, seemingly careless,
+happy and indolent. It was on the occasion of one of these family
+gatherings that a contemporary saw him and wrote: "In mock complaint he
+exclaimed, 'How can I play the fiddle with two babies on each<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_299" id="VII_Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> knee and
+three on my back!'"</p>
+
+<p>So the years went by in work, play and gradually widening fame. Patrick
+Henry grew with his work&mdash;the years gave him dignity&mdash;gradually the
+thought of his heart 'graved its lines upon his face. The mouth became
+firm and the entire look of the man was that of earnest resolution. Fate
+was pushing him on. What once was only whispered, he had voiced in
+trumpet tones; the thought of liberty was being openly expressed even in
+pulpits.</p>
+
+<p>He had been returned to the Legislature, was a member of the Continental
+Congress, and rode horseback side by side with Washington and Pendleton
+to Philadelphia, as told at length in Washington's diary.</p>
+
+<p>In his utterances he was a little less fiery, but in his heart,
+everybody who knew him at all realized that there dwelt the thought of
+liberty for the Colonies. John Adams wrote to Abigail that Patrick Henry
+looked like a Quaker preacher turned Presbyterian.</p>
+
+<p>A year later came what has been rightly called the third great speech of
+Henry's life, the speech at the Revolutionary Convention at Richmond.
+Good people often expect to hear oratory at a banquet, a lyceum lecture,
+or in a Sunday sermon; but oratory is neither lecture, talk, harangue,
+declamation nor preaching. Of course we say that the great speech is the
+one that has been given many times, but the fact is, the great speech is
+never given but once.</p>
+
+<p>The time is ripe&mdash;the hour arrives&mdash;mighty issues<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_300" id="VII_Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> tremble in the
+balances. The auditors are not there to be amused nor instructed&mdash;they
+have not stopped at the box-office and paid good money to have their
+senses alternately lulled and titillated. No! The question is that of
+liberty or bondage, life or death&mdash;passion is in the saddle&mdash;hate and
+prejudice are sweeping events into a maelstrom&mdash;and now is the time for
+oratory! Such occasions are as rare as the birth of stars. A man stands
+before you&mdash;it is no time for fine phrasing&mdash;no time for pose or
+platitude. Self-consciousness is swallowed up in purpose. He is as calm
+as the waters above the Rapids of Niagara, as composed as a lioness
+before she makes her spring. Intensity measures itself in perfect poise.
+And Patrick Henry arises to speak. Those who love the man pray for him
+in breathless silence, and the many who hate him in their hearts curse
+him. Pale faces grow paler, throats swallow hard, hands clutch at
+nothing, and open and shut in nervous spasms. It is the hour of fate.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry speaks:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. President: It is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of
+hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and
+listen to the song of the siren until she transforms us into
+beasts. Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and
+arduous struggle for liberty? Are we disposed to be of the number
+of those who having eyes see not, and having ears hear not the
+things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation? For my
+part, whatever anguish of spirit it may<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_301" id="VII_Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> cost, I am willing to know
+the whole truth; to know the worst and to provide for it.</p>
+
+<p>I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided; and that is the
+lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but
+by the past. And judging by the past, I wish to know what there has
+been in the conduct of the British Ministry for the last ten years,
+to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to
+solace themselves and this House? Is it that insidious smile with
+which our petition has been lately received? Trust it not, it will
+prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed
+with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our
+petition comports with those war-like preparations which cover our
+waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a
+work of love and reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so
+unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back
+our love? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the
+implements of war and subjugation&mdash;the last arguments to which
+kings resort. I say, gentlemen, what means this martial array, if
+its purpose be not to force us to submission? Can you assign any
+other possible motive for it? Has Britain any enemy in this quarter
+of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and
+armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us; they can be
+meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us
+those chains which the British Ministry have been so long forging.
+And what have we to oppose to them? Shall we try argument? Sir, we
+have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything new
+to offer<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_302" id="VII_Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in
+every light of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain.
+Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication? What terms
+shall we find which have not been already exhausted? Let us not, I
+beseech you, deceive ourselves longer.</p>
+
+<p>Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm
+which is now coming on. We have petitioned, we have remonstrated,
+we have supplicated, we have prostrated ourselves before the
+throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the
+tyrannical hands of the Ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have
+been slighted; remonstrances have produced additional violence and
+insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and we have been
+spurned with contempt from the foot of the throne. In vain, after
+these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and
+reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to
+be free, if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable
+privileges for which we have been so long contending, if we mean
+not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so
+long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon
+until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained&mdash;we must
+fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms and to
+the God of Hosts is all that is left us!</p>
+
+<p>They tell us, sir, that we are weak&mdash;unable to cope with so
+formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be
+the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally
+disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_303" id="VII_Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>
+house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall
+we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on
+our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope until our
+enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak, if
+we make a proper use of those means which the God of Nature hath
+placed in our power. Three millions of people, armed in the holy
+cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess,
+are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us.
+Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just
+God who presides over the destinies of nations; and who will raise
+up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to
+the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave.
+Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire
+it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no
+retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged; their
+clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is
+inevitable&mdash;and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come!</p>
+
+<p>It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry,
+Peace, peace; but there is no peace. The war is actually begun. The
+next gale that sweeps from the North will bring to our ears the
+clash of resounding arms. Our brethren are already in the field.
+Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would
+they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased
+at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know
+not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or
+give me death!</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_304" id="VII_Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>Life is a gradual death. There are animals and insects that die on the
+instant of the culmination of the act for which they were created.
+Success is death, and death, if you have bargained wisely with Fate, is
+victory.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry, with his panther's strength and nerves of steel, had
+thrown his life into a Cause&mdash;that Cause had won, and now the lassitude
+of dissolution crept into his veins. We hear of hair growing white in a
+single day, and we know that men may round out a life-work in an hour.
+Oratory, like all of God's greatest gifts, is bought with a price. The
+abandon of the orator is the spending of his divine heritage for a
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry had given himself. Even in his law business he was the
+conscientious servant, and having undertaken a cause, he put his soul
+into it. Shame upon those who call this man indolent! He often did in a
+day&mdash;between the rising of the sun and its setting&mdash;what others spread
+out thin over a lifetime and then fail to accomplish.</p>
+
+<p>And now virtue had gone out from him. Four times had Virginia elected
+him Governor; he had served his State well, and on the fifth nomination
+he had declined. When Washington wished to make him his Secretary of
+State, he smiled and shook his head, and to the entreaty that he be
+Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, he said that there were others who
+could fill the place better, but he knew of no one who could manage his
+farm.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_305" id="VII_Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>And so he again became the country lawyer, looked after his plantation,
+attended to the education of his children, told stories to the neighbors
+who came and sat on the veranda&mdash;now and again went to rustic parties,
+played the violin, and the voice that had cried, "Give me liberty or
+give me death," called off for the merry dancers as in the days of old.</p>
+
+<p>In Seventeen Hundred Ninety-nine, at the personal request of Washington,
+who needed, or thought he needed, a strong advocate at the Capitol,
+Patrick Henry ran for the Legislature. He was elected, but before the
+day arrived when he was to take his seat, he sickened and died,
+surrounded by his stricken family. Those who knew him, loved him&mdash;those
+who did not love him, did not know him.</p>
+
+<p>And a Nation mourned his taking off.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="STARR_KING" id="STARR_KING"></a>STARR KING<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_306" id="VII_Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The chief difference between a wise man and an ignorant one is, not<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_307" id="VII_Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>
+that the first is acquainted with regions invisible to the second,
+away from common sight and interest, but that he understands the
+common things which the second only sees.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">&mdash;<i>Sight and Insight</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_308" id="VII_Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <a id="image0450-1"></a>
+    <img src="images/0450-1.jpg" width="274" height="400"
+       alt=""
+       title="" />
+
+   <p class="center">STARR KING</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_309" id="VII_Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>If you had chanced to live in Boston in the early Nineties, alert for
+all good things in a mental and spiritual way, you would have made the
+Sundays sacred to Minot Savage, Phillips Brooks and Edward Everett Hale.</p>
+
+<p>Emerson says that if you know a clergyman's sect and behold his livery,
+in spite of all his show of approaching the subject without prejudice,
+you know beforehand exactly to what conclusions he will come. This is
+what robs most sermons of their interest. Preaching, like humor, must
+have in it the element of surprise. I remember with what a thrill of
+delight I would sit and watch Minot Savage unwind his logic and then
+gently weave it into a fabric. The man was not afraid to follow a reason
+to its lair. He had a way of saying the thing for the first time&mdash;it
+came as a personal message, contradicting, possibly, all that had been
+said before on the subject, oblivious of precedent.</p>
+
+<p>I once saw a man with a line around his waist leap from a stranded ship
+into the sea, and strike out boldly for the shore. The thrill of
+admiration for the act was unforgetable.</p>
+
+<p>The joy of beholding a strong and valiant thinker plunge into a theme is
+an event. Will he make the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_310" id="VII_Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> shore, or shall he go down to defeat before
+these thousands of spectators?</p>
+
+<p>When Minot Savage ceased to speak, you knew he had won&mdash;he had brought
+the line safely to shore and made all secure.</p>
+
+<p>Or, if you have heard Rabbi Hirsch or Felix Adler, you know the feeling.
+These men make a demand upon you&mdash;you play out the line for them, and
+when all is secure, there is a relief which shows you have been under an
+intense strain. To paraphrase Browning, they offer no substitute, to an
+idle man, for a cushioned chair and cigar.</p>
+
+<p>Phillips Brooks made small demand upon his auditors. If I heard Minot
+Savage in the morning and got wound up tight, as I always did, I went to
+Vespers at Trinity Church for rest.</p>
+
+<p>The soft, sweet playing of the organ, the subdued lights, the far-away
+voices of the choir, and finally the earnest words of the speaker,
+worked a psychic spell. The sermon began nowhere and ended nowhere&mdash;the
+speaker was a great, gentle personality, with a heart of love for
+everybody and everything. We have heard of the old lady who would go
+miles to hear her pastor pronounce the word Mesopotamia, but he put no
+more soul into it than did Phillips Brooks. The service was all a sort
+of lullaby for tired souls&mdash;healing and helpful.</p>
+
+<p>But as after every indulgence there comes a minor strain of
+dissatisfaction following the awakening, so it<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_311" id="VII_Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> was here&mdash;it was
+beautiful while it lasted. Then eight o'clock would come and I would be
+at Edward Everett Hale's. This sturdy old man, with his towering form,
+rugged face and echoing bass voice, would open up the stops and give his
+blessed "Mesopotamia" like a trumpet call. He never worked the soft
+pedal. His first words always made me think of "Boots and Saddles!" Be a
+man&mdash;do something! Why stand ye here all the day idle!</p>
+
+<p>And there was love and entreaty, too, but it never lulled you into
+forgetfulness. There was intellect, but it did not ask you to follow it.
+The dear old man did not wind in and out among the sinuosities of
+thought&mdash;no, he was right out on the broad prairie, under the open sky,
+sounding "Boots and Saddles!"</p>
+
+<p>In Doctor Hale's church is a most beautiful memorial window to Thomas
+Starr King, who was at one time the pastor of this church. I remember
+Doctor Hale once rose and pointing to that window, said: "That window is
+in memory of a man! But how vain a window, how absurd a monument if the
+man had not left his impress upon the hearts of humanity! That beautiful
+window only mirrors our memories of the individual."</p>
+
+<p>And then Doctor Hale talked, just talked for an hour about Starr King.</p>
+
+<p>Doctor Hale has given that same talk or sermon every year for thirty
+years: I have heard it three times, but never exactly twice alike. I
+have tried to get a printed<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_312" id="VII_Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> copy of the address, but have so far
+failed. Yet this is sure: you can not hear Doctor Hale tell of Starr
+King without a feeling that King was a most royal specimen of humanity,
+and a wish down deep in your heart that you, too, might reflect some of
+the sterling virtues that he possessed.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_313" id="VII_Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>Starr King died in California in Eighteen Hundred Sixty-four. In Golden
+Gate Park, San Francisco, is his statue in bronze. In the First
+Unitarian Church of San Francisco is a tablet to his memory; in the
+Unitarian Church at Oakland are many loving tokens to his personality;
+and in the State House at Sacramento is his portrait and an engrossed
+copy of resolutions passed by the Legislature at the time of his death,
+wherein he is referred to as "the man whose matchless oratory saved
+California to the Union."</p>
+
+<p>"Who was Starr King?" I once asked Doctor Charles H. Leonard of Tufts
+College. And the saintly old man lifted his eyes as if in prayer of
+thankfulness and answered: "Starr King! Starr King! He was the gentlest
+and strongest, the most gifted soul I ever knew&mdash;I bless God that I
+lived just to know Starr King!"</p>
+
+<p>Not long after this I asked the same question of Doctor C. A. Bartol
+that I had asked Doctor Leonard, and the reply was: "He was a man who
+proved the possible&mdash;in point of temper and talent, the most virile
+personality that New England has produced. We call Webster our greatest
+orator, but this man surpassed Webster: he had a smile that was a
+benediction; a voice that was a caress. We admired Webster, but Starr
+King we loved: one convinced our reason, the other captured our hearts."</p>
+
+<p>The Oriental custom of presenting a thing to the friend<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_314" id="VII_Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> who admires it
+symbols a very great truth. If you love a thing well enough, you make it
+yours.</p>
+
+<p>Culture is a matter of desire; knowledge is to be had for the asking;
+and education is yours if you want it. All men should have a college
+education in order that they may know its worthlessness. George William
+Curtis was a very prince of gentlemen, and as an orator he won by his
+manner and by his gentle voice fully as much as by the orderly
+procession of his thoughts.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, what is it in me that makes me tremble so at voices! Whoever speaks
+to me in the right voice, him or her will I follow," says Walt Whitman.</p>
+
+<p>If you have ever loved a woman and you care to go back to May-time and
+try to analyze the why and the wherefore, you probably will not be able
+to locate the why and the wherefore, but this negative truth you will
+discover: you were not won by logic. Of course you admired the woman's
+intellect&mdash;it sort of matched your own, and in loving her you
+complimented yourself, for thus by love and admiration do we prove our
+kinship with the thing loved.</p>
+
+<p>But intellect alone is too cold to fuse the heart. Something else is
+required, and for lack of a better word we call it "personality." This
+glowing, winning personality that inspires confidence and trust is a
+bouquet of virtues, the chief flower of which is Right Intent&mdash;honesty
+may be a bit old-fashioned, but do not try to leave it out.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_315" id="VII_Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>George William Curtis and Starr King had a frank, wide-open, genuine
+quality that disarmed prejudice right at the start. And both were big
+enough so that they never bemoaned the fact that Fate had sent them to
+the University of Hard Knocks instead of matriculating them at Harvard.</p>
+
+<p>I once heard George William Curtis speak at Saint James Hall, Buffalo,
+on Civil-Service Reform&mdash;a most appalling subject with which to hold a
+"popular audience." He was introduced by the Honorable Sherman S.
+Rogers, a man who was known for ten miles up the creek as the greatest
+orator in Erie County. After the speech of introduction, Curtis stepped
+to the front, laid on the reading-desk a bundle of manuscript, turned
+one page, and began to talk. He talked for two hours, and never once
+again referred to his manuscript&mdash;we thought he had forgotten it. He
+himself tells somewhere of Edward Everett doing the same. It is fine to
+have a thing and still show that you do not need it. The style of Curtis
+was in such marked contrast to the bluegrass article represented by
+Rogers that it seemed a rebuke. One was florid, declamatory, strong,
+full of reasons: the other was keyed low&mdash;it was so melodious, so gently
+persuasive, that we were thrown off our guard and didn't know we had
+imbibed rank heresy until we were told so the next day by a man who was
+not there. As the speaker closed, an old lady seated near me sighed
+softly, adjusted her Paisley shawl and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_316" id="VII_Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> said, "That was the finest
+address I ever heard, except one given in this very hall in Eighteen
+Hundred Fifty-nine by Starr King."</p>
+
+<p>And I said, "Well, a speech that you can remember for twenty-five years
+must have been a good one!"</p>
+
+<p>"It wasn't the address so much as the man," answered this mother in
+Israel, and she heaved another small sigh.</p>
+
+<p>And therein did the good old lady drop a confession. I doubt me much
+whether any woman will remember any speech for a week&mdash;she just
+remembers the man.</p>
+
+<p>And this applies pretty nearly as much to men, too. Is there sex in
+spirit? Hardly! Thoreau says the character of Jesus was essentially
+feminine. Herbert Spencer avers, "The high intuitive quality which we
+call genius is largely feminine in character." "Starr King was the child
+of his mother, and his best qualities were feminine," said the Reverend
+E. H. Chapin.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_317" id="VII_Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span>When Starr King's father died the boy was fifteen. There were five
+younger children and Starr was made man of the house by Destiny's
+acclaim. Responsibility ripens. This slim, slender youth became a man in
+a day.</p>
+
+<p>The father had been the pastor of the Charlestown Universalist Church. I
+suppose it is hardly necessary to take a page and prove that this
+clergyman in an unpopular church did not leave a large fortune to his
+family. In truth, he left a legacy of debts. Starr King, the boy of
+fifteen, left school and became clerk in a drygoods-store. The mother
+cared for her household and took in sewing.</p>
+
+<p>Joshua Bates, master of the Winthrop School, describes Starr King as he
+was when the father's death cut off his schooldays: "Slight of build,
+golden-haired, active, agile, with a homely face which everybody thought
+was handsome on account of the beaming eyes, the winning smile and the
+earnest desire of always wanting to do what was best and right."</p>
+
+<p>This kind of boy gets along all right anywhere&mdash;God is on his side. The
+hours in the drygoods-store were long, and on Saturday nights it was
+nearly midnight before Starr would reach home. But there was a light in
+the window for him, even if whale-oil was scarce, and the mother was at
+her sewing. Together they ate their midnight lunch, and counted the
+earnings of the week.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_318" id="VII_Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>And the surprise of both that they were getting a living and paying off
+the debts sort of cleared the atmosphere of its gloom.</p>
+
+<p>In Burke's "Essay on the Sublime," he speaks of the quiet joy that comes
+through calamity when we discover that the calamity has not really
+touched us. The death of a father who leaves a penniless widow and a
+hungry brood comes at first as a shock&mdash;the heavens are darkened and
+hope has fled.</p>
+
+<p>I know a man who was in a railroad wreck&mdash;the sleeping-car in which he
+rode left the track and rolled down an embankment. There was a black
+interval of horror, and then this man found himself, clad in his
+underclothes, standing on the upturned car, looking up at the Pleiades
+and this thought in his mind, "What beauty and peace are in these winter
+heavens!" The calamity had come&mdash;he was absolutely untouched&mdash;he was
+locating the constellations and surprised and happy in his ability to
+enjoy them.</p>
+
+<p>Starr King and his mother sipped their midnight tea and grew jolly over
+the thought of their comfortable home; they were clothed and fed, the
+children well and sleeping soundly in baby abandon upstairs, the debts
+were being paid. They laughed, did this mother and son, really laughed
+aloud, when only a month before they had thought that only gloom and
+misery could ever again be theirs.</p>
+
+<p>They laughed!</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_319" id="VII_Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>And soon the young man's salary was increased&mdash;people liked to trade
+with him&mdash;customers came and asked that he might wait on them. He sold
+more goods than anyone else in his department, and yet he never talked
+things on to people. He was alert, affable, kindly, and anticipated the
+wishes and wants of his customers without being subservient, fawning or
+domineering.</p>
+
+<p>This kind of helper is needed everywhere&mdash;the one who gives a willing
+hand, who puts soul into his service, who brings a glow of good-cheer
+into all his relations with men.</p>
+
+<p>The doing things with a hearty enthusiasm is often what makes the doer a
+marked person and his deeds effective. The most ordinary service is
+dignified when it is performed in that spirit. Every employer wants
+those who work for him to put heart and mind into the toil. He soon
+picks out those whose souls are in their service, and gives them
+evidence of his appreciation. They do not need constant watching. He can
+trust them in his absence, and so the places of honor and profit
+naturally gravitate to them.</p>
+
+<p>The years went by, and one fine day Starr King was twenty years of age.
+All of the debts were paid, the children were going to school, and
+mother and son faced the world from the vantage-ground of success. Starr
+had quit the drygoods trade and gone to teaching school on less salary,
+so as to get more leisure for study.</p>
+
+<p>Incidentally he kept books at the Navy Yard.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_320" id="VII_Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>About this time Theodore Parker wrote to a friend in Maiden: "I can not
+come to preach for you as I would like, but with your permission I will
+send Thomas Starr King. This young man is not a regularly ordained
+preacher, but he has the grace of God in his heart, and the gift of
+tongues. He is a rare, sweet spirit, and I know that after you have met
+him you will thank me for sending him to you."</p>
+
+<p>Then soon we hear of Starr King's being invited to Medford to give a
+Fourth of July oration, and also of his speaking in the Universalist
+churches at Cambridge, Waltham, Watertown, Hingham and Salem&mdash;sent to
+these places by Doctor E. H. Chapin, pastor of the Charlestown
+Universalist Church, and successor to the Reverend Thomas F. King,
+father of Starr King.</p>
+
+<p>Starr seems to have served as a sort of assistant to Chapin, and thereby
+revealed his talent and won the heart of the great man. Edwin Hubbell
+Chapin was only ten years older than Starr King, and at that time had
+not really discovered himself, but in discovering another he found
+himself. Twenty years later Beecher and Chapin were to rival each other
+for first place as America's greatest pulpit orator. These men were
+always fast friends, yet when they met at convention or conference folks
+came for miles to see the fire fly. "Where are you going?" once asked
+Beecher of Chapin when they met by chance on Broadway. "Where am I
+going?" repeated Chapin. "Why, if you are right<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_321" id="VII_Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> in what you preach, you
+know where I am going." But only a few years were to pass before Chapin
+said in public in Beecher's presence, "I am jealous of Mr. Beecher&mdash;he
+preaches a better Universalist sermon than I can." Chapin made his mark
+upon the time: his sermons read as though they were written yesterday,
+and carry with them a deal of the swing and onward sweep that are
+usually lost when the orator attempts to write. But if Chapin had done
+nothing else but discover Starr King, the drygoods-clerk, rescue him
+from the clutch of commerce and back him on the orator's platform, he
+deserves the gratitude of generations. And all this I say as a
+businessman who fully recognizes that commerce is just as honorable and
+a deal more necessary than oratory. But there were other men to sell
+thread and calico, and God had special work for Thomas Starr King.</p>
+
+<p>Chapin was a graduate of Bennington Seminary, the school that also
+graduated the father of Robert Ingersoll. On Chapin's request Theodore
+Parker, himself a Harvard man, sent Starr King over to Cambridge to
+preach. Boston was a college town&mdash;filled with college traditions, and
+when one thinks of sending out this untaught stripling to address
+college men, we can not but admire the temerity of both Chapin and
+Parker. "He has never attended a Divinity School," writes Chapin to
+Deacon Obadiah B. Queer of Quincy, "but he is educated just the same. He
+speaks Greek, Hebrew,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_322" id="VII_Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> French, German, and fairly good English, as you
+will see. He knows natural history and he knows humanity; and if one
+knows man and Nature, he comes pretty close to knowing God."</p>
+
+<p>Where did this drygoods-clerk get his education? Ah, I'll tell you&mdash;he
+got his education as the lion's whelp gets his. The lioness does not
+send her cub away to a lioness that has no cubs in order that he may be
+taught. The lion nature gets what it needs with its mother's milk and by
+doing.</p>
+
+<p>Schools and colleges are cumbrous makeshifts, often forcing truth on
+pupils out of season, and thus making lessons grievous. "The soul knows
+all things," says Emerson, "and knowledge is only a remembering." "When
+the time is ripe, men know," wrote Hegel. At the last we can not teach
+anything&mdash;nothing is imparted. We can not make the plants and
+flowers grow&mdash;all we can do is to supply the conditions, and God
+does the rest. In education we can only supply the conditions for
+growth&mdash;we can not impart, nor force the germs to unfold.</p>
+
+<p>Starr King's mother was his teacher. Together they read good books, and
+discussed great themes. She read for him and he studied for her. She did
+not treat him as a child&mdash;things that interested her she told to him.
+The sunshine of her soul was reflected upon his, and thus did he grow. I
+know a woman whose children will be learned, even though they never
+enter a schoolroom. This<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_323" id="VII_Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> woman is a companion to her children and her
+mind vitalizes theirs. This does not mean that we should at once do away
+with schools and colleges, but it does reveal the possible. To read and
+then discuss with a strong and sympathetic intellect what you read is to
+make the thought your own&mdash;it is a form of exercise that brings growth.</p>
+
+<p>Starr King's mother was not a wonderful nor a famous person&mdash;I find no
+mention of her in Society's Doings of the day&mdash;nothing of her dress or
+equipage. If she was "superbly gowned," we do not know it; if she was
+ever one of the "unbonneted," history is silent. All we know is, that
+together they read Bulfinch's "Mythology," Grote's "History of Greece,"
+Plutarch, Dante and Shakespeare. We know that she placed a light in the
+window for him to make his home-coming cheerful, that together they
+sipped their midnight tea, that together they laughed, and sometimes
+wept&mdash;but not for long.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_324" id="VII_Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>In Eighteen Hundred Forty-six Chapin was thirty-two years old. Starr
+King was twenty-two. A call had reached Chapin to come up higher; but he
+refused to leave the old church at Charlestown unless Starr King was to
+succeed him. To place a young man in the position of pastor where he has
+sat in the pews, his feet not reaching the floor, is most trying. Starr
+King knew every individual man, woman and child in the church, and they
+had known him since babyhood. In appearance he was but a boy, and the
+dignity that is supposed to send conviction home was entirely wanting.</p>
+
+<p>But Chapin had his way and the boy was duly ordained and installed as
+pastor of the First Universalist Church of Charlestown.</p>
+
+<p>The new pastor fully expected his congregation to give him "absent
+treatment," but instead, the audience grew&mdash;folks even came over from
+Boston to hear the boy-preacher. His sermons were carefully written, and
+dealt in the simple, every-day lessons of life. To Starr King this world
+is paradise enow; it's the best place of which we know, and the way for
+man to help himself is to try and make it a better place. There is a
+flavor of Theodore Parker in those early sermons, a trace of Thoreau and
+much tincture of Emerson&mdash;and all this was to the credit of the
+boy-preacher. His woman's mind absorbed things.</p>
+
+<p>About that time Boston was in very fact the intellectual<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_325" id="VII_Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> hub of
+America. Emerson was forty-three, his "Nature" had been published
+anonymously, and although it took eight years to sell this edition of
+five hundred copies, the author was in demand as a lecturer, and in some
+places society conceded him respectable. Wendell Phillips was addressing
+audiences that alternately applauded and jeered. Thoreau had discovered
+the Merrimac and explored Walden Woods; little Doctor Holmes was
+peregrinating in his One-Hoss Shay, vouchsafing the confidences of his
+boarding-house; Lowell was beginning to violate the rules of rhetoric;
+Whittier was making his plea for the runaway slave; and throughout New
+England the Lecture Lyceum was feeling its way.</p>
+
+<p>A lecture course was then no vaudeville&mdash;five concerts and two lectures
+to take off the curse&mdash;not that! The speakers supplied strong meat for
+men. The stars in the lyceum sky were Emerson, Chapin, Beecher, Holmes,
+Bartol, Phillips, Ballou, Everett and Lowell. These men made the New
+England Lyceum a vast pulpit of free speech and advanced thought. And to
+a degree the Lyceum made these men what they were. They influenced the
+times and were influenced by the times. They were in competition with
+each other. A pace had been set, a record made, and the audiences that
+gathered expected much. An audience gets just what it deserves and no
+more. If you have listened to a poor speech, blame yourself.</p>
+
+<p>In the life of George Francis Train, he tells that in<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_326" id="VII_Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> Eighteen Hundred
+Forty Emerson spoke in Waltham for five dollars and four quarts of oats
+for his horse&mdash;now he received twenty-five dollars. Chapin got the same,
+and when the Committee could not afford this, he referred them to Starr
+King, who would lecture for five dollars and supply his own horse-feed.</p>
+
+<p>Two years went by and calls came for Starr King to come up higher.
+Worcester would double his salary if he would take a year's course at
+the Harvard Divinity School. Starr showed the letter to Chapin, and both
+laughed. Worcester was satisfied with Starr King as he was, but what
+would Springfield say if they called a man who had no theological
+training? And then it was that Chapin said, "Divinity is not taught in
+the Harvard Divinity School," which sounds like a paraphrase of Ernest
+Renan's, "You will find God anywhere but in a theological seminary."</p>
+
+<p>King declined the call to Worcester, but harkened to one from the Hollis
+Street Church of Boston. He went over from Universalism to Unitarianism
+and still remained a Universalist&mdash;and this created quite a dust among
+the theologs. Little men love their denomination with a jealous
+love&mdash;truth is secondary&mdash;they see microscopic difference where big men
+behold only unity.</p>
+
+<p>It was about this time that Starr King pronounced this classic: "The
+difference between Universalism and Unitarianism is that Universalists
+believe that God is too good to damn them; and the Unitarians believe
+that<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_327" id="VII_Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> they are too good to be damned."</p>
+
+<p>At the Hollis Street Church this stripling of twenty-four now found
+himself being compared with the foremost preachers of America. And the
+man grew with his work, rising to the level of events. It was at the
+grave of Oliver Wendell Holmes that Edward Everett Hale said, "The five
+men who have influenced the literary and intellectual thought of America
+most, believed in their own divinity no less than in the divinity of
+Jesus of Nazareth."</p>
+
+<p>The destiny of the liberal church is not to become strong and powerful,
+but to make all other denominations more liberal. When Chapin accused
+Beecher of preaching Universalist sermons, it was a home thrust, because
+Beecher would never have preached such sermons had not Murray, Ballou,
+Theodore Parker, Chapin and Starr King done so first&mdash;and Beecher
+supplied the goods called for.</p>
+
+<p>Starr King's voice was deep, melodious and far-reaching, and it was not
+an acquired "bishop's voice"&mdash;it was his own. The biggest basso I ever
+heard was just five feet high and weighed one hundred twenty in his
+stockings; Brignoli, the tenor, weighed two hundred forty. Avoirdupois
+as a rule lessens the volume of the voice and heightens the
+register&mdash;you can't have both adipose and chest tone. Webster and Starr
+King had voices very much alike, and Webster, by the way, wasn't the big
+man physically that the school readers proclaim. It was his gigantic
+head and the royal way<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_328" id="VII_Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> he carried himself that made the Liverpool
+stevedores say, "There goes the King of America."</p>
+
+<p>There was no pomposity about Starr King. Doctor Bartol has said that
+when King lectured in a new town his homely, boyish face always caused a
+small spasm of disappointment or merriment to sweep over the audience.
+But when he spoke he was a transformed being, and his deep, mellow voice
+would hush the most inveterate whisperers.</p>
+
+<p>For eleven years Starr King remained pastor of the Hollis Street Church.
+During the last years of his pastorate he was much in demand as a
+lecturer, and his voice was heard in all the principal cities as far
+west as Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>His lecture, "Substance and Show," deserves to rank with Wendell
+Phillips' "The Lost Arts." In truth it is very much like Phillips'
+lecture. In "The Lost Arts" Phillips tells in easy conversational way of
+the wonderful things that once existed; and Starr King relates in the
+same manner the story of some of the wonderful things that are right
+here and all around us. It reveals the mind of the man, his manner and
+thought, as well as any of his productions. The great speech is an
+evolution, and this lecture, given many times in the Eastern States
+under various titles, did not touch really high-water mark until King
+reached California and had cut loose from manuscript and tradition. An
+extract seems in order:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_329" id="VII_Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span><p>Most persons, doubtless, if you place before them a paving-stone
+and a slip of paper with some writing on it, would not hesitate to
+say that there is as much more substance in the rock than in the
+paper as there is heaviness. Yet they might make a great mistake.
+Suppose that the slip of paper contains the sentence, "God is
+love"; or, "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself"; or, "All men
+have moral rights by reason of heavenly parentage," then the paper
+represents more force and substance than the stone. Heaven and
+earth may pass away, but such words can never die out or become
+less real.</p>
+
+<p>The word "substance" means that which stands under and supports
+anything else. Whatever then creates, upholds, classifies anything
+which our senses behold, though we can not handle, see, taste or
+smell it, is more substantial than the object itself. In this way
+the soul which vivifies, moves and supports the body is a more
+potent substance than the hard bones and heavy flesh which it
+vitalizes. A ten-pound weight falling on your head affects you
+unpleasantly as substance, much more so than a leaf of the New
+Testament, if dropped in the same direction; but there is a way in
+which a page of the New Testament may fall upon a nation and split
+it, or infuse itself into its bulk and give it strength and
+permanence. We should be careful, therefore, what test we adopt in
+order to decide the relative stability of things.</p>
+
+<p>There is a very general tendency to deny that ideal forces have any
+practical power. But there have been several thinkers whose
+skepticism has an opposite direction. "We can not," they say,
+"attribute external<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_330" id="VII_Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> reality to the sensations we feel." We need
+not wonder that this theory has failed to convince the
+unmetaphysical common-sense of people that a stone post is merely a
+stubborn thought, and that the bite of a dog is nothing but an
+acquaintance with a pugnacious, four-footed conception. When a man
+falls downstairs it is not easy to convince him that his thought
+simply tumbles along an inclined series of perceptions and comes to
+a conclusion that breaks his head; least of all, can you induce a
+man to believe that the scolding of his wife is nothing but the
+buzzing of his own waspish thoughts, and her too free use of his
+purse only the loss of some golden fancies from his memory. We are
+all safe against such idealism as Bishop Berkeley reasoned out so
+logically. Byron's refutation of it is neat and witty:</p>
+
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"When Bishop Berkeley says there is no matter,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">It is no matter what Bishop Berkeley says."</span><br />
+
+<p>And yet, by more satisfactory evidence than that which the
+idealists propose, we are warned against confounding the conception
+of substance with matter, and confining it to things we can see and
+grasp. Science steps in and shows us that the physical system of
+things leans on spirit. We talk of the world of matter, but there
+is no such world. Everything about us is a mixture or marriage of
+matter and spirit. A world of matter&mdash;there would be no motion, no
+force, no form, no order, no beauty, in the universe as it now is;
+organization meets us at every step and wherever we look;
+organization implies spirit&mdash;something that rules, disposes,
+penetrates and vivifies matter.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_331" id="VII_Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>See what a sermon astronomy preaches as to the substantial power of
+invisible things. If the visible universe is so stupendous, what
+shall we think of the unseen force and vitality in whose arms all
+its splendors rest? It is no gigantic Atlas, as the Greeks fancied,
+that upholds the celestial sphere; all the constellations are kept
+from falling by an impalpable energy that uses no muscles and no
+masonry. The ancient mathematician, Archimedes, once said, "Give me
+a foot of ground outside the globe to stand upon, and I will make a
+lever that will lift the world." The invisible lever of
+gravitation, however, without any fulcrum or purchase, does lift
+the globe, and makes it waltz, too, with its blonde lunar partner,
+twelve hundred miles a minute to the music of the sun&mdash;ay, and
+heaves sun and systems and Milky Way in majestic cotillions on its
+ethereal floor.</p>
+
+<p>You grasp an iron ball, and call it hard; it is not the iron that
+is hard, but cohesive force that packs the particles of metal into
+intense sociability. Let the force abate, and the same metal
+becomes like mush; let it disappear, and the ball is a heap of
+powder which your breath scatters in the air. If the cohesive
+energy in Nature should get tired and unclench its grasp of matter,
+our earth would instantly become "a great slump"; so that which we
+tread on is not material substance, but matter braced up by a
+spiritual substance, for which it serves as the form and show.</p>
+
+<p>All the peculiarities of rock and glass, diamond, ice and crystal
+are due to the working of unseen military forces that employ
+themselves under ground&mdash;in caverns, beneath rivers, in mountain
+crypts, and through<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_332" id="VII_Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> the coldest nights, drilling companies of
+atoms into crystalline battalions and squares, and every caprice of
+a fantastic order.</p>
+
+<p>When we turn to the vegetable kingdom, is not the revelation still
+more wonderful? The forms which we see grow out of substances and
+are supported by forces which we do not see. The stuff out of which
+all vegetable appearances are made is reducible to oxygen,
+hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen. How does it happen that this common
+stock is worked up in such different ways? Why is a lily woven out
+of it in one place and a dahlia in another, a grapevine here, and a
+honeysuckle there&mdash;the orange in Italy, the palm in Egypt, the
+olive in Greece and the pine in Maine? Simply because a subtile
+force of a peculiar kind is at work wherever any vegetable
+structure adorns the ground, and takes to itself its favorite robe.
+We have outgrown the charming fancy of the Greeks that every tree
+has its Dryad that lives in it, animates it, and dies when the tree
+withers. But we ought, for the truth's sake, to believe that a
+life-spirit inhabits every flower and shrub, and protects it
+against the prowling forces of destruction. Look at a full-sized
+oak, the rooted Leviathan of the fields. Judging by your senses and
+by the scales, you would say that the substance of the noble tree
+was its bulk of bark and bough and branch and leaves and sap, the
+cords of woody and moist matter that compose it and make it heavy.
+But really its substance is that which makes it an oak, that which
+weaves its bark and glues it to the stem, and wraps its rings of
+fresh wood around the trunk every year, and pushes out its boughs
+and clothes its twigs with breathing<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_333" id="VII_Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> leaves and sucks up nutriment
+from the soil continually, and makes the roots clench the ground
+with their fibrous fingers as a purchase against the storm, and at
+last holds aloft its tons of matter against the constant tug and
+wrath of gravitation, and swings its Briarean arms in triumph, in
+defiance of the gale. Were it not for this energetic essence that
+crouches in the acorn and stretches its limbs every year, there
+would be no oak; the matter that clothes it would enjoy its stupid
+slumber; and when the forest monarch stands up in his sinewy,
+lordliest pride, let the pervading life-power, and its vassal
+forces that weigh nothing at all, be annihilated, and the whole
+structure would wither in a second to inorganic dust. So every
+gigantic fact in Nature is the index and vesture of a gigantic
+force. Everything which we call organization that spots the
+landscape of Nature is a revelation of secret force that has been
+wedded to matter, and if the spiritual powers that have thus
+domesticated themselves around us should be canceled, the whole
+planet would be a huge Desert of Sahara&mdash;a bleak sand-ball, without
+shrub, grass-blade or moss.</p>
+
+<p>As we rise in the scale of forces towards greater subtility, the
+forces become more important and efficient. Water is more
+intimately concerned with life than rock, air higher in the rank of
+service than water, electric and magnetic agencies more powerful
+than air; and light, the most delicate, is the supreme magician of
+all. Just think how much expenditure of mechanical strength is
+necessary to water a city in the hot summer months. What pumping
+and tugging and wearisome trudging of horses with the great
+sprinklers<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_334" id="VII_Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> over the tedious pavement! But see by what beautiful
+and noiseless force Nature waters the world! The sun looks steadily
+on the ocean, and its beams lift lakes of water into the air,
+tossing it up thousands of feet with their delicate fingers, and
+carefully picking every grain of salt from it before they let it
+go. No granite reservoirs are needed to hold in the Cochituates and
+Crotons of the atmosphere, but the soft outlines of the clouds hem
+in the vast weight of the upper tides that are to cool the globe,
+and the winds harness themselves as steeds to the silken caldrons
+and hurry them along through space, while they disburse their
+rivers of moisture from their great height so lightly that seldom a
+violet is crushed by the rudeness with which the stream descends.</p>
+
+<p>Our conceptions of strength and endurance are so associated with
+visible implements and mechanical arrangements that it is hard to
+divorce them, and yet the stream of electric fire that splits an
+ash is not a ponderable thing, and the way in which the lodestone
+reaches the ten-pound weight and makes it jump is not perceptible.
+You would think the man had pretty good molars that should gnaw a
+spike like a stick of candy, but a bottle of innocent-looking
+hydrogen-gas will chew up a piece of bar-iron as though it were
+some favorite Cavendish.</p>
+
+<p>The prominent lesson of science to men, therefore, is faith in the
+intangible and invisible. Shall we talk of matter as the great
+reality of the world, the prominent substance? It is nothing but
+the battleground of terrific forces. Every particle of matter, the
+chemists tell us, is strained up to its last degree of endurance.
+The<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_335" id="VII_Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> glistening bead of dew from which the daisy gently nurses its
+strength, and which a sunbeam may dissipate, is the globular
+compromise of antagonistic powers that would shake this building in
+their unchained rage. And so every atom of matter is the slave of
+imperious masters that never let it alone. It is nursed and
+caressed, next bandied about, and soon cuffed and kicked by its
+invisible overseers. Poor atoms! No abolition societies will ever
+free them from their bondage, no colonization movement waft them to
+any physical Liberia. For every particle of matter is bound by
+eternal fealty to some spiritual lords, to be pinched by one and
+squeezed by another and torn asunder by a third; now to be painted
+by this and now blistered by that; now tormented with heat and soon
+chilled with cold; hurried from the Arctic Circle to sweat at the
+Equator, and then sent on an errand to the Southern Pole; forced
+through transmigrations of fish, fowl and flesh; and, if in some
+corner of creation the poor thing finds leisure to die, searched
+out and whipped to life again and kept in its constant round.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the stuff that we weigh, handle and tread upon is only the
+show of invisible substances, the facts over which subtle and
+mighty forces rule.</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_336" id="VII_Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>Starr King was that kind of plant which needs to be repotted in order to
+make it flower at its very best. Events kept tugging to loosen his
+tendrils from his early environments. People who live on Boston Bay like
+to remain there. We have all heard of the good woman who died and went
+to Heaven, and after a short sojourn there was asked how she liked it,
+and she sighed and said, "Ah, yes, it is very beautiful, but it isn't
+East Somerville!"</p>
+
+<p>Had Starr King consented to remain in Boston he might have held his
+charge against the ravages of time, secreted a curate, taken on a
+becoming buffer of adipose, and glided off by imperceptible degrees on
+to the Superannuated List.</p>
+
+<p>But early in that historic month of April, Eighteen Hundred Sixty-one,
+he set sail for California, having accepted a call from the First
+Unitarian Church of San Francisco. This was his first trip to the
+Pacific Coast, but New England people had preceded him, and not being
+able to return, they wanted Boston to come to them. The journey was made
+by the way of Panama, without any special event. The pilot who met the
+ship outside of Golden Gate bore them the first news that Sumter had
+been fired upon, and the bombardment was at the time when the ship that
+bore Starr King was only a few miles from South Carolina's coast.</p>
+
+<p>With prophetic vision Starr King saw the struggle<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_337" id="VII_Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> that was to come, and
+the words of Webster, uttered many years before, rushed to his lips:</p>
+
+<p>"When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in
+heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments
+of a once glorious Union; on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent;
+on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal
+blood! Let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the
+gorgeous ensign of the republic now known and honored throughout the
+earth, still full high advanced, its arms and trophies streaming in
+their original luster, not a stripe erased nor polluted, nor a single
+star obscured, bearing for its motto no such miserable interrogatory as
+'What is all this worth?' nor those other words of delusion and folly,
+'Liberty first and Union afterwards'; but everywhere, spread over all in
+characters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds, as they
+float over the sea and over the land, and in every wind under the whole
+heavens, that other sentiment, dear to every true American
+heart&mdash;Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"</p>
+
+<p>The landing was made on Saturday, and the following day Starr King spoke
+for the first time in California. An hour before the service was to
+begin, the church was wedged tight. The preacher had much difficulty in
+making his way through the dense mass of humanity to reach the pulpit.
+"Is that the man?" went up the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_338" id="VII_Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> smothered exclamation, as Starr King
+reached the platform and faced his audience. His slight, slender figure
+and boyish face were plainly a disappointment, but this was not to last.
+The preacher had prepared a sermon&mdash;such a sermon as he had given many
+times to well-dressed, orderly and cultured Boston.</p>
+
+<p>And if this California audience was surprised, the speaker also was no
+less. The men to women were as seven to one. He saw before him a sea of
+bronzed and bearded faces, earnest, attentive and hungry for truth.
+There were occasional marks of dissipation and the riot of the senses,
+softened by excess into penitence&mdash;whipped out and homesick. Here were
+miners in red-flannel shirts, sailors, soldiers in uniform and soldiers
+of fortune. The preacher looked at the motley mass in a vain attempt to
+pick out his old friends from New England. The genteel, slightly blas&eacute;
+quality of culture that leans back in its cushioned pew and courteously
+waits to be instructed, was not there. These people did not lean back:
+they leaned forward, and with parted lips they listened for every word.
+There was no choir, and when "an old familiar hymn" was lined off by a
+volunteer who knew his business, that great audience arose and sang as
+though it would shake the rafters of heaven.</p>
+
+<p>Those who go down to the sea in ships, sing; shepherds who tend their
+flocks by night, sing; men in the forest or those who follow the
+trackless plains, sing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_339" id="VII_Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> Congregational singing is most popular among
+those who live far apart&mdash;to get together and sing is a solace.
+Loneliness, separation and heart-hunger all drive men into song.</p>
+
+<p>These men, many of them far from home, lifted up their voices, and the
+sounds surged through that church and echoed, surged again and caught
+even the preacher in their winding waves. He started in to give one
+sermon and gave another. The audience, the time, the place, acted upon
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Oratory is essentially a pioneer product, a rustic article. Great
+sermons and great speeches are given only to people who have come from
+afar.</p>
+
+<p>Starr King forgot his manuscript and pulpit manners. His deep voice
+throbbed and pulsed with emotion, and the tensity of the times was upon
+him. Without once referring directly to Sumter, his address was a call
+to arms.</p>
+
+<p>He spoke for an hour, and when he sat down he knew that he had won. The
+next Sunday the place was again packed, and then followed urgent
+invitations that he should speak during the week in a larger hall.</p>
+
+<p>California was trembling in the balances, and orators were not wanting
+to give out the arguments of Calhoun. They showed that the right of
+secession was plainly provided for in the Constitution. Lincoln's call
+for troops was coldly received, and from several San Francisco pulpits
+orthodox clergymen were expressing<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_340" id="VII_Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> deep regret that the President was
+plunging the country into civil war.</p>
+
+<p>The heart of Starr King burned with shame&mdash;to him there was but one side
+to this question&mdash;the Union must be preserved.</p>
+
+<p>One man who had known King in Massachusetts wrote back home saying: "You
+would not know Starr King&mdash;he is not the orderly man of genteel culture
+you once had in Boston. He is a torrent of eloquence, so heartfelt, so
+convincing, so powerful, that when he speaks on Sunday afternoon out on
+the sand-hills, he excites the multitude into a whirlwind of applause,
+with a basso undertone of dissent, which, however, seems to grow
+gradually less."</p>
+
+<p>Loyalty to the Union was to him the one vital issue. His fight was not
+with individuals&mdash;he made no personal issues. And in several joint
+debates his courteous treatment of his adversary won converts for his
+cause. He took pains to say that personally he had only friendship and
+pity for the individuals who upheld secession and slavery&mdash;"The man in
+the wrong needs friends as never before, since he has ceased to be his
+own. Do we blame a blind man whom we see rushing towards a precipice?"</p>
+
+<p>From that first Sunday he preached in San Francisco, his life was an
+ovation wherever he went. Wherever he was advertised to speak,
+multitudes were there to hang upon his words. He spoke in all the
+principal towns of<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_341" id="VII_Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> California; and often on the plains, in the
+mountains, or by the seashore, men would gather from hundreds of miles
+to hear him.</p>
+
+<p>He gave himself, and before he had been in California a year, the State
+was safe for the Union, and men and treasure were being sent to
+Lincoln's aid. The fame of Starr King reached the President, and he
+found time to write several letters to the orator, thanking him for what
+he had done. It was in one of these letters that Lincoln wrote, "The
+only sermons I have ever been able to read and enjoy are those of John
+Murray"&mdash;a statement which some have attempted to smile away as showing
+the Rail-Splitter's astute diplomacy.</p>
+
+<p>Starr King gave his life to the Cause. He as much died for the Union as
+though he had fallen stricken by flying lead upon the field. And he knew
+what he was doing, but in answer to his warning friends he said, "I have
+only one life to live and now is my time to spend it."</p>
+
+<p>For three years, lacking two months, he spoke and preached several times
+every week. All he made and all he was he freely gave.</p>
+
+<p>For that frail frame this life of intensity had but one end.</p>
+
+<p>The Emancipation Proclamation had been issued, but Lee's surrender was
+yet to be.</p>
+
+<p>"May I live to see unity and peace for my country," was the constant
+prayer of the devoted preacher.</p>
+
+<p>Starr King died March Fourth, Eighteen Hundred<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_342" id="VII_Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> Sixty-four, aged forty
+years. The closing words of his lecture on Socrates might well be
+applied to himself: "Down the river of Life, by its Athenian banks, he
+had floated upon his raft of reason serene, in cloudy as in smiling
+weather. And now the night is rushing down, and he has reached the mouth
+of the stream, and the great ocean is before him, dim-heaving in the
+dusk. But he betrays no fear. There is land ahead, he thought; eternal
+continents there are, that rise in constant light beyond the gloom. He
+trusted still in the raft his soul had built, and with a brave farewell
+to the true friends who stood by him on the shore, he put out into the
+darkness, a moral Columbus, trusting in his haven on the faith of an
+idea."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="HENRY_WARD_BEECHER" id="HENRY_WARD_BEECHER"></a>HENRY WARD BEECHER<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_343" id="VII_Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>You know how the heart is subject to freshets; you know how the
+mother, always loving her child, yet seeing in it some new wile of
+affection, will catch it up and cover it with kisses and break
+forth in a rapture of loving. Such a kind of heart-glow fell from
+the Savior upon that young man who said to him, "Good Master, what
+good thing shall I do that I may inherit eternal life?" It is said,
+"Then Jesus, beholding him, loved him."</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">&mdash;<i>Henry Ward Beecher</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_344" id="VII_Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <a id="image0451-1"></a>
+    <img src="images/0451-1.jpg" width="295" height="400"
+       alt=""
+       title="" />
+
+   <p class="center">HENRY WARD BEECHER</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_345" id="VII_Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>The influence of Henry Ward Beecher upon his time was marked. And now
+the stream of his life is lost amid the ocean of our being. As a single
+drop of aniline in a barrel of water will tint the whole mass, so has
+the entire American mind been colored through the existence of this one
+glowing personality. He placed a new interpretation on religion, and we
+are different people because he lived.</p>
+
+<p>He was not constructive, not administrative&mdash;he wrote much, but as
+literature his work has small claim on immortality. He was an orator,
+and the business of the orator is to inspire other men to think and act
+for themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Orators live but in memory. Their destiny is to be the sweet, elusive
+fragrance of oblivion&mdash;the thyme and mignonette of things that were.</p>
+
+<p>The limitations in the all-around man are by-products which are used by
+destiny in the making of orators. The welling emotions, the vivid
+imagination, the forgetfulness of self, the abandon to feeling&mdash;all
+these things in Wall Street are spurious coin. No prudent man was ever
+an orator&mdash;no cautious man ever made a multitude change its mind, when
+it had vowed it would not.</p>
+
+<p>Oratory is indiscretion set to music.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_346" id="VII_Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>The great orator is great on account of his weaknesses as well as on
+account of his strength. So why should we expect the orator to be the
+impeccable man of perfect parts?</p>
+
+<p>These essays attempt to give the man&mdash;they are neither a vindication nor
+an apology.</p>
+
+<p>Edmund Gosse has recently said something so wise and to the point on the
+subject of biography that I can not resist the temptation to quote him:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>If the reader will but bear with me so far as to endure the thesis
+that the first theoretical object of the biographer should be
+indiscretion, not discretion, I will concede almost everything
+practical to delicacy. But this must be granted to me: that the aim
+of all portraiture ought to be the emphasizing of what makes the
+man different from, not like, other men. The widow almost always
+desires that her deceased hero should be represented as exactly
+like all other respectable men, only a little grander, a little
+more glorified. She hates, as only a bad biographer can hate, the
+telling of the truth with respect to those faults and foibles which
+made the light and shade of his character. This, it appears, was
+the primitive view of biography. The mass of medieval memorials was
+of the "expanded-tract" order: it was mainly composed of lives of
+the saints, tractates in which the possible and the impossible were
+mingled in inextricable disorder, but where every word was intended
+directly for edification. Here the biographer was a moralist whose
+hold upon exact truth of statement was very loose indeed, but who<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_347" id="VII_Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>
+was determined that every word he wrote should strengthen his
+readers in the faith. Nor is this generation of biographers dead
+today. Half the lives of the great and good men, which are
+published in England and America, are expanded tracts. Let the
+biographer be tactful, but do not let him be cowardly; let him
+cultivate delicacy, but avoid its ridiculous parody, prudery.</p></div>
+
+<p>And I also quote this from James Anthony Froude:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The usual custom in biography is to begin with the brightest side
+and to leave the faults to be discovered afterwards. It is
+dishonest and it does not answer. Of all literary sins, Carlyle
+himself detested most a false biography. Faults frankly
+acknowledged are frankly forgiven. Faults concealed work always
+like poison. Burns' offenses were made no secret of. They are now
+forgotten, and Burns stands without a shadow on him, the idol of
+his countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>Byron's diary was destroyed, and he remains and will remain with a
+stain of suspicion about him, which revives and will revive, and
+will never be wholly obliterated. "The truth shall make you free"
+in biography as in everything else. Falsehood and concealment are a
+great man's worst enemy.</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_348" id="VII_Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>Henry Ward Beecher was born at Litchfield, Connecticut, June
+Twenty-third, Eighteen Hundred Thirteen. He was the eighth child of
+Lyman and Roxana Foote Beecher. Like Lincoln and various other great
+men, Beecher had two mothers: the one who gave him birth, and the one
+who cared for him as he grew up. Beecher used to take with him on his
+travels an old daguerreotype of his real mother, and in the cover of the
+case, beneath the glass, was a lock of her hair&mdash;fair in color, and
+bright as if touched by the kiss of the summer sun. Often he would take
+this picture out and apostrophize it, just as he would the uncut gems
+that he always carried in his pockets. "My first mother," he used to
+call her; and to him she stood as a sort of deity. "My first mother
+stands to me for love; my second mother for discipline; my father for
+justice," he once said to Halliday.</p>
+
+<p>I am not sure that Beecher had a well-defined idea of either discipline
+or justice, but love to him was a very vivid and personal reality. He
+knew what it meant&mdash;infinite forgiveness, a lifelong, yearning
+tenderness, a Something that suffereth long and is kind. This he
+preached for fifty years, and he preached little else. Lyman Beecher
+proclaimed the justice of God; Henry Ward Beecher told of His love.
+Lyman Beecher was a logician, but Henry Ward was a lover. There is a
+task on hand for the man who attempts to prove<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_349" id="VII_Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> that Nature is kind, or
+that God is love. Perhaps man himself, with all his imperfections, gives
+us the best example of love that the universe has to offer. In preaching
+the love of God, Henry Ward Beecher revealed his own; for oratory, like
+literature, is only a confession.</p>
+
+<p>"My first mother is always pleading for me&mdash;she reaches out her arms to
+me&mdash;her delicate, long, tapering fingers stroke my hair&mdash;I hear her
+voice, gentle and low!" Do you say this is the language of o'erwrought
+emotion? I say to you it is simply the language of love. This mother,
+dead and turned to dust, who passed out when the boy was scarce three
+years old, stood to him for the ideal. Love, anyway, is a matter of the
+imagination, and he who can not imagine can not love, and love is from
+within. The lover clothes the beloved in the garments of his fancy, and
+woe to him if he ever loses the power to imagine.</p>
+
+<p>Have you not often noticed how the man or woman whose mother died before
+a time that the child could recall, and whose memory clusters around a
+faded picture and a lock of hair&mdash;how this person is thrice blessed in
+that the ideal is always a shelter when the real palls? Love is a refuge
+and a defense. The Law of Compensation is kind: Lincoln lived, until the
+day of his death, bathed in the love of Nancy Hanks, that mother, worn,
+yellow and sad, who gave him birth, and yet whom he had never known. No
+child ever<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_350" id="VII_Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> really lost its mother&mdash;nothing is ever lost. Men are really
+only grown-up children, and the longing to be mothered is not effaced by
+the passing years. The type is well shown in the life of Meissonier,
+whose mother died in his childhood, but she was near him to the last. In
+his journal he wrote this: "It is the morning of my seventieth birthday.
+What a long time to look back upon! This morning, at the hour my mother
+gave me birth, I wished my first thoughts to be of her. Dear Mother, how
+often have the tears risen at the remembrance of you! It was your
+absence&mdash;my longing for you&mdash;that made you so dear to me. The love of my
+heart goes out to you! Do you hear me, Mother, crying and calling for
+you? How sweet it must be to have a mother!"</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_351" id="VII_Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span>One might suppose that a childless woman suddenly presented by Fate with
+an exacting husband and a brood of nine would soon be a candidate for
+nervous prostration; Sarah Porter Beecher, however, rose to the level of
+events, and looked after her household with diligence and a
+conscientious heart. Little Henry Ward was four years old and wore a
+red-flannel dress, outgrown by one of the girls. He was chubby, with a
+full-moon face and yellow curls, which were so much trouble to take care
+of that they were soon cut off, after he had set the example of cutting
+off two himself. He talked as though his mouth were full of hot mush. If
+sent to a neighbor's on an errand, he usually forgot what he was sent
+for, or else explained matters in such a way that he brought back the
+wrong thing. His mother meant to be kind; her patience was splendid; and
+one's heart goes out to her in sympathy when we think of her faithful
+efforts to teach the lesser catechism to this baby savage who much
+preferred to make mud-pies.</p>
+
+<p>Little Henry Ward had a third mother who did him much gentle benefit,
+and that was his sister Harriet, two years his senior. These little
+child-mothers who take care of the younger members of the family deserve
+special seats in Paradise. Harriet taught little Henry Ward to talk
+plainly, to add four and four, and to look solemn when he did not feel
+so&mdash;and thus escape the strap behind the kitchen-door. His bringing-up
+was of<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_352" id="VII_Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> the uncaressing, let-alone kind.</p>
+
+<p>Lyman Beecher was a deal better than his religion; for his religion,
+like that of most people, was an inheritance, not an evolution. Piety
+settled down upon the household like a pall every Saturday at sundown;
+and the lessons taught were largely from the Old Testament.</p>
+
+<p>These big, bustling, strenuous households are pretty good life-drill for
+the members. The children are taught self-reliance, to do without each
+other, to do for others, and the older members educate the younger ones.
+It is a great thing to leave children alone. Henry Ward Beecher has
+intimated in various places in his books how the whole Beecher brood
+loved their father, yet as precaution against misunderstanding they made
+the sudden sneak and the quick side-step whenever they saw him coming.</p>
+
+<p>Village life with a fair degree of prosperity, but not too much, is an
+education in itself. The knowledge gained is not always classic, nor
+even polite, but it is all a part of the great, seething game of life.
+Henry Ward Beecher was not an educated man in the usual sense of the
+word. At school he carved his desk, made faces at the girls, and kept
+the place in a turmoil generally: doing the wrong thing, just like many
+another bumpkin. At home he carried in the wood, picked up chips, worked
+in the garden in Summer, and shoveled out the walks in Winter. He knew
+when the dishwater was worth saving to mix up with meal for the
+chickens,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_353" id="VII_Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> and when it should be put on the asparagus-bed or the
+rosebushes. He could make a lye-leach, knew that it was lucky to set
+hens on thirteen eggs, realized that hens' eggs hatched in three weeks,
+and ducks' in four. He knew when the berries ripened, where the crows
+nested, and could find the bee-trees by watching the flight of the bees
+after they had gotten their fill on the basswood-blossoms. He knew all
+the birds that sang in the branches&mdash;could tell what birds migrated and
+what not&mdash;was acquainted with the flowers and weeds and fungi&mdash;knew
+where the rabbits burrowed&mdash;could pick the milkweed that would cure
+warts, and tell the points of the compass by examining the bark of the
+trees. He was on familiar terms with all the ragamuffins in the village,
+and regarded the man who kept the livery-stable as the wisest person in
+New England, and the stage-driver as the wittiest.</p>
+
+<p>Lyman Beecher was a graduate of Yale, and Henry Ward would have been,
+had he been able to pass the preparatory examinations. But he couldn't,
+and finally he was bundled off to Amherst, very much as we now send boys
+to a business college when they get plucked at the high school. But it
+matters little&mdash;give the boys time&mdash;some of them ripen slowly, and
+others there be who know more at sixteen than they will ever know again,
+like street gamins with the wit of debauchees, rareripes at ten, and
+rotten at the core. "Delay adolescence," wrote Doctor Charcot to an
+anxious mother;<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_354" id="VII_Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> "delay adolescence, and you bank energy until it is
+needed. If your boy is stupid at fourteen, thank God! Dulness is a
+fulcrum and your son is getting ready to put a lever under the world."</p>
+
+<p>At Amherst, Henry Ward stood well at the foot of his class. He read
+everything except what was in the curriculum, and never allowed his
+studies to interfere with his college course. He reveled in the debating
+societies, and was always ready to thrash out any subject in wordy
+warfare against all comers. His temper was splendid, his good-nature
+sublime. If an opponent got the best of him he enjoyed it as much as the
+audience&mdash;he could wait his turn. The man who can laugh at himself, and
+who is not anxious to have the last word, is right in the suburbs of
+greatness.</p>
+
+<p>However, the Beechers all had a deal of positivism in their characters.
+Thomas K. Beecher of Elmira, in Eighteen Hundred Fifty-six, declared he
+would not shave until John C. Fremont was elected President. It is
+needless to add that he wore whiskers the rest of his life.</p>
+
+<p>When Henry Ward was nineteen his father received a call to become
+President of Lane Theological Seminary at Cincinnati, and Henry Ward
+accompanied him as assistant. The stalwart old father had now come to
+recognize the worth of his son, and for the first time parental
+authority was waived and they were companions. They were very much
+alike&mdash;exuberant health, energy plus, faith and hope to spare. And<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_355" id="VII_Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>
+Henry Ward now saw that there was a gentle, tender and yearning side to
+his father's nature, into which the world caught only glimpses. Lyman
+Beecher was not free&mdash;he was bound by a hagiograph riveted upon his
+soul; and so to a degree his whole nature was cramped and tortured in
+his struggles between the "natural man" and the "spiritual." The son was
+taught by antithesis, and inwardly vowed he would be free. The one word
+that looms large in the life of Beecher is Liberty.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_356" id="VII_Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span>Henry Ward Beecher died aged seventy-four, having preached since he was
+twenty-three. During that time he was pastor of three churches&mdash;two
+years at Lawrenceburg, Indiana, six years at Indianapolis, and
+forty-three years in Brooklyn. It was in Eighteen Hundred Thirty-seven
+that he became pastor of the Congregational Church at Lawrenceburg. This
+town was then a rival of Cincinnati. It had six churches&mdash;several more
+than were absolutely needed. The Baptists were strong, the Presbyterians
+were strenuous, the Episcopalians were exclusive, while the
+Congregationalists were at ebb-tide through the rascality of a preacher
+who had recently decamped and thrown a blanket of disgrace over the
+whole denomination for ten miles up the creek. Thus were things when
+Henry Ward Beecher assumed his first charge. The membership of the
+church was made up of nineteen women and one man. The new pastor was
+sexton as well as preacher&mdash;he swept out, rang the bell, lighted the
+candles and locked up after service.</p>
+
+<p>Beecher remained in Lawrenceburg two years. The membership had increased
+to one hundred six men and seventy women. I suppose it will not be
+denied as an actual fact that women bolster the steeples so that they
+stay on the churches. From the time women held the rope and let Saint
+Paul down in safety from the wall in a basket, women have maintained the
+faith. But Beecher was a man's preacher from first to last. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_357" id="VII_Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> was a
+bold, manly man, making his appeal to men.</p>
+
+<p>Two years at Lawrenceburg and he moved to Indianapolis, the capital of
+the State, his reputation having been carried thither by the member from
+Posey County, who incautiously boasted that his "deestrick" had the most
+powerful preacher of any town on the Ohio River.</p>
+
+<p>At Indianapolis, Beecher was a success at once. He entered into the
+affairs of the people with an ease and a good nature that won the hearts
+of this semi-pioneer population. His "Lectures to Young Men," delivered
+Sunday evenings to packed houses, still have a sale. This bringing
+religion down from the lofty heights of theology and making it a matter
+of every-day life was eminently Beecheresque. And the reason it was a
+success was because it fitted the needs of the people. Beecher expressed
+what the people were thinking. Mankind clings to the creed; we will not
+burn our bridges&mdash;we want the religion of our mothers, yet we crave the
+simple common-sense we can comprehend as well as the superstition we
+can't. Beecher's task was to rationalize orthodoxy so as to make it
+palatable to thinking minds. "I can't ride two horses at one time," once
+said Robert Ingersoll to Beecher, "but possibly I'll be able to yet, for
+tomorrow I am going to hear you preach." Then it was that Beecher
+offered to write Ingersoll's epitaph, which he proceeded to do by
+scribbling two words on the back of an envelope,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_358" id="VII_Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> thus: "Robert Burns."</p>
+
+<p>But these men understood and had a thorough respect for each other. Once
+at a mass-meeting at Cooper Union, Beecher introduced Ingersoll as the
+"first, foremost and most gifted of all living orators."</p>
+
+<p>And Ingersoll, not to be outdone, referred in his speech to Beecher as
+the "one orthodox clergyman in the world who has eliminated hell from
+his creed and put the devil out of church, and still stands in his
+pulpit."</p>
+
+<p>Six years at Indianapolis put Beecher in command of his armament. And
+Brooklyn, seeking a man of power, called him thither. His first sermon
+in Plymouth Church outlined his course; and the principles then laid
+down he was to preach for fifty years: the love of God; the life of
+Christ, not as a sacrifice, but as an example&mdash;our Elder Brother; and
+Liberty&mdash;liberty to think, to express, to act, to become.</p>
+
+<p>It would have been worth going miles to see this man as he appeared at
+Plymouth Church those first years of his ministry. Such a specimen of
+mental, spiritual and physical manhood Nature produces only once in a
+century. Imagine a man of thirty-five, when manhood has not yet left
+youth behind, height five feet ten, weight one hundred eighty, a body
+like that of a Greek god, and a mind poised, sure, serene, with a fund
+of good nature that could not be overdrawn; a face cleanly shaven; a
+wealth of blond hair falling to his broad shoulders; eyes of infinite
+blue&mdash;eyes like the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_359" id="VII_Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> eyes of Christ when He gazed upon the penitent
+thief on the cross, or eyes that flash fire, changing their color with
+the mood of the man&mdash;a radiant, happy man, the cheeriest, sunniest
+nature that ever dwelt in human body, with a sympathy that went out to
+everybody and everything&mdash;children, animals, the old, the feeble, the
+fallen&mdash;a man too big to be jealous, too noble to quibble, a man so
+manly that he would accept guilt rather than impute it to another. If he
+had been possessed of less love he would have been a stronger man. The
+generous nature lies open and unprotected&mdash;through its guilelessness it
+allows concrete rascality to come close enough to strike it. "One reason
+why Beecher had so many enemies was because he bestowed so many
+benefits," said Rufus Choate.</p>
+
+<p>Talmage did not discover himself until he was forty-six; Beecher was
+Beecher at thirty-five. He was as great then as he ever was&mdash;it was too
+much to ask that he should evolve into something more&mdash;Nature has to
+distribute her gifts. Had Beecher grown after his thirty-fifth year, as
+he grew from twenty-five to thirty-five, he would have been a Colossus
+that would have disturbed the equilibrium of the thinking world, and
+created revolution instead of evolution. The opposition toward great men
+is right and natural&mdash;it is a part of Nature's plan to hold the balance
+true, "lest ye become as gods!"</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_360" id="VII_Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>I traveled with Major James B. Pond one lecture season, and during that
+time heard only two themes discussed, John Brown and Henry Ward Beecher.
+These were his gods. Pond fought with John Brown in Kansas, shoulder to
+shoulder, and it was only through an accident that he was not with Brown
+at Harpers Ferry, in which case his soul would have gone marching on
+with that of Old John Brown. From Eighteen Hundred Sixty to Eighteen
+Hundred Sixty-six Pond belonged to the army, and was stationed in
+Western Missouri, where there was no commissariat, where they took no
+prisoners, and where men like Jesse James lived, who never knew the war
+was over. Pond had so many notches cut on the butt of his pistol that he
+had ceased to count them.</p>
+
+<p>He was big, brusk, quibbling, insulting, dictatorial, painstaking,
+considerate and kind. He was the most exasperating and lovable man I
+ever knew. He left a trail of enemies wherever he traveled, and the
+irony of fate is shown in that he was allowed to die peacefully in his
+bed.</p>
+
+<p>I cut my relationship with him because I did not care to be pained by
+seeing his form dangling from the crossbeam of a telegraph-pole. When I
+lectured at Washington a policeman appeared at the box-office and
+demanded the amusement-license fee of five dollars. "Your authority?"
+roared Pond. And the policeman not being able to explain, Pond kicked
+him down<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_361" id="VII_Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> the stairway, and kept his club as a souvenir. We got out on
+the midnight train before warrants could be served.</p>
+
+<p>He would often push me into the first carriage when we arrived at a
+town, and sometimes the driver would say, "This is a private carriage,"
+or, "This rig is engaged," and Pond would reply, "What's that to
+me?&mdash;drive us to the hotel&mdash;you evidently don't know whom you are
+talking to!" And so imperious was his manner that his orders were
+usually obeyed. Arriving at the hotel, he would hand out double fare. It
+was his rule to pay too much or too little. Yet as a manager he was
+perfection&mdash;he knew the trains to a minute, and always knew, too, what
+to do if we missed the first train, or if the train was late. At the
+hall he saw that every detail was provided for. If the place was too
+hot, or too cold, somebody got thoroughly damned. If the ventilation was
+bad, and he could not get the windows open, he would break them out. If
+you questioned his balance-sheet he would the next day flash up an
+expense-account that looked like a plumber's bill and give you fifty
+cents as your share of the spoils. At hotels he always got a room with
+two beds, if possible. I was his prisoner&mdash;he was despotically kind&mdash;he
+regulated my hours of sleep, my meals, my exercise. He would throw
+intruding visitors downstairs as average men shoo chickens or scare
+cats. He was a bundle of profanity and unrest until after the lecture.<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_362" id="VII_Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span>
+Then we would go to our room, and he would talk like a windmill. He
+would crawl into his bed and I into mine, and then he would continue
+telling Beecher stories half the night, comparing me with Beecher to my
+great disadvantage. A dozen times I have heard him tell how Beecher
+would say, "Pond, never consult me about plans or explain details&mdash;if
+you do, our friendship ceases." Beecher was glad to leave every detail
+of travel to Pond, and Pond delighted in assuming sole charge. Beecher
+never audited an account&mdash;he just took what Pond gave him and said
+nothing. In this Beecher was very wise&mdash;he managed Pond and Pond never
+knew it. Pond had a pride in paying Beecher as much as possible, and
+found gratification in giving the money to Beecher instead of keeping
+it. He was immensely proud of his charge and grew to have an idolatrous
+regard for Beecher. Pond's brusk ways amused Beecher, and the Osawatomie
+experience made him a sort of hero in Beecher's eyes.</p>
+
+<p>Beecher took Pond at his true value, regarded his wrath as a child's
+tantrum, and let him do most of the talking as well as the business. And
+Beecher's great welling heart touched a side of Pond's nature that few
+knew existed at all&mdash;a side that he masked with harshness; for, in spite
+of his perversity, Pond had his virtues&mdash;he was simple as a child, and
+so ingenuous that deception with him was impossible. He could not tell a
+lie so you would not know it.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_363" id="VII_Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span>He served Beecher with a doglike loyalty, and an honesty beyond
+suspicion. They were associated fourteen years, traveled together over
+three hundred thousand miles, and Pond paid to Beecher two hundred forty
+thousand dollars.<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_364" id="VII_Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Beecher and Tilton became acquainted about the year Eighteen Hundred
+Sixty. Beecher was at that time forty-seven years old; Tilton was
+twenty-five. The influence of the older man over the younger was very
+marked. Tilton became one of the most zealous workers in Plymouth
+Church: he attended every service, took part in the Wednesday evening
+prayer-meeting, helped take up the collection, and was a constant
+recruiting force. Tilton was a reporter, and later an editorial writer
+on different New York and Brooklyn dailies. Beecher's Sunday sermon
+supplied Tilton the cue for his next day's leader. And be it said to his
+honor, he usually gave due credit, and in various ways helped the cause
+of Plymouth Church by booming the reputation of its pastor.</p>
+
+<p>Tilton was possessed of a deal of intellectual nervous force. His mind
+was receptive, active, versatile. His all-round newspaper experience had
+given him an education, and he could express himself acceptably on any
+theme. He wrote children's stories, threw off poetry in idle hours,
+penned essays, skimmed the surface of philosophy, and dived occasionally
+into theology. But his theology and his philosophy were strictly the
+goods put out by Beecher, distilled through the Tilton cosmos. He
+occasionally made addresses at social gatherings, and evolved into an
+orator whose reputation extended to Staten Island.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_365" id="VII_Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span>Beecher's big, boyish heart went out to this bright and intelligent
+young man&mdash;they were much in each other's company. People said they
+looked alike; although one was tall and slender and the other was
+inclined to be stout. Beecher wore his hair long, and now Tilton wore
+his long, too. Beecher affected a wide-brimmed slouch-hat; Tilton wore
+one of similar style, with brim a trifle wider. Beecher wore a large,
+blue cloak; Tilton wrapped himself 'round with a cloak one shade more
+ultramarine than Beecher's.</p>
+
+<p>Tilton's wife was very much like Tilton&mdash;both were intellectual,
+nervous, artistic. They were so much alike that they give us a hint of
+what a hell this world would be if all mankind were made in one mold.
+But there was this difference between them: Mrs. Tilton was proud, while
+Tilton was vain. They were only civil toward each other because they had
+vowed they would be. They did not throw crockery, because to do so would
+have been bad form.</p>
+
+<p>Beecher was a great joker&mdash;hilarious, laughing, and both witty and
+humorous. I was going to say he was wise, but that isn't the word.
+Tilton lacked wit&mdash;he never bubbled except as a matter of duty. Both Mr.
+and Mrs. Tilton greatly enjoyed the society of Beecher, for, besides
+being a great intellectual force, his presence was an antiseptic 'gainst
+jaundice and introspection. And Beecher loved them both, because they
+loved him, and because he loved everybody. They supplied him<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_366" id="VII_Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> a foil for
+his wit, a receptacle for his overflow of spirit, a flint on which to
+strike his steel. Mrs. Tilton admired Beecher a little more than her
+husband did&mdash;she was a woman. Tilton was glad that his wife liked
+Beecher&mdash;it brought Beecher to his house; and if Beecher admired
+Tilton's wife&mdash;why, was not this a proof that Tilton and Beecher were
+alike? I guess so! Mrs. Tilton was musical, artistic, keen of brain,
+emotional, with all a fine-fibered woman's longings, hopes and ideals.</p>
+
+<p>So matters went drifting on the tide, and the years went by, as the
+years will.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Tilton became a semi-invalid, the kind that doctors now treat with
+hypophosphites, beef-iron-and-wine, cod-liver oil, and massage by the
+right attendant. They call it congenital anemia&mdash;a scarcity of the red
+corpuscle.</p>
+
+<p>Some doctors there be who do not yet know that the emotions control the
+secretions, and a perfect circulation is a matter of mind. Anyway, what
+can the poor Galenite do in a case like this&mdash;his pills are powerless,
+his potions inane! Tilton knew that his wife loved Beecher, and he also
+fully realized that in this she was only carrying out a little of the
+doctrine of freedom that he taught, and that he claimed for himself. For
+a time Tilton was beautifully magnanimous. Occasionally Mrs. Tilton had
+spells of complete prostration, when she thought she was going to die.
