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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 201, September 3,
+1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 201, September 3, 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: October 13, 2007 [EBook #23023]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{213}
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 201.]
+SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 3. 1853.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  NOTES:--
+                                                           Page
+  "That Swinney"                                            213
+
+  Monumental Inscription in Peterborough Cathedral, by
+  Thos. Wake                                                215
+
+  FOLK LORE:--Superstition of the Cornish Miners--
+  Northamptonshire Folk Lore                                215
+
+  Shakspeare Correspondence                                 216
+
+  MINOR NOTES:--Lemon-juice administered in Gout
+  and Rheumatism--Weather Proverbs--Dog Latin--Thomas
+  Wright of Durham--A Funeral Custom                        217
+
+  QUERIES:--
+
+  Littlecott--Sir John Popham, by Edward Foss               218
+
+  Early Edition of the New Testament, by A. Boardman        219
+
+  MINOR QUERIES:--Ravilliac--Emblem on a Chimney-piece--
+  "To know ourselves diseased," &c.--"Pćtus
+  and Arria"--Heraldic Query--Lord Chancellor
+  Steele--"A Tub to the Whale"--Legitimation (Scotland)--
+  "Vaut mieux," &c.--Shakspeare First Folio--
+  The Staffordshire Knot--Sir Thomas Elyot--
+  "Celsior exsurgens pluviis," &c.--The Bargain Cup--
+  School-Libraries.--Queen Elizabeth and her
+  "true" Looking-glass--Bishop Thomas Wilson--
+  Bishop Wilson's Works--Hobbes, Portrait of                219
+
+  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Brasenose, Oxford--
+  G. Downing--Unkid--Pilgrim's Progress--John
+  Frewen--Histories of Literature--"Mrs. Shaw's
+  Tombstone"                                                221
+
+  REPLIES:--
+
+  Cranmer and Calvin, by the Rev. H. Walter                 222
+
+  Barnacles, by Sir J. E. Tennent and T. J. Buckton         223
+
+  Dial Inscriptions, by Cuthbert Bede, B.A.                 224
+
+  The "Saltpeter Maker"                                     225
+
+  Tsar, by T. J. Buckton, &c.                               226
+
+  "Land of Green Ginger," by John Richardson and
+  T. J. Buckton                                             227
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Stereoscopic Angles--
+  Protonitrate of Iron--Photographs in natural
+  Colours--Photographs by artificial Lights                 227
+
+  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Vandyke in America--
+  Title wanted: Choirochorographia--Second Growth
+  of Grass--Snail-eating--Sotades--The Letter "h"
+  in "humble"--Lord North--Singing Psalms and
+  Politics--Dimidiation by Impalement--"Inter
+  cuncta micans," &c.--Marriage Service--Widowed
+  Wife--Pure--Mrs. Tighe--Satirical Medal--"They
+  shot him dead at the Nine-Stone Rig"--Hendericus
+  du Booys: Helena Leonore de Sievéri--House-marks,
+  &c.--"Qui facit per alium, facit per se"--
+  Engin-ŕ-verge--Campvere, Privileges of--Humbug:
+  Ambages--"Going to Old Weston"--Reynolds's
+  Nephew--The Laird of Brodie--Mulciber--Voiding
+  Knife--Sir John Vanbrugh--Portrait of Charles I.--
+  Burial in an erect Posture--Strut-Stowers and
+  Yeathers or Yadders--Arms of the See of York--
+  Leman Family--Position of Font                            228
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+
+  Notes on Books, &c.                                       234
+
+  Books and Odd Volumes wanted                              234
+
+  Notices to Correspondents                                 234
+
+  Advertisements                                            235
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notes.
+
+"THAT SWINNEY."
+
+Junius thus wrote to H. S. Woodfall in a private note, to which Dr. Good
+has affixed the date July 21st, 1769 (vol. i. p. 174.*)
+
+    "That Swinney is a wretched but dangerous fool. He had the impudence to
+    go to Lord G. Sackville, whom he had never spoken to, and to ask him
+    whether or no he was the author of Junius: take care of him."
+
+This paragraph has given rise to a great deal of speculation, large
+inferences have been drawn from it, yet no one has satisfactorily answered
+the question, who was "that Swinney?"
+
+That neither Dr. Good nor Mr. George Woodfall, the editors of the edit. of
+1812, knew anything about him, is manifest from their own bald note of
+explanation, "A correspondent of the printers." Some reports say that he
+was a collector of news for the _Public Advertiser_, and subsequently a
+bookseller at Birmingham, but I never saw any one fact adduced tending to
+show that there was any person of that name so employed. Others that the
+Rev. Dr. Sidney Swinney was the party referred to: and Mr. Smith, in his
+excellent notes to the _Grenville Papers_, vol. iii. p. lxviii., _assumes_
+this to be the fact. I incline to agree with him, but have only inference
+to strengthen conjecture. What may be the value of that inference will
+appear in the progress of this inquiry, Who was Dr. Sidney Swinney?
+
+Reports collected by Mr. Butler, Mr. Barker, Mr. Coventry, and others, say
+that the Doctor had been chaplain to the Russian Embassy, chaplain to the
+Embassy at Constantinople, and chaplain to one of the British regiments
+serving in Germany. Mr. Falconer, in his _Secret Revealed_, p. 22., quotes
+a paragraph from one of Wray's letters to Lord Hardwick with reference to
+the proceedings at the Royal Society:
+
+    "Dr. Swinney, your Lordship's friend, presented his father-in-law
+    Howell's book."
+
+Swinney's father-in-law, here called Howell, was John Zephaniah Holwell, a
+remarkable man, whose name is intimately associated with the early history
+of British India, one of the few survivors of the Black Hole imprisonment,
+the successor of {214} Clive as governor, and a writer on many subjects
+connected with Hindoo antiquities. Swinney enrols him amongst his heroes,
+
+ "Holwell, Clive, York, Lawrence, Adams, Coote,
+  Of Draper, Bath-strung for his baffled suit."
+
+And he refers, in a note, to those
+
+    "Ungrateful monsters (heretofore in a certain trading company), who
+    have endeavoured to vilify and sully one of the brightest characters
+    that ever existed."
+
+I learn farther, from a volume of _Fugitive Pieces_, published by Dr.
+Swinney, that he was the son of Major Mathew Swinney, whom after his
+flourishing fashion he calls on another occasion "Mathew Swinney of
+immortal memory;" from one of his dedications that the Doctor himself was
+educated at Eton; from the books of the Royal Society that he was of Clare
+Hall, Cambridge; from dates and dedications, that from 1764 to 1768, he was
+generally resident at Scarborough; and from the _Gentleman's Magazine_,
+that he died there 12th November, 1783.
+
+That Swinney had been chaplain to the Russian Embassy I have no reason to
+believe; but that he had been in the East for a time, possibly as chaplain
+to the Embassy at Constantinople, is asserted in the brief biographical
+notice in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, and would _seem to be proved_ by a
+work which he published in 1769, called--
+
+    "A Tour through some parts of the Levant: in which is included An
+    Account of the Present State of the Seven Churches in Asia. Also a
+    brief Explanation of the Apocalypse. By Sidney Swinney, D.D."
+
+Nothing, however, can be inferred from a title-page of Swinney's. Here we
+have two or three distinct works referred to:--_A Tour_, including "An
+Account of the Seven Churches," and the "Explanation of the Apocalypse."
+Now I must direct attention to the fact, that from the peculiar punctuation
+and phraseology--the full-stop after Asia in this title-page--it may have
+been Swinney's intention to indicate, without asserting, that the Account
+of the Apocalypse _only_ was by Sidney Swinney. If so, though Swinney's
+name alone figures in the title-page of the work, he is responsible only
+for one or two notes!
+
+I would not have written conjecturally on this subject if I could have
+avoided it; but though Swinney was a F.A.S. F.R.S., and though the work is
+dedicated to the Fellows of those Societies, no copy of it is to be found
+in the libraries of either, or in the British Museum. I cannot, therefore,
+be sure that my own copy is perfect. What that copy contains is thus set
+forth in half a dozen lines of introduction:
+
+    "Before I [S. S.] enter upon the more important part of my dissertation
+    [The Explanation of the Apocalypse], it may not be improper to give you
+    some account of the present state of the Seven Churches in Asia, as
+    they are, _which was communicated to me_ by a certain _friend of mine_,
+    in the description of a short tour which _he_ made through the
+    principal parts of the Levant: should they be accompanied with a few
+    casual notes _of my own_, I trust the work will not be less acceptable
+    to you on that account."
+
+It must be obvious, after this declaration, that the _Tour_ set forth so
+conspicuously in the title-page, was not written by Swinney. Now the
+"Itinerary" which follows is advowedly "wrote by _the author of the
+preceding account_," and this brings the reader and the work itself to "The
+End!"
+
+The truth I suspect to have been this:--Swinney was not prudent and was
+poor, and raised money occasionally, after the miserable fashion of the
+time, by publishing books on subscription, and receiving subscriptions in
+anticipation of publication.
+
+About this time, from 1767 to 1769, he published a _Sermon_; _The Ninth
+Satire of Horace_, a meaningless trifle of a hundred lines, swollen, by
+printing the original and notes, into a quarto; a volume of _Fugitive
+Pieces_; and the first canto of _The Battle of Minden, a Poem in three
+Books, enriched with critical Notes by Two Friends, and with explanatory
+Notes by the Author_. Of the latter work, as of the _Tour_, I have never
+seen but one copy, a splendid specimen of typography, splendidly bound,
+containing the first and second canto. Whether the third canto was ever
+published is to me doubtful; some of your correspondents may be able to
+give you information. My own impression is that it was not, and for the
+following reasons.
+
+Swinney, it appears, had received subscriptions for the work, and promised
+in his prospectus _a plan of the battle_, and _portraits_ of the heroes,
+which the work does not contain. "However, to make some little amends" to
+his "generous subscribers," Swinney announces his intention to present them
+with "_three_ books instead of _one_."
+
+The first book is dedicated to Earl Waldegrave, who commanded "the six
+British regiments of infantry" on the "ever memorable 1st August, 1759,"
+and a note affixed states that "Book the Second" will be published on 1st
+January, and "Book the Third" on 1st of August.
+
+But the public, as Swinney says, were kept "in suspense" almost three years
+for the second book, which was not published until 1772; and in the
+dedication of this second book, also to Earl Waldegrave, Swinney says:
+
+    "Doubtless many of my subscribers have thought me very unmindful of the
+    promise I made them in my printed proposal, in which I undertook to
+    publish my poem out of hand. Ill health has been the sole cause of my
+    disappointing their expectations. A fever of the nerves ... for these
+    four years, has rendered me incapable.... In my original proposals I
+    undertook to publish this work in two books. [In the introduction he
+    says, as I have just quoted, _one_ book.] Poetical {215} matter hath
+    increased upon me to such a degree, in the genial climate of Languedoc,
+    as to have enabled me to compose several more books on this interesting
+    subject, all which I purpose presenting my subscribers with at the
+    original price of half a guinea.... Many months ago this Second Book
+    was printed off; but on my arrival in town from Montauban (whither I
+    purpose to return), I found there were so many faults and blunders in
+    it throughout, that I was under the necessity of condemning five
+    hundred copies to the inglorious purpose of defending pye bottoms from
+    the dust of an oven.... Profit, my Lord, has not been my motive for
+    publishing: if it had, I should be egregiously disappointed, for
+    instead of gaining I shall be a considerable loser by the publication;
+    and yet many of my subscribers have _given me four, five, and six times
+    over and above the subscription-price for my Poem. How even the
+    remaining books will see the light must depend entirely upon my
+    pecuniary, not my poetical abilities_. The work is well nigh completed;
+    but not one solitary brother have I throughout the airy regions of Grub
+    Street who is poorer than I. It is not impossible, however, but when
+    _some of my partial friends shall know this_, they may _enable me by
+    their bounty_ to publish out of hand."
+
+This leads me to doubt whether the third book was ever published, for I
+think the most "partial" of his friends--those who had given "four, five,
+and six times over and above the subscription price"--must have had enough
+in two books. If it were not published, it is a curious fact that, in a
+poem called _The Battle of Minden_, the battle of Minden is not mentioned;
+though not more extraordinary perhaps than the omissions of the
+"Explanation of the Apocalypse" in his previous work.
+
+I come now to the question, Why did Junius speak so passionately and
+disrespectfully of Swinney, and what are the probabilities that Swinney had
+never before (July) 1769 spoken to Lord G. Sackville? These I must defer
+till next week.
+
+T. S. J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTION IN PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL.
+
+The following Notes occur on a fly-leaf at the end of a copy of Gunton's
+_History of Peterborough Cathedral_, and appear to have been written soon
+after that book was printed:
+
+    "Among other things omitted in this history, I cannot but take notice
+    of one ancient inscription upon a tomb in y^e body of the church,
+    written in old Saxon letters, as followeth:
+
+    [Cross] 'WS : KI : PAR : CI : PASSEZ : PVR : LE : ALME : ESTRAVNGE : DE
+    : WATERVILLE : PRIEZ.'
+
+    "This inscription may seem to challenge some relation to William de
+    Waterville, one of the abbots of this church. (See p. 23.)"
+
+    "On Sennour Gascelin de Marrham's tomb, mentioned p. 94., these letters
+    seem to be still legible:
+
+    'CI : GIST : EDOVN : GASCELIN : SENNOVR : DE MARRHAM : IADIS : DE : RI
+    : ALM.. ^{DI} EV EST MERCIS : PATER : NOSTER.'"
+
+    "In St. Oswald's Chapel, on y^e ground round the verge of a stone:
+
+    'HIC IACET COR.... ROBERTI DE SVTTON ABBATIS ISTIVS MONASTERII CVIVS
+    ANIMA REQVIESCAT IN PACE. AMEN.'"
+
+    "In y^e churchyard is this inscription:
+
+    [Cross] 'AŃA IOANNIS DE S[=C]O IVONE QVO[=A] P[IO]RIS PMA [=A] M
+    [=D]IIII PACE REQVIESCAT. AMEN.'
+
+    "This may probably relate to Ivo, sub-prior of this monastery, whose
+    anniversary was observed in y^e Kalends of March. (See page 324. of
+    this book.)"
+
+    "In y^e churchyard:
+
+     'Joannes Pocklington, S. S. Theologić doctor, obiit
+      Nov. 14, A. D^i. 1642.'
+
+     'Anne Pocklington, 1655.'
+
+     'Mary, y^e wife of John Towers, late Lord Bp. of
+      Peterborough, dyed Nov. 14, A.D. 1672.'
+
+     'Quod mori potuit prćstantissimć foeminć
+      Compton Emery
+      Filić Joannis Towers S. T. P.
+      Hujus Ecclesić quondam Episcopi
+      Viduć Roberti Rowell LL. D.
+      Nec non charissimć conjugis
+      Richardi Emery Gen:
+      In hoc tumulo depositum: Feb. 4.
+      A^o Ćtatis 54,
+      A^o Domini 1683.'"
+
+A marginal note states that "The Chapter-house and Cloyster sold in 1650
+for 800l., to John Baker, Gent., of London."
+
+H. THOS. WAKE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOLK LORE.
+
+_Superstition of the Cornish Miners_ (Vol. viii., p. 7.).--I cannot find
+the information desired by your correspondent in the Cornish antiquaries,
+and have in vain consulted other works likely to explain this tradition;
+but the remarks now offered will perhaps be interesting in reference to the
+_nation_ alluded to. The Carthaginians being of the same race, manners, and
+religion as the Phoenicians, there are no particular data by which we can
+ascertain the time of their first trading to the British coast for the
+commodity in such request among the traders of the East. The genius of
+Carthage being more martial than that of Tyre, whose object was more
+commerce than conquest, it is not improbable that the former might by force
+of arms have established a settlement in the Cassiterides, and by this
+means have secured that monopoly of tin which the Phoenicians and their
+colonies indubitably enjoyed for several centuries. Norden, in his
+_Antiquities of Cornwall_, mentions it as a tradition universally received
+by the inhabitants, that their tin mines were formerly wrought by the Jews.
+He adds that these old works are there at this day called Attal Sarasin,
+the ancient {216} cast-off works of the Saracens, in which their tools are
+frequently found. Miners are not accustomed to be very accurate in
+distinguishing traders of foreign nations, and these Jews and Saracens have
+probably a reference to the old merchants from Spain and Africa; and those
+employed by them might possibly have been Jews escaped the horrors of
+captivity and the desolation which about that period befel their country.
+
+    "The Jews," says Whitaker (_Origin of Arianism_, p. 334.), "denominated
+    themselves, and were denominated by the Britons of Cornwall,
+    _Saracens_, as the genuine progeny of Sarah. The same name, no doubt,
+    carried the same reference with it as borne by the genuine, and as
+    usurped by the spurious, offspring of Abraham."
+
+BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.
+
+_Northamptonshire Folk Lore_ (Vol. vii., p. 146.).--In Norfolk, a ring made
+from nine sixpences freely given by persons of the opposite sex is
+considered a charm against epilepsy. I have seen nine sixpences brought to
+a silversmith, with a request that he would make them into a ring; but
+13˝d. was not tendered to him for making, nor do I think that any
+threehalfpences are collected for payment. After the patient had left the
+shop, the silversmith informed me that such requests were of frequent
+occurrence, and that he supplied the patients with thick silver rings, but
+never took the trouble to manufacture them from the sixpences.
+
+A similar superstition supposes that the sole of the left shoe of a person
+of the same age, but opposite sex, to the patient, reduced to ashes is a
+cure for St. Anthony's fire. I have seen it applied with success, but
+suppose its efficacy is due to some astringent principle in the ashes.
+
+E. G. R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_On Two Passages in Shakspeare._--Taking up a day or two since a Number of
+"N. & Q.," my attention was drawn to a new attempt to give a solution of
+the difficulty which has been the torment of commentators in the following
+passage from the Third Act of _Romeo and Juliet_:
+
+ "Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds,
+  Towards Phoebus' mansion; such a waggoner
+  As Phaeton would whip you to the West,
+  And bring in cloudy night immediately.--
+  Spread thy close curtain, love-performing Night,
+  That _runaways'_ eyes may wink, and Romeo
+  Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen."
+
+"Runaways'" being a manifest absurdity, the recent editors have substituted
+"unawares," an uncouth alteration, which, though it has a glimmering of
+sense, appears to me almost as absurd as the word it supplies. In this
+dilemma your correspondent MR. SINGER ingeniously suggests the true reading
+to be,--
+
+ "That _rumourers'_ eyes may wink, and Romeo
+  Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen."
+
+No doubt this is a felicitous emendation, though I think it may be fairly
+objected that a rumourer, being one who deals in what he hears, as opposed
+to an observer, who reports what he sees, there is a certain
+inappropriateness in speaking of a rumourer's eyes. Be this as it may, I
+beg to suggest another reading, which has the merit of having spontaneously
+occurred to me on seeing the word "runaways'" in your correspondent's
+paper, as if obviously suggested by the combination of letters in that
+word. I propose that the passage should be read thus:
+
+ "Spread thy close curtain, love-performing Night,
+  That _rude day's_ eyes may wink, and Romeo
+  Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen."
+
+A subsequent reference to Juliet's speech has left no doubt in my mind that
+this is the true reading, and so obviously so, as to make it a wonder that
+it should have been overlooked. She first asks the "fiery-footed steeds" to
+bring in "cloudy night," then night to close her curtain (that day's eyes
+may wink), that darkness may come, under cover of which Romeo may hasten to
+her. In the next two lines she shows why this darkness is propitious, and
+then, using an unwonted epithet, invokes night to give her the opportunity
+of darkness:
+
+             "Come, _civil_ night,
+  Thou sober suited matron all in black,
+  And learn me how to lose a winning game," &c.
+
+The peculiar and unusual epithet "civil," here applied to night, at once
+assured me of the accuracy of the proposed reading, it having evidently
+suggested itself as the antithesis of "rude" just before applied to day;
+the civil, accommodating, concealing night being thus contrasted with the
+unaccommodating, revealing day. It is to be remarked, moreover, that as
+this epithet _civil_ is, through its ordinary signification, brought into
+connexion with what precedes it, so is it, through its unusual meaning of
+_grave_, brought into connexion with what follows, it thus furnishing that
+equivocation of sense of which our great dramatist is so fond, rarely
+missing an opportunity of "paltering with us in a double sense."
+
+I think, therefore, I may venture to offer you the proposed emendation as
+rigorously fulfilling all the requirements of the text, while at the same
+time it necessitates a very trifling literal disturbance of the old
+reading, since by the simple change of the letters _naw_ into _ded_, we
+convert "runaways'" into "rude day's," of which it was a very easy
+misprint.
+
+Having offered you an emendation of my own, I cannot miss the opportunity
+of sending you {217} another, for which I am indebted to a critical student
+of Shakspeare, my friend Mr. W. R. Grove, the Queen's Counsel. In _All's
+Well that ends Well_, the third scene of the Second Act opens with the
+following speech from Lafeu:
+
+    "They say miracles are past; and we have our philosophical persons to
+    make modern and familiar things, supernatural and causeless. Hence is
+    it that we make trifles of terrors; ensconcing ourselves in a seeming
+    knowledge when we should submit ourselves to an unknown fear."
+
+On reading this passage as thus printed, it will be seen that the two
+sentences of which it is composed are in direct contradiction to each
+other; the first asserting that we have philosophers who give a causeless
+and supernatural character to things ordinary and familiar: the second
+stating as the result of this, "that we make trifles of terrors," whereas
+the tendency would necessarily be to make "terrors of trifles." The
+confusion arises from the careless pointing of the first sentence. By
+simply shifting the comma at present after "things," and placing it after
+"familiar," the discrepancy between the two sentences disappears, as also
+between the two members of the first sentence, which are now at variance.
+It should be pointed thus:
+
+    "They say miracles are past; and we have our philosophical persons to
+    make modern and familiar, things supernatural and causeless."
+
+It is singular that none of the editors should have noticed this defect,
+which I have no doubt will hereafter be removed by the adoption of a simple
+change, that very happily illustrates the importance of correct
+punctuation.
+
+R. H. C.
+
+_Shakspeare's Skull_.--As your publication has been the medium of many
+valuable comments upon Shakspeare, and interesting matter connected with
+him, I am induced to solicit information, if you will allow me, on the
+following subject. I have the _Works of Shakspeare_, which being in one
+volume 8vo., I value as being more portable than any other edition. It was
+published by Sherwood without any date affixed, but probably about 1825.
+There is a memoir prefixed by Wm. Harvey, Esq., in which, p. xiii., it is
+stated that while a vault was being made close to Shakspeare's, when Dr.
+Davenport was rector, a young man perceiving the tomb of Shakspeare open,
+introduced himself so far within the vault that he could have brought away
+the skull, but he was deterred from doing so by the anathema inscribed on
+the monument, of--
+
+    "Curs'd be he that moves my bones."
+
+This is given upon the authority of Dr. Nathan Drake's work on Shakspeare,
+in two vols. 4to. Now in this work much is given which is copied into the
+memoir, but I do not there find this anecdote, and perhaps some reader of
+"N. & Q." may supply this deficiency, and state where I may find it. I may
+be allowed to state, that Pope's skull was similarly stolen and another
+substituted.
+
+I annex Wheler's remark that no violation of the grave had, up to the time
+of his work, taken place.
+
+    "Through a lapse of nearly two hundred years have his ashes remained
+    undisturbed, and it is to be hoped no sacrilegious hand will ever be
+    found to violate the sacred repository."--_History of
+    Stratford-upon-Avon_, by R. B. Wheler (circa 1805?), 8vo.
+
+A SUBSCRIBER.
+
+_On a Passage in "Macbeth."_--MR. SINGLETON (Vol. vii., p. 404.) says,
+"Vaulting ambition, that _o'erleaps_ itself," is nonsense--the thing is
+impossible; and proposes that "vaulting ambition" should "rest his hand
+upon the pommel, and _o'erleap_ the saddle (sell)," a thing not uncommon in
+the feats of horsemanship.
+
+Did MR. SINGLETON never _o'erleap_ himself, and be too late--later than
+_himself_ intended? Did he never, in his younger days, amuse himself with a
+_soprasalto_; or with what Donne calls a "vaulter's sombersault?" Did he
+never hear of any little plunderer, climbing a wall, _o'erreaching_ himself
+to pluck an apple, and falling on the other side, into the hands of the
+gardener? "By like," says Sir Thomas More, "the manne there _overshotte_
+himself."
+
+What was the _manne_ about? Attempting such a perilous gambol, perhaps, as
+correcting Shakspeare.
+
+To {overleap, overreach, overshoot} himself are merely, to {leap, reach,
+shoot}, over or beyond the mark himself intended.
+
+Q.
+
+  Bloomsbury.
+
+P.S.--MR. ARROWSMITH reminds us of the old saw, that "great wits jump." He
+should recollect also that they sometimes _nod_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_Lemon-juice administered in Gout and Rheumatism._--At a time when
+lemon-juice seems to be frequently administered in gout and rheumatism, as
+though it were an entirely new remedy, I have been somewhat amused at the
+following passage, which may also interest some of your readers; it occurs
+in _Scelta di Lettere Familiari degli Autori piů celebri ad uso degli
+studiosi della lingua Italiana_, p. 36., in a letter "Di Don Francesco a
+Teodoro Villa":
+
+    "Io non posso star meglio di quel che sto, e forse perchč uso di spesso
+    il bagno freddo, e beo limonata a pranzo e a cena da molti mesi. Questa
+    č la mia quotidiana bevanda, e dacche mi ci sono messo, m' ha fatto un
+    bene che non si puo dire. Di quelle doglie di capo, {218} che un tempo
+    mi sconquassavano le tempie, non ne sento piů una. Le vertigini, che un
+    tratto mi favorivano sě di spesso, se ne sono ite. Sino un reumatismo,
+    che m' aveva afferrato per un braccio, s' e dileguato, cosě ch'io farei
+    ora alla lotta col piů valente marinaro calabrese che sia. L' appetito
+    mio pizzica del vorace. Che buona cosa il sugo d' un limone spremato
+    nell' acqua, e indolciato con un po' di zucchero! Fa di provarlo,
+    Teodoro. Chi sa che non assesti il capo e lo stomaco auche a te."
+
+S. G. C.
+
+_Weather Proverbs_.--Are these proverbs worth recording?
+
+ "Rain before seven, fine before eleven."
+
+ "A mackerel sky and mare's tails,
+  Make lofty ships carry low sails."
+
+ "If the rain comes before the wind,
+  Lower your topsails and take them in:
+  If the wind comes before the rain,
+  Lower your topsails and hoist them again."
+
+The expressions in the latter two are maritime, and the rhymes not very
+choice; but they hold equally in terrestrial matters, and I have seldom
+found them wrong.
+
+RUBI.
+
+_Dog Latin_.--The answer of one of your late correspondents (E. M. B., Vol.
+vii., p. 622.) on the subject of "Latin--Latiner," has revived a Query in
+your First Volume (p. 230.) as to the origin of this expression which does
+not appear to have been answered. I do not remember having seen any
+explanation of the term, but I have arrived at one for myself, and present
+it to your readers for what it is worth. Nothing, it must be admitted, can
+be more inconsistent with the usual forms of language than the Latin of
+medićval periods; it is often, in fact, not Latin at all, but merely a
+Latin form given to simple English or other words, and admitting of the
+greatest variety. Now of all animals the distinctions of breed are perhaps
+more numerous in the canine race than any other. The word "mongrel,"
+originally applied to one of these quadruped combinations of variety, has
+long been used to signify anything in which mixture of class existed,
+especially of a debasing kind, to which such mixture generally tends.
+Nothing could be more appropriate than the application of the term to the
+"infima latinitas" of the Middle Ages; and from "mongrel" the transition to
+the name of the genus from that of the degenerate species appears to me to
+be very easy, though fanciful.
+
+J. B--T.
+
+_Thomas Wright of Durham_.--In the _Philosophical Magazine_ for April,
+1848, I gave an account of the "Original Theory or new Hypothesis of the
+Universe" of Thomas Wright, whose anticipations of modern speculation on
+the milky way, the central sun, and some other points, make him one of the
+most remarkable astronomical thinkers of his day. In the biography in the
+_Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1793, he is described as struggling for a
+livelihood when a young man, and no account is given of the manner in which
+he obtained the handsome competence with which he emerges in 1756, or
+thereabouts. A few days after my account was published, I was informed (by
+Captain James, R.E.) that a large four-foot orrery, constructed by Wright
+for the Royal Academy at Portsmouth, was still in that town; and that by
+the title of "J. Harrises Use of the Globes" it appears that he (Wright)
+kept his shop at the _Orrery_, near Water Lane, Fleet Street (No. 136),
+under the title of instrument-maker to his Majesty. In an edition of Harris
+(the 8th, 1767), which I lately met with, the above is described as "late
+the shop of Thomas Wright," &c. By the advertisements which this work
+contains, Wright must have had an extensive business as a philosophical
+instrument-maker. The omission in the biography is a strange one. Possibly
+some farther information may fall in the way of some of your readers.
+
+A. DE MORGAN.
+
+_A Funeral Custom_.--At Broadwas, Worcestershire, in the valley of the
+Teame, it is the custom at funerals, on reaching "the Church Walk," for the
+bearers to set down the coffin, and, as they stand around, to bow to it.
+
+CUTHBERT BEDE, B. A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Queries.
+
+LITTLECOTT--SIR JOHN POPHAM.
+
+Every one knows the tradition attached to the manor of Littlecott in
+Wiltshire, and the alleged means by which Chief Justice Sir John Popham
+acquired its possession. It is told by Aubrey, Sir Walter Scott, and many
+others, and is too notorious to be here repeated. Let me ask you or your
+learned correspondents whether there exists any refutation of a charge so
+seriously detrimental to the character of any judge, and so inconsistent
+with the reputation which Chief Justice Popham enjoyed among his
+cotemporaries? See Lord Ellesmere's notice of him in the case of the
+Postnati (_State Trials_, ii. 669.), and Sir Edward Coke's flattering
+picture of him at the end of Sir Drew Drury's case (_Reports_, vi. 75.).
+Are there any records showing that a Darell was ever in fact arraigned on a
+charge of murder, and the name of the judge who presided at the trial? Is
+the date known of the death of the last Darell who possessed the estate, or
+that of Sir John Popham's acquisition of it? The discovery of these might
+throw great light on the subject, and possibly afford a complete
+contradiction.
+
+Sir Francis Bacon, in his argument against Sir John Hollis and others for
+traducing public justice, states that--
+
+    "Popham, a great judge in his time, was complained of by petition to
+    Queen Elizabeth; it was committed {219} to four privy councillors, but
+    the same was found to be slanderous, and the parties punished in the
+    court."--_State Trials_, vol. ii. p. 1029.