+At such times her husband would send for Beecher to come and administer<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_367" id="VII_Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span>
+extreme unction.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of dying, the woman would get well.</p>
+
+<p>After one such attack, Tilton taunted his wife with her quick recovery.
+It was a taunt that pulled tight on the corners of his mouth; it was
+lacking in playfulness. Beecher was present at the bedside of the
+propped-up invalid. They turned on Tilton, did these two, and flayed him
+with their agile wit and ready tongues. Tilton protested they were
+wrong&mdash;he was not jealous&mdash;the idea!</p>
+
+<p>But that afternoon he had his hair cut, and he discarded the slouch-hat
+for one with a stiff brim.</p>
+
+<p>It took six months for his hair to grow to a length sufficient to
+indicate genius.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_368" id="VII_Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span>Beecher's great heart was wrung and stung by the tangle of events in
+which he finally found himself plunged. That his love for Mrs. Tilton
+was great there is no doubt, and for the wife with whom he had lived for
+over a score of years he had a profound pity and regard. She had not
+grown with him. Had she remained in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, and married a
+well-to-do grocer, all for her would have been well. Beecher belonged to
+the world, and this his wife never knew: she thought she owned him. To
+interest her and to make her shine before the world, certain literary
+productions were put out with her name as author, on request of Robert
+Bonner, but all this was a pathetic attempt by her husband to conceal
+the truth of her mediocrity. She spied upon him, watched his mail,
+turned his pockets, and did all the things no wife should do, lest
+perchance she be punished by finding her suspicions true. Wives and
+husbands must live by faith. The wife who is miserable until she makes
+her husband "confess all" is never happy afterwards. Beecher could not
+pour out his soul to his wife&mdash;he had to watch her mood and dole out to
+her the platitudes she could digest&mdash;never with her did he reach
+abandon. But the wife strove to do her duty&mdash;she was a good housekeeper,
+economical and industrious, and her very virtues proved a source of
+exasperation to her husband&mdash;he could not hate her.</p>
+
+<p>It was Mrs. Beecher herself who first discovered the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_369" id="VII_Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span> relationship
+existing between her husband and Mrs. Tilton. She accused her husband,
+and he made no denial&mdash;he offered her her liberty. But this she did not
+want. Beecher promised to break with Mrs. Tilton. They parted&mdash;parted
+forever in sweet sorrow.</p>
+
+<p>And the next week they met again.</p>
+
+<p>The greater the man before the public, the more he outpours himself, the
+more his need for mothering in the quiet of his home. All things are
+equalized, and with the strength of the sublime, spiritual nature goes
+the weakness of a child. Beecher was an undeveloped boy to the day of
+his death.</p>
+
+<p>Beecher at one time had a great desire to stand square before the world.
+Major Pond, on Beecher's request, went to Mrs. Beecher and begged her to
+sue for a divorce. At the same time Tilton was asked to secure a divorce
+from his wife. When all parties were free, Beecher would marry Mrs.
+Tilton and face the world an honest man&mdash;nothing to hide&mdash;right out
+under the clear, blue sky, blown upon by the free winds of heaven!</p>
+
+<p>This was his heart's desire.</p>
+
+<p>But all negotiations failed. Mrs. Beecher would not give up her husband,
+and Tilton was too intent on revenge&mdash;and cash&mdash;to even consider the
+matter. Then came the crash.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_370" id="VII_Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span>Tilton sued Beecher for one hundred thousand dollars' damages for
+alienating his wife's affection. It took five months to try the case.
+The best legal talent in the land was engaged. The jury disagreed and
+the case was not tried again.</p>
+
+<p>Had Mrs. Beecher applied for a divorce on statutory grounds, no court
+would have denied her prayer. In actions for divorce, guilt does not
+have to be proved&mdash;it is assumed. But when one man sues another for
+money damages, the rulings are drawn finer and matters must be proved.
+That is where Tilton failed in his lawsuit.</p>
+
+<p>At the trial, Beecher perjured himself like a gentleman to protect Mrs.
+Tilton; Mrs. Tilton waived the truth for Beecher's benefit; and Mrs.
+Beecher swore black was white, because she did not want to lose her
+husband. Such a precious trinity of prevaricators is very seldom seen in
+a courtroom, a place where liars much do congregate. Judge and jury knew
+they lied and respected them the more, for down in the hearts of all men
+is a feeling that the love-affairs of a man and a woman are sacred
+themes, and a bulwark of lies to protect the holy of holies is ever
+justifiable.</p>
+
+<p>Tilton was the one person who told the truth, and he was universally
+execrated for it. Love does not leave a person without reason. And there
+is something in the thought of money as payment to a man for a woman's
+love that is against nature.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_371" id="VII_Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span>Tilton lost the woman's love, and he would balm his lacerated heart with
+lucre! Money? God help us&mdash;a man should earn money. We sometimes hear of
+men who subsist on women's shame; but what shall we say of a man who
+would turn parasite and live in luxury on a woman's love&mdash;and this woman
+by him now spurned and scorned! The faults and frailties of men and
+women caught in the swirl of circumstances are not without excuse, but
+the cold plottings to punish them and the desire to thrive by their
+faults are hideous.</p>
+
+<p>The worst about a double life is not its immorality&mdash;it is that the
+relationship makes a man a liar. The universe is not planned for
+duplicity&mdash;all the energy we have is needed in our business, and he who
+starts out on the pathway of untruth finds himself treading upon
+brambles and nettles which close behind him and make return impossible.
+The further he goes the worse the jungle of poison-oak and ivy, which at
+last circles him round in strangling embrace. He who escapes the clutch
+of a life of falsehood is as one in a million. Victor Hugo has pictured
+the situation when he tells of the man whose feet are caught in the bed
+of bird-lime. He attempts to jump out, but only sinks deeper&mdash;he
+flounders, calls for help, and puts forth all his strength. He is up to
+his knees&mdash;to his hips&mdash;his waist&mdash;his neck, and at last only hands are
+seen reaching up in mute appeal to heaven. But the heavens are as<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_372" id="VII_Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>
+brass, and soon where there was once a man is only the dumb indifference
+of Nature.</p>
+
+<p>The only safe course is the open road of truth. Lies once begun, pile
+up; and lies require lies to bolster them.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Tilton had made a written confession to her husband, but this she
+repudiated in court, declaring it was given "in terrorem." Now she had
+only words of praise and vindication for Beecher.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Beecher sat by her husband's side all through the long trial. For a
+man to leave the woman with whom he has lived a lifetime, and who is the
+mother of his children, is out of the question. What if she does lack
+intellect and spirituality! He has endured her; aye! he has even been
+happy with her at times&mdash;the relationship has been endurable&mdash;'twere
+imbecility, and death for both, to break it.</p>
+
+<p>Beecher and his wife would stand together.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Tilton's lips had been sanctified by love, and were sealed, though
+her heart did break.</p>
+
+<p>The jury stood nine for Beecher and three against. Major Pond, the
+astute, construed this into a vindication&mdash;Beecher was not guilty!</p>
+
+<p>The first lecture after the trial was given at Alexandria Bay. Pond had
+sold out for five hundred dollars. Beecher said it was rank robbery&mdash;no
+one would be there. The lecture was to be in the grove at three o'clock
+in the afternoon. In the forenoon, boats were seen<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_373" id="VII_Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span> coming from east and
+west and north&mdash;excursion-boats laden with pilgrims; sailboats,
+rowboats, skiffs, and even birch-bark canoes bearing red men. The people
+came also in carts and wagons, and on horseback. An audience of five
+thousand confronted the lecturer.</p>
+
+<p>The man who had planned the affair had banked on his knowledge of
+humanity&mdash;the people wanted to see and hear the individual who had been
+whipped naked at the cart's tail, and who still lived to face the world
+smilingly, bravely, undauntedly.</p>
+
+<p>Major Pond was paid the five hundred dollars as agreed. The enterprise
+had netted its manager over a thousand dollars&mdash;he was a rich man
+anyway&mdash;things had turned out as he had prophesied, and in the
+exuberance of his success he that night handed Mr. Beecher a check for
+two hundred fifty dollars, saying, "This is for you with my love&mdash;it is
+outside of any arrangement made with Major Pond." After they had retired
+to their rooms, Beecher handed the check to Pond, and said, as his blue
+eyes filled with tears, "Major, you know what to do with this?" And
+Major Pond said, "Yes."</p>
+
+<p>Tilton went to Europe, leaving his family behind. But Major Pond made it
+his business to see that Mrs. Tilton wanted for nothing that money could
+buy. Beecher never saw Mrs. Tilton, to converse with her, again. She
+outlived him a dozen years. On her deathbed she confessed to her sister
+that her denials as to her relations with Beecher were untrue. "He loved
+me," she<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_374" id="VII_Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> said; "he loved me, and I would have been less than woman had
+I not loved him. This love will be my passport to Paradise&mdash;God
+understands." And so she died.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_375" id="VII_Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span>Tilton was by nature an unsuccessful man. He was proudly aristocratic,
+lordly, dignified, jealous, mentally wiggling and spiritually jiggling.
+His career was like that of a race-horse which makes a record faster
+than he can ever attain again, and thus is forever barred from all
+slow-paced competitions. Tilton aspired to be a novelist, an essayist, a
+poet, an orator. His performances in each of these lines, unfortunately,
+were not bad enough to damn him; and his work done in fair weather was
+so much better than he could do in foul that he was caught by the
+undertow. And as for doing what Adirondack Murray did&mdash;get right down to
+hardpan and wash dishes in a dishpan&mdash;he couldn't do it. Like an Indian,
+he would starve before he would work&mdash;and he came near it, gaining a
+garret-living, teaching languages and doing hack literary work in Paris,
+where he went to escape the accumulation of contempt that came his way
+just after the great Beecher trial.</p>
+
+<p>Before this, Tilton started out to star the country as a lecturer. He
+evidently thought he could climb to popularity over the wreck of Henry
+Ward Beecher. Even had he wrecked Beecher completely, it is very likely
+he would have gone down in the swirl, and become literary flotsam and
+jetsam just the same.</p>
+
+<p>Tilton had failed to down his man, and men who are failures do not draw
+on the lecture platform. The auditor has failure enough at home, God
+knows! and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_376" id="VII_Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> what he wants when he lays down good money for a
+lecture-ticket is to annex himself to a success.</p>
+
+<p>Tilton's lecture was called, "The Problem of Life"&mdash;a title which had
+the advantage of allowing the speaker to say anything he wished to say
+on any subject and still not violate the unities. I heard Tilton give
+this lecture twice, and it was given from start to finish in exactly the
+same way. It contained much learning&mdash;had flights of eloquence, bursts
+of bathos, puffs of pathos, but not a smile in the whole hour and a
+half. It was faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null, dead
+perfection&mdash;no more. It was so perfect that some people thought it
+great. The man was an actor and had what is called platform presence. He
+would walk on the stage, carrying his big, blue cloak over his arm, his
+slouch-hat in his hand&mdash;for he clung to these Beecher properties to the
+last, even claiming that Beecher was encroaching on his preserve in
+wearing them.</p>
+
+<p>He would bow as stiffly and solemnly as a new-made judge. Then he would
+toss the cloak on a convenient sofa, place the big hat on top of it, and
+come down to the footlights, deliberately removing his yellow kid
+gloves. There was no introduction&mdash;he was the whole show and brooked no
+competition. He would begin talking as he removed the gloves; he would
+get one glove off and hold it in the other hand, seemingly lost in his
+speech. From time to time he would emphasize his remarks by beating the
+palm of his gloved hand<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_377" id="VII_Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span> with the loose glove. By the time the lecture
+was half over, both gloves would be lying on the table; unlike the
+performance of Sir Edwin Arnold, who, during his readings, always wore
+one white kid glove and carried its mate in the gloved hand from
+beginning to end.</p>
+
+<p>Theodore Tilton's lectures were consummate art, done by a handsome,
+graceful and cultured man in a red necktie, but they did not carry
+enough caloric to make them go. They seemed to lack vibrations. Art
+without a message is for the people who love art for art's sake, and God
+does not care much for these, otherwise he would not have made so few of
+them.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_378" id="VII_Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span>Lyman Abbott sums up his estimate of the worth of his lifelong friend
+and literary associate, Henry Ward Beecher, in the following words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It was in the pulpit that Beecher was seen at his best. His
+mastery of the English tongue, his dramatic power, his instinctive
+art of impersonation, which had become a second nature, his vivid
+imagination, his breadth of intellectual view, the catholicity of
+his sympathies, his passionate enthusiasm, which made for the
+moment his immediate theme seem to him the one theme of
+transcendent importance, his quaint humor alternating with genuine
+pathos, and above all his simple and singularly unaffected
+devotional nature, made him as a preacher without a peer in his own
+time and country. His favorite theme was love: love to man was to
+him the fulfilment of all law; love of God was the essence of all
+Christianity. Retaining to the day of his death the forms and
+phrases of the New England theology in which he had been reared, he
+poured into them a new meaning and gave to them a new significance.</p>
+
+<p>"He probably did more than any other man in America to lead the
+Puritan churches from a faith which regarded God as a moral
+governor, the Bible as a book of laws, and religion as obedience to
+a conscience, to a faith which regards God as a father, the Bible
+as a book of counsels, and religion as a life of liberty in love."</p></div>
+
+<p>As a sample of Beecher's eloquence, this extract from<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_379" id="VII_Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> his sermon on the
+death of Lincoln reveals his quality as well perhaps as anything he ever
+said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The joy of the Nation came upon us suddenly, with such a surge as
+no words can describe. Men laughed, embraced one another, sang and
+prayed, and many could only weep for gladness.</p>
+
+<p>In one short hour, joy had no pulse. The sorrow was so terrible
+that it stunned sensibility. The first feeling was the least, and
+men wanted to get strength to feel. Other griefs belong always to
+some one in chief, but this belonged to all. Men walked for hours
+as though a corpse lay in their houses. The city forgot to roar.
+Never did so many hearts in so brief a time touch two such
+boundless feelings. It was the uttermost of joy and the uttermost
+of sorrow&mdash;noon and midnight without a space between. We should not
+mourn, however, because the departure of the President was so
+sudden. When one is prepared to die, the suddenness of death is a
+blessing. They that are taken awake and watching, as the bridegroom
+dressed for the wedding, and not those who die in pain and stupor,
+are blessed. Neither should we mourn the manner of his death. The
+soldier prays that he may die by the shot of the enemy in the hour
+of victory, and it was meet that he should be joined in a common
+experience in death with the brave men to whom he had been joined
+in all his sympathy and life.</p>
+
+<p>This blow was but the expiring rebellion. Epitomized in this foul
+act we find the whole nature and disposition of slavery. It is fit
+that its expiring blow should be such as to take away from men the
+last forbearance, the last pity, and fire the soul with invincible<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_380" id="VII_Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span>
+determination that the breeding system of such mischiefs and
+monsters shall be forever and utterly destroyed. We needed not that
+he should put on paper that he believed in slavery, who, with
+treason, with murder, with cruelty infernal, hovered round that
+majestic man to destroy his life. He was himself the lifelong sting
+with which Slavery struck at Liberty, and he carried the poison
+that belonged to Slavery; and as long as this Nation lasts it will
+never be forgotten that we have had one Martyr-President&mdash;never,
+never while time lasts, while heaven lasts, while hell rocks and
+groans, will it be forgotten that Slavery by its minions slew him,
+and in slaying him made manifest its whole nature and tendency.
+This blow was aimed at the life of the Government. Some murders
+there have been that admitted shades of palliation, but not such a
+one as this&mdash;without provocation, without reason, without
+temptation&mdash;sprung from the fury of a heart cankered to all that is
+pure and just.</p>
+
+<p>The blow has failed of its object. The Government stands more solid
+today than any pyramid of Egypt. Men love liberty and hate slavery
+today more than ever before. How naturally, how easily, the
+Government passed into the hands of the new President, and I avow
+my belief that he will be found a man true to every instinct of
+liberty, true to the whole trust that is imposed in him, vigilant
+of the Constitution, careful of the laws, wise for liberty: in that
+he himself for his life long, has known what it is to suffer from
+the stings of slavery, and to prize liberty from the bitter
+experience of his own life. Even he that sleeps has by this event
+been clothed with new influence. His simple and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_381" id="VII_Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span> weighty words will
+be gathered like those of Washington, and quoted by those who, were
+he alive, would refuse to listen. Men will receive a new access to
+patriotism. I swear you on the altar of his memory to be more
+faithful to that country for which he perished. We will, as we
+follow his hearse, swear a new hatred to that slavery against which
+he warred, and which in vanquishing him has made him a martyr and
+conqueror. I swear you by the memory of this martyr to hate slavery
+with an unabatable hatred, and to pursue it. We will admire the
+firmness of this man in justice, his inflexible conscience for the
+right, his gentleness and moderation of spirit, which not all the
+hate of party could turn to bitterness. And I swear you to follow
+his justice, his moderation, his mercy. How can I speak to that
+twilight million to whom his name was as the name of an angel of
+God, and whom God sent before them to lead them out of the house of
+bondage? O thou Shepherd of Israel, Thou that didst comfort Thy
+people of old, to Thy care we commit these helpless and
+long-wronged and grieved.</p>
+
+<p>And now the martyr is moving in triumphal march, mightier than one
+alive. The Nation rises up at every stage of his coming; cities and
+States are his pall-bearers, and the cannon beat the hours in
+solemn progression; dead, dead, dead, he yet speaketh. Is
+Washington dead? Is Hampden dead? Is David?</p>
+
+<p>Four years ago, O Illinois, we took from your midst an untried man
+from among the people. Behold! we return him to you a mighty
+conqueror; not thine any more, but the Nation's&mdash;not ours, but the
+world's. Give him place, O ye prairies! in the midst of this<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_382" id="VII_Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span> great
+continent shall rest a sacred treasure to myriads who shall pilgrim
+to that shrine to kindle anew their zeal and patriotism. Ye winds
+that move over mighty spaces of the West, chant his requiem! Ye
+people, behold the martyr whose blood, as so many articulate words,
+pleads for fidelity, for law, for Liberty!</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="WENDELL_PHILLIPS" id="WENDELL_PHILLIPS"></a>WENDELL PHILLIPS<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_383" id="VII_Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>What worldwide benefactors these "imprudent" men are! How prudently
+most men creep into nameless graves; while now and then one or two
+forget themselves into immortality.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">&mdash;<i>Speech on Lovejoy</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_384" id="VII_Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <a id="image0452-1"></a>
+    <img src="images/0452-1.jpg" width="266" height="400"
+       alt=""
+       title="" />
+
+   <p class="center">WENDELL PHILLIPS</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_385" id="VII_Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>May the good Lord ever keep me from wishing to say the last word; and
+also from assigning ranks or awarding prizes to great men gone. However,
+it is a joy to get acquainted with a noble, splendid personality, and
+then introduce him to you, or at least draw the arras, so you can see
+him as he lived and worked or nobly failed.</p>
+
+<p>And if you and I understand this man it is because we are much akin to
+him. The only relationship, after all, is the spiritual relationship.
+Your brother after the flesh may not be your brother at all; you may
+live in different worlds and call to each other in strange tongues
+across wide seas of misunderstandings. "Who is my mother and who are my
+brethren?"</p>
+
+<p>As you understand a man, just in that degree are you related to him.
+There is a great joy in discovering kinship&mdash;for in that moment you
+discover yourself, and life consists in getting acquainted with
+yourself. We see ourselves mirrored in the soul of another&mdash;that is what
+love is, or pretty nearly so.</p>
+
+<p>If you like what I write, it is because I express for you the things you
+already know; we are akin, our heads are in the same stratum&mdash;we are
+breathing the same atmosphere. To the degree that you comprehend the
+character<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_386" id="VII_Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span> of Wendell Phillips you are akin to him. I once thought great
+men were all ten feet high, but since I have met a few, both in astral
+form and in the flesh, I have found out differently.</p>
+
+<p>What kind of a man was Wendell Phillips?</p>
+
+<p>Very much like you and me, Blessed, very much like you and me.</p>
+
+<p>I think well of great people, I think well of myself, and I think well
+of you. We are all God's children&mdash;all parts of the Whole&mdash;akin to
+Divinity.</p>
+
+<p>Phillips never thought he was doing much&mdash;never took any great pride in
+past performances. When what you have done in the past looks large to
+you, you have not done much today. His hopes were so high that there
+crept into his life a tinge of disappointment&mdash;some have called it
+bitterness, but that is not the word&mdash;just a touch of sadness because he
+was unable to do more. This was a matter of temperament, perhaps, but it
+reveals the humanity as well as the divinity of the man. There is
+nothing worse than self-complacency&mdash;smugosity is sin.</p>
+
+<p>Phillips was not supremely great&mdash;if he were, how could we comprehend
+him?</p>
+
+<p>And now if you will open those folding doors&mdash;there! that will do&mdash;thank
+you.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_387" id="VII_Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span>When was he born? Ah, I'll tell you&mdash;it was in his twenty-fifth
+year&mdash;about three in the afternoon, by the clock, October Twenty-first,
+Eighteen Hundred Thirty-five. The day was Indian summer, warm and balmy.
+He sat there reading in the window of his office on Court Street,
+Boston, a spick-span new law-office, with four shelves of law-books
+bound in sheep, a green-covered table in the center, three armchairs,
+and on the wall a steel engraving of "Washington Crossing the Delaware."</p>
+
+<p>He was a handsome fellow, was this Wendell Phillips&mdash;it would a' been
+worth your while just to run up the stairs and put your head in the door
+to look at him. "Can I do anything for you?" he would have asked.</p>
+
+<p>"No, we just wanted to see you, that's all," we would have replied.</p>
+
+<p>He sat there at the window, his long legs crossed, a copy of "Coke on
+Littleton" in his hands. His dress was what it should be&mdash;that of a
+gentleman&mdash;his face cleanly shaven, hair long, cut square and falling to
+his black stock. He was the only son of Boston's first Mayor, both to
+the manor and to the manner born, rich in his own right; proud,
+handsome, strong, gentle, refined, educated&mdash;a Christian gentleman, heir
+to the best that Boston had to give&mdash;a graduate of the Boston Latin
+School, of Harvard College, of the Harvard Law School&mdash;living with his
+widowed mother in a mansion on Beacon Hill, overlooking Boston's
+forty-three acres of<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_388" id="VII_Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span> Common!</p>
+
+<p>Can you imagine anything more complete in way of endowment than all
+this? Did Destiny ever do more for mortal man?</p>
+
+<p>There he sat waiting for clients. About this time he made the
+acquaintance of a cockeyed pulchritudinous youth, Ben Butler by name,
+who was errand-boy in a nearby office. It was a strange
+friendship&mdash;peppered by much cross-fire whenever they met in public&mdash;to
+endure loyal for a lifetime.</p>
+
+<p>Clients are sure to come to the man who is not too anxious about
+them&mdash;sure to come to a man like Phillips&mdash;a youth clothed with the
+graces of a Greek&mdash;waiting on the threshold of manhood's morning.</p>
+
+<p>Here is his career: a successful lawyer and leader in society; a member
+of the Legislature; a United States Senator, and then if he cares for
+it&mdash;well, well, well!</p>
+
+<p>But in the meantime, there he sits, not with his feet in the window or
+on a chair&mdash;he is a gentleman, I said, a Boston gentleman&mdash;the flower of
+a gracile ancestry. In the lazy, hazy air is the hum of autumn birds and
+beetles&mdash;the hectic beauty of the dying year is over all. The hum seems
+to grow&mdash;it becomes a subdued roar.</p>
+
+<p>You have sat behind the scenes waiting for the curtain to rise&mdash;a
+thousand people are there just out of your sight&mdash;five hundred of them
+are talking. It is one high-keyed, humming roar.</p>
+
+<p>The roar of a mob is keyed lower&mdash;it is guttural and approaches a
+growl&mdash;it seems to come in waves, a<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_389" id="VII_Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span> brazen roar rising and falling&mdash;but
+a roar, full of menace, hate, deaf to reason, dead to appeal.</p>
+
+<p>You have heard the roar of the mob in "Julius C&aelig;sar," and stay! once I
+heard the genuine article. It was in Eighty-four&mdash;goodness gracious, I
+am surely getting old!&mdash;it was in a town out West. I saw nothing but a
+pushing, crowding mass of men, and all I heard was that deep guttural
+roar of the beast. I could not make out what it was all about until I
+saw a man climbing a telegraph-pole.</p>
+
+<p>He was carrying a rope in one hand. As he climbed higher, the roar
+subsided. The climber reached the arms that form the cross. He swung the
+rope over the crossbeam and paid it out until the end was clutched by
+the uplifted hands of those below.</p>
+
+<p>The roar arose again like an angry sea, and I saw the figure of a human
+being leap twenty feet into the air and swing and swirl at the end of
+the rope.</p>
+
+<p>The roar ceased.</p>
+
+<p>The lawyer laid down the brand-new book, bound in sheep, and leaned out
+of the window&mdash;men were running down the thoroughfare, some hatless, and
+at Washington Street could be seen a black mass of human beings&mdash;beings
+who had forsaken their reason and merged their personality into a mob.</p>
+
+<p>The young lawyer arose, put on his hat, locked his office, followed down
+the street. His tall and muscular form pushed its way through the mass.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_390" id="VII_Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span>Theodore Lyman, the Mayor, was standing on a barrel importuning the
+crowd to disperse. His voice was lost in the roar of the mob.</p>
+
+<p>From down a stairway came a procession of women, thirty or so, walking
+by twos, very pale, but calm. The crowd gradually opened out on a stern
+order from some unknown person. The young lawyer threw himself against
+those who blocked the way. The women passed on, and the crowd closed in
+as water closes over a pebble dropped into the river.</p>
+
+<p>The disappearance of the women seemed to heighten the confusion: there
+were stones thrown, sounds of breaking glass, a crash on the stairway,
+and down the narrow passage, with yells of triumph, came a crowd of men,
+half-dragging a prisoner, a rope around his waist, his arms pinioned.
+The man's face was white, his clothing disheveled and torn. His
+resistance was passive&mdash;no word of entreaty or explanation escaped his
+lips. A sudden jerk on the rope from the hundred hands that clutched it
+threw the man off his feet&mdash;he fell headlong, his face struck the stones
+of the pavement, and he was dragged for twenty yards. The crowd grabbed
+at him and lifted him to his feet&mdash;blood dripped from his face, his hat
+was gone, his coat, vest and shirt were in shreds. The man spoke no
+word.</p>
+
+<p>"That's him&mdash;Garrison, the damned abolitionist!" The words arose above
+the din and surge of the mob: "Kill him! Hang him!"</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_391" id="VII_Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span>Phillips saw the colonel of his militia regiment, and seizing him by the
+arm, said, "Order out the men to put down this riot!"</p>
+
+<p>"Fool!" said the Colonel, "don't you see our men are in this crowd!"</p>
+
+<p>"Then order them into columns, and we will protect this man."</p>
+
+<p>"I never give orders unless I know they will be obeyed. Besides, this
+man Garrison is a rioter himself&mdash;he opposes the government."</p>
+
+<p>"But, do we uphold mob-law&mdash;here, in Boston!"</p>
+
+<p>"Don't blame me&mdash;I haven't anything to do with this business. I tell
+you, if this man Garrison had minded his own affairs, this scene would
+never have occurred."</p>
+
+<p>"And those women?"</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, they are members of the Anti-Slavery Society. It was their holding
+the meeting that made the trouble. The children followed them, hooting
+them through the streets!"</p>
+
+<p>"Children?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; you know children repeat what they hear at home&mdash;they echo the
+thoughts of their elders. The children hooted them, then some one threw
+a stone through a window. A crowd gathered, and here you are!"</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel shook himself loose from the lawyer and followed the mob.
+The Mayor's counsel prevailed: "Give the prisoner to me&mdash;I will see that
+he is punished!"</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_392" id="VII_Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span>And so he was dragged to the City Hall and there locked up.</p>
+
+<p>The crowd lingered, then thinned out. The shouts grew less, and soon the
+police were able to rout the loiterers.</p>
+
+<p>The young lawyer went back to his law-office, but not to study. The law
+looked different to him now&mdash;the whole legal aspect of things had
+changed in an hour.</p>
+
+<p>It was a pivotal point.</p>
+
+<p>He had heard much of the majesty of the law, and here he had seen the
+entire machinery of justice brushed aside.</p>
+
+<p>Law! It is the thing we make with our hands and then fall down and
+worship. Men want to do things, so they do them, and afterward they
+legalize them, just as we believe things first and later hunt for
+reasons. Or we illegalize the thing we do not want others to do.</p>
+
+<p>Boston, standing for law and order, will not even allow a few women to
+meet and discuss an economic proposition!</p>
+
+<p>Abolition is a fool idea, but we must have free speech&mdash;that is what our
+Constitution is built upon! Law is supposed to protect free speech, even
+to voicing wrong ideas! Surely a man has a legal right to a wrong
+opinion! A mob in Boston to put down free speech!</p>
+
+<p>This young lawyer was not an Abolitionist&mdash;not he, but he was an
+American, descended from the Puritans, with ancestors who fought in the
+War of the Revolution&mdash;he believed in fair play.</p>
+
+<p>His cheeks burned with shame.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_393" id="VII_Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span>Seen from Mount Olympus, how small and pitiful must seem the antics of
+Earth&mdash;all these churches and little sects&mdash;our laws, our arguments, our
+courts of justice, our elections, our wars!</p>
+
+<p>Viewed across the years, the Abolition Movement seems a small thing. It
+is so thoroughly dead&mdash;so far removed from our present interests! We
+hear a Virginian praise John Brown, listen to Henry Watterson as he
+says, "The South never had a better friend than Lincoln," or brave
+General Gordon, as he declares, "We now know that slavery was a gigantic
+mistake, and that Emerson was right when he said, 'One end of the
+slave's chain is always riveted to the wrist of the master.'"</p>
+
+<p>We can scarcely comprehend that fifty years ago the trinity of money,
+fashion and religion combined in the hot endeavor to make human slavery
+a perpetuity; that the man of the North who hinted at resisting the
+return of a runaway slave was in danger of financial ruin, social
+ostracism, and open rebuke from the pulpit. The ears of Boston were so
+stuffed with South Carolina cotton that they could not hear the cry of
+the oppressed. Commerce was fettered by self-interest, and law ever
+finds precedents and sanctions for what commerce most desires. And as
+for the pulpit, it is like the law, in that Scriptural warrant is always
+forthcoming for what the pew wishes to do.</p>
+
+<p>Slavery, theoretically, might be an error, but in America<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_394" id="VII_Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span> it was a
+commercial, political, social and religious necessity, and any man who
+said otherwise was an enemy of the State.</p>
+
+<p>William Lloyd Garrison said otherwise. But who was William Lloyd
+Garrison? Only an ignorant and fanatical freethinker from the country
+town of Newburyport, Massachusetts. He had started four or five
+newspapers, and all had failed, because he would not keep his pen quiet
+on the subject of slavery.</p>
+
+<p>New England must have cotton, and cotton could not be produced without
+slaves. Garrison was a fool. All good Christians refused to read his
+vile sheet, and businessmen declined to advertise with him or to
+subscribe to his paper.</p>
+
+<p>However, he continued to print things, telling what he thought of
+slavery. In Eighteen Hundred Thirty-one, he was issuing a periodical
+called, "The Liberator."</p>
+
+<p>I saw a partial file of "The Liberator" recently at the Boston Public
+Library. They say it is very precious, and a custodian stood by and
+tenderly turned the leaves for me. I was not allowed even to touch it,
+and when I was through looking at the tattered pages, they locked it up
+in a fireproof safe.</p>
+
+<p>The sheets of different issues were of various sizes, and the paper was
+of several grades in quality, showing that stock was scarce, and that
+there was no system in the office.</p>
+
+<p>There surely was not much of a subscription-list, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_395" id="VII_Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span> we hear of
+Garrison's going around and asking for contributions. But interviews
+were what he really wished, as much as subscribers. He let the preachers
+defend the peculiar institution&mdash;to print a man's fool remarks is the
+most cruel way of indicting him. Among those Garrison called on was
+Doctor Lyman Beecher, then thundering against Unitarianism.</p>
+
+<p>Garrison got various clergymen to commit themselves in favor of slavery,
+and he quoted them verbatim, whereas on this subject the clergy of the
+North wished to remain silent&mdash;very silent.</p>
+
+<p>Doctor Beecher was wary&mdash;all he would say was, "I have too many irons in
+the fire now!"</p>
+
+<p>"You had better take them all out and put this one in," said the seedy
+editor.</p>
+
+<p>But Doctor Beecher made full amends later&mdash;he supplied a son and a
+daughter to the Abolition Movement, and this caused Carlos Martyn to
+say, "The old man's loins were wiser than his head."</p>
+
+<p>Garrison had gotten himself thoroughly disliked in Boston. The Mayor
+once replied to a letter inquiring about him, "He is a nobody and lives
+in a rat-hole."</p>
+
+<p>But Garrison managed to print his paper&mdash;rather irregularly, to be sure,
+but he printed it. From one room he moved into two, and a straggling
+company, calling themselves "The Anti-Slavery Society," used his office
+for a meeting-place.</p>
+
+<p>And now, behold the office mobbed, the type pitched<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_396" id="VII_Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span> into the street,
+the Society driven out, and the fanatical editor, bruised and battered,
+safely lodged in jail&mdash;writing editorials with a calm resolution and a
+will that never faltered.</p>
+
+<p>And Wendell Phillips? He was pacing the streets, wondering whether it
+was worth while to be respectable and prosperous in a city where
+violence took the place of law when logic failed.</p>
+
+<p>To him, Garrison had won&mdash;Garrison had not been answered: only beaten,
+bullied, abused and thrust behind prison-bars.</p>
+
+<p>Wendell Phillips' cheeks burned with shame.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_397" id="VII_Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span>Garrison was held a prisoner for several days.</p>
+
+<p>The Mayor would have punished the man, Pilate-like, to appease public
+opinion, but there was no law to cover the case&mdash;no illegal offense had
+been committed. Garrison demanded a trial, but the officials said that
+they had locked him up merely to protect him, and that he was a base
+ingrate. Official Boston now looked at the whole matter as a good thing
+to forget. The prisoner's cell-door was left open, in the hope that he
+would escape, just as, later, George Francis Train enjoyed the
+distinction of being the only man who was literally kicked down the
+stone steps of the Tombs.</p>
+
+<p>Garrison was thrust out of limbo, with a warning, and a hint that
+Boston-town was a good place for him to emigrate from.</p>
+
+<p>But Garrison neither ran away nor went into hiding&mdash;he calmly began a
+canvass to collect money to refit his printing-office. Boston had
+treated him well&mdash;the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church&mdash;he
+would stay. Men who fatten on difficulties are hard to subdue. Phillips
+met Garrison shortly after his release, quite by chance, at the house of
+Henry G. Chapman. Garrison was six years older than Phillips&mdash;tall,
+angular, intellectual, and lacked humor. He also lacked culture.
+Phillips looked at him and smiled grimly.</p>
+
+<p>But in the Chapman household was still another person,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_398" id="VII_Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span> more or less
+interesting&mdash;a Miss Ann Terry Greene. She was an orphan and an
+heiress&mdash;a ward of Chapman's. Young Phillips had never before met Miss
+Greene, but she had seen him. She was one of the women who had come down
+the stairs from "The Liberator" office, when the mob collected. She had
+seen the tall form of Phillips, and had noticed that he used his elbows
+to good advantage in opening up the gangway.</p>
+
+<p>"It was a little like a cane-rush&mdash;your campus practise served you in
+good stead," said the lady, and smiled.</p>
+
+<p>And Phillips listened, perplexed&mdash;that a young woman like this, frail,
+intellectual, of good family, should mix up in fanatical schemes for
+liberating black men. He could not understand it!</p>
+
+<p>"But you were there&mdash;you helped get us out of the difficulty. And if
+worse had come to worst, I might have appealed to you personally for
+protection!"</p>
+
+<p>And the young lawyer stammered, "I should have been only too happy," or
+something like that. The lady had the best of the logic, and a thin
+attempt to pity her on account of the unfortunate occurrence went off by
+the right oblique and was lost in space.</p>
+
+<p>These Abolitionists were a queer lot!</p>
+
+<p>Not long after that meeting at the Chapmans, the young lawyer had legal
+business at Greenfield that must be looked after. Now, Greenfield is one
+hundred miles from Boston, but then it was the same distance from
+tidewater that Omaha is now&mdash;that is to say, a two-days'<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_399" id="VII_Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span> journey.</p>
+
+<p>The day was set. The stage left every morning at nine o'clock from the
+Bowdoin Tavern in Bowdoin Square. A young fellow by the name of Charles
+Sumner was going with Phillips, but at the last moment was detained by
+other business. That his chum could not go was a disappointment to
+Phillips&mdash;he paced the stone-paved courtway of the tavern with clouded
+brow. All around was the bustle of travel, and tearful friends bidding
+folks good-by, and the romantic rush of stagecoach land.</p>
+
+<p>The ease and luxury of travel have robbed it of its poetry&mdash;Ruskin was
+right!</p>
+
+<p>But it didn't look romantic to Wendell Phillips just then&mdash;his chum had
+failed him&mdash;the weather was cold, two days of hard jolting lay ahead.
+And&mdash;"Ah! yes&mdash;it is Miss Greene! and Miss Grew, and Mr. Alvord. To
+Greenfield? why, how fortunate!"</p>
+
+<p>Obliging strangers exchanged seats, so that our friends could be
+together&mdash;passengers found their places on top or inside, bundles and
+bandboxes were packed away, harness-chains rattled, a long whip sang
+through the air, and the driver, holding a big bunch of lines in one
+hand, swung the six horses, with careless grace, out of Bowdoin Square,
+and turned the leaders' heads toward Cambridge. The post-horn tooted
+merrily, dogs barked, and stableboys raised a good-by cheer!</p>
+
+<p>Out past Harvard Square they went, through Arlington and storied
+Lexington&mdash;on to Concord&mdash;through<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_400" id="VII_Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span> Fitchburg, to Greenfield.</p>
+
+<p>It doesn't take long to tell it, but that was a wonderful trip for
+Phillips&mdash;the greatest and most important journey of his life, he said
+forty years later.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Grew lived in Greenfield and had been down to visit Miss Greene.
+Mr. Alvord was engaged to Miss Grew, and wanted to accompany her home,
+but he couldn't exactly, you know, unless Miss Greene went along.</p>
+
+<p>So Miss Greene obliged them. The girls knew the day Phillips was going,
+and hastened their plans a trifle, so as to take the same stage&mdash;at
+least that is what Charles Sumner said.</p>
+
+<p>They didn't tell Phillips, because a planned excursion on the part of
+these young folks wouldn't have been just right&mdash;Beacon Hill would not
+have approved. But when they had bought their seats and met at the
+stage-yard&mdash;why, that was a different matter.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, Mr. Alvord and Miss Grew were engaged, and Miss Greene was a
+cousin of Miss Grew&mdash;there!</p>
+
+<p>Let me here say that I am quite aware that long after Miss Grew became
+Mrs. Alvord, she wrote a most charming little book about Ann Terry
+Greene, in which she defends the woman against any suspicion that she
+plotted and planned to snare the heart of Wendell Phillips, on the road
+to Greenfield. The defense was done in love, but was unnecessary. Ann
+Terry Greene needs no vindication. As for her snaring the<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_401" id="VII_Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span> heart of
+Wendell Phillips, I rest solidly on this: She did.</p>
+
+<p>Whether Miss Greene coolly planned that trip to Greenfield, I can not
+say, but I hope so.</p>
+
+<p>And, anyway, it was destiny&mdash;it had to be.</p>
+
+<p>This man and this woman were made for each other&mdash;they were "elected"
+before the foundations of Earth were laid.</p>
+
+<p>The first few hours out, they were very gay. Later, they fell into
+serious conversation. The subject was Abolition. Miss Greene knew the
+theme in all of its ramifications and parts&mdash;its history, its
+difficulties, its dangers, its ultimate hopes. Phillips soon saw that
+all of his tame objections had been made before and answered. Gradually
+the horror of human bondage swept over him, and against this came the
+magnificence of freedom and of giving freedom. By evening, it came to
+him that all of the immortal names in history were those of men who had
+fought liberty's battle. That evening, as they sat around the crackling
+fire at the Fitchburg Tavern, they did not talk&mdash;a point had been
+reached where words were superfluous&mdash;the silence sufficed. At daybreak
+the next morning the journey was continued. There was conversation, but
+voices were keyed lower. When the stage mounted a steep hill they got
+out and walked. Melancholy had taken the place of mirth. Both felt that
+a great and mysterious change had come over their spirits&mdash;their thought
+was fused. Miss Greene had suffered social obloquy on<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_402" id="VII_Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span> account of her
+attitude on the question of slavery&mdash;to share this obloquy seemed now
+the one thing desirable to Phillips. It is a great joy to share disgrace
+with the right person. The woman had intellect, education,
+self-reliance&mdash;and passion. There was an understanding between them. And
+yet no word of tenderness had been spoken. An avowal formulated in words
+is a cheap thing, and a spoken proposal goes with a cheap passion. The
+love that makes the silence eloquent and fills the heart with a melody
+too sacred to voice is the true token. O God! we thank thee for the
+thoughts and feelings that are beyond speech!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_403" id="VII_Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span>When it became known that Wendell Phillips, the most promising of
+Boston's young sons, had turned Abolitionist, Beacon Hill rent its
+clothes and put ashes on its head.</p>
+
+<p>On the question of slavery, the first families of the North stood with
+the first families of the South&mdash;the rights of property were involved,
+as well as the question of caste.</p>
+
+<p>Let one of the scions of Wall Street avow himself an anarchist and the
+outcry of horror would not be greater than it was when young Phillips
+openly declared himself an Abolitionist. His immediate family were in
+tears; the relatives said they were disgraced; cousins cut him dead on
+the street, and his name was stricken from the list of "invited guests."
+The social-column editors ignored him, and worst of all, his clients
+fled.</p>
+
+<p>The biographers are too intensely partisan to believe, literally; and
+when one says, "He left a large and lucrative practise that he might
+devote himself," etc., we'd better reach for the Syracuse product.</p>
+
+<p>Wendell Phillips never had a large and lucrative practise, and if he
+had, he would not have left it. His little law business was the kind
+that all fledglings get&mdash;the kind that big lawyers do not want, and so
+they pass it over to the boys. Doctors are always turning pauper
+patients over to the youngsters, and so in successful law-offices there
+is more or less of this semi-charitable work to do. Business houses also
+have fag-end work<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_404" id="VII_Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span> that they give to beginners, as kind folks give bones
+to Fido. Wendell Phillips' law-work was exactly of this contingent
+kind&mdash;big business and big fees only go to big men and tried.</p>
+
+<p>Law is a business, and lawyers who succeed are businessmen. Social
+distinction has its pull in all professions and all arts, and the man
+who can afford to affront society and hope to succeed is as one in a
+million.</p>
+
+<p>Lawyers and businessmen were not so troubled about Wendell Phillips'
+inward beliefs as they were in the fact that he was a fool&mdash;he had flung
+away his chances of getting on in the world. They ceased to send him
+business&mdash;he had no work&mdash;no callers&mdash;folks he used to know were now
+strangely nearsighted.</p>
+
+<p>Phillips didn't quit the practise of law, any more than he withdrew from
+society&mdash;both law and society quit him. And then he made a virtue of
+necessity and boldly resigned his commission as a lawyer&mdash;he would not
+longer be bound to protect the Constitution that upheld the right of a
+slave-owner to capture his "property" in Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p>He and Ann talked this over at length&mdash;they had little else to do. They
+excommunicated society, and Wendell Phillips became an outlaw, in the
+same way that the James boys became outlaws&mdash;through accident, and not
+through choice. Social disgrace is never sought, and obloquy is not a
+thing to covet&mdash;these things may come, and usually they mean a
+smother-blanket to all worldly<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_405" id="VII_Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span> success. But Ann and Wendell had their
+love; and each had a bank-account, and then they had a pride that proved
+a prophylactic 'gainst the clutch of oblivion.</p>
+
+<p>On October Twelfth, Eighteen Hundred Thirty-seven, the outlaws, Ann and
+Wendell, were married. It was a quiet wedding&mdash;guests were not invited
+because it was not pleasant to court cynical regrets, and kinsmen were
+noticeable by their absence.</p>
+
+<p>Proscription has its advantages&mdash;for one thing, it binds human hearts
+like hoops of steel. Yet it was not necessary here, for there was no
+waning of the honeymoon during that forty-odd years of married life.</p>
+
+<p>But scarcely had the petals fallen from the orange-blossoms before an
+event occurred that marked another milestone in the career of Phillips.</p>
+
+<p>At Saint Louis, the Reverend E. P. Lovejoy, a Presbyterian clergyman,
+had been mobbed and his printing-office sacked, because he had expressed
+himself on the subject of slavery. Lovejoy then moved up to Alton,
+Illinois, on the other side of the river, on free soil, and here he
+sought to re-establish his newspaper.</p>
+
+<p>But he was to benefit the cause in another way than by printing
+editorials. The place was attacked, the presses broken into fragments,
+the type flung into the Mississippi River, and Lovejoy was killed.</p>
+
+<p>A tremor of horror ran through the North&mdash;it was not the question of
+slavery&mdash;no, it was the right of free speech.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_406" id="VII_Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span>A meeting was called at Faneuil Hall to consider the matter and pass
+fitting resolutions. There was something beautifully ironical in Boston
+interesting herself concerning the doings of a mob a thousand miles
+away, especially when Boston, herself, had done about the same thing
+only two years before.</p>
+
+<p>Boston preferred to forget&mdash;but somebody would not let her. Just who
+called the meeting, no one seemed to know. The word "Abolition" was not
+used on the placards&mdash;"free speech" was the shibboleth. The hall had
+been leased, and the assembly was to occur in the forenoon. The
+principal actors evidently anticipated serious trouble if the meeting
+was at night.</p>
+
+<p>The authorities sought to discourage the gathering, but this only
+advertised it. At the hour set, the place&mdash;the "Cradle of Liberty"&mdash;was
+packed.</p>
+
+<p>The crowd was made up of three classes, the Abolitionists&mdash;and they were
+in the minority&mdash;the mob who hotly opposed them, and the curious and
+indifferent people who wanted to see the fireworks.</p>
+
+<p>Many women were in the audience, and a dozen clergymen on the
+platform&mdash;this gave respectability to the assemblage. The meeting opened
+tamely enough with a trite talk by a Unitarian clergyman, and followed
+along until the resolutions were read. Then there were cries of, "Table
+them!"&mdash;the matter was of no importance.</p>
+
+<p>A portly figure was seen making its way to the platform.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_407" id="VII_Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span>It was the Honorable James T. Austin, Attorney-General of the State. He
+was stout, florid, ready of tongue&mdash;a practical stump speaker and withal
+a good deal of a popular favorite. The crowd cheered him&mdash;he caught them
+from the start. His intent was to explode the whole thing in a laugh, or
+else end it in a row&mdash;he didn't care which.</p>
+
+<p>He pooh-poohed the whole affair, and referred to the slaves as a
+menagerie of lions, tigers, hyenas&mdash;a jackass or two&mdash;and a host of
+monkeys, which the fool Abolitionists were trying to turn loose. He
+regretted the death of Lovejoy, but his taking-off should be a warning
+to all good people&mdash;they should be law-abiding and mind their own
+business. He moved that the resolutions be tabled.</p>
+
+<p>The applause that followed showed that if a vote were then taken the
+Attorney-General's motion would have prevailed.</p>
+
+<p>"Answer him, Wendell, answer him!" whispered Ann, excitedly, and before
+the Attorney-General had bowed himself from the platform, Wendell
+Phillips had sprung upon the stage and stood facing the audience. There
+were cries of, "Vote! Vote!"&mdash;the mobocrats wanted to cut the matter
+short. Still others shouted: "Fair play! Let us hear the boy!" The young
+man stood there, calm, composed&mdash;handsome in the strength of youth. He
+waited until the audience came to him and then he spoke in that dulcet
+voice&mdash;deliberate, measured,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_408" id="VII_Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span> faultless&mdash;every sentence spaced. The
+charm of his speech caught the curiosity of the crowd. People did not
+know whether he was going to sustain the Attorney-General or assail him.
+From compliments and generalities he moved off into bitter sarcasm. He
+riddled the cheap wit of his opponent, tore his logic to tatters, and
+held the pitiful rags of reason up before the audience. There were cries
+of: "Treason!" "Put him out!" Phillips simply smiled and waited for the
+frenzy to subside. The speaker who has aroused his hearers into a tumult
+of either dissent or approbation has won&mdash;and Phillips did both. He
+spoke for thirty minutes and finished in a whirlwind of applause. The
+Attorney-General had disappeared, and those of his followers who
+remained were strangely silent. The resolutions were passed in a shout
+of acclamation.</p>
+
+<p>The fame of Wendell Phillips as an orator was made. Father Taylor once
+said, "If Emerson goes to hell, he will start emigration in that
+direction." And from the day of that first Faneuil Hall speech Wendell
+Phillips gradually caused Abolitionism in New England to become
+respectable.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_409" id="VII_Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span>Phillips was twenty-seven years old when he gave that first, great
+speech, and for just twenty-seven years he continued to speak on the
+subject of slavery. He was an agitator&mdash;he was a man who divided men. He
+supplied courage to the weak, arguments to the many, and sent a chill of
+hate and fear through the hearts of the enemy. And just here is a good
+place to say that your radical&mdash;your fire-eater, agitator, and
+revolutionary who dips his pen in aqua fortis, and punctuates with
+blood&mdash;is almost without exception, met socially, a very gentle, modest
+and suave individual. William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Horace
+Greeley, Fred. Douglas, George William Curtis, and even John Brown, were
+all men with low, musical voices and modest ways&mdash;men who would not
+tread on an insect nor harm a toad.</p>
+
+<p>When the fight had been won&mdash;the Emancipation Proclamation issued&mdash;there
+were still other fights ahead. The habit of Phillips' life had become
+fixed.</p>
+
+<p>He and Ann lived in that plain little home on Exeter Street, and to this
+home of love he constantly turned for rest and inspiration.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the War he found his fortune much impaired, and he
+looked to the Lyceum Stage&mdash;the one thing for which he was so eminently
+fitted.</p>
+
+<p>It was about the year Eighteen Hundred Eighty that a callow interviewer
+asked him who his closest associates were. The answer was: "My
+colleagues are hackmen and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_410" id="VII_Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span> hotel-clerks; and I also know every
+conductor, brakeman and engineer on every railroad in America. My home
+is in the caboose, and my business is establishing trains."</p>
+
+<p>I heard Wendell Phillips speak but once. I was about twelve years of
+age, and my father and I had ridden ten miles across the wind-swept
+prairie in the face of a winter storm.</p>
+
+<p>It was midnight when we reached home, but I could not sleep until I had
+told my mother all about it. I remember the hall was packed, and there
+were many gaslights, and on the stage were a dozen men&mdash;all very great,
+my father said. One man arose and spoke. He lifted his hands, raised his
+voice, stamped his foot, and I thought he surely was a very great man.
+He was just introducing the real speaker.</p>
+
+<p>Then the Real Speaker walked slowly down to the front of the stage and
+stood very still. And everybody was awful quiet&mdash;no one coughed, nor
+shuffled his feet, nor whispered&mdash;I never knew a thousand folks could be
+so still. I could hear my heart beat&mdash;I leaned over to listen and I
+wondered what his first words would be, for I had promised to remember
+them for my mother. And the words were these&mdash;"My dear friends: We have
+met here tonight to talk about the Lost Arts."... That is just what he
+said&mdash;I'll not deceive you&mdash;and it wasn't a speech at all&mdash;he just
+talked to us. We were his dear friends&mdash;he said so, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_411" id="VII_Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span> a man with a
+gentle, quiet voice like that would not call us his friends if he wasn't
+our friend.</p>
+
+<p>He had found out some wonderful things and he had just come to tell us
+about them; about how thousands of years ago men worked in gold and
+silver and ivory; how they dug canals, sailed strange seas, built
+wonderful palaces, carved statues and wrote books on the skins of
+animals. He just stood there and told us about these things&mdash;he stood
+still, with one hand behind him, or resting on his hip, or at his side,
+and the other hand motioned a little&mdash;that was all. We expected every
+minute he would burst out and make a speech, but he didn't&mdash;he just
+talked. There was a big, yellow pitcher and a tumbler on the table, but
+he didn't drink once, because you see he didn't work very hard&mdash;he just
+talked&mdash;he talked for two hours. I know it was two hours, because we
+left home at six o'clock, got to the hall at eight, and reached home at
+midnight. We came home as fast as we went, and if it took us two hours
+to come home, and he began at eight, he must have been talking for two
+hours. I didn't go to sleep&mdash;didn't nod once.</p>
+
+<p>We hoped he would make a speech before he got through, but he didn't. He
+just talked, and I understood it all. Father held my hand: we laughed a
+little in places, at others we wanted to cry, but didn't&mdash;but most of
+the time we just listened. We were going to applaud, but forgot it. He
+called us his dear friends.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_412" id="VII_Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span>I have heard thousands of speeches since that winter night in Illinois.
+Very few indeed can I recall, and beyond the general theme, that speech
+by Wendell Phillips has gone from my memory. But I remember the presence
+and attitude and voice of the man as though it were but yesterday. The
+calm courage, deliberation, beauty and strength of the speaker&mdash;his
+knowledge, his gentleness, his friendliness! I had heard many sermons,
+and some had terrified me. This time I had expected to be thrilled, too,
+and so I sat very close to my father and felt for his hand. And here it
+was all just quiet joy&mdash;I understood it all. I was pleased with myself;
+and being pleased with myself, I was pleased with the speaker. He was
+the biggest and best man I had ever seen&mdash;the first real man.</p>
+
+<p>It is no small thing: to be a man!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_413" id="VII_Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span>In Eighteen Hundred Fifty-three, Emerson said the reason Phillips was
+the best public speaker in America was because he had spoken every day
+for fourteen years.</p>
+
+<p>This observation didn't apply to Phillips at all, but Emerson used
+Phillips to hammer home a great general truth, which was that practise
+makes perfect.</p>
+
+<p>Emerson, like all the rest of us, had certain pet theories, which he was
+constantly bolstering by analogy and example. He had Phillips in mind
+when he said that the best drill for an orator was a course of mobs.</p>
+
+<p>But the cold fact remains that Phillips never made a better speech, even
+after fourteen years' daily practise, than that reply to
+Attorney-General Austin, at Faneuil Hall.</p>
+
+<p>He gave himself, and it was himself full-armed and at his best. All the
+conditions were exactly right&mdash;there was hot opposition; and there also
+was love and encouragement.</p>
+
+<p>His opponent, with brag, bluster, pomposity, cheap wit, and insincerity,
+served him as a magnificent foil. Never again were wind and tide so in
+his favor.</p>
+
+<p>It is opportunity that brings out the great man, but he only is great
+who prepares for the opportunity&mdash;who knows it will come&mdash;and who seizes
+upon it when it arrives.</p>
+
+<p>In this speech, Wendell Phillips reveals himself at his best&mdash;it has the
+same ring of combined courage,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_414" id="VII_Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span> culture and sincerity that he showed to
+the last. Clear thinking and clear speaking marked the man. Taine says
+the style is the man&mdash;the Phillips style was all in that first speech,
+and here is a sample:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To draw the conduct of our ancestors into a precedent for mobs, for
+a right to resist laws we ourselves have enacted, is an insult to
+their memory. The difference between the excitement of those days
+and our own, which this gentleman in kindness to the latter has
+overlooked, is simply this: the men of that day went for the right,
+as secured by laws. They were the people rising to sustain the laws
+and the constitution of the province. The rioters of our day go for
+their own wills, right or wrong. Sir, when I heard the gentleman
+lay down principles which place the murderers of Alton side by side
+with Otis and Hancock, with Quincy and Adams, I thought those
+pictured lips [pointing to the portraits in the hall] would have
+broken into voice to rebuke the recreant American&mdash;the slanderer of
+the dead!</p>
+
+<p>The gentleman said he should sink into insignificance if he
+condescended to gainsay the principles of these resolutions. For
+the sentiments he has uttered, on soil consecrated by the prayers
+of Puritans and the blood of patriots, the earth should have yawned
+and swallowed him up!</p>
+
+<p>Allusion has been made to what lawyers understand very well&mdash;the
+"conflict of laws." We are told that nothing but the Mississippi
+River runs between Saint Louis and Alton; and the conflict of laws
+somehow or other gives the citizens of the former a right to find<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_415" id="VII_Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span>
+fault with the defender of the press for publishing his opinions so
+near their limits. Will the gentleman venture that argument before
+lawyers? How the laws of the two States could be said to come into
+conflict in such circumstances, I question whether any lawyer in
+this audience can explain or understand. No matter whether the line
+that divides one sovereign State from another be an imaginary one
+or ocean-wide, the moment you cross it, the State you leave is
+blotted out of existence, so far as you are concerned. The Czar
+might as well claim to control the deliberations of Faneuil Hall,
+as the laws of Missouri demand reverence, or the shadow of
+obedience, from an inhabitant of Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>Sir, as I understand this affair, it was not an individual
+protecting his property; it was not one body of armed men
+assaulting another, and making the streets of a peaceful city run
+blood with their contentions. It did not bring back the scenes in
+some old Italian cities, where family met family, and faction met
+faction, and mutually trampled the laws underfoot. No; the men in
+that house were regularly enrolled under the sanction of the mayor.
+There being no militia in Alton, about seventy men were enrolled
+with the approbation of the mayor. These relieved each other every
+other night. About thirty men were in arms on the night of the
+Sixth, when the press was landed. The next evening it was not
+thought necessary to summon more than half that number; among these
+was Lovejoy. It was, therefore, you perceive, Sir, the police of
+the city resisting rioters&mdash;civil government breasting itself to
+the shock of lawless men. Here is no question about the right of
+self-defense. It is, in fact,<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_416" id="VII_Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span> simply this: Has the civil
+magistrate a right to put down a riot? Some persons seem to imagine
+that anarchy existed at Alton from the commencement of these
+disputes. Not at all. "No one of us," says an eye-witness and a
+comrade of Lovejoy, "has taken up arms during these disturbances
+but at the command of the mayor." Anarchy did not settle down on
+that devoted city till Lovejoy breathed his last. Till then the
+law, represented in his person, sustained itself against its foes.
+When he fell, civil authority was trampled underfoot. He had
+"planted himself on his constitutional rights"&mdash;appealed to the
+laws&mdash;claimed the protection of the civil authority&mdash;taken refuge
+under "the broad shield of the Constitution. When through that he
+was pierced and fell, he fell but one sufferer in a common
+catastrophe." He took refuge under the banner of liberty&mdash;amid its
+folds; and when he fell, its glorious stars and stripes, the emblem
+of free constitutions, around which cluster so many heart-stirring
+memories, were blotted out in the martyr's blood.</p>
+
+<p>If, Sir, I had adopted what are called peace principles, I might
+lament the circumstances of this case. But all of you who believe,
+as I do, in the right and duty of magistrates to execute the laws,
+join with me and brand as base hypocrisy the conduct of those who
+assemble year after year on the Fourth of July, to fight over
+battles of the Revolution, and yet "damn with faint praise," or
+load with obloquy, the memory of this man, who shed his blood in
+defense of life, liberty, and the freedom of the press!</p>
+
+<p>Imprudent to defend the freedom of the press! Why? Because the
+defense was unsuccessful? Does success<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_417" id="VII_Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span> gild crime into patriotism,
+and want of it change heroic self-devotion to imprudence? Was
+Hampden imprudent when he drew the sword and threw away the
+scabbard? Yet he, judged by that single hour, was unsuccessful.
+After a short exile, the race he hated sat again upon the throne.</p>
+
+<p>Imagine yourself present when the first news of Bunker Hill battle
+reached a New England town. The tale would have run thus: "The
+patriots are routed; the redcoats victorious; Warren lies dead upon
+the field." With what scorn would that Tory have been received, who
+should have charged Warren with imprudence! who should have said
+that, bred as a physician, he was "out of place" in the battle, and
+"died as the fool dieth!" [Great applause.] How would the
+intimation have been received that Warren and his associates should
+have waited a better time? But, if success be indeed the only
+criterion of prudence, "Respice finem"&mdash;wait till the end.</p>
+
+<p>Presumptuous to assert the freedom of the press on American ground!
+Is the assertion of such freedom before the age? So much before the
+age as to leave one no right to make it because it displeases the
+community? Who invents this libel on his country? It is this very
+thing which entitles Lovejoy to greater praise: the disputed right
+which provoked the Revolution&mdash;taxation without representation&mdash;is
+far beneath that for which he died. [Here there was a strong and
+general expression of disapprobation.] One word, gentlemen! As much
+as Thought is better than Money, so much is the cause in which
+Lovejoy died nobler than a mere question of taxes. James Otis
+thundered in this<span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_418" id="VII_Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span> hall when the king did but touch his Pocket.