+
+If this petition could be discovered, and it should turn out that the
+slander complained of in it had reference to this story, the investigation
+which it then underwent by the four privy councillors, and the chief
+justice's enjoyment of his high office for so many subsequent years, would
+go far to prove the utter falsehood of the charge. This is a "consummation
+devoutly to be wished" by every one who feels an interest in the purity of
+the bench, and particularly by the present possessors of the estate, who
+must be anxious for their ancestor's fame.
+
+Your useful publication has acted the part of the "detective police" in the
+elucidation of many points of history less interesting than this, and I
+trust you will consider the case curious enough to justify a close
+examination.
+
+EDWARD FOSS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EARLY EDITION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT.
+
+I should be greatly obliged if I could obtain through "N. & Q." when,
+where, and by whom an imperfect black-letter copy of the New Testament,
+lately come into my possession, was printed, and also who was the
+translator of it.
+
+It is bound in boards, has three thongs round which the sheets are
+stitched, seems never to have been covered with cloth, leather, or other
+material like our modern books, has had clasps, and is four inches long and
+two inches thick.
+
+The chapters are divided generally into four or five parts by means of the
+first letters of the alphabet. The letters are neither placed equidistant,
+nor do they always mark a fresh paragraph.
+
+It is not divided into verses. There are a few marginal references, and the
+chapter and letter of the parallel passages are given.
+
+Crosses are placed at the heads of most chapters, and also throughout the
+text, without much apparent regularity. It contains a few rude cuts of the
+Apostles, &c. The Epistles of St. Peter and St. John are placed before that
+to the Hebrews.
+
+Letters are frequently omitted in the spelling, and this is indicated by a
+dash placed over the one preceding the omitted letter. A slanting mark (/)
+is the most frequent stop used. I will transcribe a few lines exactly as
+they occur, only not using the black-letter.
+
+    "B. As some spake of the temple/ howe yt was garnesshed with goodly
+    stones and iewels he sayde. The dayes will come/ when of these thyngis
+    which ye se shall not be lefte stone upon stone/ that shall not be
+    throwen doune. And they asked hym sayinge/ Master wh[=e] shall these
+    thynges be? And what sygnes wil there be/ when suche thynges shal come
+    to passe."--St. Luke, ch. xxi.
+
+Land is spelt _londe_; saints, _sainctis_; authority, _auctorite_, &c.
+
+A. BOARDMAN.
+
+P.S. It commences at the 19th chapter of St. Matthew, and seems perfect to
+the 21st chapter of Revelation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_Ravilliac_.--I have read that a pyramid was erected at Paris upon the
+murder of Henry IV. by Ravilliac, and that the inscription represented the
+Jesuits as men--
+
+    "Maleficć superstitonis, quorum instinctu peculiaris adolescens
+    (Ravilliac) dirum facinus instituerat."--_Thesaur. Hist._, tom. iv.
+    lib. 95, ad ann. 1598.
+
+We are also informed that he confessed that it was the book of Mariana the
+Jesuit, and the traitorous positions maintained in it, which induced him to
+murder the king, for which cause the book (condemned by the parliament and
+the Sorbonne) was publicly burnt in Paris. Is the pyramid still remaining?
+If not, when was it taken down or destroyed, and by whom or by whose
+authority?
+
+CLERICUS (D).
+
+_Emblem on a Chimney-piece_.--In the committee room of the Church
+Missionary Society, Nos. 16. and 17. Upper Sackville Street, Dublin, a
+curious emblem-picture is carved on the centre of the white marble
+chimney-piece. An angel or winged youth is sleeping in a recumbent posture;
+one arm embraces a sleeping lion, in the other hand he holds a number of
+bell flowers. In the opposite angle the sun shines brightly; a lizard is
+biting the heel of the sleeping youth. I shall not offer my own conjectures
+in explanation of this allegorical sculpture, unless your correspondents
+fail to give a more satisfactory solution.
+
+ATH CELIATH.
+
+_"To know ourselves diseased," &c_.--
+
+    "To know ourselves diseased, is half the cure."
+
+Whence?
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+  Birmingham.
+
+"_Pćtus and Arria_."--Can you inform me who is the author of _Pćtus and
+Arria, a Tragedy_, 8vo., 1809?
+
+In Genest's _Account of the English Stage_, this play is said to be written
+by a gentleman of the University of Cambridge. Can you tell me whether this
+is likely to be W. Smyth, the late Professor of Modern History in that
+university, who died in June, 1849?
+
+GW.
+
+_Heraldic Query_.--A. was killed in open rebellion. His son B. lived in
+retirement under a fictitious name. The grandson C. retained the assumed
+name, and obtained new arms. Query, {220} Can the descendants of C. resume
+the arms of A.? If so, must they substitute them for the arms of C., or
+bear them quarterly, and in which quarters?
+
+FRANCIS P.
+
+_Lord Chancellor Steele._--Is any pedigree of William Steele, Esq., Lord
+Chancellor of Ireland temp. Commonwealth, extant; and do any of his
+descendants exist?
+
+It is believed he was nearly related to Captain Steel, governor of Beeston
+Castle, who suffered death by military execution in 1643 on a charge of
+cowardice.
+
+STATFOLD.
+
+_"A Tub to the Whale."_--What is the origin of this phrase?
+
+PIMLICO.
+
+_Legitimation_ (_Scotland_).--Perhaps some of your Scotch readers "learned
+in the law" would obligingly answer the subjoined Queries, referring to
+some decisions.
+
+1. Will entail property go to a _bastard_, _legitimated before the Union_
+under the great seal (by the law of Scotland)?
+
+2. Will titles and dignities descend?
+
+3. Will armorial bearings?
+
+M. M.
+
+  Inner Temple.
+
+_"Vaut mieux," &c._--The proverb "Vaut mieux avoir affaire ŕ Dieu qu'ŕ ses
+saints" has a Latin origin. What is it?
+
+M.
+
+_Shakspeare First Folio._--Is there any _obtainable_ edition of Shakspeare
+which follows, or fully contains, the first folio?
+
+M.
+
+_The Staffordshire Knot._--Can any of your readers give the history of the
+Staffordshire knot, traced on the carriages and trucks of the North
+Staffordshire Railway Company?
+
+T. P.
+
+_Sir Thomas Elyot._--I shall be extremely obliged by a reference to any
+sources of information respecting Sir Thomas Elyot, Knight, living in the
+time of Henry VIII., son of Sir Richard Elyot, Knight, of Suffolk.
+
+I shall be glad also to know whether a short work (among others of his in
+my possession) entitled _The Defence of good Women_, printed in London by
+Thomas Berthelet, 1545, is at all a rare book?
+
+H. C. K.
+
+_"Celsior exsurgens pluviis," &c._--
+
+ "Celsior exsurgens pluviis, nimbosque cadentes,
+  Sub pedibus cernens, et cćca tonitrua calcans."
+
+Can you oblige me by stating where the above lines are to be found? They
+appear to me to form an appropriate motto for a balloon.
+
+J. P. A.
+
+_The Bargain Cup._--Can the old English custom of drinking together upon
+the completion of a bargain, be traced back farther than the Norman era?
+Did a similar custom exist in the earlier ages? Danl. Dyke, in his
+_Mysteries_ (London, 1634), says:
+
+    "The Jews being forbidden to make couenants with the Gentiles, they
+    also abstained from drinking with them; because that was a ceremonie
+    vsed in striking of couenants."
+
+This is the only notice I can find among old writers touching this custom,
+which is certainly one of considerable antiquity: though I should like
+confirmation of Dyke's words, before I can recognise an ancestry so remote.
+
+R. C. WARDE.
+
+  Kidderminster.
+
+_School-Libraries._--I am desirous of ascertaining whether any of our
+public schools possess any libraries for the general reading of the
+scholars, in which I do not include mere school-books of Latin, Greek, &c.,
+which, I presume, they all possess, but such as travels, biographies, &c.
+
+Boys fresh from these schools appear generally to know nothing of general
+reading, and from the slight information I have, I fear there is nothing in
+the way of a library in any of them. If not, it is, I should think, a very
+melancholy fact, and one that deserves a little attention: but if any of
+your obliging correspondents can tell me what public school possesses such
+a thing, and the facilities allowed for reading in the school, I shall take
+it as a favour.
+
+WELD TAYLOR.
+
+  Bayswater.
+
+_Queen Elizabeth and her "true" Looking-glass._--An anecdote is current of
+Queen Elizabeth having in her later days, if not during her last illness,
+called for a _true_ looking-glass, having for a long time previously made
+use of one that was in some manner purposely falsified.
+
+What is the original source of the story? or at least what is the authority
+to which its circulation is mainly due? An answer from some of your
+correspondents to one or other of these questions would greatly oblige
+
+VERONICA.
+
+_Bishop Thomas Wilson._--In Thoresby's Diary, A.D. 1720, April 17 (vol. ii.
+p. 289.), is the following entry:
+
+    "Easter Sunday ... after evening prayers supped at cousin Wilson's with
+    the Bishop of Man's son."
+
+Was there any relationship, and what, between this "cousin Wilson," and the
+bishop's son, Dr. Thomas Wilson? I should be glad of any information
+bearing on any or on all these subjects.
+
+WILLIAM DENTON.
+
+_Bishop Wilson's Works._--The REV. JOHN KEBLE, Hursley, near Winchester,
+being engaged in writing the life and editing the works of Bishop Wilson
+(Sodor and Man), would feel obliged by {221} the communication of any
+letters, sermons, or other writings of the bishop, or by reference to any
+incidents not to be found in printed accounts of his life.
+
+_Hobbes, Portrait of_.--In the _Memoirs_ of T. Hobbes, it is stated that a
+portrait of him was painted in 1669 for Cosmo de Medici.
+
+I have a fine half-length portrait of him, on the back of which is the
+following inscription:
+
+ "Thomas Hobbes, ćt. 81. 1669.
+  J^{os}. Wick Wrilps, Londiensis, Pictor Caroli 2^{di}. R.
+  pinx^t."
+
+Is this painter the same as John Wycke, who died in 1702, but who is not, I
+think, known as a portrait painter?
+
+Can any of your readers inform me whether a portrait of Hobbes is now in
+the galleries at Florence, and, if so, by whom it was painted? It is
+possible that mine is a duplicate of the picture which was painted for the
+Grand Duke.
+
+W. C. TREVELYAN.
+
+  Wallington.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries with Answers.
+
+_Brasenose, Oxford_.--I am anxious to learn the origin and meaning of the
+word _Brasenose_. I have somewhere heard or read (though I cannot recall
+where) that it was a Saxon word, _brasen haus_ or "brewing-house;" and that
+the college was called by this name, because it was built on the site of
+the brewing-house of King Alfred. All that Ingram says on the subject is
+this:
+
+    "This curious appellation, which, whatever was the origin of it, has
+    been perpetuated by the symbol of a brazen nose here and at Stamford,
+    occurs with the modern orthography, but in one undivided word, so early
+    as 1278, in an Inquisition, now printed in the _Hundred Rolls_, though
+    quoted by Wood from the manuscript record."--See his _Memorials of
+    Oxford_.
+
+CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.
+
+    [Our correspondent will find the notice of King Alfred's brew-house in
+    the review of Ingram's _Memorials_ in the _British Critic_, vol. xxiv.
+    p. 139. The writer says, "There is a spot in the centre of the city
+    where Alfred is said to have lived, and which may be called the native
+    place or river-head of three separate societies still existing,
+    University, Oriel, and Brasenose. Brasenose claims his palace, Oriel
+    his church, and University his school or academy. Of these Brasenose
+    College is still called, in its formal style, 'the King's Hall,' which
+    is the name by which Alfred himself, in his laws, calls his palace; and
+    it has its present singular name from a corruption of _brasinium_, or
+    _brasin-huse_, as having been originally located in that part of the
+    royal mansion which was devoted to the then important accommodation of
+    a brew-house." Churton, in his _Life of Bishop Smyth_, p. 277., thus
+    accounts for the origin of the word:--"Brasen Nose Hall, as the Oxford
+    antiquary has shown, may be traced as far back as the time of Henry
+    III., about the middle of the thirteenth century; and early in the
+    succeeding reign, 6th Edward I., 1278, it was known by the name of
+    Brasen Nose Hall, which peculiar name was undoubtedly owing, as the
+    same author observes, to the circumstance of a nose of brass affixed to
+    the gate. It is presumed, however, this conspicuous appendage of the
+    portal was not formed of the mixed metal, which the word now denotes,
+    but the genuine produce of the mine; as is the nose, or rather face, of
+    a lion or leopard still remaining at Stamford, which also gave name to
+    the edifice it adorned. And hence, when Henry VIII. debased the coin,
+    by an alloy of _copper_, it was a common remark or proverb, that
+    'Testons were gone to Oxford, to study in _Brasen_ Nose.'"]
+
+_G. Downing_.--Can any one point out to me a biography of G. Downing, or at
+least indicate a work where the dates of the birth and death of this
+celebrated statesman may be found? He was English ambassador in the Hague
+previous to and in the year 1664, and to him Downing Street in London owes
+its name. A very speedy answer would be most welcome.--From the
+_Navorscher_.
+
+A. T. C.
+
+    [In Pepys's _Diary_, vol. i. p. 2. edit. 1848, occurs the following
+    notice of Sir George Downing:--"Wood has misled us in stating that Sir
+    George Downing was a son of Dr. Calibut Downing, the rector of Hackney.
+    He was beyond doubt the son of Emmanuel Downing, a London merchant, who
+    went to New England. It is not improbable that Emmanuel was a near
+    kinsman of Calibut; how related has not yet been discovered. Governor
+    Hutchinson, in his _History of Massachusetts_, gives the true account
+    of Downing's affiliation, which has been farther confirmed by Mr.
+    Savage, of Boston, from the public records of New England. Wood calls
+    Downing a sider with all times and changes; skilled in the common cant,
+    and a preacher occasionally. He was sent by Cromwell to Holland, as
+    resident there. About the Restoration, he espoused the King's cause,
+    and was knighted and elected M. P. for Morpeth, in 1661. Afterwards,
+    becoming Secretary to the Treasury and Commissioner of the Customs, he
+    was in 1663 created a Baronet of East Hatley, in Cambridgeshire, and
+    was again sent ambassador to Holland. His grandson of the same name,
+    who died in 1749, was the founder of Downing College, Cambridge. The
+    title became extinct in 1764, upon the decease of Sir John Gerrard
+    Downing, the last heir male of the family." According to Hutchinson,
+    Sir George died in 1684.]
+
+_Unkid_.--Can any of your readers inform me as to the derivation of this
+word, or give any instance of its recent use? I have frequently heard it in
+my childhood (the early part of the present century) among the rural
+population of Oxon and Berks. It was generally applied to circumstances of
+a melancholy or distressing character, but sometimes used to express a
+peculiar state of feeling, being apparently intended to convey nearly the
+same meaning as the _ennui_ of the French. I {222} recollect an allusion to
+the phrase somewhere in Miss Mitford's writings, who speaks of it as
+peculiar to Berks; but as I was then ignorant of Captain Cuttle's maxim, I
+did not "make a note of it," so that I am unable to lay my hand on the
+passage.
+
+G. T.
+
+  Reading.
+
+    [Mr. Sternberg also found this word in Northamptonshire: for in his
+    valuable work on _The Dialect and Folk Lore_ of that county occurs the
+    following derivation of it:--"UNKED, HUNKID, _s_. lonely, dull,
+    miserable. 'I was so _unked_ when ye war away.' 'A _unked_ house,' &c.
+    Mr. Bosworth gives, as the derivative, the A.-S. _uncyd_, solitary,
+    without speech. In Batchelor's _List of Bedfordshire Words_, it is
+    spelt _ungkid_."]
+
+_Pilgrim's Progress_.--The common editions contain a _third_ part, setting
+forth the life of _Tender-conscience_: this third part is thought not to
+have been written by Bunyan, and is omitted from some, at least, of the
+modern editions. Can any of your readers explain by whom this addition was
+made, and all about it? The subject of the _Pilgrim's Progress_
+generally--the stories of a similar kind which are said to have
+preceded--especially in Catholic times--the history of its editions and
+annotations, would give some interesting columns.
+
+M.
+
+    [Mr. George Offor, in his Introduction to _The Pilgrim's Progress_,
+    published by the Hanserd Knollys Society in 1847, notices the third
+    part as a forgery:--"In a very few years after Bunyan's death, this
+    third part made its appearance; and although the title does not
+    directly say that it was written by Bunyan, yet it was at first
+    generally received as such. In 1695, it reached a second edition; and a
+    sixth in 1705. In 1708, it was denounced in the title to the ninth
+    edition of the second part, by a 'Note, _the third part, suggested to
+    be J. Bunyan's, is an imposture_.' The author of this forgery is as yet
+    unknown." Mr. Offor has also devoted fifty pages of his Introduction to
+    the conjectured prototypes of Bunyan's _Pilgrim's Progress_. He says,
+    "Every assertion or suggestion that came to my knowledge has been
+    investigated, and the works referred to have been analysed. And beyond
+    this, every allegorical work that could be found, previous to the
+    eighteenth century, has been examined in all the European languages,
+    and the result is a perfect demonstration of the complete originality
+    of Bunyan."]
+
+_John Frewen_.--What is known of this divine? He was minister at Northiam
+in Sussex in 1611; and published, the following year, a small volume of
+_Sermons_, bearing reference to some quarrel between himself and
+parishioners. Are these _Sermons_ rare? Any particulars would be
+acceptable.
+
+R. C. WARDE.
+
+  Kidderminster.
+
+    [Accepted Frewen, Archbishop of York, was the eldest son of John
+    Frewen, "the puritanical Rector of Northiam," as Wood calls him, and
+    indeed his name carries a symbol of his father's sanctity. Wood has
+    given a few particulars of John, who, he says, "was a learned divine,
+    and frequent preacher of the time, and wrote, 1. _Fruitful Instructions
+    and Necessary Doctrine, to edify in the Fear of God, &c_., 1587. 2.
+    _Fruitful Instructions for the General Cause of Reformation, against
+    the Slanders of the Pope and League, &c_., 1589. 3. _Certain Choice
+    Grounds and Principles of our Christian Religion, with their several
+    Expositions, by Way of Questions and Answers, &c_., 1621, and other
+    things. He died in 1627 (about the latter end), and was buried in
+    Northiam Church, leaving then behind these sons, viz. Accepted,
+    Thankful, Stephen, Joseph, Benjamin, Thomas, Samuel, John, &c., which
+    John seems to have succeeded his father in the Rectory of Northiam; but
+    whether the said father was educated at Oxford, I cannot tell."]
+
+_Histories of Literature_.--Can any correspondent inform me of the best, or
+one or two principal Histories of Literature, published in the English
+language, with the names of the author and publisher; as well as, if
+possible, the size and price?
+
+ILMONASTERIENSIS.
+
+    [Our correspondent cannot do better than procure Hallam's _Introduction
+    to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and
+    Seventeenth Centuries_, 3 vols. 8vo. (36s.). He may also consult with
+    advantage Dr. Maitland's _Dark Ages_, which illustrates the state of
+    religion and literature from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, 8vo.,
+    12s. and Berrington's _Literary History of the Middle Ages_, 3s. 6d.]
+
+"_Mrs. Shaw's Tombstone_."--In Leigh's _Observations_ (London, 1660) are
+several quotations from a work entitled _Mrs. Shaw's Tombstone_. Where may
+a copy of this be seen?
+
+R. C. WARDE.
+
+  Kidderminster.
+
+    [Mrs. Dorothy Shaw's _Tombstone, or the Saint's Remains_, 1658, may be
+    seen in the British Museum, Press-mark, 1418. i. 41.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+CRANMER AND CALVIN.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 182.)
+
+A correspondent who seems to delight in sibilants, signing, himself
+S. Z. Z. S., invites me to "_preserve_, in your columns, the letter of
+Calvin to Cranmer, of which Dean Jenkyns has only given extracts," as
+noticed by me in your Vol. vii., p. 621.
+
+I would not shrink from the trouble of transcribing the whole letter, if a
+complete copy were only to be found in the short-lived columns of a
+newspaper, as inserted in the _Record_ of May 15, 1843, by Merle d'Aubigné;
+but the Dean has given a reference to the volume in which both the letters
+he cites are preserved and accessible, viz. _Calvin Epistles_, pp. 134,
+135., Genev. 1616. {223}
+
+S. Z. Z. S. justly observes that there are two points to be distinguished:
+first, Cranmer's wish that Calvin should assist in a general union of the
+churches protesting against Romish errors; second, Calvin's offer to assist
+in settling the Church of England. He adds, "The latter was declined; and
+the reason is demonstrated in Archbishop Laurence's _Bampton Lectures_." I
+neither possess those lectures, nor the volume of Calvin's epistles; but
+all I have seen of the correspondence between him and Cranmer, in the
+Parker Society's editions of Cranmer, and of original letters between
+1537-58, and in Jenkyns' _Remains of Cranmer_, indisposes me to believe
+that Calvin made any "offer to assist in settling the Church of England."
+It appears from Dean Jenkyns' note, vol. i. p. 346., that Archbishop
+Laurence made a mistake in the order of the correspondence, calculated to
+mislead himself; and as to Heylyn's assertion, _Eccles. Restaur._, p. 65.,
+that Calvin made such an offer and "that the Archbishop (Cranmer) _knew_
+the man and refused his offer," the Dean says:
+
+    "He gives no authority for the later part of his statement, and it can
+    hardly be reconciled with Cranmer's letter to Calvin of March 20,
+    1552."
+
+The contemptuous expression, he "knew the man and refused his offer," is,
+in fact, utterly irreconcilable with Cranmer's language in all his three
+letters to Melancthon, to Bullinger, and to Calvin (Nos. 296, 297, 298. of
+Parker Society's edition of _Cranmer's Remains_, and Nos. 283, 284, 285. of
+Jenkyns' edition), where he tells each of the other two that he had written
+to Calvin from his desire--
+
+    "Ut in Anglia, aut alibi, doctissimorum et _optimorum_ virorum synodus
+    convocaretur, in qua de puritate ecclesiasticć doctrinć, et prćcipue de
+    consensu controversić sacramentarić tractaretur."
+
+Or, as he said to Calvin himself:
+
+    "Ut docti et pii viri, qui alios antecellunt eruditione et judicio,
+    convenirent."
+
+Your correspondent seems to have used the word "demonstrated" rather in a
+surgical than in its mathematical sense.
+
+Having taken up my pen to supply you with an answer to this historical
+inquiry, I may as well notice some other articles in your No. 199. For
+example, in p. 167., L. need not have referred your readers to Halliwell's
+_Researches in Archaic Language_ for an explanation of Bacon's word
+"bullaces." The word may be seen in Johnson's _Dictionary_, with the
+citation from Bacon, and instead of vaguely calling it "a small black and
+tartish plum," your botanical readers know it as the _Prunus insititia_.
+
+Again, p. 173., J. M. may like to know farther, that the Duke of
+Wellington's clerical brother was entered on the boards of St. John's
+College, Cambridge, as Wesley, where the spelling must have been dictated
+either by himself, or by the person authorised to desire his admission. It
+continued to be spelt Wesley in the Cambridge annual calendars as late as
+1808, but was altered in that of 1809 to Wellesley. The alteration was
+probably made by the desire of the family, and without communicating such
+desire to the registrary of the university. For it appears in the edition
+of _Graduati Cantabrigienses_, printed in 1823, as follows:
+
+    "Wesley, Gerard Valerian, Coll. Joh. A. M. 1792. Comitis de Mornington,
+    Fil. nat. 4^{tus}."
+
+In p. 173., C. M. INGLEBY may like to know, as a clue to the origin of his
+_apussee and_, that I was taught at school, sixty years ago, to call & _And
+per se_, whilst some would call it _And-per-se-and_.
+
+In the same page, the inquirer B. H. C. respecting the word _mammon_, may
+like to know that the history of that word has been given at some length in
+p. 1. to p. 68. of the Parker Society's edition of Tyndale's _Parable of
+the wicked Mammon_, where I have stated that it occurs in a form identical
+with the English in the Chaldee Targum of Onkelos on Exod. viii. 21., and
+in that of Jonathan on Judges, v. 9., as equivalent to riches; and that in
+the Syriac translation it occurs in a form identical with [Greek: Mamôna],
+in Exod. xxi. 30., as a rendering for [Hebrew: K\holam\P\segol\R], the
+price of satisfaction. In B. H. C.'s citation from Barnes, _even_ seems a
+misprint for _ever_. The Jews did not again fall into actual idolatry after
+the Babylonish captivity; but we are told that in the sight of God
+covetousness is idolatry.
+
+HENRY WALTER.
+
+  Hasilbury Bryan.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BARNACLES.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 124.)
+
+A Querist quoting from Porta's _Natural Magic_ the vulgar error that "not
+only in Scotland, but in the river Thames, there is a kind of shell-fish
+which get out of their shells and grow to be ducks, or such like birds,"
+asks, what could give rise to such an absurd belief? Your correspondent
+quotes from the English translation of the _Magia Naturalis_, A.D. 1658;
+but the tradition is very ancient, Porta the author having died in 1515
+A.D. You still find an allusion in _Hudibras_ to those--
+
+ "Who from the most refin'd of saints,
+  As naturally grow miscreants,
+  As _barnacles_ turn Soland geese,
+  In th' islands of the Orcades."
+
+The story has its origin in the peculiar formation of the little mollusc
+which inhabits the multivalve shell, the _Pentalasmis anatifera_, which by
+a fleshy peduncle attaches itself by one end to the bottoms of ships or
+floating timber, whilst from the other {224} there protrudes a bunch of
+curling and fringe-like cirrhi, by the agitation of which it attracts and
+collects its food. These cirrhi so much resemble feathers, as to have
+suggested the leading idea of a bird's tail: and hence the construction of
+the remainder of the fable, which is thus given with grave minuteness in
+_The Herbal, or General Historie of Plants_, gathered by John Gerarde,
+Master in Chirurgerie: London, 1597:
+
+    "What our eyes have seen, and our hands have touched, we shall declare.
+    There is a small island in Lancashire called the Pile of Foulders,
+    wherein are found the broken pieces of old and bruised ships, some
+    whereof have been cast thither by shipwreck; and also the trunks or
+    bodies, with the branches of old and rotten trees, cast up there
+    likewise, whereon is found a certain spume or froth, that in time
+    breedeth unto certain shells, in shape like those of a mussel, but
+    sharper pointed, and of a whitish colour; wherein is contained a thing
+    in form like a lace of silk finely woven as it were together, of a
+    whitish colour; one end whereof is fastened unto the inside of the
+    shell, even as the fish of oysters and mussels are; the other end is
+    made fast unto the belly of a rude mass or lump, which in time cometh
+    to the shape and form of a bird. When it is perfectly formed, the shell
+    gapeth open, and the first thing that appeareth is the foresaid lace or
+    string; next come the legs of the bird hanging out and as it groweth
+    greater, it openeth the shell by degrees, till at length it is all come
+    forth, and hangeth only by the bill. In short space after it cometh to
+    full maturity, and falleth into the sea, where it gathereth feathers,
+    and groweth to a fowl, bigger than a mallard, and lesser than a goose;
+    having black legs, and a bill or beak, and feathers black and white,
+    spotted in such manner as our magpie, called in some places a
+    Pie-Annet, which the people of Lancashire call by no other name than a
+    tree-goose; which place aforesaid, and all those parts adjacent, do so
+    much abound therewith, that one of the best may be bought for
+    threepence. For the truth hereof, if any doubt, may it please them to
+    repair unto me, and I shall satisfy them by the testimony of credible
+    witnesses."--Page 1391.
+
+Gerarde, who is doubtless Butler's authority, says elsewhere, that "in the
+north parts of Scotland, and the islands called Orcades," there are certain
+trees whereon these tree-geese and barnacles abound.
+
+The conversion of the fish into a bird, however fabulous, would be scarcely
+more astonishing than the metamorphosis which it actually undergoes--the
+young of the little animal having no feature to identify it with its final
+development. In its early stage (I quote from Carpenter's _Physiology_,
+vol. i. p. 52.) it has a form not unlike that of the crab, "possessing eyes
+and powers of free motion; but afterwards, becoming fixed to one spot for
+the remainder of its life, it loses its eyes and forms a shell, which,
+though composed of various pieces, has nothing in common with the jointed
+shell of the crab."
+
+Though Porta wrote at Naples, the story has reference to Scotland; and the
+tradition is evidently northern, and local. As to SPERIEND's Query, What
+could give rise to so absurd a story? it doubtless took its origin in the
+similarity of the tentacles of the fish to feathers of a bird. But I would
+add the farther Query, whether the ready acceptance and general credence
+given to so obvious a fable, may not have been derived from giving too
+literal a construction to the text of the passage in the first chapter of
+Genesis:
+
+    "And God said, Let the _waters bring forth abundantly_ the moving
+    creature that hath life, and _the fowl_ that may fly in the open
+    firmament of heaven?"
+
+J. EMERSON TENNENT.
+
+Drayton (1613) in his _Poly-olbion_, iii., in connexion with the river Dee,
+speaks of--
+
+    "Th' anatomised fish, and fowls from planchers sprung,"
+
+to which a note is appended in Southey's edition, p. 609., that such fowls
+were "_barnacles_, a bird breeding upon old ships." In the _Entertaining
+Library_, "Habits of Birds," pp. 363-379., the whole story of this
+extraordinary instance of ignorance in natural history is amply developed.
+The barnacle shells which I once saw in a sea-port, attached to a vessel
+just arrived from the Mediterranean, had the brilliant appearance, at a
+distance, of flowers in bloom[1]; the foot of the _Lepas anatifera_
+(Linnćus) appearing to me like the stalk of a plant growing from the ship's
+side: the shell had the semblance of a calyx, and the flower consisted of
+the fingers (_tentacula_) of the shell-fish, "of which twelve project in an
+elegant curve, and are used by it for making prey of small fish." The very
+ancient error was to mistake the foot of the shell-fish for the neck of a
+goose, the shell for its head, and the _tentacula_ for a tuft of feathers.
+As to the body, _non est inventus_. The Barnacle Goose is a well-known
+bird: and these shell-fish, bearing, as seen out of the water, resemblance
+to the goose's neck, were ignorantly, and without investigation, confounded
+with geese themselves, an error into which Albertus Magnus (d. 1280) did
+not fall, and in which Pope Pius II. proved himself infallible.
+Nevertheless, in France, the Barnacle Goose may be eaten on fast-days by
+virtue of this old belief in its marine origin.
+
+T. J. BUCKTON
+
+[Footnote 1: See _Penny Cycl_., art. CIRRIPEDA, vii. 208., reversing the
+woodcut.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DIAL INSCRIPTIONS.
+
+(Vol. iv., p. 507. Vol. v., p. 155., &c.)
+
+In the churchyard of Areley-Kings, Worcestershire (where is the singular
+memorial to Sir Harry Coningsby, which I mentioned at Vol. vi., {225} p.
+406.), is a curious dial, the pillar supporting which has its four sides
+carved with figures of Time and Death, &c., and the following inscriptions.
+
+On the south side, where is the figure of Time:
+
+          Consider
+
+ "Aspice--ut aspicias."
+
+ "Time's glass and scythe
+  Thy life and death declare,
+  Spend well thy time, and
+  For thy end prepare."
+
+     "O man, now or never
+  While there is time, turn unto the Lord,
+      And put not off from day to day."
+
+On the north side, where is the figure of Death standing upon a dead body,
+with his dart, hour-glass, and spade:
+
+ "Three things there be in very deede,
+  Which make my heart in grief to bleede:
+  The first doth vex my very heart,
+  In that from hence I must departe;
+  The second grieves me now and then,
+  That I must die, but know not when;
+  The third with tears bedews my face,
+  That I must die, nor know the place.
+
+          I. W.
+      _fecit_, Anno D[=m]i.
+          1687."
+
+ "Behold my killing dart and delving spade;
+  Prepare for death before thy grave be made;
+                  for
+          After death there's no hope."
+
+ "If a man die he shall live again.
+  All the days of my appointed time
+  Will I wait till my days come."--_Job_ xiv. 14.
+
+ "The death of saints is precious,
+  And miserable is the death of sinners."
+
+The east side of the pillar has the following:
+
+ "Si vis ingredi in vitam,
+  Serve mandata."
+
+ "Judgments are prepared for sinners."--_Prov_. xiv. 9.
+
+And on the west:
+
+     "Sol non occidat
+  Super iracundiam vestram."
+
+ "Whatsoever ye would that men
+      Should do unto you,
+  Do ye even so unto them."
+
+I subjoin a few other dial inscriptions, copied from churches in
+Worcestershire.
+
+Kidderminster (parish church):
+
+    "None but a villain will deface me."
+
+Himbleton (over the porch):
+
+    "Via Vitć."
+
+Bromsgrove:
+
+    "We shall ----" (_i.e._ we shall die-all).
+
+Shrawley:
+
+    "Ab hoc nomento pendet ćternitas."
+
+CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE "SALTPETER MAKER."
+
+(Vol. vii., pp. 377. 433. 460. 530.)
+
+The following humble petition will give an idea of the arbitrary power
+exercised by the "Saltpeter maker" in the days of Good Queen Bess; and of
+the useful monopoly that functionary contrived to make of his employment,
+in defiance of county government:
+
+    "Righte honorable, our humble dewties to yo^r good Lordshippe premised,
+    maye it please the same to be advertised, that at the Quarter sessions
+    holden at Newarke within this countie of Nottingham, There was a
+    generall Complaynte made unto us by the Whole Countrie, that one John
+    Ffoxe, saltpeter maker, had charged the Whole Countrie by his precepts
+    for the Caryinge of Cole from Selsonn, in the Countie of Nottingham,
+    unto the towne of Newarke w^{th}in the same countie; beinge sixteene
+    myles distante for the makeinge of saltpeter, some townes w^{th} five
+    Cariages and some w^{th} lesse, or els to geve him foure shillinges for
+    everie Loade, whereof he hath Recyved a great parte. Uppon w^{ch}
+    Complaynte we called the same Ffoxe before some of us at Newarke at the
+    Sessions, there to answere the premisses, and also to make us a
+    propc[=i]on what Loades of Coales would serve to make a thowsand of
+    saltpeter, To thend we might have sett some order for the preparing of
+    the same: But the said Ffoxe will not sett downe anie rate what would
+    serve for the makeinge of a Thowsande. Therefore we have thoughte good
+    to advertise your good Lordshippe of the premisses, and have appoynted
+    the clarke of the peace of this countie of Nottingham to attend yo^r
+    good Lordshippe to know yo^r Lordshippes pleasure about the same, who
+    can further informe yo^r good Lordshippe of the particularities
+    thereof, if it shall please yo^r good Lordshippe to geve him hearings,
+    And so most humblie take our Leaves, Newarke, the viij^{th} of Octob^r,
+    1589.
+
+     "Your L^{pp} most humblie to Comaunde,
+
+      RO. MARKHAM,
+      WILLIAM SUTTON,
+      R[=AU]F BARTON, 1589,
+      N[=IH]S ROOS,
+      BRIAN LASSELS,
+      JOHN THORNHAGH."
+
+The document is addressed on the back "To the Right Honorable our verie
+good Lord the Lord Burghley, Lord Heighe Threasoro^r of England, yeve
+theis;" and is numbered LXI. 72. among the Lansdowne MSS., B. M.
+
+The proposal quoted below has no date attached, but probably belongs to the
+former part of the seventeenth century:
+
+    "THE SERVICE.
+
+    "1. To make 500 Tunne of refined Saltpetre within his Ma^{ties}
+    dominions yearely, and continually, and cheaper.
+
+    2. _Without digging of homes or charging of carts, or any other charge
+    to the subject whatsoever._ {226}
+
+    3. To performe the whole service at our owne cost.
+
+    4. Not to hinder any man in his owne way of makeing saltpetre, nor
+    importation from forreine parts."
+
+The following memorandum is underwritten:
+
+    "Mr. Speaker hath our Bill; Be pleased to-morrow to call for it."
+
+The original draft of the above disinterested offer may be seen Harl.
+CLVIII. fol. 272.
+
+FURVUS.
+
+  St. James's.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TSAR.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 150.)
+
+The difficulty in investigating the origin of this word is that the letter
+_c_, "the most wonderful of all letters," says Eichhoff (_Vergleichung der
+Sprachen_, p. 55.), sounds like _k_ before the vowels _a_, _o_, _u_, but
+before _e_, _i_, in French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch, as _s_, in
+Italian as _tsh_, in German as _ts_. It is always _ts_ in Polish and
+Bohemian. In Russian it is represented by a special letter [Cyrillic: ts],
+_tsi_; but in Celtic it is always _k_. Conformably with this principle, the
+Russians, like the Germans, Poles, and Bohemians, pronounce the Latin _c_
+as _ts_. So Cicero in these languages is pronounced _Tsitsero_, very
+differently from the Greeks, who called him _Kikero_. The letter _tsi_ is a
+supplementary one in Russian, having no corresponding letter in the Greek
+alphabet, from which the Russian was formed in the ninth century by St.
+Cyril. The word to be sought then amongst cognate languages as the
+counterpart of _tsar_ (or as the Germans write it _czar_) is _car_, as
+pronounced in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch. The most
+probable etymological connection that I can discover is with the Sanscrit
+[Sanskrit: car] _car_, to move, to advance; the root of the Greek [Greek:
+karrhon], in English _car_, Latin _curro_, French _cours_. So Sanscrit
+_caras_, _carat_, movable, nimble; Greek [Greek: chraôn], Latin _currens_.
+And Sanscrit _câras_, motion, Greek [Greek: choros], Latin _currus_,
+_cursus_, French _char_, English _car_, _cart_, &c. The early Russians were
+doubtless wanderers, an off-shoot of the people known to the Greeks as
+Scythians, and to the Hebrews and Arabians as Gog and Magog, who travelled
+in _cars_, occupying first one territory with their flocks, but not
+cultivating the land, then leaving it to nature and taking up another
+resting-place. It is certain that the Russians have many Asiatic words in
+their vocabulary, which must necessarily have occurred from their being for
+more than two centuries sometimes under Tatar, and sometimes under Mongol
+domination; and the origin of this word _tsar_ or _car_ may leave to be
+sought on the plateaus of North-east Asia. In the Shemitic tongues (Arabic,
+Hebrew, Persian, &c.) no connexion of sound or meaning, so probable as the
+above Indo-European one, is to be found. The popular derivations of
+Nabupolassar, Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, &c., are not to be trusted. It is
+remarkable, however, that these names are significant in Russian. (See "N.
+& Q.," Vol. vii., pp. 432, 433, _note_.) The cuneatic inscriptions may yet
+throw light on these Assyrian names. In Russian the kingdom is _Tsarstvo_,
+the king _Tsar_, his queen _Tsarina_, his son is _Tsarevitch_, and his
+daughter _Tsarevna_. The word is probably pure Russian or Slavic. The
+Russian tsar used about two hundred years ago to be styled duke by foreign
+courts, but he has advanced in the nomenclature of royalty to be an
+emperor. The Russians use the word _imperatore_ for emperor, _Kesar_ for
+Cćsar, and _samodershetse_ for sovereign.
+
+T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+  Birmingham.
+
+In Voltaire's _History of the Russian Empire_, it is stated that the title
+of Czar may possibly be derived front the _Tzars_ or _Tchars_ of the
+kingdom of Casan. When John, or Ivan Basilides, Grand Prince of Russia, had
+completed the reduction of this kingdom, he assumed this title, and it has
+since continued to his successors. Before the reign of John Basilides, the
+sovereigns of Russia bore the name of _Velike Knez_, that is, great prince,
+great lord, great chief, which in Christian countries was afterwards
+rendered by that of great duke. The Czar Michael Federovitz, on occasion of
+the Holstein embassy, assumed the titles of Great Knez and Great Lord,
+Conservator of all the Russias, Prince of Wolodimir, Moscow, Novogorod,
+&c., Tzar of Casan, Tzar of Astracan, Tzar of Siberia. The name of _Tzar_
+was therefore the title of those Oriental princes, and therefore it is more
+probable for it to have been derived from the _Tshas_ of Persia than from
+the Roman Cćsars, whose name very likely never reached the ears of the
+Siberian Tzars on the banks of the Oby. In another part of Voltaire's
+_History_, when giving an account of the celebrated battle of Narva, where
+Charles XII., with nine thousand men and ten pieces of cannon, defeated
+"the Russian army with eighty thousand fighting men, supported by one
+hundred and forty-five pieces of cannon," he says, "Among the captives was
+the son of a King of Georgia, whom Charles sent to Stockholm; his name was
+_Mittelesky Czarowitz_, or Czar's Son, which is farther proof that the
+title of Czar or Tzar was not originally derived from the Roman Cćsars." To
+the above slightly abbreviated description may not be uninterestingly added
+the language of Voltaire, which immediately follows the first reference:
+
+    "No title, how great soever, is of any signification, unless they who
+    bear it are great and powerful of themselves. The word _emperor_, which
+    denoted only the _general of an army_, became the title of the {227}
+    sovereigns of Rome and it is now conferred on the supreme governor of
+    all the Russias."
+
+A HERMIT AT HAMPSTEAD.
+
+I beg to inform J. S. A. that the right word is _Tsar_, and that it is the
+Russian word answering to our king or lord, the Latin _Rex_, the Persian
+_Shah_, &c. There may be terms in other languages that have an affinity
+with it, but I believe we should seek in vain for a derivation.
+
+T. K.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"LAND OF GREEN GINGER."
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 160.)
+
+I wish that R. W. ELLIOT of Clifton, whom I recognise as a former
+inhabitant of Hull, had given the authority on which he states, that "It is
+so called from the sale of ginger having been chiefly carried on there in
+early times." The name of this street has much puzzled the local
+antiquaries; and having been for several years engaged on a work relative
+to the derivations, &c., of the names of the streets of Hull, I have spared
+no pains to ascertain the history and derivation of the singular name of
+this street.
+
+I offer then a conjecture as to its derivation as follows:--The ground on
+which this street stands was originally the property of De la Pole, Duke of
+Suffolk, on which he had built his stately manor-house. On the attainder of
+the family it was seized by the king; and Henry VIII. several times held
+his court here, on one of his visits having presented his sword to the
+corporation. It was then, 1538, called Old Beverley Street, as seen in the
+survey made of the estates of Sir William Sydney, Kt. In a romance called
+_Piraute el Blanco_, it is stated "The morning collation at the English
+Court was _green ginger_ with good Malmsey, which was their custom, because
+of the coldness of the land." And in the _Foedera_, vii. 233., it is stated
+that, among other things, the cargo of a Genoese ship, which was driven
+ashore at Dunster, in Somersetshire, in 1380, consisted of green ginger
+(ginger cured with lemon-juice). In Hollar's Map of Hull, 1640, the street
+is there laid out as built upon, but without any name attached to it. No
+other plans of Hull are at present known to exist from the time of Hollar,
+1640, to Gent, 1735. In Gent's plan of Hull, it is there called "The Land
+of Green Ginger;" so that probably, between the years 1640 and 1735, it
+received its peculiar name.
+
+I therefore conjecture that, as Henry VIII. kept his Court here with his
+usual regal magnificence, green ginger would be one of the luxuries of his
+table; that this portion of his royal property being laid out as a garden,
+was peculiarly suitable for the growth of ginger--the same as Pontefract
+was for the growth of the liquorice plant; and that, upon the property
+being built upon, the remembrance of this spot being so suitable for the
+growth of ginger for the Court, would eventually give the peculiar name, in
+the same way that the adjoining street of Bowl-Alley-Lane received its
+title from the bowling-green near to it.
+
+JOHN RICHARDSON.
+
+  13. Savile Street, Hull.
+
+This has long been a puzzle to the Hull antiquaries. I have often inquired
+of old persons likely to know the origin of such names of places at that
+sea-port as "The Land of Green Ginger," "Pig Alley," "Mucky-south-end," and
+"Rotten Herring Staith;" and I have come to the conclusion, that "The Land
+of Green Ginger" was a very dirty place where horses were kept: a mews, in
+short, which none of the Muses, not even with Homer as an exponent, could
+exalt ([Greek: Epea pteroenta en athanatoisi theoisi]) into the regions of
+poesy.
+
+Ginger has been cultivated in this country as a _stove_ exotic for about
+two hundred and fifty years. In one of the histories of Hull, ginger is
+supposed to have grown in this street, where, to a recent period, the
+stables of the George Inn, and those of a person named Foster opposite,
+occupied the principal portion of the short lane called "Land of Green
+Ginger." It is hardly possible that the true zingiber can have grown here,
+even in the manure heaps; but a plant of the same order (_Zingiberaceć_)
+may have been mistaken for it. Some of the old women or marine school-boys
+of the Trinity House, in the adjoining lane named from that guild, or some
+druggist, may have dropped, either accidentally or experimentally, a root,
+if not of the ginger, yet of some kindred plant. The magnificent _Fuchsia_
+was first noticed in the possession of a seaman's wife by Fuchs in 1501, a
+century prior to the introduction of the ginger plant into England.
+
+T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+  Birmingham.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Stereoscopic Angles_.--The discussion in "N. & Q." relative to the best
+angle for stereoscopic pictures has gone far towards a satisfactory
+conclusion: there are, however, still a few points which may be
+beneficially considered.
+
+In the first place, the kind of stereoscope to be used must tend to modify
+the mental impression; and secondly, the _amount_ of reduction from the
+size of the original has a considerable influence on the final result.
+
+If in viewing a stereoscopic pair of photographs, they are placed _at the
+same distance_ from the eyes as the _length of the focus of the lens used
+in producing them_, then without doubt the distance between the eyes, viz.
+about two and a quarter {228} inches, is the best difference between the
+two points of view to produce a perfectly natural result; and if the points
+of operation be more distant from one another, as I have before intimated,
+an effect is produced similar to what would be the case if the pictures
+were taken from a _model_ of the object instead of the object itself.
+
+When it is intended that the pictures taken are to be viewed by an
+instrument that requires their distance from the eyes to be _less_ than the
+focal length of the lens used in their formation, what is the result? Why,
+that they subtend an angle larger than in nature, and are consequently
+apparently _increased_ in bulk; and the obvious remedy is to _increase_ the
+angle between the points of generation in the exact ratio as that by which
+the visual distance is to be lessened. There is one other consideration to
+which I would advert, viz. that as we judge of _distance_, &c. mainly by
+the degree of _convergence_ of the optic axes of our two eyes, it cannot be
+so good to arrange the camera with its two positions quite parallel,
+especially for objects at a short or medium distance, as to let its centre
+radiate from the principal object to be delineated; and to accomplish this
+desideratum in the readiest way (for portraits especially), the ingenious
+contrivance of Mr. Latimer Clark, described in the _Journal_ of the
+Photographic Society, appears to me the best adapted. It consists of a
+modification of the old parallel ruler arrangement on which the camera is
+placed; but one of the sides has an adjustment, so that within certain
+limits any degree of convergence is attainable. Now in the case of the
+pictures alluded to by MR. H. WILKINSON in Vol. viii., p. 181., it is
+probable they were taken by a camera placed in two positions parallel to
+one another, and it is quite clear that only a _portion_ of the two
+pictures could have been really stereoscopic. It is perfectly true that two
+indifferent negatives will often combine and form one good stereoscopic
+positive, but this is in consequence of one possessing that in which the
+other is deficient; and at any rate two _good_ pictures will have a
+_better_ effect; consequently, it is better that the two views should
+contain exactly the same _range_ of vision.
+
+GEO. SHADBOLT.
+
+_Protonitrate of Iron_.--"Being in the habit of using protonitrate of iron
+for developing collodion pictures, the following method of preparing that
+solution suggested itself to me, which appears to possess great
+advantages:--
+
+  Water                       1 oz.
+  Protosulphate of iron      14 grs.
+  Nitrate of potash          10 grs.
+  Acetic acid                 ˝ drm.
+  Nitric acid                 2 drops.
+
+In this mixture nitrate of potash is employed to convert the sulphate of
+iron into nitrate in place of nitrate of baryta in Dr. Diamond's formula,
+or nitrate of lead as recommended by Mr. Sisson; the advantage being that
+no filtering is required, as the sulphate of potash (produced by the double
+decomposition) is soluble in water, and does not interfere with the
+developing qualities of the solution.
+
+"The above gives the bright deposit of silver so much admired in Dr.
+Diamond's pictures, and will be found to answer equally well either for
+positives or negatives. If the nitric acid be omitted, we obtain the
+effects of protonitrate of iron prepared in the usual way.--JOHN SPILLER."
+
+(From the _Photographic Journal_.)
+
+_Photographs in natural Colours_.--As "N. & Q." numbers among its
+correspondents many residents in the United States, I hope you will permit
+me to inquire through its columns whether there is really any foundation
+for the very startling announcement, in Professor Hunt's _Photography_, of
+Mr. Hill of New York having "obtained more than fifty pictures from nature
+in all the beauty of native coloration," or whether the statement is, as I
+conclude Professor Hunt is inclined to believe, one of those hoaxes in
+which many of our transatlantic friends take so much delight.
+
+MATTER-OF-FACT.
+
+_Photographs by artificial Lights_.--May I ask for references to any
+manuals of photography, or papers in scientific journals, in which are
+recorded any experiments that have been made with the view of obtaining
+photographs by means of artificial lights? This is, I have no doubt, a
+subject of interest to many who, like myself, are busily occupied during
+the day, and have only their evenings for scientific pursuits: while it is
+obvious, that if such a process can be successfully practised, there are
+many objects--such as _prints_, _coins_, _seals_, _objects of natural
+history and antiquity_--which might well be copied by it, even though
+artificial light should prove far slower in its action than solar light.
+
+A CLERK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_Vandyke in America_ (Vol. viii., p. 182.).--I would take the liberty of
+asking MR. BALCH of Philadelphia whom he means by Col. Hill and Col. Byrd,
+"worthies famous in English history, and whose portraits by Vandyke are now
+on the James River?" I know of no Col. Hill or Byrd whom Vandyke could
+possibly have painted. I should also like to know what proof there is that
+the pictures, whomsoever they represent, are by _Vandyke_. MR. BALCH says
+that he favours us with this information "_in answer to the query_" (Vol.
+vii., p. 38.); but I beg leave to observe that it is by no means "in answer
+to the query," which was about an _engraved_ portrait and not _picture_,
+and {229} his thus bringing in the Vandykes _ŕ propos de bottes_ makes me a
+little curious about their authenticity.
+
+C.
+
+_Title wanted--Choirochorographia_ (Vol. viii., p. 151.).--The full title
+of the book inquired after is as follows:
+
+    "[Greek: Choirochôrographia]: sive, Hoglandić Descriptio.--Plaudite
+    _Porcelli Porcorum pigra Propago_ (Eleg. Poet.): Londini, Anno Domini
+    1709. Pretium 2^d," 8vo.
+
+The printer, as appears from the advertisement at the end of the volume,
+was Henry Hills. The middle of the title-page is occupied by a coarsely
+executed woodcut, representing a boar with barbed instrument in his snout,
+and similar instrument on a larger scale under the head, surmounted with
+some rude characters, which I read
+
+ "TURX TRVYE BEVIS O HAMTVN."
+
+The dedication is headed, "Augusto admodum & undiquaq; Spectabili Heroi
+Domini H---- S---- Maredydius Caduganus Pymlymmonensis, S.P.D." The entire
+work appears to be written in ridicule of Hampshire, and to be intended as
+a retaliation for work written by Edward Holdsworth, of Magd. Coll. Oxford,
+entitled _Muscipula, sive_ [Greek: kambro-muo-machia], published by the
+same printer in the same year, and translated by Dr. Hoadly in the fifth
+volume of Dodsley's _Miscellany_, p. 277., edit. 1782.
+
+Query, Who was the author? and had Holdsworth any farther connexion with
+Hampshire than that of having been educated at Winchester School?
+
+J. F. M.
+
+_Second Growth of Grass_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--R. W. F. of Bath inquires
+for other names than "fog," &c. In Sussex we leave "rowens," or "rewens"
+(the latter, I believe, a corruption), used for the second growth of grass.
+
+Halliwell, in his _Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words_, has
+"_Rowens_, after-grass," as a Suffolk word. Bailey gives the word, with a
+somewhat different signification; but he has "_Rowen hay_, latter hay," as
+a country word.
+
+WILLIAM FIGG.
+
+  Lewes.
+
+In Norfolk this is called "aftermath eddish," and "rowans" or "rawins."
+
+The first term is evidently from the A.-S. _mćth_, mowing or math:
+Bosworth's _Dictionary_. Eddish is likewise from the A.-S. _edisc_,
+signifying the second growth; it is used by Tusser, _October's Husbandry_,
+stanza 4.:
+
+ "Where wheat upon _eddish_ ye mind to bestow,
+  Let that be the first of the wheat ye do sow."
+
+_Rawings_ also occurs in Tusser, and in the _Promptorium Parvulorum_,
+_rawynhey_ is mentioned. In Bailey's _Dictionary_ it is spelt _rowen_ and
+_roughings_: this last form gives the etymology, for _rowe_, as may be seen
+in Halliwell, is an old form for _rough_.
+
+E. G. R.
+
+I have always heard it called in Northumberland, _fog_; in Norfolk,
+_after-math_; in Oxfordshire, I am told, it is _latter-math_. This term is
+pure A.-Saxon, _mćth_, the mowing; the former word _fog_, and _eddish_
+also, are to be found in dictionaries, but their derivation is not
+satisfactory.
+
+C. I. R.
+
+_Snail eating_ (Vol. viii., p. 34).--The beautiful specimens of the large
+white snails were brought from Italy by Single-speech Hamilton, a gentleman
+of _vertů_ and exquisite taste, and placed in the grounds at Paynes Hill,
+and some fine statues likewise. On the change of property, the snails were
+dispersed about the country; and many of them were picked up by my
+grandfather, who lived at the Grove under Boxhill, near Dorking. They were
+found in the hedges about West Humble, and in the grounds of the Grove. I
+had this account from my mother; and had once some of the shells, which I
+had found when staying in Surrey.
+
+JULIA R. BOCKETT.
+
+  Southcote Lodge.
+
+The snails asked after by MR. H. T. RILEY are to be met with near Dorking.
+When in that neighbourhood one day in May last, I found two in the hedgerow
+on the London road (west side) between Dorking and Box Hill. They are much
+larger than the common snail, the shells of a light brown, and the flesh
+only slightly tinged with green. I identified them by a description and
+drawing given in an excellent book for children, the _Parent's Cabinet_,
+which also states that they are to be found about Box Hill.
+
+G. ROGERS LONG.
+
+The large white snail (_Helix pomatia_) is found in abundance about Box
+Hill in Surrey. It is also plentiful near Stonesfield in Oxfordshire, where
+have, at different periods, been discovered considerable remains of Roman
+villas; and it has been suggested that this snail was introduced by the
+former inhabitants of those villas.
+
+W. C. TREVELYAN.
+
+  Wallington.
+
+_Sotades_ (Vol. vii., p. 417.).--Sotades is the supposed inventor of
+Palindromic verses (see Mr. Sands' _Specimens of Macaronic Poetry_, p. 5.,
+1831. His enigma on "Madam" was written by Miss Ritson of Lowestoft).
+
+S. Z. Z. S.
+
+_The Letter "h" in "humble"_ (Vol. viii., p. 54).--The question has been
+raised by one of your correspondents (and I have not observed any reply
+thereto), as to whether it is a peculiarity of Londoners to pronounce the
+_h_ in _humble_. If, as a Londoner by birth and residence, I might be
+allowed to answer the Query, I should say that {230} the _h_ is never heard
+in _humble_, except when the word is pronounced from the pulpit. I believe
+it to be one of those, either Oxford or Cambridge, or both, peculiarities,
+of which no reasonable explanation can be given.
+
+I should be glad to hear whether any satisfactory general rule has been
+laid down as to when the _h_ should be sounded, and when not. The only rule
+which occurs to me is to pronounce it in all words coming to us from the
+Celtic "stock," and to pass it unsounded in those which are of Latin
+origin. If this rule be admitted, the pronunciation sanctioned by the
+pulpit and Mr. Dickens is condemned.
+
+BENJAMIN DAWSON.
+
+  London.
+
+_Lord North_ (Vol. vii., p. 317. Vol. viii., p. 184.).--Is M. E. of
+Philadelphia laughing at us, when he refers us to a _woodcut_ in some
+American pictorial publication on the American Revolution for a true
+portraiture of the figure and features of King George III.; different, I
+presume, from that which I gave you. His woodcut, he says, is taken "from
+an English engraving;" he does not tell us who either painter or engraver
+was--but no matter. We have hundreds of portraits by the best hands which
+confirm my description, which moreover was the result of personal
+observation: for, from the twentieth to the thirtieth years of my life, I
+had frequent and close opportunities of approaching his Majesty. I cannot
+but express my surprise that "N. & Q." should have given insertion to
+anything so absurd--to use the gentlest term--as M. E.'s appeal to his
+"woodcut."
+
+C.
+
+_Singing Psalms and Politics_ (Vol. viii., p. 56.).--One instance of the
+misapplication of psalmody must suggest itself at once to the readers of
+"N. & Q.," I mean the melancholy episode in the history of the Martyr King,
+thus related by Hume:
+
+    "Another preacher, after reproaching him to his face with his
+    misgovernment, ordered this Psalm to be sung,--
+
+     'Why dost thou, tyrant, boast thyself,
+        Thy wicked deeds to praise?'
+
+    The king stood up, and called for that Psalm which begins with these
+    words,--
+
+     'Have mercy, Lord, on me, I pray;
+        For men would me devour.'
+
+    The good-natured audience, in pity to fallen majesty, showed for once
+    greater deference to the king than to the minister, and sung the psalm
+    which the former had called for."--_Hume's History of England_, ch. 58.
+
+W. FRASER.
+
+  Tor-Mohun.
+
+_Dimidiation by Impalement_ (Vol. vii., p. 630.).--Your correspondent D. P.
+concludes his notice on this subject by doubting if any instance of
+"Dimidiation by Impalement" can be found since the time of Henry VIII. If
+he turn to Anderson's _Diplomata Scotić_ (p. 164. and 90.), he will find
+that Mary Queen of Scots bore the arms of France dimidiated with those of
+Scotland from A.D. 1560 to December 1565. This coat she bore as Queen
+Dowager of France, from the death of her first husband, the King of France,
+until her marriage with Darnley.
+
+T. H. DE H.
+
+"_Inter cuncta micans_," &c. (Vol. vi, p. 413.; Vol. vii., p. 510.).--The
+following translation is by the Rev. Geo. Greig of Kennington. It preserves
+the acrostic and mesostic, though not the telestic, form of the original:
+
+ "In glory rising see the sun,          Illustrious orb of day,
+  Enlightening heaven's wide expanse,   Expel night's gloom away.
+  So light into the darkest soul,     JESUS, Thou dost impart,
+  Uplifting Thy life-giving smiles      Upon the deaden'd heart;
+  Sun Thou of Righteousness Divine,     Sole King of Saints Thou art."
+
+H. T. GRIFFITH.
+
+  Hull.
+
+_Marriage Service_ (Vol. viii., p. 150.).--I have seen the Rubric carried
+out, in this particular, in St. Mary's Church, Kidderminster.
+
+CUTHBERT BEDE, B. A.
+
+_Widowed Wife_ (Vol. viii., p. 56.).--_Eur. Hec._ 612. "Widowed wife and
+wedded maid," occurs in Vanda's prophecy; Sir W. Scott's _The Betrothed_,
+ch. xv.
+
+S. Z. Z. S.
+
+_Pure_ (Vol. viii., p. 125.).--The use of the word _pure_ pointed out by
+OXONIENSIS is nothing new. It is a common provincialism now, and was
+formerly good English. Here are two examples from Swift (_Letters_, by
+Hawkesworth, vol. iv. 1768, p.21.):
+
+    "Ballygall will be a pure good place for air."
+
+Ibid. p. 29.:
+
+    "Have you smoakt the Tattler yet? It is much liked, and I think it a
+    _pure_ one."
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+  Birmingham.
+
+"Purely, I thank you," is a common reply of the country folks in this part
+when accosted as to their health. I recollect once asking a market-woman
+about her son who had been ill, and received for an answer: "Oh he's quite
+_fierce_ again, thank you, Sir." Meaning, of course, that he had quite
+recovered.
+
+NORRIS DECK.
+
+  Cambridge.
+
+_Mrs. Tighe_ (Vol. viii., p. 103.).--"There is a likeness of Mrs. Henry
+Tighe, the authoress of 'Psyche,' in the _Ladies' Monthly Museum_ for
+February, 1818. It is engraved by J. Hopwood, jun., from a drawing by Miss
+Emma Drummond. Underneath the engraving referred to, are the words 'Mrs.
+Henry Tighe;' but she is called in {231} the memoir, 'wife of William
+Tighe, Esq., M.P. for Wicklow, whose residence is Woodstock, county of
+Kilkenny, author of _The Plants_, a poem, 8vo.: published in 1808 and 1811;
+and _Statistical Observations on the County of Kilkenny_, 1800. Mrs. Tighe
+is described as having had a pleasing person, and a countenance that
+indicated melancholy and deep reflection; was amiable in her domestic
+relations; had a mind well stored with classic literature; and, with strong
+feelings and affections, expressed her thoughts with the nicest
+discrimination, and taste the most refined and delicate. Thus endued, it is
+to be regretted that Mrs. Tighe should have fallen a victim to a lingering
+disease of six years at the premature age of thirty-seven, on March 24,
+1810.'--The remainder of the short notice does not throw any additional
+light on Mrs. Tighe, or family; but if you, Sir, or the Editor of "N. & Q."