+Imagine, if you can, his indignant eloquence had England offered to
+put a gag upon his Lips. [Great applause.]</p>
+
+<p>The question that stirred the Revolution touched our civil
+interests. This concerns us not only as citizens, but as immortal
+beings. Wrapped up in its fate, saved or lost with it, are not only
+the voice of the statesman, but the instructions of the pulpit and
+the progress of our faith.</p>
+
+<p>Is the clergy "marvelously out of place" where free speech is
+battled for&mdash;liberty of speech on national sins? Does the gentleman
+remember that freedom to preach was first gained, dragging in its
+train freedom to print? I thank the clergy here present, as I
+reverence their predecessors, who did not so far forget their
+country in their immediate profession as to deem it duty to
+separate themselves from the struggle of Seventy-six&mdash;the Mayhews
+and the Coopers&mdash;who remembered they were citizens before they were
+clergymen....</p>
+
+<p>I am glad, Sir, to see this crowded house. It is good for us to be
+here. When liberty is in danger, Faneuil Hall has the right, it is
+her duty, to strike the keynote of these United States. I am glad,
+for one reason, that remarks such as those to which I have alluded
+have been uttered here. The passage of these resolutions, in spite
+of this opposition, led by the Attorney-General of the
+Commonwealth, will show more clearly, more decisively, the deep
+indignation with which Boston regards this outrage.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="VII_Page_419" id="VII_Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span>SO HERE ENDETH "LITTLE JOURNEYS TO THE HOMES OF EMINENT ORATORS," BEING
+VOLUME SEVEN OF THE SERIES, AS WRITTEN BY ELBERT HUBBARD: EDITED AND
+ARRANGED BY FRED BANN; BORDERS AND INITIALS BY ROYCROFT ARTISTS, AND
+PRODUCED BY THE ROYCROFTERS, AT THEIR SHOPS, WHICH ARE IN EAST AURORA,
+ERIE COUNTY, NEW YORK, MCMXXII.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Little Journeys to the Homes of the
+Great, Volume 7, by Elbert  Hubbard
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE JOURNEYS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 23761-h.htm or 23761-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/7/6/23761/
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Annie McGuire and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/23761-h/images/0441-1.jpg b/23761-h/images/0441-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04a30f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h/images/0441-1.jpg
diff --git a/23761-h/images/0442-1.jpg b/23761-h/images/0442-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7a3c09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h/images/0442-1.jpg
diff --git a/23761-h/images/0443-1.jpg b/23761-h/images/0443-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f64395e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h/images/0443-1.jpg
diff --git a/23761-h/images/0444-1.jpg b/23761-h/images/0444-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd3175a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h/images/0444-1.jpg
diff --git a/23761-h/images/0445-1.jpg b/23761-h/images/0445-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24f61b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h/images/0445-1.jpg
diff --git a/23761-h/images/0446-1.jpg b/23761-h/images/0446-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3aa9715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h/images/0446-1.jpg
diff --git a/23761-h/images/0447-1.jpg b/23761-h/images/0447-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4df4bd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h/images/0447-1.jpg
diff --git a/23761-h/images/0448-1.jpg b/23761-h/images/0448-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7927931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h/images/0448-1.jpg
diff --git a/23761-h/images/0449-1.jpg b/23761-h/images/0449-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d0e8dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h/images/0449-1.jpg
diff --git a/23761-h/images/0450-1.jpg b/23761-h/images/0450-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e25a5e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h/images/0450-1.jpg
diff --git a/23761-h/images/0451-1.jpg b/23761-h/images/0451-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0d9351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h/images/0451-1.jpg
diff --git a/23761-h/images/0452-1.jpg b/23761-h/images/0452-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b989853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-h/images/0452-1.jpg
diff --git a/23761-page-images/f001.jpg b/23761-page-images/f001.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa76707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/f001.jpg
diff --git a/23761-page-images/f002.png b/23761-page-images/f002.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9707dba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/f002.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/f003.png b/23761-page-images/f003.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f514c93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/f003.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/f004.png b/23761-page-images/f004.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbb2305
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/f004.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/f005.png b/23761-page-images/f005.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c0eb34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/f005.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p009.png b/23761-page-images/p009.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41e7bba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p009.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p010.png b/23761-page-images/p010.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73761fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p010.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p011.png b/23761-page-images/p011.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db3fc64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p011.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p012.png b/23761-page-images/p012.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2b5331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p012.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p013.png b/23761-page-images/p013.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bde068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p013.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p014.png b/23761-page-images/p014.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0b2ce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p014.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p015.png b/23761-page-images/p015.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a35c403
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p015.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p016.png b/23761-page-images/p016.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b795a1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p016.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p017.png b/23761-page-images/p017.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd020f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p017.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p018.png b/23761-page-images/p018.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b28f793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p018.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p019.png b/23761-page-images/p019.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d600842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p019.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p020.png b/23761-page-images/p020.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3de3b10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p020.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p021.png b/23761-page-images/p021.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..615c55f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p021.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p022.png b/23761-page-images/p022.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c131d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p022.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p023.png b/23761-page-images/p023.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..989a7c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p023.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p024.png b/23761-page-images/p024.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6dd9e6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p024.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p025.png b/23761-page-images/p025.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db1fa1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p025.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p026.png b/23761-page-images/p026.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9640682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p026.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p027.png b/23761-page-images/p027.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcbe278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p027.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p028.png b/23761-page-images/p028.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a80e11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p028.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p029.png b/23761-page-images/p029.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49f71ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p029.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p030.png b/23761-page-images/p030.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e70353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p030.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p031.png b/23761-page-images/p031.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfc1343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p031.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p032.png b/23761-page-images/p032.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80f4642
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p032.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p033.png b/23761-page-images/p033.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e358bf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p033.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p034.png b/23761-page-images/p034.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cbc3c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p034.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p035.png b/23761-page-images/p035.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7081b17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p035.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p036.png b/23761-page-images/p036.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad92a50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p036.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p037.png b/23761-page-images/p037.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f576d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p037.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p038.png b/23761-page-images/p038.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d905dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p038.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p039.png b/23761-page-images/p039.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..583f99a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p039.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p040.png b/23761-page-images/p040.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..765b561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p040.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p041.png b/23761-page-images/p041.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a32c10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p041.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p042.jpg b/23761-page-images/p042.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f780ff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p042.jpg
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p043.png b/23761-page-images/p043.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d90f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p043.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p044.png b/23761-page-images/p044.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36f5b22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p044.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p045.png b/23761-page-images/p045.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93bb001
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p045.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p046.png b/23761-page-images/p046.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef8740b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p046.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p047.png b/23761-page-images/p047.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b9a59b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p047.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p048.png b/23761-page-images/p048.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a74f36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p048.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p049.png b/23761-page-images/p049.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da5c2f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p049.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p050.png b/23761-page-images/p050.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9175bb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p050.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p051.png b/23761-page-images/p051.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..991af5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p051.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p052.png b/23761-page-images/p052.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff42767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p052.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p053.png b/23761-page-images/p053.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb70d38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p053.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p054.png b/23761-page-images/p054.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e4d3ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p054.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p055.png b/23761-page-images/p055.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83c1e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p055.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p056.png b/23761-page-images/p056.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d926f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p056.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p057.png b/23761-page-images/p057.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04c030c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p057.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p058.png b/23761-page-images/p058.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5df584
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p058.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p059.png b/23761-page-images/p059.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50c6d7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p059.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p060.png b/23761-page-images/p060.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ed9733
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p060.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p061.png b/23761-page-images/p061.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de5cf4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p061.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p062.png b/23761-page-images/p062.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d050f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p062.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p063.png b/23761-page-images/p063.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91f49c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p063.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p064.png b/23761-page-images/p064.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d89b92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p064.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p065.png b/23761-page-images/p065.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..098fcd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p065.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p066.png b/23761-page-images/p066.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..958b955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p066.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p067.png b/23761-page-images/p067.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c36af1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p067.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p068.png b/23761-page-images/p068.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4dcfbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p068.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p069.png b/23761-page-images/p069.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82250a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p069.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p070.png b/23761-page-images/p070.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0815f5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p070.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p071.png b/23761-page-images/p071.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9868f88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p071.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p072.png b/23761-page-images/p072.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6fc752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p072.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p073.png b/23761-page-images/p073.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28d6e75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p073.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p074.png b/23761-page-images/p074.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c2189f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p074.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p075.png b/23761-page-images/p075.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39ba00b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p075.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p076.png b/23761-page-images/p076.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b46f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p076.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p077.png b/23761-page-images/p077.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ea2f37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p077.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p078.png b/23761-page-images/p078.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e1f84c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p078.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p079.png b/23761-page-images/p079.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49ed39c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p079.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p080-insert.jpg b/23761-page-images/p080-insert.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59e2d81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p080-insert.jpg
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p080.png b/23761-page-images/p080.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cca0bfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p080.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p081.png b/23761-page-images/p081.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d22745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p081.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p082.png b/23761-page-images/p082.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f05b75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p082.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p083.png b/23761-page-images/p083.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1a8806
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p083.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p084.png b/23761-page-images/p084.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0c45f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p084.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p085.png b/23761-page-images/p085.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f7bcab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p085.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p086.png b/23761-page-images/p086.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17cf5b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p086.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p087.png b/23761-page-images/p087.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66beec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p087.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p088.png b/23761-page-images/p088.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..890ab72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p088.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p089.png b/23761-page-images/p089.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74eee4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p089.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p090.png b/23761-page-images/p090.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16157f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p090.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p091.png b/23761-page-images/p091.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00361c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p091.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p092.png b/23761-page-images/p092.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..965543b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p092.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p093.png b/23761-page-images/p093.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc05145
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p093.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p094.png b/23761-page-images/p094.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4dbd6e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p094.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p095.png b/23761-page-images/p095.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d5c43a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p095.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p096.png b/23761-page-images/p096.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5888ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p096.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p097.png b/23761-page-images/p097.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..711ed52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p097.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p098.png b/23761-page-images/p098.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f97efd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p098.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p099.png b/23761-page-images/p099.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30d5ccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p099.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p100.png b/23761-page-images/p100.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96761f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p100.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p101.png b/23761-page-images/p101.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd0de00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p101.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p102.png b/23761-page-images/p102.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..832a9fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p102.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p103.png b/23761-page-images/p103.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9de8380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p103.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p104.png b/23761-page-images/p104.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a4be13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p104.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p105.png b/23761-page-images/p105.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40d867b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p105.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p106.png b/23761-page-images/p106.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..022c0b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p106.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p107.png b/23761-page-images/p107.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56c2040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p107.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p108.png b/23761-page-images/p108.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23b428b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p108.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p109.png b/23761-page-images/p109.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ed4f15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p109.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p110-insert.jpg b/23761-page-images/p110-insert.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e5b5e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p110-insert.jpg
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p110.png b/23761-page-images/p110.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71596a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p110.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p111.png b/23761-page-images/p111.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1f3531
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p111.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p112.png b/23761-page-images/p112.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63eaee7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p112.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p113.png b/23761-page-images/p113.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a33fbf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p113.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p114.png b/23761-page-images/p114.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ffeebe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p114.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p115.png b/23761-page-images/p115.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abc24dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p115.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p116.png b/23761-page-images/p116.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..619c88e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p116.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p117.png b/23761-page-images/p117.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12dac33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p117.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p118.png b/23761-page-images/p118.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c09e13f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p118.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p119.png b/23761-page-images/p119.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a95b415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p119.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p120.png b/23761-page-images/p120.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..769d7a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p120.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p121.png b/23761-page-images/p121.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab082ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p121.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p122.png b/23761-page-images/p122.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0914ac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p122.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p123.png b/23761-page-images/p123.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..503c35b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p123.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p124.png b/23761-page-images/p124.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..928881b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p124.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p125.png b/23761-page-images/p125.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5004f27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p125.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p126.png b/23761-page-images/p126.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..474c081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p126.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p127.png b/23761-page-images/p127.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbe6ff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p127.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p128.png b/23761-page-images/p128.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2445dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p128.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p129.png b/23761-page-images/p129.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12dfa59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p129.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p130.png b/23761-page-images/p130.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..015b55c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p130.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p131.png b/23761-page-images/p131.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..106ee49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p131.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p132.png b/23761-page-images/p132.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2502ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p132.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p133.png b/23761-page-images/p133.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8602949
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p133.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p134.png b/23761-page-images/p134.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9346971
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p134.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p135.png b/23761-page-images/p135.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6acc0ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p135.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p136.png b/23761-page-images/p136.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea744f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p136.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p137.png b/23761-page-images/p137.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..477049f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p137.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p138.png b/23761-page-images/p138.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8032ad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p138.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p139.png b/23761-page-images/p139.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d06f74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p139.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p140.png b/23761-page-images/p140.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46283ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p140.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p141.png b/23761-page-images/p141.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a2a7ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p141.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p142.png b/23761-page-images/p142.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22fb038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p142.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p143.png b/23761-page-images/p143.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c26aa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p143.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p144.png b/23761-page-images/p144.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f29738
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p144.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p145.png b/23761-page-images/p145.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d461603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p145.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p146.png b/23761-page-images/p146.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d69fa3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p146.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p147.png b/23761-page-images/p147.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8a3d80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p147.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p148.png b/23761-page-images/p148.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e96db51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p148.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p149.png b/23761-page-images/p149.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7022cc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p149.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p150.png b/23761-page-images/p150.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03448c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p150.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p151.png b/23761-page-images/p151.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4f9e31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p151.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p152.png b/23761-page-images/p152.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5b9b3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p152.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p153.png b/23761-page-images/p153.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9282f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p153.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p154.png b/23761-page-images/p154.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51022e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p154.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p155.png b/23761-page-images/p155.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49a2337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p155.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p156.png b/23761-page-images/p156.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa6bbe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p156.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p157.png b/23761-page-images/p157.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c07b29d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p157.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p158-insert.jpg b/23761-page-images/p158-insert.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68f840b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p158-insert.jpg
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p158.png b/23761-page-images/p158.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b92598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p158.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p159.png b/23761-page-images/p159.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ca6ddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p159.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p160.png b/23761-page-images/p160.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ce5bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p160.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p161.png b/23761-page-images/p161.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64fc712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p161.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p162.png b/23761-page-images/p162.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c687e7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p162.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p163.png b/23761-page-images/p163.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b49cbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p163.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p164.png b/23761-page-images/p164.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4f4d9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p164.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p165.png b/23761-page-images/p165.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60961a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p165.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p166.png b/23761-page-images/p166.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ebef77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p166.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p167.png b/23761-page-images/p167.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9284df8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p167.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p168.png b/23761-page-images/p168.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..074dc33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p168.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p169.png b/23761-page-images/p169.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7618498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p169.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p170.png b/23761-page-images/p170.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1183571
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p170.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p171.png b/23761-page-images/p171.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7128602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p171.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p172.png b/23761-page-images/p172.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..448f947
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p172.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p173.png b/23761-page-images/p173.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27613be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p173.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p174.png b/23761-page-images/p174.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..953c675
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p174.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p175.png b/23761-page-images/p175.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c820046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p175.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p176.png b/23761-page-images/p176.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54da6eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p176.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p177.png b/23761-page-images/p177.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7561cc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p177.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p178.png b/23761-page-images/p178.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24c8b5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p178.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p179.png b/23761-page-images/p179.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9cdfe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p179.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p180.png b/23761-page-images/p180.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b185d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p180.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p181.png b/23761-page-images/p181.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75613b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p181.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p182.png b/23761-page-images/p182.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60ab416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p182.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p183.png b/23761-page-images/p183.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3977644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p183.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p184.jpg b/23761-page-images/p184.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45e50b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p184.jpg
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p185.png b/23761-page-images/p185.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09ba25a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p185.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p186.png b/23761-page-images/p186.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9867535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p186.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p187.png b/23761-page-images/p187.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8164a4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p187.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p188.png b/23761-page-images/p188.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5209268
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p188.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p189.png b/23761-page-images/p189.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..accf4f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p189.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p190.png b/23761-page-images/p190.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b96dec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p190.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p191.png b/23761-page-images/p191.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83ef141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p191.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p192.png b/23761-page-images/p192.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5abc417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p192.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p193.png b/23761-page-images/p193.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d408c14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p193.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p194.png b/23761-page-images/p194.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc4a28a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p194.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p195.png b/23761-page-images/p195.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f376aca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p195.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p196.png b/23761-page-images/p196.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bb66cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p196.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p197.png b/23761-page-images/p197.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d9dcbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p197.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p198.png b/23761-page-images/p198.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcf61d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p198.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p199.png b/23761-page-images/p199.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de377db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p199.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p200.png b/23761-page-images/p200.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8134f0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p200.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p201.png b/23761-page-images/p201.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5af646f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p201.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p202.png b/23761-page-images/p202.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2294600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p202.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p203.png b/23761-page-images/p203.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96bf86b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p203.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p204.png b/23761-page-images/p204.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56aebe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p204.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p205.png b/23761-page-images/p205.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91b5d86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p205.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p206-insert.jpg b/23761-page-images/p206-insert.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3776a5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p206-insert.jpg
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p206.png b/23761-page-images/p206.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d27c95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p206.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p207.png b/23761-page-images/p207.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b77c2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p207.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p208.png b/23761-page-images/p208.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3be650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p208.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p209.png b/23761-page-images/p209.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa90000
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p209.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p210.png b/23761-page-images/p210.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d6edca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p210.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p211.png b/23761-page-images/p211.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c1db07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p211.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p212.png b/23761-page-images/p212.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5557ec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p212.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p213.png b/23761-page-images/p213.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afbdd1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p213.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p214.png b/23761-page-images/p214.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc431b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p214.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p215.png b/23761-page-images/p215.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f02416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p215.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p216.png b/23761-page-images/p216.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3561096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p216.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p217.png b/23761-page-images/p217.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b255f15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p217.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p218.png b/23761-page-images/p218.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19901a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p218.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p219.png b/23761-page-images/p219.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9b457c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p219.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p220.png b/23761-page-images/p220.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa7c4f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p220.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p221.png b/23761-page-images/p221.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3d6884
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p221.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p222.png b/23761-page-images/p222.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8af2194
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p222.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p223.png b/23761-page-images/p223.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f254baf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p223.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p224.png b/23761-page-images/p224.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f6a6b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p224.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p225.png b/23761-page-images/p225.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36a980b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p225.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p226.png b/23761-page-images/p226.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b626b24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p226.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p227.png b/23761-page-images/p227.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3c560a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p227.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p228.png b/23761-page-images/p228.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cde4a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p228.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p229.png b/23761-page-images/p229.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca4467d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p229.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p230.png b/23761-page-images/p230.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6507a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p230.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p231.png b/23761-page-images/p231.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4402204
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p231.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p232.jpg b/23761-page-images/p232.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0ee414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p232.jpg
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p233.png b/23761-page-images/p233.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2691a2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p233.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p234.png b/23761-page-images/p234.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7950f61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p234.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p235.png b/23761-page-images/p235.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96524df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p235.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p236.png b/23761-page-images/p236.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..841f5ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p236.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p237.png b/23761-page-images/p237.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d0427e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p237.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p238.png b/23761-page-images/p238.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd00739
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p238.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p239.png b/23761-page-images/p239.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08dedd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p239.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p240.png b/23761-page-images/p240.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..155d8c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p240.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p241.png b/23761-page-images/p241.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74854ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p241.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p242.png b/23761-page-images/p242.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ae5e51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p242.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p243.png b/23761-page-images/p243.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6196090
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p243.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p244.png b/23761-page-images/p244.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe2ee00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p244.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p245.png b/23761-page-images/p245.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..486173b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p245.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p246.png b/23761-page-images/p246.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29d8444
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p246.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p247.png b/23761-page-images/p247.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfff480
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p247.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p248.png b/23761-page-images/p248.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..889b769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p248.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p249.png b/23761-page-images/p249.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..603c259
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p249.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p250.png b/23761-page-images/p250.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4e1c76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p250.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p251.png b/23761-page-images/p251.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d8e87f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p251.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p252.png b/23761-page-images/p252.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b120474
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p252.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p253.png b/23761-page-images/p253.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2993924
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p253.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p254.png b/23761-page-images/p254.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57f1973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p254.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p255.png b/23761-page-images/p255.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8adf7cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p255.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p256.png b/23761-page-images/p256.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5737a46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p256.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p257.png b/23761-page-images/p257.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7aac8ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p257.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p258.png b/23761-page-images/p258.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1456a70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p258.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p259.png b/23761-page-images/p259.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18ebab2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p259.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p260.png b/23761-page-images/p260.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22afc00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p260.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p261.png b/23761-page-images/p261.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3e68e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p261.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p262.png b/23761-page-images/p262.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c424448
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p262.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p263.png b/23761-page-images/p263.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e095de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p263.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p264.png b/23761-page-images/p264.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5f7249
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p264.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p265.png b/23761-page-images/p265.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3018de7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p265.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p266.png b/23761-page-images/p266.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60ba752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p266.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p267.png b/23761-page-images/p267.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1893a28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p267.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p268.png b/23761-page-images/p268.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d816d72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p268.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p269.png b/23761-page-images/p269.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f17fd33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p269.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p270.png b/23761-page-images/p270.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..774e4db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p270.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p271.png b/23761-page-images/p271.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c233cdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p271.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p272.png b/23761-page-images/p272.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..862bcf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p272.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p273.png b/23761-page-images/p273.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2600b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p273.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p274.png b/23761-page-images/p274.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..921bab6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p274.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p275.png b/23761-page-images/p275.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc6ce57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p275.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p276.jpg b/23761-page-images/p276.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17db6e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p276.jpg
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p277.png b/23761-page-images/p277.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6bb7df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p277.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p278.png b/23761-page-images/p278.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..277c96d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p278.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p279.png b/23761-page-images/p279.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f5403f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p279.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p280.png b/23761-page-images/p280.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cb9f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p280.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p281.png b/23761-page-images/p281.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f1b7b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p281.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p282.png b/23761-page-images/p282.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9769f95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p282.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p283.png b/23761-page-images/p283.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29e1df3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p283.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p284.png b/23761-page-images/p284.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e66ea1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p284.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p285.png b/23761-page-images/p285.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cd020d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p285.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p286.png b/23761-page-images/p286.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca488eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p286.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p287.png b/23761-page-images/p287.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..360ef85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p287.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p288.png b/23761-page-images/p288.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4cc0b4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p288.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p289.png b/23761-page-images/p289.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..268f455
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p289.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p290.png b/23761-page-images/p290.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ce24a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p290.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p291.png b/23761-page-images/p291.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc290a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p291.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p292.png b/23761-page-images/p292.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b826c0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p292.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p293.png b/23761-page-images/p293.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48bab5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p293.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p294.png b/23761-page-images/p294.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ad894c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p294.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p295.png b/23761-page-images/p295.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5588ef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p295.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p296.png b/23761-page-images/p296.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf5de2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p296.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p297.png b/23761-page-images/p297.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a000f34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p297.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p298.png b/23761-page-images/p298.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecbdfd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p298.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p299.png b/23761-page-images/p299.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4650a7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p299.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p300.png b/23761-page-images/p300.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1e448f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p300.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p301.png b/23761-page-images/p301.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15059ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p301.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p302.png b/23761-page-images/p302.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..563dd84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p302.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p303.png b/23761-page-images/p303.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6f95d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p303.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p304.png b/23761-page-images/p304.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7f3c02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p304.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p305.png b/23761-page-images/p305.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08bcbcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p305.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p306.png b/23761-page-images/p306.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28fd2f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p306.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p307.png b/23761-page-images/p307.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d765034
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p307.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p308.jpg b/23761-page-images/p308.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4eba9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p308.jpg
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p309.png b/23761-page-images/p309.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caa21eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p309.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p310.png b/23761-page-images/p310.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3398df4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p310.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p311.png b/23761-page-images/p311.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de99b33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p311.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p312.png b/23761-page-images/p312.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76ba0ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p312.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p313.png b/23761-page-images/p313.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cbc044
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p313.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p314.png b/23761-page-images/p314.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43e14fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p314.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p315.png b/23761-page-images/p315.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50eded9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p315.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p316.png b/23761-page-images/p316.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64fed1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p316.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p317.png b/23761-page-images/p317.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bb5113
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p317.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p318.png b/23761-page-images/p318.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2dbb5f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p318.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p319.png b/23761-page-images/p319.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea76598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p319.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p320.png b/23761-page-images/p320.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..704d209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p320.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p321.png b/23761-page-images/p321.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b22b32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p321.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p322.png b/23761-page-images/p322.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9987cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p322.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p323.png b/23761-page-images/p323.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2035838
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p323.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p324.png b/23761-page-images/p324.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d804de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p324.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p325.png b/23761-page-images/p325.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f258b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p325.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p326.png b/23761-page-images/p326.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c018374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p326.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p327.png b/23761-page-images/p327.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a7de05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p327.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p328.png b/23761-page-images/p328.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ea19c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p328.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p329.png b/23761-page-images/p329.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01b8574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p329.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p330.png b/23761-page-images/p330.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..240a5e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p330.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p331.png b/23761-page-images/p331.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64a63e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p331.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p332.png b/23761-page-images/p332.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fa6b59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p332.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p333.png b/23761-page-images/p333.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15b2645
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p333.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p334.png b/23761-page-images/p334.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39e1506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p334.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p335.png b/23761-page-images/p335.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca1e262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p335.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p336.png b/23761-page-images/p336.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b8ca30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p336.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p337.png b/23761-page-images/p337.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8ea293
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p337.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p338.png b/23761-page-images/p338.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2d17fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p338.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p339.png b/23761-page-images/p339.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e3e8f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p339.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p340.png b/23761-page-images/p340.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e534702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p340.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p341.png b/23761-page-images/p341.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed428d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p341.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p342.png b/23761-page-images/p342.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9daaf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p342.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p343.png b/23761-page-images/p343.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2372464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p343.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p344.png b/23761-page-images/p344.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb5b809
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p344.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p344a-insert.png b/23761-page-images/p344a-insert.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85a6bfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p344a-insert.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p344b-insert.jpg b/23761-page-images/p344b-insert.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cd00d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p344b-insert.jpg
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p345.png b/23761-page-images/p345.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c6de80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p345.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p346.png b/23761-page-images/p346.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b58b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p346.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p347.png b/23761-page-images/p347.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4a981c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p347.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p348.png b/23761-page-images/p348.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8889fde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p348.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p349.png b/23761-page-images/p349.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b63d0a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p349.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p350.png b/23761-page-images/p350.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c2dc40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p350.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p351.png b/23761-page-images/p351.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe63da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p351.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p352.png b/23761-page-images/p352.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..997e145
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p352.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p353.png b/23761-page-images/p353.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5094a5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p353.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p354.png b/23761-page-images/p354.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4750b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p354.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p355.png b/23761-page-images/p355.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2aac67d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p355.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p356.png b/23761-page-images/p356.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d64a555
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p356.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p357.png b/23761-page-images/p357.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3622ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p357.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p358.png b/23761-page-images/p358.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..554d3ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p358.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p359.png b/23761-page-images/p359.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b4b960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p359.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p360.png b/23761-page-images/p360.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a15e7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p360.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p361.png b/23761-page-images/p361.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a44314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p361.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p362.png b/23761-page-images/p362.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..436c96e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p362.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p363.png b/23761-page-images/p363.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee1e27b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p363.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p364.png b/23761-page-images/p364.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcc61d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p364.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p365.png b/23761-page-images/p365.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f985f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p365.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p366.png b/23761-page-images/p366.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97cd4f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p366.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p367.png b/23761-page-images/p367.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97448fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p367.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p368.png b/23761-page-images/p368.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d67bed3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p368.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p369.png b/23761-page-images/p369.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fd1199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p369.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p370.png b/23761-page-images/p370.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58835a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p370.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p371.png b/23761-page-images/p371.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d610690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p371.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p372.png b/23761-page-images/p372.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..209a2c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p372.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p373.png b/23761-page-images/p373.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81090a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p373.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p374.png b/23761-page-images/p374.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c8da88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p374.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p375.png b/23761-page-images/p375.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f938d6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p375.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p376.png b/23761-page-images/p376.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5aca48c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p376.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p377.png b/23761-page-images/p377.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0a04f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p377.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p378.png b/23761-page-images/p378.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ba14f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p378.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p379.png b/23761-page-images/p379.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7593dd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p379.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p380.png b/23761-page-images/p380.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a64ada
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p380.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p381.png b/23761-page-images/p381.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56603aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p381.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p382.png b/23761-page-images/p382.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..532d551
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p382.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p383.png b/23761-page-images/p383.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef2ea80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p383.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p384-insert.jpg b/23761-page-images/p384-insert.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..804665d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p384-insert.jpg
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p384.png b/23761-page-images/p384.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ed4732
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p384.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p385.png b/23761-page-images/p385.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccbf5a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p385.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p386.png b/23761-page-images/p386.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b04e13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p386.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p387.png b/23761-page-images/p387.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1926b93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p387.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p388.png b/23761-page-images/p388.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9075064
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p388.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p389.png b/23761-page-images/p389.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0841c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p389.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p390.png b/23761-page-images/p390.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf73da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p390.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p391.png b/23761-page-images/p391.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..255f2bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p391.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p392.png b/23761-page-images/p392.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98ed91b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p392.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p393.png b/23761-page-images/p393.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33e58a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p393.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p394.png b/23761-page-images/p394.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49f67e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p394.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p395.png b/23761-page-images/p395.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a26f5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p395.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p396.png b/23761-page-images/p396.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3eea1b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p396.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p397.png b/23761-page-images/p397.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76c5aed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p397.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p398.png b/23761-page-images/p398.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13a720f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p398.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p399.png b/23761-page-images/p399.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..476881f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p399.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p400.png b/23761-page-images/p400.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b54993
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p400.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p401.png b/23761-page-images/p401.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a930bf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p401.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p402.png b/23761-page-images/p402.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..384edf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p402.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p403.png b/23761-page-images/p403.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc3d3ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p403.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p404.png b/23761-page-images/p404.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa18c58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p404.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p405.png b/23761-page-images/p405.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e72cd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p405.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p406.png b/23761-page-images/p406.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d81697d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p406.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p407.png b/23761-page-images/p407.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cd9ea6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p407.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p408.png b/23761-page-images/p408.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc01adf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p408.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p409.png b/23761-page-images/p409.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddad0ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p409.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p410.png b/23761-page-images/p410.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0b45c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p410.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p411.png b/23761-page-images/p411.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60ae29f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p411.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p412.png b/23761-page-images/p412.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..addab57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p412.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p413.png b/23761-page-images/p413.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05362a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p413.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p414.png b/23761-page-images/p414.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fca0bb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p414.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p415.png b/23761-page-images/p415.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a5c92d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p415.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p416.png b/23761-page-images/p416.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9211852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p416.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p417.png b/23761-page-images/p417.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37d9c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p417.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p418.png b/23761-page-images/p418.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..946abee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p418.png
diff --git a/23761-page-images/p419.png b/23761-page-images/p419.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7458146
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761-page-images/p419.png
diff --git a/23761.txt b/23761.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9c9545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10082 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great,
+Volume 7, by Elbert  Hubbard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great, Volume 7
+       Little Journeys to the Homes of Eminent Orators
+
+Author: Elbert  Hubbard
+
+Release Date: December 7, 2007 [EBook #23761]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE JOURNEYS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Annie McGuire and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LITTLE JOURNEYS TO THE HOMES OF THE GREAT, VOLUME 7
+
+Little Journeys to the Homes of Eminent Orators
+
+by
+
+ELBERT HUBBARD
+
+Memorial Edition
+
+New York
+
+1916.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+  PERICLES
+  MARK ANTONY
+  SAVONAROLA
+  MARTIN LUTHER
+  EDMUND BURKE
+  WILLIAM PITT
+  JEAN PAUL MARAT
+  ROBERT INGERSOLL
+  PATRICK HENRY
+  STARR KING
+  HENRY WARD BEECHER
+  WENDELL PHILLIPS
+
+
+
+
+PERICLES
+
+
+     When we agreed, O Aspasia! in the beginning of our loves, to
+     communicate our thoughts by writing, even while we were both in
+     Athens, and when we had many reasons for it, we little foresaw the
+     more powerful one that has rendered it necessary of late. We never
+     can meet again: the laws forbid it, and love itself enforces them.
+     Let wisdom be heard by you as imperturbably, and affection as
+     authoritatively, as ever; and remember that the sorrow of Pericles
+     can rise but from the bosom of Aspasia. There is only one word of
+     tenderness we could say, which we have not said oftentimes before;
+     and there is no consolation in it. The happy never say, and never
+     hear said, farewell.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+     And now at the close of my day, when every light is dim and every
+     guest departed, let me own that these wane before me, remembering,
+     as I do in the pride and fulness of my heart, that Athens confided
+     her glory, and Aspasia her happiness, to me.
+
+     Have I been a faithful guardian? Do I resign them to the custody of
+     the gods, undiminished and unimpaired? Welcome then, welcome, my
+     last hour! After enjoying for so great a number of years, in my
+     public and private life, what I believe has never been the lot of
+     any other, I now extend my hand to the urn, and take without
+     reluctance or hesitation that which is the lot of all.
+
+                                         --_Pericles to Aspasia_
+
+[Illustration: PERICLES]
+
+
+Once upon a day there was a grocer who lived in Indianapolis, Indiana.
+The grocer's name being Heinrich Schliemann, his nationality can be
+inferred; and as for pedigree, it is enough to state that his ancestors
+did not land at either Plymouth or Jamestown. However, he was an
+American citizen.
+
+Now this grocer made much moneys, for he sold groceries as were, and had
+a feed-barn, a hay-scales, a sommer-garten and a lunch-counter. In fact,
+his place of business was just the kind you would expect a strenuous man
+by the name of Schliemann to keep.
+
+Soon Schliemann had men on the road, and they sold groceries as far west
+as Peoria and as far east as Xenia.
+
+Schliemann grew rich, and the opening up of Schliemann's Division, where
+town lots were sold at auction, and Anheuser-Busch played an important
+part, helped his bank-balance not a little.
+
+Schliemann grew rich: and the gentle reader being clairvoyant, now sees
+Schliemann weighed on his own hay-scales--and wanting everything in
+sight--tipping the beam at part of a ton. The expectation is that
+Schliemann will evolve into a large oval satrap, grow beautifully
+boastful and sublimely reminiscent, representing his Ward in the Common
+Council until pudge plus prunes him off in his prime.
+
+But this time the reader is wrong: Schliemann was tall, slender and
+reserved, also taciturn. Groceries were not the goal. In fact, he had
+interests outside of Indianapolis, that few knew anything about. When
+Schliemann was thirty-eight years old he was worth half a million
+dollars; and instead of making his big business still bigger, he was
+studying Greek. It was a woman and Eros taught Schliemann Greek, and
+this was so letters could be written--dictated by Eros, who they do say
+is an awful dictator--that would not be easily construed by Hoosier "hoi
+polloi." Together the woman and Schliemann studied the history of
+Hellas.
+
+About the year Eighteen Hundred Sixty-eight Schliemann turned all of his
+Indiana property into cash; and in April, Eighteen Hundred Seventy, he
+was digging in the hill of Hissarlik, Troad. The same faculty of
+thoroughness, and the ability to captain a large business--managing men
+to his own advantage, and theirs--made his work in Greece a success.
+Schliemann's discoveries at Mount Athos, Mycenae, Ithaca and Tiryns
+turned a searchlight upon prehistoric Hellas and revolutionized
+prevailing ideas concerning the rise and the development of Greek Art.
+
+His Trojan treasures were presented to the city of Berlin. Had
+Schliemann given his priceless findings to Indianapolis, it would have
+made that city a Sacred Mecca for all the Western World--set it apart,
+and caused James Whitcomb Riley to be a mere side-show, inept,
+inconsequent, immaterial and insignificant. But alas! Indianapolis never
+knew Schliemann when he lived there--they thought he was a Dutch Grocer!
+And all the honors went to Benjamin Harrison, Governor Morton and Thomas
+A. Hendricks.
+
+If the Indiana Novelists would cease their dalliance with Dame Fiction
+and turn to Truth, writing a simple record of the life of Schliemann, it
+would eclipse in strangeness all the Knighthoods that ever were in
+Flower, and Ben Hur would get the flag in his Crawfordsville
+chariot-race for fame.
+
+Berlin gave the freedom of the city to Schliemann; the Emperor of
+Germany bestowed on him a Knighthood; the University voted him a Ph. D.;
+Heidelberg made him a D. C. L.; and Saint Petersburg followed with an
+LL. D.
+
+The value of the treasure, now in the Berlin Museum, found by Schliemann
+exceeds by far the value of the Elgin Marbles in the British Museum.
+
+We know, and have always known, who built the Parthenon and crowned the
+Acropolis; but not until Schliemann had by faith and good works removed
+the mountain of Hissarlik, did we know that the Troy, of which blind
+Homer sang, was not a figment of the poet's brain.
+
+Schliemann showed us that a thousand years before the age of Pericles
+there was a civilization almost as great. Aye! more than this--he showed
+us that the ancient city of Troy was built upon the ruins of a city
+that throve and pulsed with life and pride, a thousand years or more
+before Thetis, the mother of Achilles, held her baby by the heel and
+dipped him in the River Styx.
+
+Schliemann passed to the Realm of Shade in Eighteen Hundred Ninety, and
+is buried at Athens, in the Ceramicus, in a grave excavated by his own
+hands in a search for the grave of Pericles.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Pericles lived nearly twenty-five centuries ago. The years of his life
+were sixty-six--during the last thirty-one of which, by popular acclaim,
+he was the "First Citizen of Athens." The age in which he lived is
+called the Age of Pericles.
+
+Shakespeare died less than three hundred years ago, and although he
+lived in a writing age, and every decade since has seen a plethora of
+writing men, yet writing men are now bandying words as to whether he
+lived at all.
+
+Between us and Pericles lie a thousand years of night, when styli were
+stilled, pens forgotten, chisels thrown aside, brushes were useless, and
+oratory was silent, dumb. Yet we know the man Pericles quite as well as
+the popular mind knows George Washington, who lived but yesterday, and
+with whom myth and fable have already played their part.
+
+Thucydides, a contemporary of Pericles, who outlived him by nearly half
+a century, wrote his life. Fortunately, Thucydides was big enough
+himself to take the measure of a great man. At least seven other
+contemporaries, whose works we have in part, wrote also of the First
+Citizen.
+
+To Plutarch are we indebted for much of our knowledge of Pericles, and
+fortunately we are in position to verify most of Plutarch's gossipy
+chronicles.
+
+The vanishing-point of time is seen in that Plutarch refers to Pericles
+as an "ancient"; and through the mist of years it hardly seems possible
+that between Plutarch and Pericles is a period of five hundred years.
+Plutarch resided in Greece when Paul was at Athens, Corinth and other
+Grecian cities. Later, Plutarch was at Miletus, about the time Saint
+Paul stopped there on his way to Rome to be tried for blasphemy--the
+same offense committed by Socrates, and a sin charged, too, against
+Pericles. Nature punishes for most sins, but sacrilege, heresy and
+blasphemy are not in her calendar, so man has to look after them.
+Plutarch visited Patmos where Saint John was exiled and where he wrote
+the Book of Revelation. Plutarch was also at "Malta by the Sea," where
+Saint Paul was shipwrecked; but so far as we know, he never heard of
+Paul nor of Him of whom, upon Mars Hill, Paul preached.
+
+Paul bears testimony that at Athens the people spent their time in
+nothing else but either to tell or to hear some new thing. They were
+curious as children, and had to be diverted and amused. They were the
+same people that Pericles had diverted, amused and used--used without
+their knowing it, five hundred years before.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The gentle and dignified Anaxagoras, who abandoned all his property to
+the State that he might be free to devote himself to thought, was the
+first and best teacher of Pericles. Under his tutorship--better, the
+companionship of this noble man--Pericles acquired that sublime
+self-restraint, that intellectual breadth, that freedom from
+superstition, which marked his character.
+
+Superstitions are ossified metaphors, and back of every religious
+fallacy lies a truth. The gods of Greece were once men who fought their
+valiant fight and lived their day; the supernatural is the natural not
+yet understood--it is the natural seen through the mist of one, two,
+three, ten or twenty-five hundred years, when things loom large and out
+of proportion--and all these things were plain to Pericles. Yet he kept
+his inmost belief to himself, and let the mob believe whate'er it list.
+Morley's book on "Compromise" would not have appealed much to
+Pericles--his answer would have been, "A man must do what he can, and
+not what he would." Yet he was no vulgar demagog truckling to the
+caprices of mankind, nor was he a tyrant who pitted his will against the
+many and subdued by a show of arms. For thirty years he kept peace at
+home, and if this peace was once or twice cemented by an insignificant
+foreign war, he proved thereby that he was abreast of Napoleon, who
+said, "The cure for civil dissension is war abroad." Pericles stands
+alone in his success as a statesman. It was Thomas Brackett Reed, I
+believe, who said, "A statesman is a politician who is dead."
+
+And this is a sober truth, for, to reveal the statesman, perspective is
+required.
+
+Pericles built and maintained a State, and he did it, as every statesman
+must, by recognizing and binding to him ability. It is a fine thing to
+have ability, but the ability to discover ability in others is the true
+test. While Pericles lived, there also lived AEschylus, Sophocles,
+Euripides, Pythagoras, Socrates, Herodotus, Zeno, Hippocrates, Pindar,
+Empedocles and Democritus. Such a galaxy of stars has never been seen
+before nor since--unless we have it now--and Pericles was their one
+central sun.
+
+Pericles was great in many ways--great as an orator, musician,
+philosopher, politician, financier, and great and wise as a practical
+leader. Lovers of beauty are apt to be dreamers, but this man had the
+ability to plan, devise, lay out work and carry it through to a
+successful conclusion. He infused others with his own animation, and
+managed to set a whole cityful of lazy people building a temple grander
+far in its rich simplicity than the world had ever seen. By his masterly
+eloquence and the magic of his presence, Pericles infused the Greeks
+with a passion for beauty and a desire to create. And no man can inspire
+others with the desire to create who has not taken sacred fire from the
+altar of the gods. The creative genius is the highest gift vouchsafed to
+man, and wherein man is likest God. The desire to create does not burn
+the heart of the serf, and only free people can respond to the greatest
+power ever given to any First Citizen.
+
+In beautifying the city there was a necessity for workers in stone,
+brass, iron, ivory, gold, silver and wood. Six thousand of the citizens
+were under daily pay as jurors, to be called upon if their services were
+needed; most of the other male adults were soldiers. Through the genius
+of Pericles and his generals these men were set to work as masons,
+carpenters, braziers, goldsmiths, painters and sculptors. Talent was
+discovered where before it was supposed there was none; music found a
+voice; playwriters discovered actors; actors found an audience; and
+philosophy had a hearing. A theater was built, carved almost out of
+solid stone, that seated ten thousand people, and on the stage there was
+often heard a chorus of a thousand voices. Physical culture developed
+the perfect body so that the Greek forms of that time are today the
+despair of the human race. The recognition of the sacredness of the
+temple of the soul was taught as a duty; and to make the body beautiful
+by right exercise and by right life became a science. The sculptor must
+have models approaching perfection, and the exhibition of the sculptor's
+work, together with occasional public religious processions of naked
+youths, kept before the people ideals superb and splendid.
+
+For several years everybody worked, carrying stone, hewing, tugging,
+lifting, carving. Up the steep road that led to the Acropolis was a
+constant procession carrying materials. So infused was everybody and
+everything with the work that a story is told of a certain mule that had
+hauled a cart in the endless procession. This worthy worker, "who was
+sustained by neither pride of ancestry nor hope of posterity," finally
+became galled and lame and was turned out to die. But the mule did not
+die--nothing dies until hope dies. That mule pushed his way back into
+the throng and up and down he went, filled and comforted with the
+thought that he was doing his work--and all respected him and made way.
+If this story was invented by a comic poet of the time, devised by an
+enemy of Pericles, we see its moral, and think no less of Pericles. To
+inspire a mule with a passion for work and loyalty in a great cause is
+no mean thing.
+
+So richly endowed was Pericles that he was able to appreciate the best
+not only in men, but in literature, painting, sculpture, music,
+architecture and life as well. In him there was as near a perfect
+harmony as we have ever seen--in him all the various lines of Greek
+culture united, and we get the perfect man. Under the right conditions
+there might be produced a race of such men--but such a race never lived
+in Greece and never could. Greece was a splendid experiment. Greece was
+God's finest plaything--devised to show what He could do.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have sometimes thought that comeliness of feature and fine physical
+proportions were a handicap to an orator. If a man is handsome, it is
+quite enough--let him act as chairman and limit his words to stating the
+pleasure he has in introducing the speaker. No man in a full-dress suit
+can sway a thousand people to mingled mirth and tears, play upon their
+emotions and make them remember the things they have forgotten, drive
+conviction home, and change the ideals of a lifetime in an hour. The man
+in spotless attire, with necktie mathematically adjusted, is an usher.
+If too much attention to dress is in evidence, we at once conclude that
+the attire is first in importance and the message secondary.
+
+The orator is a man we hate, fear or love, and are curious to see. His
+raiment is incidental; the usher's clothes are vital. The attire of the
+usher may reveal the man--but not so the speaker. If our first
+impressions are disappointing, so much the better, provided the man is a
+man.
+
+The best thing in Winston Churchill's book, "The Crisis," is his
+description of Lincoln's speech at Freeport. Churchill got that
+description from a man who was there. Where the issue was great, Lincoln
+was always at first a disappointment. His unkempt appearance, his
+awkwardness, his shrill voice--these things made people laugh, then they
+were ashamed because they laughed, then they pitied, next followed
+surprise, and before they knew it, they were being wrapped 'round by
+words so gracious, so fair, so convincing, so free from prejudice, so
+earnest and so charged with soul that they were taken captive, bound
+hand and foot.
+
+Talmage, who knew his business, used to work this element of
+disappointment as an art. When the event was important and he wished to
+make a particularly good impression, he would begin in a very low,
+sing-song voice, and in a monotonous manner, dealing in trite nothings
+for five minutes or more. His angular form would seem to take on more
+angles and his homely face would grow more homely, if that were
+possible--disappointment would spread itself over the audience like a
+fog; people would settle back in their pews, sigh and determine to
+endure. And then suddenly the speaker would glide to the front, his
+great chest would fill, his immense mouth would open and there would
+leap forth a sentence like a thunderbolt.
+
+Visitors at "The Temple," London, will recall how Joseph Parker works
+the matter of surprise, and often piques curiosity by beginning his
+sermon to two thousand people in a voice that is just above a whisper.
+
+One of the most impressive orators of modern times was John P. Altgeld,
+yet to those who heard him for the first time his appearance was always
+a disappointment. Altgeld was so earnest and sincere, so full of his
+message that he scorned all the tricks of oratory, but still he must
+have been aware that his insignificant form and commonplace appearance
+were a perfect foil for the gloomy, melancholy and foreboding note of
+earnestness that riveted his words into a perfect whole.
+
+Over against the type of oratory represented by Altgeld, America has
+produced one orator who fascinated first by his personal appearance,
+next exasperated by his imperturbable calm, then disappointed through a
+reserve that nothing could baffle, and finally won through all three,
+more than by his message. This man was Roscoe Conkling, he of the
+Hyperion curls and Jovelike front.
+
+The chief enemy of Conkling (and he had a goodly list) was James G.
+Blaine, who once said of him, "He wins, like Pericles, by his grand and
+god-like manner--and knows it." In appearance and manner Pericles and
+Conkling had much in common, but there the parallel stops.
+
+Pericles appeared only on great occasions. We are told that in twenty
+years he was seen on the streets of Athens only once a year, and that
+was in going from his house to the Assembly where he made his annual
+report of his stewardship. He never made himself cheap. His speeches
+were prepared with great care and must have been memorized. Before he
+spoke he prayed the gods that not a single unworthy word might escape
+his lips. We are told that his manner was so calm, so well poised, that
+during his speech his mantle was never disarranged.
+
+In his speeches Pericles never championed an unpopular cause--he never
+led a forlorn hope--he never flung reasons into the teeth of a mob. His
+addresses were the orderly, gracious words of eulogy and congratulation.
+He won the approval of his constituents often against their will, and
+did the thing he wished to do, without giving offense. Thucydides says
+his words were like the honey of Hymettus--persuasion sat upon his lips.
+
+No man wins his greatest fame in that to which he has given most of his
+time; it's his side issue, the thing he does for recreation, his heart's
+play-spell, that gives him immortality. There is too much tension in
+that where his all is staked. But in his leisure the pressure is
+removed, his heart is free and judgment may for the time take a back
+seat--there was where Dean Swift picked his laurels. Although Pericles
+was the greatest orator of his day, yet his business was not oratory.
+Public speaking was to him merely incidental and accidental. He
+doubtless would have avoided it if he could--he was a man of affairs, a
+leader of practical men, and he was a teacher. He held his place by a
+suavity, gentleness and gracious show of reasons unparalleled. In
+oratory it is manner that wins, not words. One virtue Pericles had in
+such generous measure that the world yet takes note of it, and that is
+his patience. If interrupted in a speech, he gave way and never answered
+sharply, nor used his position to the other's discomfiture. In his
+speeches there was no challenge, no vituperation, no irony, no
+arraignment. He assumed that everybody was honest, everybody just, and
+that all men were doing what they thought was best for themselves and
+others. His enemies were not rogues--simply good men who were
+temporarily in error. He impeached no man's motives; but went much out
+of his way to give due credit.
+
+On one occasion, early in his public career, he was berated by a bully
+in the streets. Pericles made no answer, but went quietly about his
+business. The man followed him, continuing his abuse--followed him clear
+to the door of his house. It being dark, Pericles ordered one of his
+servants to procure a torch, light the man home and see that no harm
+befell him.
+
+The splendor of his intellect and the sublime strength of his will are
+shown in that small things did not distress him. He was building the
+Parthenon and making Athens the wonder of the world: this was enough.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Greeks at their best were barbarians; at their worst, slaves. The
+average intelligence among them was low; and the idea that they were
+such a wonderful people has gained a foothold simply because they are so
+far off. The miracle of it all is that such sublimely great men as
+Pericles, Phidias, Socrates and Anaxagoras should have sprung from such
+a barbaric folk. The men just named were as exceptional as was
+Shakespeare in the reign of Elizabeth. That the masses had small
+appreciation of these men is proven in the fact that Phidias and
+Anaxagoras died in prison, probably defeating their persecutors by
+suicide. Socrates drank the cup of hemlock, and Pericles, the one man
+who had made Athens immortal, barely escaped banishment and death by
+diverting attention from himself to a foreign war. The charge against
+both Pericles and Phidias was that of "sacrilege." They said that
+Pericles and Phidias should be punished because they had placed their
+pictures on a sacred shield.
+
+Humanity's job-lot was in the saddle, and sought to wound Pericles by
+attacking his dearest friends: so his old teacher, Anaxagoras, was made
+to die; his beloved helper, Phidias, the greatest sculptor the world has
+ever known, suffered a like fate; and his wife, Aspasia, was humiliated
+by being dragged to a public trial, where the eloquence of Pericles
+alone saved her from a malefactor's death; and it is said that this was
+the only time when Pericles lost his "Olympian calm."
+
+The son of Pericles and Aspasia was one of ten generals executed because
+they failed to win a certain battle. The scheme of beheading
+unsuccessful soldiers was not without its advantages, and in some ways
+is to be commended; but the plan reveals the fact that the Greeks had so
+little faith in their leaders that the threat of death was deemed
+necessary to make them do their duty. This son of Pericles was declared
+illegitimate by law; another law was passed declaring him legitimate:
+and finally his head was cut off, all as duly provided in the statutes.
+Doesn't this make us wonder what this world would have been without its
+lawmakers? The particular offense of Anaxagoras was that he said Jove
+occasionally sent thunder and lightning with no thought of Athens in
+mind. The same subject is up for discussion yet, but no special penalty
+is provided by the State as to conclusions.
+
+The citizens of Greece in the time of Pericles were given over to two
+things which were enough to damn any individual and any nation--idleness
+and superstition. The drudgery was done by slaves; the idea that a free
+citizen should work was preposterous; to be useful was a disgrace. For a
+time Pericles dissipated their foolish thought, but it kept cropping
+out. To speak disrespectfully of the gods was to invite death, and the
+philosophers who dared discuss the powers of Nature or refer to a
+natural religion were safe only through the fact that their language
+was usually so garlanded with the flowers of poesy that the people did
+not comprehend its import.
+
+Very early in the reign of Pericles a present of forty thousand bushels
+of wheat had been sent from the King of Egypt; at least it was called a
+present--probably it was an exacted tribute. This wheat was to be
+distributed among the free citizens of Athens, and accordingly when the
+cargo arrived there was a fine scramble among the people to show that
+they were free. Everybody produced a certificate and demanded wheat.
+
+Some time before this Pericles had caused a law to be passed providing
+that in order to be a citizen a man must be descended from a father and
+a mother who were both Athenians. This law was aimed directly at
+Themistocles, the predecessor of Pericles, whose mother was an alien. It
+is true the mother of Themistocles was an alien, but her son was
+Themistocles. The law worked and Themistocles was declared a bastardicus
+and banished.
+
+Before unloading our triremes of wheat, let the fact be stated that laws
+aimed at individuals are apt to prove boomerangs. "Thee should build no
+dark cells," said Elizabeth Fry to the King of France, "for thy children
+may occupy them." Some years after Pericles had caused this law to be
+passed defining citizenship, he loved a woman who had the misfortune to
+be born at Miletus. According to his own law the marriage of Pericles
+to this woman was not legal--she was only his slave, not his wife. So
+finally Pericles had to go before the people and ask for the repeal of
+the law that he had made, in order that his own children might be made
+legitimate. Little men in shovel hats and knee-breeches who hotly fume
+against the sin of a man marrying his deceased wife's sister are usually
+men whose wives are not deceased, and have no sisters.
+
+The wheat arrived at the Piraeus, and the citizens jammed the docks. The
+slaves wore sleeveless tunics. The Greeks were not much given to that
+absurd plan of cutting off heads--they simply cut off sleeves. This
+meant that the man was a worker--the rest affected sleeves so long that
+they could not work, somewhat after the order of the Chinese nobility,
+who wear their finger-nails so long they can not use their hands. "To
+kill a bird is to lose it," said Thoreau. "To kill a man is to lose
+him," said the Greeks.
+
+"You should have your sleeves cut off," said some of the citizens to
+others, with a bit of acerbity, as they crowded the docks for their
+wheat.
+
+The talk increased--it became louder.
+
+Finally it was proposed that the distribution of wheat should be
+deferred until every man had proved his pedigree.
+
+The ayes had it.
+
+The result was that on close scrutiny five thousand supposed citizens
+had a blot on their 'scutcheon. The property of these five thousand men
+was immediately confiscated and the men sold into slavery. The total
+number of free men, women and children in the city of Athens was about
+seventy-five thousand, and of the slaves or helots about the same,
+making the total population of the city about one hundred fifty
+thousand.
+
+We have heard so much of "the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur
+that was Rome," that we are, at times, apt to think the world is making
+progress backward. But let us all stand erect and lift up our hearts in
+thankfulness that we live in the freest country the world has ever
+known. Wisdom is not monopolized by a few; power is not concentrated in
+the hands of a tyrant; knowledge need not express itself in cipher; to
+work is no longer a crime or a disgrace.
+
+We have superstition yet, but it is toothless: we can say our say
+without fear of losing our heads or our sleeves. We may lose a few
+customers, and some subscribers may cancel, but we are not in danger of
+banishment; and that attenuated form of ostracism which consists in
+neglecting to invite the offender to a four-o'clock tea has no terrors.
+
+Bigotry is abroad, but it has no longer the power to throttle science;
+the empty threat of future punishment and the offer of reward are
+nothing to us, since we perceive they are offered by men who haven't
+these things to give. The idea of war and conquest is held by many, but
+concerning it we voice our thoughts and write our views; and the fact
+that we perceive and point out what we believe are fallacies, and brand
+the sins of idleness and extravagance, is proof that light is breaking
+in the East. If we can profit by the good that was in Greece and avoid
+the bad, we have the raw material here, if properly used, to make her
+glory fade into forgetfulness by comparison.
+
+Do not ask that the days of Greece shall come again--we now know that to
+live by the sword is to die by the sword, and the nation that builds on
+conquest builds on sand. We want no splendor fashioned by slaves--no
+labor driven by the lash, nor lured on through superstitious threat of
+punishment and offer of reward: we recognize that to own slaves is to be
+one.
+
+Ten men built Athens. The passion for beauty that these men had may be
+ours, their example may inspire us, but to live their lives--we will
+none of them! Our lives are better--the best time the world has ever
+seen is now; and a better yet is sure to be. The night is past and
+gone--the light is breaking in the East!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Womanhood was not held in high esteem in Greece. To be sure, barbaric
+Sparta made a bold stand for equality, and almost instituted a
+gynecocracy, but the usual idea was that a woman's opinion was not worth
+considering. Hence the caricaturists of the day made sly sport of the
+love of Pericles and Aspasia. These two were intellectual equals,
+comrades; and that all of Pericles' public speeches were rehearsed to
+her, as his enemies averred, is probably true. "Aspasia has no time for
+society; she is busy writing a speech for her lord," said Aristophanes.
+Socrates used to visit Aspasia, and he gave it out as his opinion that
+Aspasia wrote the sublime ode delivered by Pericles on the occasion of
+his eulogy on the Athenian dead. The popular mind could not possibly
+comprehend how a great man could defer to a woman in important matters,
+and she be at once his wife, counselor, comrade, friend. Socrates, who
+had been taught by antithesis, understood it.
+
+The best minds of our day behold that Pericles was as sublimely great in
+his love-affairs as he was in his work as architect and statesman. Life
+is a whole, and every man works his love up into life--his life is
+revealed in his work, and his love is mirrored in his life. For myself I
+can not see why the Parthenon may not have been a monument to a great
+and sublime passion, and the statue of Athena, its chief ornament, be
+the sacred symbol of a great woman greatly loved.
+
+So far as can be found, the term of "courtesan" applied by the mob to
+Aspasia came from the fact that she was not legally married to Pericles,
+and for no other reason. That their union was not legal was owing to the
+simple fact that Pericles, early in his career, had caused a law to be
+passed making marriage between an Athenian and an alien morganatic: very
+much as in England, for a time, the children of a marriage where one
+parent was a Catholic and the other a Protestant were declared by the
+State to be illegitimate. The act of Pericles in spreading a net for his
+rival and getting caught in it himself is a beautiful example of the
+truth of a bucolic maxim, "Chickens most generally come home to roost."
+
+Thucydides says that for thirty years Pericles never dined away from
+home but once. He kept out of crowds, and was very seldom seen at public
+gatherings. The idea held by many was that a man who thus preferred his
+home and the society of a woman was either silly or bad, or both.
+Socrates, for instance, never went home as long as there was any other
+place to go, which reminds us of a certain American statesman who met a
+friend on the street, the hour being near midnight. "Where are you
+going, Bill?" asked the statesman. "Home," said Bill. "What!" said the
+statesman, "haven't you any place to go?" The Athenian men spent their
+spare time in the streets and marketplaces--this was to them what the
+daily paper is to us.
+
+In his home life Pericles was simple, unpretentious and free from all
+extravagance. No charge could ever be brought against him that he was
+wasting the public money for himself--the beauty he materialized was for
+all. He held no court, had no carriages, equipage, nor guards; wore no
+insignia of office, and had no title save that of "First Citizen" given
+him by the people. He is the supreme type of a man who, though holding
+no public office, yet ruled like a monarch, and, best of all, ruled his
+own spirit. There is no government so near perfect as that of an
+absolute monarchy--where the monarch is wise and just.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Greece is a beautiful dream. Dreams do not endure, yet they are a part
+of life, no less than the practical deeds of the day. The glory of
+Greece could not last; its limit was thirty years--one generation. The
+splendor of Athens was built on tribute and conquest, and the lesson of
+it all lies in this: For thirty years Pericles turned the revenues of
+war into art, beauty and usefulness.
+
+England spent more in her vain efforts to subjugate two little South
+African republics than Pericles spent in making Athens the Wonder of the
+World. If Chamberlain and Salisbury had been the avatars of Pericles and
+Phidias, they would have used the nine hundred millions of dollars
+wasted in South Africa, and the services of those three hundred thousand
+men, and done in England, aye! or done in South Africa, a work of
+harmony and undying beauty such as this tired earth had not seen since
+Phidias wrought and Pindar sang.
+
+And another thing, the thirty thousand Englishmen sacrificed to the God
+of War, and the ten thousand Boers, dead in a struggle for what they
+thought was right, would now nearly all be alive and well, rejoicing in
+the contemplation of a harmony unparalleled and unsurpassed.
+
+During the last year the United States has appropriated four hundred
+million dollars for war and war-apparatus. Since Eighteen Hundred
+Ninety-seven we have expended about three times the sum named for war
+and waste. If there had been among us a Pericles who could have used
+this vast treasure in irrigating the lands of the West and building
+Manual-Training Schools where boys and girls would be taught to do
+useful work and make beautiful things, we could have made ancient Greece
+pale into forgetfulness beside the beauty we would manifest.
+
+When Pericles came into power there was a union of the Greek States,
+formed with intent to stand against Persia, the common foe. A treasure
+had been accumulated at Delos by Themistocles, the predecessor of
+Pericles, to use in case of emergency.
+
+The ambition of Themistocles was to make Greece commercially supreme.
+She must be the one maritime power of the world. All the outlying
+islands of the AEgean Sea were pouring their tithes into Athens and Delos
+that they might have protection from the threatening hordes of Persia.
+
+Pericles saw that war was not imminent, and under the excuse of
+increased safety he got the accumulated treasure moved from Delos to
+Athens. The amount of this emergency fund, to us, would be
+insignificant--a mere matter of, say, two million dollars. Pericles used
+this money, or a portion of it at least, for beautifying Athens, and he
+did his wondrous work by maintaining a moderate war-tax in a time of
+peace, using the revenue for something better than destruction and
+vaunting pride.
+
+But Pericles could not forever hold out against the mob at Athens and
+the hordes abroad. He might have held the hordes at bay, but disloyalty
+struck at him at home--his best helpers were sacrificed to
+superstition--his beloved helper Phidias was dead. War came--the
+population from the country flocked within the walls of Athens for
+protection. The pent-up people grew restless, sick; pestilence followed,
+and in ministering to their needs, trying to infuse courage into his
+whimpering countrymen, bearing up under the disloyalty of his own sons,
+planning to meet the lesser foe without, Pericles grew aweary, Nature
+flagged, and he was dead.
+
+From his death dates the decline of Greece--she has been twenty-five
+centuries dying and is not dead even yet. To Greece we go for
+consolation, and in her armless and headless marbles we see the perfect
+type of what men and women yet may be. Copies of her Winged Victory are
+upon ten thousand pedestals pointing us the way.
+
+England has her Chamberlain, Salisbury, Lord Bobs, Buller, and
+Kitchener; America has her rough-riders who bawl and boast, her
+financiers, and her promoters. In every city of America there is a
+Themistocles who can organize a Trust of Delos and make the outlying
+islands pay tithes and tribute through an indirect tax on this and that.
+In times of alleged danger all Kansans flock to arms and offer their
+lives in the interest of outraged humanity.
+
+These things are well, but where is the Pericles who can inspire men to
+give in times of peace what all are willing to give in the delirium of
+war--that is to say, themselves?
+
+We can Funstonize men into fighting-machines; we can set half a nation
+licking stamps for strife; but where is the Pericles who can infuse the
+populace into paving streets, building good roads, planting trees,
+constructing waterways across desert sands, and crowning each
+rock-ribbed hill with a temple consecrated to Love and Beauty! We take
+our mules from their free prairies, huddle them in foul transports and
+send them across wide oceans to bleach their bones upon the burning
+veldt; but where is the man who can inspire our mules with a passion to
+do their work, add their mite to building a temple and follow the
+procession unled, undriven--with neither curb nor lash--happy in the
+fond idea that they are a part of all the seething life that throbs,
+pulses and works for a Universal Good!
+
+England is today a country tied with crape. On the lintels of her
+doorposts there linger yet the marks of sprinkled blood; the guttural
+hurrahs of her coronation are mostly evoked by beer; behind it all are
+fears and tears and a sorrow that will not be comforted.
+
+"I never caused a single Athenian to wear mourning," truthfully said
+Pericles with his dying breath. Can the present prime ministers of earth
+say as much? That is the kind of leader America most needs today--a man
+who can do his work and make no man, woman or child wear crape.
+
+The time is ripe for him--we await his coming.
+
+We are sick and tired of plutocrats who struggle and scheme but for
+themselves; we turn with loathing from the concrete selfishness of
+Newport and Saratoga; the clatter of arms and the blare of
+battle-trumpets in time of peace are hideous to our ears--we want no
+wealth gained from conquest and strife.
+
+Ours is the richest country the world has ever known. Greece was a
+beggar compared with Iowa and Illinois, where nothing but honest effort
+is making small cities great. But we need a Pericles who shall inspire
+us to work for truth, harmony and beauty--a beauty wrought for
+ourselves--and a love that shall perform such miracles that they will
+minister to the millions yet unborn. We need a Pericles! We need a
+Pericles!
+
+
+
+
+MARK ANTONY
+
+
+     It is not long, my Antony, since, with these hands, I buried thee.
+     Alas! they were then free, but thy Cleopatra is now a prisoner,
+     attended by guard, lest, in the transports of her grief, she should
+     disfigure this captive body, which is reserved to adorn the triumph
+     over thee. These are the last offerings, the last honors she can
+     pay thee; for she is now to be conveyed to a distant country.
+     Nothing could part us while we lived, but in death we are to be
+     divided. Thou, though a Roman, liest buried in Egypt; and I, an
+     Egyptian, must be interred in Italy, the only favor I shall receive
+     from thy country. Yet, if the Gods of Rome have power or mercy left
+     (for surely those of Egypt have forsaken us), let them not suffer
+     me to be led in living triumph to thy disgrace! No! hide me, hide
+     me with thee in the grave; for life, since thou hast left it, has
+     been misery to me.
+
+                                                --_Plutarch_
+
+[Illustration: MARK ANTONY]
+
+
+The sole surviving daughter of the great King Ptolemy of Egypt,
+Cleopatra was seventeen years old when her father died.
+
+By his will the King made her joint heir to the throne with her brother
+Ptolemy, several years her junior. And according to the custom not
+unusual among royalty at that time, it was provided that Ptolemy should
+become the husband of Cleopatra.
+
+She was a woman--her brother a child.
+
+She had intellect, ambition, talent. She knew the history of her own
+country, and that of Assyria, Greece and Rome; and all the written
+languages of the world were to her familiar. She had been educated by
+the philosophers, who had brought from Greece the science of Pythagoras
+and Plato. Her companions had been men--not women, or nurses, or pious,
+pedantic priests.
+
+Through the veins of her young body pulsed and leaped life plus.
+
+She abhorred the thought of an alliance with her weak-chinned brother;
+and the ministers of state who suggested another husband, as a
+compromise, were dismissed with a look. They said she was intractable,
+contemptuous, unreasonable, and was scheming for the sole possession of
+the throne. She was not to be diverted even by ardent courtiers who
+were sent to her, and who lay in wait, ready with amorous sighs--she
+scorned them all.
+
+Yet she was a woman still, and in her dreams she saw the coming prince.
+
+She was banished from Alexandria.
+
+A few friends followed her, and an army was formed to force from the
+enemy her rights.
+
+But other things were happening. A Roman army came leisurely drifting in
+with the tide, and disembarked at Alexandria. The Great Caesar himself
+was in command--a mere holiday, he said. He had intended to join the
+land forces of Mark Antony and help crush the rebellious Pompey, but
+Antony had done the trick alone, and only a few days before, word had
+come that Pompey was dead.
+
+Caesar knew that civil war was on in Alexandria, and being near he sailed
+slowly in, sending messengers ahead warning both sides to lay down their
+arms.
+
+With him was the far-famed invincible Tenth Legion that had ravished
+Gaul. Caesar wanted to rest his men, and incidentally to reward them.
+They took possession of the city without a blow.
+
+Cleopatra's troops laid down their arms, but Ptolemy's refused. They
+were simply chased beyond the walls, and their punishment was for a time
+deferred.
+
+Caesar took possession of the palace of the King, and his soldiers
+accommodated themselves in the houses, public buildings and temples as
+best they could.
+
+Cleopatra asked for a personal interview that she might present her
+cause. Caesar declined to meet her. He understood the trouble--many such
+cases he had seen. Claimants for thrones were not new to him. Where two
+parties quarreled both were right--or wrong--it really mattered little.
+It is absurd to quarrel--still more foolish to fight. Caesar was a man of
+peace, and to keep the peace he would appoint one of his generals
+governor, and make Egypt a Roman colony. In the meantime he would rest a
+week or two, with the kind permission of the Alexandrians, and work upon
+his "Commentaries"--no, he would not see either Cleopatra or Ptolemy:
+any information desired he would get through his trusted emissaries.
+
+In the service of Cleopatra was a Sicilian slave who had been her
+personal servant since she was a little girl. This man's name was
+Appolidorus--a man of giant stature and imposing mien. Ten years before
+his tongue had been torn out as a token that as he was to attend a queen
+he should tell no secrets.
+
+Appolidorus had but one thought in life, and that was to defend his
+gracious queen. He slept at the door of Cleopatra's tent, a naked sword
+at his side, held in his clenched and brawny hand.
+
+And now behold at dusk of day the grim and silent Appolidorus, carrying
+upon his giant shoulders a large and curious rug, rolled up and tied
+'round at either end with ropes. He approaches the palace of the King,
+and at the guarded gate hands a note to the officer in charge. This note
+gives information to the effect that a certain patrician citizen of
+Alexandria, being glad that the gracious Caesar had deigned to visit
+Egypt, sends him the richest rug that can be woven, done, in fact, by
+his wife and daughters and held against this day, awaiting Rome's
+greatest son.
+
+The officer reads the note, and orders a soldier to accept the gift and
+carry it within--presents were constantly arriving. A sign from the dumb
+giant makes the soldier stand back--the present is for Caesar and can be
+delivered only in person. "Lead and I will follow," were the words done
+in stern pantomime.
+
+The officer laughs, sends the note inside, and the messenger soon
+returning, signifies that the present is acceptable and the slave
+bearing it shall be shown in. Appolidorus shifts the burden to the other
+shoulder, and follows the soldier through the gate, up the marble steps,
+along the splendid hallway lighted by flaring torches and lined with
+reclining Roman soldiers.
+
+At a door they pause an instant, there is a whispered word--they enter.
+
+The room is furnished as becomes the room that is the private library of
+the King of Egypt. In one corner, seated at the table, pen in hand, sits
+a man of middle age, pale, clean-shaven, with hair close-cropped. His
+dress is not that of a soldier--it is the flowing, white robe of a
+Roman Priest. Only one servant attends this man, a secretary, seated
+near, who rises and explains that the present is acceptable and shall be
+deposited on the floor.
+
+The pale man at the table looks up, smiles a tired smile, and murmurs in
+a perfunctory way his thanks.
+
+Appolidorus having laid his burden on the floor, kneels to untie the
+ropes.
+
+The secretary explains that he need not trouble, pray bear thanks and
+again thanks to his master--he need not tarry!
+
+The dumb man on his knees neither hears nor heeds.
+
+The rug is unrolled.
+
+From out the roll a woman leaps lightly to her feet--a beautiful young
+woman of twenty.
+
+She stands there, poised, defiant, gazing at the pale-faced man seated
+at the table.
+
+He is not surprised--he never was. One might have supposed he received
+all his visitors in this manner.
+
+"Well?" he says in a quiet way, a half-smile parting his thin lips.
+
+The woman's breast heaves with tumultuous emotion--just an instant. She
+speaks, and there is no tremor in her tones. Her voice is low, smooth
+and scarcely audible: "I am Cleopatra."
+
+The man at the desk lays down his pen, leans back and gently nods his
+head, as much as to say, indulgently, "Yes, my child, I hear--go on!"
+
+"I am Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, and I would speak with thee alone."
+
+She paused; then raising one jeweled arm motions to Appolidorus that he
+shall withdraw. With a similar motion, the man at the desk signifies the
+same to his astonished secretary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Appolidorus went down the long hallway, down the stone steps and waited
+at the outer gate amid the throng of soldiers. They questioned him,
+gibed him, railed at him, but they got no word in reply.
+
+He waited--he waited an hour, two--and then came a messenger with a note
+written on a slip of parchment. The words ran thus: "Well-beloved
+'Dorus: Veni, vidi, vici! Go fetch my maids, also all of our personal
+belongings."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Standing alone by the slashed and stiffened corpse of Julius Caesar, Mark
+Antony says:
+
+  "Thou art the ruins of the noblest man
+  That ever lived in the tide of times."
+
+Caesar had two qualities that mark the man of supreme power: he was
+gentle and he was firm.
+
+To be gentle, generous, lenient, forgiving, and yet never relinquish the
+vital thing--this is to be great.
+
+To know when to be generous and when firm--this is wisdom.
+
+The first requisite in ruling others is to rule one's own spirit.
+
+The suavity, moderation, dignity and wise diplomacy of Caesar led him by
+sure and safe steps from a lowly clerkship to positions of gradually
+increasing responsibility. At thirty-seven he was elected Pontifex
+Maximus--the head of the State Religion.
+
+Between Pagan Rome and Christian Paganism there is small choice--all
+State religions are very much alike. Caesar was Pope: and no State
+religion since his time has been an improvement on that of Caesar.
+
+In his habits Caesar was ascetic--a scholar by nature. He was tall,
+slender, and in countenance sad. For the intellect Nature had given him,
+she had taken toll by cheating him in form and feature. He was
+deliberate and of few words--he listened in a way that always first
+complimented the speaker and then disconcerted him.
+
+By birth he was a noble, and by adoption one of the people. He was both
+plebeian and patrician.
+
+His military experience had been but slight, though creditable, and his
+public addresses were so few that no one claimed he was an orator. He
+had done nothing of special importance, and yet the feeling was
+everywhere that he was the greatest man in Rome. The nobles feared him,
+trembling at thought of his displeasure. The people loved him--he called
+them, "My children."
+
+Caesar was head of the Church, but politically there were two other
+strong leaders in Rome, Pompey and Crassus. These two men were rich, and
+each was at the head of a large number of followers whom he had armed as
+militia "for the defense of State." Caesar was poor in purse and could
+not meet them in their own way even if so inclined. He saw the danger of
+these rival factions. Strife between them was imminent--street fights
+were common--and it would require only a spark to ignite the tinder.
+
+Caesar the Pontiff--the man of peace--saw a way to secure safety for the
+State from these two men who had armed their rival legions to protect
+it.
+
+To secure this end he would crush them both.
+
+The natural way to do this would have been to join forces with the party
+he deemed the stronger, and down the opposition. But this done, the
+leader with whom he had joined forces would still have to be dealt with.
+
+Caesar made peace between Pompey and Crassus by joining with them,
+forming a Triumvirate.
+
+This was one of the greatest strokes of statecraft ever devised. It made
+peace at home--averted civil war--cemented rival factions.
+
+When three men join forces, make no mistake--power is never equally
+divided.
+
+Before the piping times of peace could pall, a foreign war diverted
+attention from approaching difficulties at home.
+
+The Gauls were threatening--they were always threatening--war could be
+had with them any time by just pushing out upon them. To the south,
+Sicily, Greece, Persia and Egypt had been exploited--fame and empire lay
+in the dim and unknown North.
+
+Only a Caesar could have known this. He had his colleagues make him
+governor of Gaul. Gaul was a troublesome place to be, and they were
+quite willing he should go there. For a priest to go among the fighting
+Gauls--they smiled and stroked their chins! Gaul had definite boundaries
+on the south--the Rubicon marked the line--but on the north it was
+without limit. Real-estate owners own as high in the air and as deep in
+the earth as they wish to go. Caesar alone guessed the greatness of Gaul.
+
+Under pretense of protecting Rome from a threatened invasion he secured
+the strongest legions of Pompey and Crassus. Combining them into one
+army he led them northward to such conquest and victory as the world
+had never before seen.
+
+It is not for me to tell the history of Caesar's Gallic wars. Suffice it
+to say that in eight years he had penetrated what is now Switzerland,
+France, Germany and England. Everywhere he left monuments of his
+greatness in the way of splendid highways, baths, aqueducts and temples.
+Colonies of settlers from the packed population of Rome followed the
+victors.
+
+An army left to itself after conquest will settle down to riot and mad
+surfeit, but this man kept his forces strong by keeping them at
+work--discipline was never relaxed, yet there was such kindness and care
+for his men that no mutiny ever made head.
+
+Caesar became immensely rich--his debts were now all paid--the treasure
+returned to Rome did the general coffers fill, his name and fame were
+blazoned on the Roman streets.
+
+When he returned he knew, and had always known, it would be as a
+conquering hero. Pompey and Crassus did not wish Caesar to return. He was
+still governor of Gaul and should stay there. They made him governor--he
+must do as they required--they sent him his orders. "The die is cast,"
+said Caesar on reading the message. Immediately he crossed the Rubicon.
+
+An army fights for a leader, not a cause. The leader's cause is theirs.
+Caesar had led his men to victory, and he had done it with a
+comparatively small degree of danger. He never made an attack until
+every expedient for peace was exhausted. He sent word to each barbaric
+tribe to come in and be lovingly annexed, or else be annexed
+willy-nilly. He won, but through diplomacy where it was possible. When
+he did strike, it was quickly, unexpectedly and hard. The priest was as
+great a strategist as he was a diplomat. He pardoned his opposers when
+they would lay down their arms--he wanted success, not vengeance. But
+always he gave his soldiers the credit.
+
+They were loyal to him.
+
+Pompey and Crassus could not oppose a man like this--they fled.
+
+Caesar's most faithful and trusted colleague was Mark Antony, seventeen
+years his junior--a slashing, dashing, audacious, exuberant fellow.
+
+Caesar became dictator, really king or emperor. He ruled with moderation,
+wisely and well. He wore the purple robe of authority, but refused the
+crown. He was honored, revered, beloved. The habit of the Pontiff still
+clung to him--he called the people, "My children."
+
+The imperturbable calm of the man of God was upon him. His courage was
+unimpeachable, but caution preserved him from personal strife. That he
+could ever be approached by one and all was his pride.
+
+But clouds were beginning to gather.
+
+He had pardoned his enemies, but they had not forgiven him.
+
+There were whisperings that he was getting ready to assume the office
+of emperor. At a certain parade when Caesar sat upon the raised seat,
+reviewing the passing procession, Mark Antony, the exuberant, left his
+place in the ranks, and climbing to the platform, tried to crown his
+beloved leader with laurel. Caesar had smilingly declined the honor, amid
+the plaudits of the crowd.
+
+Some said this whole episode was planned to test the temper of the
+populace.
+
+Another cause of offense was that, some time before, Caesar had spent
+several months in Alexandria at the court of Cleopatra. And now the
+young and beautiful queen had arrived in Rome, and Caesar had appeared
+with her at public gatherings. She had with her a boy, two years old, by
+name Caesario.
+
+This Egyptian child, said the conspirators, was to be the future Emperor
+of Rome. To meet this accusation Caesar made his will and provided that
+his grand-nephew, Octavius Caesar, should be his adopted son and heir.
+But this was declared a ruse.
+
+The murmurings grew louder.
+
+Sixty senators combined to assassinate Caesar. The high position of these
+men made them safe--by standing together they would be secure.
+
+Caesar was warned, but declined to take the matter seriously. He neither
+would arm himself nor allow guards to attend him.
+
+On the Fifteenth of March, B. C. Forty-four, as Caesar entered the Senate
+the rebels crowded upon him under the pretense of handing him a
+petition, and at a sign fell upon him. Twenty-three of the conspirators
+got close enough to send their envious daggers home.
+
+Brutus dipped his sword in the flowing blood, and waving the weapon
+aloft cried, "Liberty is restored!"
+
+Two days later, Mark Antony, standing by the dead body of his beloved
+chief, sadly mused:
+
+  "Thou art the ruins of the noblest man
+  That ever lived in the tide of times."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Caesar died aged fifty-six. Mark Antony, his executor, occupying the
+office next in importance, was thirty-nine.
+
+In point of physique Mark Antony far surpassed Caesar: they were the same
+height, but Antony was almost heroic in stature and carriage, muscular
+and athletic. His face was comely: his nose large and straight; his eyes
+set wide apart; his manner martial. If he lacked in intellect, in
+appearance he held averages good.
+
+Antony had occupied the high offices of questor and tribune, the first
+calling for literary ability, the second for skill as an orator. Caesar,
+the wise and diplomatic, had chosen Mark Antony as his Secretary of
+State on account of his peculiar fitness, especially in representing the
+Government at public functions. Antony had a handsome presence, a
+gracious tongue, and was a skilled and ready writer. Caesar himself was
+too great a man to be much in evidence.
+
+In passing it is well to note that all the tales as to the dissipation
+and profligacy of Mark Antony in his early days come from the
+"Philippics" of Cicero, who made the mistake of executing Lentulus, the
+step-father of Mark Antony, and then felt called upon forever after to
+condemn the entire family. "Philippics" are always a form of
+self-vindication.
+
+However, it need not be put forward that Mark Antony was by any means a
+paragon of virtue--a man who has been successively and successfully
+soldier, lawyer, politician, judge, rhetorician and diplomat is what he
+is. Rome was the ruler of the world; Caesar was the undisputed greatest
+man of Rome; and Mark Antony was the right hand of Caesar.
+
+At the decisive battle of Pharsalia, Caesar had chosen Mark Antony to
+lead the left wing while he himself led the right. More than once Mark
+Antony had stopped the Roman army in its flight and had turned defeat
+into victory. In the battle with Aristobulus he was the first to scale
+the wall.
+
+His personal valor was beyond cavil--he had distinguished himself in
+every battle in which he had taken part.
+
+It was the first intent of the conspirators that Caesar and Antony should
+die together, but the fear was that the envious hate of the people
+toward Caesar would be neutralized by the love the soldiers bore both
+Caesar and Antony. So they counted on the cupidity and ambition of Antony
+to keep the soldiers in subjection.
+
+Antony was kept out of the plot, and when the blow was struck he was
+detained at his office by pretended visitors who wanted a hearing.
+
+When news came to him that Caesar was dead, he fled, thinking that
+massacre would follow. But the next day he returned and held audience
+with the rebels.
+
+Antony was too close a follower of Caesar to depart from his methods.
+Naturally he was hasty and impulsive; but now, everything he did was in
+imitation of the great man he had loved.
+
+Caesar always pardoned. Antony listened to the argument of Brutus that
+Caesar had been removed for the good of Rome. Brutus proposed that Antony
+should fill Caesar's place as Consul or nominal dictator; and in return
+Brutus and Cassius were to be made governors of certain
+provinces--amnesty was to be given to all who were in the plot.
+
+Antony agreed, and at once the Assembly was called and a law passed
+tendering pardon to all concerned--thus was civil war averted. Caesar was
+dead, but Rome was safe.
+
+The funeral of Caesar was to occur the next day. It was to be the funeral
+of a private citizen--the honor of a public funeral-pyre was not to be
+his. Brutus would say a few words, and Antony, as the closest friend of
+the dead, would also speak--the body would be buried and all would go on
+in peace.
+
+Antony had done what he had because it was the only thing he could do.
+To be successor of Caesar filled his ambition to the brim--but to win the
+purple by a compromise with the murderers! It turned his soul to gall.
+
+At the funeral of Caesar the Forum was crowded to every corner with a
+subdued, dejected, breathless throng. People spoke in whispers--no one
+felt safe--the air was stifled and poisoned with fear and fever.
+
+Brutus spoke first: we do not know his exact words, but we know the
+temper of the man, and his mental attitude.
+
+Mark Antony had kept the peace, but if he could only feel that the
+people were with him he would drive the sixty plotting conspirators
+before him like chaff before the whirlwind.
+
+He would then be Caesar's successor because he had avenged his death.
+
+The orator must show no passion until he has aroused passion in the
+hearer--oratory is a collaboration. The orator is the active
+principle--the audience the passive.
+
+Mark Antony, the practised orator, begins with simple propositions to
+which all agree. Gradually he sends out quivering feelers--the response
+returns--he continues, the audience answers back--he plays upon their
+emotion, and soon only one mind is supreme, and that is his own.
+
+We know what he did and how he did it, but his words are lost.
+Shakespeare, the man of imagination, supplies them.
+
+The plotters have made their defense--it is accepted.
+
+Antony, too, defends them--he repeats that they are honorable men, and
+to reiterate that a man is honorable is to admit that possibly he is
+not. The act of defense implies guilt--and to turn defense into
+accusation through pity and love for the one wronged is the supreme task
+of oratory.
+
+From love of Caesar to hate for Brutus and Cassius is but a step. Panic
+takes the place of confidence among the conspirators--they slink away.
+The spirit of the mob is uppermost--the only honor left to Caesar is the
+funeral-pyre. Benches are torn up, windows pulled from their fastenings,
+every available combustible is added to the pile, and the body of
+Caesar--he alone calm and untroubled amid all this mad mob--is placed
+upon this improvised throne of death. Torches flare and the pile is soon
+in flames.
+
+Night comes on, and the same torches that touched to red the
+funeral-couch of Caesar hunt out the houses of the conspirators who
+killed him.
+
+But the conspirators have fled.
+
+One man is supreme, and that man is Mark Antony.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To maintain a high position requires the skill of a harlequin. It is an
+abnormality that any man should long tower above his fellows.
+
+For a few short weeks Mark Antony was the pride and pet of Rome. He gave
+fetes, contests, processions and entertainments of lavish kind. "These
+things are pleasant, but they have to be paid for," said Cicero.
+
+Then came from Illyria, Octavius Caesar, aged nineteen, the adopted son
+of Caesar the Great, and claimed his patrimony.
+
+Antony laughed at the stripling, and thought to bribe him with a fete in
+his honor and a promise, and in the meantime a clerkship where there was
+no work to speak of and pay in inverse ratio.
+
+The boy was weak in body and commonplace in mind--in way of culture he
+had been overtrained--but he was stubborn.
+
+Mark Antony lived so much on the surface of things that he never
+imagined there was a strong party pushing the "Young Augustus" forward.
+
+Finally Antony became impatient with the importuning young man, and
+threatened to send him on his way with a guard at his heels to see that
+he did not return.
+
+At once a storm broke over the head of Antony. It came from a seemingly
+clear sky--Antony had to flee, not Octavius.
+
+The soldiers of the Great Caesar had been remembered in his will with
+seventy-five drachmas to every man, and the will must stand or fall as
+an entirety. Caesar had provided that Octavius should be his
+successor--this will must be respected. Cicero was the man who made the
+argument. The army was with the will of the dead man, rather than with
+the ambition of the living.
+
+Antony fled, but gathered a goodly army as he went, intending to return.
+
+After some months of hard times passion cooled, and Antony, Octavius and
+Lepidus, the chief general of Octavius, met in the field for
+consultation. Swayed by the eloquence of Antony, who was still full of
+the precedents of the Great Caesar, a Triumvirate was formed, and Antony,
+Octavius and Lepidus coolly sat down to divide the world between them.
+
+One strong argument that Antony used for the necessity of this
+partnership was that Brutus and Cassius were just across in Macedonia,
+waiting and watching for the time when civil war would so weaken Rome
+that they could step in and claim their own.
+
+Brutus and his fellow conspirators must be punished.
+
+In two years from that time, they had performed their murderous deed;
+Cassius was killed at his own request by his servant, and Brutus had
+fallen on his sword to escape the sword of Mark Antony.
+
+In the stress of defeat and impending calamity, Mark Antony was a great
+man; he could endure anything but success.
+
+But now there were no more enemies to conquer: unlike Caesar the Great
+he was no scholar, so books were not a solace; to build up and beautify
+a great State did not occur to him. His camp was turned into a place of
+mad riot and disorder. Harpers, dancers, buffoons and all the sodden
+splendor of the East made the nights echo with "shouts, sacrifices,
+songs and groans."
+
+When Antony entered Ephesus the women went out to meet him in the
+undress of bacchanals, while troops of naked boys representing cupids,
+and men clothed like satyrs danced at the head of the procession.
+Everywhere were ivy crowns, spears wreathed with green, and harps,
+flutes, pipes, and human voices sang songs of praise to the great god
+Bacchus--for such Antony liked to be called.
+
+Antony knew that between Cleopatra and Caesar there had been a tender
+love. All the world that Caesar ruled, Antony now ruled--or thought he
+did. In the intoxication of success he, too, would rule the heart that
+the great Caesar had ruled. He would rule this proud heart or he would
+crush it beneath his heel.
+
+He dispatched Dellius, his trusted secretary, to Alexandria, summoning
+the Queen to meet him at Cilicia, and give answer as to why she had
+given succor to the army of Cassius.