+wish, I will cheerfully transcribe it.--I am, Sir, yours in haste,
+
+VIX.
+
+ "Belfast, Aug. 15."
+
+    [We are indebted for the above reply to the _Dublin Weekly Telegraph_,
+    which not only does us the honour to quote very freely from our pages,
+    but always most liberally acknowledges the source from which the
+    articles so quoted are derived.]
+
+_Satirical Medal_ (Vol. viii., p. 57.).--I have seen the same medal of Sir
+R. Walpole (the latest instance of the medićval _hell-mouth_ with which I
+am acquainted) bearing on the obverse--"THE GENEROUSE (_sic_) DUKE OF
+ARGYLE;" and at the foot--"NO PENTIONS."
+
+S. Z. Z. S.
+
+"_They shot him dead at the Nine-Stone Rig_" (Vol. viii., p. 78.).--Your
+correspondent the BORDERER will find the fragment of the ballad he is in
+search of commencing with the above line, in the second volume of the
+_Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_, p. 114. It is entitled "Barthram's
+Dirge," and "was taken down," says Scott, "by Mr. Surtees, from the
+recitation of Anne Douglas, an old woman, who weeded his garden."
+
+Since the death of Mr. Surtees, however, it has been ascertained that this
+ballad, as well as "The Death of Featherstonhaugh," and some others in the
+same collection, were composed by him and passed off upon Scott as genuine
+old Scottish ballads.
+
+Farther particulars respecting this clever literary imposition are given in
+a review of the "Memoir of Robert Surtees," in the _Athenćum_ of August 7,
+1852.
+
+J. K. R. W.
+
+_Hendericus du Booys: Helena Leonora de Sievéri_ (Vol. v., p. 370.).--Are
+two different portraits of each of these two persons to be found? By no
+means. There exists, however, a plate of each, engraved by C. Visscher; but
+the first impressions bear the address of E. du Booys, the later that of E.
+Cooper. As I am informed by Mr. Bodel Nijenhuis, Hendericus du Booys took
+part in the celebrated three-days' fight, Feb. 18, 19, and 20, 1653,
+between Blake and Tromp.--From the _Navorscher_.
+
+M.
+
+_House-marks, &c_. (Vol. vii., p. 594. Vol. viii., p. 62.).--May I be
+allowed to inform MR. COLLYNS that the custom he refers to is by no means
+of modern date. Nearly all the cattle which come to Malta from Barbary to
+be stall-fed for consumption, or horses to be sold in the garrison, bring
+with them their distinguishing marks by which they may be easily known.
+
+And it may not be out of place to remark, that being one of a party in the
+winter of 1830, travelling overland from Smyrna to Ephesus, we reached a
+place just before sunset where a roving band of Turcomans had encamped for
+the night. On nearing these people we observed that the women were
+preparing food for their supper, while the men were employed in branding
+with a hot iron, under the camel's upper lip, their own peculiar mark,--a
+very necessary precaution, it must be allowed, with people who are so well
+known for their pilfering propensities, not only practised on each other,
+but also on all those who come within their neighbourhood. Having as
+strangers paid our tribute to their great dexterity in their profession,
+the circumstance was published at the time, and to this day is not
+forgotten.
+
+W. W.
+
+  Malta.
+
+"_Qui facit per alium, facit per se_."--In Vol. vii., p. 488., I observe an
+attempt to trace the source of the expression, "Qui facit per alium, facit
+per se." A few months since I met with the quotation under some such form
+as "Qui facit per alium, per se facere videtur," in the preface to a book
+on _Surveying_, by Fitzherbert (printed by Berthelet about 1535), where it
+is attributed to St. Augustine. As I know of no copy of the works of that
+father in these parts (though I heard him quoted last Sunday in the
+pulpit), I cannot at present verify the reference.
+
+J. SLEEDNOT.
+
+  Halifax.
+
+_Engin-ŕ-verge_ (Vol. vii., p. 619. Vol. viii., p. 65.).--H. C. K. is
+mistaken in his conjecture respecting this word, as the following
+definition of it will show:
+
+    "_Engins-ŕ-verge_. Ils comprenaient les diverges espčces de catapultes,
+    les pierriers, &c."--Bescherelle, _Dictionnaire National_.
+
+B. H. C.
+
+_Campvere, Privileges of_ (Vol viii., p. 89.).--"Jus Gruis liberć." Does
+not this mean the privilege of using a crane to raise their goods free of
+dues, municipal or fiscal? _Grus_, _grue_, _krahn_, {232} _kraan_, all
+mean, in their different languages, crane the bird, and crane the machine.
+
+J. H. L.
+
+_Humbug_--_Ambages_ (Vol. viii., p. 64.).--May I be permitted to inform
+your correspondent that Mr. May was certainly correct when using the word
+"ambages" as an English word in his translation of Lucan.
+
+In Howell's _Dictionary_, published in London in May 1660, I find it thus
+recorded
+
+ "Ambages, or circumstances."
+ "Full of ambages."
+
+W. W.
+
+  Malta.
+
+"_Going to Old Weston_" (Vol. iii., p. 449.).--In turning over the pages of
+the third volume of "N. & Q." recently, I stumbled on ARUN'S notice of the
+above proverb. It immediately struck me that I had heard it used myself a
+few days before, without being conscious at the time of the similarity of
+the expression. I was asking an old man, who had been absent from home,
+where he had been to? His reply was, "To Old Weston, Sir. You know I must
+go there before I die." Knowing that he had relatives living there, I did
+not, at the time, notice anything extraordinary in the answer; but, since
+reading ARUN'S note, I have made some inquires, and find the saying is a
+common one on this (the Northamptonshire) side of Old Weston, as well as in
+Huntingdonshire. I have been unable to obtain any explanation of it, but
+think the one suggested by your correspondent must be right. One of my
+informants (an old woman upwards of seventy) told me she had often heard it
+used, and wondered what could be its meaning, when she was a child.
+
+W. W.
+
+  B---- Rectory, Northamptonshire.
+
+_Reynolds's Nephew_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--I think I can certify A. Z.
+that two distinct branches of the Palmer family, the Deans, and another
+claiming like kindred to Sir Joshua Reynolds, still exist; from which I
+conclude that Sir Joshua had at least two nephews of that name. I regret
+that I cannot inform your correspondent as to the authorship of the piece
+about which he inquires; but, in the event of A. Z. not receiving a
+satisfactory answer to his Query through the medium of our publication, if
+he will furnish me with any farther particulars he may possess on the
+subject, I shall be happy to try what I can do towards possessing him with
+the desired information.
+
+J. SANSOM.
+
+  Oxford.
+
+_The Laird of Brodie_ (Vol. viii., p. 103.).--I. H. B. mistakes, I think,
+the meaning of the lines. The idea is not that the Laird was less than a
+gentleman, but that he was a gentleman of mark; at least, I have never
+heard any other interpretation put upon it in Scotland, where the ballad of
+"We'll gang nae mair a-roving," is a great favourite. King James is the
+_subject_ of the ballad. That merry monarch made many lively escapades, and
+on this occasion he personated a beggarman. The damsel, to whom he
+successfully paid his addresses, saw through the disguise at first; but
+from the king's good acting, when he pretended to be afraid that the dongs
+would "rive his meal pokes," she began to think she had been mistaken. Then
+she expressed her disgust by saying, that she had thought her lover could
+not be anything less than the Laird of Brodie, the highest untitled
+gentleman probably in the neighbourhood: implying that she suspected he
+might be peer or prince.
+
+W. C.
+
+_Mulciber_ (Vol. viii., p. 102).--It may not be a sufficient answer to MR.
+WARD'S Query, but I wish to state that there was no "Mayor of Bromigham"
+until after the passing of the Reform Bill. I think that it may be inferred
+from the extract given below, that the mayor was no more a reality than the
+shield which he is said to have wrought:
+
+ "His shield was wrought, if we may credit Fame,
+  By Mulciber, the Mayor of Bromigham.
+  A foliage of dissembl'd senna leaves
+  Grav'd round its brim, the wond'ring sight deceives.
+  Embost upon its field, a battle stood,
+  Of leeches spouting hemorrhoidal blood.
+  The artist too expresst the solemn state,
+  Of grave physicians at a consult met;
+  About each symptom how they disagree!
+  But how unanimous in case of fee!
+  And whilst one ass-ass-in another plies
+  With starch'd civilities--the patient dyes."
+
+N. W. S.
+
+_Voiding Knife_ (Vol. vi., pp. 150. 280.).--The following quotation from
+Leland will throw more light on the ancient custom of _voyding_:
+
+    "In the mean time the server geueth a voyder to the carver, and he doth
+    _voyde_ into it the trenchers that lyeth under the _knyues_ point, and
+    so cleanseth the tables cleane."--_Collectanea_, vol. vi. p. 11., "The
+    Intronization of Nevill."
+
+Q.
+
+  Bloomsbury.
+
+_Sir John Vanbrugh_ (Vol. viii., pp. 65. 160.).--Previous to sending you my
+Query about the birthplace of Sir John Vanbrugh, I had carefully gone
+through the Registers of the Holy Trinity parish, Chester, and had
+discovered the baptisms or burials of seven sons and six daughters of Mr.
+Giles Vanbrugh duly registered therein. Sir John's name is not included in
+the list; therefore, if he was born in Chester, his baptism must have been
+registered at one of the many other parish churches of this city. The
+registers of St. Peter's Church, a neighbouring parish, have also been
+{233} examined, but contain no notice of the baptism of the future knight.
+I will, however, continue the chace; and should I eventually fall in with
+the object of my search, will give my fellow-labourers the benefit of my
+explorations. Mr. Vanbrugh sen. died at Chester, and was buried with
+several of his children at Trinity Church, July 19, 1689.
+
+T. HUGHES.
+
+  Chester.
+
+_Portrait of Charles I._--The portrait of Charles I. by Vandyke (the
+subject of MR. BREEN'S Query, "N. & Q.," Vol. viii., p. 151.) is no less
+than the celebrated picture in which the monarch is represented standing,
+with his right hand resting on a walking cane, and his left (the arm being
+beautifully foreshortened) against his hip; and immediately behind him his
+horse is held by an equerry, supposed to be the Marquis of Hamilton. The
+picture hangs in the great square room at the Louvre, close on the left
+hand of the usual entrance door, and is undoubtedly one of the finest in
+that magnificent collection. As a portrait, it is without a rival. It is
+well known in this country by the admirable engraving from it, executed in
+1782, by Sir Robert Strange.
+
+The description of this picture in the Catalogue for 1852 _du Musée
+Nationale du Louvre_, is as follows:--
+
+    "Gravé par Strange; par Bonnefoy; par Duparc;--Filhol, t. 1. pl. 5.
+
+    "Collection de Louis XV.--Ce tableau, qui a été exécuté vers 1635, ne
+    fut payé ŕ van Dyck que 100 livres sterling. En 1754, il faisait
+    partie, suivant Descamps, du cabinet du marquis de Lassay. On trouve
+    cette note dans les mémoires secrets de Bachaument," &c.
+
+Then follows the passage quoted by MR. BREEN. I can find no mention of a
+Dubarry among the ancestors of the monarch.
+
+H. C. K.
+
+_Burial in an erect Posture_ (Vol. viii., p. 59.).--
+
+ "Pass, pass, who will yon chantry door,
+  And through the chink in the fractured floor
+  Look down, and see a grisly sight,
+  A vault where the bodies are buried upright;
+  There face to face and hand lay hand
+  The Claphams and Mauleverers stand."
+      Wordsworth, _White Doe of Rylstone_, Canto I.,
+          p. 5., line 17., new edition, 1837.
+
+See note on line 17 taken from Whitaker's _Craven_:
+
+    "At the east end of the north aisle of Bolton Priory Church is a
+    chantry belonging to Bethmesley Hall, and a vault where, according to
+    tradition, the Claphams were buried upright."
+
+F. W. J.
+
+_Strut-Stowers and Yeathers or Yadders_ (Vol. viii., p. 148.).--The former
+of these words is, I believe, obsolete, or nearly so. It means
+bracing-stakes: _strut_, in carpentry, is to _brace_; and _stower_ is a
+small kind of stake, as distinguished from the "ten stakes" mentioned in
+the legend quoted by MR. COOPER.
+
+The other word, _Yeather_ or _Yadder_, is yet in use in Northumberland
+(vid. Brockett's _Glossary_), and is mentioned by Charlton in his _History
+of Whitby_. The legend referred to by MR. COOPER is, I suspect, of modern
+origin but Dr. Young, in his _History of Whitby_, vol. i. p. 310.,
+attributes it to some of the monks of the abbey; on what grounds he does
+not say. The records of the abbey contain no allusion to the legend; and no
+ancient MS. of it, either in Latin or English, has ever been produced. The
+_penny-hedge_ is yearly renewed to this day but it is a service performed
+for a different reason than that attributed in the legend. (See Young and
+Charlton's histories.)
+
+F. M.
+
+The term _strut_ is commonly used by carpenters for a brace or stay.
+_Stower_, in Bailey's _Dictionary_, is a stake; Halliwell spells it
+_stoure_, and says it is still in use. Forby connects the Norfolk word
+_stour_, stiff, inflexible, applied to standing corn, with this word, which
+he says is Lowland Scotch, and derives them both from Sui.-G. _stoer_,
+stipes. A _yeather_ or _yadder_ seems to be a rod to wattle the stakes
+with. In Norfolk, wattling a live fence is called _ethering_ it, which
+word, evidently with _yeather_, may be derived from A.-S. _ether_ or
+_edor_, a hedge. The barons, therefore, had to drive their stakes
+perpendicularly into the sand, to put the strut-stowers diagonally to
+enable them to withstand the force of the tide, and finally to wattle them
+together with the yeathers.
+
+E. G. R.
+
+_Arms of See of York_ (Vol. viii., p. 111.).--It appears that the arms of
+the See of York were certainly changed during Wolsey's time, for on the
+vaulting of Christ Church Gate, Canterbury, is a shield bearing (in
+sculpture) the same arms as those now used by the Metropolitan See of
+Canterbury, impaling those of Wolsey, and over the shield a cardinal's hat.
+This gateway was built in 1517; yet in the parliament roll of 6th Henry
+VIII., 1515, the _keys_ and _crown_ are impaled with the arms of Wolsey as
+Archbishop of York (see fac-simile, published by Willement, 4to. Lond.
+1829), showing that the alteration was not generally known when the gateway
+was built.
+
+Although the charges on the earlier arms of the See of York were the same
+as on that of Canterbury, the colours of their fields differed; for in a
+north window of the choir of York Minster is a shield of arms, bearing the
+arms of Archbishop Bowett, who held the see from 1407 to 1423, impaled by
+the pall and pastoral staff, on a field _gules_. The glass is to all
+appearance of the fifteenth century.
+
+T. WT.
+
+{234}
+
+_Leman Family_ (Vol. viii., p. 150.).--Without being able to give a
+substantial reply to R. W. L.'s Query, it may assist him to know that Sir
+John Leman had but _one_ brother (William), who certainly did not emigrate
+from his native land. Sir John died, March 26, 1632, without issue; and was
+buried in the chancel of St. Michael, Crooked Lane, London. His elder
+brother, William, had five sons; all settled comfortably in England, and
+not at all likely to have left their native country. One of the _Heralds'
+Visitations_ for the counties of Norfolk or Suffolk would materially assist
+your Philadelphian correspondent.
+
+T. HUGHES.
+
+  Chester
+
+_Position of Font_ (Vol. vii., p. 149.).--In the church of Milton near
+Cambridge, the font is _built into_ the north pier of the chancel arch; and
+from the appearance of the masonry, &c., this is evidently the original
+position. I have visited some hundreds of churches, and this is the only
+instance I have observed of a font in this position. Numerous instances
+occur where it is _built into_ the south-western pier of the nave.
+
+NORRIS DECK.
+
+  Cambridge.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
+
+Our worthy publisher has just issued a volume which will be welcome, for
+the excellence of its matter and the beauty of its various illustrations,
+to all archćologists. These _Memoirs illustrative of the History and
+Antiquities of Bristol and the Western Counties of Great Britain, and other
+Communications made to the Annual Meeting of the Archćological Institute
+held at Bristol in 1851_, certainly equal in interest and variety any of
+their predecessors, and whether as a memorial of their visit to Bristol to
+those who attended the meeting, or as a pleasant substitute to those who
+did not, will doubtless find a resting-place on the shelf of every member
+of the Society whose proceedings they record.
+
+We cannot better recommend to our readers Dr. Madden's newly published
+_Life and Martyrdom of Savonarola, illustrative of the History of Church
+and State Connexion_, than by stating that this remarkable man, whom some
+Protestants have claimed as of their own creed, while as many Romanists
+have rejected him as a heretic, is viewed by Dr. Madden as a monk of
+Florence at the close of the fifteenth century, who was of opinion that the
+mortal enemy of Christ's gospel in all ages of the world had been mammon;
+that simony was the sin against the Holy Ghost; that the interests of
+religion were naturally allied with those of liberty; that the Arts were
+the handmaids of both, of a Divine origin, and were given to earth for
+purposes that tended to spiritualise humanity; and who directed all his
+teachings, preachings, and writings to one great object, namely, _the
+separation of religion from all worldly influences_. On this theme Dr.
+Madden discourses with great learning, and, some few passages excepted,
+with great moderation; and the result is a Life of Savonarola, which gives
+a far more complete view of his character and his writings than has
+heretofore been attempted.
+
+BOOKS RECEIVED.--_History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace
+of Versailles_, by Lord Mahon, Vol. V. This volume embraces the period
+between the early years of George III. and 1774, when Franklin was
+dismissed from his office of Deputy Postmaster-General; and, as it includes
+the Junius period, gives occasion to Lord Mahon to avow his adherence to
+"the Franciscan theory;" while the Appendix contains two letters in support
+of the same view,--one from Sir James Macintosh, and one from Mr.
+Macaulay.--_Confessions of a Working Man, from the French of Emile
+Souvestre_. This interesting narrative, well deserving the attention both
+of masters and working men, forms Part XLVIII. of Longman's _Traveller's
+Library._--_Remains of Pagan Saxondom, principally from Tumuli in England,
+drawn from the Originals:_ described and illustrated by J. Y. Akerman, Part
+VI. containing coloured engravings of the size of the originals of Fibulć
+and Bullć, from cemeteries in Kent; and Fibulć, Beads, &c. from a grave
+near Stamford.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+  HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF NEWBURY. 8vo. 1839. 340 pages. Two Copies.
+  VANCOUVER'S SURVEY OF HAMPSHIRE.
+  HEMINGWAY'S HISTORY OF CHESTER. Large Paper. Parts I. and III.
+  CORRESPONDENCE ON THE FORMATION OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC BIBLE SOCIETY. 8vo.
+      London, 1813.
+  ATHENĆUM JOURNAL for 1844.
+  HOWARD FAMILY, HISTORICAL ANECDOTES OF, by Charles Howard. 1769. 12mo.
+  TOOKE'S DIVERSON'S OF PURLEY.
+  NUCES PHILOSOPHICĆ, by E. Johnson.
+  PARADISE LOST. First Edition.
+  SHARPE'S (Sir Cuthbert) BISHOPRICK GARLAND. 1834.
+  LASHLEY'S YORK MISCELLANY. 1734.
+  DIBDIN'S TYPOGRAPHICAL ANTIQUITIES. 4to. Vol. II.
+  BAYLEY'S LONDINIANA. Vol. II. 1829.
+  THE SCRIPTURE DOCTRINE OF THE TRINITY JUSTIFIED. 1774.
+  PARKHURST ON THE DIVINITY OF OUR SAVIOUR. 1787
+  BERRIMAN'S SEASONABLE REVIEW OF WHISTON'S DOXOLOGIES. 1719.
+  ---------- SECOND REVIEW. 1719.
+
+*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send
+their names_.
+
+*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notices to Correspondents.
+
+S. Z. Z. S. _We have a letter for this Correspondent; how shall it be
+forwarded?_
+
+J. S. G. (Howden) _is thanked for his collection of Proverbial Sayings--all
+of which are however, we believe, too well known to justify their
+republication in our columns_.
+
+Y. S. M._ would oblige us by naming the subject of the communications to
+which he refers_.
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY. MR. SISSON_'s communication is unavoidably postponed until our
+next Number, in which_ MR. LYTE_'s_ Three New Processes _will also appear_.
+
+_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vii., _price
+Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had; for which early application is
+desirable_.
+
+"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country
+Booksellers may receive copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to
+their Subscribers on the Saturday_. {235}
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+Photography. Instruction in the Art.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post. It
+contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different Bedsteads:
+also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts. And their new
+warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture
+Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to render their Establishment
+complete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms.
+
+HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BANK OF DEPOSIT.
+
+7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, London.
+
+PARTIES desirous of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the Plan of
+this Institution, by which a high rate of Interest may be obtained with
+perfect Security.
+
+  Interest payable in January and July.
+
+  PETER MORRISON,
+  Managing Director.
+
+  Prospectuses free on application.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WANTED, for the Ladies' Institute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant, LADIES of
+taste for fancy work,--by paying 21s. will be received as members, and
+taught the new style of velvet wool work, which is acquired in a few easy
+lessons. Each lady will be guaranteed constant employment and ready cash
+payment for her work. Apply personally to Mrs. Thoughey. N.B. Ladies taught
+by letter at any distance from London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X. in
+Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities. and adapted to all Climates, may
+now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made
+Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
+guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.
+Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
+Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket
+Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully
+examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and
+4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.
+
+BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the
+Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,
+
+65. CHEAPSIDE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous
+Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.
+
+Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest
+Daguerreotypes, specimens of which my be seen at their Establishment.
+
+Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this
+beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's,
+Sanford's, and Canson Frčres' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process.
+Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.
+
+Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13.
+Paternoster Row, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions
+(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at
+BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of
+every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in
+all its Branches.
+
+Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.
+
+*** Catalogues may be had on application.
+
+BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument
+Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.
+
+{236}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ARCHĆOLOGICAL WORKS
+
+BY
+
+JOHN YONGE AKERMAN,
+
+FELLOW AND SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AN ARCHĆOLOGICAL INDEX to Remains of Antiquity of the Celtic,
+Romano-British, and Anglo-Saxon Periods. 1 vol. 8vo., price 15s. cloth,
+illustrated by numerous Engravings, comprising upwards of five hundred
+objects.
+
+A NUMISMATIC MANUAL. 1 vol. 8vo., price One Guinea.
+
+*** The Plates which illustrate this Volume are upon a novel plan, and
+will, at a glance, convey more information regarding the types of Greek,
+Roman, and English Coins, than can be obtained by many hours' careful
+reading. Instead of fac-simile Engraving being given of that which is
+already an enigma to the tyro, the most striking and characteristic
+features of the Coin are dissected and placed by themselves, so that the
+eye soon becomes familiar with them.
+
+A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Rare and Unedited Roman Coins, from the Earliest
+Period to the taking of Rome under Constantine Paleologos. 2 vols. 8vo.,
+numerous Plates, 30s.
+
+COINS OF THE ROMANS relating to Britain. 1 vol. 8vo. Second Edition, with
+an entirely new set of Plates, price 10s. 6d.
+
+ANCIENT COINS of CITIES and Princes, Geographically arranged and described,
+containing the Coins of Hispania, Gallia, and Britannia, with Plates of
+several hundred examples. 1 vol 8vo., price 18s.
+
+NEW TESTAMENT, Numismatic Illustrations of the Narrative Portions of
+the.--Fine paper, numerous Woodcuts from the original Coins in various
+Public and Private Collections. 1 vol. 8 vo., price 5s. 6d.
+
+AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY of ANCIENT and MODERN COINS. In 1 vol. fcp.
+8vo., with numerous Wood Engravings from the original Coins, price 6s. 6d.
+cloth.
+
+    CONTENTS:--Section 1. Origin of Coinage--Greek Regal Coins. 2. Greek
+    Civic Coins. 3. Greek Imperial Coins. 4. Origin of Roman
+    Coinage--Consular Coins. 5. Roman Imperial Coins. 6. Roman British
+    Coins. 7. Ancient British Coinage. 8. Anglo-Saxon Coinage. 9. English
+    Coinage from the Conquest. 10. Scotch Coinage. 11. Coinage of Ireland.
+    12. Anglo-Gallic Coins. 13. Continental Money in the Middle Ages. 14.
+    Various Representatives of Coinage. 15. Forgeries in Ancient and Modern
+    Times. 16. Table of Prices of English Coins realised at Public Sales.
+
+TRADESMEN'S TOKENS, struck in London and its Vicinity, from the year 1618
+to 1672 inclusive. Described from the Originals in the Collection of the
+British Museum, &c. 15s.
+
+REMAINS OF PAGAN SAXONDOM, principally from Tumuli in England. Publishing
+in 4to., in Numbers, at 2s. 6d. With coloured Plates.
+
+A GLOSSARY OF PROVINCIAL WORDS and PHRASES in Use in Wiltshire. 12mo., 3s.
+
+THE NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE is published Quarterly. Price 3s. 6d. each Number.
+
+JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS.
+
+THE GARDENER'S CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.
+
+(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY,)
+
+Of Saturday, August 27, contains Articles on
+
+  Agapanth, diseased
+  Agriculture, history of Scottish
+  Agricultural statistics
+  Allotment gardens, by Mr. Bailey
+  Apple trees, cider
+  Arrowroot, Portland, by Mr. Groves
+  Berberry blight
+  Books noticed
+  Calendar, horticultural
+  ---- agricultural
+  Cartridge, Captain Norton's
+  Cattle, Tortworth sale of
+  Chrysanthemum, culture of
+  Crayons for writing on glass, by M. Brunnquell
+  Crickets, traps for
+  Crops, returns respecting the state of
+  Dahlias, new
+  Eschscholtzia californica
+  Forest, New
+  Garden allotments, by Mr. Bailey
+  Glass, writing on, by M. Brunnquell
+  Gunnersbury Park
+  Hollyhocks, new
+  India, vegetable substances used in, for producing intoxication, by Dr.
+      Gibson
+  Leaves, variegated, by M. Carričre
+  Mangosteens
+  Marigold, white
+  Mildew, Continental Vine
+  National Floricultural Society
+  Norton's (Captain) cartridge
+  Oak, the
+  Pig Breeding
+  Potato Crop, returns respecting the state of in Ireland
+  Pots, garden
+  Reaping machines
+  Roses, soil for
+  Sale of cattle at Tortworth
+  Sap, motion of, by Mr. Lovell
+  Sheep, Leicester breed of
+  Statistics, agricultural
+  Timber, woody fibre of
+  Trees, woody fibre of
+  ---- movement of sap in, by Mr. Lovell
+  Vine mildew, Continental
+  Wheat crops, returns respecting the state of
+  ---- growing of, without ploughing
+  ---- after vetches
+  ---- Lois Weedon culture of, by the Rev. S. Smith
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE GARDENER'S CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition to
+the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpool prices,
+with returns from Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool, and Seed
+Markets, and a _complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the
+transactions of the week_.
+
+ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington
+Street, Covent Garden, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PERSIAN BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS.
+
+FIRDOUSI'S SHAH NAMEH, by MURAN, 4 vols. royal 8vo., Calcutta, 1809, hlf.
+calf, neat, 6l. 16s.--Timur Namah, Persian MS., folio, yellow morocco
+extra, 5l. 5s.--Ferheng Jehangiry, with the Chattmeh, Persian MS., 2vols.
+folio, calf, 3l. 3s.--Nizami's Works, a Superb Persian MS., stout folio,
+red morocco, 16l.--Sold by
+
+BERNARD QUARITCH, Oriental Bookseller, 16. Castle Street, Leicester Square.
+
+*** B. Q.'s Catalogue of Books in all the Languages of the World is
+published Monthly, and is sent Gratis on Receipt of 12 Postage Stamps.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DAGUERROTYPE MATERIALS.--Plates, Cases, Passepartoutes, Best and Cheapest.
+To be had in great variety at
+
+M^cMILLAN's Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet Street.
+
+Price List Gratis.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+8vo., price 21s.
+
+SOME ACCOUNT of DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE in ENGLAND, from the Conquest to the
+end of the Thirteenth Century, with numerous Illustrations of Existing
+Remains from Original Drawings. By T. HUDSON TURNER.
+
+    "What Horace Walpole attempted, and what Sir Charles Lock Eastlake has
+    done for oil-painting--elucidated its history and traced its progress
+    in England by means of the records of expenses and mandates of the
+    successive Sovereigns of the realm--Mr. Hudson Turner has now achieved
+    for Domestic Architecture in this century during the twelfth and
+    thirteenth centuries."--_Architect._
+
+    "The writer of the present volume ranks among the most intelligent of
+    the craft, and a careful perusal of its contents will convince the
+    reader of the enormous amount of labour bestowed on its minutest
+    details as well as the discriminating judgement presiding over the
+    general arrangement."--_Morning Chronicle._
+
+    "The book of which the title is given above is one of the very few
+    attempts that have been made in this country to treat this interesting
+    subject in anything more than a superficial manner.
+
+    "Mr. Turner exhibits much learning and research, and he has
+    consequently laid before the reader much interesting information. It is
+    a book that was wanted, and that affords us some relief from the mass
+    of works on Ecclesiastical Architecture with which of late years we
+    have been deluged.
+
+    "The work is well illustrated throughout with wood-engravings of the
+    more interesting remains, and will prove a valuable addition to the
+    antiquary's library."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+    "It is as a text-book on the social comforts and condition of the
+    Squires and Gentry of England during the twelfth and thirteenth
+    centuries, that the leading value of Mr. Turner's present publication
+    will be found to consist.
+
+    "Turner's handsomely-printed volume is profusely illustrated with
+    careful woodcuts of all important existing remains, made from drawings
+    by Mr. Blore and Mr. Twopeny."--_Athenćum._
+
+JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready, price 21s. uniform with the above,
+
+THE DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. Vol. II.--THE FOURTEENTH
+CENTURY. By the Editor of "The Glossary of Architecture."
+
+This volume is issued on the plan adopted by the late Mr. Hudson Turner in
+the previous volume: viz., collecting matter relating to Domestic buildings
+of the period, from cotemporary records, and applying the information so
+acquired to the existing remains.
+
+Not only does the volume contain much curious information both as to the
+buildings and manners and customs of the time, but it is also hoped that
+the large collection of careful Engravings of the finest examples will
+prove as serviceable to the profession and their employers in building
+mansions, as the Glossary was found to be in building churches.
+
+The Text is interspersed throughout with numerous woodcuts.
+
+JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of
+Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are
+greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in
+Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches
+among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills or
+other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature,
+History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had
+considerable experiences.