+
+The charge was preposterous, and if sincere, shows the drunken condition
+of Antony's mind. Cleopatra loved Caesar--he was to her the King of
+Kings, the one supreme and god-like man of earth. Her studious and
+splendid mind had matched his own; this cold, scholarly man of fifty-two
+had been her mate--the lover of her soul. Scarcely five short years
+before, she had attended him on his journey as he went away, and there
+on the banks of the Nile as they parted, her unborn babe responded to
+the stress of parting, no less than she.
+
+Afterward she had followed him to Rome that he might see his son,
+Caesario.
+
+She was in Rome when Brutus and Cassius struck their fatal blows, and
+had fled, disguised, her baby in her arms--refusing to trust the
+precious life in the hands of hirelings.
+
+And now that she should be accused of giving help to the murderer of her
+joy! She had execrated and despised Cassius, and now she hated, no less,
+the man who had wrongfully accused her.
+
+But he was dictator--his summons must be obeyed. She would obey it, but
+she would humiliate him.
+
+Antony waited at Cilicia on the day appointed, but Cleopatra did not
+appear. He waited two days--three--and very leisurely, up the river, the
+galleys of Cleopatra came.
+
+But she did not come as suppliant.
+
+Her curiously carved galley was studded with nails of gold; the oars
+were all tipped with silver; the sails were of purple silk. The rowers
+kept time to the music of flutes. The Queen in the gauzy dress of Venus
+reclined under a canopy, fanned by cupids. Her maids were dressed like
+the Graces, and fragrance of burning incense diffused the shores.
+
+The whole city went down the river to meet this most gorgeous pageant,
+and Antony the proud was left at the tribunal alone.
+
+On her arrival Cleopatra sent official word of her presence. Antony sent
+back word that she should come to him.
+
+She responded that if he wished to see her he should call and pay his
+respects.
+
+He went down to the riverside and was astonished at the dazzling,
+twinkling lights and all the magnificence that his eyes beheld. Very
+soon he was convinced that in elegance and magnificence he could not
+cope with this Egyptian queen.
+
+The personal beauty of Cleopatra was not great. Many of her maids
+outshone her. Her power lay in her wit and wondrous mind. She adapted
+herself to conditions; and on every theme and topic that the
+conversation might take, she was at home.
+
+Her voice was marvelously musical, and was so modulated that it seemed
+like an instrument of many strings. She spoke all languages, and
+therefore had no use for interpreters.
+
+When she met Antony she quickly took the measure of the man. She fell at
+once into his coarse soldier ways, and answered him jest for jest.
+
+Antony was at first astonished, then subdued, next entranced--a woman
+who could be the comrade of a man she had never seen before! She had the
+intellect of a man and all the luscious weaknesses of a woman.
+
+Cleopatra had come hating this man Antony, and to her surprise she found
+him endurable--and more. Besides that, she had cause to be grateful to
+him--he had destroyed those conspirators who had killed her Caesar--her
+King of Kings.
+
+She ordered her retinue to make ready to return. The prows were turned
+toward Alexandria; and aboard the galley of the Queen, beneath the
+silken canopy, at the feet of Cleopatra, reclined the great Mark
+Antony.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The subject is set forth in Byron's masterly phrase, "Man's love is of
+man's life a thing apart; 'tis woman's whole existence." Still, I
+suppose it will not be disputed that much depends upon the man and--the
+woman.
+
+In this instance we have a strong, wilful, ambitious and masculine man.
+Up to the time he met Cleopatra, love was of his life apart; after this,
+it was his whole existence. When they first met there at Cilicia, Antony
+was past forty; she was twenty-five.
+
+Plutarch tells us that Fulvia, the wife of Antony, an earnest and
+excellent woman, had tried to discipline him. The result was that,
+instead of bringing him over to her way of thinking, she had separated
+him from her.
+
+Cleopatra ruled the man by entwining her spirit with his--mixing the
+very fibers of their being--fastening her soul to his with hoops of
+steel. She became a necessity to him--a part and parcel of the fabric of
+his life. Together they attended to all the affairs of State. They were
+one in all the games and sports. The exuberant animal spirits of Antony
+occasionally found vent in roaming the streets of Alexandria at dead of
+night, rushing into houses and pulling people out of bed, and then
+absconding before they were well awake. In these nocturnal pranks,
+Cleopatra often attended him, dressed like a boy. Once they both got
+well pummeled, and deservedly, but they stood the drubbing rather than
+reveal their identity.
+
+The story of their fishing together, and Antony making all the catch has
+been often told. He had a skilful diver go down every now and then and
+place a fish on his hook. Finally, when he grew beautifully boastful, as
+successful fishermen are apt to do, Cleopatra had her diver go down and
+attach a large Newfoundland salt codfish to his hook, which when pulled
+up before the company turned the laugh, and in the guise of jest taught
+the man a useful lesson. Antony should have known better than to try to
+deceive a woman like that--other men have tried it before and since.
+
+But all this horseplay was not to the higher taste of Cleopatra--with
+Caesar, she would never have done it.
+
+It is the man who gives the key to conduct in marriage, not the woman;
+the partnership is successful only as a woman conforms her life to his.
+If she can joyfully mingle her life with his, destiny smiles in
+benediction and they become necessary to each other. If she grudgingly
+gives, conforming outwardly, with mental reservations, she droops, and
+spirit flagellates the body until it sickens, dies. If she holds out
+firmly upon principle, intent on preserving her individuality, the man,
+if small, sickens and dies; if great he finds companionship elsewhere,
+and leaves her to develop her individuality alone--which she never does.
+One of three things happens to her: she dies, lapses into nullity, or
+finds a mate whose nature is sufficiently like her own that they can
+blend.
+
+Cleopatra was a greater woman, far, than Antony was a man. But she
+conformed her life to his and counted it joy. She was capable of better
+things, but she waived them all, as strong women do and have done since
+the world began. Love is woman's whole existence--sometimes. But love
+was not Cleopatra's whole existence, any more than it is the sole
+existence of the silken Sara, whose prototype she was. Cleopatra loved
+power first, afterward she loved love. By attaching to herself a man of
+power both ambitions were realized.
+
+Two years had gone by, and Antony still remained at Alexandria.
+Importunities, requests and orders had all failed to move him to return.
+The days passed in the routine affairs of State, hunting, fishing,
+excursions, fetes and games. Antony and Cleopatra were not separated
+night or day.
+
+Suddenly news of serious import came: Fulvia, and Lucius, the brother of
+Antony, had rebelled against Caesar and had gathered an army to fight
+him.
+
+Antony was sore distressed, and started at once to the scene of the
+difficulty. Fulvia's side of the story was never told, for before Antony
+arrived in Italy she was dead.
+
+Octavius Caesar came out to meet Antony and they met as friends.
+According to Caesar the whole thing had been planned by Fulvia as a
+scheme to lure her lord from the arms of Cleopatra. And anyway the plan
+had worked. The Triumvirate still existed--although Lepidus had
+practically been reduced to the rank of a private citizen.
+
+Antony and Caesar would now rule the world as one, and to cement the bond
+Antony should take the sister of Octavius to wife. Knowing full well the
+relationship of Antony and Cleopatra, she consented to the arrangement,
+and the marriage ceremony was duly performed.
+
+Antony was the head of the Roman army and to a great degree the actual
+ruler. Power was too unequally divided between him and Caesar for either
+to be happy--they quarreled like boys at play.
+
+Antony was restless, uneasy, impatient. Octavia tried to keep the peace,
+but her kindly offices only made matters worse.
+
+War broke out between Rome and certain tribes in the East, and Antony
+took the field. Octavia importuned her liege that she might attend him,
+and he finally consented. She went as far as Athens, then across to
+Macedonia, and here Antony sent her home to her brother that she might
+escape the dangers of the desert.
+
+Antony followed the enemy down into Syria; and there sent for Cleopatra,
+that he might consult with her about joining the forces of Egypt with
+those of Rome to crush the barbarians.
+
+Cleopatra came on, the consultation followed, and it was decided that
+when Caesar the Great--the god-like man whose memory they mutually
+revered--said, "War is a foolish business," he was right. They would
+let the barbarians slide--if they deserved punishment, the gods would
+look after the case. If the barbarians did not need punishment, then
+they should go free.
+
+Tents were struck, pack-camels were loaded, horses were saddled, and the
+caravan started for Alexandria. By the side of the camel that carried
+the queen, quietly stepped the proud barb that bore Mark Antony.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Cleopatra and Antony ruled Egypt together for fourteen years. The
+country had prospered, even in spite of the extravagance of its
+governors, and the Egyptians had shown a pride in their Roman ruler, as
+if he had done them great honor to remain and be one with them.
+
+Caesario was approaching manhood--his mother's heart was centering her
+ambition in him--she called him her King of Kings, the name she had
+given to his father. Antony was fond of the young man, and put him
+forward at public fetes even in advance of Cleopatra, his daughter, and
+Alexander and Ptolemy, his twin boys by the same mother. In playful
+paraphrase of Cleopatra, Antony called her the Queen of Kings, and also
+the Mother of Kings.
+
+Word reached Rome that these children of Cleopatra were being trained as
+if they were to rule the world--perhaps it was so to be! Octavius Caesar
+scowled. For Antony to wed his sister, and then desert her, and bring up
+a brood of barbarians to menace the State, was a serious offense.
+
+An order was sent commanding Antony to return--requests and prayer all
+having proved futile and fruitless.
+
+Antony had turned into fifty; his hair and beard were whitening with the
+frost of years. Cleopatra was near forty--devoted to her children, being
+their nurse, instructor, teacher.
+
+The books refer to the life of Antony and Cleopatra as being given over
+to sensuality, licentiousness, profligacy. Just a word here to state
+this fact: sensuality alone sickens and turns to satiety ere a single
+moon has run her course. Sensuality was a factor in the bond, because
+sensuality is a part of life; but sensuality alone soon separates a man
+and a woman--it does not long unite. The bond that united Antony and
+Cleopatra can not be disposed of by either the words "sensuality" or
+"licentiousness"--some other term here applies: make it what you wish.
+
+A copy of Antony's will had been stolen from the Alexandria archives and
+carried to Rome by traitors in the hope of personal reward. Caesar read
+the will to Senate. One clause of it was particularly offensive to
+Caesar: it provided that on the death of Antony, wherever it might occur,
+his body should be carried to Cleopatra. The will also provided that the
+children of Cleopatra should be provided for first, and afterward the
+children of Fulvia and Octavia.
+
+The Roman Senate heard the will, and declared Mark Antony an outlaw--a
+public enemy.
+
+Erelong Caesar himself took the field and the Roman legions were pressing
+down upon Egypt. The renegade Mark Antony was fighting for his life. For
+a time he was successful, but youth was no longer his, the spring had
+gone out of his veins, and pride and prosperity had pushed him toward
+fatty degeneration.
+
+His soldiers lost faith in him, and turned to the powerful name of
+Caesar--a name to conjure with. A battle had been arranged between the
+fleet of Mark Antony and that of Caesar. Mark Antony stood upon a
+hillside, overlooking the sea, and saw the valiant fleet approach, in
+battle-array, the ships of the enemy. The two fleets met, hailed each
+other in friendly manner with their oars, turned and together sailed
+away.
+
+On shore the cavalry had done the same as the soldiers on the sea--the
+infantry were routed.
+
+Mark Antony was undone--he made his way back to the city, and as usual
+sought Cleopatra. The palace was deserted, save for a few servants. They
+said that the Queen had sent the children away some days before, and she
+was in the mausoleum.
+
+To the unhappy man this meant that she was dead. He demanded that his
+one faithful valet, known by the fanciful name of Eros, should keep his
+promise and kill him. Eros drew his sword, and Antony bared his breast,
+but instead of striking the sword into the vitals of his master, Eros
+plunged the blade into his own body, and fell at his master's feet.
+
+At which Mark Antony exclaimed, "This was well done, Eros--thy heart
+would not permit thee to kill thy master, but thou hast set him an
+example!" So saying, he plunged his sword into his bowels.
+
+The wound was not deep enough to cause immediate death, and Antony
+begged the gathered attendants to kill him.
+
+Word had been carried to Cleopatra, who had moved into her mausoleum for
+safety. This monument and tomb had been erected some years before; it
+was made of square blocks of solid stone, and was the stoutest building
+in Alexandria. While Antony was outside the walls fighting, Cleopatra
+had carried into this building all of her jewelry, plate, costly silks,
+gold, silver, pearls, her private records and most valuable books. She
+had also carried into the mausoleum a large quantity of flax and several
+torches.
+
+The intent was that, if Antony were defeated and the city taken by
+Caesar, the conqueror should not take the Queen alive, neither should he
+have her treasure. With her two women, Iras and Charmion, she entered
+the tomb, all agreeing that when the worst came they would fire the flax
+and die together.
+
+When the Queen heard that Antony was at death's door she ordered that he
+should be brought to her. He was carried on a litter to the iron gate of
+the tomb; but she, fearing treachery, would not unbar the door. Cords
+were let down from a window above, and the Queen and her two women, with
+much effort, drew the sorely stricken man up, and lifted him through the
+window.
+
+Cleopatra embraced him, calling him her lord, her life, her king, her
+husband. She tried to stanch his wound, but the death-rattle was already
+in his throat. "Do not grieve," he said; "remember our love--remember,
+too, I fought like a Roman and have been overcome only by a Roman!"
+
+And so holding him in her arms, Antony died.
+
+When Caesar heard that his enemy was dead, he put on mourning for the man
+who had been his comrade and colleague, and sent messages of condolence
+to Cleopatra. He set apart a day for the funeral and ordered that the
+day should be sacred, and Cleopatra should not be disturbed in any way.
+
+Cleopatra prepared the body for burial with her own hands, dug the grave
+alone, and with her women laid the body to rest, and she alone gave the
+funeral address.
+
+Caesar was gentle, gracious, kind. Assurances came that he would do
+neither the city nor the Queen the slightest harm.
+
+Cleopatra demanded Egypt for her children, and for herself she wished
+only the privilege of living with her grief in obscurity. Caesar would
+make no promises for her children, but as for herself she should still
+be Queen--they were of one age--why should not Caesar and Cleopatra still
+rule, just as, indeed, a Caesar had ruled before!
+
+But this woman had loved the Great Caesar, and now her heart was in the
+grave with Mark Antony--she scorned the soft, insinuating promises.
+
+She clothed herself in her most costly robes, wearing the pearls and
+gems that Antony had given her, and upon her head was the diadem that
+proclaimed her Queen. A courier from Caesar's camp knocked at the door
+of the mausoleum, but he knocked in vain.
+
+Finally a ladder was procured, and he climbed to the window through
+which the body of Antony had been lifted.
+
+In the lower room he saw the Queen seated in her golden chair of state,
+robed and serene, dead. At her feet lay Iras, lifeless. The faithful
+Charmion stood as if in waiting at the back of her mistress' chair,
+giving a final touch to the diadem that sat upon the coils of her
+lustrous hair.
+
+The messenger from Caesar stood in the door aghast--orders had been given
+that Cleopatra should not be harmed, neither should she be allowed to
+harm herself.
+
+Now she had escaped!
+
+"Charmion!" called the man in stern rebuke. "How was this done?"
+
+"Done, sir," said Charmion, "as became a daughter of the King of Egypt."
+
+As the woman spoke the words she reeled, caught at the chair, fell, and
+was dead.
+
+Some said these women had taken a deadly poison invented by Cleopatra
+and held against this day; others, still, told of how a countryman had
+brought a basket of figs, by appointment, covered over with green
+leaves, and in the basket was hidden an asp, that deadliest of serpents.
+Cleopatra had placed the asp in her bosom, and the other women had
+followed her example.
+
+Caesar, still wearing mourning for Mark Antony, went into retirement and
+for three days refused all visitors. But first he ordered that the body
+of Cleopatra, clothed as she had died, in her royal robes, should be
+placed in the grave beside the body of Mark Antony.
+
+And it was so done.
+
+
+
+
+SAVONAROLA
+
+
+     Some have narrowed their minds, and so fettered them with the
+     chains of antiquity that not only do they refuse to speak save as
+     the ancients spake, but they refuse to think save as the ancients
+     thought. God speaks to us, too, and the best thoughts are those now
+     being vouchsafed to us. We will excel the ancients!
+
+                                         --_Savonarola_
+
+[Illustration: SAVONAROLA]
+
+
+The wise ones say with a sigh, Genius does not reproduce itself. But let
+us take heart and remember that mediocrity does not always do so,
+either. Men of genius have often been the sons of commonplace
+parents--no hovel is safe from it.
+
+The father of Girolamo Savonarola was a trifler, a spendthrift and a
+profligate. Yet he proved a potent teacher for his son, pressing his
+lessons home by the law of antithesis. The sons of dissipated fathers
+are often temperance fanatics.
+
+The character of Savonarola's mother can be best gauged by the letters
+written to her by her son. Many of these have come down to us, and they
+breathe a love that is very gentle, very tender and yet very profound.
+That this woman had an intellect which went to the heart of things is
+shown in these letters: we write for those who understand, and the
+person to whom a letter is written gives the key that calls forth its
+quality. Great love-letters are written only to great women.
+
+But the best teacher young Girolamo had was Doctor Michael Savonarola,
+his grandfather, who was a physician of Padua, and a man of much wisdom
+and common-sense, besides. Between the old man and his grandchild there
+was a very tender sentiment, that soon formed itself into an abiding
+bond. Together they rambled along the banks of the Po, climbed the hills
+in springtime looking for the first flowers, made collections of
+butterflies, and caught the sunlight in their hearts as it streamed
+across the valleys as the shadows lengthened. On these solitary little
+journeys they usually carried a copy of Saint Thomas Aquinas, and seated
+on a rock the old man would read to the boy lying on the grass at his
+feet. In a year or two the boy did the reading, and would expound the
+words of the Saint as he went along.
+
+The old grandfather was all bound up in this slim, delicate youngster,
+with the olive complexion and sober ways. There were brothers and
+sisters at home--big and strong--but this boy was different. He was not
+handsome enough to be much of a favorite with girls, nor strong enough
+to win the boys, and so he and the grandfather were chums together.
+
+This thought of aloofness, of being peculiar, was first fostered in the
+lad's mind by the old man. It wasn't exactly a healthy condition. The
+old man taught the boy to play the flute, and together they constructed
+a set of pipes--the pipes o' Pan--and out along the river they would
+play, when they grew tired of reading, and listen for the echo that came
+across the water.
+
+"There are voices calling to me," said the boy looking up at the old
+man, one day, as they rested by the bank.
+
+"Yes, I believe it--you must listen for the Voice," said the old man.
+
+And so the idea became rooted in the lad's mind that he was in touch
+with another world, and was a being set apart.
+
+"Lord, teach me the way my soul should walk!" was his prayer. Doubt and
+distrust filled his mind, and his nights were filled with fear. This
+child without sin believed himself to be a sinner.
+
+But this feeling was all forgotten when another companion came to join
+them in their walks. This was a girl about the same age as Girolamo. She
+was the child of a neighbor--one of the Strozzi family. The Strozzi
+belonged to the nobility, and the Savonarolas were only peasants, yet
+with children there is no caste. So this trinity of boy, girl and
+grandfather was very happy. The old man taught his pupils to observe the
+birds and bees, to make tracings of the flowers, and to listen to the
+notes he played on the pipes, so as to call them all by name. And then
+there was always the Saint Thomas Aquinas to fall back upon should
+outward nature fail.
+
+But there came a day when the boy and the girl ceased to walk hand in
+hand, and instead of the delight and abandon of childhood there was
+hesitation and aloofness.
+
+When the parents of the girl forbade her playing with the boy, reminding
+her of the difference in their station, and she came by stealth to bid
+the old man and her playmate Girolamo good-by, the pride in the boy's
+heart flamed up: he clenched his fist--and feeling spent itself in
+tears.
+
+When he looked up the girl was gone--they were never to meet again.
+
+The grief of the boy pierced the heart of the old man, and he murmured,
+"Joy liveth yet for a day, but the sorrow of man abideth forever."
+
+Doubt and fear assailed the lad.
+
+The efforts of his grandfather to interest him in the study of his own
+profession of medicine failed. Religious brooding filled his days, and
+he became pale and weak from fasting.
+
+He had grown in stature, but the gauntness of his face made his coarse
+features stand out so, that he was almost repulsive. But this homeliness
+was relieved by the big, lustrous, brown eyes--eyes that challenged and
+beseeched in turn.
+
+The youth was now a young man--eighteen summers lay behind--when he
+disappeared from home.
+
+Soon came a letter from Bologna in which Girolamo explained at length to
+his mother that the world's wickedness was to him intolerable, its
+ambition ashes, and its hopes not worth striving for. He had entered the
+monastery of Saint Dominico, and to save his family the pain of parting
+he had stolen quietly away. "I have harkened to the Voice," he said.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Savonarola remained in the monastery at Bologna for six years, scarcely
+passing beyond its walls. These were years of ceaseless study, writing,
+meditation--work. He sought the most menial occupations--doing tasks
+that others cautiously evaded. His simplicity, earnestness and austerity
+won the love and admiration of the monks, and they sought to make life
+more congenial to him, by advancing him to the office of teacher to the
+novitiates.
+
+He declared his unfitness to teach, and it was an imperative order, and
+not a suggestion, that forced him to forsake the business of scrubbing
+corridors on hands and knees, and array himself in the white robe of a
+teacher and reader.
+
+The office of teacher and that of orator are not far apart--it is all a
+matter of expression. The first requisite in expression is
+animation--you must feel in order to impart feeling. No drowsy, lazy,
+disinterested, half-hearted, preoccupied, selfish, trifling person can
+teach--to teach you must have life, and life in abundance. You must have
+abandon--you must project yourself, and inundate the room with your
+presence. To infuse life, and a desire to remember, to know, to become,
+into a class of a dozen pupils, is to reveal the power of an orator. If
+you can fire the minds of a few with your own spirit, you can, probably,
+also fuse and weld a thousand in the same way.
+
+Savonarola taught his little class of novitiates, and soon the older
+monks dropped in to hear the discourse. A larger room was necessary, and
+in a short time the semi-weekly informal talk resolved itself into a
+lecture, and every seat was occupied when it was known that Brother
+Girolamo would speak.
+
+This success suggested to the Prior that Savonarola be sent out to
+preach in the churches round about, and it was so done.
+
+But outside the monastery Savonarola was not a success: he was precise,
+exact, and labored to make himself understood--freedom had not yet come
+to him.
+
+But let us wait!
+
+One of America's greatest preachers was well past forty before he
+evolved abandon, swung himself clear, and put out for open sea.
+Uncertainty and anxiety are death to oratory.
+
+In every monastery there are two classes of men--the religious, the
+sincere, the earnest, the austere; and the fat, lazy, profligate and
+licentious.
+
+And the proportion of the first class to the second changes just in
+proportion as the monastery is successful--to succeed in Nature is to
+die. The fruit much loved by the sun rots first. The early monasteries
+were mendicant institutions, and for mendicancy to grow rich is an
+anomaly that carries a penalty. A successful beggar is apt to be
+haughty, arrogant, dictatorial--from a humble request for alms to a
+demand for your purse is but a step. In either case the man wants
+something that is not his--there are three ways to get it: earn it, beg
+it, seize it. The first method is absurd--to dig I am ashamed--the
+second, easy; the last is best of all, provided objection is not too
+strenuous. Beggars a-horseback are knights of the road.
+
+That which comes easy, goes easy, and so it is the most natural thing in
+the world for a monk to become a connoisseur of wines, an expert
+gourmet, a sensualist who plays the limit. The monastic impulse begins
+in the beautiful desire for solitude--to be alone with God--and ere it
+runs its gamut dips deep into license and wallows in folly.
+
+The austere monk leaves woman out, the other kind enslaves her: both are
+wrong, for man can never advance and leave woman behind. God never
+intended that man, made in His image, should be either a beast or a
+fool.
+
+And here we are wiser than Savonarola--noble, honest and splendid man
+that he was. He saw the wickedness of the world and sought to shun it by
+fleeing to a monastery. There he saw the wickedness of the monastery,
+and there being no place to flee he sought to purify it. And at the same
+time he sought to purify and better the world by standing outside of the
+world.
+
+The history of the Church is a history of endeavor to keep it from
+drifting into the thing it professes not to be--concrete selfishness.
+The Church began in humility and simplicity, and when it became
+successful, behold it became a thing of pomp, pride, processional,
+crowns, jewels, rich robes and a power that used itself to subjugate and
+subdue, instead of to uplift and lead by love and pity.
+
+Oh, the shame of it!
+
+And Savonarola saw these things--saw them to the exclusion of everything
+else--and his cry continually was for a return to the religion of Jesus
+the Carpenter, the Man who gave his life that others might live.
+
+The Christ spirit filled the heart of Savonarola. His soul was wrung
+with pity for the poor, the unfortunate, the oppressed; and he had
+sufficient insight into economics to know that where greed, gluttony and
+idleness abound, there too stalk oppression, suffering and death. The
+palaces of the rich are built on the bones of the poor.
+
+Others, high in Church authority, saw these things, too, and knew, no
+less than Savonarola, the need of reform--they gloried in his ringing
+words of warning, and they admired no less his example of austerity.
+
+They could not do the needed work--perhaps he could do a little, at
+least.
+
+And so he was transferred to Saint Mark's Monastery at Florence--the
+place that needed him most.
+
+Florence was the acknowledged seat of art and polite learning of all
+Italy, and Saint Mark's was the chief glory of the Church in Florence.
+
+Florence was prosperous and so was Saint Mark's, and have we not said
+that there is something in pure prosperity that taints the soul?
+
+Savonarola was sent to Saint Mark's merely as a teacher and lecturer.
+Bologna was full of gloom and grime--the bestiality there was untamed.
+Here everything was gilded, gracious and good to look upon. The
+cloister-walks were embowered in climbing roses, the walls decorated
+fresh from the brush of Fra Angelico, and the fountains in the gardens,
+adorned by naked cupids, sent their sparkling beads aloft to greet the
+sunlight.
+
+Brother Girolamo had never seen such beauty before--its gracious essence
+enfolded him round, and for a few short hours lifted that dead weight of
+abiding melancholy from his soul.
+
+When he lectured he was surprised to find many fashionable ladies in his
+audience: learning was evidently a fad. He saw that it was expected that
+he should be amusing, diverting, and incidentally, instructive. He had
+only one mode of preaching--this was earnest exhortation to a higher
+life, the life of austerity, simplicity and nearness to God, by laboring
+to benefit His children.
+
+He mumbled through his lecture and retired, abashed and humiliated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was the year Fourteen Hundred Eighty-two, and the whole world was
+athrill with thought and feeling. Lorenzo the Magnificent was at the
+very height of his power and popularity; printing-presses gave letters
+an impetus; art flourished; the people were dazzled by display and were
+dipping deep into the love of pleasure. The austerity of Christian
+religion had glided off by imperceptible degrees into pagan pageantry,
+and the song of bacchanals filled the streets at midnight.
+
+Lorenzo did for the world a great and splendid work--for one thing, he
+discovered Michelangelo--and the encouragement he gave to the arts made
+Florence the beautiful dream in stone that she is even to this day.
+
+The world needs the Lorenzos and the world needs, too, the
+Savonarolas--they form an Opposition of Forces that holds the balance
+true. Power left to itself attains a terrific impetus: a governor is
+needed, and it was Savonarola who tempered and tamed the excesses of the
+Medici.
+
+In Fourteen Hundred Eighty-three Savonarola was appointed Lenten
+preacher at the Church of Saint Lorenzo in Florence. His exhortations
+were plain, homely, blunt--his voice uncertain, and his ugly features at
+times inclined his fashionable auditors to unseemly smiles. When
+ugliness forgets itself and gives off the flash of the spirit, it
+becomes magnificent--takes upon itself a halo--but this was not yet to
+be.
+
+The orator must subdue his audience or it will subdue him.
+
+Savonarola retired to his cloister-cell, whipped and discouraged. He
+took no part in the festivals and fetes: the Gardens of Lorenzo were not
+for him; the society of the smooth and cultured lovers of art and
+literature was beyond his pale. Being incapable by temperament of mixing
+in the whirl of pleasure, he found a satisfaction in keeping out of it,
+thus proving his humanity. Not being able to have a thing, we scorn it.
+Men who can not dance are apt to regard dancing as sinful.
+
+Savonarola saw things as a countryman sees them when he goes to a great
+city for the first time.
+
+There is much that is wrong--very much that is wasteful, extravagant,
+absurd and pernicious, but it is not all base, and the visitor is apt to
+err in his conclusions, especially if he be of an intense and ascetic
+type.
+
+Savonarola was sick at heart, sick in body--fasts and vigils had done
+their sure and certain work for nerves and digestion. He saw visions and
+heard voices, and in the Book of Revelation he discovered the symbols of
+prophesy that foretold the doom of Florence. He felt that he was
+divinely inspired.
+
+In the outside world he saw only the worst--and this was well.
+
+He believed that he was one sent from God to cleanse the Church of its
+iniquities--and he was right.
+
+These madmen are needed--Nature demands them, and so God makes them to
+order. They are ignorant of what the many know, and this is their
+advantage; they are blind to all but a few things, and therein lies
+their power.
+
+The belief in his mission filled the heart of Savonarola. Gradually he
+gained ground, made head, and the Prior of Saint Mark's did what the
+Prior of Saint Dominico's had done at Bologna--he sent the man out on
+preaching tours among the churches and monasteries. The austerity and
+purity of his character, the sublimity of his faith, and his relentless
+war upon the extravagance of the times, made his presence valuable to
+the Church. Then in all personal relationships the man was most
+lovable--gentle, sympathetic, kind. Wherever he went his influence was
+for the best.
+
+Power plus came to him for the first time at Brescia in Fourteen Hundred
+Eighty-six. The sermon he gave was one he had given many times; in fact,
+he never had but one theme: flee from the wrath to come, and accept the
+pardon of the gentle Christ ere it is too late--ere it is too late.
+
+Much of what passes for oratory is merely talk, lecture, harangue and
+argument. These things may all be very useful, and surely they have
+their place in the world of work and business, but oratory is another
+thing. Oratory is the impassioned outpouring of a heart--a heart full to
+bursting: it is the absolute giving of soul to soul.
+
+Every great speech is an evolution--it must be given many times before
+it becomes a part of the man himself. Oratory is the ability to weld a
+mass of people into absolutely one mood. To do this the orator must lose
+himself in his subject--he must cast expediency to the winds. And more
+than this, his theme must always be an appeal for humanity. Invective,
+threat, challenge, all play their parts, but love is the great recurring
+theme that winds in and out through every great sermon or oration.
+Pathos is only possible where there is great love, and pathos is always
+present in the oration that subdues, that convinces, that wins, and
+sends men to their knees in abandonment of their own wills. The audience
+is the female element--the orator the male, and love is the theme. The
+orator comes in the name of God to give protection--freedom.
+
+Usually the great orator is on the losing side. And this excites on the
+part of the audience the feminine attribute of pity, and pity fused with
+admiration gives us love--thus does love act and react on love.
+
+Oratory supplies the most sublime gratification which the gods have to
+give. To subdue the audience and blend mind with mind affords an
+intoxication beyond the ambrosia of Elysium. When Sophocles pictured the
+god Mercury seizing upon the fairest daughter of Earth and carrying her
+away through the realms of space, he had in mind the power of the
+orator, which through love lifts up humanity and sways men by a burst of
+feeling that brooks no resistance.
+
+Oratory is the child of democracy--it pleads for the weak, for the many
+against the few--and no great speech was ever yet made save in behalf of
+mankind. The orator feels their joys, their sorrows, their hopes, their
+desires, their aspirations, their sufferings and pains. They may have
+wandered far, but his arms are open wide for their return. Here alone
+does soul respond to soul. And it is love, alone, that fuses feeling so
+that all are of one mind and mood. Oratory is an exercise of power.
+
+But oratory, like all sublime pleasures, pays its penalty--this way
+madness lies. The great orator has ever been a man of sorrows and
+acquainted with grief. Oratory points the martyr's path; it leads by the
+thorn road; and those who have trod the way have carried the cross with
+bleeding feet, and deep into their side has been thrust the spear.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was not until his fortieth year that Savonarola attained that
+self-sufficiency and complete self-reliance that marks a man who is fit
+for martyrdom. Courage comes only to those who have done the thing
+before.
+
+By this time Savonarola had achieved enemies, and several dignitaries
+had done him the honor of publicly answering him. His invective was
+against the sins of Church and Society, but his enemies, instead of
+defending their cause, did the very natural thing of inveighing against
+Savonarola.
+
+Thus did they divert attention from the question at issue. Personal
+abuse is often more effective than argument, and certainly much more
+easy to wield.
+
+Savonarola was getting himself beautifully misunderstood. Such words as
+fanatic, pretender, agitator, heretic, renegade and "dangerous" were
+freely hurled at him. They said he was pulling down the pillars of
+Society. He seriously considered retiring entirely from the pulpit; and
+as a personal vindication and that his thoughts might live, he wrote a
+book, "The Triumph of the Cross." This volume contains all his
+philosophy and depicts truth as he saw it.
+
+Let a reader, ignorant of the author, peruse this book today, and he
+will find in it only the oft-repeated appeal of a believer in "Primitive
+Christianity." Purity of life, sincerity, simplicity, earnestness,
+loyalty to God and love to man--these are very old themes, yet they can
+never die. Zeal can always fan them into flame.
+
+Savonarola was an unconscious part of the great "humanist" movement.
+
+Savonarola, John Knox, the Wesleys, Calvin, Luther, the Puritans,
+Huguenots, Quakers, Shakers, Mennonites and Dunkards--all are one. The
+scientist sees species under all the manifold manifestations of climate,
+environment and local condition.
+
+Florence was a republic, but it is only eternal vigilance that can keep
+a republic a republic. The strong man who assumes the reins is
+continually coming to the fore, and the people diplomatically handled
+are quite willing to make him king, provided he continues to call
+himself "Citizen."
+
+Lorenzo de Medici ruled Florence, yet occupied no office, and assumed no
+title. He dictated the policy of the government, filled all the offices,
+and ministered the finances. Incidentally he was a punctilious
+Churchman--obeying the formula--and the Church at Florence was within
+his grasp no less than the police. The secret of this power lay in the
+fact that he handled the "sinews of war"--no man ever yet succeeded
+largely in a public way who was not a financier, or else one who owned a
+man who was. Public power is a matter of money, wisely used.
+
+To divert, amuse and please the people is a necessity to the ruler, for
+power at the last is derived from the people, and no government endures
+that is not founded on the consent of the governed. If you would rule
+either a woman or a nation, you had better gain consent. To secure this
+consent you must say "please."
+
+The gladiatorial shows of Greece, the games, contests, displays, all the
+barbaric splendor of processions, music, fetes, festivals, chants, robes
+and fantastic folderol of Rome--ancient and modern--the boom of guns in
+sham battles, coronations, thrones and crowns are all manifestations of
+this great game of power.
+
+The people are children, and must be pleased.
+
+But eventually the people reach adolescence: knowledge comes to them (to
+a few at least) and they perceive that they themselves foot all bills,
+and pay in sweat and tears and blood for all this pomp of power.
+
+They rise in their might, like a giant aroused from sleep, and the
+threads that bound them are burst asunder. They themselves assume the
+reins of government, and we have a republic.
+
+And this republic endures until some republican, coming in the name of
+the people, waxes powerful and evolves into a plutocrat who assumes the
+reins, and the cycle goes its round and winds itself up on the reel of
+time.
+
+Savonarola thundered against the extravagance, moral riot and pomp of
+the rich--and this meant the Medici, and all those who fed at the public
+trough, and prided themselves on their patriotism.
+
+Lorenzo grew uneasy, and sent requests that the preacher moderate his
+tone in the interests of public weal. Savonarola sent back words that
+were unbecoming in one addressing a ruler.
+
+Then it was that Lorenzo the Magnificent, also the wise and wily,
+resolved on a great diplomatic move.
+
+He had the fanatical and troublesome monk, Fra Girolamo Savonarola, made
+Prior of the Monastery of Saint Mark's--success was the weapon that
+would undo him.
+
+Of course, Lorenzo did not act directly in the matter--personally he did
+not appear at all.
+
+Now the Prior of Saint Mark's had the handling of large sums of money,
+the place could really be the home of a prince if the Prior wished to be
+one, and all he had to do was to follow the wishes of the Magnificent
+Lorenzo.
+
+"Promote him," said Lorenzo, "and his zeal will dilute itself, and
+culture will come to take the place of frenzy. Art is better than
+austerity, and silken robes and 'broidered chasubles are preferable to
+horsehair and rope. A crown looks better than a tonsure."
+
+And Savonarola became Prior of Saint Mark's.
+
+Now the first duty, according to established custom, of a newly
+appointed Prior was to call, in official robes, and pay his respects to
+Lorenzo, the nominal governor of Florence. It was just a mere form, you
+know--simply showing the people that Saint Mark's was still loyal to the
+State.
+
+Lorenzo appointed a day and sent word that at a certain hour he would
+be pleased to welcome the Prior, and congratulate him upon his
+elevation. At the same time the Prior was expected to say mass in the
+private chapel of the governor, and bestow his blessing upon the House
+of the Medici.
+
+But Savonarola treated the invitation to call with disdain, and turned
+the messengers of Lorenzo away with scant courtesy. Instead of joining
+hands with Lorenzo he preached a sermon at the Cathedral, bitterly
+arraigning the aristocracy, prophesying their speedy downfall, and
+beseeching all men who wished to be saved to turn, repent, make
+restitution and secure the pardon of God, ere it was too late. The
+sermon shook the city, and other addresses of the same tenor followed
+daily. It was a "revival," of the good old Methodist kind--and religious
+emotion drifting into frenzy is older far than history.
+
+The name of Lorenzo was not mentioned personally, but all saw it was a
+duel to the death between the plain people and the silken and perfumed
+rulers. It was the same old fight--personified by Savonarola on one side
+and Lorenzo on the other.
+
+Lorenzo sunk his pride and went to Saint Mark's for an interview with
+the Prior. He found a man of adamant and iron, one blind and deaf to
+political logic, one who scorned all persuasion and in whose lexicon
+there was no such word as expediency.
+
+Lorenzo turned away, whipped and disappointed--the prophecies of
+impending doom had even touched his own stout heart. He was stricken
+with fever, and the extent of his fear is shown that in his extremity he
+sent for the Prior of Saint Mark's to come to his bedside.
+
+Even there, Savonarola was not softened. Before granting absolution to
+the sick man, he demanded three things:
+
+"First, you must repent and feel a true faith in God, who in His mercy
+alone can pardon."
+
+Lorenzo assented.
+
+"Second, you must give up your ill-gotten wealth to the people."
+
+Lorenzo groaned, and finally reluctantly agreed.
+
+"Third, you must restore to Florence her liberty."
+
+Lorenzo groaned and moaned, and turned his face to the wall.
+
+Savonarola grimly waited half an hour, but no sign coming from the
+stricken man, he silently went his way.
+
+The next day Lorenzo the Magnificent, aged forty-two, died--died
+unabsolved.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lorenzo left three sons. The eldest was Pietro, just approaching his
+majority, who was the recognized successor of his father. The second son
+was Giuliano, who had already been made a cardinal at thirteen years of
+age, and who was destined to be the powerful Pope, Leo X.
+
+The death of Lorenzo had been indirectly foretold by Savonarola, and now
+some of his disciples were not slow in showing an ill-becoming
+exultation. They said, "I told you so!" The intensity of the revival
+increased, and there was danger of its taking on the form of revolution.
+
+Savonarola saw this mob spirit at work, and for a time moderated his
+tone. But there were now occasional outbreaks between his followers and
+those of the Medici. A guard was necessary to protect Savonarola as he
+passed from Saint Mark's to the different churches where he preached.
+The police and soldiers were on the side of the aristocracy who
+supported them.
+
+The Pope had been importuned to use his influence to avert the
+threatened harm to "true religion." Savonarola should be silenced, said
+the aristocrats, and that speedily.
+
+A letter came from Pope Alexander, couched in most gentle and gracious
+words, requesting Savonarola to come to Rome, and there give exhibition
+of his wondrous gifts.
+
+Savonarola knew that he was dealing with a Borgia--a man who cajoled,
+bought and bribed, and when these failed there were noose, knife and
+poison close at hand. The Prior of Saint Mark's could deal with Lorenzo
+in Florence, but with Alexander at Rome he would be undone. The
+iniquities of the Borgia family far exceeded the sins of the Medici, and
+in his impassioned moments Savonarola had said as much.
+
+At Rome he would have to explain these things--and to explain them would
+be to repeat them. Alexander stood for nepotism, which is the sugared
+essence of that time-honored maxim, "To the victor belong the spoils."
+The world has never seen so little religion and so much pretense as
+during the reign of the Borgias.
+
+At this time when offenders were called to Rome, it sometimes happened
+that they were never again heard from. Beneath the Castle Saint Angelo
+were dungeons--no records were kept--and the stories told of human bones
+found in walled-up cells are no idle tales. An iron collar circling the
+neck of a skeleton that was once a man is a sight these eyes have seen.
+
+Prison records open to the public are a comparatively new thing, and the
+practise of "doctoring" a record has, until recently, been quite in
+vogue.
+
+Savonarola acknowledged the receipt of the Pope's request, but made
+excuses, and asked for time.
+
+Alexander certainly did all he could to avoid an open rupture with the
+Prior of Saint Mark's. He was inwardly pleased when Savonarola affronted
+the Medici--it was a thing he dared not do--and if the religious
+revival could be localized and kept within bounds, all would have been
+well. It had now gone far enough; if continued, and Rome should behold
+such scenes as Florence had witnessed, the Holy See itself would not be
+safe.
+
+Alexander accepted the excuses of Savonarola with much courtesy. Soon
+word came that the Prior of Saint Mark's was to be made a cardinal, but
+the gentle hint went with the message that the red hat was to be in the
+nature of a reward for bringing about peace at Florence.
+
+Peace! Peace! How could there be peace unless Savonarola bowed his head
+to the rule of the aristocrats?
+
+His sermons were often interrupted--stones were thrown through the
+windows when he preached. The pulpit where he was to speak had been
+filled with filth, and the skin of an ass tacked over the sacred desk.
+Must he go back?
+
+To the offer of the cardinal's hat he sent this message: "No hat will I
+have but that of a martyr, reddened with my own blood."
+
+The tactics of the Pope now changed; he sent an imperative order that
+Savonarola should present himself at Rome, and give answer to the
+charges there made against him.
+
+Savonarola silently scorned the message.
+
+The Pope was still patient. He would waive the insult to himself, if
+Florence would only manage to take care of her own troubles. But
+importunities kept coming that Savonarola should be silenced--the power
+of the man had grown until Florence was absolutely under his subjection.
+Bonfires of pictures, books and statuary condemned by him had been made
+in the streets; and the idea was carried to Rome that there was danger
+of the palaces being pillaged. Florence could deal with the man, but
+would not so long as he was legally a part of the Church.
+
+Then it was that the Pope issued his Bull of Excommunication, and the
+order removing Savonarola from his office as Prior of Saint Mark's.
+
+The answer of Savonarola was a sermon in the form of a defiance. He
+claimed, and rightly, that he was no heretic--no obligations that the
+Church asked had he ever disregarded, and therefore the Pope had no
+right to silence him.
+
+He made his appeal to the rulers of the world, and declared that
+Alexander was no Pope, because he had deliberately bought his way to the
+Vatican.
+
+There was now a brief struggle between the authorities of the Pope and
+those of Florence as to who should have the man. The Pope wanted him to
+be secretly captured and taken to Rome for trial. Alexander feared the
+publicity that Florence would give to the matter--he knew a shorter way.
+
+But Florence stood firm. Savonarola had now retired to Saint Mark's and
+his followers barricaded the position. The man might have escaped, and
+the authorities hoped he would, but there he remained, holding the
+place, and daily preaching to the faithful few who stood by him.
+
+Finally the walls were stormed, and police, soldiers and populace
+overran the monastery. Savonarola remained passive, and he even reproved
+several of the monks who, armed with clubs, made stout resistance.
+
+The warrants for arrest called only for Fra Girolamo, Fra Domenico and
+Fra Silvestro--these last being his most faithful disciples, preaching
+often in his pulpit and echoing his words.
+
+The prisoners were bound and hurried through the streets toward the
+Piazza Signoria. The soldiers made a guard of spears and shields around
+them, but this did not prevent their being pelted with mud and stones.
+
+They were lodged in separate cells, in the prison portion of the Palazzo
+Vecchio, and each was importuned to recant the charges made against the
+Pope and the Medici. All refused, even when told that the others had
+recanted.
+
+Savonarola's judges were chosen from among his most bitter foes. He was
+brought before them, and ordered to take back his accusations.
+
+He remained silent.
+
+Threatened, he answered in parable.
+
+He was then taken to the torture-cell, stripped of all clothing, and a
+thin, strong rope passed under his arms. He was suddenly drawn up, and
+dropped.
+
+This was repeated until the cord around the man's body cut the skin and
+his form was covered with blood.
+
+The physically sensitive nature of the man gave way and he recanted.
+
+Being taken to his cell he repeated all he had said against the Pope,
+and called aloud, "Lord Jesus, pardon me that I forsook thy truth--it
+was the torture--I now repeat all I ever said from my pulpit--Lord
+Jesus, pardon!"
+
+Again he was taken to the torture-chamber and all was gone over as
+before.
+
+He and his two companions were now formally condemned to death and their
+day of execution set.
+
+To know the worst is peace--it is uncertainty that kills.
+
+A great calm came over Savonarola--he saw the gates of Heaven opening
+for him. He was able now to sleep and eat. The great brown eyes beamed
+with love and benediction, and his hands were raised only in blessing to
+friend and foe alike.
+
+The day of execution came, and the Piazza Signoria was filled with a
+vast concourse of people. Every spare foot of space was taken. Platforms
+had been erected and seats sold for fabulous prices. Every window was
+filled with faces.
+
+An elevated walk had been built out from the second story of the prison
+to the executioner's platform. From this high scaffold rose a great
+cross with ropes and chains dangling from the arms. Below were piled
+high heaps of fagots, saturated with oil.
+
+There was a wild exultant yell from the enemies of the men on their
+appearance, but others of their adversaries appeared dazed at their
+success, and it seemed for a few moments as if pity would take the place
+of hate, and the mob would demand the release of the men.
+
+The prisoners walked firmly and conversed in undertone, encouraging each
+other to stand firm. Each held a crucifix and pressed it to his lips,
+repeating the creed. Halfway across to the gibbet, they were stopped,
+the crucifixes torn from their hands, and their priestly robes stripped
+from them. There they stood, clad only in scant underclothes, in sight
+of the mob that seethed and mocked. Sharp sticks were thrust up between
+the crevices of the board walk, so blood streamed from their bare feet.
+
+Having advanced so that they stood beneath the gibbet, their priestly
+robes were again thrown over them, and once more torn off by a bishop
+who repeated the words, "Thus do I sever you from the Church Militant
+and the Church Triumphant!"
+
+"Not the Church Triumphant!" answered Savonarola in a loud voice. "You
+can not do that."
+
+In order to prolong the torture of Savonarola, his companions were
+hanged first, before his eyes.
+
+When his turn came he stepped lightly to his place between the dead and
+swinging bodies of his brethren. As the executioner was adjusting the
+cord about his neck, his great tender eyes were raised to heaven and
+his lips moved in prayer as the noose tightened.
+
+The chains were quickly fastened about the bodies to hold them in place,
+and scarcely had the executioner upon the platform slid down the
+ladders, than the waiting torches below fired the pile and the flames
+shot heavenward and licked the great cross where the three bodies
+swayed.
+
+The smoke soon covered them from view.
+
+Then suddenly there came a gust of wind that parted the smoke and
+flames, and the staring mob, now silent, saw that the fire had burned
+the thongs that bound the arms of Savonarola. One hand was uplifted in
+blessing and benediction.
+
+So died Savonarola.
+
+
+
+
+MARTIN LUTHER
+
+
+     Only slaves die of overwork. Work a weariness, a danger, forsooth!
+     Those who say so can know very little about it. Labor is neither
+     cruel nor ungrateful; it restores the strength we give it a
+     hundredfold and, unlike financial operations, the revenue is what
+     brings in the capital. Put soul into your work, and joy and health
+     will be yours.
+
+                                         --_Luther_
+
+[Illustration: MARTIN LUTHER]
+
+
+The idea of the monastery is as old as man, and its rise is as natural
+as the birth and death of the seasons.
+
+We need society, and we need solitude. But it happens again and again
+that man gets a surfeit of society--he is thrown with those who
+misunderstand him, who thwart him, who contradict his nature, who bring
+out the worst in his disposition: he is sapped of his strength, and then
+he longs for solitude. He would go alone up into the mountain. What is
+called the "monastic impulse" comes over him--he longs to be
+alone--alone with God.
+
+The monastic impulse can be traced back a thousand years before Christ:
+the idea is neither Christian, Jewish, Philistine nor Buddhist. Every
+people of which we know have had their hermits and recluses.
+
+The communal thought is a form of monasticism--it is a getting away from
+the world. Monasticism does not necessarily imply celibacy, but as
+unrequited or misplaced love is usually the precursor of the monastic
+impulse, celibacy or some strange idea on the sex problem usually is in
+evidence.
+
+Monasticism has many forms: College Settlements, Zionism, Deaconesses'
+Homes, Faith Cottages, Shakerism, Mormonism, are all manifestations of
+the impulse to get away from the world, and still benefit the world by
+standing outside of it. This desire to get away from the world and still
+mix in it shows that monasticism is not quite sincere--we want society
+no less than we want solitude. Very seldom, indeed, has a monk ever gone
+away and remained: he comes back to the world, occasionally, to beg, or
+sell things, and to "do good."
+
+The rise of the Christian monastery begins with Paul the Hermit, who in
+the year Two Hundred Fifty withdrew to an oasis in the desert, and lived
+in a cave before which was a single palm-tree and a spring.
+
+Other men worn with strife, tired of stupid misunderstanding,
+persecution and unkind fate, came to him. And there they lived in
+common. The necessity of discipline and order naturally presented
+itself, so they made rules that governed conduct. The day was divided up
+into periods when the inmates of this first monastery prayed, communed
+with the silence, worked and studied.
+
+Within a hundred years there were similar religious communities at fifty
+or more places in Upper Egypt.
+
+Women have always imitated men, and soon nunneries sprang up here and
+there. In fact, the nunnery has a little more excuse for being than the
+monastery. In a barbaric society an unattached woman needs protection,
+and this she gets in the nunnery. Even so radical a thinker as Max
+Muller regarded the nunnery as a valuable agent in giving dignity to
+woman's estate. If she was mistreated and desired protection, she could
+find refuge in this sanctuary. She became the Bride of Christ, and
+through the protection of the convent, man was forced to be civil, and
+chivalry came to take the place of force.
+
+Most monasteries have been mendicant institutions. As early as the year
+Five Hundred we read of the monks going abroad a-questing, a bag on
+their backs. They begged as a business, and some became very expert at
+it, just as we have expert evangelists and expert debt-raisers. They
+took anything that anybody had to give. They begged in the name of the
+poor; and as they traveled they undertook to serve those who were poorer
+than themselves. They were distributing agents.
+
+They ceased to do manual labor and scorned those who did. They traversed
+the towns and highways by trios and asked alms at houses or of
+travelers. Occasionally they carried cudgels, and if such a pair asked
+for alms it was usually equal to a demand. These monks made
+acquaintances, they had their friends among men and women, and often
+being far from home they were lodged and fed by the householders. In
+some instances the alms given took the form of a tax which the sturdy
+monks collected with startling regularity. We hear of their dividing the
+country up into districts, and each man having a route that he jealously
+guarded.
+
+They came in the name of the Lord--they were supposed to have authority.
+They said, "He who giveth to the poor lendeth to the Lord." They
+blessed those who gave, and cursed those who refused. Some of them
+presumed to forgive the sins of those who paid. And soon the idea
+suggested itself of forgiving in advance, or granting an indulgence.
+They made promises of mansions in the skies to those who conformed, and
+threatened with the pains of hell those who declined their requests. So
+the monks occasionally became rich.
+
+And when they grew rich they often became arrogant, dictatorial,
+selfish, gluttonous and licentious. They undertook to manage the
+government which they had before in their poverty renounced. They hired
+servants to wait upon them. The lust of power, and the lust of the
+flesh, and the pride of the heart all became manifest.
+
+However, there were always a few men, pure of heart and earnest in
+purpose, who sought to stem the evil tendencies. And so the history of
+monasticism and the history of the Church is the record of a struggle
+against idleness and corruption. To shave a man's head, give him a new
+name, and clothe him in strange garments, does not change his nature.
+Monks grown rich and powerful will become idle, and the vows of poverty,
+chastity and obedience are then mere jokes and jests.
+
+No man knew this better than Benedict, who lived in the Sixth Century.
+The profligacy, ignorance and selfishness of the fat and idle monks
+appalled him. With the aid of Cassiodorus he set to work to reform the
+monasteries by interesting the inmates in beautiful work. Cassiodorus
+taught men to write, illumine and bind books. Through Italy, France and
+Germany he traveled and preached the necessity of manual labor, and the
+excellence of working for beauty. The art impulse in the nunneries and
+monasteries began with Benedict and Cassiodorus, who worked hand in hand
+for beauty, purity and truth. Benedict had the greater executive
+ability, but Cassiodorus had the more far-reaching and subtle intellect.
+He anticipated all that we have to say today on the New Education--the
+necessity of playing off one faculty of the mind against another through
+manual labor, play and art creation. He even anticipated the primal idea
+of the Kindergarten, for he said, "The pleasurable emotion that follows
+the making of beautiful forms with one's hands is not a sin, like unto
+the pleasure that is gained for the sake of pleasure--rather to do good
+and beautiful work is incense to the nostrils of God."
+
+In all Benedictine monasteries flagellations ceased, discipline was
+relaxed, and the inmates were enjoined to use their energies in their
+work, and find peace by imitating God, and like Him creating beautiful
+things.
+
+Beautiful bookmaking traces its genesis almost directly to Benedict and
+Cassiodorus.
+
+But a hundred years after the death of these great men, the necessity of
+reform was as great as ever, and other men took up the herculean task.
+
+And so it has happened that every century men have arisen who protested
+against the abuses inside the Church. The Church has tried to keep
+religion pure, but when she has failed and scandalized society at large,
+monasteries were wiped out of existence and their property confiscated.
+Since the Fifteenth Century, regularly once every hundred years, France
+has driven the monks from her borders, and in this year of our Lord
+Nineteen Hundred Three she is doing what Napoleon did a hundred years
+ago; what Cromwell did in England in Sixteen Hundred Forty-five; what
+has been done time and again in every corner of Christendom.
+
+Martin Luther's quarrel with the Church began simply as a protest
+against certain practises of the monks, and that his protests should
+develop into a something called "Protestantism" was a thing he never for
+a moment anticipated or desired. He had no thought of building an
+institution on negation; and that he should be driven from the Church,
+because he loved the Church and was trying to purify and benefit it, was
+a source to him of deepest grief.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Martin Luther was thirty-five years old. He was short in stature,
+inclining to be stout, strenuous and bold. His faults and his virtues
+were all on the surface. He neither deceived nor desired to deceive--the
+distinguishing feature of his character was frankness. He was an
+Augustinian monk, serving as a teacher in the University of Wittenberg.
+
+Up to this time his life had been uneventful. His parents had been very
+poor people--his father a day-laborer, working in the copper-mines. In
+his boyhood Martin was "stubborn and intractable," which means that he
+had life plus. His teachers had tried to repress him by flogging him
+"fifteen times in a forenoon," as he himself has told us.
+
+In childhood he used to beg upon the streets, and so he could the better
+beg he was taught to sing. This rough, early experience wore off all
+timidity, and put "stage-fright" forever behind. He could not remember a
+time when he could not sing a song or make a speech.
+
+That he developed all the alertness and readiness of tongue and fist of
+the street-urchin there is no doubt.
+
+When he was taken into a monastery at eighteen years of age, the fact
+that he was a good singer and a most successful beggar were points of
+excellence that were not overlooked.
+
+That the young man was stubbornly honest in his religious faith, there
+is not a particle of doubt. The strength of his nature and the extent of
+his passion made his life in the monastery most miserable. He had not
+yet reached the point that many of the older monks had, and learned how
+to overcome temptation by succumbing to it, so he fasted for days until
+he became too weak to walk, watched the night away in vigils, and
+whipped his poor body with straps until the blood flowed.
+
+We now think it is man's duty to eat proper food, to sleep at night, and
+to care for his body, so as to bring it to the most perfect condition
+possible--all this that he may use his life to its highest and best.
+Life is a privilege and not a crime.
+
+But Martin Luther never knew of these things and there was none to teach
+him, and probably he would have rejected them stoutly if they had been
+presented--arguing the question six nights and days together.
+
+The result of all that absurd flying in the face of Nature was
+indigestion and its concomitant, nervous irritability. These demons
+fastened upon him for life; and we have his word for it in a thousand
+places that he regarded them as veritable devils--thus does man create
+his devil in his own image. Luther had visions--he "saw things," and
+devils, witches and spirits were common callers to the day of his death.
+
+In those early monastery days he used to have fits of depression when he
+was sure that he had committed the "unpardonable sin," and over and over
+in his mind he would recount his shortcomings. He went to confession so
+often that he wore out the patience of at least one confessor, who once
+said to him, "Brother Martin, you are not so much a sinner as a fool."
+Still another gave him this good advice, "God is not angry with you, but
+He will be if you keep on, for you are surely angry with Him--you had
+better think less about yourself and more of others: go to work!"
+
+This excellent counsel was followed. Luther began to study the
+Scriptures and the writings of the saints. He took part in the disputes
+which were one of the principal diversions of all monasteries.
+
+Now, a monk had the privilege of remaining densely ignorant, or he could
+become learned. Life in a monastery was not so very different from what
+it was outside--a monk gravitated to where he belonged. The young man
+showed such skill as a debater, and such commendable industry at all of
+his tasks, from scrubbing the floor to expounding Scripture, that he was
+sent to the neighboring University of Erfurt. From there he was
+transferred to the University of Wittenberg. In the classes at these
+universities the plan obtained, which is still continued in all
+theological schools, of requiring a student to defend his position on
+his feet. Knotty propositions are put forth, and logical complications
+fired at the youth as a necessary part of his mental drill. Beside this
+there were societies where all sorts of abstrusities and absurdities
+were argued to a standstill.
+
+At this wordy warfare none proved more adept than Martin Luther. He
+became Senior Wrangler; secured his degree; remained at the college as a
+post-graduate and sub-lecturer; finally was appointed a teacher, then a
+professor, and when twenty-nine years old became a Doctor of Theology.
+
+He took his turn as preacher in the Schlosskirche, which was the School
+Chapel, and when he preached the place was crowded. He was something
+more than a monotonous mumbler of words: he made his addresses personal,
+direct, critical. His allusions were local, and contained a deal of
+wholesome criticism put with pith and point, well seasoned with a goodly
+dash of rough and surprising wit.
+
+Soon he was made District Vicar--a sort of Presiding Elder--and preached
+in a dozen towns over a circuit of a hundred miles. On these tours he
+usually walked, bareheaded, wearing the monk's robe. Often he was
+attended by younger monks and students, who considered it a great
+privilege to accompany him. His courage, his blunt wit, his active
+ways--all appealed to the youth, and often delegations would go out to
+meet him. Every college has his kind, whom the bantlings fall down and
+worship--fisticuffs and books are both represented, and a touch of
+irreverence for those in authority is no disadvantage.
+
+Luther's lack of reverence for his superiors held him back from
+promotion--and another thing was his imperious temper. He could not bear
+contradiction. The orator's habit of exaggeration was upon him, and
+occasionally he would affront his best friends in a way that tested
+their patience to the breaking-point. "You might become an Abbot, and
+even a Bishop, were it not for your lack of courtesy," wrote his
+Superior to him on one occasion.
+
+But this very lack of diplomacy, this indifference to the opinions of
+others, this boldness of speech, made him the pride and pet of the
+students. Whenever he entered the lecture-room they cheered him, and
+often they applauded him even in church.
+
+Luther was a "sensational preacher," and he was an honest preacher. No
+doubt the applause of his auditors urged him on to occasional
+unseemliness. He acted upon his audience, and the audience reacted upon
+him. He thundered against the profligacy of the rich, the selfishness of
+Society, the iniquities of the government, the excesses of the monks,
+the laxity of discipline in the schools, and the growing tendency in the
+Church to worship the Golden Calf. In some instances priests and monks
+had married, and he thundered against these.
+
+All of the topics he touched had been treated by Savonarola in Italy,
+Wyclif in England, Brenz at Heidelberg, Huss in Bohemia, Erasmus in
+Holland and Bucer in Switzerland--and they had all paid the penalty of
+death or exile.
+
+It is well to be bold, but not too bold. Up to a certain point the
+Church and Society will stand criticism: first it is diverting, next
+amusing, then tiresome, finally heretical--that is to say, criminal.
+
+There had been a good deal of heresy. It was in the air--men were
+thinking for themselves--the printing-presses were at work, and the
+spirit of the Renaissance was abroad.
+
+Martin Luther was not an innovator--he simply expressed what the many
+wished to hear--he was caught in the current of the time: he was part
+and parcel of the Renaissance. And he was a loyal Churchman. None of his
+diatribes were against the Church itself--he wished to benefit the
+Church by freeing it from the faults that he feared would disintegrate
+it.
+
+And so it happened that on the Thirty-first day of October, Fifteen
+Hundred Seventeen, Martin Luther tacked on the church-door at Wittenberg
+his Ninety-five Theses.
+
+The church-door was the bulletin-board for the University. The
+University consisted of about five hundred students. Wittenberg was a
+village of three or four thousand people, all told. The Theses were
+simply questions for discussion, and the proposition was that Martin
+Luther and his pupils would defend these questions against all comers in
+public debate.
+
+Challenges of this sort were very common, public debates were of weekly
+occurrence; and little did Martin Luther realize that this paltry
+half-sheet of paper was to shake the world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The immediate cause of Luther's challenge was the presence of a
+Dominican monk by the name of John Tetzel. This man was raising money to
+complete Saint Peter's Church at Rome, and he was armed with a
+commission direct from Pope Leo the Tenth.
+
+That Brother John was an expert in his line, no one has ever denied. He
+had been in this business of raising money for about ten years, and had
+built monasteries, asylums, churches and convents. Beginning as a plain,
+sturdy beggar, this enterprising monk had developed a System--not
+entirely new, but he had added valuable improvements.
+
+There is a whole literature on the subject of the "indulgence," and I
+surely have no thought of adding to the mighty tomes on this theme. But
+just let me briefly explain how John worked: When he approached a town,
+he sent his agents ahead and secured the co-operation of some certain
+priest, under the auspices of whose church the place was to be worked.
+This priest would gather a big delegation of men, women and children,
+and they would go out in a body to meet the representative of God's
+Vicegerent on earth. The Pope couldn't come himself, and so he sent John
+Tetzel.
+
+Tetzel was carried on a throne borne on the shoulders of twenty-five
+men. His dress outshone any robe ever worn by mortal Pope. Upon his head
+was a crown, and in his hand a hollow, golden scepter that enclosed his
+commission from the Pope. In advance of this throne was carried an
+immense cross, painted red. As the procession entered a village, people
+would kneel or uncover as the Agent of the Pope passed by; all traffic
+would cease--stores and places of business would be closed. In the
+public square or marketplace a stage would be erected, and from this
+pulpit Tetzel would preach.
+
+The man had a commanding presence, and a certain rough and telling
+eloquence. He was the foremost Evangelist of his day. He had a chorus of
+chanters, who wore bright robes and sang and played harps. It will thus
+be seen that Moody and Sankey methods are no new thing. Crowds flocked
+to hear him, and people came for many miles.
+
+Tetzel reasoned of righteousness and judgment to come; he told of the
+horrors of sin, its awful penalties; he pictured purgatory, hell and
+damnation.
+
+Men cried aloud for mercy, women screamed, and the flaming cross was
+held aloft.
+
+Men must repent--and they must pay. If God had blessed you, you should
+show your gratitude. The Sacrament of Penance consists of three parts:
+Repentance, Confession, Satisfaction. The intent of Penance is
+educational, disciplinary and medicinal. If you have done wrong, you can
+make restitution to God, whom you have angered, by paying a certain sum
+to His Agent, for a good purpose.
+
+The Church has never given men the privilege of wronging other men by
+making a payment. That is one of the calumnies set afloat by infidels
+who pretend that Catholics worship images. You can, however, show
+penitence, sincerity and gratitude by giving. Any one can see that this
+is quite a different thing from buying an indulgence.
+
+This gift you made was similar to the "Wehrgeld," or money compensation
+made to the injured or kinsmen of those who had been slain.
+
+By giving, you wiped out the offense, and better still you became
+participant in all the prayers of those to whom you gave. If you helped
+rebuild Saint Peter's, you participated in all the masses said there for
+the repose of the dead. This would apply to all your kinsmen now in
+Purgatory. If you gave, you could get them out, and also insure yourself
+against the danger of getting in. Repent and show your gratitude.
+
+Tetzel had half a dozen Secretaries in purple robes, who made out
+receipts. These receipts were printed in red and gold and had a big seal
+and ribbon attached. The size of the receipt and seal was proportioned
+according to the amount paid--if you had a son or a daughter in
+Purgatory, it was wise to pay a large amount. The certificates were in
+Latin and certified in diffuse and mystical language many things, and
+they gave great joy to the owners.
+
+The money flowed in on the Secretaries in heaps. Women often took their
+jewelry and turned it over with their purses to Tetzel; and the
+Secretaries worked far into the night issuing receipts--or what some
+called, "Letters of Indulgence."
+
+That many who secured these receipts regarded them as a license to do
+wrong and still escape punishment, there is no doubt. Before Tetzel left
+a town his Secretaries issued, for a sum equal to twenty-five cents, a
+little certificate called a "Butterbriefe," which allowed the owner to
+eat butter on his bread on fast-days.
+
+Then in the night Tetzel and his cavalcade would silently steal away, to
+continue their good work in the next town. This program was gone through
+in hundreds of places, and the amount of money gathered no one knew, and
+what became of it all, no one could guess.
+
+Pope, Electors, Bishops, Priests and Tetzel all shared in the benefits.
+
+To a great degree the same plans are still carried on. In Protestant
+churches we have the professional Debt-Raiser, and the Evangelist who
+recruits by hypnotic Tetzel methods.
+
+In the Catholic Church receipts are still given for money paid, vouching
+that the holder shall participate in masses and prayers, his name be put
+in a window, or engrossed on a parchment to be placed beneath a
+cornerstone. Trinkets are sold to be worn upon the person as a
+protection against this and that.
+
+The Church does not teach that the Pope can forgive sin, or that by mere
+giving you can escape punishment for sin. Christ alone forgives.
+
+However, the Pope does decide on what constitutes sin and what not; and
+this being true, I, for myself, do not see why he can not decide that
+under certain conditions and with certain men an act is not a sin, which
+with other men is so considered. And surely if he decides it is not a
+sin, the act thereby carries no penalty. Thus does the Pope have the
+power to remit punishment.
+
+Either the Pope is supreme or he is not.
+
+Luther thought he was. The most that Luther objected to was Tetzel's
+extreme way of putting the thing. Tetzel was a Dominican; Luther was an
+Augustinian; and between these two orders was continual friction. Tetzel
+was working Luther's territory, and Luther told what he thought of him,
+and issued a challenge to debate him on ninety-five propositions. That
+priests in their zeal should overstep their authority, and that people
+should read into the preaching much more than the preacher intended, is
+not to the discredit of the Church. The Church can not be blamed for
+either the mistakes of Moses, or for the mistakes of her members.
+
+We have recently had the spectacle of a noted Evangelist, in Vermont,
+preaching prohibition, indulging in strong drink, and making a bet with
+a Jebusite that he would turn all his clothing wrong side out--socks,
+drawers, trousers, undershirt, shirt, vest and coat--and preach with his
+eyes shut. The feat was carried out, and the preacher won the bet; but
+it would hardly be fair to charge this action up against either the
+Prohibition Party or the Protestant Religion.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Revolution never depended on any one man. A strong man is acted upon by
+the thought of others: he is a sensitive plate upon which impressions
+are made, and his vivid personality gathers up these many convictions,
+concentrates them into one focus, and then expresses them. The great man
+is the one who first expresses what the many believe. He is a voice for
+the voiceless, and gives in trumpet tones what others would if they
+could.
+
+Throughout Germany there was a strong liberal movement. To obey
+blindly was not sufficient. To go to church, perform certain set
+acts at certain times, and pay were not enough--these things were
+all secondary--repentance must come first.
+
+And along comes John Tetzel with his pagan processions, supplying
+salvation for silver! Martin Luther, the strenuous, the impulsive, the
+bold, quickly writes a challenge in wrath to public disputation. "If God
+wills," said Martin to a friend, "I'll surely kick a hole in his drum."
+
+Within two weeks after the Ninety-five Theses were nailed to the
+church-door, copies had been carried all over Germany, and in a month
+the Theses had gone to every corner of Christendom. The local
+printing-press at Wittenberg had made copies for the students, and some
+of these prints were carried the next day to Leipzig and Mainz, and at
+once recognized by publishers as good copy. Luther had said the things
+that thousands had wanted to say. Tame enough are the propositions to
+us now. Let us give a few of them:
+
+     The whole life of the faithful disciple should be an act of
+     repentance.
+
+     Punishment remains as long as the sinner hates himself.
+
+     The Pope neither can nor will remit punishment for sin.
+
+     God must forgive first, and the Pope through his priests can then
+     corroborate the remission.
+
+     No one is sure of his own forgiveness.
+
+     Every sinner who truly repents has a plenary remission of
+     punishment due him without payment of money to any one.
+
+     Every Christian, living or dead, has a full share in all the wealth
+     of the Church, without letters of pardon, or receipts for money
+     paid.
+
+     Christians should be taught that the buying of pardons is in no
+     wise to be compared to works of mercy.
+
+     To give to a poor man is better than to pay money to a rich priest.
+
+     Because of charity and the works of charity, man becomes better,
+     whether he pays money to build a church or not.
+
+     Pardon for sin is from Christ, and is free.
+
+     The Pope needs prayers for himself more than ready money.
+
+     Christians should be taught that the Pope does not know of the
+     exactions of his agents who rob the poor by threat, otherwise he
+     would prefer that Saint Peter's should lie in ashes than be built
+     upon the skin, bones and flesh of his sheep.
+
+     If the Pope can release souls from Purgatory, why does he not empty
+     the place for love and charity?
+
+     Since the Pope is the richest man in Christendom, why indeed does
+     he not build Saint Peter's out of his own pocket?
+
+Such are the propositions that leaped hot from Luther's heart; but they
+are not all of one spirit, for as he wrote he bethought himself that
+Tetzel was a Dominican, and the Dominicans held the key to the
+Inquisition. Luther remembered the fate of Huss, and his inward eye
+caught the glare of fagots afire. So, changing his tone, to show that he
+was still a Catholic, he said, "God forgives no man his sin until the
+man first presents himself to His priestly Vicar."
+
+Were it not for such expressions as this last, one might assume that man
+had no need of the assistance of priests or sacraments, but might go to
+God direct and secure pardon. But this would do away with even Martin
+Luther's business, so Brother Martin affirms: "The Church is necessary
+to man's salvation, and the Church must have a Pope in whom is vested
+Supreme Authority. The Church is not to blame for the acts of its
+selfish, ignorant and sinful professors."
+
+One immediate effect of the Theses was that they put a quietus on the
+work of Brother John Tetzel. Instead of the people all falling prostrate
+on his approach, many greeted him with jeers and mud-balls. He was only
+a few miles away from Wittenberg, but news reached him of what the
+students had in store, and immediately he quit business and went South.
+
+But although he did not appear in person, Tetzel prepared a counter set
+of Theses, to the appalling number of one hundred thirteen, and had them
+printed and widely distributed. His agent came to Wittenberg and peddled
+the documents on the streets. The students got word of what was going on
+and in a body captured the luckless Tetzelite, led him to the public
+square, and burned his documents with much pomp and circumstance. They
+then cut off the man's coat-tails, conducted him to the outskirts of the
+town, turned him loose and cheered him lustily as he ran.
+
+It will thus be seen that the human heart is ever the same, and among
+college students there is small choice.
+
+The following Sunday Luther devoted his whole sermon to a vigorous
+condemnation of the act of his students, admonishing them in stern
+rebuke. The sermon was considered the biggest joke of the season.
+
+Tetzel seemed to sink out of sight. Those whom he had sought to serve
+repudiated him, and Bishops, Electors and Pope declined to defend his
+cause.
+
+As for Luther, certain Bishops made formal charges against him, sending
+a copy of his Theses to Pope Leo the Tenth. The Holy Father refused to
+interfere in what he considered a mere quarrel between Dominicans and
+Augustinians, and so the matter rested.
+
+But it did not rest long.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The general policy of the Church in Luther's time was not unlike what it
+is now. Had he gone to Rome, he would not have been humiliated--the
+intent would have been to pacify him. He might have been transferred to
+a new territory, with promise of a preferment, even to a Bishopric, if
+he did well.
+
+To silence men, excommunicate them, degrade them, has never been done
+except when it was deemed that the safety of the Church demanded it.
+
+The Church, like governments--all governments--is founded upon the
+consent of the governed. So every religion, and every government,
+changes with the people--rulers study closely the will of the people and
+endeavor to conform to their desire. Priests and preachers give people
+the religion they wish for--it is a question of supply and demand.
+
+The Church has constantly changed as the intelligence of the people has
+changed. And this change is always easy and natural. Dogmas and creeds
+may remain the same, but progress consists in giving a spiritual or
+poetic interpretation to that which once was taken literally. The scheme
+of the Esoteric and the Exoteric is a sliding, self-lubricating,
+self-adjusting, non-copyrighted invention--perfect in its workings--that
+all wise theologians fall back upon in time of stress.
+
+Had Luther obeyed the mandate and gone to Rome, that would have been the
+last of Luther.
+
+Private interpretation is all right, of course: the Church has always
+taught it--the mistake is to teach it to everybody. Those who should
+know, do know. Spiritual adolescence comes in due time, and then all
+things are made plain--be wise!
+
+But Luther was not to be bought off. His followers were growing in
+numbers, the howls of his enemies increased.
+
+Strong men grow through opposition--the plummet of feeling goes deeper,
+thought soars higher--vivid and stern personalities make enemies because
+they need them, otherwise they drowse. Then they need friends, too, to
+encourage: opposition and encouragement--thus do we get the alternating
+current.
+
+That Luther had not been publicly answered, except by Tetzel's weak
+rejoinders, was a constant boast in the liberal camp; and that Tetzel
+was only fit to address an audience of ignorant peasantry was very sure:
+some one else must be put forward worthy of Martin Luther's steel.
+
+Then comes John Eck, a priest and lawyer, a man in intimate touch with
+Rome, and the foremost public disputant and orator of his time. He
+proposed to meet Luther in public debate. In social station Eck stood
+much higher than Luther. Luther was a poor college professor in a poor
+little University--a mere pedagog, a nobody. That Eck should meet him
+was a condescension on the part of Eck--as Eck explained.