+
+1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish
+of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.
+Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.
+Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of
+London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, September
+3, 1853.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections made to printed original.
+
+page 215, "MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTION IN PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL.":
+'PETERBOROUH' in original.
+
+page 216, "In this dilemma": 'dilemna' in original.
+
+page 221, "from the ninth to the twelfth centuries": spurious 'in' before
+'from' in original.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 201,
+September 3, 1853, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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+    <title>
+      Notes And Queries, Issue 201.
+    </title>
+
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 201, September 3,
+1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 201, September 3, 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+              Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: October 13, 2007 [EBook #23023]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top">
+Transcriber's note:
+</td>
+<td>
+A few typographical errors have been corrected. They
+appear in the text <span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the
+explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked
+passage.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 213 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page213"></a>{213}</span></p>
+
+<h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1>
+
+<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>&mdash;CAPTAIN CUTTLE.</h3>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+
+<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="masthead" title="masthead">
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left; width:25%">
+      <p><b>No. 201.</b></p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:center; width:50%">
+      <p><b><span class="sc">Saturday, September 3. 1853.</span></b></p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right; width:25%">
+      <p><b>Price Fourpence.<br />Stamped Edition 5d.</b></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="Contents" title="Contents">
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left; width:94%">
+      <p><span class="sc">Notes</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right; width:5%">
+      <p>Page</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>"That Swinney"</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page213">213</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Monumental Inscription in Peterborough Cathedral, by Thos.
+      Wake</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page215">215</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Folk Lore</span>:&mdash;Superstition of the
+      Cornish Miners&mdash;Northamptonshire Folk Lore</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page215">215</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Shakspeare Correspondence</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page216">216</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Minor Notes</span>:&mdash;Lemon-juice
+      administered in Gout and Rheumatism&mdash;Weather Proverbs&mdash;Dog
+      Latin&mdash;Thomas Wright of Durham&mdash;A Funeral Custom</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page217">217</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Queries</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Littlecott&mdash;Sir John Popham, by Edward Foss</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page218">218</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Early Edition of the New Testament, by A. Boardman</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page219">219</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Minor
+      Queries</span>:&mdash;Ravilliac&mdash;Emblem on a
+      Chimney-piece&mdash;"To know ourselves diseased,"
+      &amp;c.&mdash;"Pćtus and Arria"&mdash;Heraldic Query&mdash;Lord
+      Chancellor Steele&mdash;"A Tub to the Whale"&mdash;Legitimation
+      (Scotland)&mdash;"Vaut mieux," &amp;c.&mdash;Shakspeare First
+      Folio&mdash;The Staffordshire Knot&mdash;Sir Thomas
+      Elyot&mdash;"Celsior exsurgens pluviis," &amp;c.&mdash;The Bargain
+      Cup&mdash;School-Libraries.&mdash;Queen Elizabeth and her "true"
+      Looking-glass&mdash;Bishop Thomas Wilson&mdash;Bishop Wilson's
+      Works&mdash;Hobbes, Portrait of</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page219">219</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Minor Queries with
+      Answers</span>:&mdash;Brasenose, Oxford&mdash;G.
+      Downing&mdash;Unkid&mdash;Pilgrim's Progress&mdash;John
+      Frewen&mdash;Histories of Literature&mdash;"Mrs. Shaw's
+      Tombstone"</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page221">221</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Replies</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Cranmer and Calvin, by the Rev. H. Walter</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page222">222</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Barnacles, by Sir J. E. Tennent and T. J. Buckton</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page223">223</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Dial Inscriptions, by Cuthbert Bede, B.A.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page224">224</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>The "Saltpeter Maker"</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page225">225</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Tsar, by T. J. Buckton, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page226">226</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>"Land of Green Ginger," by John Richardson and T. J. Buckton</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page227">227</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Photographic
+      Correspondence</span>:&mdash;Stereoscopic Angles&mdash;Protonitrate
+      of Iron&mdash;Photographs in natural Colours&mdash;Photographs by
+      artificial Lights</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page227">227</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Replies to Minor Queries</span>:&mdash;Vandyke in
+      America&mdash;Title wanted: Choirochorographia&mdash;Second Growth of
+      Grass&mdash;Snail-eating&mdash;Sotades&mdash;The Letter "h" in
+      "humble"&mdash;Lord North&mdash;Singing Psalms and
+      Politics&mdash;Dimidiation by Impalement&mdash;"Inter cuncta micans,"
+      &amp;c.&mdash;Marriage Service&mdash;Widowed
+      Wife&mdash;Pure&mdash;Mrs. Tighe&mdash;Satirical Medal&mdash;"They
+      shot him dead at the Nine-Stone Rig"&mdash;Hendericus du Booys:
+      Helena Leonore de Sievéri&mdash;House-marks, &amp;c.&mdash;"Qui facit
+      per alium, facit per se"&mdash;Engin-ŕ-verge&mdash;Campvere,
+      Privileges of&mdash;Humbug: Ambages&mdash;"Going to Old
+      Weston"&mdash;Reynolds's Nephew&mdash;The Laird of
+      Brodie&mdash;Mulciber&mdash;Voiding Knife&mdash;Sir John
+      Vanbrugh&mdash;Portrait of Charles I.&mdash;Burial in an erect
+      Posture&mdash;Strut-Stowers and Yeathers or Yadders&mdash;Arms of the
+      See of York&mdash;Leman Family&mdash;Position of Font</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page228">228</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Miscellaneous</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Notes on Books, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page234">234</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Books and Odd Volumes wanted</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page234">234</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Notices to Correspondents</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page234">234</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Advertisements</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page235">235</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Notes.</h2>
+
+<h3>"THAT SWINNEY."</h3>
+
+  <p>Junius thus wrote to H. S. Woodfall in a private note, to which Dr.
+  Good has affixed the date July 21st, 1769 (vol. i. p. 174.*)</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"That Swinney is a wretched but dangerous fool. He had the impudence
+  to go to Lord G. Sackville, whom he had never spoken to, and to ask him
+  whether or no he was the author of Junius: take care of him."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>This paragraph has given rise to a great deal of speculation, large
+  inferences have been drawn from it, yet no one has satisfactorily
+  answered the question, who was "that Swinney?"</p>
+
+  <p>That neither Dr. Good nor Mr. George Woodfall, the editors of the
+  edit. of 1812, knew anything about him, is manifest from their own bald
+  note of explanation, "A correspondent of the printers." Some reports say
+  that he was a collector of news for the <i>Public Advertiser</i>, and
+  subsequently a bookseller at Birmingham, but I never saw any one fact
+  adduced tending to show that there was any person of that name so
+  employed. Others that the Rev. Dr. Sidney Swinney was the party referred
+  to: and Mr. Smith, in his excellent notes to the <i>Grenville Papers</i>,
+  vol. iii. p. lxviii., <i>assumes</i> this to be the fact. I incline to
+  agree with him, but have only inference to strengthen conjecture. What
+  may be the value of that inference will appear in the progress of this
+  inquiry, Who was Dr. Sidney Swinney?</p>
+
+  <p>Reports collected by Mr. Butler, Mr. Barker, Mr. Coventry, and others,
+  say that the Doctor had been chaplain to the Russian Embassy, chaplain to
+  the Embassy at Constantinople, and chaplain to one of the British
+  regiments serving in Germany. Mr. Falconer, in his <i>Secret
+  Revealed</i>, p. 22., quotes a paragraph from one of Wray's letters to
+  Lord Hardwick with reference to the proceedings at the Royal Society:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Dr. Swinney, your Lordship's friend, presented his father-in-law
+  Howell's book."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Swinney's father-in-law, here called Howell, was John Zephaniah
+  Holwell, a remarkable man, whose name is intimately associated with the
+  early history of British India, one of the few survivors of the Black
+  Hole imprisonment, the successor of <!-- Page 214 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page214"></a>{214}</span>Clive as governor, and
+  a writer on many subjects connected with Hindoo antiquities. Swinney
+  enrols him amongst his heroes,</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Holwell, Clive, York, Lawrence, Adams, Coote,</p>
+      <p>Of Draper, Bath-strung for his baffled suit."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>And he refers, in a note, to those</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Ungrateful monsters (heretofore in a certain trading company), who
+  have endeavoured to vilify and sully one of the brightest characters that
+  ever existed."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>I learn farther, from a volume of <i>Fugitive Pieces</i>, published by
+  Dr. Swinney, that he was the son of Major Mathew Swinney, whom after his
+  flourishing fashion he calls on another occasion "Mathew Swinney of
+  immortal memory;" from one of his dedications that the Doctor himself was
+  educated at Eton; from the books of the Royal Society that he was of
+  Clare Hall, Cambridge; from dates and dedications, that from 1764 to
+  1768, he was generally resident at Scarborough; and from the
+  <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, that he died there 12th November, 1783.</p>
+
+  <p>That Swinney had been chaplain to the Russian Embassy I have no reason
+  to believe; but that he had been in the East for a time, possibly as
+  chaplain to the Embassy at Constantinople, is asserted in the brief
+  biographical notice in the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, and would <i>seem
+  to be proved</i> by a work which he published in 1769, called&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"A Tour through some parts of the Levant: in which is included An
+  Account of the Present State of the Seven Churches in Asia. Also a brief
+  Explanation of the Apocalypse. By Sidney Swinney, D.D."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Nothing, however, can be inferred from a title-page of Swinney's. Here
+  we have two or three distinct works referred to:&mdash;<i>A Tour</i>,
+  including "An Account of the Seven Churches," and the "Explanation of the
+  Apocalypse." Now I must direct attention to the fact, that from the
+  peculiar punctuation and phraseology&mdash;the full-stop after Asia in
+  this title-page&mdash;it may have been Swinney's intention to indicate,
+  without asserting, that the Account of the Apocalypse <i>only</i> was by
+  Sidney Swinney. If so, though Swinney's name alone figures in the
+  title-page of the work, he is responsible only for one or two notes!</p>
+
+  <p>I would not have written conjecturally on this subject if I could have
+  avoided it; but though Swinney was a F.A.S. F.R.S., and though the work
+  is dedicated to the Fellows of those Societies, no copy of it is to be
+  found in the libraries of either, or in the British Museum. I cannot,
+  therefore, be sure that my own copy is perfect. What that copy contains
+  is thus set forth in half a dozen lines of introduction:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Before I [S. S.] enter upon the more important part of my
+  dissertation [The Explanation of the Apocalypse], it may not be improper
+  to give you some account of the present state of the Seven Churches in
+  Asia, as they are, <i>which was communicated to me</i> by a certain
+  <i>friend of mine</i>, in the description of a short tour which <i>he</i>
+  made through the principal parts of the Levant: should they be
+  accompanied with a few casual notes <i>of my own</i>, I trust the work
+  will not be less acceptable to you on that account."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>It must be obvious, after this declaration, that the <i>Tour</i> set
+  forth so conspicuously in the title-page, was not written by Swinney. Now
+  the "Itinerary" which follows is advowedly "wrote by <i>the author of the
+  preceding account</i>," and this brings the reader and the work itself to
+  "The End!"</p>
+
+  <p>The truth I suspect to have been this:&mdash;Swinney was not prudent
+  and was poor, and raised money occasionally, after the miserable fashion
+  of the time, by publishing books on subscription, and receiving
+  subscriptions in anticipation of publication.</p>
+
+  <p>About this time, from 1767 to 1769, he published a <i>Sermon</i>;
+  <i>The Ninth Satire of Horace</i>, a meaningless trifle of a hundred
+  lines, swollen, by printing the original and notes, into a quarto; a
+  volume of <i>Fugitive Pieces</i>; and the first canto of <i>The Battle of
+  Minden, a Poem in three Books, enriched with critical Notes by Two
+  Friends, and with explanatory Notes by the Author</i>. Of the latter
+  work, as of the <i>Tour</i>, I have never seen but one copy, a splendid
+  specimen of typography, splendidly bound, containing the first and second
+  canto. Whether the third canto was ever published is to me doubtful; some
+  of your correspondents may be able to give you information. My own
+  impression is that it was not, and for the following reasons.</p>
+
+  <p>Swinney, it appears, had received subscriptions for the work, and
+  promised in his prospectus <i>a plan of the battle</i>, and
+  <i>portraits</i> of the heroes, which the work does not contain.
+  "However, to make some little amends" to his "generous subscribers,"
+  Swinney announces his intention to present them with "<i>three</i> books
+  instead of <i>one</i>."</p>
+
+  <p>The first book is dedicated to Earl Waldegrave, who commanded "the six
+  British regiments of infantry" on the "ever memorable 1st August, 1759,"
+  and a note affixed states that "Book the Second" will be published on 1st
+  January, and "Book the Third" on 1st of August.</p>
+
+  <p>But the public, as Swinney says, were kept "in suspense" almost three
+  years for the second book, which was not published until 1772; and in the
+  dedication of this second book, also to Earl Waldegrave, Swinney
+  says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Doubtless many of my subscribers have thought me very unmindful of
+  the promise I made them in my printed proposal, in which I undertook to
+  publish my poem out of hand. Ill health has been the sole cause of my
+  disappointing their expectations. A fever of the nerves ... for these
+  four years, has rendered me incapable.... In my original proposals I
+  undertook to publish this work in two books. [In the introduction he
+  says, as I have just quoted, <i>one</i> book.] Poetical <!-- Page 215
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page215"></a>{215}</span>matter hath
+  increased upon me to such a degree, in the genial climate of Languedoc,
+  as to have enabled me to compose several more books on this interesting
+  subject, all which I purpose presenting my subscribers with at the
+  original price of half a guinea.... Many months ago this Second Book was
+  printed off; but on my arrival in town from Montauban (whither I purpose
+  to return), I found there were so many faults and blunders in it
+  throughout, that I was under the necessity of condemning five hundred
+  copies to the inglorious purpose of defending pye bottoms from the dust
+  of an oven.... Profit, my Lord, has not been my motive for publishing: if
+  it had, I should be egregiously disappointed, for instead of gaining I
+  shall be a considerable loser by the publication; and yet many of my
+  subscribers have <i>given me four, five, and six times over and above the
+  subscription-price for my Poem. How even the remaining books will see the
+  light must depend entirely upon my pecuniary, not my poetical
+  abilities</i>. The work is well nigh completed; but not one solitary
+  brother have I throughout the airy regions of Grub Street who is poorer
+  than I. It is not impossible, however, but when <i>some of my partial
+  friends shall know this</i>, they may <i>enable me by their bounty</i> to
+  publish out of hand."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>This leads me to doubt whether the third book was ever published, for
+  I think the most "partial" of his friends&mdash;those who had given
+  "four, five, and six times over and above the subscription
+  price"&mdash;must have had enough in two books. If it were not published,
+  it is a curious fact that, in a poem called <i>The Battle of Minden</i>,
+  the battle of Minden is not mentioned; though not more extraordinary
+  perhaps than the omissions of the "Explanation of the Apocalypse" in his
+  previous work.</p>
+
+  <p>I come now to the question, Why did Junius speak so passionately and
+  disrespectfully of Swinney, and what are the probabilities that Swinney
+  had never before (July) 1769 spoken to Lord G. Sackville? These I must
+  defer till next week.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">T. S. J.
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTION IN <span class="correction" title="text reads `PETERBOROUH'">PETERBOROUGH</span> CATHEDRAL.</h3>
+
+  <p>The following Notes occur on a fly-leaf at the end of a copy of
+  Gunton's <i>History of Peterborough Cathedral</i>, and appear to have
+  been written soon after that book was printed:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Among other things omitted in this history, I cannot but take notice
+  of one ancient inscription upon a tomb in y<sup>e</sup> body of the
+  church, written in old Saxon letters, as followeth:</p>
+
+  <p><a href="images/201_003.png"><img src="images/201_003.png"
+  class="middle" style="height:2ex" alt="Cross" /></a> 'WS : KI : PAR : CI
+  : PASSEZ : PVR : LE : ALME : ESTRAVNGE : DE : WATERVILLE : PRIEZ.'</p>
+
+  <p>"This inscription may seem to challenge some relation to William de
+  Waterville, one of the abbots of this church. (See p. 23.)"</p>
+
+  <p>"On Sennour Gascelin de Marrham's tomb, mentioned p. 94., these
+  letters seem to be still legible:</p>
+
+  <p>'CI : GIST : EDOVN : GASCELIN : SENNOVR : DE MARRHAM : IADIS : DE : RI
+  : ALM.. <sup>DI</sup> EV EST MERCIS : PATER : NOSTER.'"</p>
+
+  <p>"In St. Oswald's Chapel, on y<sup>e</sup> ground round the verge of a
+  stone:</p>
+
+  <p>'HIC IACET COR.... ROBERTI DE SVTTON ABBATIS ISTIVS MONASTERII CVIVS
+  ANIMA REQVIESCAT IN PACE. AMEN.'"</p>
+
+  <p>"In y<sup>e</sup> churchyard is this inscription:</p>
+
+  <p><a href="images/201_003.png"><img src="images/201_003.png"
+  class="middle" style="height:2ex" alt="Cross" /></a> 'AŃA IOANNIS DE
+  S<span class="over">C</span>O IVONE QVO&#x100; P[IO]RIS PMA &#x100; M
+  <span class="over">D</span>IIII PACE REQVIESCAT. AMEN.'</p>
+
+  <p>"This may probably relate to Ivo, sub-prior of this monastery, whose
+  anniversary was observed in y<sup>e</sup> Kalends of March. (See page
+  324. of this book.)"</p>
+
+  <p>"In y<sup>e</sup> churchyard:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'Joannes Pocklington, S. S. Theologić doctor, obiit</p>
+      <p>Nov. 14, A. D<sup>i</sup>. 1642.'</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'Anne Pocklington, 1655.'</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'Mary, y<sup>e</sup> wife of John Towers, late Lord Bp. of</p>
+      <p>Peterborough, dyed Nov. 14, <span class="scac">A.D.</span> 1672.'</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'Quod mori potuit prćstantissimć f&oelig;minć</p>
+      <p>Compton Emery</p>
+      <p>Filić Joannis Towers S. T. P.</p>
+      <p>Hujus Ecclesić quondam Episcopi</p>
+      <p>Viduć Roberti Rowell LL. D.</p>
+      <p>Nec non charissimć conjugis</p>
+      <p>Richardi Emery Gen:</p>
+      <p>In hoc tumulo depositum: Feb. 4.</p>
+      <p>A<sup>o</sup> Ćtatis 54,</p>
+      <p>A<sup>o</sup> Domini 1683.'"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>A marginal note states that "The Chapter-house and Cloyster sold in
+  1650 for 800<i>l.</i>, to John Baker, Gent., of London."</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. Thos. Wake</span>.
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>FOLK LORE.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>Superstition of the Cornish Miners</i> (Vol. viii., p. 7.).&mdash;I
+  cannot find the information desired by your correspondent in the Cornish
+  antiquaries, and have in vain consulted other works likely to explain
+  this tradition; but the remarks now offered will perhaps be interesting
+  in reference to the <i>nation</i> alluded to. The Carthaginians being of
+  the same race, manners, and religion as the Ph&oelig;nicians, there are
+  no particular data by which we can ascertain the time of their first
+  trading to the British coast for the commodity in such request among the
+  traders of the East. The genius of Carthage being more martial than that
+  of Tyre, whose object was more commerce than conquest, it is not
+  improbable that the former might by force of arms have established a
+  settlement in the Cassiterides, and by this means have secured that
+  monopoly of tin which the Ph&oelig;nicians and their colonies indubitably
+  enjoyed for several centuries. Norden, in his <i>Antiquities of
+  Cornwall</i>, mentions it as a tradition universally received by the
+  inhabitants, that their tin mines were formerly wrought by the Jews. He
+  adds that these old works are there at this day called Attal Sarasin, the
+  ancient <!-- Page 216 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page216"></a>{216}</span>cast-off works of the Saracens, in which
+  their tools are frequently found. Miners are not accustomed to be very
+  accurate in distinguishing traders of foreign nations, and these Jews and
+  Saracens have probably a reference to the old merchants from Spain and
+  Africa; and those employed by them might possibly have been Jews escaped
+  the horrors of captivity and the desolation which about that period befel
+  their country.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The Jews," says Whitaker (<i>Origin of Arianism</i>, p. 334.),
+  "denominated themselves, and were denominated by the Britons of Cornwall,
+  <i>Saracens</i>, as the genuine progeny of Sarah. The same name, no
+  doubt, carried the same reference with it as borne by the genuine, and as
+  usurped by the spurious, offspring of Abraham."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Bibliothecar. Chetham.</span>
+
+  <p><i>Northamptonshire Folk Lore</i> (Vol. vii., p. 146.).&mdash;In
+  Norfolk, a ring made from nine sixpences freely given by persons of the
+  opposite sex is considered a charm against epilepsy. I have seen nine
+  sixpences brought to a silversmith, with a request that he would make
+  them into a ring; but 13˝<i>d.</i> was not tendered to him for making,
+  nor do I think that any threehalfpences are collected for payment. After
+  the patient had left the shop, the silversmith informed me that such
+  requests were of frequent occurrence, and that he supplied the patients
+  with thick silver rings, but never took the trouble to manufacture them
+  from the sixpences.</p>
+
+  <p>A similar superstition supposes that the sole of the left shoe of a
+  person of the same age, but opposite sex, to the patient, reduced to
+  ashes is a cure for St. Anthony's fire. I have seen it applied with
+  success, but suppose its efficacy is due to some astringent principle in
+  the ashes.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">E. G. R.
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>On Two Passages in Shakspeare.</i>&mdash;Taking up a day or two
+  since a Number of "N. &amp; Q.," my attention was drawn to a new attempt
+  to give a solution of the difficulty which has been the torment of
+  commentators in the following passage from the Third Act of <i>Romeo and
+  Juliet</i>:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds,</p>
+      <p>Towards Ph&oelig;bus' mansion; such a waggoner</p>
+      <p>As Phaeton would whip you to the West,</p>
+      <p>And bring in cloudy night immediately.&mdash;</p>
+      <p>Spread thy close curtain, love-performing Night,</p>
+      <p>That <i>runaways'</i> eyes may wink, and Romeo</p>
+      <p>Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>"Runaways'" being a manifest absurdity, the recent editors have
+  substituted "unawares," an uncouth alteration, which, though it has a
+  glimmering of sense, appears to me almost as absurd as the word it
+  supplies. In this <span class="correction" title="text reads `dilemna'"
+  >dilemma</span> your correspondent <span class="sc">Mr. Singer</span>
+  ingeniously suggests the true reading to be,&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"That <i>rumourers'</i> eyes may wink, and Romeo</p>
+      <p>Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>No doubt this is a felicitous emendation, though I think it may be
+  fairly objected that a rumourer, being one who deals in what he hears, as
+  opposed to an observer, who reports what he sees, there is a certain
+  inappropriateness in speaking of a rumourer's eyes. Be this as it may, I
+  beg to suggest another reading, which has the merit of having
+  spontaneously occurred to me on seeing the word "runaways'" in your
+  correspondent's paper, as if obviously suggested by the combination of
+  letters in that word. I propose that the passage should be read thus:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Spread thy close curtain, love-performing Night,</p>
+      <p>That <i>rude day's</i> eyes may wink, and Romeo</p>
+      <p>Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>A subsequent reference to Juliet's speech has left no doubt in my mind
+  that this is the true reading, and so obviously so, as to make it a
+  wonder that it should have been overlooked. She first asks the
+  "fiery-footed steeds" to bring in "cloudy night," then night to close her
+  curtain (that day's eyes may wink), that darkness may come, under cover
+  of which Romeo may hasten to her. In the next two lines she shows why
+  this darkness is propitious, and then, using an unwonted epithet, invokes
+  night to give her the opportunity of darkness:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i6hg3">"Come, <i>civil</i> night,</p>
+      <p>Thou sober suited matron all in black,</p>
+      <p>And learn me how to lose a winning game," &amp;c.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The peculiar and unusual epithet "civil," here applied to night, at
+  once assured me of the accuracy of the proposed reading, it having
+  evidently suggested itself as the antithesis of "rude" just before
+  applied to day; the civil, accommodating, concealing night being thus
+  contrasted with the unaccommodating, revealing day. It is to be remarked,
+  moreover, that as this epithet <i>civil</i> is, through its ordinary
+  signification, brought into connexion with what precedes it, so is it,
+  through its unusual meaning of <i>grave</i>, brought into connexion with
+  what follows, it thus furnishing that equivocation of sense of which our
+  great dramatist is so fond, rarely missing an opportunity of "paltering
+  with us in a double sense."</p>
+
+  <p>I think, therefore, I may venture to offer you the proposed emendation
+  as rigorously fulfilling all the requirements of the text, while at the
+  same time it necessitates a very trifling literal disturbance of the old
+  reading, since by the simple change of the letters <i>naw</i> into
+  <i>ded</i>, we convert "runaways'" into "rude day's," of which it was a
+  very easy misprint.</p>
+
+  <p>Having offered you an emendation of my own, I cannot miss the
+  opportunity of sending you <!-- Page 217 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page217"></a>{217}</span>another, for which I am indebted to a
+  critical student of Shakspeare, my friend Mr. W.&nbsp;R. Grove, the Queen's
+  Counsel. In <i>All's Well that ends Well</i>, the third scene of the
+  Second Act opens with the following speech from Lafeu:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"They say miracles are past; and we have our philosophical persons to
+  make modern and familiar things, supernatural and causeless. Hence is it
+  that we make trifles of terrors; ensconcing ourselves in a seeming
+  knowledge when we should submit ourselves to an unknown fear."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>On reading this passage as thus printed, it will be seen that the two
+  sentences of which it is composed are in direct contradiction to each
+  other; the first asserting that we have philosophers who give a causeless
+  and supernatural character to things ordinary and familiar: the second
+  stating as the result of this, "that we make trifles of terrors," whereas
+  the tendency would necessarily be to make "terrors of trifles." The
+  confusion arises from the careless pointing of the first sentence. By
+  simply shifting the comma at present after "things," and placing it after
+  "familiar," the discrepancy between the two sentences disappears, as also
+  between the two members of the first sentence, which are now at variance.
+  It should be pointed thus:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"They say miracles are past; and we have our philosophical persons to
+  make modern and familiar, things supernatural and causeless."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>It is singular that none of the editors should have noticed this
+  defect, which I have no doubt will hereafter be removed by the adoption
+  of a simple change, that very happily illustrates the importance of
+  correct punctuation.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">R. H. C.
+
+  <p><i>Shakspeare's Skull</i>.&mdash;As your publication has been the
+  medium of many valuable comments upon Shakspeare, and interesting matter
+  connected with him, I am induced to solicit information, if you will
+  allow me, on the following subject. I have the <i>Works of
+  Shakspeare</i>, which being in one volume 8vo., I value as being more
+  portable than any other edition. It was published by Sherwood without any
+  date affixed, but probably about 1825. There is a memoir prefixed by Wm.
+  Harvey, Esq., in which, p. xiii., it is stated that while a vault was
+  being made close to Shakspeare's, when Dr. Davenport was rector, a young
+  man perceiving the tomb of Shakspeare open, introduced himself so far
+  within the vault that he could have brought away the skull, but he was
+  deterred from doing so by the anathema inscribed on the monument,
+  of&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Curs'd be he that moves my bones."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>This is given upon the authority of Dr. Nathan Drake's work on
+  Shakspeare, in two vols. 4to. Now in this work much is given which is
+  copied into the memoir, but I do not there find this anecdote, and
+  perhaps some reader of "N. &amp; Q." may supply this deficiency, and
+  state where I may find it. I may be allowed to state, that Pope's skull
+  was similarly stolen and another substituted.</p>
+
+  <p>I annex Wheler's remark that no violation of the grave had, up to the
+  time of his work, taken place.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Through a lapse of nearly two hundred years have his ashes remained
+  undisturbed, and it is to be hoped no sacrilegious hand will ever be
+  found to violate the sacred repository."&mdash;<i>History of
+  Stratford-upon-Avon</i>, by R.&nbsp;B. Wheler (circa 1805?), 8vo.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">A Subscriber</span>.
+
+  <p><i>On a Passage in "Macbeth."</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Mr.
+  Singleton</span> (Vol. vii., p. 404.) says, "Vaulting ambition, that
+  <i>o'erleaps</i> itself," is nonsense&mdash;the thing is impossible; and
+  proposes that "vaulting ambition" should "rest his hand upon the pommel,
+  and <i>o'erleap</i> the saddle (sell)," a thing not uncommon in the feats
+  of horsemanship.</p>
+
+  <p>Did <span class="sc">Mr. Singleton</span> never <i>o'erleap</i>
+  himself, and be too late&mdash;later than <i>himself</i> intended? Did he
+  never, in his younger days, amuse himself with a <i>soprasalto</i>; or
+  with what Donne calls a "vaulter's sombersault?" Did he never hear of any
+  little plunderer, climbing a wall, <i>o'erreaching</i> himself to pluck
+  an apple, and falling on the other side, into the hands of the gardener?
+  "By like," says Sir Thomas More, "the manne there <i>overshotte</i>
+  himself."</p>
+
+  <p>What was the <i>manne</i> about? Attempting such a perilous gambol,
+  perhaps, as correcting Shakspeare.</p>
+
+  <p>To {overleap, overreach, overshoot} himself are merely, to {leap,
+  reach, shoot}, over or beyond the mark himself intended.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">Q.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Bloomsbury.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>P.S.&mdash;<span class="sc">Mr. Arrowsmith</span> reminds us of the
+  old saw, that "great wits jump." He should recollect also that they
+  sometimes <i>nod</i>.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Minor Notes.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Lemon-juice administered in Gout and Rheumatism.</i>&mdash;At a
+  time when lemon-juice seems to be frequently administered in gout and
+  rheumatism, as though it were an entirely new remedy, I have been
+  somewhat amused at the following passage, which may also interest some of
+  your readers; it occurs in <i>Scelta di Lettere Familiari degli Autori
+  piů celebri ad uso degli studiosi della lingua Italiana</i>, p. 36., in a
+  letter "Di Don Francesco a Teodoro Villa":</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Io non posso star meglio di quel che sto, e forse perchč uso di
+  spesso il bagno freddo, e beo limonata a pranzo e a cena da molti mesi.
+  Questa č la mia quotidiana bevanda, e dacche mi ci sono messo, m' ha
+  fatto un bene che non si puo dire. Di quelle doglie di capo, <!-- Page
+  218 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page218"></a>{218}</span>che un
+  tempo mi sconquassavano le tempie, non ne sento piů una. Le vertigini,
+  che un tratto mi favorivano sě di spesso, se ne sono ite. Sino un
+  reumatismo, che m' aveva afferrato per un braccio, s' e dileguato, cosě
+  ch'io farei ora alla lotta col piů valente marinaro calabrese che sia. L'
+  appetito mio pizzica del vorace. Che buona cosa il sugo d' un limone
+  spremato nell' acqua, e indolciato con un po' di zucchero! Fa di
+  provarlo, Teodoro. Chi sa che non assesti il capo e lo stomaco auche a
+  te."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author">S. G. C.
+
+  <p><i>Weather Proverbs</i>.&mdash;Are these proverbs worth recording?</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Rain before seven, fine before eleven."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"A mackerel sky and mare's tails,</p>
+      <p>Make lofty ships carry low sails."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"If the rain comes before the wind,</p>
+      <p>Lower your topsails and take them in:</p>
+      <p>If the wind comes before the rain,</p>
+      <p>Lower your topsails and hoist them again."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The expressions in the latter two are maritime, and the rhymes not
+  very choice; but they hold equally in terrestrial matters, and I have
+  seldom found them wrong.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Rubi</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Dog Latin</i>.&mdash;The answer of one of your late correspondents
+  (E. M. B., Vol. vii., p. 622.) on the subject of "Latin&mdash;Latiner,"
+  has revived a Query in your First Volume (p. 230.) as to the origin of
+  this expression which does not appear to have been answered. I do not
+  remember having seen any explanation of the term, but I have arrived at
+  one for myself, and present it to your readers for what it is worth.
+  Nothing, it must be admitted, can be more inconsistent with the usual
+  forms of language than the Latin of medićval periods; it is often, in
+  fact, not Latin at all, but merely a Latin form given to simple English
+  or other words, and admitting of the greatest variety. Now of all animals
+  the distinctions of breed are perhaps more numerous in the canine race
+  than any other. The word "mongrel," originally applied to one of these
+  quadruped combinations of variety, has long been used to signify anything
+  in which mixture of class existed, especially of a debasing kind, to
+  which such mixture generally tends. Nothing could be more appropriate
+  than the application of the term to the "infima latinitas" of the Middle
+  Ages; and from "mongrel" the transition to the name of the genus from
+  that of the degenerate species appears to me to be very easy, though
+  fanciful.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. B&mdash;t</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Thomas Wright of Durham</i>.&mdash;In the <i>Philosophical
+  Magazine</i> for April, 1848, I gave an account of the "Original Theory
+  or new Hypothesis of the Universe" of Thomas Wright, whose anticipations
+  of modern speculation on the milky way, the central sun, and some other
+  points, make him one of the most remarkable astronomical thinkers of his
+  day. In the biography in the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> for 1793, he is
+  described as struggling for a livelihood when a young man, and no account
+  is given of the manner in which he obtained the handsome competence with
+  which he emerges in 1756, or thereabouts. A few days after my account was
+  published, I was informed (by Captain James, R.E.) that a large four-foot
+  orrery, constructed by Wright for the Royal Academy at Portsmouth, was
+  still in that town; and that by the title of "J. Harrises Use of the
+  Globes" it appears that he (Wright) kept his shop at the <i>Orrery</i>,
+  near Water Lane, Fleet Street (No. 136), under the title of
+  instrument-maker to his Majesty. In an edition of Harris (the 8th, 1767),
+  which I lately met with, the above is described as "late the shop of
+  Thomas Wright," &amp;c. By the advertisements which this work contains,
+  Wright must have had an extensive business as a philosophical
+  instrument-maker. The omission in the biography is a strange one.
+  Possibly some farther information may fall in the way of some of your
+  readers.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">A. De Morgan.</span>
+
+  <p><i>A Funeral Custom</i>.&mdash;At Broadwas, Worcestershire, in the
+  valley of the Teame, it is the custom at funerals, on reaching "the
+  Church Walk," for the bearers to set down the coffin, and, as they stand
+  around, to bow to it.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Cuthbert Bede</span>, B. A.
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Queries.</h2>
+
+<h3>LITTLECOTT&mdash;SIR JOHN POPHAM.</h3>
+
+  <p>Every one knows the tradition attached to the manor of Littlecott in
+  Wiltshire, and the alleged means by which Chief Justice Sir John Popham
+  acquired its possession. It is told by Aubrey, Sir Walter Scott, and many
+  others, and is too notorious to be here repeated. Let me ask you or your
+  learned correspondents whether there exists any refutation of a charge so
+  seriously detrimental to the character of any judge, and so inconsistent
+  with the reputation which Chief Justice Popham enjoyed among his
+  cotemporaries? See Lord Ellesmere's notice of him in the case of the
+  Postnati (<i>State Trials</i>, ii. 669.), and Sir Edward Coke's
+  flattering picture of him at the end of Sir Drew Drury's case
+  (<i>Reports</i>, vi. 75.). Are there any records showing that a Darell
+  was ever in fact arraigned on a charge of murder, and the name of the
+  judge who presided at the trial? Is the date known of the death of the
+  last Darell who possessed the estate, or that of Sir John Popham's
+  acquisition of it? The discovery of these might throw great light on the
+  subject, and possibly afford a complete contradiction.</p>
+
+  <p>Sir Francis Bacon, in his argument against Sir John Hollis and others
+  for traducing public justice, states that&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Popham, a great judge in his time, was complained of by petition to
+  Queen Elizabeth; it was committed <!-- Page 219 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page219"></a>{219}</span>to four privy
+  councillors, but the same was found to be slanderous, and the parties
+  punished in the court."&mdash;<i>State Trials</i>, vol. ii. p. 1029.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>If this petition could be discovered, and it should turn out that the
+  slander complained of in it had reference to this story, the
+  investigation which it then underwent by the four privy councillors, and
+  the chief justice's enjoyment of his high office for so many subsequent
+  years, would go far to prove the utter falsehood of the charge. This is a
+  "consummation devoutly to be wished" by every one who feels an interest
+  in the purity of the bench, and particularly by the present possessors of
+  the estate, who must be anxious for their ancestor's fame.</p>
+
+  <p>Your useful publication has acted the part of the "detective police"
+  in the elucidation of many points of history less interesting than this,
+  and I trust you will consider the case curious enough to justify a close
+  examination.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edward Foss</span>.
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>EARLY EDITION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT.</h3>
+
+  <p>I should be greatly obliged if I could obtain through "N. &amp; Q."
+  when, where, and by whom an imperfect black-letter copy of the New
+  Testament, lately come into my possession, was printed, and also who was
+  the translator of it.</p>
+
+  <p>It is bound in boards, has three thongs round which the sheets are
+  stitched, seems never to have been covered with cloth, leather, or other
+  material like our modern books, has had clasps, and is four inches long
+  and two inches thick.</p>
+
+  <p>The chapters are divided generally into four or five parts by means of
+  the first letters of the alphabet. The letters are neither placed
+  equidistant, nor do they always mark a fresh paragraph.</p>
+
+  <p>It is not divided into verses. There are a few marginal references,
+  and the chapter and letter of the parallel passages are given.</p>
+
+  <p>Crosses are placed at the heads of most chapters, and also throughout
+  the text, without much apparent regularity. It contains a few rude cuts
+  of the Apostles, &amp;c. The Epistles of St. Peter and St. John are
+  placed before that to the Hebrews.</p>
+
+  <p>Letters are frequently omitted in the spelling, and this is indicated
+  by a dash placed over the one preceding the omitted letter. A slanting
+  mark (/) is the most frequent stop used. I will transcribe a few lines
+  exactly as they occur, only not using the black-letter.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"B. As some spake of the temple/ howe yt was garnesshed with goodly
+  stones and iewels he sayde. The dayes will come/ when of these thyngis
+  which ye se shall not be lefte stone upon stone/ that shall not be
+  throwen doune. And they asked hym sayinge/ Master wh&#x113; shall these
+  thynges be? And what sygnes wil there be/ when suche thynges shal come to
+  passe."&mdash;St. Luke, ch. xxi.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Land is spelt <i>londe</i>; saints, <i>sainctis</i>; authority,
+  <i>auctorite</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">A. Boardman</span>.
+
+  <p>P.S. It commences at the 19th chapter of St. Matthew, and seems
+  perfect to the 21st chapter of Revelation.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Minor Queries.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Ravilliac</i>.&mdash;I have read that a pyramid was erected at
+  Paris upon the murder of Henry IV. by Ravilliac, and that the inscription
+  represented the Jesuits as men&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Maleficć superstitonis, quorum instinctu peculiaris adolescens
+  (Ravilliac) dirum facinus instituerat."&mdash;<i>Thesaur. Hist.</i>, tom.
+  iv. lib. 95, ad ann. 1598.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>We are also informed that he confessed that it was the book of Mariana
+  the Jesuit, and the traitorous positions maintained in it, which induced
+  him to murder the king, for which cause the book (condemned by the
+  parliament and the Sorbonne) was publicly burnt in Paris. Is the pyramid
+  still remaining? If not, when was it taken down or destroyed, and by whom
+  or by whose authority?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Clericus</span> (D).
+
+  <p><i>Emblem on a Chimney-piece</i>.&mdash;In the committee room of the
+  Church Missionary Society, Nos. 16. and 17. Upper Sackville Street,
+  Dublin, a curious emblem-picture is carved on the centre of the white
+  marble chimney-piece. An angel or winged youth is sleeping in a recumbent
+  posture; one arm embraces a sleeping lion, in the other hand he holds a
+  number of bell flowers. In the opposite angle the sun shines brightly; a
+  lizard is biting the heel of the sleeping youth. I shall not offer my own
+  conjectures in explanation of this allegorical sculpture, unless your
+  correspondents fail to give a more satisfactory solution.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Ath Celiath</span>.
+
+  <p><i>"To know ourselves diseased," &amp;c</i>.&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"To know ourselves diseased, is half the cure."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Whence?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. Mansfield Ingleby</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Birmingham.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>"<i>Pćtus and Arria</i>."&mdash;Can you inform me who is the author of
+  <i>Pćtus and Arria, a Tragedy</i>, 8vo., 1809?</p>
+
+  <p>In Genest's <i>Account of the English Stage</i>, this play is said to
+  be written by a gentleman of the University of Cambridge. Can you tell me
+  whether this is likely to be W. Smyth, the late Professor of Modern
+  History in that university, who died in June, 1849?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Gw</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Heraldic Query</i>.&mdash;A. was killed in open rebellion. His son
+  B. lived in retirement under a fictitious name. The grandson C. retained
+  the assumed name, and obtained new arms. Query, <!-- Page 220 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page220"></a>{220}</span>Can the descendants of
+  C. resume the arms of A.? If so, must they substitute them for the arms
+  of C., or bear them quarterly, and in which quarters?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Francis P</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Lord Chancellor Steele.</i>&mdash;Is any pedigree of William
+  Steele, Esq., Lord Chancellor of Ireland temp. Commonwealth, extant; and
+  do any of his descendants exist?</p>
+
+  <p>It is believed he was nearly related to Captain Steel, governor of
+  Beeston Castle, who suffered death by military execution in 1643 on a
+  charge of cowardice.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Statfold</span>.
+
+  <p><i>"A Tub to the Whale."</i>&mdash;What is the origin of this
+  phrase?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Pimlico</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Legitimation</i> (<i>Scotland</i>).&mdash;Perhaps some of your
+  Scotch readers "learned in the law" would obligingly answer the subjoined
+  Queries, referring to some decisions.</p>
+
+  <p>1. Will entail property go to a <i>bastard</i>, <i>legitimated before
+  the Union</i> under the great seal (by the law of Scotland)?</p>
+
+  <p>2. Will titles and dignities descend?</p>
+
+  <p>3. Will armorial bearings?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M. M.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Inner Temple.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>"Vaut mieux," &amp;c.</i>&mdash;The proverb "Vaut mieux avoir
+  affaire ŕ Dieu qu'ŕ ses saints" has a Latin origin. What is it?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M.
+
+  <p><i>Shakspeare First Folio.</i>&mdash;Is there any <i>obtainable</i>
+  edition of Shakspeare which follows, or fully contains, the first
+  folio?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M.
+
+  <p><i>The Staffordshire Knot.</i>&mdash;Can any of your readers give the
+  history of the Staffordshire knot, traced on the carriages and trucks of
+  the North Staffordshire Railway Company?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">T. P.
+
+  <p><i>Sir Thomas Elyot.</i>&mdash;I shall be extremely obliged by a
+  reference to any sources of information respecting Sir Thomas Elyot,
+  Knight, living in the time of Henry VIII., son of Sir Richard Elyot,
+  Knight, of Suffolk.</p>
+
+  <p>I shall be glad also to know whether a short work (among others of his
+  in my possession) entitled <i>The Defence of good Women</i>, printed in
+  London by Thomas Berthelet, 1545, is at all a rare book?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">H. C. K.
+
+  <p><i>"Celsior exsurgens pluviis," &amp;c.</i>&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Celsior exsurgens pluviis, nimbosque cadentes,</p>
+      <p>Sub pedibus cernens, et cćca tonitrua calcans."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Can you oblige me by stating where the above lines are to be found?
+  They appear to me to form an appropriate motto for a balloon.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. P. A.
+
+  <p><i>The Bargain Cup.</i>&mdash;Can the old English custom of drinking
+  together upon the completion of a bargain, be traced back farther than
+  the Norman era? Did a similar custom exist in the earlier ages? Danl.
+  Dyke, in his <i>Mysteries</i> (London, 1634), says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The Jews being forbidden to make couenants with the Gentiles, they
+  also abstained from drinking with them; because that was a ceremonie vsed
+  in striking of couenants."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>This is the only notice I can find among old writers touching this
+  custom, which is certainly one of considerable antiquity: though I should
+  like confirmation of Dyke's words, before I can recognise an ancestry so
+  remote.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. C. Warde</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Kidderminster.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>School-Libraries.</i>&mdash;I am desirous of ascertaining whether
+  any of our public schools possess any libraries for the general reading
+  of the scholars, in which I do not include mere school-books of Latin,
+  Greek, &amp;c., which, I presume, they all possess, but such as travels,
+  biographies, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>Boys fresh from these schools appear generally to know nothing of
+  general reading, and from the slight information I have, I fear there is
+  nothing in the way of a library in any of them. If not, it is, I should
+  think, a very melancholy fact, and one that deserves a little attention:
+  but if any of your obliging correspondents can tell me what public school
+  possesses such a thing, and the facilities allowed for reading in the
+  school, I shall take it as a favour.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Weld Taylor</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Bayswater.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>Queen Elizabeth and her "true" Looking-glass.</i>&mdash;An anecdote
+  is current of Queen Elizabeth having in her later days, if not during her
+  last illness, called for a <i>true</i> looking-glass, having for a long
+  time previously made use of one that was in some manner purposely
+  falsified.</p>
+
+  <p>What is the original source of the story? or at least what is the
+  authority to which its circulation is mainly due? An answer from some of
+  your correspondents to one or other of these questions would greatly
+  oblige</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Veronica</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Bishop Thomas Wilson.</i>&mdash;In Thoresby's Diary, <span
+  class="scac">A.D.</span> 1720, April 17 (vol. ii. p. 289.), is the
+  following entry:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Easter Sunday ... after evening prayers supped at cousin Wilson's
+  with the Bishop of Man's son."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Was there any relationship, and what, between this "cousin Wilson,"
+  and the bishop's son, Dr. Thomas Wilson? I should be glad of any
+  information bearing on any or on all these subjects.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">William Denton</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Bishop Wilson's Works.</i>&mdash;The <span class="sc">Rev. John
+  Keble</span>, Hursley, near Winchester, being engaged in writing the life
+  and editing the works of Bishop Wilson (Sodor and Man), would feel
+  obliged by <!-- Page 221 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page221"></a>{221}</span>the communication of any letters, sermons,
+  or other writings of the bishop, or by reference to any incidents not to
+  be found in printed accounts of his life.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Hobbes, Portrait of</i>.&mdash;In the <i>Memoirs</i> of T. Hobbes,
+  it is stated that a portrait of him was painted in 1669 for Cosmo de
+  Medici.</p>
+
+  <p>I have a fine half-length portrait of him, on the back of which is the
+  following inscription:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Thomas Hobbes, ćt. 81. 1669.</p>
+      <p>J<sup>os</sup>. Wick Wrilps, Londiensis, Pictor Caroli 2<sup>di</sup>. R.</p>
+      <p>pinx<sup>t</sup>."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Is this painter the same as John Wycke, who died in 1702, but who is
+  not, I think, known as a portrait painter?</p>
+
+  <p>Can any of your readers inform me whether a portrait of Hobbes is now
+  in the galleries at Florence, and, if so, by whom it was painted? It is
+  possible that mine is a duplicate of the picture which was painted for
+  the Grand Duke.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. C. Trevelyan</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Wallington.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Minor Queries with Answers.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Brasenose, Oxford</i>.&mdash;I am anxious to learn the origin and
+  meaning of the word <i>Brasenose</i>. I have somewhere heard or read
+  (though I cannot recall where) that it was a Saxon word, <i>brasen
+  haus</i> or "brewing-house;" and that the college was called by this
+  name, because it was built on the site of the brewing-house of King
+  Alfred. All that Ingram says on the subject is this:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"This curious appellation, which, whatever was the origin of it, has
+  been perpetuated by the symbol of a brazen nose here and at Stamford,
+  occurs with the modern orthography, but in one undivided word, so early
+  as 1278, in an Inquisition, now printed in the <i>Hundred Rolls</i>,
+  though quoted by Wood from the manuscript record."&mdash;See his
+  <i>Memorials of Oxford</i>.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Cuthbert Bede</span>, B.A.
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[Our correspondent will find the notice of King Alfred's brew-house in
+  the review of Ingram's <i>Memorials</i> in the <i>British Critic</i>,
+  vol. xxiv. p. 139. The writer says, "There is a spot in the centre of the
+  city where Alfred is said to have lived, and which may be called the
+  native place or river-head of three separate societies still existing,
+  University, Oriel, and Brasenose. Brasenose claims his palace, Oriel his
+  church, and University his school or academy. Of these Brasenose College
+  is still called, in its formal style, 'the King's Hall,' which is the
+  name by which Alfred himself, in his laws, calls his palace; and it has
+  its present singular name from a corruption of <i>brasinium</i>, or
+  <i>brasin-huse</i>, as having been originally located in that part of the
+  royal mansion which was devoted to the then important accommodation of a
+  brew-house." Churton, in his <i>Life of Bishop Smyth</i>, p. 277., thus
+  accounts for the origin of the word:&mdash;"Brasen Nose Hall, as the
+  Oxford antiquary has shown, may be traced as far back as the time of
+  Henry III., about the middle of the thirteenth century; and early in the
+  succeeding reign, 6th Edward I., 1278, it was known by the name of Brasen
+  Nose Hall, which peculiar name was undoubtedly owing, as the same author
+  observes, to the circumstance of a nose of brass affixed to the gate. It
+  is presumed, however, this conspicuous appendage of the portal was not
+  formed of the mixed metal, which the word now denotes, but the genuine
+  produce of the mine; as is the nose, or rather face, of a lion or leopard
+  still remaining at Stamford, which also gave name to the edifice it
+  adorned. And hence, when Henry VIII. debased the coin, by an alloy of
+  <i>copper</i>, it was a common remark or proverb, that 'Testons were gone
+  to Oxford, to study in <i>Brasen</i> Nose.'"]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>G. Downing</i>.&mdash;Can any one point out to me a biography of G.
+  Downing, or at least indicate a work where the dates of the birth and
+  death of this celebrated statesman may be found? He was English
+  ambassador in the Hague previous to and in the year 1664, and to him
+  Downing Street in London owes its name. A very speedy answer would be
+  most welcome.&mdash;From the <i>Navorscher</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">A. T. C.
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[In Pepys's <i>Diary</i>, vol. i. p. 2. edit. 1848, occurs the
+  following notice of Sir George Downing:&mdash;"Wood has misled us in
+  stating that Sir George Downing was a son of Dr. Calibut Downing, the
+  rector of Hackney. He was beyond doubt the son of Emmanuel Downing, a
+  London merchant, who went to New England. It is not improbable that
+  Emmanuel was a near kinsman of Calibut; how related has not yet been
+  discovered. Governor Hutchinson, in his <i>History of Massachusetts</i>,
+  gives the true account of Downing's affiliation, which has been farther
+  confirmed by Mr. Savage, of Boston, from the public records of New
+  England. Wood calls Downing a sider with all times and changes; skilled
+  in the common cant, and a preacher occasionally. He was sent by Cromwell
+  to Holland, as resident there. About the Restoration, he espoused the
+  King's cause, and was knighted and elected M. P. for Morpeth, in 1661.
+  Afterwards, becoming Secretary to the Treasury and Commissioner of the
+  Customs, he was in 1663 created a Baronet of East Hatley, in
+  Cambridgeshire, and was again sent ambassador to Holland. His grandson of
+  the same name, who died in 1749, was the founder of Downing College,
+  Cambridge. The title became extinct in 1764, upon the decease of Sir John
+  Gerrard Downing, the last heir male of the family." According to
+  Hutchinson, Sir George died in 1684.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>Unkid</i>.&mdash;Can any of your readers inform me as to the
+  derivation of this word, or give any instance of its recent use? I have
+  frequently heard it in my childhood (the early part of the present
+  century) among the rural population of Oxon and Berks. It was generally
+  applied to circumstances of a melancholy or distressing character, but
+  sometimes used to express a peculiar state of feeling, being apparently
+  intended to convey nearly the same meaning as the <i>ennui</i> of the
+  French. I <!-- Page 222 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page222"></a>{222}</span>recollect an allusion to the phrase
+  somewhere in Miss Mitford's writings, who speaks of it as peculiar to
+  Berks; but as I was then ignorant of Captain Cuttle's maxim, I did not
+  "make a note of it," so that I am unable to lay my hand on the
+  passage.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">G. T.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Reading.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[Mr. Sternberg also found this word in Northamptonshire: for in his
+  valuable work on <i>The Dialect and Folk Lore</i> of that county occurs
+  the following derivation of it:&mdash;"<span class="sc">Unked,
+  Hunkid</span>, <i>s</i>. lonely, dull, miserable. 'I was so <i>unked</i>
+  when ye war away.' 'A <i>unked</i> house,' &amp;c. Mr. Bosworth gives, as
+  the derivative, the A.-S. <i>uncyd</i>, solitary, without speech. In
+  Batchelor's <i>List of Bedfordshire Words</i>, it is spelt
+  <i>ungkid</i>."]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>Pilgrim's Progress</i>.&mdash;The common editions contain a
+  <i>third</i> part, setting forth the life of <i>Tender-conscience</i>:
+  this third part is thought not to have been written by Bunyan, and is
+  omitted from some, at least, of the modern editions. Can any of your
+  readers explain by whom this addition was made, and all about it? The
+  subject of the <i>Pilgrim's Progress</i> generally&mdash;the stories of a
+  similar kind which are said to have preceded&mdash;especially in Catholic
+  times&mdash;the history of its editions and annotations, would give some
+  interesting columns.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M.
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[Mr. George Offor, in his Introduction to <i>The Pilgrim's
+  Progress</i>, published by the Hanserd Knollys Society in 1847, notices
+  the third part as a forgery:&mdash;"In a very few years after Bunyan's
+  death, this third part made its appearance; and although the title does
+  not directly say that it was written by Bunyan, yet it was at first
+  generally received as such. In 1695, it reached a second edition; and a
+  sixth in 1705. In 1708, it was denounced in the title to the ninth
+  edition of the second part, by a 'Note, <i>the third part, suggested to
+  be J. Bunyan's, is an imposture</i>.' The author of this forgery is as
+  yet unknown." Mr. Offor has also devoted fifty pages of his Introduction
+  to the conjectured prototypes of Bunyan's <i>Pilgrim's Progress</i>. He
+  says, "Every assertion or suggestion that came to my knowledge has been
+  investigated, and the works referred to have been analysed. And beyond
+  this, every allegorical work that could be found, previous to the
+  eighteenth century, has been examined in all the European languages, and
+  the result is a perfect demonstration of the complete originality of
+  Bunyan."]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>John Frewen</i>.&mdash;What is known of this divine? He was
+  minister at Northiam in Sussex in 1611; and published, the following
+  year, a small volume of <i>Sermons</i>, bearing reference to some quarrel
+  between himself and parishioners. Are these <i>Sermons</i> rare? Any
+  particulars would be acceptable.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. C. Warde</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Kidderminster.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[Accepted Frewen, Archbishop of York, was the eldest son of John
+  Frewen, "the puritanical Rector of Northiam," as Wood calls him, and
+  indeed his name carries a symbol of his father's sanctity. Wood has given
+  a few particulars of John, who, he says, "was a learned divine, and
+  frequent preacher of the time, and wrote, 1. <i>Fruitful Instructions and
+  Necessary Doctrine, to edify in the Fear of God, &amp;c</i>., 1587. 2.
+  <i>Fruitful Instructions for the General Cause of Reformation, against
+  the Slanders of the Pope and League, &amp;c</i>., 1589. 3. <i>Certain
+  Choice Grounds and Principles of our Christian Religion, with their
+  several Expositions, by Way of Questions and Answers, &amp;c</i>., 1621,
+  and other things. He died in 1627 (about the latter end), and was buried
+  in Northiam Church, leaving then behind these sons, viz. Accepted,
+  Thankful, Stephen, Joseph, Benjamin, Thomas, Samuel, John, &amp;c., which
+  John seems to have succeeded his father in the Rectory of Northiam; but
+  whether the said father was educated at Oxford, I cannot tell."]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>Histories of Literature</i>.&mdash;Can any correspondent inform me
+  of the best, or one or two principal Histories of Literature, published
+  in the English language, with the names of the author and publisher; as
+  well as, if possible, the size and price?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Ilmonasteriensis</span>.
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[Our correspondent cannot do better than procure Hallam's
+  <i>Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth,
+  and Seventeenth Centuries</i>, 3 vols. 8vo. (36s.). He may also consult
+  with advantage Dr. Maitland's <i>Dark Ages</i>, which illustrates the
+  state of religion and literature <span class="correction" title="text reads `in from'"
+  >from</span> the ninth to the twelfth centuries, 8vo., 12s. and
+  Berrington's <i>Literary History of the Middle Ages</i>, 3<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i>]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p>"<i>Mrs. Shaw's Tombstone</i>."&mdash;In Leigh's <i>Observations</i>
+  (London, 1660) are several quotations from a work entitled <i>Mrs. Shaw's
+  Tombstone</i>. Where may a copy of this be seen?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. C. Warde</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Kidderminster.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[Mrs. Dorothy Shaw's <i>Tombstone, or the Saint's Remains</i>, 1658,
+  may be seen in the British Museum, Press-mark, 1418. i. 41.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Replies.</h2>
+
+<h3>CRANMER AND CALVIN.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 182.)</p>
+
+  <p>A correspondent who seems to delight in sibilants, signing, himself
+  S.&nbsp;Z.&nbsp;Z.&nbsp;S., invites me to "<i>preserve</i>, in your columns, the letter
+  of Calvin to Cranmer, of which Dean Jenkyns has only given extracts," as
+  noticed by me in your Vol. vii., p. 621.</p>
+
+  <p>I would not shrink from the trouble of transcribing the whole letter,
+  if a complete copy were only to be found in the short-lived columns of a
+  newspaper, as inserted in the <i>Record</i> of May 15, 1843, by Merle
+  d'Aubigné; but the Dean has given a reference to the volume in which both
+  the letters he cites are preserved and accessible, viz. <i>Calvin
+  Epistles</i>, pp. 134, 135., Genev. 1616. <!-- Page 223 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page223"></a>{223}</span></p>
+
+  <p>S. Z. Z. S. justly observes that there are two points to be
+  distinguished: first, Cranmer's wish that Calvin should assist in a
+  general union of the churches protesting against Romish errors; second,
+  Calvin's offer to assist in settling the Church of England. He adds, "The
+  latter was declined; and the reason is demonstrated in Archbishop
+  Laurence's <i>Bampton Lectures</i>." I neither possess those lectures,
+  nor the volume of Calvin's epistles; but all I have seen of the
+  correspondence between him and Cranmer, in the Parker Society's editions
+  of Cranmer, and of original letters between 1537-58, and in Jenkyns'
+  <i>Remains of Cranmer</i>, indisposes me to believe that Calvin made any
+  "offer to assist in settling the Church of England." It appears from Dean
+  Jenkyns' note, vol. i. p. 346., that Archbishop Laurence made a mistake
+  in the order of the correspondence, calculated to mislead himself; and as
+  to Heylyn's assertion, <i>Eccles. Restaur.</i>, p. 65., that Calvin made
+  such an offer and "that the Archbishop (Cranmer) <i>knew</i> the man and
+  refused his offer," the Dean says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"He gives no authority for the later part of his statement, and it can
+  hardly be reconciled with Cranmer's letter to Calvin of March 20,
+  1552."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The contemptuous expression, he "knew the man and refused his offer,"
+  is, in fact, utterly irreconcilable with Cranmer's language in all his
+  three letters to Melancthon, to Bullinger, and to Calvin (Nos. 296, 297,
+  298. of Parker Society's edition of <i>Cranmer's Remains</i>, and Nos.
+  283, 284, 285. of Jenkyns' edition), where he tells each of the other two
+  that he had written to Calvin from his desire&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Ut in Anglia, aut alibi, doctissimorum et <i>optimorum</i> virorum
+  synodus convocaretur, in qua de puritate ecclesiasticć doctrinć, et
+  prćcipue de consensu controversić sacramentarić tractaretur."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Or, as he said to Calvin himself:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Ut docti et pii viri, qui alios antecellunt eruditione et judicio,
+  convenirent."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Your correspondent seems to have used the word "demonstrated" rather
+  in a surgical than in its mathematical sense.</p>
+
+  <p>Having taken up my pen to supply you with an answer to this historical
+  inquiry, I may as well notice some other articles in your No. 199. For
+  example, in p. 167., L. need not have referred your readers to
+  Halliwell's <i>Researches in Archaic Language</i> for an explanation of
+  Bacon's word "bullaces." The word may be seen in Johnson's
+  <i>Dictionary</i>, with the citation from Bacon, and instead of vaguely
+  calling it "a small black and tartish plum," your botanical readers know
+  it as the <i>Prunus insititia</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Again, p. 173., J. M. may like to know farther, that the Duke of
+  Wellington's clerical brother was entered on the boards of St. John's
+  College, Cambridge, as Wesley, where the spelling must have been dictated
+  either by himself, or by the person authorised to desire his admission.