+
+They met at the University of Leipzig, an aristocratic and orthodox
+institution, Eck having refused to meet Luther either at Erfurt or at
+Wittenberg--wherein Eck was wise.
+
+The Bishop at Leipzig posted notices forbidding the dispute--this, it is
+believed, on orders from Rome, as the Church did not want to be known as
+having mixed in the matter. The Bishop's notices were promptly torn
+down, and Duke George decided that, as the dispute was not under the
+auspices of the Church, the Bishop had no business to interfere.
+
+The audience came for many miles. A gallery was set apart for the
+nobility. Thousands who could not gain admittance remained outside and
+had to be content with a rehearsal of the proceedings from those who
+were fortunate enough to have seats.
+
+The debate began June Twenty-seventh, Fifteen Hundred Nineteen, and
+continued daily for thirteen days.
+
+Eck was commanding in person, deep of voice, suave and terrible in turn.
+He had all the graces and the power of a great trial lawyer. Luther's
+small figure and plain clothes put him at a disadvantage in this
+brilliant throng, yet we are told that his high and piercing voice was
+heard much farther than Eck's.
+
+Duke George of Saxony sat on a throne in state, and acted as Master of
+Ceremonies. Wittenberg was in the minority, and the hundred students who
+had accompanied Luther were mostly relegated to places outside, under
+the windows--their ardor to cut off coat-tails had quite abated.
+
+The proceedings were orderly and dignified, save for the marked
+prejudice against Luther displayed by Duke George and the nobility.
+
+Luther held his own: his manner was self-reliant, with a touch of pride
+that perhaps did not help his cause.
+
+Eck led the debate along by easy stages and endeavored to force Luther
+into anger and unseemliness.
+
+Luther's friends were pleased with their champion--Luther stated his
+case with precision and Eck was seemingly vanquished.
+
+But Eck knew what he was doing--he was leading Luther into a defense of
+the doctrines set forth by Huss. And when the time was ripe, Eck, in
+assumed astonishment, cried out, "Why this is exactly that for which
+Huss the heretic was tried and rightly condemned!" He very skilfully and
+slyly gave Luther permission to withdraw certain statements, to which
+Luther replied with spirit that he took back nothing, "and if this is
+what Huss taught, why God be praised for Huss."
+
+Eck had gotten what he wanted--a defense of Huss, who had been burned at
+the stake for heresy.
+
+Eck put his reports in shape and took them to Rome in person, and a
+demand was made for a formal Bull of Excommunication against Martin
+Luther.
+
+Word came from Rome that if Luther would amend his ways and publicly
+disavow his defense of Huss, further proceedings would cease. The result
+was a volley of Wittenberg pamphlets restating, in still bolder
+language, what had already been put forth.
+
+Luther was still a good Catholic, and his quarrel was with the abuses in
+the Church, not with the Church itself. Had the Pope and his advisers
+been wise enough they would have paid no attention to Luther, and thus
+allowed opinion inside the Church to change, as it has changed in our
+day. Priests and preachers everywhere now preach exactly the things for
+which Huss, Wyclif, Ridley, Latimer and Tyndale forfeited their lives.
+
+But the Pope did not correctly gauge the people--he did not know that
+Luther was speaking for fifty-one per cent of all Germany.
+
+Orders were given out in Leipzig from pulpits, that on a certain day all
+good Catholics should bring such copies of Martin Luther's books as they
+had in their possession to the public square, and the books would there
+be burned.
+
+On October Ninth, the Bull of Excommunication mentioning Luther and six
+of his chief sympathizers reached Wittenberg, cutting them off from the
+Church forever.
+
+Luther still continued to preach daily, and declared that he was still a
+Catholic and that as Popes had made mistakes before, so had Pope Leo
+erred this time. With the Bull came a notice that, if Luther would
+recant, the Bull would be withdrawn and Luther would be reinstated in
+the Church.
+
+To which Luther replied, "If the Bull is withdrawn I will still be in
+the Church."
+
+Bonfires of Luther's books now burned bright in every town and city of
+Christendom--even in London.
+
+Then it was that Wittenberg decided to have a bonfire of its own. A
+printed bill was issued calling upon all students and other devout
+Christians to assemble at nine o'clock on the morning of December Tenth,
+Fifteen Hundred Twenty, outside the Elster gate, and witness a pious and
+religious spectacle. A large concourse gathered, a pyre of fagots was
+piled high, the Pope's Bull of Excommunication was solemnly placed on
+top, and the fire was lighted by the hand of Martin Luther.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Theses prepared by Tetzel had small sale. People had heard all these
+arguments before, but Luther's propositions were new.
+
+Everything that Luther said in public now was taken down, printed and
+passed along; his books were sold in the marketplaces and at the fairs
+throughout the Empire. Luther glorified Germany, and referred often to
+the "Deutsche Theologie," and this pleased the people. The jealousy that
+existed between Italians and Germans was fanned.
+
+He occasionally preached in neighboring cities, and always was attended
+by an escort of several hundred students. Once he spoke at Nuremberg and
+was entertained by that great man and artist, Albert Durer. Everywhere
+crowds hung upon his words, and often he was cheered and applauded, even
+in churches. He denounced the extravagance and folly of ecclesiastical
+display, the wrong of robbing the poor in order to add to the splendor
+of Rome; he pleaded for the right of private interpretation of the
+Scriptures, and argued the need of repentance and a deep personal
+righteousness.
+
+Not only was Luther the most popular preacher of that day, but his books
+outsold all other authors. He gave his writings to whoever would print
+them, and asked for no copyright nor royalties.
+
+A request came from the Pope that he should appear at Rome.
+
+Such a summons is considered mandatory, and usually this letter,
+although expressed in the gentlest and most complimentary way, strikes
+terror to the heart of the receiver. It means that he has offended or
+grieved the Head of the Church--God's Vicegerent on earth.
+
+In my own experience I have known several offending priests to receive
+this summons; I never knew of one who dared disregard the summons; I
+never knew of one who received it who was not filled with dire
+foreboding; and I never knew an instance where the man was humiliated or
+really punished.
+
+A few years ago the American newspapers echoed with the name of a priest
+who had been particularly bold in certain innovations. He was summoned
+to Rome, and this was the way he was treated as told me with his own
+lips, and he further informed me that he ascertained it was the usual
+procedure:
+
+The offender arrives in Rome full of the feeling that his enemies have
+wrongfully accused him. He knows charges have been filed against him,
+but what these charges are he is not aware. He is very much disturbed
+and very much in a fog. His reputation and character, aye! his future is
+at stake.
+
+Before the dust of travel is off his clothes, before he shaves, washes
+his face or eats, he appears at the Vatican and asks for a copy of the
+charges that have been brought against him.
+
+One of the Pope's numerous secretaries, a Cardinal possibly, receives
+him graciously, almost affectionately, and welcomes him to Rome in the
+name of the Pope. As for any matter of business, why, it can wait: the
+man who has it in charge is out of the city for a day or so--rest and
+enjoy the splendor of the Eternal City.
+
+"Where is the traveler's lodging?"
+
+"What? not that--here!"--a bell is rung, a messenger is called, the
+pilgrim's luggage is sent for, and he is given a room in the Vatican
+itself, or in one of the nearby "Colleges." A Brother is called in,
+introduced and duly instructed to attend personally on His Grace the
+Pilgrim. Show him the wonders of Rome--the churches, art-galleries, the
+Pantheon, the Appian Way, the Capitol, the Castle--he is one of the
+Church's most valued servants, he has come from afar--see that he has
+the attention accorded him that is his due.
+
+The Pilgrim is surprised, a trifle relieved, but not happy. He remembers
+that those condemned to die are given the best of food; but he tries to
+be patient, and so he accepts the Brother's guidance to see Rome--and
+then die, if he must.
+
+The days are crowded full--visitors come and go. He attends this
+congregation and that--fetes, receptions, pilgrimages follow fast.
+
+The cloud is still upon him--he may forget it for an hour, but each day
+begins in gloom--uncertainty is the only hell.
+
+At last he boldly importunes and asks that a day shall be set to try his
+case.
+
+Nobody knows anything about his case! Charges--what charges? However, a
+Committee of Cardinals wish to see him--why, yes, Thursday at ten
+o'clock!
+
+He passes a sleepless night, and appears at the time appointed, haggard,
+yet firm, armed with documents.
+
+He is ushered into the presence of the Cardinals. They receive him as an
+equal. A little speech is made, complimenting him on his good work, upon
+his uprightness, and ends with a gentle caution concerning the wisdom of
+making haste slowly.
+
+Charges? There are no charges against the Pilgrim--why should there be?
+And moreover, what if there are? Good men are always maligned. He has
+been summoned to Rome that the Cardinals might have his advice.
+
+The Pope will meet him tomorrow in order to bestow his personal
+blessing.
+
+It is all over--the burden falls from his back. He gasps in relief and
+sinks into a chair.
+
+The greatness of Rome and the kindness and courtesy he has received have
+subdued him.
+
+Possibly there is a temporary, slight reduction of position--he is given
+another diocese or territory; but there is a promise of speedy
+promotion--there is no humiliation. The man goes home subdued, conquered
+by kindness, happy in the determination to work for the Church as never
+before.
+
+Rome binds great men to her; she does not drive them away: her policy is
+wise--superbly, splendidly wise.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Luther was now beyond the pale--the Church had no further power to
+punish him, but agents of the Church, being a part of the Government,
+might proceed against him as an enemy of the State.
+
+Word came that if Luther would cease writing and preaching, and quietly
+go about his teaching in the University, he would not be troubled in any
+way.
+
+This only fired him to stronger expression. He issued a proclamation to
+the German Nation, appealing from the sentence of the Pope, stating he
+was an Augustinian monk, a Doctor of Theology, a preacher of truth, with
+no stain upon his character. He declared that no man in Italy or
+elsewhere had a right to order him to be silent, and no man or set of
+men could deprive him of a share in God's Kingdom.
+
+He called upon all lovers of liberty who hoped for heaven to repudiate
+the "Babylonish Captivity"--only by so doing could the smile of God be
+secured. Thus did Martin Luther excommunicate the Pope.
+
+Frederick, the Elector of Saxony, preserved a strictly neutral attitude.
+Martin Luther was his subject, and he might have proceeded against him
+on a criminal charge, and was hotly urged to do so, but his reply was,
+"Hands Off!"
+
+The city of Worms was at this time the political capital of Germany. A
+yearly congress, or Diet, was held by the Emperor and his Electors, to
+consider matters of special import to the State.
+
+As Frederick refused to proceed against Luther, an appeal was made to
+the Emperor, Charles the Fifth, asking that Luther be compelled to
+appear before the Diet of Worms and make answer to the charges that
+would there be brought against him.
+
+It was urged that Luther should be arrested and carried to Worms and
+there be confined in the castle until the Diet should meet; but Charles
+had too much respect for Frederick to attempt any such high-handed
+procedure--it might mean civil war. Gladly would he have ignored the
+whole matter, but a Cardinal from Rome was at his elbow, sent purposely
+to see that Luther should be silenced--silenced as Huss was, if
+necessary. Charles was a good Catholic--and so for that matter was the
+Elector Frederick. The latter was consulted and agreed that if the
+Emperor would issue a letter of "safe-conduct," and send a herald to
+personally accompany the Reverend Doctor Luther to Worms, the Elector
+would consent to the proceedings.
+
+The letter sent summoning Luther to Worms was an exceedingly guarded
+document. It addressed the excommunicated heretic as "honorable, beloved
+and pious," and begged him to accept the company and safe-conduct of the
+bearer to Worms and there kindly explain to the Emperor the import of
+his books and doctrines.
+
+This letter might have been an invitation to a banquet, but Luther said
+it was an invitation to a holocaust, and many of his friends so looked
+upon it. He was urged to disregard it, but his reply was, "Though the
+road to Worms were lined with devils I'd go just the same."
+
+No more vivid description of Luther's trial at Worms has been given than
+that supplied by Doctor Charles Beard. This man was neither Catholic nor
+Protestant, so we can not accuse him of hand-illumining the facts to
+suit his fancy. Says Doctor Beard:
+
+     Towards noon on the Sixteenth of April, Fifteen Hundred Twenty-one,
+     the watchers on the tower gate of Worms gave notice by sound of
+     trumpet that Luther's cavalcade was drawing near. First rode
+     Deutschland the Herald; next came the covered carriage with Luther
+     and three friends; last of all, Justus Jonas on horseback, with an
+     escort of knights who had ridden out from Worms to meet them. The
+     news quickly spread, and though it was dinner-time, the streets
+     were thronged, and two thousand men and women accompanied the
+     heretic to his lodging in the house of the Knights of Saint John.
+     Here he was close to the Elector, while his companions in his
+     lodging were two Saxon councilors. Aleandro, the Papal Nuncio, sent
+     out one of his servants to bring him news; he returned with the
+     report that as Luther alighted from his carriage a man had taken
+     him into his arms, and having touched his coat three times had gone
+     away glorying as if he had touched a relic of the greatest saint in
+     the world. On the other hand, Luther looked round about him, with
+     his demoniac eyes, and said, "God will be with me."
+
+     The audience to which Luther was summoned was fixed for four P.M.,
+     and the fact was announced to him by Ulrich von Pappenheim, the
+     hereditary marshal of the Empire. When the time came, there was a
+     great crowd assembled to see the heretic, and his conductors,
+     Pappenheim and Deutschland, were obliged to take him to the hall of
+     audience in the Bishop's Palace through gardens and by back ways.
+     There he was introduced into the presence of the Estates. He was a
+     peasant and a peasant's son, who, though he had written bold
+     letters to Pope and Prelate, had never spoken face to face with the
+     great ones of the land, not even with his own Elector, of whose
+     good-will he was assured. Now he was bidden to answer, less for
+     himself than for what he believed to be the truth of God, before
+     the representatives of the double authority by which the world is
+     swayed. The young Emperor looked at him with impassive eyes,
+     speaking no word either of encouragement or rebuke. Aleandro
+     represented the still greater, the intrinsically superior, power of
+     the successor of Peter, the Vicar of Christ. At the Emperor's side
+     stood his brother Ferdinand, the new founder of the House of
+     Austria, while round them were grouped six out of the seven
+     Electors, and a crowd of princes, prelates, nobles, delegates of
+     free cities, who represented every phase of German and
+     ecclesiastical feeling.
+
+     It was a turning-point of modern European history, at which the
+     great issues which presented themselves to men's consciences were
+     greater still than they knew.
+
+     The proceedings began with an injunction given by Pappenheim to
+     Luther that he was not to speak unless spoken to. Then John von
+     Eck, Official-General of the Archbishop of Trier, champion of the
+     Leipzig deputation, first in Latin, then in German, put, by
+     Imperial command, two questions to Luther. First, did he
+     acknowledge these books here present--showing a bundle of books
+     which were circulated under his name--to be his own; and secondly,
+     was he willing to withdraw and recall them and their contents, or
+     did he rather adhere to and persist in them? At this point, Schurf,
+     who acted as Luther's counsel, interposed with the demand, "Let the
+     titles be read." The official, in reply, recited, one by one, the
+     titles of the books comprised in the collected edition of Luther's
+     works published at Basel, among which were the "Commentaries on the
+     Psalms," the "Sermon of Good Works," the "Commentary on the Lord's
+     Prayer," and besides these, other Christian books, not of a
+     contentious kind.
+
+     Upon this, Luther made answer, first in German, then in Latin, that
+     the books were his.
+
+     The form of procedure had been committed by the Emperor to Eck,
+     Glapion, and Aleandro, and it may have been by their deliberate
+     intention that Luther was now asked, whether he wished to defend
+     all the books which he had acknowledged as his own, or to retract
+     any part of them? He began his answer in Latin, by an apology for
+     any mistakes that he might make in addressing personages so great,
+     as a man versed, not in courts, but in monk-cells; then, repeating
+     his acknowledgment of the books, proceeded to divide them into
+     three classes. There were some in which he had treated the piety of
+     faith and morals so simply and evangelically that his very
+     adversaries had been compelled to confess them useful, harmless,
+     and worthy of Christian reading. How could he condemn these? There
+     were others in which he attacked the Papacy and the doctrine of the
+     Papists, who both by their teachings and their wretched examples
+     have wasted Christendom with both spiritual and corporal evil. Nor
+     could any one deny or dissimulate this, since the universal
+     experience and complaint bear witness that, by the laws of the Pope
+     and the doctrines of men, consciences are miserably ensnared and
+     vexed, especially in this illustrious German nation. If he should
+     revoke these books, what would it be but to add force to tyranny,
+     and to open, not merely the windows, but the doors to so great
+     impiety? In that case, Good God, what a cover of wickedness and
+     tyranny would he not become! A third class of his books had been
+     written against private persons, those, namely, who had labored to
+     protect the Roman tyranny and to undermine the piety which he had
+     taught. In these he confessed that he had been more bitter than
+     became his religion and profession. Even these, however, he could
+     not recall, because to do so would be to throw his shield over
+     tyranny and impiety, and to augment their violence against the
+     people of God. From this he proceeded to ask for evidence against
+     himself and a fair trial, adducing the words of Christ before
+     Annas: "If I have spoken evil, bear witness of the evil." Then,
+     with a touch of his native boldness, he told his audience that it
+     needed to beware lest the reign of this most excellent youth,
+     Prince Charles, should become unhappy and of evil omen. "I might,"
+     he continued, "illustrate the matter more copiously by Scriptural
+     examples--as Pharaoh, the King of Babylon, the Kings of Israel--who
+     most completely ruined themselves at the moment when by wisest
+     counsels they were zealous to strengthen and pacify their kingdoms.
+     For it is He who taketh the wise in their own craftiness, and
+     overturns the mountains before they know it. Therefore it is
+     needful to fear God. I do not say these things because my teaching
+     or admonition is necessary to persons of such eminence, but because
+     I ought not to withhold from Germany my due obedience. And with
+     these things I commend myself to Your Most Serene Majesty, and to
+     Your Lordships, humbly asking that you will not suffer me to be
+     brought into ill repute by the efforts of my adversaries. I have
+     spoken."
+
+     This speech, spoken as it was with steady composure and a voice
+     that could be clearly heard by the whole assembly, did not satisfy
+     the official. His first demand was that, like the question to which
+     it was in answer, it should be repeated in German. Next, Eck
+     proceeded to point out that Luther's errors, which were the errors
+     of former heretics, Wyclif, Huss and the like, had been
+     sufficiently condemned by the Church, and particularly by the
+     Council of Konstanz. If Luther were willing to recant them, the
+     Emperor would engage that his other works, in which they were not
+     contained, should be tenderly handled: if not, let him recollect
+     the fate of other books condemned by the Church. Then, with the
+     customary exhortation to all theological innovators, not to set
+     their own opinions against those of apostles, saints and martyrs,
+     the official said that what he wanted was a simple and
+     straightforward answer: was Luther willing to recant or not? To
+     which Luther replied: "Since Your Most Serene Majesty and Your
+     Lordships ask for a simple answer, I will give it, after this
+     fashion: Unless I am convinced by witness of Scripture or plain
+     reason (for I do not believe in the Pope or in Councils alone,
+     since it is agreed that they have often erred and contradicted
+     themselves), I am overcome by the Scriptures which I have adduced,
+     and my conscience is caught in the Word of God. I neither can nor
+     will recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act
+     against one's conscience." Then having given this answer in both
+     languages, he added in German, "God help me! Amen."
+
+     The semblance of trial, which alone was allowed to Luther, was now
+     over; it only remained to pass sentence. Early on the morning of
+     the Nineteenth of April the Emperor summoned the Diet once more to
+     take counsel upon the matter. The Estates asked for time to
+     deliberate; on which the Emperor, replying that he would first give
+     them his own opinion, produced a document written in his own hand.
+     Beginning with the statement of his descent from Emperors, Kings of
+     Spain, Archdukes of Austria, and Dukes of Burgundy, all of whom had
+     lived and died faithful sons of the Church and defenders of the
+     Catholic faith, it announced the identity of his policy with
+     theirs. Whatever his predecessors had decreed in matters
+     ecclesiastical, whatever had been decided by the Council of
+     Konstanz and other Councils, he would uphold. Luther had set
+     himself against the whole of Christendom, alleging it to be, both
+     now and for a thousand years past, in error, and only himself in
+     possession of the truth. The Estates had heard the obstinate
+     answer which he had made the day before; let him be no further
+     heard, and let him be taken back whence he came, the terms of his
+     safe-conduct being carefully observed; but let him be forbidden to
+     preach, nor suffer to corrupt the people with his vile doctrine.
+     "And as we have before said, it is our will that he should be
+     proceeded against as a true and evident heretic."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The difference between heresy and treason, at one time, was very slight.
+One was disloyalty to the Church, the other disloyalty to the State.
+
+Luther's peril was very great. The coils had been deliberately laid for
+him, and he had as deliberately placed his neck in the noose. Surely his
+accusers had been very patient--every opportunity had been given to him
+to recant.
+
+Aleandro, the Papal Nuncio, argued that, in the face of such stubborn
+contumacy and insult to both Pope and Emperor, the Emperor would be
+justified in canceling his safe-conduct and arresting Luther then and
+there. His offense in refusing to retract was committed at Worms and his
+trial should be there--and there he should be executed.
+
+The Elector Frederick was a stronger man far in personality than was the
+Emperor Charles. "The promise of safe-conduct must be kept," said
+Frederick, and there he rested, refusing to argue the merits of the case
+by a word, one way or the other.
+
+Frederick held the life of Luther in his hand--a waver, a tremor--and
+the fagots would soon crackle: for the man who pleads guilty and refuses
+pardon there is short shrift.
+
+Luther started back for Saxony. All went well until he reached the Black
+Forest within the bounds of the domain of Frederick; when behold, the
+carriages and little group of horsemen were surrounded by an armed
+force of silent and determined men. Luther made a stout defense and was
+handled not over-gently. He was taken from his closed carriage and
+placed upon a horse--his friends and guard were ordered to be gone.
+
+The darkness of the forest swallowed Luther and his captors.
+
+News soon reached Wittenberg, and the students mourned him as dead.
+
+His enemies gloried in his disappearance, and everywhere told that he
+had been struck by the vengeance of God.
+
+Luther was lodged in the Castle of Wartburg, and all communication with
+the outside world cut off.
+
+The whole scheme was a diplomatic move on the part of the Elector. He
+expected a demand would be made for the arrest of the heretic. To
+anticipate this demand he arrested the man himself; and thus placed the
+matter in position to legally resist should the prisoner be demanded.
+
+The Elector was the Governor, and the Estate was what would be to us a
+State--the terms "state" and "estate" being practically the same word.
+It was the old question of State Rights, the same question that Hayne
+and Webster debated in Eighteen Hundred Thirty, and Grover Cleveland and
+John P. Altgeld fought over in Eighteen Hundred Ninety-four. The Elector
+Frederick prepared for a legal battle, and would defy the "Federal Arm"
+by force if worse came to worst.
+
+Luther remained a prisoner for seven months, and so closely guarded was
+he that he only knew by inference that his keepers were his friends. The
+Elector was discreet: he held no personal communication with Luther.
+
+In December, Fifteen Hundred Twenty-one, the prisoner was allowed to go
+to Wittenberg on a three-days' parole. When he appeared at the
+University he came as one from the dead. The event was too serious for
+student jollification; many were struck dumb with astonishment and glad
+tears of joy were upon every cheek--and by common consent all classes
+were abandoned, and a solemn service of thanksgiving held in the church,
+upon the door of which, four years before, this little college professor
+had tacked his Theses.
+
+All understood now that Luther was a prisoner--he must go back to his
+prison. He admonished his hearers to be patient, but to be firm; cleave
+to what they believed to be right, even though it led to the scaffold.
+He administered the sacrament, and through that congregation, and
+throughout Saxony, and throughout all Germany ran the vow, silent,
+solemn and serious, that Martin Luther's defiance of Papal authority was
+right. The Church was made for man and not man for the Church--and come
+what may, this man Luther must be protected even though the gutters ran
+with blood.
+
+When would his trial occur? Nobody knew--but there would be no haste.
+
+Luther went back to prison, but not to remain there. His little lease of
+liberty had been given just to see which way the wind lay. He was a
+prisoner still--a prisoner on parole--and if he was taken out of Saxony
+it could only be by illegal means.
+
+The action of the Elector was as wise and as successful a bit of legal
+procedure as ever mortal lawyer worked: that it was all done without the
+advice, consent or connivance of the prisoner makes it doubly admirable.
+
+Luther set himself to work as never before, writing and preaching. He
+kept close to Wittenberg and from there sent forth his thunders of
+revolt. Outside of Saxony, at regular intervals, edicts were read from
+pulpits ordering any and all copies of Luther's writings to be brought
+forward that they might be burned. This advertised the work, and made it
+prized--it was read throughout all Christendom.
+
+That gentle and ascetic Henry the Eighth of England issued a book
+denouncing Luther and telling what he would do with him if he came to
+England. Luther replied, a trifle too much in kind. Henry put in a pious
+rejoinder to the effect that the Devil would not have Luther in hell. In
+their opinion of Luther the Pope and King Henry were of one mind.
+
+So lived Martin Luther, execrated and beloved. At first he sought to
+serve the Church, and later he worked to destroy it. After three hundred
+years, the Catholic Church still lives, with more communicants than it
+had in the days of Luther. The fact that it still exists proves its
+usefulness. It will still live, and it will change as men change. The
+Church and the Pope are not the detestable things that Martin Luther
+pictured them; and Protestantism is not the sweet and lovely object that
+he would have us believe. All formal and organized religions will be
+what they are, as long as man is what he is--labels count for little.
+
+In Fifteen Hundred Twenty-five Martin Luther married "Catharine the
+Nun," a most excellent woman, and one whom rumor says had long
+encouraged and upheld him in his works. Children came to bless them, and
+the picture of the great heretic sitting at his wooden table with little
+Johnny Luther on his knee, his loving wife by his side, and kind
+neighbors entering for a friendly chat, shows the great reformer at his
+best.
+
+He was the son of a peasant, all his ancestors were peasants, as he so
+often told, and he lived like a peasant to the last. For himself he
+wanted little. He sided with the people, the toilers, with those who
+struggled in the bonds of slavery and fear--for them he was an Eye, an
+Ear, a trumpet Voice.
+
+There never lived a braver man--there never lived one more earnest and
+sincere. He fought freedom's fight with all the weapons God had given
+him; and for the liberty we now enjoy, in great degree, we are debtors
+to Martin Luther.
+
+
+
+
+EDMUND BURKE
+
+
+     I was not, like His Grace of Bedford, swaddled and rocked and
+     dandled into a legislator; "nitor in adversum" is the motto for a
+     man like me. I possessed not one of the qualities, nor cultivated
+     one of the arts, that recommend men to the favor and protection of
+     the great. I was not made for a minion or a tool. As little did I
+     follow the trade of winning the hearts, by imposing on the
+     understandings of the people.
+
+     At every step of my progress in life, for in every step I was
+     traversed and opposed, and at every turnpike I met, I was obliged
+     to show my passport, and again and again to prove my sole title to
+     the honor of being useful to my country, by a proof that I was not
+     wholly unacquainted with its laws and the whole system of its
+     interests both abroad and at home; otherwise no rank, no toleration
+     even, for me.
+
+                                                 --_Edmund Burke_
+
+[Illustration: EDMUND BURKE]
+
+
+In the "American Encyclopedia," a work I cheerfully recommend, will be
+found a statement to the effect that Edmund Burke was one of the fifteen
+children of his parents. Aside from the natural curiosity to know what
+became of the fourteen, the matter is of small moment, and that its
+truth or falsity should divide men is most absurd.
+
+Of this, however, we know: the parents of Burke were plain people,
+rescued from oblivion only through the excellence of this one son. The
+father was a lawyer, and fees being scarce, he became chief clerk for
+another barrister, and so lived his life and did his work.
+
+When Edmund Burke was born at Dublin in the year Seventeen Hundred
+Twenty-nine, that famous city was at its flood-tide of prosperity. It
+was a metropolis of commerce, art, wit, oratory and literary culture.
+The one name that looms large to us out of that time is that of Dean
+Swift, but then there were dozens just as great as he--so-said.
+
+Edmund must have been a bright, fine, attractive boy, for we hear that
+certain friends of his parents combined with his father and they bent
+themselves to the task of sending the lad to Trinity College. Before
+this, however, he had spent some time at a private school kept by one
+Abraham Shackleton, an Englishman and a member of the Society of
+Friends. Shackleton was a rare, sweet soul and a most excellent teacher,
+endowed with a grave, tranquil nature, constant and austere. Between his
+son Richard and young Mr. Burke there sprang up a close and affectionate
+friendship which neither time nor circumstance was able to dim.
+
+Now, the elder Burke was a lawyer, but not a great lawyer.
+
+What more natural, therefore, than that the boy Edmund should follow in
+his father's footsteps and reap the fame and high honors which an unkind
+Fate had withheld from his worthy parent?
+
+There was another boy destined for fame at Trinity College while Burke
+was there, but they did not get acquainted then. Some years later they
+met in London, though, and talked it over.
+
+In countenance these two young men had a certain marked resemblance.
+Reynolds painted pictures of both Burke and Goldsmith, and when I looked
+at these portraits this morning, side by side, I said, "Sir Joshua
+hadn't quite got the Burke out of his brush before he painted the
+Goldsmith." Burke is Goldsmith grown big.
+
+Each had a weak chin, which was redeemed by the fine, full forehead and
+brilliant eye.
+
+In face and features, taken as a whole, Burke had a countenance of
+surpassing beauty. Note the full sensuous lips, the clear, steady,
+lustrous, beaming eye, the splendid head! There is nothing small,
+selfish, mean or trifling about the man--he is open, frank,
+sympathetic, gentle, generous and wise.
+
+He is a manly man.
+
+No wonder that even the staid and chilly Hannah More loved him; and
+little Miss Burney worshiped at his shrine even in spite of "his
+friendship for those detested rebels, the Americans; and the other
+grievous sin of persecuting that good man, Warren Hastings."
+
+Goldsmith was small in stature, apologetic in manner, hesitating, and at
+times there was a lisp in speech, which might have been an artistic and
+carefully acquired adjunct of wit, but it was not. Burke was commanding
+in stature, dignified, suave, and in speech direct, copious and elegant.
+Goldsmith overworked the minor key, but Burke merely suggests that it
+had not been omitted.
+
+At college young Burke did not prove a brilliant student--his intellect
+and aptitude it seems were a modest mouse-color that escaped attention.
+
+His reading was desultory and pretty general, with spasms of passion for
+this study or that, this author or the other. And he has remarked, most
+regretfully, that these passions were all short-lived, none lasting more
+than six weeks.
+
+It is a splendid sign to find a youth with a passion for any branch of
+work, or study, or for any author. No matter how brief the love, it adds
+a ring of growth to character; and if you have loved a book once it is
+easy to go back to it. In all these varying moods of likes and
+dislikes, Burke was gathering up material for use in after-years.
+
+But his teachers did not regard it so, neither did his father.
+
+He got through college after a five-years' course, aged twenty, by the
+grace of his tutors. He knew everything except what was in the
+curriculum.
+
+Tall, handsome, with hair black as the raven's wing, and eyes that
+looked away off into space, dreamy and unconcerned, was Edmund Burke at
+twenty.
+
+His father was a business lawyer, with a sharp nose for technicalities,
+quirks and quillets, but the son studied law as a literary curiosity.
+Occasionally there were quick chidings, answered with irony needlessly
+calm: then the good wife and mother would intervene with her tears, and
+the result was that Burke the elder would withdraw to the open air to
+cool his coppers. Be it known that no man can stand out against his wife
+and son when they in love combine.
+
+Finally it was proposed that Edmund go to London and take a course of
+Law at the Middle Temple. The plan was accepted with ill-concealed
+alacrity. Father and son parted with relief, but the good-by between
+mother and son tore the hearts of both--they were parting forever, and
+Something told them so.
+
+It evidently was the intention of Burke the elder, who was a
+clear-headed, practical person, competent in all petty plans, that if
+the son settled down to law and got his "call," then he would be
+summoned back to Dublin and put in a way to achieve distinction. But if
+the young man still pursued his desultory reading and scribbling on
+irrelevant themes, why then the remittances were to be withdrawn and
+Edmund Burke, being twenty-one years of age, could sink or swim. Burke
+pater would wash his hands in innocency, having fully complied with all
+legal requirements, and God knows that is all any man can do--there!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In London town since time began, no embryo Coke ever rapped at the bar
+for admittance--lawyers are "summoned" just as clergymen are "called,"
+while other men find a job. In England this pretty little illusion of
+receiving a "call" to practise law still obtains.
+
+Burke never received the call, for the reason that he failed to fit
+himself for it. He read everything but law-books. He might have assisted
+a young man by the name of Blackstone in compiling his "Commentaries,"
+as their lodgings were not far apart, but he did not. They met
+occasionally, and when they did they always discussed Spenser or Milton,
+and waxed warm over Shakespeare.
+
+Burke gave Old Father Antic the Law as lavish a letter of recommendation
+as the Legal Profession ever received, and he gave it for the very
+natural reason that he had no use for the Law himself.
+
+The remittances from Dublin were always small, but they grew smaller,
+less frequent and finally ceased. It was sink or swim--and the young man
+simply paddled to keep afloat upon the tide of the times.
+
+He dawdled at Dodsley's, visited with the callers and browsed among the
+books. There was only one thing the young man liked better to do than
+read, and that was to talk. Once he had read a volume nearly through,
+when Dodsley up and sold it to a customer--"a rather ungentlemanly trick
+to play on an honest man," says Burke.
+
+It was at Dodsley's that he first met his countryman Goldsmith, also
+Garrick, Boswell and Johnson. It was then that Johnson received that
+lasting impression of Burke, of whom he said, "Sir, if you met Edmund
+Burke under a gateway, where you had taken shelter for five minutes to
+escape a shower, you would be so impressed by his conversation that you
+would say, 'This is a most extraordinary man.'"
+
+If one knows how, or has to, he can live in a large city at a small
+expense. For nine years Burke's London life is a tale of a garret, with
+the details almost lost in the fog. Of this time, in after-years, he
+seldom spoke, not because he was ashamed of all the straits and shifts
+he had to endure, but because he was endowed with that fine dignity of
+mind which does not dwell on hardships gone and troubles past, but
+rather fixes itself on blessings now at hand and other blessings yet to
+come. Then, better still, there came a time when work and important
+business filled every moment of the fast-flying hours. And so he himself
+once said, "The sure cure for all private griefs is a hearty interest in
+public affairs."
+
+The best searchlight through the mist of those early days comes to us
+through Burke's letters to his friend Richard, the son of his old Quaker
+teacher. Shackleton had the insight to perceive his friend was no common
+man, and so preserved every scrap of Burke's writing that came his way.
+
+About that time there seems to have been a sort of meteoric shower of
+chipmunk magazines, following in the luminous pathway of the "Spectator"
+and the "Tatler." Burke was passing through his poetic period, and
+supplied various stanzas of alleged poetry to these magazines for a
+modest consideration. For one poem he received eighteen pence, as
+tearfully told by Shackleton, but we have Hawkins for it that this was a
+trifle more than the poem was worth.
+
+Of this poetry we know little, happily, but glimpses of it are seen in
+the Shackleton letters; for instance, when he asks his friend's
+criticism of such lines as these:
+
+  "The nymphs that haunt the dusky wood,
+  Which hangs recumbent o'er the crystal flood."
+
+He speaks of his delight in ambient sunsets, when gilded oceans, ghostly
+ships, and the dull, dark city vanish for the night. Of course, such
+things never happen except in books, but the practise of writing about
+them is a fine drill, in that it enables the writer to get a grasp on
+his vocabulary. Poetry is for the poet.
+
+And if Burke wrote poetry in bed, having to remain there in the daytime,
+while his landlady was doing up his single ruffled shirt for an evening
+party, whose business was it?
+
+When he was invited out to dinner he did the meal such justice that he
+needed nothing the following day; and the welcome discovery was also
+made that fasting produced an exaltation of the "spiritual essence that
+was extremely favorable to writing good poetry."
+
+Burke had wit, and what Johnson called a "mighty affluence of
+conversation"; so his presence was welcome at the Turk's Head. Burke and
+Johnson were so thoroughly well matched as talkers that they respected
+each other's prowess and never with each other clinched in wordy
+warfare. Johnson was an arch Tory, Burke the leader of the Whigs; but
+Ursa was wise enough to say, "I'll talk with him on any subject but
+politics." This led Goldsmith to remark, "Doctor Johnson browbeats us
+little men, but makes quick peace with those he can not down." Then
+there were debating societies, from one of which he resigned because the
+limit of a speech was seven minutes; but finally the time was extended
+to fifteen minutes in order to get the Irish orator back.
+
+During these nine years, once referred to by Burke as the "Dark Ages,"
+he had four occupations: book-browsing at Dodsley's, debating in the
+clubs, attending the theater on tickets probably supplied by Garrick,
+who had taken a great fancy to him, and his writing.
+
+No writing man could wish a better environment than this: the friction
+of mind with strong men, books and the drama stirred his emotions to the
+printing-point.
+
+Burke's personality made a swirl in the social sea that brought the best
+straight to him.
+
+One of the writers that Burke most admired was Bolingbroke, that man of
+masterly mind and mighty tread. His paragraphs move like a phalanx, and
+in every sentence there is an argument. No man in England influenced his
+time more than Bolingbroke. He was the inspirer of writers. Burke
+devoured Bolingbroke, and when he took up his pen, wrote with the same
+magnificent, stately minuet step. Finally he was full of the essence of
+Bolingbroke to the point of saturation, and then he began to criticize
+him. Had Bolingbroke been alive Burke would have quarreled with
+him--they were so much alike. As it was, Burke contented himself by
+writing a book after the style of Bolingbroke, carrying the great man's
+arguments one step further with intent to show their fallacy. The
+paraphrase is always a complement, and is never well done except by a
+man who loves the original and is a bit jealous of him.
+
+If Burke began his "Vindication of Natural Society," with intent to
+produce a burlesque, he missed his aim, and came very near convincing
+himself of the truth of his proposition. And in fact, the book was
+hailed by the rationalists as a vindication of Rousseau's philosophy.
+
+Burke was a conservative rationalist, which is something like an
+altruistic pessimist. In the society of rationalists Burke was a
+conservative, and when with the conservatives he was a rationalist. That
+he was absolutely honest and sincere there is not a particle of doubt,
+and we will have to leave it to the psychologists to tell us why men
+hate the thing they love.
+
+"The Vindication of Natural Society" is a great book, and the fact that
+in the second edition Burke had to explain that it was an ironical
+paraphrase does not convince us it was. The things prophesied have come
+about and the morning stars still sing together. Wise men are more and
+more learning by inclining their hearts toward Nature. Not only is this
+true in pedagogics, but in law, medicine and theology as well. Dogma has
+less place now in religion than ever before; many deeply religious men
+eschew the creed entirely; and in all pulpits may be heard that the
+sublime truths of simple honesty and kindness are quite enough basis for
+a useful career. That is good which serves. Religions are many and
+diverse, but reason and goodness are one.
+
+Burke's attempt to prove that without "revealed religion" mankind would
+sit in eternal darkness makes us think of the fable of the man who
+planted potatoes, hoed them, and finally harvested the crop. Every day
+while this man toiled, there was another man who sat on the fence,
+chewed a straw and looked on. And the author of the story says that if
+it were not for the Bible, no one would have ever known to whom the
+potatoes belonged.
+
+Burke wrote and talked as all good men do, just to clear the matter up
+in his own mind. Our wisest moves are accidents. Burke's first book was
+of a sort so striking that both sides claimed it. Men stopped other men
+on the street and asked if they had read the "Vindication"; at the
+coffeehouses they wrangled and jangled over it; and all the time Dodsley
+smiled and rubbed his hands in glee.
+
+Burke soon blossomed out in clean ruffled shirt every morning, and
+shortly moved to a suite of rooms, where before he had received his mail
+and his friends at a coffeehouse.
+
+Then came William Burke, a distant cousin, and together they tramped off
+through rural England, loitering along flowering hedgerows, and stopping
+at quaint inns, where the villagers made guesses as to whether the two
+were gentlemen out for a lark, smugglers or Jesuits in disguise.
+
+One of these trips took our friends to Bath, and there we hear they were
+lodged at the house of a Doctor Nugent, an excellent and scholarly man.
+William Burke went back to London and left Edmund at Bath deep in the
+pursuit of the Sublime. Doctor Nugent had a daughter, aged twenty,
+beautiful, gentle and gracious. The reader can guess the rest.
+
+That Burke's wife was a most amiable and excellent woman there is no
+doubt. She loved her lord, believed in him and had no other gods before
+him. But that she influenced his career directly or through antithesis,
+there is no trace. Her health was too frail to follow him--his stride
+was terrific--so she remained at home, and after every success he came
+back and told her of it, and rested his great, shaggy head in her lap.
+
+Only one child was born to them, and this boy closely resembled his
+mother in intellect and physique. This son passed out early in life, and
+so with Edmund died the name.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next book Burke launched was the one we know best, "On the Sublime."
+The original bore the terrifying title, "A Philosophical Inquiry Into
+the Origin of Our Ideas Concerning the Sublime and Beautiful." This book
+consists of one hundred seventeen chapters, each chapter dealing with
+some special phase of the subject.
+
+It is the most searching and complete analysis of an abstract theme of
+which I know. It sums the subject up like an essay by Herbert Spencer,
+and disposes of the case once and forever. It is so learned that only a
+sophomore could have written it, and we quite forgive the author when we
+are told that it was composed when he was nineteen.
+
+The book proved Burke's power to follow an idea to its lair, and its
+launching also launched the author upon the full tide of polite society.
+Goldsmith said, "We will lose him now," but Burke still stuck by his
+coffeehouse companions and used them as a pontoon to bridge the gulf
+'twixt Bohemia and Piccadilly.
+
+In the meantime he had written a book for Dodsley on "English
+Settlements in North America," and this did Burke more good than any one
+else, as it caused him to focus his inquiring mind on the New World.
+After this man began to write on a subject, his intellect became
+luminous on the theme, and it was his forevermore.
+
+At routs and fetes and four-o'-clocks, Burke was sought as an authority
+on America. He had never been there--he had but promised himself that he
+would go--for a sick wife held him back. In the meantime he had seen
+every man of worth who had been to America, and had sucked the orange
+dry. Macaulay gives the idea when he describes Burke's speech at the
+Warren Hastings trial. Burke had never been to India; Macaulay had, but
+that is nothing.
+
+Says Macaulay:
+
+     When Burke spoke, the burning sun, the strange vegetation of the
+     palm and cocoa-tree, the rice-field, the tank, the huge trees,
+     older than the Mogul Empire, under which the village crowds
+     assemble, the thatched roof of the peasant's hut, the rich tracery
+     of the mosque where the Imam prays with his face to Mecca, the
+     drums, the banners and gaudy idols, the devotee swinging in the
+     air, the graceful maiden with the pitcher on her head, descending
+     the steps to the riverside, the black faces, the long beards, the
+     yellow streaks of sect, the turbans and the flowing robes, the
+     spears and silver maces, the elephants with their canopies of
+     state, the gorgeous palanquin of the prince, and the close litter
+     of the noble lady--all these things were to him as familiar as the
+     subjects which lay on the road between Beaconsfield and Saint James
+     Street. All India was present to the eye of his mind, from the
+     halls where suitors laid gold and perfumes at the feet of the
+     sovereign, to the wild moor where the gipsy camp was pitched; from
+     the bazar, humming like a beehive with the crowd of buyers and
+     sellers, to the jungle where the lonely courier shakes his bunch of
+     iron rings to scare away the hyenas. He had just as lively an idea
+     of the insurrection at Benares as of Lord George Gordon's riots,
+     and of the execution of Numcomar as of Doctor Dodd. Oppression in
+     Bengal was to him the same thing as oppression in the streets of
+     London.
+
+The wide encompassing quality of Burke's mind made him a man among men.
+Just how much he lent his power in those early days to assist those in
+high places who needed him, we do not know. Such services were sacred to
+him--done in friendship and in confidence, and held as steadfast as a
+good lawyer holds the secrets of his client.
+
+No doubt, though, that the one speech which gave glory and a nickname to
+Single-Speech Hamilton was written by Burke. It was wise, witty and
+profound--and never again did Hamilton do a thing that rose above the
+dull and deadly mediocre.
+
+It was a rival of Burke's who said, "He is the only man since Cicero who
+is a great orator, and who can write as well as he can talk."
+
+That Burke wrote the lectures of Sir Joshua Reynolds is now pretty
+generally believed; in fact, that he received the goodly sum of four
+thousand pounds for writing these lectures has been proved to the
+satisfaction of a jury. Burke never said he wrote the Reynolds lectures,
+and Sir Joshua left it to his valet to deny it. But read the lectures
+now and you will see the stately step of Bolingbroke, and the insight,
+wit and gravity of the man who said: "Mr. Speaker, I rise to a question
+of privilege. If it is the pleasure of the House that all the heaviest
+folios known to us should be here read aloud, I am in honor bound to
+graciously submit, but only this I ask, that proceedings shall be
+suspended long enough for me to send home for my nightcap."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Presently Burke graduated from doing hack-work for William Gerard
+Hamilton to the position of his private secretary--Hamilton had been
+appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and so highly did he prize Burke's
+services that he had the Government vote him a pension of three hundred
+pounds a year. This was the first settled income Burke had ever
+received, and he was then well past thirty years of age. But though he
+was in sore straits financially, when he perceived that the intent of
+the income was to bind him into the exclusive service of his patron, he
+resigned his office and refused the pension.
+
+Without knowing how wisely he was acting, Burke, by declining the
+pension and affronting Lord Hamilton, had done the very thing that it
+was most expedient to do.
+
+When Hamilton could not buy his man, he foolishly sought to crush him,
+and this brought Burke for the first time into the white light of
+publicity.
+
+I suppose it is fully understood that the nobility of England are not
+necessarily either cultured or well-read. Literature to most of the
+titled gentry is a blank, my lord--it is so now and always has been so.
+Burke's brilliant books were not sufficient to make him famous except
+among the Elect Few; but the episode with Lord Hamilton set the gossips
+by the ears, and all who had never read Burke's books now pretended they
+had.
+
+Burke was a national character--such a man merely needs to be known to
+be wanted--strong men are always needed. The House of Commons opened its
+doors to him--several boroughs competing with each other for the favor
+of being represented by him.
+
+A political break-up with opportunity came along, and we find the
+Marquis of Rockingham made Premier, and Edmund Burke his secretary. It
+was Fitzherbert who recommended Burke to Rockingham, and Fitzherbert is
+immortal for this and for the fact that Johnson used him to point a
+moral. Said Doctor Johnson: "A man is popular more through negative
+qualities than positive ones. Fitzherbert is the most acceptable man in
+London because he never overpowers any one by the superiority of his
+talents, makes no man think worse of himself by being his rival, seems
+always ready to listen, does not oblige you to hear much from him, and
+never opposes what you say."
+
+With Rockingham and Burke it was a case of the tail wagging the dog, but
+Burke and Rockingham understood each other, and always remained firm
+friends.
+
+I believe it was John J. Ingalls who said America had never elected but
+one first-class man for President, and he was chosen only because he was
+unknown.
+
+Rockingham could neither make a speech nor write a readable article; but
+he was kindly disposed, honest and intelligent and had a gracious and
+winning presence. He lives in history today chiefly because Edmund
+Burke was associated with him.
+
+Burke was too big a man for Premier--such men have to be kept in
+subjection--the popular will is wise. Men like Burke make
+enemies--common folks can not follow them in their flight, and in their
+presence we feel "like a farmer in the presence of a sleight-of-hand
+man."
+
+To have life, and life in abundance, is the prayer of every strong and
+valiant soul. But men are forever running away from life--getting into
+"positions," monasteries, communities, and now and again cutting the
+cable of existence by suicide. The man who commits suicide usually
+leaves a letter giving a reason--almost any reason is sufficient--he was
+looking for a reason and when he thought he had found it, he seized upon
+it.
+
+Life to Edmund Burke was the gracious gift of the gods, and he was
+grateful for it. He ripened slowly. Arrested development never caught
+him--all the days of his life his mind was expanding and reaching out,
+touching every phase of human existence. Nothing was foreign to him;
+nothing that related to human existence was small or insignificant. When
+the home-thrust was made that Ireland had not suffered more through the
+absenteeism of her landlords than through the absenteeism of her men of
+genius, Burke made the reply that Ireland needed friends in the House of
+Commons more than at home.
+
+Burke loved Ireland to the last, and his fine loyalty for her people
+doubtless cost him a seat in the Cabinet. In moments of passion his
+tongue took on a touch of the old sod, which gave Fox an opportunity of
+introducing a swell bull, "Burke's brogue is worth going miles to see."
+And once when Burke was speaking of America he referred to the wondrous
+forests "where the hand of man had never trod," Fox arose to a point of
+order. And this was a good deal easier on the part of Fox than to try to
+meet his man in serious debate.
+
+Burke's was not the primrose path of dalliance. He fought his way inch
+by inch. Often it was a dozen to one against him. In one speech he said:
+"The minister comes down in state attended by beasts clean and unclean.
+He opens his budget and edifies us with a speech--one-half the house
+goes away. A second gentleman gets up and another half goes, and a third
+gentleman launches a speech that rids the house of another half."
+
+A loud laugh here came in, and Burke stopped and said he was most happy
+if a small dehorned Irish bull of his could put the House in such good
+humor, and went on with his speech. Soon, however, there were cries of
+"Shame!" from the Tories, who thought Burke was speaking disrespectfully
+of the King.
+
+Burke paused and said: "Mr. Speaker, I have not spoken of the King
+except in high esteem--I prize my head too well for that. But I do not
+think it necessary that I should bow down to his manservant, nor his
+maidservant, nor his ox nor his ass"--and he fixed his intrepid gaze
+upon the chief offender.
+
+Nature's best use for genius is to make other men think; to stir things
+up so sedimentation does not take place; to break the ankylosis of
+self-complacency; and start the stream of public opinion running so it
+will purify itself.
+
+Burke was an agitator--not a leader. He had the great gift of
+exaggeration, without which no man can be a great orator. He painted the
+picture large, and put the matter in a way that compelled attention. For
+thirty years he was a most prominent figure in English politics--no
+great measure could be passed without counting on him. His influence
+held dishonesty in check, and made oppression pause.
+
+History is usually written from one of three points of view--political,
+literary or economic. Macaulay stands for the first, Taine the second,
+Buckle the third. Each writer considers his subject supreme. When we
+speak of the history of a country we usually refer to its statesmen.
+
+Politicians live the lives of moths as compared with the lasting
+influence of commerce that feeds, houses and clothes, says Buckle.
+
+Rulers govern, but it is literature that enlightens, says Taine.
+
+Literature and commerce are made possible only through the wisdom of
+statesmen, says Macaulay.
+
+Edmund Burke's business was statecraft; his play was letters; but he
+lives for us through letters.
+
+He had two sets of ardent friends: his political associates, and that
+other little group of literary cronies made up of Johnson, Goldsmith,
+Boswell, Reynolds and Garrick.
+
+With these his soul was free--his sense of sublimity then found wings:
+the vocabulary of Johnson, the purling poetry of Goldsmith, the grace of
+Garrick's mimicry, the miracle of Reynolds' pencil and brush--these
+ministered to his hungry heart.
+
+They were forms of expression.
+
+All life is an expression of spirit.
+
+Burke's life was dedicated to expression.
+
+He expressed through speech, personal presence and written words. Who
+ever expressed in this way so well? And--stay!--who ever had so much
+that was worth while to express?
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM PITT
+
+
+     Time was when slaves were exported like cattle from the British
+     Coast and exposed for sale in the Roman market. These men and women
+     who were thus sold were supposed to be guilty of witchcraft, debt,
+     blasphemy or theft. Or else they were prisoners taken in war--they
+     had forfeited their right to freedom, and we sold them. We said
+     they were incapable of self-government and so must be looked after.
+     Later we quit selling British slaves, but began to buy and trade in
+     African humanity. We silenced conscience by saying, "It's all
+     right--they are incapable of self-government." We were once as
+     obscure, as debased, as ignorant, as barbaric, as the African is
+     now. I trust that the time will come when we are willing to give to
+     Africa the opportunity, the hope, the right to attain to the same
+     blessings that we ourselves enjoy.
+
+               --_William Pitt, on "Abolition of Slavery in England"_
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM PITT]
+
+
+The Law of Heredity has been described as that law of our nature which
+provides that a man shall resemble his grandmother--or not, as the case
+may be.
+
+What traits are inherited and what acquired--who shall say? Married
+folks who resort to the happy expedient of procuring their children at
+orphan-asylums can testify to the many times they have been complimented
+on the striking resemblance of father to daughter, or son to mother.
+
+Possibly that is all there is of it--we resemble those with whom we
+associate. Far be it from me to say the final word on this theme--I
+would not, if I could, deprive men of a problem they can never solve.
+When all questions are answered, it will be time to telephone the
+undertaker.
+
+That men of genius do not reproduce themselves after the flesh is an
+axiom; but that William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, did, is brought forth as
+an exception, incident, accident or circumstance, just according to
+one's mood at the moment.
+
+"Great men do have great sons!" we cry. "Just look at the Pitts, the
+Adamses, the Walpoles, the Beechers, the Booths, the Bellinis, the
+Disraelis!" and here we begin to falter. And then the opposition takes
+it up and rattles off a list of great men whose sons were spendthrifts,
+gamblers, ne'er-do-wells and jackanapes.
+
+When Pitt the Younger made his first speech in the House of Commons, he
+struck thirteen. The members of the House were amazed.
+
+"He's a chip off the old block," they said.
+
+"He's the block itself," said Burke.
+
+Lord Rosebery, who had the felicity to own a Derby winner, once said of
+Pitt, "He was bred for speed, but not for endurance."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Since the subject of heredity always seems to come up when the Pitts are
+mentioned, it may be proper for us to go back and trace pedigree a bit,
+to see if we have here the formula for producing a genius.
+
+The grandfather of William Pitt the Elder was Thomas Pitt, a
+sea-captain, trader and gentleman adventurer. In fact, he was a bold
+buccaneer, but not too bold, for he gave large sums to church and
+charity, and showed his zeal for virtue by once hanging three smugglers
+in chains, high up on a gibbet overlooking the coast of Cornwall, and
+there the bodies were left until the birds of prey and the elements had
+bleached their bones.
+
+Thomas Pitt was known as "Diamond Tom" through bringing from India and
+selling to the Regent Orleans the largest diamond, I believe, ever owned
+in England. For this diamond, Tom received one hundred thirty-five
+thousand pounds--a sum equal to one million dollars. That Diamond Tom
+received this money there is no doubt, but where and how he got the
+diamond nobody seems to know, and in his own time it was deemed
+indelicate to inquire.
+
+Tom might have wasted that money right shortly--there are several ways
+of dissipating a fortune--but he wisely decided to found a house. That
+is to say, he bought a borough--the borough of Old Sarum, the locality
+that was to become famous as the "rotten borough" of the Reform Bill.
+
+He bought this borough and all the tenants outright from the Government,
+just as we bought the Filipinos at two dollars a head. All the people
+who lived in the borough had to pay tribute, taxes or rent to Tom, for
+Tom owned the tenures. They had to pay, hike or have their heads cut
+off. Most of them paid.
+
+If the time were at our disposal, it might be worth while to let this
+story extend itself into a picture of how all the land in England once
+belonged to the Crown, and how this land was transferred at will to
+Thomas, Richard and Henry for cash or as reward for services rendered.
+It was much the same in America--the Government once owned all the land,
+and then this land was sold, given out to soldiers, or to homesteaders
+who would clear the land of trees; and later we reversed the proposition
+and gave the land to those who would plant trees.
+
+There was this similarity, too, between English and American land-laws:
+the Indians on the land in America had to pay, move or be perforated.
+For them to pay rent or work out a road-tax was quite out of the
+question. Indians, like the Irish, will not pay rent, so we were
+compelled to evict them.
+
+But there was this difference in America: the owner of the land could
+sell it; in England he could not. The law of entail has been much
+modified, but as a general proposition the landowner in England has the
+privilege of collecting the rent, and warning off poachers, but he can
+not mortgage the land and eat it up. This keeps the big estates intact,
+and is a very good scheme. Under a similar law in the United States,
+Uncle Billy Bushnell or Ali Baba might live in Hot Springs, Arkansas,
+and own every foot of East Aurora, and all of us would then vote as
+Baron Bushnell or Sir Ali dictated, thus avoiding much personal animus
+at Town-Meetin' time.
+
+But no tenure can be made with death--he can neither be bought, bribed,
+cajoled nor intimidated. Diamond Tom died and his eldest son Robert came
+into possession of the estate.
+
+Now, Robert was commonplace and beautifully mediocre. It is one of
+Nature's little ironies at the expense of the Law of Entail that she
+will occasionally send out of the spirit-realm, into a place of worldly
+importance, a man who is a regular chibot, chitterling and chump. Robert
+Pitt, son of Diamond Tom, escaped all censure and unkind criticism by
+doing nothing, saying nothing and being nothing.
+
+But he proved procreant and reared a goodly brood of sons and
+daughters--all much like himself, save one, the youngest son.
+
+This son, by name William Pitt, very much resembled Diamond Tom, his
+illustrious grandfather--Nature bred back. William was strong in body,
+firm in will, active, alert, intelligent. Times had changed or he might
+have been a bold buccaneer, too. He was all his grandfather was, only
+sandpapered, buffed and polished by civilization.
+
+He was sent to Eton, and then to Trinity College, Oxford, where
+buccaneer instincts broke out and he left without a degree. Two careers
+were open to him, as to all aspiring sons of Noble Beef-eaters--he could
+enter the Church or the Army.
+
+He chose the Army, and became in due course the first cornet of his
+company.
+
+His elder brother Thomas was very naturally a member of the House of
+Commons for Old Sarum, and later sat for Oakhampton. Another of Nature's
+little ironies here outcrops: Thomas, who was named for his illustrious
+grandfather--he of the crystallized carbon--didn't resemble his
+grandfather nearly so much as did his younger brother William. So Thomas
+with surprising good sense named his brother for a seat in the House of
+Commons from Old Sarum.
+
+William was but twenty-seven years of age when he began his official
+career, but he seemed one who had leaped into life full-armed. He
+absorbed knowledge on every hand. Demosthenes was his idol, and he, too,
+declaimed by the seashore with his mouth full of pebbles. His splendid
+command of language was acquired by the practise of translation and
+retranslation. Whether Greek or Latin ever helped any man to become a
+better thinker is a mooted question, but the practise of talking off in
+your own tongue a page of a foreign language is a mighty good way to
+lubricate your English.
+
+William Pitt had all the graces of a great orator--he was deliberate,
+self-possessed, positive. In form he was rather small, but he had a way
+of carrying himself that gave an impression of size. He was one of the
+world's big little men--the type of Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton,
+Benjamin Harrison and John D. Long. In the House of Commons he lost no
+time in making his presence felt. He was assertive, theatrical,
+declamatory--still, he usually knew what he was talking about. His
+criticisms of the Government so exasperated Sir Robert Walpole that
+Walpole used to refer to him as "that terrible cornet of horse."
+Finally, Walpole had him dismissed from the Army. This, instead of
+silencing the young man, really made matters worse, and George the
+Second, who patronized the Opposition when he could not down it, made
+him groom of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales. This was an office
+lined with adipose, with no work to speak of.
+
+The feeling is that Pitt revealed his common clay by accepting the
+favor. He was large enough to get along without such things.
+
+In most of the good old "School Speakers" was an extract from a speech
+supposed to have been delivered by Pitt on the occasion of his being
+taunted by Horace Walpole on account of his youth. Pitt replied in
+language something like this: "It is true that I am young, yet I'll get
+over that; but the man who is a fool will probably remain one all his
+days."
+
+The speech was reported by a lout of a countryman, Samuel Johnson by
+name, who had come up to London to make his fortune, and found his first
+work in reporting speeches in the House of Commons. Pitt did not write
+out his speeches for the press, weeks in advance, according to
+latter-day methods; the man who reported them had to have a style of his
+own--and certainly Johnson had. Pitt was much pleased with Johnson's
+reports of his speeches, but on one occasion mildly said, "Ah, Mr.
+Johnson--you know--I do not exactly remember using that expression!"
+
+And Samuel Johnson said, "Sir, it is barely possible that you did not
+use the language as I have written it out; but you should." Just how
+much Johnson we get in Pitt's printed speeches, is still a topic for
+debate.
+
+Pitt could think on his feet, while Samuel Johnson never made but one
+speech and broke down in that. But Johnson could write, and the best of
+Pitt's speeches are those reported by Ursa Major in a style superbly
+Johnsonese. The member from Old Sarum once sent Johnson two butts of
+Canary and a barrel of whitebait, as a token of appreciation for his
+skill in accurate reporting.
+
+Pitt followed the usual course of successful reformers, and in due time
+lined up on the side of the conservatives, and gradually succumbed to a
+strictly aristocratic disease, gout. Whether genius is transmissible or
+not is a question, but all authorities agree as to gout.
+
+Pitt's opposition to the Walpoles was so very firmly rooted that it
+continued for life, and for this he was rewarded by the Duchess of
+Marlborough with a legacy of ten thousand pounds. Her Grace was the
+mother of the lady who had the felicity to have her picture painted by
+Gainsborough, which picture was brought to America and secreted here for
+many years and finally was purchased for sixty-five thousand dollars by
+Pierpont Morgan, through the kind offices of my friend Patricius Sheedy,
+Philistine-at-Large.
+
+The Duchess in her will said she gave the money to Pitt as "an
+acknowledgment of the noble defense he had made for the support of the
+laws of England." But the belief is that it was her hatred for Walpole
+that prompted her admiration for Pitt. And her detestation of Walpole
+was not so much political as sentimental--a woman's love-affairs being
+much more to her than patriotism--but the Duchess being a woman deceived
+herself as to reasons. Our acts are right, but our reasons seldom are. I
+leave this Marlborough matter with those who are interested in the
+psychology of the heart--merely calling attention to the fact that
+although the Duchess was ninety when she passed out, the warm
+experiences of her early womanhood were very vivid in her memory. If you
+wish to know when love dies out of a woman's brain, you will have to ask
+some one who is older than was the Duchess of Marlborough.
+
+When George the Second died, and his grandson George the Third came into
+power, Pitt resigned his office in the Cabinet and abandoned politics.
+
+At last he found time to get married. He was then forty-six years of
+age.
+
+Men retire from active life, but seldom remain upon the shelf--either
+life or death takes them down. In five years' time we find the King
+offering Pitt anything in sight, and Mr. Pitt, the Great Commoner,
+became Viscount Pitt, Earl of Chatham.
+
+By this move Pitt lost in popularity more than he had gained in
+dignity--there was a complete revulsion of feeling toward him by the
+people, and he never again attained the influence and power he had once
+known.
+
+Burke once referred to a certain proposed bill as "insignificant,
+irrelevant, pompous, creeping, explanatory and ambiguous--done in the
+true Chathamic style."
+
+But the disdain of Burke was really complimentary--it took a worthy foe
+to draw his fire. Chatham's faults were mostly on the surface, and were
+more a matter of manner than of head or heart. America has cause to
+treasure the memory of Chatham. He opposed the Stamp Act with all the
+vigor of his tremendous intellect, and in the last speech of his life he
+prophesied that the Americans would never submit to taxation without
+representation, and that all the power of England was not great enough
+to subdue men who were fighting for their country. Yet his appeal to
+George the Third and his minions was like bombarding a fog. But all he
+said proved true.
+
+On the occasion of this last great speech Chatham was attended by his
+favorite son William, then nineteen years old. Proud as was this father
+of his son, he did not guess that in four short years this boy would,
+through his brilliancy, cast his own splendid efforts into the shadow;
+and that Burke, the querulous, would give the son a measure of
+approbation he never vouchsafed to the father.
+
+William Pitt, the Younger, is known as the "Great Pitt," to distinguish
+him from his father, who in his day was known as the greatest man in
+England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+William Pitt, the second son of the Earl of Chatham, was born of poor
+but honest parents, in the year Seventeen Hundred Fifty-nine. That was
+the year that gave us Robert Burns--between whom and Pitt, in some
+respects, averages were held good. The same year was born William
+Wilberforce, philanthropist and emancipator, father of Canon
+Wilberforce.
+
+At this time the fortunes of William Pitt the Elder were at full flood.
+England was in a fever of exultation--drunk with success. Just where the
+thought got abroad that the average Englishman is moderate in success
+and in defeat not cast down, I do not know. But this I have seen: all
+London mad, howling, exultant, savage drunk, because of the report that
+the Redcoats had subjugated this colony or that. To subdue, crush, slay
+and defeat, has caused shrieking shouts of joy in London since London
+began--unless the slain were Englishmen.
+
+This is patriotism, concerning which Samuel Johnson, reporter in the
+House of Commons, once made a remark slightly touched with acerbity.
+
+In the years Seventeen Hundred Fifty-eight and Seventeen Hundred
+Fifty-nine not a month passed but bonfires burned bright from Cornwall
+to Scotland in honor of English victories on land and sea. In
+Westphalia, British Infantry defeated the armies of Louis the Fifteenth;
+Boscawen had sunk a French fleet; Hawke put to flight another; Amherst
+took Ticonderoga; Clive destroyed a Dutch armament; Wolfe achieved
+victory and a glorious death at Quebec. English arms had marched
+triumphant through India and secured for the tight little island an
+empire, while another had been gained on the shores of Ontario.
+
+For all this the Great Commoner received most of the glory; and that
+this tremendous popularity was too great to last is but a truism.
+
+But in such a year it was that William Pitt was born. His father was
+fifty years old, his mother about thirty. This mother was a woman of
+rare grace, intellect and beauty, the only sister of two remarkable
+brothers--George Grenville, the obstinate adviser of George the Third,
+the man who did the most to make America free--unintentionally--and the
+other brother was Richard Earl Temple, almost equally potent for right
+or wrong.
+
+That the child of a sensitive mother, born amid such a crash of
+excitement, should be feeble was to be expected. No one at first
+expected the baby to survive.
+
+But tenderness and care brought him through, and he grew into a tall,
+spindling boy whose intellect far outmatched his body. He was too weak
+to be sent to take his place at a common school, and so his father and
+mother taught him.
+
+Between the father and the son there grew up a fine bond of affection.
+Whenever the father made a public address the boy was there to admire
+and applaud.
+
+The father's declining fortunes drove him back to his family for repose,
+and all of his own ambitions became centered in his son. With a younger
+man this might not have been the case, but the baby boy of an old man
+means much more to him than a brood coming early.
+
+Daily, this boy of twelve or fourteen would go to his father's study to
+recite. Oratory was his aim, and the intent was that he should become
+the greatest parliamentarian of his time.
+
+This little mutual-admiration society, composed of father and son,
+speaks volumes for both. Boys reaching out toward manhood, when they are
+neither men nor boys, often have little respect for their fathers--they
+consider the pater to be both old-fashioned and tyrannical. And the
+father, expecting too much of the son, often fails in faith and
+patience. But there was no such failure here. Chatham personally
+superintended the matter of offhand translation, and this practise was
+kept up daily from the time the boy was eight years old until he was
+nineteen, when his father died.
+
+Then there was the tutor Pretyman who must not be left out. He was a
+combination valet and teacher, and the most pedantic and idolatrous
+person that ever moused through dusty tomes. With a trifle more adipose
+and a little less intellect, he would have made a most successful and
+awful butler. He seemed a type of the English waiter who by some chance
+had acquired a college education, and never said a wrong thing, nor did
+a right one, during his whole life.
+
+Pretyman wrote a life of Pitt, and according to Macaulay it enjoys the
+distinction of being the worst biography ever written. Lord Rosebery,
+however, declares the book is not so bad as it might be. I believe there
+are two other biographies equally stupid: Weems' "Life of Washington,"
+and the book on Gainsborough, by Thicknesse. Weems' book was written to
+elevate his man into a demigod; Thicknesse was intent on lowering his
+subject and exalting himself; while Pretyman extols himself and his
+subject equally, revealing how William Pitt could never have been
+William Pitt were it not for his tutor. Pretyman emphasizes trifles,
+slights important matters, and waxes learned concerning the irrelevant.
+
+A legacy coming to Pretyman, he changed his name to Tomline, as women
+change their names when they marry or enter a convent.
+
+Religion to Pitt was quite a perfunctory affair, necessary, of course;
+but a bishop in England was one who could do little good and,
+fortunately, not much harm. With an irony too subtle to be seen by but
+very few, Pitt when twenty-seven years of age made his old tutor Bishop
+of Winchester. Tomline proved an excellent and praiseworthy bishop; and
+his obsequious loyalty to Pitt led to the promise that if the Primacy
+should become vacant, Tomline was to be made Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+This promise was told by the unthinking Tomline, and reached the ears of
+George the Third, a man who at times was very much alert.
+
+There came a day when the Primacy was vacant, and to head off the
+nomination by Pitt, the King one morning at eight o'clock walked over to
+the residence of Bishop Manners Somers and plied the knocker.
+
+The servant who answered the summons explained that the Bishop was
+taking his bath and could not be seen until he had had breakfast.
+
+But the visitor was importunate.
+
+The servant went back to his master and explained that the stout man at
+the door would neither go away nor tell his name, but must see his
+lordship at once.
+
+When the Bishop appeared in his dressing-gown and saw the King, he
+nearly had apoplexy. But the King quickly told his errand and made his
+friend Primate on the doorstep, with the butler and the housemaid for
+witnesses.
+
+Later in the day when Pitt appeared at the palace he was told that a
+Primate had been appointed--the King was very sorry, but the present
+incumbent could not be removed unless charges were preferred. Pitt
+smilingly congratulated the King on the wisdom of his choice, but
+afterward referred to the transaction as "a rather scurvy trick."
+
+At twenty-three years of age, William Pitt entered the House of Commons
+from the same borough that his father had represented at twenty-seven.
+His elder brother made way, just as had the elder brother of his father.
+
+The first speech he made in Parliament fixed his place in that body. His
+fame had preceded him, and when he arose every seat was taken to hear
+the favorite son of the Earl of Chatham, the greatest orator England had
+ever seen.
+
+The subject was simply a plan of finance, and lacked all excuse for fine
+phrasing or flavor of sentiment. And what should a boy of twenty-three
+know about a nation's financial policy?
+
+Yet this boy knew all about it. Figures, statistics, results,
+conclusions, were shown in a steady, flowing, accurate, lucid manner.
+The young man knew his theme--every byway, highway and tracing of it. By
+that speech he proved his mathematical genius, and blazed the way
+straight to the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+
+Not only did he know his theme, but he had the ability to explain it. He
+spoke without hesitation or embarrassment, and revealed the same
+splendid dignity that his father had shown, all flavored by the same
+dash of indifference for the auditor. But the discerning ones saw that
+he surpassed his father, in that he carried more reserve and showed a
+suavity that was not the habit of Chatham.
+
+And the man was there--mighty and self-reliant.
+
+The voice is the index of the soul. The voice of the two Pitts was the
+same voice, we have been told--a deep, rich, cultivated lyric-barytone.
+It was a trained voice, a voice that came from a full column of air,
+that never broke into a screech, rasping the throat of the speaker and
+the ear of the listener. It was the natural voice carefully developed by
+right use. The power of Pitt lay in his cold, calculating intellect, but
+the instrument that made manifest this intellect was his deep, resonant,
+perfectly controlled voice.
+
+Pitt never married, and according to the biting phrase of Fox, all he
+knew of love was a description of it he got from the Iliad. That is to
+say, he was separated from it about three thousand years. This is a
+trifle too severe, for when twenty-one years of age he met the daughter
+of Necker at Paris--she who was to give the world of society a thrill as
+Madame de Stael. And if the gossips are right it was not the fault of
+Pitt that a love-match did not follow. But the woman gauged the man, and
+she saw that love to him would be merely an incident, not a consuming
+passion, and she was not the woman to write a book on Farthest North.
+She dallied with the young man a day, and then sent him about his
+business, exasperated and perplexed. He could strike fire with men as
+flint strikes on steel, but women were outside his realm.
+
+Yet he followed the career of Madame de Stael, and never managed to
+quite get her out of his life. Once, in his later years, he referred to
+her as that "cold and trifling daughter of France's greatest financier."
+He admired the father more than he loved the daughter.
+
+For twenty-four years Pitt piloted England's Ship of State. There were
+constant head-winds, and now and again shifting gales of fierce
+opposition, and all the time a fat captain to pacify and appease. This
+captain was stupid, sly, obstinate and insane by turns, and to run the
+ship and still allow the captain to believe that he was in command was
+the problem that confronted Pitt. And that he succeeded as well as any
+living man could, there is no doubt.
+
+During the reign of Pitt, England lost the American Colonies. This was
+not a defeat for England: it was Destiny. England preserved her
+independence by cutting the cable that bound her to us.
+
+The life of Pitt was a search for power--to love, wealth and fame he was
+indifferent.
+
+He was able to manage successfully the finances of a nation, but his own
+were left in a sorry muddle: at his death it took forty thousand pounds
+to cause him to be worth nothing. His debts were paid by the nation. And
+this indifference to his own affairs was put forth at the time as proof
+of his probity and excellence. We think now that it marked his
+limitations. His income for twenty years preceding his death was about
+fifty thousand dollars a year. One hour a day in auditing accounts with
+his butler would have made all secure. He had neither wife, child nor
+dependent kinsmen, yet it was found that his household consumed nine
+hundred pounds of meat a week and enough beer to float a ship. For a man
+to waste his own funds in riotous living is only a trifle worse than to
+allow others to do the same.
+
+Literature, music and art owe little to Pitt: only lovers care for
+beauty--the sensuous was not for him. He knew the Classics, spoke French
+like a Parisian, reveled in history, had no confidants, and loved one
+friend--Wilberforce.
+
+Pictures of Pitt by Reynolds and Gainsborough reveal a face commonplace
+in feature save for the eye--"the most brilliant eye ever seen in a
+human face." In describing the man, one word always seems to creep in,
+the word "haughty." That the man was gentle, kind and even playful among
+the few who knew him best, there is no doubt. The austerity of his
+manner was the inevitable result of an ambition the sole aim of which
+was to dictate the policy of a great nation. All save honor was
+sacrificed to this end, and that the man was successful in his ambition,
+there is no dispute.
+
+When he died, aged forty-seven, he was by popular acclaim the greatest
+Englishman of his time, and the passing years have not shaken that proud
+position.
+
+
+
+
+JEAN PAUL MARAT
+
+
+     Citizens: You see before you the widow of Marat. I do not come here
+     to ask your favors, such as cupidity would covet, or even such as
+     would relieve indigence--Marat's widow needs no more than a tomb.
+     Before arriving at that happy termination to my existence, however,
+     I come to ask that justice may be done in respect to the reports
+     recently put forth in this body against the memory of at once the
+     most intrepid and the most outraged defender of the people.
+
+                             --_Simonne Evrard Marat, to the Convention_
+
+[Illustration: JEAN PAUL MARAT]
+
+
+The French Revolution traces a lineal descent direct from Voltaire and
+Jean Jacques Rousseau. These men were contemporaries; they came to the
+same conclusions, expressing the same thought, each in his own way,
+absolutely independent of the other. And as genius seldom recognizes
+genius, neither knew the greatness of the other.