+  It continued to be spelt Wesley in the Cambridge annual calendars as late
+  as 1808, but was altered in that of 1809 to Wellesley. The alteration was
+  probably made by the desire of the family, and without communicating such
+  desire to the registrary of the university. For it appears in the edition
+  of <i>Graduati Cantabrigienses</i>, printed in 1823, as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Wesley, Gerard Valerian, Coll. Joh. A. M. 1792. Comitis de
+  Mornington, Fil. nat. 4<sup>tus</sup>."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>In p. 173., C. M. <span class="sc">Ingleby</span> may like to know, as
+  a clue to the origin of his <i>apussee and</i>, that I was taught at
+  school, sixty years ago, to call &amp; <i>And per se</i>, whilst some
+  would call it <i>And-per-se-and</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>In the same page, the inquirer B. H. C. respecting the word
+  <i>mammon</i>, may like to know that the history of that word has been
+  given at some length in p. 1. to p. 68. of the Parker Society's edition
+  of Tyndale's <i>Parable of the wicked Mammon</i>, where I have stated
+  that it occurs in a form identical with the English in the Chaldee Targum
+  of Onkelos on Exod. viii. 21., and in that of Jonathan on Judges, v. 9.,
+  as equivalent to riches; and that in the Syriac translation it occurs in
+  a form identical with <span title="Mamôna" class="grk"
+  >&Mu;&alpha;&mu;&omega;&nu;&#x1FB6;</span>, in Exod. xxi. 30., as a
+  rendering for <span lang="he" class="heb" title="KOPER" ><bdo
+  dir="rtl">&#x5DB;&#x5B9;&#x5E4;&#x5B6;&#x5E8;</bdo></span>, the price of
+  satisfaction. In B.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;C.'s citation from Barnes, <i>even</i> seems a
+  misprint for <i>ever</i>. The Jews did not again fall into actual
+  idolatry after the Babylonish captivity; but we are told that in the
+  sight of God covetousness is idolatry.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Henry Walter</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Hasilbury Bryan.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>BARNACLES.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 124.)</p>
+
+  <p>A Querist quoting from Porta's <i>Natural Magic</i> the vulgar error
+  that "not only in Scotland, but in the river Thames, there is a kind of
+  shell-fish which get out of their shells and grow to be ducks, or such
+  like birds," asks, what could give rise to such an absurd belief? Your
+  correspondent quotes from the English translation of the <i>Magia
+  Naturalis</i>, <span class="scac">A.D.</span> 1658; but the tradition is
+  very ancient, Porta the author having died in 1515 <span
+  class="scac">A.D.</span> You still find an allusion in <i>Hudibras</i> to
+  those&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Who from the most refin'd of saints,</p>
+      <p>As naturally grow miscreants,</p>
+      <p>As <i>barnacles</i> turn Soland geese,</p>
+      <p>In th' islands of the Orcades."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The story has its origin in the peculiar formation of the little
+  mollusc which inhabits the multivalve shell, the <i>Pentalasmis
+  anatifera</i>, which by a fleshy peduncle attaches itself by one end to
+  the bottoms of ships or floating timber, whilst from the other <!-- Page
+  224 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page224"></a>{224}</span>there
+  protrudes a bunch of curling and fringe-like cirrhi, by the agitation of
+  which it attracts and collects its food. These cirrhi so much resemble
+  feathers, as to have suggested the leading idea of a bird's tail: and
+  hence the construction of the remainder of the fable, which is thus given
+  with grave minuteness in <i>The Herbal, or General Historie of
+  Plants</i>, gathered by John Gerarde, Master in Chirurgerie: London,
+  1597:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"What our eyes have seen, and our hands have touched, we shall
+  declare. There is a small island in Lancashire called the Pile of
+  Foulders, wherein are found the broken pieces of old and bruised ships,
+  some whereof have been cast thither by shipwreck; and also the trunks or
+  bodies, with the branches of old and rotten trees, cast up there
+  likewise, whereon is found a certain spume or froth, that in time
+  breedeth unto certain shells, in shape like those of a mussel, but
+  sharper pointed, and of a whitish colour; wherein is contained a thing in
+  form like a lace of silk finely woven as it were together, of a whitish
+  colour; one end whereof is fastened unto the inside of the shell, even as
+  the fish of oysters and mussels are; the other end is made fast unto the
+  belly of a rude mass or lump, which in time cometh to the shape and form
+  of a bird. When it is perfectly formed, the shell gapeth open, and the
+  first thing that appeareth is the foresaid lace or string; next come the
+  legs of the bird hanging out and as it groweth greater, it openeth the
+  shell by degrees, till at length it is all come forth, and hangeth only
+  by the bill. In short space after it cometh to full maturity, and falleth
+  into the sea, where it gathereth feathers, and groweth to a fowl, bigger
+  than a mallard, and lesser than a goose; having black legs, and a bill or
+  beak, and feathers black and white, spotted in such manner as our magpie,
+  called in some places a Pie-Annet, which the people of Lancashire call by
+  no other name than a tree-goose; which place aforesaid, and all those
+  parts adjacent, do so much abound therewith, that one of the best may be
+  bought for threepence. For the truth hereof, if any doubt, may it please
+  them to repair unto me, and I shall satisfy them by the testimony of
+  credible witnesses."&mdash;Page 1391.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Gerarde, who is doubtless Butler's authority, says elsewhere, that "in
+  the north parts of Scotland, and the islands called Orcades," there are
+  certain trees whereon these tree-geese and barnacles abound.</p>
+
+  <p>The conversion of the fish into a bird, however fabulous, would be
+  scarcely more astonishing than the metamorphosis which it actually
+  undergoes&mdash;the young of the little animal having no feature to
+  identify it with its final development. In its early stage (I quote from
+  Carpenter's <i>Physiology</i>, vol. i. p. 52.) it has a form not unlike
+  that of the crab, "possessing eyes and powers of free motion; but
+  afterwards, becoming fixed to one spot for the remainder of its life, it
+  loses its eyes and forms a shell, which, though composed of various
+  pieces, has nothing in common with the jointed shell of the crab."</p>
+
+  <p>Though Porta wrote at Naples, the story has reference to Scotland; and
+  the tradition is evidently northern, and local. As to <span
+  class="sc">Speriend</span>'s Query, What could give rise to so absurd a
+  story? it doubtless took its origin in the similarity of the tentacles of
+  the fish to feathers of a bird. But I would add the farther Query,
+  whether the ready acceptance and general credence given to so obvious a
+  fable, may not have been derived from giving too literal a construction
+  to the text of the passage in the first chapter of Genesis:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"And God said, Let the <i>waters bring forth abundantly</i> the moving
+  creature that hath life, and <i>the fowl</i> that may fly in the open
+  firmament of heaven?"</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. Emerson Tennent.</span>
+
+  <p>Drayton (1613) in his <i>Poly-olbion</i>, iii., in connexion with the
+  river Dee, speaks of&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Th' anatomised fish, and fowls from planchers sprung,"</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>to which a note is appended in Southey's edition, p. 609., that such
+  fowls were "<i>barnacles</i>, a bird breeding upon old ships." In the
+  <i>Entertaining Library</i>, "Habits of Birds," pp. 363-379., the whole
+  story of this extraordinary instance of ignorance in natural history is
+  amply developed. The barnacle shells which I once saw in a sea-port,
+  attached to a vessel just arrived from the Mediterranean, had the
+  brilliant appearance, at a distance, of flowers in bloom<a
+  name="footnotetag1" href="#footnote1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>; the foot of the
+  <i>Lepas anatifera</i> (Linnćus) appearing to me like the stalk of a
+  plant growing from the ship's side: the shell had the semblance of a
+  calyx, and the flower consisted of the fingers (<i>tentacula</i>) of the
+  shell-fish, "of which twelve project in an elegant curve, and are used by
+  it for making prey of small fish." The very ancient error was to mistake
+  the foot of the shell-fish for the neck of a goose, the shell for its
+  head, and the <i>tentacula</i> for a tuft of feathers. As to the body,
+  <i>non est inventus</i>. The Barnacle Goose is a well-known bird: and
+  these shell-fish, bearing, as seen out of the water, resemblance to the
+  goose's neck, were ignorantly, and without investigation, confounded with
+  geese themselves, an error into which Albertus Magnus (d. 1280) did not
+  fall, and in which Pope Pius II. proved himself infallible. Nevertheless,
+  in France, the Barnacle Goose may be eaten on fast-days by virtue of this
+  old belief in its marine origin.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. J. Buckton</span>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <a name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+  <p>See <i>Penny Cycl</i>., art. <span class="sc">Cirripeda</span>, vii.
+  208., reversing the woodcut.</p>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>DIAL INSCRIPTIONS.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. iv., p. 507. Vol. v., p. 155., &amp;c.)</p>
+
+  <p>In the churchyard of Areley-Kings, Worcestershire (where is the
+  singular memorial to Sir Harry Coningsby, which I mentioned at Vol. vi.,
+  <!-- Page 225 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page225"></a>{225}</span>p. 406.), is a curious dial, the pillar
+  supporting which has its four sides carved with figures of Time and
+  Death, &amp;c., and the following inscriptions.</p>
+
+  <p>On the south side, where is the figure of Time:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i4">Consider</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Aspice&mdash;ut aspicias."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Time's glass and scythe</p>
+      <p>Thy life and death declare,</p>
+      <p>Spend well thy time, and</p>
+      <p>For thy end prepare."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i2hg3">"O man, now or never</p>
+      <p>While there is time, turn unto the Lord,</p>
+      <p class="i2">And put not off from day to day."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>On the north side, where is the figure of Death standing upon a dead
+  body, with his dart, hour-glass, and spade:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Three things there be in very deede,</p>
+      <p>Which make my heart in grief to bleede:</p>
+      <p>The first doth vex my very heart,</p>
+      <p>In that from hence I must departe;</p>
+      <p>The second grieves me now and then,</p>
+      <p>That I must die, but know not when;</p>
+      <p>The third with tears bedews my face,</p>
+      <p>That I must die, nor know the place.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i4">I. W.</p>
+      <p class="i2"><i>fecit</i>, Anno D<span class="over">m</span>i.</p>
+      <p class="i4">1687."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Behold my killing dart and delving spade;</p>
+      <p>Prepare for death before thy grave be made;</p>
+      <p class="i8">for</p>
+      <p class="i4">After death there's no hope."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"If a man die he shall live again.</p>
+      <p>All the days of my appointed time</p>
+      <p>Will I wait till my days come."&mdash;<i>Job</i> xiv. 14.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"The death of saints is precious,</p>
+      <p>And miserable is the death of sinners."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The east side of the pillar has the following:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Si vis ingredi in vitam,</p>
+      <p>Serve mandata."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Judgments are prepared for sinners."&mdash;<i>Prov</i>. xiv. 9.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>And on the west:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i2hg3">"Sol non occidat</p>
+      <p>Super iracundiam vestram."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Whatsoever ye would that men</p>
+      <p class="i2">Should do unto you,</p>
+      <p>Do ye even so unto them."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>I subjoin a few other dial inscriptions, copied from churches in
+  Worcestershire.</p>
+
+  <p>Kidderminster (parish church):</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"None but a villain will deface me."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Himbleton (over the porch):</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Via Vitć."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Bromsgrove:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"We shall &mdash;&mdash;" (<i>i.e.</i> we shall die-all).</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Shrawley:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Ab hoc nomento pendet ćternitas."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Cuthbert Bede</span>, B.A.
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>THE "SALTPETER MAKER."</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii., pp. 377. 433. 460. 530.)</p>
+
+  <p>The following humble petition will give an idea of the arbitrary power
+  exercised by the "Saltpeter maker" in the days of Good Queen Bess; and of
+  the useful monopoly that functionary contrived to make of his employment,
+  in defiance of county government:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Righte honorable, our humble dewties to yo<sup>r</sup> good
+  Lordshippe premised, maye it please the same to be advertised, that at
+  the Quarter sessions holden at Newarke within this countie of Nottingham,
+  There was a generall Complaynte made unto us by the Whole Countrie, that
+  one John Ffoxe, saltpeter maker, had charged the Whole Countrie by his
+  precepts for the Caryinge of Cole from Selsonn, in the Countie of
+  Nottingham, unto the towne of Newarke w<sup>th</sup>in the same countie;
+  beinge sixteene myles distante for the makeinge of saltpeter, some townes
+  w<sup>th</sup> five Cariages and some w<sup>th</sup> lesse, or els to
+  geve him foure shillinges for everie Loade, whereof he hath Recyved a
+  great parte. Uppon w<sup>ch</sup> Complaynte we called the same Ffoxe
+  before some of us at Newarke at the Sessions, there to answere the
+  premisses, and also to make us a propc&#x12B;on what Loades of Coales
+  would serve to make a thowsand of saltpeter, To thend we might have sett
+  some order for the preparing of the same: But the said Ffoxe will not
+  sett downe anie rate what would serve for the makeinge of a Thowsande.
+  Therefore we have thoughte good to advertise your good Lordshippe of the
+  premisses, and have appoynted the clarke of the peace of this countie of
+  Nottingham to attend yo<sup>r</sup> good Lordshippe to know
+  yo<sup>r</sup> Lordshippes pleasure about the same, who can further
+  informe yo<sup>r</sup> good Lordshippe of the particularities thereof, if
+  it shall please yo<sup>r</sup> good Lordshippe to geve him hearings, And
+  so most humblie take our Leaves, Newarke, the viij<sup>th</sup> of
+  Octob<sup>r</sup>, 1589.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Your L<sup>pp</sup> most humblie to Comaunde,</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">Ro. Markham,</span></p>
+      <p><span class="sc">William Sutton,</span></p>
+      <p><span class="sc">R<span class="over">au</span>f Barton, 1589,</span></p>
+      <p><span class="sc">N<span class="over">ih</span>s Roos,</span></p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Brian Lassels,</span></p>
+      <p><span class="sc">John Thornhagh."</span></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The document is addressed on the back "To the Right Honorable our
+  verie good Lord the Lord Burghley, Lord Heighe Threasoro<sup>r</sup> of
+  England, yeve theis;" and is numbered LXI. 72. among the Lansdowne MSS.,
+  B. M.</p>
+
+  <p>The proposal quoted below has no date attached, but probably belongs
+  to the former part of the seventeenth century:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+<p class="cenhead">"<span class="sc">The Service</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>"1. To make 500 Tunne of refined Saltpetre within his
+  Ma<sup>ties</sup> dominions yearely, and continually, and cheaper.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Without digging of homes or charging of carts, or any other
+  charge to the subject whatsoever.</i> <!-- Page 226 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page226"></a>{226}</span></p>
+
+  <p>3. To performe the whole service at our owne cost.</p>
+
+  <p>4. Not to hinder any man in his owne way of makeing saltpetre, nor
+  importation from forreine parts."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The following memorandum is underwritten:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Mr. Speaker hath our Bill; Be pleased to-morrow to call for it."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The original draft of the above disinterested offer may be seen Harl.
+  CLVIII. fol. 272.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Furvus.</span>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>St. James's.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>TSAR.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 150.)</p>
+
+  <p>The difficulty in investigating the origin of this word is that the
+  letter <i>c</i>, "the most wonderful of all letters," says Eichhoff
+  (<i>Vergleichung der Sprachen</i>, p. 55.), sounds like <i>k</i> before
+  the vowels <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>, but before <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>,
+  in French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch, as <i>s</i>, in Italian as
+  <i>tsh</i>, in German as <i>ts</i>. It is always <i>ts</i> in Polish and
+  Bohemian. In Russian it is represented by a special letter <span
+  lang="ru" title="ts" >&#x446;</span>, <i>tsi</i>; but in Celtic it is
+  always <i>k</i>. Conformably with this principle, the Russians, like the
+  Germans, Poles, and Bohemians, pronounce the Latin <i>c</i> as <i>ts</i>.
+  So Cicero in these languages is pronounced <i>Tsitsero</i>, very
+  differently from the Greeks, who called him <i>Kikero</i>. The letter
+  <i>tsi</i> is a supplementary one in Russian, having no corresponding
+  letter in the Greek alphabet, from which the Russian was formed in the
+  ninth century by St. Cyril. The word to be sought then amongst cognate
+  languages as the counterpart of <i>tsar</i> (or as the Germans write it
+  <i>czar</i>) is <i>car</i>, as pronounced in English, French, Spanish,
+  Portuguese, and Dutch. The most probable etymological connection that I
+  can discover is with the Sanscrit <a href="images/201_014.png"><img
+  src="images/201_014.png" class="middle" style="height:2ex" alt="Sanskrit:
+  car" /></a> <i>car</i>, to move, to advance; the root of the Greek <span
+  title="karrhon" class="grk"
+  >&kappa;&#x1F71;&#x1FE4;&#x1FE5;&omicron;&nu;</span>, in English
+  <i>car</i>, Latin <i>curro</i>, French <i>cours</i>. So Sanscrit
+  <i>caras</i>, <i>carat</i>, movable, nimble; Greek <span title="chraôn" class="grk"
+  >&chi;&rho;&#x1F71;&omega;&nu;</span>, Latin <i>currens</i>. And Sanscrit
+  <i>câras</i>, motion, Greek <span title="choros" class="grk"
+  >&chi;&#x1F79;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, Latin <i>currus</i>,
+  <i>cursus</i>, French <i>char</i>, English <i>car</i>, <i>cart</i>,
+  &amp;c. The early Russians were doubtless wanderers, an off-shoot of the
+  people known to the Greeks as Scythians, and to the Hebrews and Arabians
+  as Gog and Magog, who travelled in <i>cars</i>, occupying first one
+  territory with their flocks, but not cultivating the land, then leaving
+  it to nature and taking up another resting-place. It is certain that the
+  Russians have many Asiatic words in their vocabulary, which must
+  necessarily have occurred from their being for more than two centuries
+  sometimes under Tatar, and sometimes under Mongol domination; and the
+  origin of this word <i>tsar</i> or <i>car</i> may leave to be sought on
+  the plateaus of North-east Asia. In the Shemitic tongues (Arabic, Hebrew,
+  Persian, &amp;c.) no connexion of sound or meaning, so probable as the
+  above Indo-European one, is to be found. The popular derivations of
+  Nabupolassar, Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, &amp;c., are not to be trusted.
+  It is remarkable, however, that these names are significant in Russian.
+  (See "N. &amp; Q.," Vol. vii., pp. 432, 433, <i>note</i>.) The cuneatic
+  inscriptions may yet throw light on these Assyrian names. In Russian the
+  kingdom is <i>Tsarstvo</i>, the king <i>Tsar</i>, his queen
+  <i>Tsarina</i>, his son is <i>Tsarevitch</i>, and his daughter
+  <i>Tsarevna</i>. The word is probably pure Russian or Slavic. The Russian
+  tsar used about two hundred years ago to be styled duke by foreign
+  courts, but he has advanced in the nomenclature of royalty to be an
+  emperor. The Russians use the word <i>imperatore</i> for emperor,
+  <i>Kesar</i> for Cćsar, and <i>samodershetse</i> for sovereign.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. J. Buckton.</span>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Birmingham.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>In Voltaire's <i>History of the Russian Empire</i>, it is stated that
+  the title of Czar may possibly be derived front the <i>Tzars</i> or
+  <i>Tchars</i> of the kingdom of Casan. When John, or Ivan Basilides,
+  Grand Prince of Russia, had completed the reduction of this kingdom, he
+  assumed this title, and it has since continued to his successors. Before
+  the reign of John Basilides, the sovereigns of Russia bore the name of
+  <i>Velike Knez</i>, that is, great prince, great lord, great chief, which
+  in Christian countries was afterwards rendered by that of great duke. The
+  Czar Michael Federovitz, on occasion of the Holstein embassy, assumed the
+  titles of Great Knez and Great Lord, Conservator of all the Russias,
+  Prince of Wolodimir, Moscow, Novogorod, &amp;c., Tzar of Casan, Tzar of
+  Astracan, Tzar of Siberia. The name of <i>Tzar</i> was therefore the
+  title of those Oriental princes, and therefore it is more probable for it
+  to have been derived from the <i>Tshas</i> of Persia than from the Roman
+  Cćsars, whose name very likely never reached the ears of the Siberian
+  Tzars on the banks of the Oby. In another part of Voltaire's
+  <i>History</i>, when giving an account of the celebrated battle of Narva,
+  where Charles XII., with nine thousand men and ten pieces of cannon,
+  defeated "the Russian army with eighty thousand fighting men, supported
+  by one hundred and forty-five pieces of cannon," he says, "Among the
+  captives was the son of a King of Georgia, whom Charles sent to
+  Stockholm; his name was <i>Mittelesky Czarowitz</i>, or Czar's Son, which
+  is farther proof that the title of Czar or Tzar was not originally
+  derived from the Roman Cćsars." To the above slightly abbreviated
+  description may not be uninterestingly added the language of Voltaire,
+  which immediately follows the first reference:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"No title, how great soever, is of any signification, unless they who
+  bear it are great and powerful of themselves. The word <i>emperor</i>,
+  which denoted only the <i>general of an army</i>, became the title of the
+  <!-- Page 227 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page227"></a>{227}</span>sovereigns of Rome and it is now conferred
+  on the supreme governor of all the Russias."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">A Hermit at Hampstead.</span>
+
+  <p>I beg to inform J. S. A. that the right word is <i>Tsar</i>, and that
+  it is the Russian word answering to our king or lord, the Latin
+  <i>Rex</i>, the Persian <i>Shah</i>, &amp;c. There may be terms in other
+  languages that have an affinity with it, but I believe we should seek in
+  vain for a derivation.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">T. K.
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>"LAND OF GREEN GINGER."</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. viii., p. 160.)</p>
+
+  <p>I wish that <span class="sc">R. W. Elliot</span> of Clifton, whom I
+  recognise as a former inhabitant of Hull, had given the authority on
+  which he states, that "It is so called from the sale of ginger having
+  been chiefly carried on there in early times." The name of this street
+  has much puzzled the local antiquaries; and having been for several years
+  engaged on a work relative to the derivations, &amp;c., of the names of
+  the streets of Hull, I have spared no pains to ascertain the history and
+  derivation of the singular name of this street.</p>
+
+  <p>I offer then a conjecture as to its derivation as follows:&mdash;The
+  ground on which this street stands was originally the property of De la
+  Pole, Duke of Suffolk, on which he had built his stately manor-house. On
+  the attainder of the family it was seized by the king; and Henry VIII.
+  several times held his court here, on one of his visits having presented
+  his sword to the corporation. It was then, 1538, called Old Beverley
+  Street, as seen in the survey made of the estates of Sir William Sydney,
+  Kt. In a romance called <i>Piraute el Blanco</i>, it is stated "The
+  morning collation at the English Court was <i>green ginger</i> with good
+  Malmsey, which was their custom, because of the coldness of the land."
+  And in the <i>F&oelig;dera</i>, vii. 233., it is stated that, among other
+  things, the cargo of a Genoese ship, which was driven ashore at Dunster,
+  in Somersetshire, in 1380, consisted of green ginger (ginger cured with
+  lemon-juice). In Hollar's Map of Hull, 1640, the street is there laid out
+  as built upon, but without any name attached to it. No other plans of
+  Hull are at present known to exist from the time of Hollar, 1640, to
+  Gent, 1735. In Gent's plan of Hull, it is there called "The Land of Green
+  Ginger;" so that probably, between the years 1640 and 1735, it received
+  its peculiar name.</p>
+
+  <p>I therefore conjecture that, as Henry VIII. kept his Court here with
+  his usual regal magnificence, green ginger would be one of the luxuries
+  of his table; that this portion of his royal property being laid out as a
+  garden, was peculiarly suitable for the growth of ginger&mdash;the same
+  as Pontefract was for the growth of the liquorice plant; and that, upon
+  the property being built upon, the remembrance of this spot being so
+  suitable for the growth of ginger for the Court, would eventually give
+  the peculiar name, in the same way that the adjoining street of
+  Bowl-Alley-Lane received its title from the bowling-green near to it.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">John Richardson.</span>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>13. Savile Street, Hull.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>This has long been a puzzle to the Hull antiquaries. I have often
+  inquired of old persons likely to know the origin of such names of places
+  at that sea-port as "The Land of Green Ginger," "Pig Alley,"
+  "Mucky-south-end," and "Rotten Herring Staith;" and I have come to the
+  conclusion, that "The Land of Green Ginger" was a very dirty place where
+  horses were kept: a mews, in short, which none of the Muses, not even
+  with Homer as an exponent, could exalt (<span title="'Epea pteroenta en athanatoisi theoisi'" class="grk"
+  >"&#x1F1C;&pi;&epsilon;&alpha;
+  &pi;&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&#x1F73;&nu;&tau;&alpha; &#x1F10;&nu;
+  &#x1F00;&theta;&alpha;&nu;&#x1F71;&tau;&omicron;&iota;&sigma;&iota;
+  &theta;&epsilon;&omicron;&#x1FD6;&sigma;&iota;"</span>) into the regions
+  of poesy.</p>
+
+  <p>Ginger has been cultivated in this country as a <i>stove</i> exotic
+  for about two hundred and fifty years. In one of the histories of Hull,
+  ginger is supposed to have grown in this street, where, to a recent
+  period, the stables of the George Inn, and those of a person named Foster
+  opposite, occupied the principal portion of the short lane called "Land
+  of Green Ginger." It is hardly possible that the true zingiber can have
+  grown here, even in the manure heaps; but a plant of the same order
+  (<i>Zingiberaceć</i>) may have been mistaken for it. Some of the old
+  women or marine school-boys of the Trinity House, in the adjoining lane
+  named from that guild, or some druggist, may have dropped, either
+  accidentally or experimentally, a root, if not of the ginger, yet of some
+  kindred plant. The magnificent <i>Fuchsia</i> was first noticed in the
+  possession of a seaman's wife by Fuchs in 1501, a century prior to the
+  introduction of the ginger plant into England.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. J. Buckton</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Birmingham.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>Stereoscopic Angles</i>.&mdash;The discussion in "N. &amp; Q."
+  relative to the best angle for stereoscopic pictures has gone far towards
+  a satisfactory conclusion: there are, however, still a few points which
+  may be beneficially considered.</p>
+
+  <p>In the first place, the kind of stereoscope to be used must tend to
+  modify the mental impression; and secondly, the <i>amount</i> of
+  reduction from the size of the original has a considerable influence on
+  the final result.</p>
+
+  <p>If in viewing a stereoscopic pair of photographs, they are placed
+  <i>at the same distance</i> from the eyes as the <i>length of the focus
+  of the lens used in producing them</i>, then without doubt the distance
+  between the eyes, viz. about two and a quarter <!-- Page 228 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page228"></a>{228}</span>inches, is the best
+  difference between the two points of view to produce a perfectly natural
+  result; and if the points of operation be more distant from one another,
+  as I have before intimated, an effect is produced similar to what would
+  be the case if the pictures were taken from a <i>model</i> of the object
+  instead of the object itself.</p>
+
+  <p>When it is intended that the pictures taken are to be viewed by an
+  instrument that requires their distance from the eyes to be <i>less</i>
+  than the focal length of the lens used in their formation, what is the
+  result? Why, that they subtend an angle larger than in nature, and are
+  consequently apparently <i>increased</i> in bulk; and the obvious remedy
+  is to <i>increase</i> the angle between the points of generation in the
+  exact ratio as that by which the visual distance is to be lessened. There
+  is one other consideration to which I would advert, viz. that as we judge
+  of <i>distance</i>, &amp;c. mainly by the degree of <i>convergence</i> of
+  the optic axes of our two eyes, it cannot be so good to arrange the
+  camera with its two positions quite parallel, especially for objects at a
+  short or medium distance, as to let its centre radiate from the principal
+  object to be delineated; and to accomplish this desideratum in the
+  readiest way (for portraits especially), the ingenious contrivance of Mr.
+  Latimer Clark, described in the <i>Journal</i> of the Photographic
+  Society, appears to me the best adapted. It consists of a modification of
+  the old parallel ruler arrangement on which the camera is placed; but one
+  of the sides has an adjustment, so that within certain limits any degree
+  of convergence is attainable. Now in the case of the pictures alluded to
+  by <span class="sc">Mr. H. Wilkinson</span> in Vol. viii., p. 181., it is
+  probable they were taken by a camera placed in two positions parallel to
+  one another, and it is quite clear that only a <i>portion</i> of the two
+  pictures could have been really stereoscopic. It is perfectly true that
+  two indifferent negatives will often combine and form one good
+  stereoscopic positive, but this is in consequence of one possessing that
+  in which the other is deficient; and at any rate two <i>good</i> pictures
+  will have a <i>better</i> effect; consequently, it is better that the two
+  views should contain exactly the same <i>range</i> of vision.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Geo. Shadbolt.</span>
+
+  <p><i>Protonitrate of Iron</i>.&mdash;"Being in the habit of using
+  protonitrate of iron for developing collodion pictures, the following
+  method of preparing that solution suggested itself to me, which appears
+  to possess great advantages:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Water                       1 oz.</p>
+      <p>Protosulphate of iron      14 grs.</p>
+      <p>Nitrate of potash          10 grs.</p>
+      <p>Acetic acid                 ˝ drm.</p>
+      <p>Nitric acid                 2 drops.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>In this mixture nitrate of potash is employed to convert the sulphate
+  of iron into nitrate in place of nitrate of baryta in Dr. Diamond's
+  formula, or nitrate of lead as recommended by Mr. Sisson; the advantage
+  being that no filtering is required, as the sulphate of potash (produced
+  by the double decomposition) is soluble in water, and does not interfere
+  with the developing qualities of the solution.</p>
+
+  <p>"The above gives the bright deposit of silver so much admired in Dr.
+  Diamond's pictures, and will be found to answer equally well either for
+  positives or negatives. If the nitric acid be omitted, we obtain the
+  effects of protonitrate of iron prepared in the usual way.&mdash;<span
+  class="sc">John Spiller</span>."</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(From the <i>Photographic Journal</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Photographs in natural Colours</i>.&mdash;As "N. &amp; Q." numbers
+  among its correspondents many residents in the United States, I hope you
+  will permit me to inquire through its columns whether there is really any
+  foundation for the very startling announcement, in Professor Hunt's
+  <i>Photography</i>, of Mr. Hill of New York having "obtained more than
+  fifty pictures from nature in all the beauty of native coloration," or
+  whether the statement is, as I conclude Professor Hunt is inclined to
+  believe, one of those hoaxes in which many of our transatlantic friends
+  take so much delight.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Matter-of-Fact</span>.
+
+  <p><i>Photographs by artificial Lights</i>.&mdash;May I ask for
+  references to any manuals of photography, or papers in scientific
+  journals, in which are recorded any experiments that have been made with
+  the view of obtaining photographs by means of artificial lights? This is,
+  I have no doubt, a subject of interest to many who, like myself, are
+  busily occupied during the day, and have only their evenings for
+  scientific pursuits: while it is obvious, that if such a process can be
+  successfully practised, there are many objects&mdash;such as
+  <i>prints</i>, <i>coins</i>, <i>seals</i>, <i>objects of natural history
+  and antiquity</i>&mdash;which might well be copied by it, even though
+  artificial light should prove far slower in its action than solar
+  light.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">A Clerk</span>.