+
+Voltaire was an aristocrat--the friend of kings and courtiers, the
+brilliant cynic, the pet of the salons and the center of the culture and
+brains of his time.
+
+Rousseau was a man of the people, plain and unpretentious--a man without
+ambition--a dreamer. His first writings were mere debating-society
+monologs, done for his own amusement and the half-dozen or so cronies
+who cared to listen.
+
+But, as he wrote, things came to him; the significance of his words
+became to him apparent. Opposition made it necessary to define his
+position, and threat made it wise to amplify and explain. He grew
+through exercise, as all men do who grow at all; the spirit of the times
+acted upon him, and knowledge unrolled as a scroll.
+
+The sum of Rousseau's political philosophy found embodiment in his book,
+"The Social Contract," and his ideas on education in "Emile." "The
+Social Contract" became the Bible of the Revolution, and as Emerson
+says all of our philosophy will be found in Plato, so in a more exact
+sense can every argument of the men of the Revolution be found in "The
+Social Contract." But Rousseau did not know what firebrands he was
+supplying. He was essentially a man of peace--he launched these children
+of his brain, indifferently, like his children of the flesh, upon the
+world and left their fate to the god of Chance.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Out of the dust and din of the French Revolution, now seen by us on the
+horizon of time, there emerge four names: Robespierre, Mirabeau, Danton
+and Marat.
+
+Undaunted men all, hated and loved, feared and idolized, despised and
+deified--even yet we find it hard to gauge their worth, and give due
+credit for the good that was in each.
+
+Oratory played a most important part in bringing about the explosion.
+Oratory arouses passion--fear, vengeance, hate--and draws a beautiful
+picture of peace and plenty just beyond.
+
+Without oratory there would have been no political revolution in France,
+nor elsewhere.
+
+Politics, more than any other function of human affairs, turns on
+oratory. Orators make and unmake kings, but kings are seldom orators,
+and orators never secure thrones. Orators are made to die--the cross,
+the torch, the noose, the guillotine, the dagger, awaits them. They die
+through the passion that they fan to flame--the fear they generate turns
+upon themselves, and they are no more.
+
+But they have their reward. Their names are not writ in water; rather
+are they traced in blood on history's page. We know them, while the
+ensconced smug and successful have sunk into oblivion; and if now and
+then a name like that of Pilate or Caiaphas or Judas comes to us, it is
+only because Fate has linked the man to his victim, like unto that
+Roman soldier who thrust his spear into the side of the Unselfish Man.
+
+In the qualities that mark the four chief orators of the French
+Revolution, there is much alloy--much that seems like clay. Each had
+undergone an apprenticeship to Fate--each had been preparing for his
+work; and in this preparation who shall say what lessons could have been
+omitted and what not! Explosions require time to prepare: revolutions,
+political and domestic, are a long time getting ready. Orators, like
+artists, must go as did Dante, down into the nether regions and get a
+glimpse of hell.
+
+Jean Paul Marat was exactly five feet high, and his weight when at his
+best was one hundred twenty pounds--just the weight of Shakespeare. Jean
+Paul had a nose like the beak of a hawk, an eye like an eagle, a mouth
+that matched his nose, and a chin that argued trouble. Not only did he
+have red hair, but Carlyle refers to him as "red-headed."
+
+His parents were poor and obscure people, and his relationship with them
+seems a pure matter of accident. He was born at the village of Boudry,
+Switzerland, in Seventeen Hundred Forty-three. His childhood and boyhood
+were that of any other peasant boy born into a family where poverty held
+grim sway, and toil and hardship never relaxed their chilling grasp.
+
+His education was of the chance kind--but education anyway depends upon
+yourself--colleges only supply a few opportunities, and it lies with
+the student whether he will improve them or not.
+
+The ignorance of his parents and the squalor of his surroundings acted
+upon Jean Paul Marat as a spur, and from his fourteenth year the idea of
+cultivating his mental estate was strong upon him.
+
+Switzerland has ever been the refuge of the man who dares to think. It
+was there John Calvin lived, demanding the right to his own belief, but
+occasionally denying others that precious privilege; a few miles away,
+at beautiful Coppet, resided Madame de Stael, the daughter of Necker; at
+Geneva, Rousseau wrote, and to name that beautiful little island in the
+Rhone after him was not necessary to make his fame endure; but a little
+way from Boudry lived Voltaire, pointing his bony finger at every
+hypocrite in Christendom.
+
+But as in Greece, in her days of glory, the thinkers were few; so in
+Switzerland, the land of freedom, the many have been, and are, chained
+to superstition. Jean Paul Marat saw their pride was centered in a
+silver crucifix, "that keeps a man from harm"; their conscience
+committed to a priest; their labors for the rich; their days the same,
+from the rising of the sun to its going down. They did not love, and
+their hate was but a peevish dislike. They followed their dull routine
+and died the death, hopeful that they would get the reward in another
+world which was denied them in this.
+
+And Jean Paul Marat grew to scorn the few who would thus enslave the
+many. For priest and publican he had only aversion.
+
+Jean Paul Marat, the bantam, read Voltaire and steeped himself in
+Rousseau, and the desire grew strong upon him to do, to dare and to
+become.
+
+Tourists had told him of England, and like all hopeful and childlike
+minds, he imagined the excellent to be far off, and the splendid at a
+distance: Great Britain was to him the Land of Promise.
+
+In the countenance of young Marat was a strange mixture of the ludicrous
+and the terrible. This, with his insignificant size, and a bodily
+strength that was a miracle of surprise, won the admiration of an
+English gentleman; and when the tourist started back for Albion, the
+lusty dwarf rode on the box, duly articled, without consent of his
+parents, as a valet.
+
+As a servant he was active, alert, intelligent, attentive. He might have
+held his position indefinitely, and been handed down to the next
+generation with the family plate, had he kept a civil tongue in his red
+head and not quoted Descartes and Jean Jacques.
+
+He had ideas, and he expressed them. He was the central sun below
+stairs, and passed judgment upon the social order without stint, even
+occasionally to argufying economics with his master, the Baron, as he
+brushed his breech.
+
+This Baron is known to history through two facts: first, that Jean Paul
+Marat brushed his breeches, and second, that he evolved a new breed of
+fices.
+
+Now, the master was rich, with an entail of six thousand acres and an
+income of five thousand pounds, and very naturally he was
+surprised--amazed--to hear that any one should question the divine
+origin of the social order.
+
+Religion and government being at that time not merely second cousins,
+but Siamese twins, Jean Paul had expressed himself on things churchly as
+well as secular.
+
+And now, behold, one fine day he found himself confronted with a charge
+of blasphemy, not to mention another damning count of contumacy and
+contravention.
+
+In fact, he was commanded not to think, and was cautioned as to the sin
+of having ideas. The penalties were pointed out to Jean Paul, and in all
+kindness he was asked to make choice between immediate punishment and
+future silence.
+
+Thus was the wee philosopher raised at once to the dignity of a martyr;
+and the sweet satisfaction of being persecuted for what he believed, was
+his.
+
+The city of Edinburgh was not far away, and thither by night the victim
+of persecution made his way. There is a serio-comic touch to this
+incident that Marat was never quite able to appreciate--the man was not
+a humorist. In fact, men headed for the noose, the block, or destined
+for immortality by the assassin's dagger, very seldom are jokers--John
+Brown and his like do not jest. Of all the emancipators of men, Lincoln
+alone stands out as one who was perfectly sane. An ability to see the
+ridiculous side of things marks the man of perfect balance.
+
+The martyr type, whose blood is not only the seed of the church, but
+also of heresy, is touched with madness. To get the thing done, Nature
+sacrifices the man.
+
+Arriving in Edinburgh, Marat thought it necessary for a time to live in
+hiding, but finally he came out and was duly installed as barkeep at a
+tavern, and a student in the medical department of the University of
+Saint Andrews--a rather peculiar combination.
+
+Marat's sister and biographer, Albertine, tells us that Jean Paul was
+never given to the use of stimulants, and in fact, for the greater part
+of his career, was a total abstainer. And the man who knows somewhat of
+the eternal paradox of things can readily understand how this little
+tapster, proud and defiant, had a supreme contempt for the patrons who
+gulped down the stuff that he handed out over the bar. He dealt in that
+for which he had no use; and the American bartender today who wears his
+kohinoor and draws the pay of a bank cashier is one who "never touches a
+drop of anything." The security with which he holds his position is on
+that very account.
+
+Marat was hungry for knowledge and thirsty for truth, and in his daily
+life he was as abstemious as was Benjamin Franklin, whom he was to meet,
+know, and reverence shortly afterward.
+
+Jean Paul was studying medicine at the same place where Oliver
+Goldsmith, another exile, studied some years before. Each got his
+doctor's degree--just how we do not know. No one ever saw Goldsmith's
+diploma--Doctor Johnson once hinted that it was an astral one--but
+Marat's is still with us, yellow with age, but plain and legible with
+all of its signatures and the big seal with a ribbon that surely might
+impress the chance sufferers waiting in an outer room to see the doctor,
+who is busy enjoying his siesta on the other side of the partition.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+If it is ever your sweet privilege to clap eyes upon a diploma issued by
+the ancient and honorable University of Saint Andrews, Edinburgh, you
+will see that it reads thus:
+
+"Whereas: Since it is just and reasonable that one who has diligently
+attained a high degree of knowledge in some great and useful science,
+should be distinguished from the ignorant-vulgar," etc., etc.
+
+The intent of the document, it will be observed, is to certify that the
+holder is not one of the "ignorant-vulgar," and the inference is that
+those who are not possessed of like certificates probably are.
+
+A copy of the diploma issued to Doctor Jean Paul Marat is before me,
+wherein, in most flattering phrase, is set forth the attainments of the
+holder, in the science of medicine. And even before the ink was dry upon
+that diploma, the "science" of which it boasted had been discarded as
+inept and puerile, and a new one inaugurated. And in our day, within the
+last twenty-five years, the entire science of healing has shifted ground
+and the materia medica of the "Centennial" is now considered obsolete.
+
+In view of these things, how vain is a college degree that certifies, as
+the diplomas of Saint Andrews still certify, that the holder is not one
+of the "ignorant-vulgar"! Isn't a man who prides himself on not
+belonging to the "ignorant-vulgar" apt to be atrociously ignorant and
+outrageously vulgar?
+
+Wisdom is a point of view, and knowledge, for the most part, is a
+shifting product depending upon environment, atmosphere and condition.
+The eternal verities are plain and simple, known to babes and sucklings,
+but often unseen by men of learning, who focus on the difficult, soar
+high and dive deep, but seldom pay cash. In the sky of truth the fixed
+stars are few, and the shepherds who tend their flocks by night are
+quite as apt to know them as are the professed and professional Wise Men
+of the East--and Edinburgh.
+
+But never mind our little digression--the value of study lies in study.
+The reward of thinking is the ability to think--whether one comes to
+right conclusions or wrong matters little, says John Stuart Mill in his
+essay, "On Liberty."
+
+Thinking is a form of exercise, and growth comes only through
+exercise--that is to say, expression.
+
+We learn things only to throw them away: no man ever wrote well until he
+had forgotten every rule of rhetoric, and no orator ever spake straight
+to the hearts of men until he had tumbled his elocution into the Irish
+Sea.
+
+To hold on to things is to lose them. To clutch is to act the part of
+the late Mullah Bah, the Turkish wrestler, who came to America and
+secured through his prowess a pot of gold. Going back to his native
+country, the steamer upon which he had taken passage collided in
+mid-ocean with a sunken derelict. Mullah Bah, hearing the alarm, jumped
+from his berth and strapped to his person a belt containing five
+thousand dollars in gold. He rushed to the side of the sinking ship,
+leaped over the rail, and went to Davy Jones' Locker like a plummet,
+while all about frail women and weak men in life-preservers bobbed on
+the surface and were soon picked up by the boats. The fate of Mullah Bah
+is only another proof that athletes die young, and that it is harder to
+withstand prosperity than its opposite.
+
+But knowledge did not turn the head of Marat. His restless spirit was
+reaching out for expression, and we find him drifting to London for a
+wider field.
+
+England was then, as now, the refuge of the exile. There is today just
+as much liberty, and a little more free speech, in England than in
+America. We have hanged witches and burned men at the stake since
+England has, and she emancipated her slaves long before we did ours.
+Over against the home-thrust that respectable women drink at public bars
+from John O'Groat's to Land's End, can be placed the damning count that
+in the United States more men are lynched every year than Great Britain
+legally executes in double the time.
+
+A too-ready expression of the Rousseau philosophy had made things a bit
+unpleasant for Marat in Edinburgh, but in London he found ready
+listeners, and the coffeehouses echoed back his radical sentiments.
+
+These underground debating-clubs of London started more than one man off
+on the oratorical transverse. Swift, Johnson, Reynolds, Goldsmith,
+Garrick, Burke--all sharpened their wits at the coffeehouses. I see the
+same idea is now being revived in New York and Chicago: little clubs of
+a dozen or so will rent a room in some restaurant, and fitting it up for
+themselves, will dine daily and discuss great themes, or small,
+according to the mental caliber of the members.
+
+During the latter part of the Eighteenth Century, these clubs were very
+popular in London. Men who could talk or speak were made welcome, and if
+the new member generated caloric, so much the better--excitement was at
+a premium.
+
+Marat was now able to speak English with precision, and his slight
+French accent only added a charm to his words. He was fiery, direct,
+impetuous. He was a fighter by disposition, and care was taken never to
+cross him beyond a point where the sparks began to fly. The man was
+immensely diverting, and his size was to his advantage--orators should
+be very big or very little--anything but commonplace. The Duke of Mantua
+would have gloried in Jean Paul, and later might have cut off his head
+as a precautionary measure.
+
+Among the visitors at one of the coffeehouse clubs was one B. Franklin,
+big, patient, kind. He weighed twice as much as Marat: and his years
+were sixty, while Marat's were thirty.
+
+Franklin listened with amused smiles at the little man, and the little
+man grew to have an idolatrous regard for the big 'un. Franklin carried
+copies of a pamphlet called "Common Sense," written by one T. Paine.
+Paine was born in England, but was always pleased to be spoken of as an
+American, yet he called himself "A Citizen of the World."
+
+Paine's pamphlet, "The Crisis," was known by heart to Marat, and the
+success of Franklin and Paine as writers had fired him to write as well
+as to orate. As a result, we have "The Chains of Slavery." The work
+today has no interest to us except as a literary curiosity. It is a
+composite of Rousseau and Paine, done by a sophomore in a mood of
+exaltation, and might serve acceptably well as a graduation essay, done
+in F major. It lacks the poise of Paine and the reserve of Rousseau, and
+all the fine indifference of Franklin is noticeable by its absence.
+
+They say that Marat's name was "Mara" and his ancestors came from County
+Down. But never mind that--his heart was right. Of all the inane
+imbecilities and stupid untruths of history, none is worse than the
+statement that Jean Paul Marat was a demagog, hotly intent on the main
+chance.
+
+In this man's character there was nothing subtle, secret nor untrue. He
+was simplicity itself, and his undiplomatic bluntness bears witness to
+his honesty.
+
+In London, he lived as the Mayor of Boston said William Lloyd Garrison
+lived--in a hole in the ground. His services as a physician were free to
+all--if they could pay, all right; if not, it made no difference. He
+looked after the wants of political refugees, and head, heart and
+pocketbook were at the disposal of those who needed them. His
+lodging-place was a garret, a cellar--anywhere: he was homeless, and his
+public appearances were only at the coffeehouse clubs, or in the parks,
+where he would stand on a barrel and speak to the crowd on his one theme
+of liberty, fraternity and equality. His plea was for the individual. In
+order to have a strong and excellent society, we must have strong and
+excellent men and women. That phrase of Paine's, "The world is my
+country: to do good is my religion," he repeated over and over again.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the year Seventeen Hundred Seventy-nine, Marat moved to Paris. He was
+then thirty-six years old. In Paris he lived very much the same life
+that he had in London. He established himself as a physician, and might
+have made a decided success had he put all his eggs in one basket and
+then watched the basket.
+
+But he didn't. Franklin had inspired him with a passion for invention:
+he rubbed amber with wool, made a battery and applied the scheme in a
+crude way to the healing art. He wrote articles on electricity and even
+foreshadowed the latter-day announcement that electricity is life. And
+all the time he discussed economics, and gave out through speech and
+written word his views as to the rights of the people. He saw the needs
+of the poor--he perceived how through lack of nourishment there
+developed a craving for stimulants, and observed how disease and death
+fasten themselves upon the ill-fed and the ill-taught. To alleviate the
+suffering of the poor, he opened a dispensary as he had done in London,
+and gave free medical attendance to all who applied. At this dispensary,
+he gave lectures on certain days upon hygiene, at which times he never
+failed to introduce his essence of Rousseau and Voltaire.
+
+Some one called him "the people's friend." The name stuck--he liked it.
+
+In August, Seventeen Hundred Eighty-nine, this "terrible dwarf" was
+standing on his barrel in Paris haranguing crowds with an oratory that
+was tremendous in its impassioned quality. Men stopped to laugh and
+remained to applaud.
+
+Not only did he denounce the nobility, but he saw danger in the liberal
+leaders, and among others, Mirabeau came in for scathing scorn. Of all
+the insane paradoxes this one is the most paradoxical--that men will
+hate those who are most like themselves. Family feuds, and the wrangles
+of denominations that, to outsiders, hold the same faith, are common.
+When churches are locked in America, it is done to keep Christians out.
+Christians fight Christians much more than they fight the devil.
+
+Marat had grown to be a power among the lower classes--he was their
+friend, their physician, their advocate. He had no fear of interruption
+and never sought to pacify. At his belt, within easy reach, and in open
+sight, he carried a dagger.
+
+The crowds that hung upon his words were swayed to rank unreason by his
+impassioned eloquence.
+
+Marat fell a victim to his own eloquence, and the madness of the mob
+reacted upon him. Like the dyer's hand, he became subdued to that in
+which he worked. Suspicion and rebellion filled his soul. Wealth to him
+was an offense--he had not the prophetic vision to see the rise of
+capitalism and all the splendid industrial evolution which the world is
+today working out. Society to him was all founded on wrong premises,
+and he would uproot it.
+
+In bitter words he denounced the Assembly and declared that all of its
+members, including Mirabeau, should be hanged for their inaction in not
+giving the people relief from their oppressors.
+
+Mirabeau was very much like Marat. He, too, was working for the people,
+only he occupied a public office, while Marat was a private citizen.
+Mirabeau and his friends became alarmed at the influence Marat was
+gaining over the people, and he was ordered to cease public speaking. As
+he failed to comply, a price was put upon his head.
+
+Then it was that he began putting out a daily address in the form of a
+tiny pamphlet. This was at first called "The Publiciste," but was soon
+changed to "The People's Friend."
+
+Marat was now in hiding, but still his words were making their impress.
+
+In Seventeen Hundred Ninety-one, Mirabeau, the terrible, died--died
+peacefully in his bed.
+
+Paris went into universal mourning, and the sky of Marat's popularity
+was darkened.
+
+Marat lived in hiding until August of Seventeen Hundred Ninety-two, when
+he again publicly appeared and led the riots. The people hailed him as
+their deliverer. The insignificant size of the man made him conspicuous.
+His proud defiance, the haughtiness of his countenance, his stinging
+words, formed a personality that made him the pet of the people.
+
+Danton, the Minister of Justice, dared not kill him, and so he did the
+next best thing--he took him to his heart and made him his right-hand
+man. It was a great diplomatic move, and the people applauded. Danton
+was tall, powerful, athletic and commanding, just past his thirtieth
+year. Marat was approaching fifty, and his sufferings while in hiding in
+the sewers had told severely on his health, but he was still the
+fearless agitator. When Marat and Danton appeared upon the balcony of
+the Hotel de Ville, the hearts of the people were with the little man.
+
+But behold, another man had forged to the front, and this was
+Robespierre. And so it was that Danton, Marat and Robespierre formed a
+triumvirate, and ruled Paris with hands of iron. Coming in the name of
+the people, proclaiming peace, they held their place only through a
+violence that argued its own death.
+
+Marat was still full of the desire to educate--to make men think.
+Deprivation and disease had wrecked his frame until public speaking was
+out of the question--the first requisite of oratory is health. But he
+could write, and so his little paper, "The People's Friend," went
+fluttering forth with its daily message.
+
+So scrupulous was Marat in money matters that he would accept no help
+from the Government. He neither drew a salary nor would he allow any but
+private citizens to help issue his paper. He lived in absolute poverty
+with his beloved wife, Simonne Evrard.
+
+They had met about Seventeen Hundred Eighty-eight, and between them had
+grown up a very firm and tender bond. He was twenty years older than
+she, but Danton said of her, "She has the mind of a man."
+
+Simonne had some property and was descended from a family of note. When
+she became the wife of Marat, her kinsmen denounced her, refused to
+mention her name, but she was loyal to the man she loved.
+
+The Psalmist speaks of something "that passeth the love of woman," but
+the Psalmist was wrong--nothing does.
+
+Simonne Evrard gave her good name, her family position, her money, her
+life--her soul into the keeping of Jean Paul Marat. That his love and
+gratitude to her was great and profound, there is abundant proof. She
+was his only servant, his secretary, his comrade, his friend, his wife.
+Not only did she attend him in sickness, but in banishment and disgrace
+she never faltered. She even set the type, and at times her arm pulled
+the lever of the press that printed the daily message.
+
+Let it stand to the eternal discredit of Thomas Carlyle that he
+contemptuously disposes of Simonne Evrard, who represents undying love
+and unflinching loyalty, by calling her a "washerwoman." Carlyle, with a
+savage strain of Scotch Calvinism in his cold blood, never knew the
+sacredness of the love of man and woman--to him sex was a mistake on the
+part of God. Even for the sainted Mary of Galilee he has only a grim and
+patronizing smile, removing his clay pipe long enough to say to Milburn,
+the blind Preacher, "Oh, yes; a country lass elevated by Catholics into
+a wooden image and worshiped as a deity!"
+
+Carlyle never held in his arms a child of his own and saw the light of
+love reflected in a baby's eyes; and nowhere in his forty-odd volumes
+does he recognize the truth that love, art and religion are one. And
+this limitation gives Taine excuse for saying, "He writes splendidly,
+but it is neither truth nor poetry."
+
+When Charlotte Corday, that poor, deluded rustic, reached the rooms of
+Marat, under a friendly pretense, and thrust her murderous dagger to the
+sick man's heart, his last breath was a cry freighted with love, "A moi,
+chere amie!"
+
+And death-choked, that proud head drooped, and Simonne, seeing the
+terrible deed was done, blocked the way and held the murderess at bay
+until help arrived.
+
+Hardly had Marat's tired body been laid to rest in the Pantheon, before
+Charlotte Corday's spirit had gone across the Border to meet his--gone
+to her death by the guillotine that was so soon to embrace both Danton
+and Robespierre, the men who had inaugurated and popularized it.
+
+All Paris went into mourning for Marat--the public buildings were draped
+with black, and his portrait was displayed in the Pantheon with the
+great ones gone. A pension for life was bestowed upon his widow, and
+lavish resolutions of gratitude were laid at her feet in loving token of
+what she had done in upholding the hands of this strong man.
+
+But Paris, the fickle, in two short years repudiated the pension, the
+portrait of Marat was removed from the Pantheon, and his body taken by
+night to another resting-place.
+
+Simonne the widow, and Albertine the sister, sisters now in sorrow,
+uniting in a mutual love for the dead, lived but in memory of him.
+
+But Carlyle was right--this was a "washerwoman." She spent all of her
+patrimony in aiding her husband to publish and distribute his writings,
+and after his death, when friends proved false and even the obdurate
+kinsmen still considered her name pollution, she took in washing to earn
+money that she might defend the memory of the man she loved.
+
+She was a washerwoman.
+
+I uncover in her presence, and stand with bowed head in admiration of
+the woman who gave her life for liberty and love, and who chose a life
+of honest toil rather than accept charity or all that selfishness and
+soft luxury had to offer. She was a washerwoman, but she was more--she
+was a Woman.
+
+Let Carlyle have the credit of using the word "washerwoman" as a term of
+contempt, as though to do laundry-work were not quite as necessary as to
+produce literature.
+
+The sister and the widow wrote his life, republished very much that he
+had written, and lived but to keep alive the name and fame of Jean Paul
+Marat, whose sole crime seemed to be that he was a sincere and honest
+man, and was, throughout his life--often unwisely--the People's Friend.
+
+
+
+
+ROBERT INGERSOLL
+
+
+     Love is the only bow on life's dark cloud. It is the morning and
+     the evening star. It shines upon the babe, and sheds its radiance
+     on the quiet tomb. It is the Mother of Art, inspirer of poet,
+     patriot and philosopher. It is the air and light to tired
+     souls--builder of every home, kindler of every fire on every
+     hearth. It was the first to dream of immortality. It fills the
+     world with melody--for music is the voice of love. Love is the
+     magician, the enchanter that changes worthless things to joy, and
+     makes right-royal kings and queens of common clay. It is the
+     perfume of that wondrous flower, the heart, and without that sacred
+     passion, that divine swoon, we are less than beasts; but with it,
+     earth is heaven and we are gods.
+
+                                                 --_Robert G. Ingersoll_
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT G. INGERSOLL]
+
+
+He was three years old, was Robert Ingersoll. There was a baby boy one
+year old, Ebon by name; then there were John, five years, and two elder
+sisters.
+
+Little Robert wore a red linsey-woolsey dress, and was a restless,
+active youngster with a big head, a round face and a pug-nose. No one
+ever asked. "What is it?"--there was "boy" written large in every baby
+action and every feature from chubby bare feet to the two crowns of his
+close-cropped tow-head.
+
+It was a morning in January, and the snow lay smooth and white over all
+those York State hills. The winter sun sent long gleams of light through
+the frost-covered panes upon which the children were trying to draw
+pictures. Visitors began to arrive--visitors in stiff Sunday clothes,
+although it wasn't Sunday. There were aunts, and uncles, and cousins,
+and then just neighbors. They filled the little house full. Some of the
+men went out and split wood and brought in big armfuls and piled it in
+the corner. They moved on tiptoe and talked in whispers. And now and
+then they would walk softly into the little parlor by twos and threes
+and close the door after them.
+
+This parlor was always a forbidden place to the children; on Sunday
+afternoons only were they allowed to go in there, or on prayer-meeting
+night.
+
+In this parlor were six haircloth chairs and a sofa to match. In the
+center was a little marble-top table, and on it were two red books and a
+blue one. On the mantel was a plaster-of-Paris cat at one end and a
+bunch of crystallized flowers at the other. There was a "what-not" in
+the corner covered with little shells and filled with strange and
+wonderful things. There was a "store" carpet, bright red. It was a very
+beautiful room, and to look into it was a great privilege.
+
+Little Robert had tried several times to enter the parlor this cold
+winter morning, but each time he had been thrust back. Finally he clung
+to the leg of a tall man, and was safely inside. It was very cold--one
+of the windows was open! He looked about with wondering baby eyes to see
+what the people wanted to go in there for!
+
+On two of the haircloth chairs rested a coffin. The baby hands clutched
+the side--he drew himself up on tiptoe and looked down at the still,
+white face--the face of his mother. Her hands were crossed just so, and
+in her fingers was a spray of flowers--he recognized them as the flowers
+she had always worn on her Sunday bonnet--a rusty black bonnet--not real
+flowers, just "made" flowers.
+
+But why was she so quiet? He had never seen her hands that way before:
+those hands were always busy--knitting, sewing, cooking, weaving,
+scrubbing, washing!
+
+"Mamma! Mamma!" called the boy.
+
+"Hush, little boy, hush! Your Mamma is dead," said the tall man, and he
+lifted the boy in his arms and carried him from the room.
+
+Out in the kitchen, in a crib in the corner, lay the "Other Baby," and
+thither little Robert made his way. He patted the sleeping baby brother,
+and called aloud in lisping words, "Wake up, Baby, your Mamma is dead!"
+
+And the baby in the crib knew quite as much about it as the toddler in
+the linsey-woolsey dress, and the toddler knew as much about death as we
+do today. This wee youngster kept thinking how good it was that Mamma
+could have such a nice rest--the first rest she had ever known--and just
+lie there in the beautiful room and hold her flowers!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Fifty years pass. These children, grown to manhood, are again together.
+One, his work done, is at rest. Standing by his bier, the other voices
+these deathless words:
+
+"Life is a narrow vale between the cold and barren peaks of two
+eternities. We strive in vain to look beyond the heights. We call aloud,
+and the only answer is the echo of our wailing cry. From the voiceless
+lips of the unreplying dead there comes no word; but in the night of
+death, hope sees a star and listening love can hear the rustle of a
+wing.
+
+"He who sleeps here, when dying, mistaking the approach of death for the
+return of health, whispered with his latest breath, 'I am better now.'
+Let us believe, in spite of doubts and dogmas, of fears and tears, that
+these dear words are true of all the countless dead."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The mother of Ingersoll was a Livingston--a Livingston of right-royal
+lineage, tracing to that famous family of Revolutionary fame. To a great
+degree she gave up family and social position to become the wife of the
+Reverend John Ingersoll, of Vermont, a theolog from the Academy at
+Bennington.
+
+He was young and full of zeal--he was called "a powerful preacher." That
+he was a man of much strength of intellect, there is ample proof. He did
+his duty, said his say, called sinners to repentance, and told what
+would be their fate if they did not accept salvation. His desire was to
+do good, and therefore he warned men against the wrath to come. He was
+an educated man, and all of his beliefs and most of his ideas were
+gathered and gleaned from his college professors and Jonathan Edwards.
+
+He loved his beautiful wife and she loved him. She loved him just as all
+good women love, with a complete abandon--with heart, mind and strength.
+He at first had periods of such abandon, too, but his conscience soon
+made him recoil from an affection of which God might be jealous. He
+believed that a man should forsake father, mother, wife and child in
+order to follow duty--and duty to him was the thing we didn't want to
+do. That which was pleasant was not wholly good. And so he strove to
+thrust from him all earthly affections, and to love God alone. Not only
+this, but he strove to make others love God. He warned his family
+against the pride and pomp of the world, and the family income being
+something under four hundred dollars, they observed his edict.
+
+Life was a warfare--the devil constantly lay in wait--we must resist.
+This man hated evil--he hated evil more than he loved the good. His wife
+loved the good more than she hated evil, and he chided her--in love. She
+sought to explain her position. He was amazed at her temerity. What
+right had a woman to think!--what right had any one to think!
+
+He prayed for her.
+
+And soon she grew to keep her thoughts to herself. Sometimes she would
+write them out, and then destroy them before any eyes but her own could
+read. Once she went to a neighbor's and saw Paine's "Age of Reason." She
+peeped into its pages by stealth, and then put it quickly away. The next
+day she went back and read some more, and among other things she read
+was this, "To live a life of love and usefulness--to benefit
+others--must bring its due reward, regardless of belief."
+
+She thought about it more and more and wondered really if God could and
+would damn a person who just went ahead and did the best he could. She
+wanted to ask her husband about it--to talk it over with him in the
+evening--but she dare not. She knew too well what his answer would
+be--for her even to think such thoughts was a sin. And so she just
+decided she would keep her thoughts to herself, and be a dutiful wife,
+and help her husband in his pastoral work as a minister's wife should.
+
+But her proud spirit began to droop, she ceased to sing at her work, her
+face grew wan, yellow and sad. Yet still she worked--there were no
+servants to distress her--and when her own work was done she went out
+among the neighbors and helped them--she cared for the sick, the infirm,
+she dressed the new-born babe, and closed the eyes of the dying.
+
+That this woman had a thirst for liberty, and the larger life, is shown
+in that she herself prepared and presented a memorial to the President
+of the United States praying that slavery be abolished. So far as I
+know, this was the first petition ever prepared in America on the
+subject by a woman.
+
+This minister's family rarely remained over two years in a place. At
+first they were received with loving arms, and there were donation
+parties where cider was spilled on the floors, doughnuts ground into the
+carpets, and several haircloth chairs hopelessly wrecked. But the larder
+was filled and there was much good-cheer.
+
+I believe I said that the Reverend John Ingersoll was a powerful
+preacher: he was so powerful he quickly made enemies. He told men of
+their weaknesses in phrase so pointed that necks would be craned to see
+how certain delinquents took their medicine. Then some would get up and
+tramp out during the sermon in high dudgeon. These disaffected ones
+would influence others: contributions grew less, donations ceased, and
+just as a matter of bread and butter a new "call" would be angled for,
+and the parson's family would pack up--helped by the faction that loved
+them, and the one that didn't. Good-bys were said, blessings given--or
+the reverse--and the jokers would say, "A change of pastors makes fat
+calves."
+
+At one time the Reverend John Ingersoll tried to start an independent
+church in New York City. For a year he preached every Sunday at the old
+Lyceum Theater, and here it was, on the stage of the theater, in
+Eighteen Hundred Thirty-four, that Robert G. Ingersoll was baptized.
+
+But the New York venture failed--starved out was the verdict, and a
+country parish extending a call, it was gladly accepted.
+
+Such a life, to such a woman, was particularly wearing. But Mrs.
+Ingersoll kept right at her work, always doing for others, until there
+came a day when kind neighbors came in and cared for her, looked after
+her household, attending this stricken mother--tired out and old at
+thirty-one, unaware that she had blessed the world by giving to it a
+man-child who was to make an epoch.
+
+The watchers one night straightened the stiffening limbs, clothed the
+body in the gown that had been her wedding-dress, and folded the
+calloused fingers over the spray of flowers.
+
+"Hush, little boy--your Mamma is dead!" said the tall man, as he lifted
+the child and carried him from the room.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From the sleepy little village of Dresden, Yates County, New York, seven
+miles from Penn Yan, where Robert Ingersoll was born, to his niche in
+the Temple of Fame, was a zigzag journey. But that is Nature's plan--we
+make head by tacking. And as the years go by, more and more we see the
+line of Ingersoll's life stretching itself straight. Every change to him
+meant progress. Success is a question of temperament--it is all a matter
+of the red corpuscle. Ingersoll was a success; happy, exuberant, joying
+in life, reveling in existence, he marched to the front in every fray.
+
+As a boy he was so full of life that he very often did the wrong thing.
+And I have no doubt that wherever he went he helped hold good the
+precedent that preachers' boys are not especially angelic. For instance,
+we have it on good authority that Bob, aged fourteen, once climbed into
+the belfry of a church and removed the clapper, so that the sexton
+thought the bell was bewitched. At another time he placed a washtub over
+the top of a chimney where a prayer-meeting was in progress, and the
+smoke broke up the meeting and gave the good people a foretaste of the
+place they believed in. In these stories, told to prove his depravity,
+Bob was always climbing somewhere--belfries, steeples, house-tops,
+trees, verandas, barn-roofs, bridges. But I have noticed that youngsters
+given to the climbing habit usually do something when they grow up.
+
+For these climbing pranks Robert and Ebon were duly reproved with a
+stout strap that hung behind the kitchen-door. Whether the parsonage was
+in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio or Illinois--and it dodged all over
+these States--the strap always traveled, too. It never got lost. It need
+not be said that the Reverend John Ingersoll was cruel or abusive--not
+at all: he just believed with Solomon that to spare the rod was to spoil
+the child. He loved his children, and if a boy could be saved by so
+simple a means as "strap-oil," he was not the man to shirk his duty. He
+was neither better nor worse than the average preacher of his day. No
+doubt, too, the poverty and constant misunderstandings with
+congregations led to much irritability--it is hard to be amiable on
+half-rations.
+
+When a stepmother finally appeared upon the scene, there was more
+trouble for the children. She was a worthy woman and meant to be kind,
+but her heart wasn't big enough to love boys who carried live mice in
+their pockets and turned turtles loose in the pantry.
+
+So we find Bob and his brother bundled off to his Grandfather
+Livingston's in Saint Lawrence County, New York. Here Bob got his first
+real educational advantages. The old man seems to have been a sort of
+"Foxy Grandpa": he played, romped, read and studied with the boys and
+possibly neutralized some of the discipline they had received.
+
+Of his childhood days Robert Ingersoll very rarely spoke. There was too
+much bitterness and disappointment in it all, but it is curious to note
+that when he did speak of his boyhood, it was always something that
+happened at "Grandfather Livingston's," Finally, the old Grandpa got to
+thinking so much of the boys that he wanted to legally adopt them, and
+then we find their father taking alarm and bringing them back to the
+parsonage, which was then at Elyria, Ohio.
+
+The boys worked at odd jobs, on farms in Summer, clerking in country
+stores, driving stage--and be it said to the credit of their father, he
+allowed them to keep the money they made. Education comes through doing
+things, making things, going without things, taking care of yourself,
+talking about things, and when Robert was seventeen he had education
+enough to teach a "Deestrick School" in Illinois.
+
+To teach is a good way to get an education. If you want to know all
+about a subject, write a book on it, a wise man has said. If you wish to
+know all about things, start in and teach them to others.
+
+Bob was eighteen--big and strong, with a good nature and an enthusiasm
+that had no limit. There were spelling-bees in his school, and a
+debating-society, that had impromptu rehearsals every night at the
+grocery. Country people are prone to "argufying"--the greater and more
+weighty the question, the more ready are the bucolic Solons to engage
+with it. And it is all education to the youth who listens and takes
+part--who has the receptive mind.
+
+This love of argument and contention among country people finds vent in
+lawsuits. Pigs break into a man's garden and root up the potatoes, and
+straightway the owner of the potatoes "has the law" on the owner of the
+pigs. This strife is urged on by kind neighbors who take sides, and by
+the "setters" at the store, who fire the litigants on to unseemliness.
+Local attorneys are engaged and the trial takes place at the
+railroad-station, or in the schoolhouse on Saturday. Everybody has
+opinions, and overrules the "jedge" next day, or not, as the case may
+be.
+
+This petty strife may seem absurd to us, but it is all a part of the
+Spirit of the Hive, as Maeterlinck would say. It is better than
+dead-level dumbness--better than the subjection of the peasantry of
+Europe. These pioneers settle their own disputes. It makes them think,
+and a few at least are getting an education. This is the cradle in which
+statesmen are rocked.
+
+And so it happened that no one was surprised when, in the year Eighteen
+Hundred Fifty-three, there was a sign tacked up over a grocery in
+Shawneetown, Illinois, and the sign read thus: "R. G. & E. C. Ingersoll,
+Attorneys and Counselors at Law."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Shawneetown, Illinois, was once the pride and pet of Egypt. It was
+larger than Chicago, and doubtless it would have become the capital of
+the State had it been called Shawnee City. But the name was against it,
+and dry rot set in. And so today Shawneetown has the same number of
+inhabitants that it had in Eighteen Hundred Fifty-five, and in
+Shawneetown are various citizens who boast that the place has held its
+own.
+
+Robert Ingersoll had won a case for a certain steamboat captain, and in
+gratitude the counsel had been invited by his client to go on an
+excursion to Peoria, the head of navigation on the Illinois River. The
+lawyer took the trip, and duly reached Peoria after many hairbreadth
+'scapes on the imminently deadly sandbar. But a week must be spent at
+Peoria while the boat was reloading for her return trip.
+
+There was a railroad war on in Peoria. The town had one railroad, which
+some citizens said was enough for any place; others wanted the new
+railroad.
+
+Whether the new company should be granted certain terminal
+facilities--that was the question. The route had been surveyed, but the
+company was forbidden to lay its tracks until the people said "Aye."
+
+So there the matter rested when Robert Ingersoll was waiting for the
+stern-wheeler to reload. The captain of the craft had meanwhile
+circulated reports about the eloquence and legal ability of his star
+passenger. These reports coming to the ears of the manager of the new
+railroad, he sought out the visiting lawyer and advised with him.
+
+Railroad Law is a new thing, not quite so new as the Law of the Bicycle,
+or the Statutes concerning Automobiling, but older than the Legal
+Precedents of the Aeromotor. Railroad Law is an evolution, and the
+Railroad Lawyer is a by-product: what Mr. Mantinelli would call a
+demnition product.
+
+It was a railroad that gave Robert Ingersoll his first fee in Peoria.
+The man was only twenty-three, but semi-pioneer life makes men early,
+and Robert Ingersoll stood first in war and first in peace among the
+legal lights of Shawneetown. His size made amends for his cherubic face,
+and the insignificant nose was more than balanced by the forceful jaw.
+The young man was a veritable Greek in form, and his bubbling wit and
+ready speech on any theme made him a drawing card at the political
+barbecue.
+
+"Bob" at this time didn't know much about railroads--there was no
+railroad in Shawneetown--but he was an expert on barbecues. A barbecue
+is a gathering where a whole ox is roasted and where there is much hard
+cider and effervescent eloquence. Bob would speak to the people about
+the advantages of the new railroad; and the opposition could answer if
+they wished. Pioneers are always ready for a picnic--they delight in
+speeches--they dote on argument and wordy warfare. The barbecue was to
+be across the river on Saturday afternoon.
+
+The whole city quit business to go to the barbecue and hear the
+speeches.
+
+Bob made the first address. He spoke for two hours about everything and
+anything--he told stories, and dealt in love, life, death, politics and
+farming--all but railroading. The crowd was delighted--cheers filled the
+air.
+
+When the opposition got up to speak and brought forward its profound
+reasons and heavy logic, 'most everybody adjourned to the tables to eat
+and drink.
+
+Finally there came rumors that something was going on across the river.
+The opposition grew nervous and started to go home, but in some
+mysterious way the two ferryboats were tied up on the farther bank, and
+were deaf and blind to signals.
+
+It was well after dark before the people reached home, and when they got
+up the next morning they found the new railroad had a full mile of track
+down and engines were puffing at their doors.
+
+Bob made another speech in the public square, and cautioned everybody to
+be law-abiding. The second railroad had arrived--it was a good thing--it
+meant wealth, prosperity and happiness for everybody. And even if it
+didn't, it was here and could not be removed except by legal means. And
+we must all be law-abiding citizens--let the matter be determined by the
+courts. Then there were a few funny stories, and cheers were given for
+the speaker.
+
+On the next trip of the little stern-wheeler the young lawyer and his
+brother arrived. They hadn't much baggage, but they carried a tin sign
+that they proceeded to tack up over a store on Adams Street. It read
+thus: "R. G. & E. C. Ingersoll, Attorneys and Counselors at Law." And
+there the sign was to remain for twenty-five years.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At Peoria, the Ingersoll Brothers did not have to wait long for clients.
+Ebon was the counselor, Robert the pleader, and some still have it that
+Ebon was the stronger, just as we hear that Ezekiel Webster was a more
+capable man than Daniel--which was probably the truth.
+
+The Ingersolls had not been long at Peoria before Robert had a case at
+Groveland, a town only a few miles away, and a place which, like
+Shawneetown, has held its own.
+
+The issue was the same old classic--hogs had rooted up the man's garden,
+and then the hogs had been impounded. This time there was a tragedy, for
+before the hogs were released the owner had been killed.
+
+The people for miles had come to town to hear the eloquent young lawyer
+from Peoria. The taverns were crowded, and not having engaged a room,
+the attorney for the defense was put to straits to find a place in which
+to sleep. In this extremity 'Squire Parker, the first citizen of the
+town, invited young Ingersoll to his house.
+
+Parker was a character in that neck of the woods--he was an "infidel,"
+and a terror to all the clergy 'round about. And strangely enough--or
+not--his wife believed exactly as he did, and so did their daughter Eva,
+a beautiful girl of nineteen. But 'Squire Parker got into no argument
+with his guest--their belief was the same. Probably we would now call
+the Parkers simply radical Unitarians. Their kinsman, Theodore Parker,
+expressed their faith, and they had no more use for a "personal devil"
+that he had. The courage of the young woman in stating her religious
+views had almost made her an outcast in the village, and here she was
+saying the same things in Groveland that Robert was saying in Peoria.
+She was the first woman he ever knew who had ideas.
+
+It was one o'clock before he went to bed that night--his head was in a
+whirl. It was a wonder he didn't lose his case the next day, but he
+didn't.
+
+He cleared his client and won a bride.
+
+In a few months Robert Ingersoll and Eva Parker were married.
+
+Never were man and woman more perfectly mated than this couple. And how
+much the world owes to her sustaining love and unfaltering faith, we can
+not compute; but my opinion is that if it had not been for Eva
+Parker--twice a daughter of the Revolution, whose ancestors fought side
+by side with the Livingstons--we should never have heard of Robert
+Ingersoll as the maker of an epoch. It is love that makes the world go
+'round--and it is love that makes the orator and fearless thinker, no
+less than poet, painter and musician.
+
+No man liveth unto himself alone: we demand the approval and approbation
+of another: we write and speak for some One; and our thought coming back
+from this One approved, gives courage and that bold determination which
+carries conviction home. Before the world believes in us we must believe
+in ourselves, and before we fully believe in ourselves this some One
+must believe in us. Eva Parker believed in Robert Ingersoll, and it was
+her love and faith that made him believe in himself and caused him to
+fling reasons into the face of hypocrisy and shower with sarcasm and
+ridicule the savage and senseless superstitions that paraded themselves
+as divine.
+
+Wendell Phillips believed in himself because Ann never doubted him.
+Without Ann he would not have had the courage to face that twenty years'
+course of mobs. If it had ever occurred to him that the mob was right he
+would have gone down in darkness and defeat; but with Ann such a
+suspicion was not possible. He pitted Ann's faith against the prejudice
+of centuries--two with God are a majority.
+
+It was Eva's faith that sustained Robert. In those first years of
+lecturing she always accompanied him, and at his lectures sat on the
+stage in the wings and gloried in his success. He did not need her to
+protect him from the mob, but he needed her to protect him from himself.
+It is only perfect love that casteth out fear.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a little book called, "Ingersoll as He Is," which is being
+circulated by some earnest advocates of truth.
+
+The volume is a vindication, a refutation and an apology. It takes up a
+goodly list of zealous calumniators and cheerful prevaricators and tacks
+their pelts on the barn-door of obliquity.
+
+That Ingersoll won the distinction of being more grossly misrepresented
+than any other man of his time, there is no doubt. This was to his
+advantage--he was advertised by his rabid enemies no less than by his
+loving friends. But his good friends who are putting out this
+vindication should cultivate faith, and know that there is a God, or
+Something, who looks after the lies and the liars--we needn't.
+
+A big man should never be cheapened by a defense. Life is its own excuse
+for being, and every life is its own apology. Silence is better than
+wordy refutation. People who want to believe the falsehoods told of this
+man, or any other, will continue to believe them until the crack o'
+doom.
+
+Most accusations contain a certain basis of truth, but they may be no
+less libels on that account. One zealous advocate, intent on loving his
+supposed enemy, printed a thrilling story about Ingersoll being taken
+prisoner during the war, while taking refuge in a pig-pen. To this some
+of Bob's friends interposed a fierce rejoinder declaring that Bob stood
+like Falstaff at Gadshill and fought the rogues in buckram to a
+standstill.
+
+Heaven forfend me from my friends--I can withstand mine enemies alone!
+
+I am quite ready to believe that Bob, being attacked by an overwhelming
+force, suddenly bethought him of an engagement, and made a swift run for
+safety. The impeccable man who has never done a cowardly thing, nor a
+mean thing, is no kinsman of mine! The saintly hero who has not had his
+heels run away with his head, and sought safety in a friendly
+pig-pen--aye! and filled his belly with the husks that the swine did
+eat--has dropped something out of his life that he will have to go back
+for and pick up in another incarnation. We love men for their
+limitations and weaknesses, no less than for their virtues. A fault may
+bring a man very close to us. Have we, too, not sought safety in
+pig-pens! The people who taunt other people with having taken temporary
+refuge in a pig-pen are usually those who live in pig-pens the whole
+year 'round.
+
+The one time in the life of Savonarola when he comes nearest to us is
+when his tortured flesh wrenched from his spirit a recantation. And who
+can forget that cry of Calvary, "My God, my God! Why hast thou forsaken
+me!" That call for help, coming to us across twenty centuries, makes the
+man, indeed, our Elder Brother.
+
+And let it here be stated that even Bob's bitterest foe never declared
+that the man was a coward by nature, nor that the business of his life
+was hiding in pig-pens. The incident named was exceptional and therefore
+noteworthy; let us admit it, at least not worry ourselves into a passion
+denying it. Let us also stipulate the truth that Bob could never quite
+overcome the temptation to take an unfair advantage of his opponent in
+an argument. He laid the fools by the heels and suddenly, 'gainst all
+the rules of either Roberts or Queensbury.
+
+To go after the prevaricators, and track them to their holes, is to make
+much of little, and lift the liars into the realm of equals. This story
+of the pig-pen I never heard of until Ingersoll's friends denied it in a
+book.
+
+Just one instance to show how trifles light as air are to the zealous
+confirmation strong as holy writ. In April, Eighteen Hundred
+Ninety-four, Ingersoll lectured at Utica, New York. The following Sunday
+a local clergyman denounced the lecturer as a sensualist, a
+gourmand--one totally indifferent to decency and the feelings and rights
+of others. Then the preacher said, "At breakfast in this city last
+Thursday, Ingersoll ordered everything on the bill of fare, and then
+insulted and roundly abused the waiter-girl because she did not bring
+things that were not in the hotel."
+
+I happened to be present at that meal. It was an "early-train
+breakfast," and the bill of fare for the day had not been printed. The
+girl came in, and standing at the Colonel's elbow, in genuine
+waiter-girl style, mumbled this: "Ham and eggs, mutton-chops,
+beefsteak, breakfast bacon, codfish balls and buckwheat cakes."
+
+And Bob solemnly said: "Ham and eggs, mutton-chops, beefsteak, breakfast
+bacon, codfish balls and buckwheat cakes."
+
+In amazement the girl gasped, "What?" And then Bob went over it
+backward: "Buckwheat cakes, codfish balls, breakfast bacon, beefsteak,
+mutton-chops, and ham and eggs."
+
+This memory test raised a laugh that sent a shout of mirth all through
+the room, in which even the girl joined.
+
+"Haven't you anything else, my dear?" asked the great man in a sort of
+disappointed way.
+
+"I think we have tripe and pig's feet," said the girl.
+
+"Bring a bushel," said Bob; "and say, tell the cook I'd like a dish of
+peacock-tongues on the side." The infinite good nature of it all caused
+another laugh from everybody.
+
+The girl brought everything Bob ordered except the peacock-tongues, and
+this order supplied the lecturer and his party of four. The waitress
+found a dollar-bill under Bob's plate, and the cook who stood in the
+kitchen-door and waved a big spoon, and called, "Good-by, Bob!" got
+another dollar for himself.
+
+Ingersoll carried mirth, and joy, and good-cheer, and radiated a feeling
+of plenitude wherever he went. He was a royal liver and a royal spender.
+"If I had but a dollar," he used to say, "I'd spend it as though it
+were a dry leaf, and I were the owner of an unbounded forest." He
+maintained a pension-list of thirty persons or more for a decade, spent
+upwards of forty thousand dollars a year, and while the fortune he left
+for his wife and children was not large, as men count things on 'Change,
+yet it is ample for their ease and comfort. His family always called him
+"Robert" with an almost idolatrous flavor of tender love in the word.
+But to the world who hated him and the world who loved him, he was just
+plain "Bob." To trainmen, hackdrivers, and the great singers, poets and
+players, he was "Bob." "Dignity is the mask behind which we hide our
+ignorance." When half a world calls a man by a nickname, it is a patent
+to nobility--small men are never so honored.
+
+"Good-by, Bob," called the white-aproned cook as he stood in the
+kitchen-door and waved his big spoon.
+
+"Good-by, Brother, and mind you get those peacock-tongues by the time I
+get back," answered Bob.
+
+As to Ingersoll's mental evolution we can not do better than to let him
+tell the story himself:
+
+     Like the most of us, I was raised among people who knew--who were
+     certain. They did not reason or investigate. They had no doubts.
+     They knew they had the truth. In their creed there was no guess--no
+     perhaps. They had a revelation from God. They knew the beginning of
+     things. They knew that God commenced to create one Monday morning
+     and worked until Saturday night, four thousand and four years
+     before Christ. They knew that in the eternity--back of that
+     morning, He had done nothing. They knew that it took Him six days
+     to make the earth--all plants, all animals, all life, and all the
+     globes that wheel in space. They knew exactly what He did each day
+     and when He rested. They knew the origin, the cause, of evil, of
+     all crime, of all disease and death.
+
+     They not only knew the beginning, but they knew the end. They knew
+     that life had one path and one road. They knew that the path,
+     grass-grown and narrow, filled with thorns and nettles, infested
+     with vipers, wet with tears, stained by bleeding feet, led to
+     heaven, and that the road, broad and smooth, bordered with fruits
+     and flowers, filled with laughter and song, and all the happiness
+     of human love, led straight to hell. They knew that God was doing
+     His best to make you take the path and that the Devil used every
+     art to keep you in the road.
+
+     They knew that there was a perpetual battle waged between the great
+     Powers of good and evil for the possession of human souls. They
+     knew that many centuries ago God had left His throne and had been
+     born a babe into this poor world--that He had suffered death for
+     the sake of man--for the sake of saving a few. They also knew that
+     the human heart was utterly depraved, so that man by nature was in
+     love with wrong and hated God with all his might.
+
+     At the same time they knew that God created man in His own image
+     and was perfectly satisfied with His work. They also knew that He
+     had been thwarted by the Devil--who with wiles and lies had
+     deceived the first of human kind. They knew that in consequence of
+     that, God cursed the man and woman; the man with toil, the woman
+     with slavery and pain, and both with death; and that He cursed the
+     earth itself with briars and thorns, brambles and thistles. All
+     these blessed things they knew. They knew too all that God had done
+     to purify and elevate the race. They knew all about the Flood--knew
+     that God, with the exception of eight, drowned all His
+     children--the old and young--the bowed patriarch and the dimpled
+     babe--the young man and the merry maiden--the loving mother and the
+     laughing child--because His mercy endureth forever. They knew, too,
+     that He drowned the beasts and birds--everything that walked or
+     crawled or flew--because His loving-kindness is over all His works.
+     They knew that God, for the purpose of civilizing His children, had
+     devoured some with earthquakes, destroyed some with storms of fire,
+     killed some with his lightnings, millions with famine, with
+     pestilence, and sacrificed countless thousands upon the fields of
+     war. They knew that it was necessary to believe these things and to
+     love God. They knew that there could be no salvation except by
+     faith, and through the atoning blood of Jesus Christ.
+
+     All who doubted or denied would be lost. To live a moral and honest
+     life--to keep your contracts, to take care of wife and child--to
+     make a happy home--to be a good citizen, a patriot, a just and
+     thoughtful man, was simply a respectable way of going to hell.
+
+     God did not reward men for being honest, generous and brave, but
+     for the act of faith--without faith, all the so-called virtues
+     were sins, and the men who practised these virtues, without faith,
+     deserved to suffer eternal pain.
+
+     All of these comforting and reasonable things were taught by the
+     ministers in their pulpits--by teachers in Sunday schools and by
+     parents at home. The children were victims. They were assaulted in
+     the cradle--in their mother's arms. Then, the schoolmaster carried
+     on the war against their natural sense, and all the books they read
+     were filled with the same impossible truths. The poor children were
+     helpless. The atmosphere they breathed was filled with lies--lies
+     that mingled with their blood.
+
+     In those days ministers depended on revivals to save souls and
+     reform the world.
+
+     In the Winter, navigation having closed, business was mostly
+     suspended. There were no railways, and the only means of
+     communication were wagons and boats. Generally the roads were so
+     bad that the wagons were laid up with the boats. There were no
+     operas, no theaters, no amusements except parties and balls. The
+     parties were regarded as worldly and the balls as wicked. For real
+     and virtuous enjoyment the good people depended on revivals.
+
+     The sermons were mostly about the pains and agonies of hell, the
+     joys and ecstasies of heaven, salvation by faith, and the efficacy
+     of the atonement. The little churches, in which the services were
+     held, were generally small, badly ventilated, and exceedingly warm.
+     The emotional sermons, the sad singing, the hysterical amens, the
+     hope of heaven, the fear of hell, caused many to lose the little
+     sense they had. They became substantially insane. In this
+     condition they flocked to the "mourners' bench"--asked for the
+     prayers of the faithful--had strange feelings, prayed and wept and
+     thought they had been "born again." Then they would tell their
+     experience--how wicked they had been--how evil had been their
+     thoughts, their desires, and how good they had suddenly become.
+
+     They used to tell the story of an old woman who, in telling her
+     experience, said, "Before I was converted, before I gave my heart
+     to God, I used to lie and steal; but now, thanks to the grace and
+     blood of Jesus Christ, I have quit 'em both, in a great measure."
+
+     Of course, all the people were not exactly of one mind. There were
+     some scoffers, and now and then, some man had sense enough to laugh
+     at the threats of priests and make a jest of hell. Some would tell
+     of unbelievers who had lived and died in peace.
+
+     When I was a boy I heard them tell of an old farmer in Vermont. He
+     was dying. The minister was at his bedside--asked him if he was a
+     Christian--if he was prepared to die. The old man answered that he
+     had made no preparations, that he was not a Christian--that he had
+     never done anything but work. The preacher said that he could give
+     him no hope unless he had faith in Christ, and that if he had no
+     faith his soul would certainly be lost.
+
+     The old man was not frightened. He was perfectly calm. In a weak
+     and broken voice he said: "Mr. Preacher, I suppose you noticed my
+     farm. My wife and I came here more than fifty years ago. We were
+     just married. It was a forest then and the land was covered with
+     stones. I cut down the trees, burned the logs, picked up the
+     stones and laid the walls. My wife spun and wove and worked every
+     moment. We raised and educated our children--denied ourselves.
+     During all those years my wife never had a good dress, or a decent
+     bonnet. I never had a good suit of clothes. We lived on the
+     plainest food. Our hands, our bodies, are deformed by toil. We
+     never had a vacation. We loved each other and the children. That is
+     the only luxury we ever had. Now, I am about to die and you ask me
+     if I am prepared. Mr. Preacher, I have no fear of the future, no
+     terror of any other world. There may be such a place as hell--but
+     if there is, you never can make me believe that it's any worse than
+     old Vermont."
+
+     So they told of a man who compared himself with his dog. "My dog,"
+     he said, "just barks and plays--has all he wants to eat. He never
+     works--has no trouble about business. In a little while he dies,
+     and that is all. I work with all my strength. I have no time to
+     play. I have trouble every day. In a little while I will die, and
+     then I go to hell. I wish that I had been a dog."
+
+     Well, while the cold weather lasted, while the snows fell, the
+     revival went on, but when the Winter was over, when the steamboat's
+     whistle was heard, when business started again, most of the
+     converts "back-slid" and fell again into their old ways. But the
+     next Winter they were on hand, ready to be "born again." They
+     formed a kind of stock company, playing the same parts every Winter
+     and backsliding every Spring.
+
+     The ministers who preached at these revivals were in earnest. They
+     were zealous and sincere. They were not philosophers. To them
+     science was the name of a vague dread--a dangerous enemy. They did
+     not know much, but they believed a great deal. To them hell was a
+     burning reality--they could see the smoke and flames. The Devil was
+     no myth. He was an actual person, a rival of God, an enemy of
+     mankind. They thought that the important business of this life was
+     to save your soul--that all should resist and scorn the pleasures
+     of sense, and keep their eyes steadily fixed on the golden gate of
+     the New Jerusalem. They were unbalanced, emotional, hysterical,
+     bigoted, hateful, loving, and insane. They really believed the
+     Bible to be the actual word of God--a book without mistake or
+     contradiction. They called its cruelties, justice--its absurdities,
+     mysteries--its miracles, facts, and the idiotic passages were
+     regarded as profoundly spiritual. They dwelt on the pangs, the
+     regrets, the infinite agonies of the lost, and showed how easily
+     they could be avoided, and how cheaply heaven could be obtained.
+     They told their hearers to believe, to have faith, to give their
+     hearts to God, their sins to Christ, who would bear their burdens
+     and make their souls as white as snow.
+
+     All this the ministers really believed. They were absolutely
+     certain. In their minds the Devil had tried in vain to sow the
+     seeds of doubt.
+
+     I heard hundreds of these evangelical sermons--heard hundreds of
+     the most fearful and vivid descriptions of the tortures inflicted
+     in hell, of the horrible state of the lost. I supposed that what I
+     heard was true and yet I did not believe it. I said, "It is," and
+     then I thought, "It can not be."
+
+     From my childhood I had heard read, and read the Bible. Morning and
+     evening the sacred volume was opened and prayers were said. The
+     Bible was my first history, the Jews were the first people, and
+     the events narrated by Moses and the other inspired writers, and
+     those predicted by prophets, were the all-important things. In
+     other books were found the thoughts and dreams of men, but in the
+     Bible were the sacred truths of God.
+
+     Yet, in spite of my surroundings, of my education, I had no love
+     for God. He was so saving of mercy, so extravagant in murder, so
+     anxious to kill, so ready to assassinate, that I hated Him with all
+     my heart. At His command, babes were butchered, women violated, and
+     the white hair of trembling age stained with blood. This God
+     visited the people with pestilence--filled the houses and covered
+     the streets with the dying and the dead--saw babes starving on the
+     empty breasts of pallid mothers, heard the sobs, saw the tears, the
+     sunken cheeks, the sightless eyes, the new-made graves, and
+     remained as pitiless as the pestilence.
+
+     This God withheld the rain--caused the famine--saw the fierce eyes
+     of hunger--the wasted forms, the white lips, saw mothers eating
+     babes, and remained ferocious as famine.
+
+     It seems to me impossible for a civilized man to love or worship or
+     respect the God of the Old Testament. A really civilized man, a
+     really civilized woman, must hold such a God in abhorrence and
+     contempt.
+
+     But in the old days the good people justified Jehovah in His
+     treatment of the heathen. The wretches who were murdered were
+     idolators and therefore unfit to live.
+
+     According to the Bible, God had never revealed Himself to these
+     people and He knew that without a revelation they could not know
+     that He was the true God. Whose fault was it, then, that they were
+     heathen?
+
+     The Christians said that God had the right to destroy them because
+     He created them. What did He create them for? He knew when He made
+     them that they would be food for the sword. He knew that He would
+     have the pleasure of seeing them murdered.
+
+     As a last answer, as a final excuse, the worshipers of Jehovah said
+     that all these horrible things took place under the "old
+     dispensation" of unyielding law, and absolute justice, but that
+     now, under the "new dispensation," all had been changed--the sword
+     of justice had been sheathed and love enthroned. In the Old
+     Testament, they said, God is the judge--but in the New, Christ is
+     the merciful. As a matter of fact, the New Testament is infinitely
+     worse than the Old. In the Old there is no threat of eternal pain.
+     Jehovah had no eternal prison--no everlasting fire. His hatred
+     ended at the grave. His revenge was satisfied when his enemy was
+     dead.
+
+     In the New Testament, death is not the end, but the beginning of
+     punishment that has no end. In the New Testament the malice of God
+     is infinite and the hunger of His revenge eternal.
+
+     The orthodox God, when clothed in human flesh, told His disciples
+     not to resist evil, to love their enemies, and when smitten on one
+     cheek to turn the other; and yet we are told that this same God,
+     with the same loving lips, uttered these heartless, these fiendish
+     words: "Depart, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the
+     Devil and his angels."
+
+     These are the words of "eternal love."
+
+     No human being has imagination enough to conceive of this infinite
+     horror.
+
+     All that the human race has suffered in war and want, in pestilence
+     and famine, in fire and flood--all the pangs and pains of every
+     disease and every death--all this is as nothing compared with the
+     agonies to be endured by one lost soul.
+
+     This is the consolation of the Christian religion. This is the
+     justice of God--the mercy of Christ.
+
+     This frightful dogma, this infinite lie, made me the implacable
+     enemy of Christianity. The truth is that this belief in eternal
+     pain has been the real persecutor. It founded the Inquisition,
+     forged the chains, and furnished the fagots. It has darkened the
+     lives of many millions. It made the cradle as terrible as the
+     coffin. It enslaved nations and shed the blood of countless
+     thousands. It sacrificed the wisest, the bravest and the best. It
+     subverted the idea of justice, drove mercy from the heart, changed
+     men to fiends, and banished reason from the brain.
+
+     Like a venomous serpent it crawls and coils and hisses in every
+     orthodox creed.
+
+     It makes man an eternal victim and God an eternal fiend. It is the
+     one infinite horror. Every church in which it is taught is a public
+     curse. Every preacher who teaches it is an enemy of mankind. Below
+     this Christian dogma, savagery can not go. It is the infinite of
+     malice, hatred and revenge.
+
+     Nothing could add to the horror of hell, except the presence of its
+     creator, God.
+
+     While I have life, as long as I draw breath, I shall deny with all
+     my strength, and hate with every drop of my blood, this infinite
+     lie.
+
+     Nothing gives me greater joy than to know that this belief in
+     eternal pain is growing weaker every day--that thousands of
+     ministers are ashamed of it. It gives me joy to know that
+     Christians are becoming merciful, so merciful that the fires of
+     hell are burning low--flickering, choked with ashes, destined in a
+     few years to die out forever.
+
+     For centuries Christendom was a madhouse. Popes, cardinals,
+     bishops, priests, monks and heretics were all insane.
+
+     Only a few--four or five in a century--were sound in heart and
+     brain. Only a few, in spite of the roar and din, in spite of the
+     savage cries, heard Reason's voice. Only a few, in the wild rage of
+     ignorance, fear and zeal, preserved the perfect calm that wisdom
+     gives.
+
+     We have advanced. In a few years the Christians will become humane
+     and sensible enough to deny the dogma that fills the endless years
+     with pain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The world is getting better. We are gradually growing honest, and men
+everywhere, even in the pulpit, are acknowledging they do not know all
+about things. There was little hope for the race so long as an
+individual was disgraced if he did not pretend to believe a thing at
+which his reason revolted. We are simplifying life--simplifying truth.
+The man who serves his fellowmen best is he who simplifies. The learned
+man used to be the one who muddled things, who scrambled thought, who
+took reason away, and instead, thrust upon us faith, with a threat of
+punishment if we did not accept it, and an offer of reward if we did.
+
+We have now discovered that the so-called learned man had no authority,
+either for his threat of punishment or his offer of reward. Hypocrisy
+will not now pass current, and sincerity, frozen stiff with fright, is
+no longer legal tender for truth. In the frank acknowledgment of
+ignorance there is much promise. The man who does not know, and is not
+afraid to say so, is in the line of evolution. But for the head that is
+packed with falsehood and the heart that is faint with fear, there is no
+hope. That head must be unloaded of its lumber, and the heart given
+courage before the march of progress can begin.
+
+Now, let us be frank, and let us be honest, just for a few moments. Let
+us acknowledge that this revolution in thought that has occurred during
+the last twenty-five years was brought about mainly by one individual.
+The world was ripe for this man's utterance, otherwise he would not have
+gotten the speaker's eye. A hundred years before we would have snuffed
+him out in contumely and disgrace. But men listened to him and paid high
+for the privilege. And those who hated this man and feared him most,
+went, too, to listen, so as to answer him and thereby keep the planet
+from swinging out of its orbit and sweeping on to destruction.
+
+Wherever this man spoke, in towns and cities or country, for weeks the
+air was heavy with the smoke of rhetoric, and reasons, soggy and solid,
+and fuzzy logic and muddy proof were dragged like siege-guns to the
+defense.
+
+They dared the man to come back and fight it out. The clouds were
+charged with challenges, and the prophecy was made and made again that
+never in the same place could this man go back and get a second hearing.
+Yet he did go back year after year, and crowds hung upon his utterances
+and laughed with him at the scarecrow that had once filled their
+day-dreams, made the nights hideous, and the future black with terror.
+Through his influence the tears of pity put out the fires of hell; and
+he literally laughed the devil out of court. This man, more than any
+other man of his century, made the clergy free. He raised the standard
+of intelligence in both pew and pulpit, and the preachers who denounced
+him most, often were, and are, the most benefited by his work.
+
+This man was Robert G. Ingersoll.
+
+On the urn that encloses his ashes should be these words: Liberator of
+Men. When he gave his lecture on "The Gods" at Cooper Union, New York
+City, in Eighteen Hundred Seventy-two, he fired a shot heard 'round the
+world.
+
+It was the boldest, strongest, and most vivid utterance of the century.
+
+At once it was recognized that the thinking world had to deal with a man
+of power. Efforts were made in dozens of places to bring statute law to
+bear upon him, and the State of Delaware held her whipping-post in
+readiness for his benefit; but blasphemy enactments and laws for the
+protection of the Unknown were inoperative in his gracious presence.
+Ingersoll was a hard hitter, but the splendid good nature of the man,
+his freedom from all personal malice, and his unsullied character, saved
+him, in those early days, from the violence that would surely have
+overtaken a smaller person.
+
+The people who now seek to disparage the name and fame of Ingersoll
+dwell on the things he was not, and give small credit for that which he
+was.
+
+They demand infinity and perfection, not quite willing yet to
+acknowledge that perfection has never been incorporated in a single
+soul.
+
+Let us acknowledge freely that Ingersoll was not a pioneer in science.
+Let us admit, for argument's sake, that Rousseau, Voltaire, Paine and
+Renan voiced every argument that he put forth. Let us grant that he was
+often the pleader, and that the lawyer habit of painting his own side
+large, never quite forsook him, and that he was swayed more by his
+feelings than by his intellect. Let us further admit that in his own
+individual case there was small evolution, and that for thirty years he
+threshed the same straw. And these things being said and admitted,
+nothing more in truth can be said against the man.
+
+But these points are neither to his discredit nor his disgrace. On them
+you can not construct an indictment--they mark his limitations, that is
+all.
+
+Ingersoll gave superstition such a jolt that the consensus of
+intelligence has counted it out. Ingersoll did not destroy the good--all
+that is vital and excellent and worthy in religion we have yet, and in
+such measure as it never existed before.
+
+In every so-called "Orthodox" pulpit you can now hear sermons calling
+upon men to manifest their religion in their work; to show their love
+for God in their attitude toward men; to gain the kingdom of heaven by
+having the kingdom of heaven in their own hearts.
+
+Ingersoll pleaded for the criminal, the weak, the defenseless and the
+depraved. Our treatment toward all these has changed marvelously within
+a decade. When we ceased to believe that God was going to damn folks,
+we left off damning them ourselves. We think better now of God and we
+think better of men and women. Who dares now talk about the "hopelessly
+lost"?
+
+You can not afford to indict a man who practised every so-called
+Christian virtue, simply because there was a flaw or two in his
+"belief"--the world has gotten beyond that. Everybody now admits that
+Ingersoll was quite as good a man as those who denounced him most. His
+life was full of kind deeds and generous acts, and his daily walk was
+quite as blameless as the life of the average priest and preacher.
+
+Those who seek to cry Ingersoll down reveal either density or malice. He
+did a great and necessary work, and did it so thoroughly and well that
+it will never have to be done again. His mission was to liberalize and
+to Christianize every church in Christendom; and no denomination, be its
+creed never so ossified, stands now where it stood before Ingersoll
+began his crusade. He shamed men into sanity.
+
+Ingersoll uttered in clarion tones what thousands of men and women
+believed, but dared not voice. He was the spokesman for many of the best
+thinkers of his time. He abolished fear, gave courage in place of
+cringing doubt, and lived what he believed was truth. His was a brave,
+cheerful and kindly life. He was loved most by those who knew him best,
+for in his nature there was neither duplicity nor concealment. He had
+nothing to hide. We know and acknowledge the man's limitations, yet we
+realize his worth: his influence in the cause of simplicity and honesty
+has been priceless.
+
+The dust of conflict has not yet settled; prejudice still is in the air;
+but time, the great adjuster, will give Ingersoll his due. The history
+of America's thought evolution can never be written and the name of
+Ingersoll left out. In his own splendid personality he had no rivals, no
+competitors. He stands alone; and no name in liberal thought can ever
+eclipse his. He prepared the way for the thinkers and the doers who
+shall come after, and in insight surpass him, reaching spiritual heights
+which he, perhaps, could never attain.
+
+This earth is a better place, and life and liberty are safer, because
+Robert G. Ingersoll lived.
+
+The last words of Ingersoll were, by a strange coincidence, the dying
+words of his brother Ebon: "I am better!"--words of hope, words of
+assurance to the woman he loved.
+
+Sane to the last! And let us, too, hope that these dear words are true
+of all the countless dead.
+
+
+
+
+PATRICK HENRY
+
+
+     It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry,
+     Peace, peace; but there is no peace. The war is actually begun. The
+     next gale that sweeps from the North will bring to our ears the
+     clash of resounding arms. Our brethren are already in the field.
+     Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would
+     they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased
+     at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God!--I
+     know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me
+     liberty or give me death!
+
+                                                 --_Patrick Henry_
+
+[Illustration: PATRICK HENRY]
+
+
+Sarah Syme was a blooming widow, thirty-two in June--such widows are
+never over thirty-two--and she managed her estate of a thousand acres in
+Hanover County, Virginia, with business ability. That such a widow, and
+thirty-two, should remain a widow in a pioneer country was out of the
+question.
+
+She had suitors. Their horses were tied to the pickets all day long.
+
+One of these suitors has described the widow for us. He says she was
+"lively in disposition," and he also uses the words "buxom" and
+"portly." I do not like these expressions--they suggest too much, so I
+will none of them. I would rather refer to her as lissome and willowy,
+and tell how her sorrow for the dead wrapped her 'round with weeds and
+becoming sable--but in the interests of truth I dare not.
+
+Some of her suitors were widowers--ancient of days, fat and Falstaffian.
+Others were lean and lacrimose, with large families, fortunes impaired
+and futures mostly behind. Then there were gay fox-hunting
+holluschickies, without serious intent and minus both future and past
+worth mentioning, who called and sat on the front porch because they
+thought their presence would be pleasing and relieve the tedium of
+widowhood.
+
+Then there was a young Scotch schoolmaster, educated, temperate and
+gentlemanly, who came to instruct the two children of the widow in long
+division, and who blushed to the crown of his red head when the widow
+invited him to tea.
+
+Have a care, Widow Syme! Destiny has use for you with your lively ways
+and portly form. You are to make history, help mold a political policy,
+fan the flames of war, and through motherhood make yourself immortal.
+Choose your casket wisely, O Widow Syme! It is the hour of Fate!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The widow was a Queen Bee and so had a perfect right to choose her mate.
+The Scotchman proved to be it. He was only twenty-five, they say, but he
+was man enough when standing before the Registrar to make it thirty.
+When he put his red head inside the church-door some one cried,
+"Genius!" And so they were married and lived happily ever after.
+
+And the name of the Scotchman was John Henry--I'll not deceive you,
+Sweet!
+
+John and Sarah were well suited to each other. John was exact,
+industrious, practical. The wife had a lively sense of humor, was
+entertaining and intelligent. Under the management of the canny Scot the
+estate took on a look of prosperity. The man was a model citizen--honors
+traveled his way: he became colonel of the local militia, county
+surveyor, and finally magistrate. Babies arrived as rapidly as Nature
+would allow and with the regularity of an electric clock--although, of
+course, there wasn't any electricity then.
+
+The second child was named Patrick, Junior, in honor of and in deference
+to a brother of the happy father--a clergyman of the Established Church.
+Patrick Henry always subscribed himself "P. Henry, Junior," and whether
+he was ever aware that there was only one Patrick Henry is a question.
+
+There were nine altogether in the brood--eight of them good, honest,
+barnyard fowls.
+
+And one was an eagle.
+
+Why this was so no one knew--the mother didn't know and the father could
+not guess. All of them were born under about the same conditions, all
+received about the same training--or lack of it.
+
+However, no one at first suspected that the eagle was an eagle--more
+than a score of years were to pass before he was suddenly to spread out
+strong, sinewy wings and soar to the ether.
+
+Patrick Henry caused his parents more trouble and anxiety than all the
+rest of the family combined. Patrick and culture had nothing in common.
+As a youngster he roamed the woods, bare of foot and bare of head, his
+only garments a shirt and trousers held in place by a single gallus. He
+was indolent, dreamy, procrastinating, frolicsome, with a beautiful
+aversion to books, and a fondness for fishing that was carried to the
+limit. The boy's mother didn't worry very much about the youngster, but
+the father had spells when he took the matter to the Lord in prayer, and
+afterward, growing impatient of an answer, fell to and used the taws
+without mercy. John Henry probably did this as much to relieve his own
+feelings as for the good of the boy, but doubtless he did not reason
+quite that far.
+
+Patrick nursed his black-and-blue spots and fell back on his flute for
+solace.
+
+After one such seance, when he was twelve years of age, he disappeared
+with a colored boy about his own age. They took a shotgun,
+fishing-tackle and a violin. They were gone three weeks, during which
+time Patrick had not been out of his clothes, nor once washed his face.
+They had slept out under the sky by campfires. The smell of smoke was
+surely on his garments, and his parents were put to their wits to
+distinguish between the bond and the free.
+
+Had Patrick been an only child he would have driven his mother into
+hysteria and his father to the flowing bowl (I trust I use the right
+expression). If not this, then it would have been because the fond
+parents had found peace by transforming their son into a Little Lord
+Fauntleroy. Nature shows great wisdom in sending the young in
+litters--they educate each other, and so divide the time of the mother
+that attention to the individual is limited to the actual needs. Too
+much interference with children is a grave mistake.
+
+Patrick Henry quit school at fifteen, with a love for 'rithmetic--it was
+such a fine puzzle--and an equal regard for history--history was a lot
+o' good stories. For two years he rode wild horses, tramped the woods
+with rod and gun, and played the violin at country dances.
+
+Another spasm of fear, chagrin and discouragement sweeping over the
+father, on account of the indifference and profligacy of his son, he
+decided to try the youth in trade, and if this failed, to let him go to
+the devil. So a stock of general goods was purchased, and Patrick and
+William, the elder brother, were shoved off upon the uncertain sea of
+commerce.
+
+The result was just what might have been expected. The store was a
+loafing-place for all the ne'er-do-wells in the vicinity. Patrick
+trusted everybody--those who could not get trusted elsewhere patronized
+Patrick.
+
+Things grew worse. In a year, when just eighteen years old, P. Henry,
+Junior, got married--married a rollicking country lass, as foolish as
+himself--done in bravado, going home from a dance, calling a minister
+out on his porch, in a crazy-quilt, to perform the ceremony. John Henry
+would have applied the birch to this hare-brained bridegroom, and the
+father of the girl would have stung her pink-and-white anatomy, but
+Patrick coolly explained that the matter could not be undone--they were
+duly married for better or for worse, and so the less fuss the better.
+Patrick loved his Doxey, and Doxey loved her Patrick, and together they
+made as precious a pair of beggars as ever played Gipsy music at a
+country fair.
+
+Most of the time they were at the home of the bride's parents--not by
+invitation--but they were there. The place was a wayside tavern. The
+girl made herself useful in the kitchen, and Patrick welcomed the
+traveler and tended bar.
+
+So things drifted, until Patrick was twenty-four, when one fine day he
+appeared on the streets of Williamsburg. He had come in on horseback,
+and his boots, clothing, hair and complexion formed a chromatic ensemble
+the color of Hanover County clay. The account comes from his old-time
+comrade, Thomas Jefferson, who was at Williamsburg attending college.
+
+"I've come up here to be admitted to the bar," gravely said P. Henry to
+T. Jefferson.
+
+"But you are a barkeeper now, I hear."
+
+"Yes," said Patrick; "but that's the other kind. You see, I've been
+studying law, and I want to be admitted to practise."
+
+It took several minutes for the man who was to write the Declaration of
+Independence to get it through his head that the matter wasn't a joke.
+Then he conducted the lean, lank, rawboned rustic into the presence of
+the judges. There were four of these men: Wythe, Pendleton, Peyton and
+John Randolph. These men were all to be colleagues of the bumpkin at the
+First Continental Congress at Philadelphia, but that lay in the misty
+future.
+
+They looked at the candidate in surprise; two of them laughed and two
+looked needlessly solemn. However, after some little parley, they
+consented to examine the clown as to his fitness to practise law.
+
+In answer to the first question as to how long he had studied, his reply
+was, "About six weeks."
+
+One biographer says six months, and still another, with anxious intent
+to prove the excellence of his man, says six years.
+
+We had better take Jefferson's word--"Patrick Henry's reply was six
+weeks." As much as to say: "What difference is it about how long I have
+studied? You are here to find out how much I know. There are men who can
+get more in six weeks than others can in six years--I may be one of
+these."
+
+The easy indifference of the fellow was sublime. But he did know a
+little law, and he also knew a deal of history. The main thing against
+him was his unkempt appearance. After some hesitation the judges gave
+the required certificate, with a little lecture on the side concerning
+the beauties of etiquette and right attire as an adjunct to excellence
+in the learned professions.
+
+Young Mr. Jefferson didn't wait to witness the examination of his
+friend--it was too painful--and besides he did not wish to be around so
+as to get any of the blame when the prayer for admission was denied.
+
+So Patrick had to find Thomas. "I've got it!" said Patrick, and smiled
+grimly as he tapped his breast-pocket where the certificate was safely
+stowed.
+
+Then he mounted his lean, dun horse and rode away, disappearing into the
+forest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As a pedagogic policy the training that Patrick Henry received would be
+rank ruin. Educational systems are designed for average intellects, but
+as if to show us the littleness of our little schemes, Destiny seems to
+give her first prizes to those who have evaded all rules and ignored
+every axiom. Rules and regulations are for average men--and so are
+average prizes.
+
+Speak it softly: There are several ways of getting an education. Patrick
+Henry got his in the woods, following winding streams or lying at night
+under the stars; by mastering horses and wild animals; by listening to
+the wrangling of lawyers at country lawsuits, and the endless talk of
+planters who sat long hours at the tavern, perfectly willing to leave
+the labors of the field to the sons of Ham.
+
+Thus, at twenty-four, Patrick Henry had first of all a physical
+constitution like watch-spring steel; he had no nerves; fatigue was
+unknown to him; he was not aware that he had a stomach. His intellectual
+endowment lay in his close intimacy with Nature--he knew her and was so
+a part of her that he never thought of her, any more than the fishes
+think of the sea. The continual dwelling on a subject proves our
+ignorance of it--we discuss only that for which we are reaching out.
+
+Then, Patrick Henry knew men--he knew the workers, the toilers, the
+young, the old, the learned and the ignorant. He had mingled with
+mankind from behind the counter, the tavern-bar, in court and school
+and in church--by the roadside, at horse-races, camp-meetings, dances
+and social gatherings. He was light of foot, ready of tongue, and with
+no thought as to respectability, and no doubts and fears regarding the
+bread-and-butter question. He had no pride, save possibly a pride in the
+fact that he had none. He played checkers, worked out mathematical
+problems in his mind to astonish the loafers, related history to
+instruct them--and get it straight in his own mind--and told them
+stories to make them laugh. It is a great misfortune to associate only
+with cultured people. "God loves the common people," said Lincoln,
+"otherwise He would not have made so many of them." Patrick Henry knew
+them; and is not this an education--to know Life?
+
+He knew he could move men; that he could mold their thoughts; that he
+could convince them and bring them over to his own way of thinking. He
+had done it by the hour. In the continual rural litigations, he had
+watched lawyers make their appeal to the jury; he had sat on these
+juries, and he knew he could do the trick better. Therefore, he wanted
+to become a lawyer.
+
+The practise of law to him was to convince, befog or divert the jury; he
+could do it, and so he applied for permission to practise law.
+
+He was successful from the first. His clownish ways pleased the judge,
+the jury and the spectators. His ready tongue and infinite good humor
+made him a favorite. There may not be much law in Justice-of-the-Peace
+proceedings, but there is a certain rude equity which possibly answers
+the purpose better. And surely it is good practise for the fledglings:
+the best way to learn law is to practise it. And the successful practise
+of the law lies almost as much in evading the law as in complying with
+it--I suppose we should say that softly, too. In support of the last
+proposition, let me say that we are dealing with P. Henry, Junior, of
+Virginia, arch-rebel, and a defier of law and precedent. Had he
+reverenced law as law, his name would have been writ in water. The
+reputation of the man hinges on the fact that he defied authority.
+
+The first great speech of Patrick Henry was a defiance of the Common Law
+of England when it got in the way of the rights of the people. Every
+immortal speech ever given has been an appeal from the law of man to the
+Higher Law.
+
+Patrick Henry was twenty-seven--the same age that Wendell Phillips was
+when he discovered himself. No one had guessed the genius of the
+man--least of all his parents. He himself did not know his power. The
+years that had gone had been fallow years--years of failure--but it was
+all a getting together of his forces for the spring. Relaxation is the
+first requisite of strength.
+
+The case was a forlorn hope, and Patrick Henry, the awkward but clever
+country pettifogger, was retained to defend the "Parsons' Cause,"
+because he had opinions in the matter and no reputation to lose.
+
+First, let it be known that Virginia had an Established Church, which
+was really the Church of England. The towns were called parishes, and
+the selectmen, or supervisors, were vestrymen. These vestrymen hired the
+rectors or preachers, and the money which paid the preachers came from
+taxes levied on the people.
+
+Now, the standard of value in Virginia was tobacco, and the vestrymen,
+instead of paying the parsons in money, agreed to pay each parson
+sixteen thousand pounds of tobacco, with curates and bishops in
+proportion.
+
+But there came a bad year; the tobacco-crop was ruined by a drought, and
+the value of the weed doubled in price.
+
+The parsons demanded their tobacco; a bargain was a bargain; when
+tobacco was plentiful and cheap they had taken their quota and said
+nothing. Now that tobacco was scarce and high, things were merely
+equalized; a contract was a contract.
+
+But the people complained. The theme was discussed in every tavern and
+store. There were not wanting infidels to say that the parsons should
+have prayed for rain, and that as they did not secure the moisture, they
+were remiss. Others asked by what right shall men who do not labor
+demand a portion of the crop from those who plant, hoe and harvest?
+
+Of course, all good Church people, all of the really loyal citizens,
+argued that the Parsons were a necessary part of the State--without them
+Society would sink into savagery--and as they did their duties, they
+should be paid by the people; they served, and all contracts made with
+them should be kept.
+
+But the mutterings of discontent continued, and to appease the people,
+the House of Burgesses passed a law providing that, instead of tobacco
+being a legal tender, all debts could be paid in money; figuring tobacco
+at the rate of two cents a pound. As tobacco was worth about three times
+this amount, it will be seen at once that this was a law made in favor
+of the debtor class. It cut the salaries of the rectors down just
+two-thirds, and struck straight at English Common Law, which provides
+for the sacredness of contract.
+
+The rectors combined and decided to make a test case. The Parsons versus
+the People--or, more properly, "The Reverend John Maury versus The
+Colony of Virginia."
+
+Both law and equity were on the side of the Parsons. Their case was
+clear; only by absolutely overriding the law of England could the people
+win. The array of legal talent on the side of the Church included the
+best lawyers in the Colony--the Randolphs and other aristocrats were
+there.
+
+And on the other side was Patrick Henry, the tall, lean, lank, sallow
+and uncouth representative of the people. Five judges were on the bench,
+one of whom was the father of Patrick Henry.
+
+The matter was opened in a logical, lucid, judicial speech by the
+Honorable Jeremiah Lyon. He stated the case without passion or
+prejudice--there was only one side to it.
+
+Then Patrick Henry arose. He began to speak; stopped, hesitated, began
+again, shuffled his feet, cleared his throat, and his father, on the
+bench, blushed for shame. The auditors thought he was going to break
+down--even the opposition pitied him.
+
+Suddenly, his tall form shot up, he stepped one step forward and stood
+like a statue of bronze: his own father did not recognize him, he had so
+changed. His features were transformed from those of a clown into those
+of command and proud intelligence. A poise so perfect came upon him that
+it was ominous. He began to speak--his sentences were crystalline,
+sharp, clear, direct. The judges leaned forward, the audience hung
+breathless upon his words.
+
+He began by showing how all wealth comes from labor applied to the land.
+He pictured the people at their work, showed the laborer in the field in
+the rains of Spring, under the blaze of the Summer sun, amid the frosts
+of Autumn--bond and free working side by side with brain and brawn, to
+wring from the earth a scanty sustenance. He showed the homes of the
+poor, the mother with babe at her breast, the girls cooking at the fire,
+others tending the garden--all the process of toil and travail, of
+patient labor and endless effort, were rapidly marshaled forth. Over
+against this, he unveiled the clergy in broadcloth and silken gowns,
+riding in carriages, seated on cushions and living a life of luxury. He
+turned and faced the opposition, and shook his bony finger at them in
+scorn and contempt. The faces of the judges grew livid; many of the
+Parsons, unable to endure his withering rebuke, sneaked away: the people
+forgot to applaud; only silence and the stinging, ringing voice of the
+speaker filled the air.
+
+He accused the Parsons of being the defiers of the law; the people had
+passed the statute; the preachers had come, asking that it be annulled.
+And then was voiced, I believe, for the first time in America, the truth
+that government exists only by the consent of the governed--that law is
+the crystallized opinion of the people--that the voice of the people is
+the voice of God--that the act of the Parsons, in seeking to over-ride
+the will of the people, was treason, and should be punished. He defied
+the Common Law of England and appealed to the Law of God--the question
+of right--the question of justice--to whom does the fruit of labor
+belong!
+
+Before the fiery, overpowering torrent of eloquence of the man, the
+reason of the judges fled. There was but one will in that assembly, and
+that will was the will of Patrick Henry.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In that first great speech of his life--probably the greatest speech
+then ever given in Virginia--Patrick Henry committed himself irrevocably
+on the subject of human rights. The theme of taxation came to him in a
+way it never had before. Men are taxed that other men may live in
+idleness. Those who pay the tax must decide whether the tax is just or
+not--anything else is robbery. We shall see how this thought took hold
+on Patrick's very life. It was the weak many against the entrenched few.
+He had said more than he had intended to say--he had expressed things
+which he never before knew that he knew. As he made truth plain to his
+auditors, he had clarified his own mind.
+
+The heavens had opened before him--he was as one transformed. That
+outward change in his appearance marked only an inward illumination
+which had come to his spirit.
+
+In great oratory the appearance of the man is always changed. Men grow
+by throes and throbs, by leaps and bounds. The idea of "Cosmic
+Consciousness"--being born again--is not without its foundation in fact:
+the soul is in process of gestation, and when the time is ripe the new
+birth occurs, and will occur again and again.
+
+Patrick Henry at once took his place among the strong men of
+Virginia--his was a personality that must be reckoned with in political
+affairs. His law practise doubled, and to keep it down he doubled his
+prices--with the usual effect. He then tried another expedient, and
+very few lawyers indeed are strong enough to do this: he would accept no
+case until the fee was paid in advance. "I keep no books--my fee is so
+much--pay this and I will undertake your case." He accepted no
+contingent cases, and if he believed his client was in the wrong, he
+told him so, and brought about a compromise. Some enemies were made
+through this frank advice, but when the fight was once on, Patrick Henry
+was a whirlwind of wrath: he saw but one side and believed in his
+client's cause as though it had been written by Deity on tables of
+stone.
+
+Long years after the death of Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson made some
+remarks about Henry's indolence, and his indisposition to write out
+things. A little more insight, or less prejudice, would have shown that
+Patrick Henry's plan was only Nature's scheme for the conservation of
+forces, and at the last was the highest wisdom.
+
+By demanding the fee in advance, the business was simplified immensely.
+It tested the good faith of the would-be litigant, cut down the number
+of clients, preserved the peace, freed the secretions, aided digestion
+and tended to sweet sleep o' nights.
+
+Litigation is a luxury that must be paid for--by the other fellow, we
+expect when we begin, but later we find we are it. If the lawyers would
+form a union and agree not to listen to any man's tale of woe until he
+placed a hundred dollars in the attorney's ginger-jar, it would be a
+benefit untold to humanity. Contingent fees and blackmail have much in
+common.
+
+A man who could speak in public like Patrick Henry was destined for a
+political career. A vacancy in the State Legislature occurring, the tide
+of events carried him in. Hardly had he taken the oath and been seated
+before the House resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole to
+consider the Stamp Act. Mutterings from New England had been heard, but
+Virginia was inclined to abide by the acts of the Mother Country,
+gaining merely such modifications as could be brought about by modest
+argument and respectful petition. And in truth let it be stated that the
+Mother Country had not shown herself blind to the rights of the
+Colonies, nor deaf to their prayers--the aristocrats of Virginia usually
+got what they wanted.
+
+The Stamp Act was up for discussion; the gavel rapped for order and the
+Speaker declared the House in session.
+
+"Mr. Speaker," rang out a high, clear voice. It was the voice of the new
+member. Inadvertently he was recognized and had the floor. There was a
+little more "senatorial courtesy" then than now in deliberative bodies,
+and one of the unwritten laws of the Virginia Legislature was that no
+member during his first session should make an extended speech or take
+an active part in the business of the House.
+
+"Sir, I present for the consideration of this House the following
+resolutions." And the new member read seven resolutions he had scrawled
+off on the fly-leaves of a convenient law-book.
+
+As he read, the older members winced and writhed. Peyton Randolph cursed
+him under his breath. This audacious youth in buckskin shirt and leather
+breeches was assuming the leadership of the House. His audacity was
+unprecedented! Here are Numbers Five, Six and Seven of the
+Resolutions--these give the meat of the matter:
+
+"Resolved, That the general assembly of this colony has the only and
+sole exclusive right and power to lay taxes and impositions upon the
+inhabitants of this colony; and that every attempt to vest such power in
+any person or persons whatsoever, other than the general assembly
+aforesaid, has a manifest tendency to destroy British as well as
+American freedom.
+
+"Resolved, That His Majesty's liege people, the inhabitants of this
+colony, are not bound to yield obedience to any law or ordinance
+whatever, designed to impose any taxation whatsoever upon them, other
+than the laws or ordinances of the general assembly aforesaid.
+
+"Resolved, That any person who shall, by speaking or writing, assert or
+maintain that any person or persons, other than the general assembly of
+this colony, have any right or power to impose or lay any taxation on
+the people here, shall be deemed an enemy to His Majesty's colony."
+
+As the uncouth member ceased to read, there went up a howl of
+disapproval. But the resolutions were launched, and according to the
+rules of the House they could be argued, and in order to be repudiated,
+must be voted upon.
+
+Patrick Henry stood almost alone. Pitted against him was the very flower
+of Virginia's age and intellect. Logic, argument, abuse, raillery and
+threat were heaped upon his head. He stood like adamant and answered
+shot for shot. It was the speech in the "Parsons' Cause" multiplied by
+ten--the theme was the same: the right to confiscate the results of
+labor. Before the debater had ceased, couriers were carrying copies of
+Patrick Henry's resolutions to New England. Every press printed
+them--the people were aroused, and the name of Patrick Henry became
+known in every cot and cabin throughout the Colonies. He was the
+mouthpiece of the plain people; what Samuel Adams stood for in New
+England, Patrick Henry hurled in voice of thunder at the heads of
+aristocrats in Virginia. He lighted the fuse of rebellion.
+
+One passage in that first encounter in the Virginia Legislature has
+become deathless. Hackneyed though it be, it can never grow old.
+Referring to the injustice of the Stamp Act, Patrick Henry reached the
+climax of his speech in these words: "Caesar had his Brutus; Charles the
+First, his Cromwell; and George the Third--"
+
+"Treason!" shouted the Speaker, and the gavel splintered the desk.
+
+"Treason! Treason!" came in roars from all over the House.
+
+Patrick Henry paused, proud and defiant, waiting for the tumult to
+subside--"And George the Third may profit by their example. If this be
+treason, make the most of it!" And he took his seat.
+
+The resolutions were put to a vote and carried. Again Patrick Henry had
+won.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By a singular coincidence, on the same day that Patrick Henry, of his
+own accord, introduced those resolutions at Williamsburg, a mass meeting
+was held in Boston to consider the same theme, and similar resolutions
+were passed. There was this difference, however: Patrick Henry flung his
+reasons into the teeth of an entrenched opposition and fought the fight
+single-handed, while in Boston the resolutions were read and passed by
+an assembly that had met for no other purpose.
+
+Patrick Henry's triumph was heralded throughout New England and gave
+strength and courage to those of feeble knees. From a Colonial he sprang
+into national fame, and his own words, "I am not a Virginian--I am an
+American!" went ringing through New England hills.
+
+Meantime, Patrick Henry went back to his farm and law-office. His wife
+rejoiced in his success, laughed with him at his mishaps and was always
+the helpful, uncomplaining comrade, and as he himself expressed it, "My
+best friend." And when he would get back home from one of his trips, the
+neighbors would gather to hear from his own lips about what he had done
+and said. He was still the unaffected countryman, seemingly careless,
+happy and indolent. It was on the occasion of one of these family
+gatherings that a contemporary saw him and wrote: "In mock complaint he
+exclaimed, 'How can I play the fiddle with two babies on each knee and
+three on my back!'"
+
+So the years went by in work, play and gradually widening fame. Patrick
+Henry grew with his work--the years gave him dignity--gradually the
+thought of his heart 'graved its lines upon his face. The mouth became
+firm and the entire look of the man was that of earnest resolution. Fate
+was pushing him on. What once was only whispered, he had voiced in
+trumpet tones; the thought of liberty was being openly expressed even in
+pulpits.
+
+He had been returned to the Legislature, was a member of the Continental
+Congress, and rode horseback side by side with Washington and Pendleton
+to Philadelphia, as told at length in Washington's diary.
+
+In his utterances he was a little less fiery, but in his heart,
+everybody who knew him at all realized that there dwelt the thought of
+liberty for the Colonies. John Adams wrote to Abigail that Patrick Henry
+looked like a Quaker preacher turned Presbyterian.
+
+A year later came what has been rightly called the third great speech of
+Henry's life, the speech at the Revolutionary Convention at Richmond.
+Good people often expect to hear oratory at a banquet, a lyceum lecture,
+or in a Sunday sermon; but oratory is neither lecture, talk, harangue,
+declamation nor preaching. Of course we say that the great speech is the
+one that has been given many times, but the fact is, the great speech is
+never given but once.
+
+The time is ripe--the hour arrives--mighty issues tremble in the
+balances. The auditors are not there to be amused nor instructed--they
+have not stopped at the box-office and paid good money to have their
+senses alternately lulled and titillated. No! The question is that of
+liberty or bondage, life or death--passion is in the saddle--hate and
+prejudice are sweeping events into a maelstrom--and now is the time for
+oratory! Such occasions are as rare as the birth of stars. A man stands
+before you--it is no time for fine phrasing--no time for pose or
+platitude. Self-consciousness is swallowed up in purpose. He is as calm
+as the waters above the Rapids of Niagara, as composed as a lioness
+before she makes her spring. Intensity measures itself in perfect poise.
+And Patrick Henry arises to speak. Those who love the man pray for him
+in breathless silence, and the many who hate him in their hearts curse
+him. Pale faces grow paler, throats swallow hard, hands clutch at
+nothing, and open and shut in nervous spasms. It is the hour of fate.
+
+Patrick Henry speaks:
+
+     Mr. President: It is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of
+     hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and
+     listen to the song of the siren until she transforms us into
+     beasts. Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and
+     arduous struggle for liberty? Are we disposed to be of the number
+     of those who having eyes see not, and having ears hear not the
+     things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation? For my
+     part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know
+     the whole truth; to know the worst and to provide for it.
+
+     I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided; and that is the
+     lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but
+     by the past. And judging by the past, I wish to know what there has
+     been in the conduct of the British Ministry for the last ten years,
+     to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to
+     solace themselves and this House? Is it that insidious smile with
+     which our petition has been lately received? Trust it not, it will
+     prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed
+     with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our
+     petition comports with those war-like preparations which cover our
+     waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a
+     work of love and reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so
+     unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back
+     our love? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the
+     implements of war and subjugation--the last arguments to which
+     kings resort. I say, gentlemen, what means this martial array, if
+     its purpose be not to force us to submission? Can you assign any
+     other possible motive for it? Has Britain any enemy in this quarter
+     of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and
+     armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us; they can be
+     meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us
+     those chains which the British Ministry have been so long forging.
+     And what have we to oppose to them? Shall we try argument? Sir, we
+     have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything new
+     to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in
+     every light of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain.
+     Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication? What terms
+     shall we find which have not been already exhausted? Let us not, I
+     beseech you, deceive ourselves longer.
+
+     Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm
+     which is now coming on. We have petitioned, we have remonstrated,
+     we have supplicated, we have prostrated ourselves before the
+     throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the
+     tyrannical hands of the Ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have
+     been slighted; remonstrances have produced additional violence and
+     insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and we have been
+     spurned with contempt from the foot of the throne. In vain, after
+     these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and
+     reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to
+     be free, if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable
+     privileges for which we have been so long contending, if we mean
+     not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so
+     long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon
+     until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained--we must
+     fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms and to
+     the God of Hosts is all that is left us!
+
+     They tell us, sir, that we are weak--unable to cope with so
+     formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be
+     the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally
+     disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every
+     house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall
+     we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on
+     our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope until our
+     enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak, if
+     we make a proper use of those means which the God of Nature hath
+     placed in our power. Three millions of people, armed in the holy
+     cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess,
+     are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us.
+     Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just
+     God who presides over the destinies of nations; and who will raise
+     up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to
+     the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave.
+     Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire
+     it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no
+     retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged; their
+     clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is
+     inevitable--and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come!
+
+     It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry,
+     Peace, peace; but there is no peace. The war is actually begun. The
+     next gale that sweeps from the North will bring to our ears the
+     clash of resounding arms. Our brethren are already in the field.
+     Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would
+     they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased
+     at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know
+     not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or
+     give me death!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Life is a gradual death. There are animals and insects that die on the
+instant of the culmination of the act for which they were created.
+Success is death, and death, if you have bargained wisely with Fate, is
+victory.
+
+Patrick Henry, with his panther's strength and nerves of steel, had
+thrown his life into a Cause--that Cause had won, and now the lassitude
+of dissolution crept into his veins. We hear of hair growing white in a
+single day, and we know that men may round out a life-work in an hour.
+Oratory, like all of God's greatest gifts, is bought with a price. The
+abandon of the orator is the spending of his divine heritage for a
+purpose.
+
+Patrick Henry had given himself. Even in his law business he was the
+conscientious servant, and having undertaken a cause, he put his soul
+into it. Shame upon those who call this man indolent! He often did in a
+day--between the rising of the sun and its setting--what others spread
+out thin over a lifetime and then fail to accomplish.
+
+And now virtue had gone out from him. Four times had Virginia elected
+him Governor; he had served his State well, and on the fifth nomination
+he had declined. When Washington wished to make him his Secretary of
+State, he smiled and shook his head, and to the entreaty that he be
+Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, he said that there were others who
+could fill the place better, but he knew of no one who could manage his
+farm.
+
+And so he again became the country lawyer, looked after his plantation,
+attended to the education of his children, told stories to the neighbors
+who came and sat on the veranda--now and again went to rustic parties,
+played the violin, and the voice that had cried, "Give me liberty or
+give me death," called off for the merry dancers as in the days of old.
+
+In Seventeen Hundred Ninety-nine, at the personal request of Washington,
+who needed, or thought he needed, a strong advocate at the Capitol,
+Patrick Henry ran for the Legislature. He was elected, but before the
+day arrived when he was to take his seat, he sickened and died,
+surrounded by his stricken family. Those who knew him, loved him--those
+who did not love him, did not know him.
+
+And a Nation mourned his taking off.
+
+
+
+
+STARR KING
+
+
+     The chief difference between a wise man and an ignorant one is, not
+     that the first is acquainted with regions invisible to the second,
+     away from common sight and interest, but that he understands the
+     common things which the second only sees.
+
+                                                 --_Sight and Insight_
+
+[Illustration: STARR KING]
+
+
+If you had chanced to live in Boston in the early Nineties, alert for
+all good things in a mental and spiritual way, you would have made the
+Sundays sacred to Minot Savage, Phillips Brooks and Edward Everett Hale.
+
+Emerson says that if you know a clergyman's sect and behold his livery,
+in spite of all his show of approaching the subject without prejudice,
+you know beforehand exactly to what conclusions he will come. This is
+what robs most sermons of their interest. Preaching, like humor, must
+have in it the element of surprise. I remember with what a thrill of
+delight I would sit and watch Minot Savage unwind his logic and then
+gently weave it into a fabric. The man was not afraid to follow a reason
+to its lair. He had a way of saying the thing for the first time--it
+came as a personal message, contradicting, possibly, all that had been
+said before on the subject, oblivious of precedent.
+
+I once saw a man with a line around his waist leap from a stranded ship
+into the sea, and strike out boldly for the shore. The thrill of
+admiration for the act was unforgetable.
+
+The joy of beholding a strong and valiant thinker plunge into a theme is
+an event. Will he make the shore, or shall he go down to defeat before
+these thousands of spectators?
+
+When Minot Savage ceased to speak, you knew he had won--he had brought
+the line safely to shore and made all secure.
+
+Or, if you have heard Rabbi Hirsch or Felix Adler, you know the feeling.
+These men make a demand upon you--you play out the line for them, and
+when all is secure, there is a relief which shows you have been under an
+intense strain. To paraphrase Browning, they offer no substitute, to an
+idle man, for a cushioned chair and cigar.
+
+Phillips Brooks made small demand upon his auditors. If I heard Minot
+Savage in the morning and got wound up tight, as I always did, I went to
+Vespers at Trinity Church for rest.
+
+The soft, sweet playing of the organ, the subdued lights, the far-away
+voices of the choir, and finally the earnest words of the speaker,
+worked a psychic spell. The sermon began nowhere and ended nowhere--the
+speaker was a great, gentle personality, with a heart of love for
+everybody and everything. We have heard of the old lady who would go
+miles to hear her pastor pronounce the word Mesopotamia, but he put no
+more soul into it than did Phillips Brooks. The service was all a sort
+of lullaby for tired souls--healing and helpful.
+
+But as after every indulgence there comes a minor strain of
+dissatisfaction following the awakening, so it was here--it was
+beautiful while it lasted. Then eight o'clock would come and I would be
+at Edward Everett Hale's. This sturdy old man, with his towering form,
+rugged face and echoing bass voice, would open up the stops and give his
+blessed "Mesopotamia" like a trumpet call. He never worked the soft
+pedal. His first words always made me think of "Boots and Saddles!" Be a
+man--do something! Why stand ye here all the day idle!
+
+And there was love and entreaty, too, but it never lulled you into
+forgetfulness. There was intellect, but it did not ask you to follow it.
+The dear old man did not wind in and out among the sinuosities of
+thought--no, he was right out on the broad prairie, under the open sky,
+sounding "Boots and Saddles!"
+
+In Doctor Hale's church is a most beautiful memorial window to Thomas
+Starr King, who was at one time the pastor of this church. I remember
+Doctor Hale once rose and pointing to that window, said: "That window is
+in memory of a man! But how vain a window, how absurd a monument if the
+man had not left his impress upon the hearts of humanity! That beautiful
+window only mirrors our memories of the individual."
+
+And then Doctor Hale talked, just talked for an hour about Starr King.
+
+Doctor Hale has given that same talk or sermon every year for thirty
+years: I have heard it three times, but never exactly twice alike. I
+have tried to get a printed copy of the address, but have so far
+failed. Yet this is sure: you can not hear Doctor Hale tell of Starr
+King without a feeling that King was a most royal specimen of humanity,
+and a wish down deep in your heart that you, too, might reflect some of
+the sterling virtues that he possessed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Starr King died in California in Eighteen Hundred Sixty-four. In Golden
+Gate Park, San Francisco, is his statue in bronze. In the First
+Unitarian Church of San Francisco is a tablet to his memory; in the
+Unitarian Church at Oakland are many loving tokens to his personality;
+and in the State House at Sacramento is his portrait and an engrossed
+copy of resolutions passed by the Legislature at the time of his death,
+wherein he is referred to as "the man whose matchless oratory saved
+California to the Union."
+
+"Who was Starr King?" I once asked Doctor Charles H. Leonard of Tufts
+College. And the saintly old man lifted his eyes as if in prayer of
+thankfulness and answered: "Starr King! Starr King! He was the gentlest
+and strongest, the most gifted soul I ever knew--I bless God that I
+lived just to know Starr King!"
+
+Not long after this I asked the same question of Doctor C. A. Bartol
+that I had asked Doctor Leonard, and the reply was: "He was a man who
+proved the possible--in point of temper and talent, the most virile
+personality that New England has produced. We call Webster our greatest
+orator, but this man surpassed Webster: he had a smile that was a
+benediction; a voice that was a caress. We admired Webster, but Starr
+King we loved: one convinced our reason, the other captured our hearts."
+
+The Oriental custom of presenting a thing to the friend who admires it
+symbols a very great truth. If you love a thing well enough, you make it
+yours.
+
+Culture is a matter of desire; knowledge is to be had for the asking;
+and education is yours if you want it. All men should have a college
+education in order that they may know its worthlessness. George William
+Curtis was a very prince of gentlemen, and as an orator he won by his
+manner and by his gentle voice fully as much as by the orderly
+procession of his thoughts.
+
+"Oh, what is it in me that makes me tremble so at voices! Whoever speaks
+to me in the right voice, him or her will I follow," says Walt Whitman.
+
+If you have ever loved a woman and you care to go back to May-time and
+try to analyze the why and the wherefore, you probably will not be able
+to locate the why and the wherefore, but this negative truth you will
+discover: you were not won by logic. Of course you admired the woman's
+intellect--it sort of matched your own, and in loving her you
+complimented yourself, for thus by love and admiration do we prove our
+kinship with the thing loved.
+
+But intellect alone is too cold to fuse the heart. Something else is
+required, and for lack of a better word we call it "personality." This
+glowing, winning personality that inspires confidence and trust is a
+bouquet of virtues, the chief flower of which is Right Intent--honesty
+may be a bit old-fashioned, but do not try to leave it out.
+
+George William Curtis and Starr King had a frank, wide-open, genuine
+quality that disarmed prejudice right at the start. And both were big
+enough so that they never bemoaned the fact that Fate had sent them to
+the University of Hard Knocks instead of matriculating them at Harvard.
+
+I once heard George William Curtis speak at Saint James Hall, Buffalo,
+on Civil-Service Reform--a most appalling subject with which to hold a
+"popular audience." He was introduced by the Honorable Sherman S.
+Rogers, a man who was known for ten miles up the creek as the greatest
+orator in Erie County. After the speech of introduction, Curtis stepped
+to the front, laid on the reading-desk a bundle of manuscript, turned
+one page, and began to talk. He talked for two hours, and never once
+again referred to his manuscript--we thought he had forgotten it. He
+himself tells somewhere of Edward Everett doing the same. It is fine to
+have a thing and still show that you do not need it. The style of Curtis
+was in such marked contrast to the bluegrass article represented by
+Rogers that it seemed a rebuke. One was florid, declamatory, strong,
+full of reasons: the other was keyed low--it was so melodious, so gently
+persuasive, that we were thrown off our guard and didn't know we had
+imbibed rank heresy until we were told so the next day by a man who was
+not there. As the speaker closed, an old lady seated near me sighed
+softly, adjusted her Paisley shawl and said, "That was the finest
+address I ever heard, except one given in this very hall in Eighteen
+Hundred Fifty-nine by Starr King."
+
+And I said, "Well, a speech that you can remember for twenty-five years
+must have been a good one!"
+
+"It wasn't the address so much as the man," answered this mother in
+Israel, and she heaved another small sigh.
+
+And therein did the good old lady drop a confession. I doubt me much
+whether any woman will remember any speech for a week--she just
+remembers the man.
+
+And this applies pretty nearly as much to men, too. Is there sex in
+spirit? Hardly! Thoreau says the character of Jesus was essentially
+feminine. Herbert Spencer avers, "The high intuitive quality which we
+call genius is largely feminine in character." "Starr King was the child
+of his mother, and his best qualities were feminine," said the Reverend
+E. H. Chapin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When Starr King's father died the boy was fifteen. There were five
+younger children and Starr was made man of the house by Destiny's
+acclaim. Responsibility ripens. This slim, slender youth became a man in
+a day.
+
+The father had been the pastor of the Charlestown Universalist Church. I
+suppose it is hardly necessary to take a page and prove that this
+clergyman in an unpopular church did not leave a large fortune to his
+family. In truth, he left a legacy of debts. Starr King, the boy of
+fifteen, left school and became clerk in a drygoods-store. The mother
+cared for her household and took in sewing.
+
+Joshua Bates, master of the Winthrop School, describes Starr King as he
+was when the father's death cut off his schooldays: "Slight of build,
+golden-haired, active, agile, with a homely face which everybody thought
+was handsome on account of the beaming eyes, the winning smile and the
+earnest desire of always wanting to do what was best and right."
+
+This kind of boy gets along all right anywhere--God is on his side. The
+hours in the drygoods-store were long, and on Saturday nights it was
+nearly midnight before Starr would reach home. But there was a light in
+the window for him, even if whale-oil was scarce, and the mother was at
+her sewing. Together they ate their midnight lunch, and counted the
+earnings of the week.
+
+And the surprise of both that they were getting a living and paying off
+the debts sort of cleared the atmosphere of its gloom.
+
+In Burke's "Essay on the Sublime," he speaks of the quiet joy that comes
+through calamity when we discover that the calamity has not really
+touched us. The death of a father who leaves a penniless widow and a
+hungry brood comes at first as a shock--the heavens are darkened and
+hope has fled.
+
+I know a man who was in a railroad wreck--the sleeping-car in which he
+rode left the track and rolled down an embankment. There was a black
+interval of horror, and then this man found himself, clad in his
+underclothes, standing on the upturned car, looking up at the Pleiades
+and this thought in his mind, "What beauty and peace are in these winter
+heavens!" The calamity had come--he was absolutely untouched--he was
+locating the constellations and surprised and happy in his ability to
+enjoy them.
+
+Starr King and his mother sipped their midnight tea and grew jolly over
+the thought of their comfortable home; they were clothed and fed, the
+children well and sleeping soundly in baby abandon upstairs, the debts
+were being paid. They laughed, did this mother and son, really laughed
+aloud, when only a month before they had thought that only gloom and
+misery could ever again be theirs.
+
+They laughed!
+
+And soon the young man's salary was increased--people liked to trade
+with him--customers came and asked that he might wait on them. He sold
+more goods than anyone else in his department, and yet he never talked
+things on to people. He was alert, affable, kindly, and anticipated the
+wishes and wants of his customers without being subservient, fawning or
+domineering.
+
+This kind of helper is needed everywhere--the one who gives a willing
+hand, who puts soul into his service, who brings a glow of good-cheer
+into all his relations with men.
+
+The doing things with a hearty enthusiasm is often what makes the doer a
+marked person and his deeds effective. The most ordinary service is
+dignified when it is performed in that spirit. Every employer wants
+those who work for him to put heart and mind into the toil. He soon
+picks out those whose souls are in their service, and gives them
+evidence of his appreciation. They do not need constant watching. He can
+trust them in his absence, and so the places of honor and profit
+naturally gravitate to them.
+
+The years went by, and one fine day Starr King was twenty years of age.
+All of the debts were paid, the children were going to school, and
+mother and son faced the world from the vantage-ground of success. Starr
+had quit the drygoods trade and gone to teaching school on less salary,
+so as to get more leisure for study.
+
+Incidentally he kept books at the Navy Yard.
+
+About this time Theodore Parker wrote to a friend in Maiden: "I can not
+come to preach for you as I would like, but with your permission I will
+send Thomas Starr King. This young man is not a regularly ordained
+preacher, but he has the grace of God in his heart, and the gift of
+tongues. He is a rare, sweet spirit, and I know that after you have met
+him you will thank me for sending him to you."
+
+Then soon we hear of Starr King's being invited to Medford to give a
+Fourth of July oration, and also of his speaking in the Universalist
+churches at Cambridge, Waltham, Watertown, Hingham and Salem--sent to
+these places by Doctor E. H. Chapin, pastor of the Charlestown
+Universalist Church, and successor to the Reverend Thomas F. King,
+father of Starr King.
+
+Starr seems to have served as a sort of assistant to Chapin, and thereby
+revealed his talent and won the heart of the great man. Edwin Hubbell
+Chapin was only ten years older than Starr King, and at that time had
+not really discovered himself, but in discovering another he found
+himself. Twenty years later Beecher and Chapin were to rival each other
+for first place as America's greatest pulpit orator. These men were
+always fast friends, yet when they met at convention or conference folks
+came for miles to see the fire fly. "Where are you going?" once asked
+Beecher of Chapin when they met by chance on Broadway. "Where am I
+going?" repeated Chapin. "Why, if you are right in what you preach, you
+know where I am going." But only a few years were to pass before Chapin
+said in public in Beecher's presence, "I am jealous of Mr. Beecher--he
+preaches a better Universalist sermon than I can." Chapin made his mark
+upon the time: his sermons read as though they were written yesterday,
+and carry with them a deal of the swing and onward sweep that are
+usually lost when the orator attempts to write. But if Chapin had done
+nothing else but discover Starr King, the drygoods-clerk, rescue him
+from the clutch of commerce and back him on the orator's platform, he
+deserves the gratitude of generations. And all this I say as a
+businessman who fully recognizes that commerce is just as honorable and
+a deal more necessary than oratory. But there were other men to sell
+thread and calico, and God had special work for Thomas Starr King.
+
+Chapin was a graduate of Bennington Seminary, the school that also
+graduated the father of Robert Ingersoll. On Chapin's request Theodore
+Parker, himself a Harvard man, sent Starr King over to Cambridge to
+preach. Boston was a college town--filled with college traditions, and
+when one thinks of sending out this untaught stripling to address
+college men, we can not but admire the temerity of both Chapin and
+Parker. "He has never attended a Divinity School," writes Chapin to
+Deacon Obadiah B. Queer of Quincy, "but he is educated just the same. He
+speaks Greek, Hebrew, French, German, and fairly good English, as you
+will see. He knows natural history and he knows humanity; and if one
+knows man and Nature, he comes pretty close to knowing God."
+
+Where did this drygoods-clerk get his education? Ah, I'll tell you--he
+got his education as the lion's whelp gets his. The lioness does not
+send her cub away to a lioness that has no cubs in order that he may be
+taught. The lion nature gets what it needs with its mother's milk and by
+doing.
+
+Schools and colleges are cumbrous makeshifts, often forcing truth on
+pupils out of season, and thus making lessons grievous. "The soul knows
+all things," says Emerson, "and knowledge is only a remembering." "When
+the time is ripe, men know," wrote Hegel. At the last we can not teach
+anything--nothing is imparted. We can not make the plants and flowers
+grow--all we can do is to supply the conditions, and God does the rest.
+In education we can only supply the conditions for growth--we can not
+impart, nor force the germs to unfold.
+
+Starr King's mother was his teacher. Together they read good books, and
+discussed great themes. She read for him and he studied for her. She did
+not treat him as a child--things that interested her she told to him.
+The sunshine of her soul was reflected upon his, and thus did he grow. I
+know a woman whose children will be learned, even though they never
+enter a schoolroom. This woman is a companion to her children and her
+mind vitalizes theirs. This does not mean that we should at once do away
+with schools and colleges, but it does reveal the possible. To read and
+then discuss with a strong and sympathetic intellect what you read is to
+make the thought your own--it is a form of exercise that brings growth.
+
+Starr King's mother was not a wonderful nor a famous person--I find no
+mention of her in Society's Doings of the day--nothing of her dress or
+equipage. If she was "superbly gowned," we do not know it; if she was
+ever one of the "unbonneted," history is silent. All we know is, that
+together they read Bulfinch's "Mythology," Grote's "History of Greece,"
+Plutarch, Dante and Shakespeare. We know that she placed a light in the
+window for him to make his home-coming cheerful, that together they
+sipped their midnight tea, that together they laughed, and sometimes
+wept--but not for long.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Eighteen Hundred Forty-six Chapin was thirty-two years old. Starr
+King was twenty-two. A call had reached Chapin to come up higher; but he
+refused to leave the old church at Charlestown unless Starr King was to
+succeed him. To place a young man in the position of pastor where he has
+sat in the pews, his feet not reaching the floor, is most trying. Starr
+King knew every individual man, woman and child in the church, and they
+had known him since babyhood. In appearance he was but a boy, and the
+dignity that is supposed to send conviction home was entirely wanting.
+
+But Chapin had his way and the boy was duly ordained and installed as
+pastor of the First Universalist Church of Charlestown.
+
+The new pastor fully expected his congregation to give him "absent
+treatment," but instead, the audience grew--folks even came over from
+Boston to hear the boy-preacher. His sermons were carefully written, and
+dealt in the simple, every-day lessons of life. To Starr King this world
+is paradise enow; it's the best place of which we know, and the way for
+man to help himself is to try and make it a better place. There is a
+flavor of Theodore Parker in those early sermons, a trace of Thoreau and
+much tincture of Emerson--and all this was to the credit of the
+boy-preacher. His woman's mind absorbed things.
+
+About that time Boston was in very fact the intellectual hub of
+America. Emerson was forty-three, his "Nature" had been published
+anonymously, and although it took eight years to sell this edition of
+five hundred copies, the author was in demand as a lecturer, and in some
+places society conceded him respectable. Wendell Phillips was addressing
+audiences that alternately applauded and jeered. Thoreau had discovered
+the Merrimac and explored Walden Woods; little Doctor Holmes was
+peregrinating in his One-Hoss Shay, vouchsafing the confidences of his
+boarding-house; Lowell was beginning to violate the rules of rhetoric;
+Whittier was making his plea for the runaway slave; and throughout New
+England the Lecture Lyceum was feeling its way.
+
+A lecture course was then no vaudeville--five concerts and two lectures
+to take off the curse--not that! The speakers supplied strong meat for
+men. The stars in the lyceum sky were Emerson, Chapin, Beecher, Holmes,
+Bartol, Phillips, Ballou, Everett and Lowell. These men made the New
+England Lyceum a vast pulpit of free speech and advanced thought. And to
+a degree the Lyceum made these men what they were. They influenced the
+times and were influenced by the times. They were in competition with
+each other. A pace had been set, a record made, and the audiences that
+gathered expected much. An audience gets just what it deserves and no
+more. If you have listened to a poor speech, blame yourself.
+
+In the life of George Francis Train, he tells that in Eighteen Hundred
+Forty Emerson spoke in Waltham for five dollars and four quarts of oats
+for his horse--now he received twenty-five dollars. Chapin got the same,
+and when the Committee could not afford this, he referred them to Starr
+King, who would lecture for five dollars and supply his own horse-feed.
+
+Two years went by and calls came for Starr King to come up higher.
+Worcester would double his salary if he would take a year's course at
+the Harvard Divinity School. Starr showed the letter to Chapin, and both
+laughed. Worcester was satisfied with Starr King as he was, but what
+would Springfield say if they called a man who had no theological
+training? And then it was that Chapin said, "Divinity is not taught in
+the Harvard Divinity School," which sounds like a paraphrase of Ernest
+Renan's, "You will find God anywhere but in a theological seminary."
+
+King declined the call to Worcester, but harkened to one from the Hollis
+Street Church of Boston. He went over from Universalism to Unitarianism
+and still remained a Universalist--and this created quite a dust among
+the theologs. Little men love their denomination with a jealous
+love--truth is secondary--they see microscopic difference where big men
+behold only unity.
+
+It was about this time that Starr King pronounced this classic: "The
+difference between Universalism and Unitarianism is that Universalists
+believe that God is too good to damn them; and the Unitarians believe
+that they are too good to be damned."
+
+At the Hollis Street Church this stripling of twenty-four now found
+himself being compared with the foremost preachers of America. And the
+man grew with his work, rising to the level of events. It was at the
+grave of Oliver Wendell Holmes that Edward Everett Hale said, "The five
+men who have influenced the literary and intellectual thought of America
+most, believed in their own divinity no less than in the divinity of
+Jesus of Nazareth."
+
+The destiny of the liberal church is not to become strong and powerful,
+but to make all other denominations more liberal. When Chapin accused
+Beecher of preaching Universalist sermons, it was a home thrust, because
+Beecher would never have preached such sermons had not Murray, Ballou,
+Theodore Parker, Chapin and Starr King done so first--and Beecher
+supplied the goods called for.
+
+Starr King's voice was deep, melodious and far-reaching, and it was not
+an acquired "bishop's voice"--it was his own. The biggest basso I ever
+heard was just five feet high and weighed one hundred twenty in his
+stockings; Brignoli, the tenor, weighed two hundred forty. Avoirdupois
+as a rule lessens the volume of the voice and heightens the
+register--you can't have both adipose and chest tone. Webster and Starr
+King had voices very much alike, and Webster, by the way, wasn't the big
+man physically that the school readers proclaim. It was his gigantic
+head and the royal way he carried himself that made the Liverpool
+stevedores say, "There goes the King of America."
+
+There was no pomposity about Starr King. Doctor Bartol has said that
+when King lectured in a new town his homely, boyish face always caused a
+small spasm of disappointment or merriment to sweep over the audience.
+But when he spoke he was a transformed being, and his deep, mellow voice
+would hush the most inveterate whisperers.
+
+For eleven years Starr King remained pastor of the Hollis Street Church.
+During the last years of his pastorate he was much in demand as a
+lecturer, and his voice was heard in all the principal cities as far
+west as Chicago.
+
+His lecture, "Substance and Show," deserves to rank with Wendell
+Phillips' "The Lost Arts." In truth it is very much like Phillips'
+lecture. In "The Lost Arts" Phillips tells in easy conversational way of
+the wonderful things that once existed; and Starr King relates in the
+same manner the story of some of the wonderful things that are right
+here and all around us. It reveals the mind of the man, his manner and
+thought, as well as any of his productions. The great speech is an
+evolution, and this lecture, given many times in the Eastern States
+under various titles, did not touch really high-water mark until King
+reached California and had cut loose from manuscript and tradition. An
+extract seems in order:
+
+     Most persons, doubtless, if you place before them a paving-stone
+     and a slip of paper with some writing on it, would not hesitate to
+     say that there is as much more substance in the rock than in the
+     paper as there is heaviness. Yet they might make a great mistake.
+     Suppose that the slip of paper contains the sentence, "God is
+     love"; or, "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself"; or, "All men
+     have moral rights by reason of heavenly parentage," then the paper
+     represents more force and substance than the stone. Heaven and
+     earth may pass away, but such words can never die out or become
+     less real.
+
+     The word "substance" means that which stands under and supports
+     anything else. Whatever then creates, upholds, classifies anything
+     which our senses behold, though we can not handle, see, taste or
+     smell it, is more substantial than the object itself. In this way
+     the soul which vivifies, moves and supports the body is a more
+     potent substance than the hard bones and heavy flesh which it
+     vitalizes. A ten-pound weight falling on your head affects you
+     unpleasantly as substance, much more so than a leaf of the New
+     Testament, if dropped in the same direction; but there is a way in
+     which a page of the New Testament may fall upon a nation and split
+     it, or infuse itself into its bulk and give it strength and
+     permanence. We should be careful, therefore, what test we adopt in
+     order to decide the relative stability of things.
+
+     There is a very general tendency to deny that ideal forces have any
+     practical power. But there have been several thinkers whose
+     skepticism has an opposite direction. "We can not," they say,
+     "attribute external reality to the sensations we feel." We need
+     not wonder that this theory has failed to convince the
+     unmetaphysical common-sense of people that a stone post is merely a
+     stubborn thought, and that the bite of a dog is nothing but an
+     acquaintance with a pugnacious, four-footed conception. When a man
+     falls downstairs it is not easy to convince him that his thought
+     simply tumbles along an inclined series of perceptions and comes to
+     a conclusion that breaks his head; least of all, can you induce a
+     man to believe that the scolding of his wife is nothing but the
+     buzzing of his own waspish thoughts, and her too free use of his
+     purse only the loss of some golden fancies from his memory. We are
+     all safe against such idealism as Bishop Berkeley reasoned out so
+     logically. Byron's refutation of it is neat and witty:
+
+          "When Bishop Berkeley says there is no matter,
+           It is no matter what Bishop Berkeley says."
+
+     And yet, by more satisfactory evidence than that which the
+     idealists propose, we are warned against confounding the conception
+     of substance with matter, and confining it to things we can see and
+     grasp. Science steps in and shows us that the physical system of
+     things leans on spirit. We talk of the world of matter, but there
+     is no such world. Everything about us is a mixture or marriage of
+     matter and spirit. A world of matter--there would be no motion, no
+     force, no form, no order, no beauty, in the universe as it now is;
+     organization meets us at every step and wherever we look;
+     organization implies spirit--something that rules, disposes,
+     penetrates and vivifies matter.
+
+     See what a sermon astronomy preaches as to the substantial power of
+     invisible things. If the visible universe is so stupendous, what
+     shall we think of the unseen force and vitality in whose arms all
+     its splendors rest? It is no gigantic Atlas, as the Greeks fancied,
+     that upholds the celestial sphere; all the constellations are kept
+     from falling by an impalpable energy that uses no muscles and no
+     masonry. The ancient mathematician, Archimedes, once said, "Give me
+     a foot of ground outside the globe to stand upon, and I will make a
+     lever that will lift the world." The invisible lever of
+     gravitation, however, without any fulcrum or purchase, does lift
+     the globe, and makes it waltz, too, with its blonde lunar partner,
+     twelve hundred miles a minute to the music of the sun--ay, and
+     heaves sun and systems and Milky Way in majestic cotillions on its
+     ethereal floor.
+
+     You grasp an iron ball, and call it hard; it is not the iron that
+     is hard, but cohesive force that packs the particles of metal into
+     intense sociability. Let the force abate, and the same metal
+     becomes like mush; let it disappear, and the ball is a heap of
+     powder which your breath scatters in the air. If the cohesive
+     energy in Nature should get tired and unclench its grasp of matter,
+     our earth would instantly become "a great slump"; so that which we
+     tread on is not material substance, but matter braced up by a
+     spiritual substance, for which it serves as the form and show.
+
+     All the peculiarities of rock and glass, diamond, ice and crystal
+     are due to the working of unseen military forces that employ
+     themselves under ground--in caverns, beneath rivers, in mountain
+     crypts, and through the coldest nights, drilling companies of
+     atoms into crystalline battalions and squares, and every caprice of
+     a fantastic order.
+
+     When we turn to the vegetable kingdom, is not the revelation still
+     more wonderful? The forms which we see grow out of substances and
+     are supported by forces which we do not see. The stuff out of which
+     all vegetable appearances are made is reducible to oxygen,
+     hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen. How does it happen that this common
+     stock is worked up in such different ways? Why is a lily woven out
+     of it in one place and a dahlia in another, a grapevine here, and a
+     honeysuckle there--the orange in Italy, the palm in Egypt, the
+     olive in Greece and the pine in Maine? Simply because a subtile
+     force of a peculiar kind is at work wherever any vegetable
+     structure adorns the ground, and takes to itself its favorite robe.
+     We have outgrown the charming fancy of the Greeks that every tree
+     has its Dryad that lives in it, animates it, and dies when the tree
+     withers. But we ought, for the truth's sake, to believe that a
+     life-spirit inhabits every flower and shrub, and protects it
+     against the prowling forces of destruction. Look at a full-sized
+     oak, the rooted Leviathan of the fields. Judging by your senses and
+     by the scales, you would say that the substance of the noble tree
+     was its bulk of bark and bough and branch and leaves and sap, the
+     cords of woody and moist matter that compose it and make it heavy.
+     But really its substance is that which makes it an oak, that which
+     weaves its bark and glues it to the stem, and wraps its rings of
+     fresh wood around the trunk every year, and pushes out its boughs
+     and clothes its twigs with breathing leaves and sucks up nutriment
+     from the soil continually, and makes the roots clench the ground
+     with their fibrous fingers as a purchase against the storm, and at
+     last holds aloft its tons of matter against the constant tug and
+     wrath of gravitation, and swings its Briarean arms in triumph, in
+     defiance of the gale. Were it not for this energetic essence that
+     crouches in the acorn and stretches its limbs every year, there
+     would be no oak; the matter that clothes it would enjoy its stupid
+     slumber; and when the forest monarch stands up in his sinewy,
+     lordliest pride, let the pervading life-power, and its vassal
+     forces that weigh nothing at all, be annihilated, and the whole
+     structure would wither in a second to inorganic dust. So every
+     gigantic fact in Nature is the index and vesture of a gigantic
+     force. Everything which we call organization that spots the
+     landscape of Nature is a revelation of secret force that has been
+     wedded to matter, and if the spiritual powers that have thus
+     domesticated themselves around us should be canceled, the whole
+     planet would be a huge Desert of Sahara--a bleak sand-ball, without
+     shrub, grass-blade or moss.
+
+     As we rise in the scale of forces towards greater subtility, the
+     forces become more important and efficient. Water is more
+     intimately concerned with life than rock, air higher in the rank of
+     service than water, electric and magnetic agencies more powerful
+     than air; and light, the most delicate, is the supreme magician of
+     all. Just think how much expenditure of mechanical strength is
+     necessary to water a city in the hot summer months. What pumping
+     and tugging and wearisome trudging of horses with the great
+     sprinklers over the tedious pavement! But see by what beautiful
+     and noiseless force Nature waters the world! The sun looks steadily
+     on the ocean, and its beams lift lakes of water into the air,
+     tossing it up thousands of feet with their delicate fingers, and
+     carefully picking every grain of salt from it before they let it
+     go. No granite reservoirs are needed to hold in the Cochituates and
+     Crotons of the atmosphere, but the soft outlines of the clouds hem
+     in the vast weight of the upper tides that are to cool the globe,
+     and the winds harness themselves as steeds to the silken caldrons
+     and hurry them along through space, while they disburse their
+     rivers of moisture from their great height so lightly that seldom a
+     violet is crushed by the rudeness with which the stream descends.
+
+     Our conceptions of strength and endurance are so associated with
+     visible implements and mechanical arrangements that it is hard to
+     divorce them, and yet the stream of electric fire that splits an
+     ash is not a ponderable thing, and the way in which the lodestone
+     reaches the ten-pound weight and makes it jump is not perceptible.
+     You would think the man had pretty good molars that should gnaw a
+     spike like a stick of candy, but a bottle of innocent-looking
+     hydrogen-gas will chew up a piece of bar-iron as though it were
+     some favorite Cavendish.
+
+     The prominent lesson of science to men, therefore, is faith in the
+     intangible and invisible. Shall we talk of matter as the great
+     reality of the world, the prominent substance? It is nothing but
+     the battleground of terrific forces. Every particle of matter, the
+     chemists tell us, is strained up to its last degree of endurance.
+     The glistening bead of dew from which the daisy gently nurses its
+     strength, and which a sunbeam may dissipate, is the globular
+     compromise of antagonistic powers that would shake this building in
+     their unchained rage. And so every atom of matter is the slave of
+     imperious masters that never let it alone. It is nursed and
+     caressed, next bandied about, and soon cuffed and kicked by its
+     invisible overseers. Poor atoms! No abolition societies will ever
+     free them from their bondage, no colonization movement waft them to
+     any physical Liberia. For every particle of matter is bound by
+     eternal fealty to some spiritual lords, to be pinched by one and
+     squeezed by another and torn asunder by a third; now to be painted
+     by this and now blistered by that; now tormented with heat and soon
+     chilled with cold; hurried from the Arctic Circle to sweat at the
+     Equator, and then sent on an errand to the Southern Pole; forced
+     through transmigrations of fish, fowl and flesh; and, if in some
+     corner of creation the poor thing finds leisure to die, searched
+     out and whipped to life again and kept in its constant round.
+
+     Thus the stuff that we weigh, handle and tread upon is only the
+     show of invisible substances, the facts over which subtle and
+     mighty forces rule.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Starr King was that kind of plant which needs to be repotted in order to
+make it flower at its very best. Events kept tugging to loosen his
+tendrils from his early environments. People who live on Boston Bay like
+to remain there. We have all heard of the good woman who died and went
+to Heaven, and after a short sojourn there was asked how she liked it,
+and she sighed and said, "Ah, yes, it is very beautiful, but it isn't
+East Somerville!"
+
+Had Starr King consented to remain in Boston he might have held his
+charge against the ravages of time, secreted a curate, taken on a
+becoming buffer of adipose, and glided off by imperceptible degrees on
+to the Superannuated List.
+
+But early in that historic month of April, Eighteen Hundred Sixty-one,
+he set sail for California, having accepted a call from the First
+Unitarian Church of San Francisco. This was his first trip to the
+Pacific Coast, but New England people had preceded him, and not being
+able to return, they wanted Boston to come to them. The journey was made
+by the way of Panama, without any special event. The pilot who met the
+ship outside of Golden Gate bore them the first news that Sumter had
+been fired upon, and the bombardment was at the time when the ship that
+bore Starr King was only a few miles from South Carolina's coast.
+
+With prophetic vision Starr King saw the struggle that was to come, and
+the words of Webster, uttered many years before, rushed to his lips:
+
+"When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in
+heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments
+of a once glorious Union; on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent;
+on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal
+blood! Let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the
+gorgeous ensign of the republic now known and honored throughout the
+earth, still full high advanced, its arms and trophies streaming in
+their original luster, not a stripe erased nor polluted, nor a single
+star obscured, bearing for its motto no such miserable interrogatory as
+'What is all this worth?' nor those other words of delusion and folly,
+'Liberty first and Union afterwards'; but everywhere, spread over all in
+characters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds, as they
+float over the sea and over the land, and in every wind under the whole
+heavens, that other sentiment, dear to every true American
+heart--Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"
+
+The landing was made on Saturday, and the following day Starr King spoke
+for the first time in California. An hour before the service was to
+begin, the church was wedged tight. The preacher had much difficulty in
+making his way through the dense mass of humanity to reach the pulpit.
+"Is that the man?" went up the smothered exclamation, as Starr King
+reached the platform and faced his audience. His slight, slender figure
+and boyish face were plainly a disappointment, but this was not to last.
+The preacher had prepared a sermon--such a sermon as he had given many
+times to well-dressed, orderly and cultured Boston.
+
+And if this California audience was surprised, the speaker also was no
+less. The men to women were as seven to one. He saw before him a sea of
+bronzed and bearded faces, earnest, attentive and hungry for truth.
+There were occasional marks of dissipation and the riot of the senses,
+softened by excess into penitence--whipped out and homesick. Here were
+miners in red-flannel shirts, sailors, soldiers in uniform and soldiers
+of fortune. The preacher looked at the motley mass in a vain attempt to
+pick out his old friends from New England. The genteel, slightly blase
+quality of culture that leans back in its cushioned pew and courteously
+waits to be instructed, was not there. These people did not lean back:
+they leaned forward, and with parted lips they listened for every word.
+There was no choir, and when "an old familiar hymn" was lined off by a
+volunteer who knew his business, that great audience arose and sang as
+though it would shake the rafters of heaven.
+
+Those who go down to the sea in ships, sing; shepherds who tend their
+flocks by night, sing; men in the forest or those who follow the
+trackless plains, sing. Congregational singing is most popular among
+those who live far apart--to get together and sing is a solace.
+Loneliness, separation and heart-hunger all drive men into song.
+
+These men, many of them far from home, lifted up their voices, and the
+sounds surged through that church and echoed, surged again and caught
+even the preacher in their winding waves. He started in to give one
+sermon and gave another. The audience, the time, the place, acted upon
+him.
+
+Oratory is essentially a pioneer product, a rustic article. Great
+sermons and great speeches are given only to people who have come from
+afar.
+
+Starr King forgot his manuscript and pulpit manners. His deep voice
+throbbed and pulsed with emotion, and the tensity of the times was upon
+him. Without once referring directly to Sumter, his address was a call
+to arms.
+
+He spoke for an hour, and when he sat down he knew that he had won. The
+next Sunday the place was again packed, and then followed urgent
+invitations that he should speak during the week in a larger hall.
+
+California was trembling in the balances, and orators were not wanting
+to give out the arguments of Calhoun. They showed that the right of
+secession was plainly provided for in the Constitution. Lincoln's call
+for troops was coldly received, and from several San Francisco pulpits
+orthodox clergymen were expressing deep regret that the President was
+plunging the country into civil war.
+
+The heart of Starr King burned with shame--to him there was but one side
+to this question--the Union must be preserved.
+
+One man who had known King in Massachusetts wrote back home saying: "You
+would not know Starr King--he is not the orderly man of genteel culture
+you once had in Boston. He is a torrent of eloquence, so heartfelt, so
+convincing, so powerful, that when he speaks on Sunday afternoon out on
+the sand-hills, he excites the multitude into a whirlwind of applause,
+with a basso undertone of dissent, which, however, seems to grow
+gradually less."
+
+Loyalty to the Union was to him the one vital issue. His fight was not
+with individuals--he made no personal issues. And in several joint
+debates his courteous treatment of his adversary won converts for his
+cause. He took pains to say that personally he had only friendship and
+pity for the individuals who upheld secession and slavery--"The man in
+the wrong needs friends as never before, since he has ceased to be his
+own. Do we blame a blind man whom we see rushing towards a precipice?"
+
+From that first Sunday he preached in San Francisco, his life was an
+ovation wherever he went. Wherever he was advertised to speak,
+multitudes were there to hang upon his words. He spoke in all the
+principal towns of California; and often on the plains, in the
+mountains, or by the seashore, men would gather from hundreds of miles
+to hear him.
+
+He gave himself, and before he had been in California a year, the State
+was safe for the Union, and men and treasure were being sent to
+Lincoln's aid. The fame of Starr King reached the President, and he
+found time to write several letters to the orator, thanking him for what
+he had done. It was in one of these letters that Lincoln wrote, "The
+only sermons I have ever been able to read and enjoy are those of John
+Murray"--a statement which some have attempted to smile away as showing
+the Rail-Splitter's astute diplomacy.
+
+Starr King gave his life to the Cause. He as much died for the Union as
+though he had fallen stricken by flying lead upon the field. And he knew
+what he was doing, but in answer to his warning friends he said, "I have
+only one life to live and now is my time to spend it."
+
+For three years, lacking two months, he spoke and preached several times
+every week. All he made and all he was he freely gave.
+
+For that frail frame this life of intensity had but one end.
+
+The Emancipation Proclamation had been issued, but Lee's surrender was
+yet to be.
+
+"May I live to see unity and peace for my country," was the constant
+prayer of the devoted preacher.
+
+Starr King died March Fourth, Eighteen Hundred Sixty-four, aged forty
+years. The closing words of his lecture on Socrates might well be
+applied to himself: "Down the river of Life, by its Athenian banks, he
+had floated upon his raft of reason serene, in cloudy as in smiling
+weather. And now the night is rushing down, and he has reached the mouth
+of the stream, and the great ocean is before him, dim-heaving in the
+dusk. But he betrays no fear. There is land ahead, he thought; eternal
+continents there are, that rise in constant light beyond the gloom. He
+trusted still in the raft his soul had built, and with a brave farewell
+to the true friends who stood by him on the shore, he put out into the
+darkness, a moral Columbus, trusting in his haven on the faith of an
+idea."
+
+
+
+
+HENRY WARD BEECHER
+
+
+     You know how the heart is subject to freshets; you know how the
+     mother, always loving her child, yet seeing in it some new wile of
+     affection, will catch it up and cover it with kisses and break
+     forth in a rapture of loving. Such a kind of heart-glow fell from
+     the Savior upon that young man who said to him, "Good Master, what
+     good thing shall I do that I may inherit eternal life?" It is said,
+     "Then Jesus, beholding him, loved him."
+
+                                                 --_Henry Ward Beecher_
+
+
+[Illustration: HENRY WARD BEECHER]
+
+
+The influence of Henry Ward Beecher upon his time was marked. And now
+the stream of his life is lost amid the ocean of our being. As a single
+drop of aniline in a barrel of water will tint the whole mass, so has
+the entire American mind been colored through the existence of this one
+glowing personality. He placed a new interpretation on religion, and we
+are different people because he lived.
+
+He was not constructive, not administrative--he wrote much, but as
+literature his work has small claim on immortality. He was an orator,
+and the business of the orator is to inspire other men to think and act
+for themselves.
+
+Orators live but in memory. Their destiny is to be the sweet, elusive
+fragrance of oblivion--the thyme and mignonette of things that were.
+
+The limitations in the all-around man are by-products which are used by
+destiny in the making of orators. The welling emotions, the vivid
+imagination, the forgetfulness of self, the abandon to feeling--all
+these things in Wall Street are spurious coin. No prudent man was ever
+an orator--no cautious man ever made a multitude change its mind, when
+it had vowed it would not.
+
+Oratory is indiscretion set to music.
+
+The great orator is great on account of his weaknesses as well as on
+account of his strength. So why should we expect the orator to be the
+impeccable man of perfect parts?
+
+These essays attempt to give the man--they are neither a vindication nor
+an apology.
+
+Edmund Gosse has recently said something so wise and to the point on the
+subject of biography that I can not resist the temptation to quote him:
+
+     If the reader will but bear with me so far as to endure the thesis
+     that the first theoretical object of the biographer should be
+     indiscretion, not discretion, I will concede almost everything
+     practical to delicacy. But this must be granted to me: that the aim
+     of all portraiture ought to be the emphasizing of what makes the
+     man different from, not like, other men. The widow almost always
+     desires that her deceased hero should be represented as exactly
+     like all other respectable men, only a little grander, a little
+     more glorified. She hates, as only a bad biographer can hate, the
+     telling of the truth with respect to those faults and foibles which
+     made the light and shade of his character. This, it appears, was
+     the primitive view of biography. The mass of medieval memorials was
+     of the "expanded-tract" order: it was mainly composed of lives of
+     the saints, tractates in which the possible and the impossible were
+     mingled in inextricable disorder, but where every word was intended
+     directly for edification. Here the biographer was a moralist whose
+     hold upon exact truth of statement was very loose indeed, but who
+     was determined that every word he wrote should strengthen his
+     readers in the faith. Nor is this generation of biographers dead
+     today. Half the lives of the great and good men, which are
+     published in England and America, are expanded tracts. Let the
+     biographer be tactful, but do not let him be cowardly; let him
+     cultivate delicacy, but avoid its ridiculous parody, prudery.
+
+And I also quote this from James Anthony Froude:
+
+     The usual custom in biography is to begin with the brightest side
+     and to leave the faults to be discovered afterwards. It is
+     dishonest and it does not answer. Of all literary sins, Carlyle
+     himself detested most a false biography. Faults frankly
+     acknowledged are frankly forgiven. Faults concealed work always
+     like poison. Burns' offenses were made no secret of. They are now
+     forgotten, and Burns stands without a shadow on him, the idol of
+     his countrymen.
+
+     Byron's diary was destroyed, and he remains and will remain with a
+     stain of suspicion about him, which revives and will revive, and
+     will never be wholly obliterated. "The truth shall make you free"
+     in biography as in everything else. Falsehood and concealment are a
+     great man's worst enemy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Henry Ward Beecher was born at Litchfield, Connecticut, June
+Twenty-third, Eighteen Hundred Thirteen. He was the eighth child of
+Lyman and Roxana Foote Beecher. Like Lincoln and various other great
+men, Beecher had two mothers: the one who gave him birth, and the one
+who cared for him as he grew up. Beecher used to take with him on his
+travels an old daguerreotype of his real mother, and in the cover of the
+case, beneath the glass, was a lock of her hair--fair in color, and
+bright as if touched by the kiss of the summer sun. Often he would take
+this picture out and apostrophize it, just as he would the uncut gems
+that he always carried in his pockets. "My first mother," he used to
+call her; and to him she stood as a sort of deity. "My first mother
+stands to me for love; my second mother for discipline; my father for
+justice," he once said to Halliday.
+
+I am not sure that Beecher had a well-defined idea of either discipline
+or justice, but love to him was a very vivid and personal reality. He
+knew what it meant--infinite forgiveness, a lifelong, yearning
+tenderness, a Something that suffereth long and is kind. This he
+preached for fifty years, and he preached little else. Lyman Beecher
+proclaimed the justice of God; Henry Ward Beecher told of His love.
+Lyman Beecher was a logician, but Henry Ward was a lover. There is a
+task on hand for the man who attempts to prove that Nature is kind, or
+that God is love. Perhaps man himself, with all his imperfections, gives
+us the best example of love that the universe has to offer. In preaching
+the love of God, Henry Ward Beecher revealed his own; for oratory, like
+literature, is only a confession.
+
+"My first mother is always pleading for me--she reaches out her arms to
+me--her delicate, long, tapering fingers stroke my hair--I hear her
+voice, gentle and low!" Do you say this is the language of o'erwrought
+emotion? I say to you it is simply the language of love. This mother,
+dead and turned to dust, who passed out when the boy was scarce three
+years old, stood to him for the ideal. Love, anyway, is a matter of the
+imagination, and he who can not imagine can not love, and love is from
+within. The lover clothes the beloved in the garments of his fancy, and
+woe to him if he ever loses the power to imagine.
+
+Have you not often noticed how the man or woman whose mother died before
+a time that the child could recall, and whose memory clusters around a
+faded picture and a lock of hair--how this person is thrice blessed in
+that the ideal is always a shelter when the real palls? Love is a refuge
+and a defense. The Law of Compensation is kind: Lincoln lived, until the
+day of his death, bathed in the love of Nancy Hanks, that mother, worn,
+yellow and sad, who gave him birth, and yet whom he had never known. No
+child ever really lost its mother--nothing is ever lost. Men are really
+only grown-up children, and the longing to be mothered is not effaced by
+the passing years. The type is well shown in the life of Meissonier,
+whose mother died in his childhood, but she was near him to the last. In
+his journal he wrote this: "It is the morning of my seventieth birthday.
+What a long time to look back upon! This morning, at the hour my mother
+gave me birth, I wished my first thoughts to be of her. Dear Mother, how
+often have the tears risen at the remembrance of you! It was your
+absence--my longing for you--that made you so dear to me. The love of my
+heart goes out to you! Do you hear me, Mother, crying and calling for
+you? How sweet it must be to have a mother!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One might suppose that a childless woman suddenly presented by Fate with
+an exacting husband and a brood of nine would soon be a candidate for
+nervous prostration; Sarah Porter Beecher, however, rose to the level of
+events, and looked after her household with diligence and a
+conscientious heart. Little Henry Ward was four years old and wore a
+red-flannel dress, outgrown by one of the girls. He was chubby, with a
+full-moon face and yellow curls, which were so much trouble to take care
+of that they were soon cut off, after he had set the example of cutting
+off two himself. He talked as though his mouth were full of hot mush. If
+sent to a neighbor's on an errand, he usually forgot what he was sent
+for, or else explained matters in such a way that he brought back the
+wrong thing. His mother meant to be kind; her patience was splendid; and
+one's heart goes out to her in sympathy when we think of her faithful
+efforts to teach the lesser catechism to this baby savage who much
+preferred to make mud-pies.
+
+Little Henry Ward had a third mother who did him much gentle benefit,
+and that was his sister Harriet, two years his senior. These little
+child-mothers who take care of the younger members of the family deserve
+special seats in Paradise. Harriet taught little Henry Ward to talk
+plainly, to add four and four, and to look solemn when he did not feel
+so--and thus escape the strap behind the kitchen-door. His bringing-up
+was of the uncaressing, let-alone kind.
+
+Lyman Beecher was a deal better than his religion; for his religion,
+like that of most people, was an inheritance, not an evolution. Piety
+settled down upon the household like a pall every Saturday at sundown;
+and the lessons taught were largely from the Old Testament.
+
+These big, bustling, strenuous households are pretty good life-drill for
+the members. The children are taught self-reliance, to do without each
+other, to do for others, and the older members educate the younger ones.
+It is a great thing to leave children alone. Henry Ward Beecher has
+intimated in various places in his books how the whole Beecher brood
+loved their father, yet as precaution against misunderstanding they made
+the sudden sneak and the quick side-step whenever they saw him coming.
+
+Village life with a fair degree of prosperity, but not too much, is an
+education in itself. The knowledge gained is not always classic, nor
+even polite, but it is all a part of the great, seething game of life.
+Henry Ward Beecher was not an educated man in the usual sense of the
+word. At school he carved his desk, made faces at the girls, and kept
+the place in a turmoil generally: doing the wrong thing, just like many
+another bumpkin. At home he carried in the wood, picked up chips, worked
+in the garden in Summer, and shoveled out the walks in Winter. He knew
+when the dishwater was worth saving to mix up with meal for the
+chickens, and when it should be put on the asparagus-bed or the
+rosebushes. He could make a lye-leach, knew that it was lucky to set
+hens on thirteen eggs, realized that hens' eggs hatched in three weeks,
+and ducks' in four. He knew when the berries ripened, where the crows
+nested, and could find the bee-trees by watching the flight of the bees
+after they had gotten their fill on the basswood-blossoms. He knew all
+the birds that sang in the branches--could tell what birds migrated and
+what not--was acquainted with the flowers and weeds and fungi--knew
+where the rabbits burrowed--could pick the milkweed that would cure
+warts, and tell the points of the compass by examining the bark of the
+trees. He was on familiar terms with all the ragamuffins in the village,
+and regarded the man who kept the livery-stable as the wisest person in
+New England, and the stage-driver as the wittiest.
+
+Lyman Beecher was a graduate of Yale, and Henry Ward would have been,
+had he been able to pass the preparatory examinations. But he couldn't,
+and finally he was bundled off to Amherst, very much as we now send boys
+to a business college when they get plucked at the high school. But it
+matters little--give the boys time--some of them ripen slowly, and
+others there be who know more at sixteen than they will ever know again,
+like street gamins with the wit of debauchees, rareripes at ten, and
+rotten at the core. "Delay adolescence," wrote Doctor Charcot to an
+anxious mother; "delay adolescence, and you bank energy until it is
+needed. If your boy is stupid at fourteen, thank God! Dulness is a
+fulcrum and your son is getting ready to put a lever under the world."
+
+At Amherst, Henry Ward stood well at the foot of his class. He read
+everything except what was in the curriculum, and never allowed his
+studies to interfere with his college course. He reveled in the debating
+societies, and was always ready to thrash out any subject in wordy
+warfare against all comers. His temper was splendid, his good-nature
+sublime. If an opponent got the best of him he enjoyed it as much as the
+audience--he could wait his turn. The man who can laugh at himself, and
+who is not anxious to have the last word, is right in the suburbs of
+greatness.
+
+However, the Beechers all had a deal of positivism in their characters.
+Thomas K. Beecher of Elmira, in Eighteen Hundred Fifty-six, declared he
+would not shave until John C. Fremont was elected President. It is
+needless to add that he wore whiskers the rest of his life.
+
+When Henry Ward was nineteen his father received a call to become
+President of Lane Theological Seminary at Cincinnati, and Henry Ward
+accompanied him as assistant. The stalwart old father had now come to
+recognize the worth of his son, and for the first time parental
+authority was waived and they were companions. They were very much
+alike--exuberant health, energy plus, faith and hope to spare. And
+Henry Ward now saw that there was a gentle, tender and yearning side to
+his father's nature, into which the world caught only glimpses. Lyman
+Beecher was not free--he was bound by a hagiograph riveted upon his
+soul; and so to a degree his whole nature was cramped and tortured in
+his struggles between the "natural man" and the "spiritual." The son was
+taught by antithesis, and inwardly vowed he would be free. The one word
+that looms large in the life of Beecher is Liberty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Henry Ward Beecher died aged seventy-four, having preached since he was
+twenty-three. During that time he was pastor of three churches--two
+years at Lawrenceburg, Indiana, six years at Indianapolis, and
+forty-three years in Brooklyn. It was in Eighteen Hundred Thirty-seven
+that he became pastor of the Congregational Church at Lawrenceburg. This
+town was then a rival of Cincinnati. It had six churches--several more
+than were absolutely needed. The Baptists were strong, the Presbyterians
+were strenuous, the Episcopalians were exclusive, while the
+Congregationalists were at ebb-tide through the rascality of a preacher
+who had recently decamped and thrown a blanket of disgrace over the
+whole denomination for ten miles up the creek. Thus were things when
+Henry Ward Beecher assumed his first charge. The membership of the
+church was made up of nineteen women and one man. The new pastor was
+sexton as well as preacher--he swept out, rang the bell, lighted the
+candles and locked up after service.
+
+Beecher remained in Lawrenceburg two years. The membership had increased
+to one hundred six men and seventy women. I suppose it will not be
+denied as an actual fact that women bolster the steeples so that they
+stay on the churches. From the time women held the rope and let Saint
+Paul down in safety from the wall in a basket, women have maintained the
+faith. But Beecher was a man's preacher from first to last. He was a
+bold, manly man, making his appeal to men.
+
+Two years at Lawrenceburg and he moved to Indianapolis, the capital of
+the State, his reputation having been carried thither by the member from
+Posey County, who incautiously boasted that his "deestrick" had the most
+powerful preacher of any town on the Ohio River.
+
+At Indianapolis, Beecher was a success at once. He entered into the
+affairs of the people with an ease and a good nature that won the hearts
+of this semi-pioneer population. His "Lectures to Young Men," delivered
+Sunday evenings to packed houses, still have a sale. This bringing
+religion down from the lofty heights of theology and making it a matter
+of every-day life was eminently Beecheresque. And the reason it was a
+success was because it fitted the needs of the people. Beecher expressed
+what the people were thinking. Mankind clings to the creed; we will not
+burn our bridges--we want the religion of our mothers, yet we crave the
+simple common-sense we can comprehend as well as the superstition we
+can't. Beecher's task was to rationalize orthodoxy so as to make it
+palatable to thinking minds. "I can't ride two horses at one time," once
+said Robert Ingersoll to Beecher, "but possibly I'll be able to yet, for
+tomorrow I am going to hear you preach." Then it was that Beecher
+offered to write Ingersoll's epitaph, which he proceeded to do by
+scribbling two words on the back of an envelope, thus: "Robert Burns."
+
+But these men understood and had a thorough respect for each other. Once
+at a mass-meeting at Cooper Union, Beecher introduced Ingersoll as the
+"first, foremost and most gifted of all living orators."
+
+And Ingersoll, not to be outdone, referred in his speech to Beecher as
+the "one orthodox clergyman in the world who has eliminated hell from
+his creed and put the devil out of church, and still stands in his
+pulpit."
+
+Six years at Indianapolis put Beecher in command of his armament. And
+Brooklyn, seeking a man of power, called him thither. His first sermon
+in Plymouth Church outlined his course; and the principles then laid
+down he was to preach for fifty years: the love of God; the life of
+Christ, not as a sacrifice, but as an example--our Elder Brother; and
+Liberty--liberty to think, to express, to act, to become.
+
+It would have been worth going miles to see this man as he appeared at
+Plymouth Church those first years of his ministry. Such a specimen of
+mental, spiritual and physical manhood Nature produces only once in a
+century. Imagine a man of thirty-five, when manhood has not yet left
+youth behind, height five feet ten, weight one hundred eighty, a body
+like that of a Greek god, and a mind poised, sure, serene, with a fund
+of good nature that could not be overdrawn; a face cleanly shaven; a
+wealth of blond hair falling to his broad shoulders; eyes of infinite
+blue--eyes like the eyes of Christ when He gazed upon the penitent
+thief on the cross, or eyes that flash fire, changing their color with
+the mood of the man--a radiant, happy man, the cheeriest, sunniest
+nature that ever dwelt in human body, with a sympathy that went out to
+everybody and everything--children, animals, the old, the feeble, the
+fallen--a man too big to be jealous, too noble to quibble, a man so
+manly that he would accept guilt rather than impute it to another. If he
+had been possessed of less love he would have been a stronger man. The
+generous nature lies open and unprotected--through its guilelessness it
+allows concrete rascality to come close enough to strike it. "One reason
+why Beecher had so many enemies was because he bestowed so many
+benefits," said Rufus Choate.
+
+Talmage did not discover himself until he was forty-six; Beecher was
+Beecher at thirty-five. He was as great then as he ever was--it was too
+much to ask that he should evolve into something more--Nature has to
+distribute her gifts. Had Beecher grown after his thirty-fifth year, as
+he grew from twenty-five to thirty-five, he would have been a Colossus
+that would have disturbed the equilibrium of the thinking world, and
+created revolution instead of evolution. The opposition toward great men
+is right and natural--it is a part of Nature's plan to hold the balance
+true, "lest ye become as gods!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I traveled with Major James B. Pond one lecture season, and during that
+time heard only two themes discussed, John Brown and Henry Ward Beecher.
+These were his gods. Pond fought with John Brown in Kansas, shoulder to
+shoulder, and it was only through an accident that he was not with Brown
+at Harpers Ferry, in which case his soul would have gone marching on
+with that of Old John Brown. From Eighteen Hundred Sixty to Eighteen
+Hundred Sixty-six Pond belonged to the army, and was stationed in
+Western Missouri, where there was no commissariat, where they took no
+prisoners, and where men like Jesse James lived, who never knew the war
+was over. Pond had so many notches cut on the butt of his pistol that he
+had ceased to count them.
+
+He was big, brusk, quibbling, insulting, dictatorial, painstaking,
+considerate and kind. He was the most exasperating and lovable man I
+ever knew. He left a trail of enemies wherever he traveled, and the
+irony of fate is shown in that he was allowed to die peacefully in his
+bed.
+
+I cut my relationship with him because I did not care to be pained by
+seeing his form dangling from the crossbeam of a telegraph-pole. When I
+lectured at Washington a policeman appeared at the box-office and
+demanded the amusement-license fee of five dollars. "Your authority?"
+roared Pond. And the policeman not being able to explain, Pond kicked
+him down the stairway, and kept his club as a souvenir. We got out on
+the midnight train before warrants could be served.
+
+He would often push me into the first carriage when we arrived at a
+town, and sometimes the driver would say, "This is a private carriage,"
+or, "This rig is engaged," and Pond would reply, "What's that to
+me?--drive us to the hotel--you evidently don't know whom you are
+talking to!" And so imperious was his manner that his orders were
+usually obeyed. Arriving at the hotel, he would hand out double fare. It
+was his rule to pay too much or too little. Yet as a manager he was
+perfection--he knew the trains to a minute, and always knew, too, what
+to do if we missed the first train, or if the train was late. At the
+hall he saw that every detail was provided for. If the place was too
+hot, or too cold, somebody got thoroughly damned. If the ventilation was
+bad, and he could not get the windows open, he would break them out. If
+you questioned his balance-sheet he would the next day flash up an
+expense-account that looked like a plumber's bill and give you fifty
+cents as your share of the spoils. At hotels he always got a room with
+two beds, if possible. I was his prisoner--he was despotically kind--he
+regulated my hours of sleep, my meals, my exercise. He would throw
+intruding visitors downstairs as average men shoo chickens or scare
+cats. He was a bundle of profanity and unrest until after the lecture.
+Then we would go to our room, and he would talk like a windmill. He
+would crawl into his bed and I into mine, and then he would continue
+telling Beecher stories half the night, comparing me with Beecher to my
+great disadvantage. A dozen times I have heard him tell how Beecher
+would say, "Pond, never consult me about plans or explain details--if
+you do, our friendship ceases." Beecher was glad to leave every detail
+of travel to Pond, and Pond delighted in assuming sole charge. Beecher
+never audited an account--he just took what Pond gave him and said
+nothing. In this Beecher was very wise--he managed Pond and Pond never
+knew it. Pond had a pride in paying Beecher as much as possible, and
+found gratification in giving the money to Beecher instead of keeping
+it. He was immensely proud of his charge and grew to have an idolatrous
+regard for Beecher. Pond's brusk ways amused Beecher, and the Osawatomie
+experience made him a sort of hero in Beecher's eyes.
+
+Beecher took Pond at his true value, regarded his wrath as a child's
+tantrum, and let him do most of the talking as well as the business. And
+Beecher's great welling heart touched a side of Pond's nature that few
+knew existed at all--a side that he masked with harshness; for, in spite
+of his perversity, Pond had his virtues--he was simple as a child, and
+so ingenuous that deception with him was impossible. He could not tell a
+lie so you would not know it.
+
+He served Beecher with a doglike loyalty, and an honesty beyond
+suspicion. They were associated fourteen years, traveled together over
+three hundred thousand miles, and Pond paid to Beecher two hundred forty
+thousand dollars.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Beecher and Tilton became acquainted about the year Eighteen Hundred
+Sixty. Beecher was at that time forty-seven years old; Tilton was
+twenty-five. The influence of the older man over the younger was very
+marked. Tilton became one of the most zealous workers in Plymouth
+Church: he attended every service, took part in the Wednesday evening
+prayer-meeting, helped take up the collection, and was a constant
+recruiting force. Tilton was a reporter, and later an editorial writer
+on different New York and Brooklyn dailies. Beecher's Sunday sermon
+supplied Tilton the cue for his next day's leader. And be it said to his
+honor, he usually gave due credit, and in various ways helped the cause
+of Plymouth Church by booming the reputation of its pastor.
+
+Tilton was possessed of a deal of intellectual nervous force. His mind
+was receptive, active, versatile. His all-round newspaper experience had
+given him an education, and he could express himself acceptably on any
+theme. He wrote children's stories, threw off poetry in idle hours,
+penned essays, skimmed the surface of philosophy, and dived occasionally
+into theology. But his theology and his philosophy were strictly the
+goods put out by Beecher, distilled through the Tilton cosmos. He
+occasionally made addresses at social gatherings, and evolved into an
+orator whose reputation extended to Staten Island.
+
+Beecher's big, boyish heart went out to this bright and intelligent
+young man--they were much in each other's company. People said they
+looked alike; although one was tall and slender and the other was
+inclined to be stout. Beecher wore his hair long, and now Tilton wore
+his long, too. Beecher affected a wide-brimmed slouch-hat; Tilton wore
+one of similar style, with brim a trifle wider. Beecher wore a large,
+blue cloak; Tilton wrapped himself 'round with a cloak one shade more
+ultramarine than Beecher's.
+
+Tilton's wife was very much like Tilton--both were intellectual,
+nervous, artistic. They were so much alike that they give us a hint of
+what a hell this world would be if all mankind were made in one mold.
+But there was this difference between them: Mrs. Tilton was proud, while
+Tilton was vain. They were only civil toward each other because they had
+vowed they would be. They did not throw crockery, because to do so would
+have been bad form.
+
+Beecher was a great joker--hilarious, laughing, and both witty and
+humorous. I was going to say he was wise, but that isn't the word.
+Tilton lacked wit--he never bubbled except as a matter of duty. Both Mr.
+and Mrs. Tilton greatly enjoyed the society of Beecher, for, besides
+being a great intellectual force, his presence was an antiseptic 'gainst
+jaundice and introspection. And Beecher loved them both, because they
+loved him, and because he loved everybody. They supplied him a foil for
+his wit, a receptacle for his overflow of spirit, a flint on which to
+strike his steel. Mrs. Tilton admired Beecher a little more than her
+husband did--she was a woman. Tilton was glad that his wife liked
+Beecher--it brought Beecher to his house; and if Beecher admired
+Tilton's wife--why, was not this a proof that Tilton and Beecher were
+alike? I guess so! Mrs. Tilton was musical, artistic, keen of brain,
+emotional, with all a fine-fibered woman's longings, hopes and ideals.
+
+So matters went drifting on the tide, and the years went by, as the
+years will.
+
+Mrs. Tilton became a semi-invalid, the kind that doctors now treat with
+hypophosphites, beef-iron-and-wine, cod-liver oil, and massage by the
+right attendant. They call it congenital anemia--a scarcity of the red
+corpuscle.
+
+Some doctors there be who do not yet know that the emotions control the
+secretions, and a perfect circulation is a matter of mind. Anyway, what
+can the poor Galenite do in a case like this--his pills are powerless,
+his potions inane! Tilton knew that his wife loved Beecher, and he also
+fully realized that in this she was only carrying out a little of the
+doctrine of freedom that he taught, and that he claimed for himself. For
+a time Tilton was beautifully magnanimous. Occasionally Mrs. Tilton had
+spells of complete prostration, when she thought she was going to die.
+At such times her husband would send for Beecher to come and administer
+extreme unction.
+
+Instead of dying, the woman would get well.
+
+After one such attack, Tilton taunted his wife with her quick recovery.
+It was a taunt that pulled tight on the corners of his mouth; it was
+lacking in playfulness. Beecher was present at the bedside of the
+propped-up invalid. They turned on Tilton, did these two, and flayed him
+with their agile wit and ready tongues. Tilton protested they were
+wrong--he was not jealous--the idea!
+
+But that afternoon he had his hair cut, and he discarded the slouch-hat
+for one with a stiff brim.
+
+It took six months for his hair to grow to a length sufficient to
+indicate genius.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Beecher's great heart was wrung and stung by the tangle of events in
+which he finally found himself plunged. That his love for Mrs. Tilton
+was great there is no doubt, and for the wife with whom he had lived for
+over a score of years he had a profound pity and regard. She had not
+grown with him. Had she remained in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, and married a
+well-to-do grocer, all for her would have been well. Beecher belonged to
+the world, and this his wife never knew: she thought she owned him. To
+interest her and to make her shine before the world, certain literary
+productions were put out with her name as author, on request of Robert
+Bonner, but all this was a pathetic attempt by her husband to conceal
+the truth of her mediocrity. She spied upon him, watched his mail,
+turned his pockets, and did all the things no wife should do, lest
+perchance she be punished by finding her suspicions true. Wives and
+husbands must live by faith. The wife who is miserable until she makes
+her husband "confess all" is never happy afterwards. Beecher could not
+pour out his soul to his wife--he had to watch her mood and dole out to
+her the platitudes she could digest--never with her did he reach
+abandon. But the wife strove to do her duty--she was a good housekeeper,
+economical and industrious, and her very virtues proved a source of
+exasperation to her husband--he could not hate her.
+
+It was Mrs. Beecher herself who first discovered the relationship
+existing between her husband and Mrs. Tilton. She accused her husband,
+and he made no denial--he offered her her liberty. But this she did not
+want. Beecher promised to break with Mrs. Tilton. They parted--parted
+forever in sweet sorrow.
+
+And the next week they met again.
+
+The greater the man before the public, the more he outpours himself, the
+more his need for mothering in the quiet of his home. All things are
+equalized, and with the strength of the sublime, spiritual nature goes
+the weakness of a child. Beecher was an undeveloped boy to the day of
+his death.
+
+Beecher at one time had a great desire to stand square before the world.
+Major Pond, on Beecher's request, went to Mrs. Beecher and begged her to
+sue for a divorce. At the same time Tilton was asked to secure a divorce
+from his wife. When all parties were free, Beecher would marry Mrs.
+Tilton and face the world an honest man--nothing to hide--right out
+under the clear, blue sky, blown upon by the free winds of heaven!
+
+This was his heart's desire.
+
+But all negotiations failed. Mrs. Beecher would not give up her husband,
+and Tilton was too intent on revenge--and cash--to even consider the
+matter. Then came the crash.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Tilton sued Beecher for one hundred thousand dollars' damages for
+alienating his wife's affection. It took five months to try the case.
+The best legal talent in the land was engaged. The jury disagreed and
+the case was not tried again.
+
+Had Mrs. Beecher applied for a divorce on statutory grounds, no court
+would have denied her prayer. In actions for divorce, guilt does not
+have to be proved--it is assumed. But when one man sues another for
+money damages, the rulings are drawn finer and matters must be proved.
+That is where Tilton failed in his lawsuit.
+
+At the trial, Beecher perjured himself like a gentleman to protect Mrs.
+Tilton; Mrs. Tilton waived the truth for Beecher's benefit; and Mrs.
+Beecher swore black was white, because she did not want to lose her
+husband. Such a precious trinity of prevaricators is very seldom seen in
+a courtroom, a place where liars much do congregate. Judge and jury knew
+they lied and respected them the more, for down in the hearts of all men
+is a feeling that the love-affairs of a man and a woman are sacred
+themes, and a bulwark of lies to protect the holy of holies is ever
+justifiable.
+
+Tilton was the one person who told the truth, and he was universally
+execrated for it. Love does not leave a person without reason. And there
+is something in the thought of money as payment to a man for a woman's
+love that is against nature.
+
+Tilton lost the woman's love, and he would balm his lacerated heart with
+lucre! Money? God help us--a man should earn money. We sometimes hear of
+men who subsist on women's shame; but what shall we say of a man who
+would turn parasite and live in luxury on a woman's love--and this woman
+by him now spurned and scorned! The faults and frailties of men and
+women caught in the swirl of circumstances are not without excuse, but
+the cold plottings to punish them and the desire to thrive by their
+faults are hideous.
+
+The worst about a double life is not its immorality--it is that the
+relationship makes a man a liar. The universe is not planned for
+duplicity--all the energy we have is needed in our business, and he who
+starts out on the pathway of untruth finds himself treading upon
+brambles and nettles which close behind him and make return impossible.
+The further he goes the worse the jungle of poison-oak and ivy, which at
+last circles him round in strangling embrace. He who escapes the clutch
+of a life of falsehood is as one in a million. Victor Hugo has pictured
+the situation when he tells of the man whose feet are caught in the bed
+of bird-lime. He attempts to jump out, but only sinks deeper--he
+flounders, calls for help, and puts forth all his strength. He is up to
+his knees--to his hips--his waist--his neck, and at last only hands are
+seen reaching up in mute appeal to heaven. But the heavens are as
+brass, and soon where there was once a man is only the dumb indifference
+of Nature.
+
+The only safe course is the open road of truth. Lies once begun, pile
+up; and lies require lies to bolster them.
+
+Mrs. Tilton had made a written confession to her husband, but this she
+repudiated in court, declaring it was given "in terrorem." Now she had
+only words of praise and vindication for Beecher.
+
+Mrs. Beecher sat by her husband's side all through the long trial. For a
+man to leave the woman with whom he has lived a lifetime, and who is the
+mother of his children, is out of the question. What if she does lack
+intellect and spirituality! He has endured her; aye! he has even been
+happy with her at times--the relationship has been endurable--'twere
+imbecility, and death for both, to break it.
+
+Beecher and his wife would stand together.
+
+Mrs. Tilton's lips had been sanctified by love, and were sealed, though
+her heart did break.
+
+The jury stood nine for Beecher and three against. Major Pond, the
+astute, construed this into a vindication--Beecher was not guilty!
+
+The first lecture after the trial was given at Alexandria Bay. Pond had
+sold out for five hundred dollars. Beecher said it was rank robbery--no
+one would be there. The lecture was to be in the grove at three o'clock
+in the afternoon. In the forenoon, boats were seen coming from east and
+west and north--excursion-boats laden with pilgrims; sailboats,
+rowboats, skiffs, and even birch-bark canoes bearing red men. The people
+came also in carts and wagons, and on horseback. An audience of five
+thousand confronted the lecturer.
+
+The man who had planned the affair had banked on his knowledge of
+humanity--the people wanted to see and hear the individual who had been
+whipped naked at the cart's tail, and who still lived to face the world
+smilingly, bravely, undauntedly.
+
+Major Pond was paid the five hundred dollars as agreed. The enterprise
+had netted its manager over a thousand dollars--he was a rich man
+anyway--things had turned out as he had prophesied, and in the
+exuberance of his success he that night handed Mr. Beecher a check for
+two hundred fifty dollars, saying, "This is for you with my love--it is
+outside of any arrangement made with Major Pond." After they had retired
+to their rooms, Beecher handed the check to Pond, and said, as his blue
+eyes filled with tears, "Major, you know what to do with this?" And
+Major Pond said, "Yes."
+
+Tilton went to Europe, leaving his family behind. But Major Pond made it
+his business to see that Mrs. Tilton wanted for nothing that money could
+buy. Beecher never saw Mrs. Tilton, to converse with her, again. She
+outlived him a dozen years. On her deathbed she confessed to her sister
+that her denials as to her relations with Beecher were untrue. "He loved
+me," she said; "he loved me, and I would have been less than woman had
+I not loved him. This love will be my passport to Paradise--God
+understands." And so she died.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Tilton was by nature an unsuccessful man. He was proudly aristocratic,
+lordly, dignified, jealous, mentally wiggling and spiritually jiggling.
+His career was like that of a race-horse which makes a record faster
+than he can ever attain again, and thus is forever barred from all
+slow-paced competitions. Tilton aspired to be a novelist, an essayist, a
+poet, an orator. His performances in each of these lines, unfortunately,
+were not bad enough to damn him; and his work done in fair weather was
+so much better than he could do in foul that he was caught by the
+undertow. And as for doing what Adirondack Murray did--get right down to
+hardpan and wash dishes in a dishpan--he couldn't do it. Like an Indian,
+he would starve before he would work--and he came near it, gaining a
+garret-living, teaching languages and doing hack literary work in Paris,
+where he went to escape the accumulation of contempt that came his way
+just after the great Beecher trial.
+
+Before this, Tilton started out to star the country as a lecturer. He
+evidently thought he could climb to popularity over the wreck of Henry
+Ward Beecher. Even had he wrecked Beecher completely, it is very likely
+he would have gone down in the swirl, and become literary flotsam and
+jetsam just the same.
+
+Tilton had failed to down his man, and men who are failures do not draw
+on the lecture platform. The auditor has failure enough at home, God
+knows! and what he wants when he lays down good money for a
+lecture-ticket is to annex himself to a success.
+
+Tilton's lecture was called, "The Problem of Life"--a title which had
+the advantage of allowing the speaker to say anything he wished to say
+on any subject and still not violate the unities. I heard Tilton give
+this lecture twice, and it was given from start to finish in exactly the
+same way. It contained much learning--had flights of eloquence, bursts
+of bathos, puffs of pathos, but not a smile in the whole hour and a
+half. It was faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null, dead
+perfection--no more. It was so perfect that some people thought it
+great. The man was an actor and had what is called platform presence. He
+would walk on the stage, carrying his big, blue cloak over his arm, his
+slouch-hat in his hand--for he clung to these Beecher properties to the
+last, even claiming that Beecher was encroaching on his preserve in
+wearing them.
+
+He would bow as stiffly and solemnly as a new-made judge. Then he would
+toss the cloak on a convenient sofa, place the big hat on top of it, and
+come down to the footlights, deliberately removing his yellow kid
+gloves. There was no introduction--he was the whole show and brooked no
+competition. He would begin talking as he removed the gloves; he would
+get one glove off and hold it in the other hand, seemingly lost in his
+speech. From time to time he would emphasize his remarks by beating the
+palm of his gloved hand with the loose glove. By the time the lecture
+was half over, both gloves would be lying on the table; unlike the
+performance of Sir Edwin Arnold, who, during his readings, always wore
+one white kid glove and carried its mate in the gloved hand from
+beginning to end.
+
+Theodore Tilton's lectures were consummate art, done by a handsome,
+graceful and cultured man in a red necktie, but they did not carry
+enough caloric to make them go. They seemed to lack vibrations. Art
+without a message is for the people who love art for art's sake, and God
+does not care much for these, otherwise he would not have made so few of
+them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lyman Abbott sums up his estimate of the worth of his lifelong friend
+and literary associate, Henry Ward Beecher, in the following words:
+
+     "It was in the pulpit that Beecher was seen at his best. His
+     mastery of the English tongue, his dramatic power, his instinctive
+     art of impersonation, which had become a second nature, his vivid
+     imagination, his breadth of intellectual view, the catholicity of
+     his sympathies, his passionate enthusiasm, which made for the
+     moment his immediate theme seem to him the one theme of
+     transcendent importance, his quaint humor alternating with genuine
+     pathos, and above all his simple and singularly unaffected
+     devotional nature, made him as a preacher without a peer in his own
+     time and country. His favorite theme was love: love to man was to
+     him the fulfilment of all law; love of God was the essence of all
+     Christianity. Retaining to the day of his death the forms and
+     phrases of the New England theology in which he had been reared, he
+     poured into them a new meaning and gave to them a new significance.
+
+     "He probably did more than any other man in America to lead the
+     Puritan churches from a faith which regarded God as a moral
+     governor, the Bible as a book of laws, and religion as obedience to
+     a conscience, to a faith which regards God as a father, the Bible
+     as a book of counsels, and religion as a life of liberty in love."
+
+As a sample of Beecher's eloquence, this extract from his sermon on the
+death of Lincoln reveals his quality as well perhaps as anything he ever
+said:
+
+     The joy of the Nation came upon us suddenly, with such a surge as
+     no words can describe. Men laughed, embraced one another, sang and
+     prayed, and many could only weep for gladness.
+
+     In one short hour, joy had no pulse. The sorrow was so terrible
+     that it stunned sensibility. The first feeling was the least, and
+     men wanted to get strength to feel. Other griefs belong always to
+     some one in chief, but this belonged to all. Men walked for hours
+     as though a corpse lay in their houses. The city forgot to roar.
+     Never did so many hearts in so brief a time touch two such
+     boundless feelings. It was the uttermost of joy and the uttermost
+     of sorrow--noon and midnight without a space between. We should not
+     mourn, however, because the departure of the President was so
+     sudden. When one is prepared to die, the suddenness of death is a
+     blessing. They that are taken awake and watching, as the bridegroom
+     dressed for the wedding, and not those who die in pain and stupor,
+     are blessed. Neither should we mourn the manner of his death. The
+     soldier prays that he may die by the shot of the enemy in the hour
+     of victory, and it was meet that he should be joined in a common
+     experience in death with the brave men to whom he had been joined
+     in all his sympathy and life.
+
+     This blow was but the expiring rebellion. Epitomized in this foul
+     act we find the whole nature and disposition of slavery. It is fit
+     that its expiring blow should be such as to take away from men the
+     last forbearance, the last pity, and fire the soul with invincible
+     determination that the breeding system of such mischiefs and
+     monsters shall be forever and utterly destroyed. We needed not that
+     he should put on paper that he believed in slavery, who, with
+     treason, with murder, with cruelty infernal, hovered round that
+     majestic man to destroy his life. He was himself the lifelong sting
+     with which Slavery struck at Liberty, and he carried the poison
+     that belonged to Slavery; and as long as this Nation lasts it will
+     never be forgotten that we have had one Martyr-President--never,
+     never while time lasts, while heaven lasts, while hell rocks and
+     groans, will it be forgotten that Slavery by its minions slew him,
+     and in slaying him made manifest its whole nature and tendency.
+     This blow was aimed at the life of the Government. Some murders
+     there have been that admitted shades of palliation, but not such a
+     one as this--without provocation, without reason, without
+     temptation--sprung from the fury of a heart cankered to all that is
+     pure and just.
+
+     The blow has failed of its object. The Government stands more solid
+     today than any pyramid of Egypt. Men love liberty and hate slavery
+     today more than ever before. How naturally, how easily, the
+     Government passed into the hands of the new President, and I avow
+     my belief that he will be found a man true to every instinct of
+     liberty, true to the whole trust that is imposed in him, vigilant
+     of the Constitution, careful of the laws, wise for liberty: in that
+     he himself for his life long, has known what it is to suffer from
+     the stings of slavery, and to prize liberty from the bitter
+     experience of his own life. Even he that sleeps has by this event
+     been clothed with new influence. His simple and weighty words will
+     be gathered like those of Washington, and quoted by those who, were
+     he alive, would refuse to listen. Men will receive a new access to
+     patriotism. I swear you on the altar of his memory to be more
+     faithful to that country for which he perished. We will, as we
+     follow his hearse, swear a new hatred to that slavery against which
+     he warred, and which in vanquishing him has made him a martyr and
+     conqueror. I swear you by the memory of this martyr to hate slavery
+     with an unabatable hatred, and to pursue it. We will admire the
+     firmness of this man in justice, his inflexible conscience for the
+     right, his gentleness and moderation of spirit, which not all the
+     hate of party could turn to bitterness. And I swear you to follow
+     his justice, his moderation, his mercy. How can I speak to that
+     twilight million to whom his name was as the name of an angel of
+     God, and whom God sent before them to lead them out of the house of
+     bondage? O thou Shepherd of Israel, Thou that didst comfort Thy
+     people of old, to Thy care we commit these helpless and
+     long-wronged and grieved.
+
+     And now the martyr is moving in triumphal march, mightier than one
+     alive. The Nation rises up at every stage of his coming; cities and
+     States are his pall-bearers, and the cannon beat the hours in
+     solemn progression; dead, dead, dead, he yet speaketh. Is
+     Washington dead? Is Hampden dead? Is David?
+
+     Four years ago, O Illinois, we took from your midst an untried man
+     from among the people. Behold! we return him to you a mighty
+     conqueror; not thine any more, but the Nation's--not ours, but the
+     world's. Give him place, O ye prairies! in the midst of this great
+     continent shall rest a sacred treasure to myriads who shall pilgrim
+     to that shrine to kindle anew their zeal and patriotism. Ye winds
+     that move over mighty spaces of the West, chant his requiem! Ye
+     people, behold the martyr whose blood, as so many articulate words,
+     pleads for fidelity, for law, for Liberty!
+
+
+
+
+WENDELL PHILLIPS
+
+
+     What worldwide benefactors these "imprudent" men are! How prudently
+     most men creep into nameless graves; while now and then one or two
+     forget themselves into immortality.
+
+                                                 --_Speech on Lovejoy_
+
+[Illustration: WENDELL PHILLIPS]
+
+
+May the good Lord ever keep me from wishing to say the last word; and
+also from assigning ranks or awarding prizes to great men gone. However,
+it is a joy to get acquainted with a noble, splendid personality, and
+then introduce him to you, or at least draw the arras, so you can see
+him as he lived and worked or nobly failed.
+
+And if you and I understand this man it is because we are much akin to
+him. The only relationship, after all, is the spiritual relationship.
+Your brother after the flesh may not be your brother at all; you may
+live in different worlds and call to each other in strange tongues
+across wide seas of misunderstandings. "Who is my mother and who are my
+brethren?"
+
+As you understand a man, just in that degree are you related to him.
+There is a great joy in discovering kinship--for in that moment you
+discover yourself, and life consists in getting acquainted with
+yourself. We see ourselves mirrored in the soul of another--that is what
+love is, or pretty nearly so.
+
+If you like what I write, it is because I express for you the things you
+already know; we are akin, our heads are in the same stratum--we are
+breathing the same atmosphere. To the degree that you comprehend the
+character of Wendell Phillips you are akin to him. I once thought great
+men were all ten feet high, but since I have met a few, both in astral
+form and in the flesh, I have found out differently.
+
+What kind of a man was Wendell Phillips?
+
+Very much like you and me, Blessed, very much like you and me.
+
+I think well of great people, I think well of myself, and I think well
+of you. We are all God's children--all parts of the Whole--akin to
+Divinity.
+
+Phillips never thought he was doing much--never took any great pride in
+past performances. When what you have done in the past looks large to
+you, you have not done much today. His hopes were so high that there
+crept into his life a tinge of disappointment--some have called it
+bitterness, but that is not the word--just a touch of sadness because he
+was unable to do more. This was a matter of temperament, perhaps, but it
+reveals the humanity as well as the divinity of the man. There is
+nothing worse than self-complacency--smugosity is sin.
+
+Phillips was not supremely great--if he were, how could we comprehend
+him?
+
+And now if you will open those folding doors--there! that will do--thank
+you.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When was he born? Ah, I'll tell you--it was in his twenty-fifth
+year--about three in the afternoon, by the clock, October Twenty-first,
+Eighteen Hundred Thirty-five. The day was Indian summer, warm and balmy.
+He sat there reading in the window of his office on Court Street,
+Boston, a spick-span new law-office, with four shelves of law-books
+bound in sheep, a green-covered table in the center, three armchairs,
+and on the wall a steel engraving of "Washington Crossing the Delaware."
+
+He was a handsome fellow, was this Wendell Phillips--it would a' been
+worth your while just to run up the stairs and put your head in the door
+to look at him. "Can I do anything for you?" he would have asked.
+
+"No, we just wanted to see you, that's all," we would have replied.
+
+He sat there at the window, his long legs crossed, a copy of "Coke on
+Littleton" in his hands. His dress was what it should be--that of a
+gentleman--his face cleanly shaven, hair long, cut square and falling to
+his black stock. He was the only son of Boston's first Mayor, both to
+the manor and to the manner born, rich in his own right; proud,
+handsome, strong, gentle, refined, educated--a Christian gentleman, heir
+to the best that Boston had to give--a graduate of the Boston Latin
+School, of Harvard College, of the Harvard Law School--living with his
+widowed mother in a mansion on Beacon Hill, overlooking Boston's
+forty-three acres of Common!
+
+Can you imagine anything more complete in way of endowment than all
+this? Did Destiny ever do more for mortal man?
+
+There he sat waiting for clients. About this time he made the
+acquaintance of a cockeyed pulchritudinous youth, Ben Butler by name,
+who was errand-boy in a nearby office. It was a strange
+friendship--peppered by much cross-fire whenever they met in public--to
+endure loyal for a lifetime.
+
+Clients are sure to come to the man who is not too anxious about
+them--sure to come to a man like Phillips--a youth clothed with the
+graces of a Greek--waiting on the threshold of manhood's morning.
+
+Here is his career: a successful lawyer and leader in society; a member
+of the Legislature; a United States Senator, and then if he cares for
+it--well, well, well!
+
+But in the meantime, there he sits, not with his feet in the window or
+on a chair--he is a gentleman, I said, a Boston gentleman--the flower of
+a gracile ancestry. In the lazy, hazy air is the hum of autumn birds and
+beetles--the hectic beauty of the dying year is over all. The hum seems
+to grow--it becomes a subdued roar.
+
+You have sat behind the scenes waiting for the curtain to rise--a
+thousand people are there just out of your sight--five hundred of them
+are talking. It is one high-keyed, humming roar.
+
+The roar of a mob is keyed lower--it is guttural and approaches a
+growl--it seems to come in waves, a brazen roar rising and falling--but
+a roar, full of menace, hate, deaf to reason, dead to appeal.
+
+You have heard the roar of the mob in "Julius Caesar," and stay! once I
+heard the genuine article. It was in Eighty-four--goodness gracious, I
+am surely getting old!--it was in a town out West. I saw nothing but a
+pushing, crowding mass of men, and all I heard was that deep guttural
+roar of the beast. I could not make out what it was all about until I
+saw a man climbing a telegraph-pole.
+
+He was carrying a rope in one hand. As he climbed higher, the roar
+subsided. The climber reached the arms that form the cross. He swung the
+rope over the crossbeam and paid it out until the end was clutched by
+the uplifted hands of those below.
+
+The roar arose again like an angry sea, and I saw the figure of a human
+being leap twenty feet into the air and swing and swirl at the end of
+the rope.
+
+The roar ceased.
+
+The lawyer laid down the brand-new book, bound in sheep, and leaned out
+of the window--men were running down the thoroughfare, some hatless, and
+at Washington Street could be seen a black mass of human beings--beings
+who had forsaken their reason and merged their personality into a mob.
+
+The young lawyer arose, put on his hat, locked his office, followed down
+the street. His tall and muscular form pushed its way through the mass.
+
+Theodore Lyman, the Mayor, was standing on a barrel importuning the
+crowd to disperse. His voice was lost in the roar of the mob.
+
+From down a stairway came a procession of women, thirty or so, walking
+by twos, very pale, but calm. The crowd gradually opened out on a stern
+order from some unknown person. The young lawyer threw himself against
+those who blocked the way. The women passed on, and the crowd closed in
+as water closes over a pebble dropped into the river.
+
+The disappearance of the women seemed to heighten the confusion: there
+were stones thrown, sounds of breaking glass, a crash on the stairway,
+and down the narrow passage, with yells of triumph, came a crowd of men,
+half-dragging a prisoner, a rope around his waist, his arms pinioned.
+The man's face was white, his clothing disheveled and torn. His
+resistance was passive--no word of entreaty or explanation escaped his
+lips. A sudden jerk on the rope from the hundred hands that clutched it
+threw the man off his feet--he fell headlong, his face struck the stones
+of the pavement, and he was dragged for twenty yards. The crowd grabbed
+at him and lifted him to his feet--blood dripped from his face, his hat
+was gone, his coat, vest and shirt were in shreds. The man spoke no
+word.
+
+"That's him--Garrison, the damned abolitionist!" The words arose above
+the din and surge of the mob: "Kill him! Hang him!"
+
+Phillips saw the colonel of his militia regiment, and seizing him by the
+arm, said, "Order out the men to put down this riot!"
+
+"Fool!" said the Colonel, "don't you see our men are in this crowd!"
+
+"Then order them into columns, and we will protect this man."
+
+"I never give orders unless I know they will be obeyed. Besides, this
+man Garrison is a rioter himself--he opposes the government."
+
+"But, do we uphold mob-law--here, in Boston!"
+
+"Don't blame me--I haven't anything to do with this business. I tell
+you, if this man Garrison had minded his own affairs, this scene would
+never have occurred."
+
+"And those women?"
+
+"Oh, they are members of the Anti-Slavery Society. It was their holding
+the meeting that made the trouble. The children followed them, hooting
+them through the streets!"
+
+"Children?"
+
+"Yes; you know children repeat what they hear at home--they echo the
+thoughts of their elders. The children hooted them, then some one threw
+a stone through a window. A crowd gathered, and here you are!"
+
+The Colonel shook himself loose from the lawyer and followed the mob.
+The Mayor's counsel prevailed: "Give the prisoner to me--I will see that
+he is punished!"
+
+And so he was dragged to the City Hall and there locked up.
+
+The crowd lingered, then thinned out. The shouts grew less, and soon the
+police were able to rout the loiterers.
+
+The young lawyer went back to his law-office, but not to study. The law
+looked different to him now--the whole legal aspect of things had
+changed in an hour.
+
+It was a pivotal point.
+
+He had heard much of the majesty of the law, and here he had seen the
+entire machinery of justice brushed aside.
+
+Law! It is the thing we make with our hands and then fall down and
+worship. Men want to do things, so they do them, and afterward they
+legalize them, just as we believe things first and later hunt for
+reasons. Or we illegalize the thing we do not want others to do.
+
+Boston, standing for law and order, will not even allow a few women to
+meet and discuss an economic proposition!
+
+Abolition is a fool idea, but we must have free speech--that is what our
+Constitution is built upon! Law is supposed to protect free speech, even
+to voicing wrong ideas! Surely a man has a legal right to a wrong
+opinion! A mob in Boston to put down free speech!
+
+This young lawyer was not an Abolitionist--not he, but he was an
+American, descended from the Puritans, with ancestors who fought in the
+War of the Revolution--he believed in fair play.
+
+His cheeks burned with shame.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Seen from Mount Olympus, how small and pitiful must seem the antics of
+Earth--all these churches and little sects--our laws, our arguments, our
+courts of justice, our elections, our wars!
+
+Viewed across the years, the Abolition Movement seems a small thing. It
+is so thoroughly dead--so far removed from our present interests! We
+hear a Virginian praise John Brown, listen to Henry Watterson as he
+says, "The South never had a better friend than Lincoln," or brave
+General Gordon, as he declares, "We now know that slavery was a gigantic
+mistake, and that Emerson was right when he said, 'One end of the
+slave's chain is always riveted to the wrist of the master.'"
+
+We can scarcely comprehend that fifty years ago the trinity of money,
+fashion and religion combined in the hot endeavor to make human slavery
+a perpetuity; that the man of the North who hinted at resisting the
+return of a runaway slave was in danger of financial ruin, social
+ostracism, and open rebuke from the pulpit. The ears of Boston were so
+stuffed with South Carolina cotton that they could not hear the cry of
+the oppressed. Commerce was fettered by self-interest, and law ever
+finds precedents and sanctions for what commerce most desires. And as
+for the pulpit, it is like the law, in that Scriptural warrant is always
+forthcoming for what the pew wishes to do.
+
+Slavery, theoretically, might be an error, but in America it was a
+commercial, political, social and religious necessity, and any man who
+said otherwise was an enemy of the State.
+
+William Lloyd Garrison said otherwise. But who was William Lloyd
+Garrison? Only an ignorant and fanatical freethinker from the country
+town of Newburyport, Massachusetts. He had started four or five
+newspapers, and all had failed, because he would not keep his pen quiet
+on the subject of slavery.
+
+New England must have cotton, and cotton could not be produced without
+slaves. Garrison was a fool. All good Christians refused to read his
+vile sheet, and businessmen declined to advertise with him or to
+subscribe to his paper.
+
+However, he continued to print things, telling what he thought of
+slavery. In Eighteen Hundred Thirty-one, he was issuing a periodical
+called, "The Liberator."
+
+I saw a partial file of "The Liberator" recently at the Boston Public
+Library. They say it is very precious, and a custodian stood by and
+tenderly turned the leaves for me. I was not allowed even to touch it,
+and when I was through looking at the tattered pages, they locked it up
+in a fireproof safe.
+
+The sheets of different issues were of various sizes, and the paper was
+of several grades in quality, showing that stock was scarce, and that
+there was no system in the office.
+
+There surely was not much of a subscription-list, and we hear of
+Garrison's going around and asking for contributions. But interviews
+were what he really wished, as much as subscribers. He let the preachers
+defend the peculiar institution--to print a man's fool remarks is the
+most cruel way of indicting him. Among those Garrison called on was
+Doctor Lyman Beecher, then thundering against Unitarianism.
+
+Garrison got various clergymen to commit themselves in favor of slavery,
+and he quoted them verbatim, whereas on this subject the clergy of the
+North wished to remain silent--very silent.
+
+Doctor Beecher was wary--all he would say was, "I have too many irons in
+the fire now!"
+
+"You had better take them all out and put this one in," said the seedy
+editor.
+
+But Doctor Beecher made full amends later--he supplied a son and a
+daughter to the Abolition Movement, and this caused Carlos Martyn to
+say, "The old man's loins were wiser than his head."
+
+Garrison had gotten himself thoroughly disliked in Boston. The Mayor
+once replied to a letter inquiring about him, "He is a nobody and lives
+in a rat-hole."
+
+But Garrison managed to print his paper--rather irregularly, to be sure,
+but he printed it. From one room he moved into two, and a straggling
+company, calling themselves "The Anti-Slavery Society," used his office
+for a meeting-place.
+
+And now, behold the office mobbed, the type pitched into the street,
+the Society driven out, and the fanatical editor, bruised and battered,
+safely lodged in jail--writing editorials with a calm resolution and a
+will that never faltered.
+
+And Wendell Phillips? He was pacing the streets, wondering whether it
+was worth while to be respectable and prosperous in a city where
+violence took the place of law when logic failed.
+
+To him, Garrison had won--Garrison had not been answered: only beaten,
+bullied, abused and thrust behind prison-bars.
+
+Wendell Phillips' cheeks burned with shame.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Garrison was held a prisoner for several days.
+
+The Mayor would have punished the man, Pilate-like, to appease public
+opinion, but there was no law to cover the case--no illegal offense had
+been committed. Garrison demanded a trial, but the officials said that
+they had locked him up merely to protect him, and that he was a base
+ingrate. Official Boston now looked at the whole matter as a good thing
+to forget. The prisoner's cell-door was left open, in the hope that he
+would escape, just as, later, George Francis Train enjoyed the
+distinction of being the only man who was literally kicked down the
+stone steps of the Tombs.
+
+Garrison was thrust out of limbo, with a warning, and a hint that
+Boston-town was a good place for him to emigrate from.
+
+But Garrison neither ran away nor went into hiding--he calmly began a
+canvass to collect money to refit his printing-office. Boston had
+treated him well--the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church--he
+would stay. Men who fatten on difficulties are hard to subdue. Phillips
+met Garrison shortly after his release, quite by chance, at the house of
+Henry G. Chapman. Garrison was six years older than Phillips--tall,
+angular, intellectual, and lacked humor. He also lacked culture.
+Phillips looked at him and smiled grimly.
+
+But in the Chapman household was still another person, more or less
+interesting--a Miss Ann Terry Greene. She was an orphan and an
+heiress--a ward of Chapman's. Young Phillips had never before met Miss
+Greene, but she had seen him. She was one of the women who had come down
+the stairs from "The Liberator" office, when the mob collected. She had
+seen the tall form of Phillips, and had noticed that he used his elbows
+to good advantage in opening up the gangway.
+
+"It was a little like a cane-rush--your campus practise served you in
+good stead," said the lady, and smiled.
+
+And Phillips listened, perplexed--that a young woman like this, frail,
+intellectual, of good family, should mix up in fanatical schemes for
+liberating black men. He could not understand it!
+
+"But you were there--you helped get us out of the difficulty. And if
+worse had come to worst, I might have appealed to you personally for
+protection!"
+
+And the young lawyer stammered, "I should have been only too happy," or
+something like that. The lady had the best of the logic, and a thin
+attempt to pity her on account of the unfortunate occurrence went off by
+the right oblique and was lost in space.
+
+These Abolitionists were a queer lot!
+
+Not long after that meeting at the Chapmans, the young lawyer had legal
+business at Greenfield that must be looked after. Now, Greenfield is one
+hundred miles from Boston, but then it was the same distance from
+tidewater that Omaha is now--that is to say, a two-days' journey.
+
+The day was set. The stage left every morning at nine o'clock from the
+Bowdoin Tavern in Bowdoin Square. A young fellow by the name of Charles
+Sumner was going with Phillips, but at the last moment was detained by
+other business. That his chum could not go was a disappointment to
+Phillips--he paced the stone-paved courtway of the tavern with clouded
+brow. All around was the bustle of travel, and tearful friends bidding
+folks good-by, and the romantic rush of stagecoach land.
+
+The ease and luxury of travel have robbed it of its poetry--Ruskin was
+right!
+
+But it didn't look romantic to Wendell Phillips just then--his chum had
+failed him--the weather was cold, two days of hard jolting lay ahead.
+And--"Ah! yes--it is Miss Greene! and Miss Grew, and Mr. Alvord. To
+Greenfield? why, how fortunate!"
+
+Obliging strangers exchanged seats, so that our friends could be
+together--passengers found their places on top or inside, bundles and
+bandboxes were packed away, harness-chains rattled, a long whip sang
+through the air, and the driver, holding a big bunch of lines in one
+hand, swung the six horses, with careless grace, out of Bowdoin Square,
+and turned the leaders' heads toward Cambridge. The post-horn tooted
+merrily, dogs barked, and stableboys raised a good-by cheer!
+
+Out past Harvard Square they went, through Arlington and storied
+Lexington--on to Concord--through Fitchburg, to Greenfield.
+
+It doesn't take long to tell it, but that was a wonderful trip for
+Phillips--the greatest and most important journey of his life, he said
+forty years later.
+
+Miss Grew lived in Greenfield and had been down to visit Miss Greene.
+Mr. Alvord was engaged to Miss Grew, and wanted to accompany her home,
+but he couldn't exactly, you know, unless Miss Greene went along.
+
+So Miss Greene obliged them. The girls knew the day Phillips was going,
+and hastened their plans a trifle, so as to take the same stage--at
+least that is what Charles Sumner said.
+
+They didn't tell Phillips, because a planned excursion on the part of
+these young folks wouldn't have been just right--Beacon Hill would not
+have approved. But when they had bought their seats and met at the
+stage-yard--why, that was a different matter.
+
+Besides, Mr. Alvord and Miss Grew were engaged, and Miss Greene was a
+cousin of Miss Grew--there!
+
+Let me here say that I am quite aware that long after Miss Grew became
+Mrs. Alvord, she wrote a most charming little book about Ann Terry
+Greene, in which she defends the woman against any suspicion that she
+plotted and planned to snare the heart of Wendell Phillips, on the road
+to Greenfield. The defense was done in love, but was unnecessary. Ann
+Terry Greene needs no vindication. As for her snaring the heart of
+Wendell Phillips, I rest solidly on this: She did.
+
+Whether Miss Greene coolly planned that trip to Greenfield, I can not
+say, but I hope so.
+
+And, anyway, it was destiny--it had to be.
+
+This man and this woman were made for each other--they were "elected"
+before the foundations of Earth were laid.
+
+The first few hours out, they were very gay. Later, they fell into
+serious conversation. The subject was Abolition. Miss Greene knew the
+theme in all of its ramifications and parts--its history, its
+difficulties, its dangers, its ultimate hopes. Phillips soon saw that
+all of his tame objections had been made before and answered. Gradually
+the horror of human bondage swept over him, and against this came the
+magnificence of freedom and of giving freedom. By evening, it came to
+him that all of the immortal names in history were those of men who had
+fought liberty's battle. That evening, as they sat around the crackling
+fire at the Fitchburg Tavern, they did not talk--a point had been
+reached where words were superfluous--the silence sufficed. At daybreak
+the next morning the journey was continued. There was conversation, but
+voices were keyed lower. When the stage mounted a steep hill they got
+out and walked. Melancholy had taken the place of mirth. Both felt that
+a great and mysterious change had come over their spirits--their thought
+was fused. Miss Greene had suffered social obloquy on account of her
+attitude on the question of slavery--to share this obloquy seemed now
+the one thing desirable to Phillips. It is a great joy to share disgrace
+with the right person. The woman had intellect, education,
+self-reliance--and passion. There was an understanding between them. And
+yet no word of tenderness had been spoken. An avowal formulated in words
+is a cheap thing, and a spoken proposal goes with a cheap passion. The
+love that makes the silence eloquent and fills the heart with a melody
+too sacred to voice is the true token. O God! we thank thee for the
+thoughts and feelings that are beyond speech!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When it became known that Wendell Phillips, the most promising of
+Boston's young sons, had turned Abolitionist, Beacon Hill rent its
+clothes and put ashes on its head.
+
+On the question of slavery, the first families of the North stood with
+the first families of the South--the rights of property were involved,
+as well as the question of caste.
+
+Let one of the scions of Wall Street avow himself an anarchist and the
+outcry of horror would not be greater than it was when young Phillips
+openly declared himself an Abolitionist. His immediate family were in
+tears; the relatives said they were disgraced; cousins cut him dead on
+the street, and his name was stricken from the list of "invited guests."
+The social-column editors ignored him, and worst of all, his clients
+fled.
+
+The biographers are too intensely partisan to believe, literally; and
+when one says, "He left a large and lucrative practise that he might
+devote himself," etc., we'd better reach for the Syracuse product.
+
+Wendell Phillips never had a large and lucrative practise, and if he
+had, he would not have left it. His little law business was the kind
+that all fledglings get--the kind that big lawyers do not want, and so
+they pass it over to the boys. Doctors are always turning pauper
+patients over to the youngsters, and so in successful law-offices there
+is more or less of this semi-charitable work to do. Business houses also
+have fag-end work that they give to beginners, as kind folks give bones
+to Fido. Wendell Phillips' law-work was exactly of this contingent
+kind--big business and big fees only go to big men and tried.
+
+Law is a business, and lawyers who succeed are businessmen. Social
+distinction has its pull in all professions and all arts, and the man
+who can afford to affront society and hope to succeed is as one in a
+million.
+
+Lawyers and businessmen were not so troubled about Wendell Phillips'
+inward beliefs as they were in the fact that he was a fool--he had flung
+away his chances of getting on in the world. They ceased to send him
+business--he had no work--no callers--folks he used to know were now
+strangely nearsighted.
+
+Phillips didn't quit the practise of law, any more than he withdrew from
+society--both law and society quit him. And then he made a virtue of
+necessity and boldly resigned his commission as a lawyer--he would not
+longer be bound to protect the Constitution that upheld the right of a
+slave-owner to capture his "property" in Massachusetts.
+
+He and Ann talked this over at length--they had little else to do. They
+excommunicated society, and Wendell Phillips became an outlaw, in the
+same way that the James boys became outlaws--through accident, and not
+through choice. Social disgrace is never sought, and obloquy is not a
+thing to covet--these things may come, and usually they mean a
+smother-blanket to all worldly success. But Ann and Wendell had their
+love; and each had a bank-account, and then they had a pride that proved
+a prophylactic 'gainst the clutch of oblivion.
+
+On October Twelfth, Eighteen Hundred Thirty-seven, the outlaws, Ann and
+Wendell, were married. It was a quiet wedding--guests were not invited
+because it was not pleasant to court cynical regrets, and kinsmen were
+noticeable by their absence.
+
+Proscription has its advantages--for one thing, it binds human hearts
+like hoops of steel. Yet it was not necessary here, for there was no
+waning of the honeymoon during that forty-odd years of married life.
+
+But scarcely had the petals fallen from the orange-blossoms before an
+event occurred that marked another milestone in the career of Phillips.
+
+At Saint Louis, the Reverend E. P. Lovejoy, a Presbyterian clergyman,
+had been mobbed and his printing-office sacked, because he had expressed
+himself on the subject of slavery. Lovejoy then moved up to Alton,
+Illinois, on the other side of the river, on free soil, and here he
+sought to re-establish his newspaper.
+
+But he was to benefit the cause in another way than by printing
+editorials. The place was attacked, the presses broken into fragments,
+the type flung into the Mississippi River, and Lovejoy was killed.
+
+A tremor of horror ran through the North--it was not the question of
+slavery--no, it was the right of free speech.
+
+A meeting was called at Faneuil Hall to consider the matter and pass
+fitting resolutions. There was something beautifully ironical in Boston
+interesting herself concerning the doings of a mob a thousand miles
+away, especially when Boston, herself, had done about the same thing
+only two years before.
+
+Boston preferred to forget--but somebody would not let her. Just who
+called the meeting, no one seemed to know. The word "Abolition" was not
+used on the placards--"free speech" was the shibboleth. The hall had
+been leased, and the assembly was to occur in the forenoon. The
+principal actors evidently anticipated serious trouble if the meeting
+was at night.
+
+The authorities sought to discourage the gathering, but this only
+advertised it. At the hour set, the place--the "Cradle of Liberty"--was
+packed.
+
+The crowd was made up of three classes, the Abolitionists--and they were
+in the minority--the mob who hotly opposed them, and the curious and
+indifferent people who wanted to see the fireworks.
+
+Many women were in the audience, and a dozen clergymen on the
+platform--this gave respectability to the assemblage. The meeting opened
+tamely enough with a trite talk by a Unitarian clergyman, and followed
+along until the resolutions were read. Then there were cries of, "Table
+them!"--the matter was of no importance.
+
+A portly figure was seen making its way to the platform.
+
+It was the Honorable James T. Austin, Attorney-General of the State. He
+was stout, florid, ready of tongue--a practical stump speaker and withal
+a good deal of a popular favorite. The crowd cheered him--he caught them
+from the start. His intent was to explode the whole thing in a laugh, or
+else end it in a row--he didn't care which.
+
+He pooh-poohed the whole affair, and referred to the slaves as a
+menagerie of lions, tigers, hyenas--a jackass or two--and a host of
+monkeys, which the fool Abolitionists were trying to turn loose. He
+regretted the death of Lovejoy, but his taking-off should be a warning
+to all good people--they should be law-abiding and mind their own
+business. He moved that the resolutions be tabled.
+
+The applause that followed showed that if a vote were then taken the
+Attorney-General's motion would have prevailed.
+
+"Answer him, Wendell, answer him!" whispered Ann, excitedly, and before
+the Attorney-General had bowed himself from the platform, Wendell
+Phillips had sprung upon the stage and stood facing the audience. There
+were cries of, "Vote! Vote!"--the mobocrats wanted to cut the matter
+short. Still others shouted: "Fair play! Let us hear the boy!" The young
+man stood there, calm, composed--handsome in the strength of youth. He
+waited until the audience came to him and then he spoke in that dulcet
+voice--deliberate, measured, faultless--every sentence spaced. The
+charm of his speech caught the curiosity of the crowd. People did not
+know whether he was going to sustain the Attorney-General or assail him.
+From compliments and generalities he moved off into bitter sarcasm. He
+riddled the cheap wit of his opponent, tore his logic to tatters, and
+held the pitiful rags of reason up before the audience. There were cries
+of: "Treason!" "Put him out!" Phillips simply smiled and waited for the
+frenzy to subside. The speaker who has aroused his hearers into a tumult
+of either dissent or approbation has won--and Phillips did both. He
+spoke for thirty minutes and finished in a whirlwind of applause. The
+Attorney-General had disappeared, and those of his followers who
+remained were strangely silent. The resolutions were passed in a shout
+of acclamation.
+
+The fame of Wendell Phillips as an orator was made. Father Taylor once
+said, "If Emerson goes to hell, he will start emigration in that
+direction." And from the day of that first Faneuil Hall speech Wendell
+Phillips gradually caused Abolitionism in New England to become
+respectable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Phillips was twenty-seven years old when he gave that first, great
+speech, and for just twenty-seven years he continued to speak on the
+subject of slavery. He was an agitator--he was a man who divided men. He
+supplied courage to the weak, arguments to the many, and sent a chill of
+hate and fear through the hearts of the enemy. And just here is a good
+place to say that your radical--your fire-eater, agitator, and
+revolutionary who dips his pen in aqua fortis, and punctuates with
+blood--is almost without exception, met socially, a very gentle, modest
+and suave individual. William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Horace
+Greeley, Fred. Douglas, George William Curtis, and even John Brown, were
+all men with low, musical voices and modest ways--men who would not
+tread on an insect nor harm a toad.
+
+When the fight had been won--the Emancipation Proclamation issued--there
+were still other fights ahead. The habit of Phillips' life had become
+fixed.
+
+He and Ann lived in that plain little home on Exeter Street, and to this
+home of love he constantly turned for rest and inspiration.
+
+At the close of the War he found his fortune much impaired, and he
+looked to the Lyceum Stage--the one thing for which he was so eminently
+fitted.
+
+It was about the year Eighteen Hundred Eighty that a callow interviewer
+asked him who his closest associates were. The answer was: "My
+colleagues are hackmen and hotel-clerks; and I also know every
+conductor, brakeman and engineer on every railroad in America. My home
+is in the caboose, and my business is establishing trains."
+
+I heard Wendell Phillips speak but once. I was about twelve years of
+age, and my father and I had ridden ten miles across the wind-swept
+prairie in the face of a winter storm.
+
+It was midnight when we reached home, but I could not sleep until I had
+told my mother all about it. I remember the hall was packed, and there
+were many gaslights, and on the stage were a dozen men--all very great,
+my father said. One man arose and spoke. He lifted his hands, raised his
+voice, stamped his foot, and I thought he surely was a very great man.
+He was just introducing the real speaker.
+
+Then the Real Speaker walked slowly down to the front of the stage and
+stood very still. And everybody was awful quiet--no one coughed, nor
+shuffled his feet, nor whispered--I never knew a thousand folks could be
+so still. I could hear my heart beat--I leaned over to listen and I
+wondered what his first words would be, for I had promised to remember
+them for my mother. And the words were these--"My dear friends: We have
+met here tonight to talk about the Lost Arts."... That is just what he
+said--I'll not deceive you--and it wasn't a speech at all--he just
+talked to us. We were his dear friends--he said so, and a man with a
+gentle, quiet voice like that would not call us his friends if he wasn't
+our friend.
+
+He had found out some wonderful things and he had just come to tell us
+about them; about how thousands of years ago men worked in gold and
+silver and ivory; how they dug canals, sailed strange seas, built
+wonderful palaces, carved statues and wrote books on the skins of
+animals. He just stood there and told us about these things--he stood
+still, with one hand behind him, or resting on his hip, or at his side,
+and the other hand motioned a little--that was all. We expected every
+minute he would burst out and make a speech, but he didn't--he just
+talked. There was a big, yellow pitcher and a tumbler on the table, but
+he didn't drink once, because you see he didn't work very hard--he just
+talked--he talked for two hours. I know it was two hours, because we
+left home at six o'clock, got to the hall at eight, and reached home at
+midnight. We came home as fast as we went, and if it took us two hours
+to come home, and he began at eight, he must have been talking for two
+hours. I didn't go to sleep--didn't nod once.
+
+We hoped he would make a speech before he got through, but he didn't. He
+just talked, and I understood it all. Father held my hand: we laughed a
+little in places, at others we wanted to cry, but didn't--but most of
+the time we just listened. We were going to applaud, but forgot it. He
+called us his dear friends.
+
+I have heard thousands of speeches since that winter night in Illinois.
+Very few indeed can I recall, and beyond the general theme, that speech
+by Wendell Phillips has gone from my memory. But I remember the presence
+and attitude and voice of the man as though it were but yesterday. The
+calm courage, deliberation, beauty and strength of the speaker--his
+knowledge, his gentleness, his friendliness! I had heard many sermons,
+and some had terrified me. This time I had expected to be thrilled, too,
+and so I sat very close to my father and felt for his hand. And here it
+was all just quiet joy--I understood it all. I was pleased with myself;
+and being pleased with myself, I was pleased with the speaker. He was
+the biggest and best man I had ever seen--the first real man.
+
+It is no small thing: to be a man!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Eighteen Hundred Fifty-three, Emerson said the reason Phillips was
+the best public speaker in America was because he had spoken every day
+for fourteen years.
+
+This observation didn't apply to Phillips at all, but Emerson used
+Phillips to hammer home a great general truth, which was that practise
+makes perfect.
+
+Emerson, like all the rest of us, had certain pet theories, which he was
+constantly bolstering by analogy and example. He had Phillips in mind
+when he said that the best drill for an orator was a course of mobs.
+
+But the cold fact remains that Phillips never made a better speech, even
+after fourteen years' daily practise, than that reply to
+Attorney-General Austin, at Faneuil Hall.
+
+He gave himself, and it was himself full-armed and at his best. All the
+conditions were exactly right--there was hot opposition; and there also
+was love and encouragement.
+
+His opponent, with brag, bluster, pomposity, cheap wit, and insincerity,
+served him as a magnificent foil. Never again were wind and tide so in
+his favor.
+
+It is opportunity that brings out the great man, but he only is great
+who prepares for the opportunity--who knows it will come--and who seizes
+upon it when it arrives.
+
+In this speech, Wendell Phillips reveals himself at his best--it has the
+same ring of combined courage, culture and sincerity that he showed to
+the last. Clear thinking and clear speaking marked the man. Taine says
+the style is the man--the Phillips style was all in that first speech,
+and here is a sample:
+
+     To draw the conduct of our ancestors into a precedent for mobs, for
+     a right to resist laws we ourselves have enacted, is an insult to
+     their memory. The difference between the excitement of those days
+     and our own, which this gentleman in kindness to the latter has
+     overlooked, is simply this: the men of that day went for the right,
+     as secured by laws. They were the people rising to sustain the laws
+     and the constitution of the province. The rioters of our day go for
+     their own wills, right or wrong. Sir, when I heard the gentleman
+     lay down principles which place the murderers of Alton side by side
+     with Otis and Hancock, with Quincy and Adams, I thought those
+     pictured lips [pointing to the portraits in the hall] would have
+     broken into voice to rebuke the recreant American--the slanderer of
+     the dead!
+
+     The gentleman said he should sink into insignificance if he
+     condescended to gainsay the principles of these resolutions. For
+     the sentiments he has uttered, on soil consecrated by the prayers
+     of Puritans and the blood of patriots, the earth should have yawned
+     and swallowed him up!
+
+     Allusion has been made to what lawyers understand very well--the
+     "conflict of laws." We are told that nothing but the Mississippi
+     River runs between Saint Louis and Alton; and the conflict of laws
+     somehow or other gives the citizens of the former a right to find
+     fault with the defender of the press for publishing his opinions so
+     near their limits. Will the gentleman venture that argument before
+     lawyers? How the laws of the two States could be said to come into
+     conflict in such circumstances, I question whether any lawyer in
+     this audience can explain or understand. No matter whether the line
+     that divides one sovereign State from another be an imaginary one
+     or ocean-wide, the moment you cross it, the State you leave is
+     blotted out of existence, so far as you are concerned. The Czar
+     might as well claim to control the deliberations of Faneuil Hall,
+     as the laws of Missouri demand reverence, or the shadow of
+     obedience, from an inhabitant of Illinois.
+
+     Sir, as I understand this affair, it was not an individual
+     protecting his property; it was not one body of armed men
+     assaulting another, and making the streets of a peaceful city run
+     blood with their contentions. It did not bring back the scenes in
+     some old Italian cities, where family met family, and faction met
+     faction, and mutually trampled the laws underfoot. No; the men in
+     that house were regularly enrolled under the sanction of the mayor.
+     There being no militia in Alton, about seventy men were enrolled
+     with the approbation of the mayor. These relieved each other every
+     other night. About thirty men were in arms on the night of the
+     Sixth, when the press was landed. The next evening it was not
+     thought necessary to summon more than half that number; among these
+     was Lovejoy. It was, therefore, you perceive, Sir, the police of
+     the city resisting rioters--civil government breasting itself to
+     the shock of lawless men. Here is no question about the right of
+     self-defense. It is, in fact, simply this: Has the civil
+     magistrate a right to put down a riot? Some persons seem to imagine
+     that anarchy existed at Alton from the commencement of these
+     disputes. Not at all. "No one of us," says an eye-witness and a
+     comrade of Lovejoy, "has taken up arms during these disturbances
+     but at the command of the mayor." Anarchy did not settle down on
+     that devoted city till Lovejoy breathed his last. Till then the
+     law, represented in his person, sustained itself against its foes.
+     When he fell, civil authority was trampled underfoot. He had
+     "planted himself on his constitutional rights"--appealed to the
+     laws--claimed the protection of the civil authority--taken refuge
+     under "the broad shield of the Constitution. When through that he
+     was pierced and fell, he fell but one sufferer in a common
+     catastrophe." He took refuge under the banner of liberty--amid its
+     folds; and when he fell, its glorious stars and stripes, the emblem
+     of free constitutions, around which cluster so many heart-stirring
+     memories, were blotted out in the martyr's blood.
+
+     If, Sir, I had adopted what are called peace principles, I might
+     lament the circumstances of this case. But all of you who believe,
+     as I do, in the right and duty of magistrates to execute the laws,
+     join with me and brand as base hypocrisy the conduct of those who
+     assemble year after year on the Fourth of July, to fight over
+     battles of the Revolution, and yet "damn with faint praise," or
+     load with obloquy, the memory of this man, who shed his blood in
+     defense of life, liberty, and the freedom of the press!
+
+     Imprudent to defend the freedom of the press! Why? Because the
+     defense was unsuccessful? Does success gild crime into patriotism,
+     and want of it change heroic self-devotion to imprudence? Was
+     Hampden imprudent when he drew the sword and threw away the
+     scabbard? Yet he, judged by that single hour, was unsuccessful.
+     After a short exile, the race he hated sat again upon the throne.
+
+     Imagine yourself present when the first news of Bunker Hill battle
+     reached a New England town. The tale would have run thus: "The
+     patriots are routed; the redcoats victorious; Warren lies dead upon
+     the field." With what scorn would that Tory have been received, who
+     should have charged Warren with imprudence! who should have said
+     that, bred as a physician, he was "out of place" in the battle, and
+     "died as the fool dieth!" [Great applause.] How would the
+     intimation have been received that Warren and his associates should
+     have waited a better time? But, if success be indeed the only
+     criterion of prudence, "Respice finem"--wait till the end.
+
+     Presumptuous to assert the freedom of the press on American ground!
+     Is the assertion of such freedom before the age? So much before the
+     age as to leave one no right to make it because it displeases the
+     community? Who invents this libel on his country? It is this very
+     thing which entitles Lovejoy to greater praise: the disputed right
+     which provoked the Revolution--taxation without representation--is
+     far beneath that for which he died. [Here there was a strong and
+     general expression of disapprobation.] One word, gentlemen! As much
+     as Thought is better than Money, so much is the cause in which
+     Lovejoy died nobler than a mere question of taxes. James Otis
+     thundered in this hall when the king did but touch his Pocket.
+     Imagine, if you can, his indignant eloquence had England offered to
+     put a gag upon his Lips. [Great applause.]
+
+     The question that stirred the Revolution touched our civil
+     interests. This concerns us not only as citizens, but as immortal
+     beings. Wrapped up in its fate, saved or lost with it, are not only
+     the voice of the statesman, but the instructions of the pulpit and
+     the progress of our faith.
+
+     Is the clergy "marvelously out of place" where free speech is
+     battled for--liberty of speech on national sins? Does the gentleman
+     remember that freedom to preach was first gained, dragging in its
+     train freedom to print? I thank the clergy here present, as I
+     reverence their predecessors, who did not so far forget their
+     country in their immediate profession as to deem it duty to
+     separate themselves from the struggle of Seventy-six--the Mayhews
+     and the Coopers--who remembered they were citizens before they were
+     clergymen....
+
+     I am glad, Sir, to see this crowded house. It is good for us to be
+     here. When liberty is in danger, Faneuil Hall has the right, it is
+     her duty, to strike the keynote of these United States. I am glad,
+     for one reason, that remarks such as those to which I have alluded
+     have been uttered here. The passage of these resolutions, in spite
+     of this opposition, led by the Attorney-General of the
+     Commonwealth, will show more clearly, more decisively, the deep
+     indignation with which Boston regards this outrage.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SO HERE ENDETH "LITTLE JOURNEYS TO THE HOMES OF EMINENT ORATORS," BEING
+VOLUME SEVEN OF THE SERIES, AS WRITTEN BY ELBERT HUBBARD: EDITED AND
+ARRANGED BY FRED BANN; BORDERS AND INITIALS BY ROYCROFT ARTISTS, AND
+PRODUCED BY THE ROYCROFTERS, AT THEIR SHOPS, WHICH ARE IN EAST AURORA,
+ERIE COUNTY, NEW YORK, MCMXXII.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Little Journeys to the Homes of the
+Great, Volume 7, by Elbert  Hubbard
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE JOURNEYS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 23761.txt or 23761.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/7/6/23761/
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Annie McGuire and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/23761.zip b/23761.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfe9c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23761.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c1b134
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #23761 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23761)