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Replies to Minor Queries.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Vandyke in America</i> (Vol. viii., p. 182.).&mdash;I would take
+  the liberty of asking <span class="sc">Mr. Balch</span> of Philadelphia
+  whom he means by Col. Hill and Col. Byrd, "worthies famous in English
+  history, and whose portraits by Vandyke are now on the James River?" I
+  know of no Col. Hill or Byrd whom Vandyke could possibly have painted. I
+  should also like to know what proof there is that the pictures,
+  whomsoever they represent, are by <i>Vandyke</i>. <span class="sc">Mr.
+  Balch</span> says that he favours us with this information "<i>in answer
+  to the query</i>" (Vol. vii., p. 38.); but I beg leave to observe that it
+  is by no means "in answer to the query," which was about an
+  <i>engraved</i> portrait and not <i>picture</i>, and <!-- Page 229
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page229"></a>{229}</span>his thus
+  bringing in the Vandykes <i>ŕ propos de bottes</i> makes me a little
+  curious about their authenticity.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">C.
+
+  <p><i>Title wanted&mdash;Choirochorographia</i> (Vol. viii., p.
+  151.).&mdash;The full title of the book inquired after is as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"<span title="Choirochôrographia" class="grk"
+  >&Chi;&omicron;&iota;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&omega;&rho;&omicron;&gamma;&rho;&alpha;&phi;&iota;&alpha;</span>:
+  sive, Hoglandić Descriptio.&mdash;Plaudite <i>Porcelli Porcorum pigra
+  Propago</i> (Eleg. Poet.): Londini, Anno Domini 1709. Pretium
+  2<sup>d</sup>," 8vo.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The printer, as appears from the advertisement at the end of the
+  volume, was Henry Hills. The middle of the title-page is occupied by a
+  coarsely executed woodcut, representing a boar with barbed instrument in
+  his snout, and similar instrument on a larger scale under the head,
+  surmounted with some rude characters, which I read</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"TURX TRVYE BEVIS O HAMTVN."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The dedication is headed, "Augusto admodum &amp; undiquaq; Spectabili
+  Heroi Domini H&mdash;&mdash; S&mdash;&mdash; Maredydius Caduganus
+  Pymlymmonensis, S.P.D." The entire work appears to be written in ridicule
+  of Hampshire, and to be intended as a retaliation for work written by
+  Edward Holdsworth, of Magd. Coll. Oxford, entitled <i>Muscipula, sive</i>
+  <span title="kambro-muo-machia" class="grk"
+  >&kappa;&alpha;&mu;&beta;&rho;&omicron;-&mu;&upsilon;&omicron;-&mu;&alpha;&chi;&iota;&alpha;</span>,
+  published by the same printer in the same year, and translated by Dr.
+  Hoadly in the fifth volume of Dodsley's <i>Miscellany</i>, p. 277., edit.
+  1782.</p>
+
+  <p>Query, Who was the author? and had Holdsworth any farther connexion
+  with Hampshire than that of having been educated at Winchester
+  School?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. F. M.
+
+  <p><i>Second Growth of Grass</i> (Vol. viii., p. 102.).&mdash;R. W. F. of
+  Bath inquires for other names than "fog," &amp;c. In Sussex we leave
+  "rowens," or "rewens" (the latter, I believe, a corruption), used for the
+  second growth of grass.</p>
+
+  <p>Halliwell, in his <i>Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words</i>,
+  has "<i>Rowens</i>, after-grass," as a Suffolk word. Bailey gives the
+  word, with a somewhat different signification; but he has "<i>Rowen
+  hay</i>, latter hay," as a country word.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">William Figg</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Lewes.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>In Norfolk this is called "aftermath eddish," and "rowans" or
+  "rawins."</p>
+
+  <p>The first term is evidently from the A.-S. <i>mćth</i>, mowing or
+  math: Bosworth's <i>Dictionary</i>. Eddish is likewise from the A.-S.
+  <i>edisc</i>, signifying the second growth; it is used by Tusser,
+  <i>October's Husbandry</i>, stanza 4.:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Where wheat upon <i>eddish</i> ye mind to bestow,</p>
+      <p>Let that be the first of the wheat ye do sow."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>Rawings</i> also occurs in Tusser, and in the <i>Promptorium
+  Parvulorum</i>, <i>rawynhey</i> is mentioned. In Bailey's
+  <i>Dictionary</i> it is spelt <i>rowen</i> and <i>roughings</i>: this
+  last form gives the etymology, for <i>rowe</i>, as may be seen in
+  Halliwell, is an old form for <i>rough</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">E. G. R.
+
+  <p>I have always heard it called in Northumberland, <i>fog</i>; in
+  Norfolk, <i>after-math</i>; in Oxfordshire, I am told, it is
+  <i>latter-math</i>. This term is pure A.-Saxon, <i>mćth</i>, the mowing;
+  the former word <i>fog</i>, and <i>eddish</i> also, are to be found in
+  dictionaries, but their derivation is not satisfactory.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">C. I. R.
+
+  <p><i>Snail eating</i> (Vol. viii., p. 34).&mdash;The beautiful specimens
+  of the large white snails were brought from Italy by Single-speech
+  Hamilton, a gentleman of <i>vertů</i> and exquisite taste, and placed in
+  the grounds at Paynes Hill, and some fine statues likewise. On the change
+  of property, the snails were dispersed about the country; and many of
+  them were picked up by my grandfather, who lived at the Grove under
+  Boxhill, near Dorking. They were found in the hedges about West Humble,
+  and in the grounds of the Grove. I had this account from my mother; and
+  had once some of the shells, which I had found when staying in
+  Surrey.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Julia R. Bockett.</span>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Southcote Lodge.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The snails asked after by <span class="sc">Mr. H. T. Riley</span> are
+  to be met with near Dorking. When in that neighbourhood one day in May
+  last, I found two in the hedgerow on the London road (west side) between
+  Dorking and Box Hill. They are much larger than the common snail, the
+  shells of a light brown, and the flesh only slightly tinged with green. I
+  identified them by a description and drawing given in an excellent book
+  for children, the <i>Parent's Cabinet</i>, which also states that they
+  are to be found about Box Hill.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">G. Rogers Long.</span>
+
+  <p>The large white snail (<i>Helix pomatia</i>) is found in abundance
+  about Box Hill in Surrey. It is also plentiful near Stonesfield in
+  Oxfordshire, where have, at different periods, been discovered
+  considerable remains of Roman villas; and it has been suggested that this
+  snail was introduced by the former inhabitants of those villas.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. C. Trevelyan.</span>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Wallington.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>Sotades</i> (Vol. vii., p. 417.).&mdash;Sotades is the supposed
+  inventor of Palindromic verses (see Mr. Sands' <i>Specimens of Macaronic
+  Poetry</i>, p. 5., 1831. His enigma on "Madam" was written by Miss Ritson
+  of Lowestoft).</p>
+
+  <p class="author">S. Z. Z. S.
+
+  <p><i>The Letter "h" in "humble"</i> (Vol. viii., p. 54).&mdash;The
+  question has been raised by one of your correspondents (and I have not
+  observed any reply thereto), as to whether it is a peculiarity of
+  Londoners to pronounce the <i>h</i> in <i>humble</i>. If, as a Londoner
+  by birth and residence, I might be allowed to answer the Query, I should
+  say that <!-- Page 230 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page230"></a>{230}</span>the <i>h</i> is never heard in
+  <i>humble</i>, except when the word is pronounced from the pulpit. I
+  believe it to be one of those, either Oxford or Cambridge, or both,
+  peculiarities, of which no reasonable explanation can be given.</p>
+
+  <p>I should be glad to hear whether any satisfactory general rule has
+  been laid down as to when the <i>h</i> should be sounded, and when not.
+  The only rule which occurs to me is to pronounce it in all words coming
+  to us from the Celtic "stock," and to pass it unsounded in those which
+  are of Latin origin. If this rule be admitted, the pronunciation
+  sanctioned by the pulpit and Mr. Dickens is condemned.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Benjamin Dawson.</span>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>London.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>Lord North</i> (Vol. vii., p. 317. Vol. viii., p. 184.).&mdash;Is
+  M. E. of Philadelphia laughing at us, when he refers us to a
+  <i>woodcut</i> in some American pictorial publication on the American
+  Revolution for a true portraiture of the figure and features of King
+  George III.; different, I presume, from that which I gave you. His
+  woodcut, he says, is taken "from an English engraving;" he does not tell
+  us who either painter or engraver was&mdash;but no matter. We have
+  hundreds of portraits by the best hands which confirm my description,
+  which moreover was the result of personal observation: for, from the
+  twentieth to the thirtieth years of my life, I had frequent and close
+  opportunities of approaching his Majesty. I cannot but express my
+  surprise that "N. &amp; Q." should have given insertion to anything so
+  absurd&mdash;to use the gentlest term&mdash;as M.&nbsp;E.'s appeal to his
+  "woodcut."</p>
+
+  <p class="author">C.
+
+  <p><i>Singing Psalms and Politics</i> (Vol. viii., p. 56.).&mdash;One
+  instance of the misapplication of psalmody must suggest itself at once to
+  the readers of "N. &amp; Q.," I mean the melancholy episode in the
+  history of the Martyr King, thus related by Hume:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Another preacher, after reproaching him to his face with his
+  misgovernment, ordered this Psalm to be sung,&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'Why dost thou, tyrant, boast thyself,</p>
+      <p class="i1">Thy wicked deeds to praise?'</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The king stood up, and called for that Psalm which begins with these
+  words,&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg1">'Have mercy, Lord, on me, I pray;</p>
+      <p class="i1">For men would me devour.'</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The good-natured audience, in pity to fallen majesty, showed for once
+  greater deference to the king than to the minister, and sung the psalm
+  which the former had called for."&mdash;<i>Hume's History of England</i>,
+  ch. 58.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. Fraser.</span>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Tor-Mohun.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>Dimidiation by Impalement</i> (Vol. vii., p. 630.).&mdash;Your
+  correspondent D. P. concludes his notice on this subject by doubting if
+  any instance of "Dimidiation by Impalement" can be found since the time
+  of Henry VIII. If he turn to Anderson's <i>Diplomata Scotić</i> (p. 164.
+  and 90.), he will find that Mary Queen of Scots bore the arms of France
+  dimidiated with those of Scotland from <span class="scac">A.D.</span>
+  1560 to December 1565. This coat she bore as Queen Dowager of France,
+  from the death of her first husband, the King of France, until her
+  marriage with Darnley.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. H. de H.</span>
+
+  <p>"<i>Inter cuncta micans</i>," &amp;<i>c</i>. (Vol. vi, p. 413.; Vol.
+  vii., p. 510.).&mdash;The following translation is by the Rev. Geo. Greig
+  of Kennington. It preserves the acrostic and mesostic, though not the
+  telestic, form of the original:</p>
+
+<table><tr><td>
+"In glory rising see the sun,<br />
+&nbsp;Enlightening heaven's wide expanse,<br />
+&nbsp;So light into the darkest soul,<br />
+&nbsp;Uplifting Thy life-giving smiles<br />
+&nbsp;Sun Thou of Righteousness Divine,
+</td><td>
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; Illustrious orb of day,<br />
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; Expel night's gloom away.<br />
+JESUS, Thou dost impart,<br />
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; Upon the deaden'd heart;<br />
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; Sole King of Saints Thou art."
+</td></tr></table>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. T. Griffith.</span>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Hull.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>Marriage Service</i> (Vol. viii., p. 150.).&mdash;I have seen the
+  Rubric carried out, in this particular, in St. Mary's Church,
+  Kidderminster.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Cuthbert Bede</span>, B. A.
+
+  <p><i>Widowed Wife</i> (Vol. viii., p. 56.).&mdash;<i>Eur. Hec.</i> 612.
+  "Widowed wife and wedded maid," occurs in Vanda's prophecy; Sir W.
+  Scott's <i>The Betrothed</i>, ch. xv.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">S. Z. Z. S.
+
+  <p><i>Pure</i> (Vol. viii., p. 125.).&mdash;The use of the word
+  <i>pure</i> pointed out by <span class="sc">Oxoniensis</span> is nothing
+  new. It is a common provincialism now, and was formerly good English.
+  Here are two examples from Swift (<i>Letters</i>, by Hawkesworth, vol.
+  iv. 1768, p.21.):</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Ballygall will be a pure good place for air."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Ibid. p. 29.:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Have you smoakt the Tattler yet? It is much liked, and I think it a
+  <i>pure</i> one."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. Mansfield Ingleby.</span>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Birmingham.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>"Purely, I thank you," is a common reply of the country folks in this
+  part when accosted as to their health. I recollect once asking a
+  market-woman about her son who had been ill, and received for an answer:
+  "Oh he's quite <i>fierce</i> again, thank you, Sir." Meaning, of course,
+  that he had quite recovered.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Norris Deck</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Cambridge.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>Mrs. Tighe</i> (Vol. viii., p. 103.).&mdash;"There is a likeness of
+  Mrs. Henry Tighe, the authoress of 'Psyche,' in the <i>Ladies' Monthly
+  Museum</i> for February, 1818. It is engraved by J. Hopwood, jun., from a
+  drawing by Miss Emma Drummond. Underneath the engraving referred to, are
+  the words 'Mrs. Henry Tighe;' but she is called in <!-- Page 231 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page231"></a>{231}</span>the memoir, 'wife of
+  William Tighe, Esq., M.P. for Wicklow, whose residence is Woodstock,
+  county of Kilkenny, author of <i>The Plants</i>, a poem, 8vo.: published
+  in 1808 and 1811; and <i>Statistical Observations on the County of
+  Kilkenny</i>, 1800. Mrs. Tighe is described as having had a pleasing
+  person, and a countenance that indicated melancholy and deep reflection;
+  was amiable in her domestic relations; had a mind well stored with
+  classic literature; and, with strong feelings and affections, expressed
+  her thoughts with the nicest discrimination, and taste the most refined
+  and delicate. Thus endued, it is to be regretted that Mrs. Tighe should
+  have fallen a victim to a lingering disease of six years at the premature
+  age of thirty-seven, on March 24, 1810.'&mdash;The remainder of the short
+  notice does not throw any additional light on Mrs. Tighe, or family; but
+  if you, Sir, or the Editor of "N. &amp; Q." wish, I will cheerfully
+  transcribe it.&mdash;I am, Sir, yours in haste,</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Vix</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Belfast, Aug. 15."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<div class="note">
+  <p>[We are indebted for the above reply to the <i>Dublin Weekly
+  Telegraph</i>, which not only does us the honour to quote very freely
+  from our pages, but always most liberally acknowledges the source from
+  which the articles so quoted are derived.]</p>
+
+</div>
+
+  <p><i>Satirical Medal</i> (Vol. viii., p. 57.).&mdash;I have seen the
+  same medal of Sir R. Walpole (the latest instance of the medićval
+  <i>hell-mouth</i> with which I am acquainted) bearing on the
+  obverse&mdash;"<span class="scac">THE GENEROUSE</span> (<i>sic</i>) <span
+  class="scac">DUKE OF ARGYLE</span>;" and at the foot&mdash;"<span
+  class="scac">NO PENTIONS</span>."</p>
+
+  <p class="author">S. Z. Z. S.
+
+  <p>"<i>They shot him dead at the Nine-Stone Rig</i>" (Vol. viii., p.
+  78.).&mdash;Your correspondent the <span class="sc">Borderer</span> will
+  find the fragment of the ballad he is in search of commencing with the
+  above line, in the second volume of the <i>Minstrelsy of the Scottish
+  Border</i>, p. 114. It is entitled "Barthram's Dirge," and "was taken
+  down," says Scott, "by Mr. Surtees, from the recitation of Anne Douglas,
+  an old woman, who weeded his garden."</p>
+
+  <p>Since the death of Mr. Surtees, however, it has been ascertained that
+  this ballad, as well as "The Death of Featherstonhaugh," and some others
+  in the same collection, were composed by him and passed off upon Scott as
+  genuine old Scottish ballads.</p>
+
+  <p>Farther particulars respecting this clever literary imposition are
+  given in a review of the "Memoir of Robert Surtees," in the
+  <i>Athenćum</i> of August 7, 1852.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. K. R. W.
+
+  <p><i>Hendericus du Booys: Helena Leonora de Sievéri</i> (Vol. v., p.
+  370.).&mdash;Are two different portraits of each of these two persons to
+  be found? By no means. There exists, however, a plate of each, engraved
+  by C. Visscher; but the first impressions bear the address of E. du
+  Booys, the later that of E. Cooper. As I am informed by Mr. Bodel
+  Nijenhuis, Hendericus du Booys took part in the celebrated three-days'
+  fight, Feb. 18, 19, and 20, 1653, between Blake and Tromp.&mdash;From the
+  <i>Navorscher</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">M.
+
+  <p><i>House-marks, &amp;c</i>. (Vol. vii., p. 594. Vol. viii., p.
+  62.).&mdash;May I be allowed to inform <span class="sc">Mr.
+  Collyns</span> that the custom he refers to is by no means of modern
+  date. Nearly all the cattle which come to Malta from Barbary to be
+  stall-fed for consumption, or horses to be sold in the garrison, bring
+  with them their distinguishing marks by which they may be easily
+  known.</p>
+
+  <p>And it may not be out of place to remark, that being one of a party in
+  the winter of 1830, travelling overland from Smyrna to Ephesus, we
+  reached a place just before sunset where a roving band of Turcomans had
+  encamped for the night. On nearing these people we observed that the
+  women were preparing food for their supper, while the men were employed
+  in branding with a hot iron, under the camel's upper lip, their own
+  peculiar mark,&mdash;a very necessary precaution, it must be allowed,
+  with people who are so well known for their pilfering propensities, not
+  only practised on each other, but also on all those who come within their
+  neighbourhood. Having as strangers paid our tribute to their great
+  dexterity in their profession, the circumstance was published at the
+  time, and to this day is not forgotten.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">W. W.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Malta.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>"<i>Qui facit per alium, facit per se</i>."&mdash;In Vol. vii., p.
+  488., I observe an attempt to trace the source of the expression, "Qui
+  facit per alium, facit per se." A few months since I met with the
+  quotation under some such form as "Qui facit per alium, per se facere
+  videtur," in the preface to a book on <i>Surveying</i>, by Fitzherbert
+  (printed by Berthelet about 1535), where it is attributed to St.
+  Augustine. As I know of no copy of the works of that father in these
+  parts (though I heard him quoted last Sunday in the pulpit), I cannot at
+  present verify the reference.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. Sleednot.</span>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Halifax.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>Engin-ŕ-verge</i> (Vol. vii., p. 619. Vol. viii., p. 65.).&mdash;H.
+  C. K. is mistaken in his conjecture respecting this word, as the
+  following definition of it will show:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"<i>Engins-ŕ-verge</i>. Ils comprenaient les diverges espčces de
+  catapultes, les pierriers, &amp;c."&mdash;Bescherelle, <i>Dictionnaire
+  National</i>.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author">B. H. C.
+
+  <p><i>Campvere, Privileges of</i> (Vol viii., p. 89.).&mdash;"Jus Gruis
+  liberć." Does not this mean the privilege of using a crane to raise their
+  goods free of dues, municipal or fiscal? <i>Grus</i>, <i>grue</i>,
+  <i>krahn</i>, <!-- Page 232 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page232"></a>{232}</span><i>kraan</i>, all mean, in their different
+  languages, crane the bird, and crane the machine.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. H. L.
+
+  <p><i>Humbug</i>&mdash;<i>Ambages</i> (Vol. viii., p. 64.).&mdash;May I
+  be permitted to inform your correspondent that Mr. May was certainly
+  correct when using the word "ambages" as an English word in his
+  translation of Lucan.</p>
+
+  <p>In Howell's <i>Dictionary</i>, published in London in May 1660, I find
+  it thus recorded</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Ambages, or circumstances."</p>
+      <p class="hg3">"Full of ambages."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p class="author">W. W.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Malta.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>"<i>Going to Old Weston</i>" (Vol. iii., p. 449.).&mdash;In turning
+  over the pages of the third volume of "N. &amp; Q." recently, I stumbled
+  on <span class="sc">Arun's</span> notice of the above proverb. It
+  immediately struck me that I had heard it used myself a few days before,
+  without being conscious at the time of the similarity of the expression.
+  I was asking an old man, who had been absent from home, where he had been
+  to? His reply was, "To Old Weston, Sir. You know I must go there before I
+  die." Knowing that he had relatives living there, I did not, at the time,
+  notice anything extraordinary in the answer; but, since reading <span
+  class="sc">Arun's</span> note, I have made some inquires, and find the
+  saying is a common one on this (the Northamptonshire) side of Old Weston,
+  as well as in Huntingdonshire. I have been unable to obtain any
+  explanation of it, but think the one suggested by your correspondent must
+  be right. One of my informants (an old woman upwards of seventy) told me
+  she had often heard it used, and wondered what could be its meaning, when
+  she was a child.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">W. W.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>B&mdash;&mdash; Rectory, Northamptonshire.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>Reynolds's Nephew</i> (Vol. viii., p. 102.).&mdash;I think I can
+  certify A. Z. that two distinct branches of the Palmer family, the Deans,
+  and another claiming like kindred to Sir Joshua Reynolds, still exist;
+  from which I conclude that Sir Joshua had at least two nephews of that
+  name. I regret that I cannot inform your correspondent as to the
+  authorship of the piece about which he inquires; but, in the event of
+  A.&nbsp;Z. not receiving a satisfactory answer to his Query through the medium
+  of our publication, if he will furnish me with any farther particulars he
+  may possess on the subject, I shall be happy to try what I can do towards
+  possessing him with the desired information.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. Sansom</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Oxford.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>The Laird of Brodie</i> (Vol. viii., p. 103.).&mdash;I. H. B.
+  mistakes, I think, the meaning of the lines. The idea is not that the
+  Laird was less than a gentleman, but that he was a gentleman of mark; at
+  least, I have never heard any other interpretation put upon it in
+  Scotland, where the ballad of "We'll gang nae mair a-roving," is a great
+  favourite. King James is the <i>subject</i> of the ballad. That merry
+  monarch made many lively escapades, and on this occasion he personated a
+  beggarman. The damsel, to whom he successfully paid his addresses, saw
+  through the disguise at first; but from the king's good acting, when he
+  pretended to be afraid that the dongs would "rive his meal pokes," she
+  began to think she had been mistaken. Then she expressed her disgust by
+  saying, that she had thought her lover could not be anything less than
+  the Laird of Brodie, the highest untitled gentleman probably in the
+  neighbourhood: implying that she suspected he might be peer or
+  prince.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">W. C.
+
+  <p><i>Mulciber</i> (Vol. viii., p. 102).&mdash;It may not be a sufficient
+  answer to <span class="sc">Mr. Ward's</span> Query, but I wish to state
+  that there was no "Mayor of Bromigham" until after the passing of the
+  Reform Bill. I think that it may be inferred from the extract given
+  below, that the mayor was no more a reality than the shield which he is
+  said to have wrought:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"His shield was wrought, if we may credit Fame,</p>
+      <p>By Mulciber, the Mayor of Bromigham.</p>
+      <p>A foliage of dissembl'd senna leaves</p>
+      <p>Grav'd round its brim, the wond'ring sight deceives.</p>
+      <p>Embost upon its field, a battle stood,</p>
+      <p>Of leeches spouting hemorrhoidal blood.</p>
+      <p>The artist too expresst the solemn state,</p>
+      <p>Of grave physicians at a consult met;</p>
+      <p>About each symptom how they disagree!</p>
+      <p>But how unanimous in case of fee!</p>
+      <p>And whilst one ass-ass-in another plies</p>
+      <p>With starch'd civilities&mdash;the patient dyes."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p class="author">N. W. S.
+
+  <p><i>Voiding Knife</i> (Vol. vi., pp. 150. 280.).&mdash;The following
+  quotation from Leland will throw more light on the ancient custom of
+  <i>voyding</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"In the mean time the server geueth a voyder to the carver, and he
+  doth <i>voyde</i> into it the trenchers that lyeth under the
+  <i>knyues</i> point, and so cleanseth the tables
+  cleane."&mdash;<i>Collectanea</i>, vol. vi. p. 11., "The Intronization of
+  Nevill."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author">Q.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Bloomsbury.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>Sir John Vanbrugh</i> (Vol. viii., pp. 65. 160.).&mdash;Previous to
+  sending you my Query about the birthplace of Sir John Vanbrugh, I had
+  carefully gone through the Registers of the Holy Trinity parish, Chester,
+  and had discovered the baptisms or burials of seven sons and six
+  daughters of Mr. Giles Vanbrugh duly registered therein. Sir John's name
+  is not included in the list; therefore, if he was born in Chester, his
+  baptism must have been registered at one of the many other parish
+  churches of this city. The registers of St. Peter's Church, a
+  neighbouring parish, have also been <!-- Page 233 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page233"></a>{233}</span>examined, but contain
+  no notice of the baptism of the future knight. I will, however, continue
+  the chace; and should I eventually fall in with the object of my search,
+  will give my fellow-labourers the benefit of my explorations. Mr.
+  Vanbrugh sen. died at Chester, and was buried with several of his
+  children at Trinity Church, July 19, 1689.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. Hughes</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Chester.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>Portrait of Charles I.</i>&mdash;The portrait of Charles I. by
+  Vandyke (the subject of <span class="sc">Mr. Breen's</span> Query, "N.
+  &amp; Q.," Vol. viii., p. 151.) is no less than the celebrated picture in
+  which the monarch is represented standing, with his right hand resting on
+  a walking cane, and his left (the arm being beautifully foreshortened)
+  against his hip; and immediately behind him his horse is held by an
+  equerry, supposed to be the Marquis of Hamilton. The picture hangs in the
+  great square room at the Louvre, close on the left hand of the usual
+  entrance door, and is undoubtedly one of the finest in that magnificent
+  collection. As a portrait, it is without a rival. It is well known in
+  this country by the admirable engraving from it, executed in 1782, by Sir
+  Robert Strange.</p>
+
+  <p>The description of this picture in the Catalogue for 1852 <i>du Musée
+  Nationale du Louvre</i>, is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Gravé par Strange; par Bonnefoy; par Duparc;&mdash;Filhol, t. 1. pl.
+  5.</p>
+
+  <p>"Collection de Louis XV.&mdash;Ce tableau, qui a été exécuté vers
+  1635, ne fut payé ŕ van Dyck que 100 livres sterling. En 1754, il faisait
+  partie, suivant Descamps, du cabinet du marquis de Lassay. On trouve
+  cette note dans les mémoires secrets de Bachaument," &amp;c.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Then follows the passage quoted by <span class="sc">Mr. Breen</span>.
+  I can find no mention of a Dubarry among the ancestors of the
+  monarch.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">H. C. K.
+
+  <p><i>Burial in an erect Posture</i> (Vol. viii., p. 59.).&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Pass, pass, who will yon chantry door,</p>
+      <p>And through the chink in the fractured floor</p>
+      <p>Look down, and see a grisly sight,</p>
+      <p>A vault where the bodies are buried upright;</p>
+      <p>There face to face and hand lay hand</p>
+      <p>The Claphams and Mauleverers stand."</p>
+      <p class="i2">Wordsworth, <i>White Doe of Rylstone</i>, Canto I.,</p>
+      <p class="i4">p. 5., line 17., new edition, 1837.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>See note on line 17 taken from Whitaker's <i>Craven</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"At the east end of the north aisle of Bolton Priory Church is a
+  chantry belonging to Bethmesley Hall, and a vault where, according to
+  tradition, the Claphams were buried upright."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author">F. W. J.
+
+  <p><i>Strut-Stowers and Yeathers or Yadders</i> (Vol. viii., p.
+  148.).&mdash;The former of these words is, I believe, obsolete, or nearly
+  so. It means bracing-stakes: <i>strut</i>, in carpentry, is to
+  <i>brace</i>; and <i>stower</i> is a small kind of stake, as
+  distinguished from the "ten stakes" mentioned in the legend quoted by
+  <span class="sc">Mr. Cooper.</span></p>
+
+  <p>The other word, <i>Yeather</i> or <i>Yadder</i>, is yet in use in
+  Northumberland (vid. Brockett's <i>Glossary</i>), and is mentioned by
+  Charlton in his <i>History of Whitby</i>. The legend referred to by <span
+  class="sc">Mr. Cooper</span> is, I suspect, of modern origin but Dr.
+  Young, in his <i>History of Whitby</i>, vol. i. p. 310., attributes it to
+  some of the monks of the abbey; on what grounds he does not say. The
+  records of the abbey contain no allusion to the legend; and no ancient
+  MS. of it, either in Latin or English, has ever been produced. The
+  <i>penny-hedge</i> is yearly renewed to this day but it is a service
+  performed for a different reason than that attributed in the legend. (See
+  Young and Charlton's histories.)</p>
+
+  <p class="author">F. M.
+
+  <p>The term <i>strut</i> is commonly used by carpenters for a brace or
+  stay. <i>Stower</i>, in Bailey's <i>Dictionary</i>, is a stake; Halliwell
+  spells it <i>stoure</i>, and says it is still in use. Forby connects the
+  Norfolk word <i>stour</i>, stiff, inflexible, applied to standing corn,
+  with this word, which he says is Lowland Scotch, and derives them both
+  from Sui.-G. <i>stoer</i>, stipes. A <i>yeather</i> or <i>yadder</i>
+  seems to be a rod to wattle the stakes with. In Norfolk, wattling a live
+  fence is called <i>ethering</i> it, which word, evidently with
+  <i>yeather</i>, may be derived from A.-S. <i>ether</i> or <i>edor</i>, a
+  hedge. The barons, therefore, had to drive their stakes perpendicularly
+  into the sand, to put the strut-stowers diagonally to enable them to
+  withstand the force of the tide, and finally to wattle them together with
+  the yeathers.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">E. G. R.
+
+  <p><i>Arms of See of York</i> (Vol. viii., p. 111.).&mdash;It appears
+  that the arms of the See of York were certainly changed during Wolsey's
+  time, for on the vaulting of Christ Church Gate, Canterbury, is a shield
+  bearing (in sculpture) the same arms as those now used by the
+  Metropolitan See of Canterbury, impaling those of Wolsey, and over the
+  shield a cardinal's hat. This gateway was built in 1517; yet in the
+  parliament roll of 6th Henry VIII., 1515, the <i>keys</i> and
+  <i>crown</i> are impaled with the arms of Wolsey as Archbishop of York
+  (see fac-simile, published by Willement, 4to. Lond. 1829), showing that
+  the alteration was not generally known when the gateway was built.</p>
+
+  <p>Although the charges on the earlier arms of the See of York were the
+  same as on that of Canterbury, the colours of their fields differed; for
+  in a north window of the choir of York Minster is a shield of arms,
+  bearing the arms of Archbishop Bowett, who held the see from 1407 to
+  1423, impaled by the pall and pastoral staff, on a field <i>gules</i>.
+  The glass is to all appearance of the fifteenth century.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. Wt.</span>
+
+<p><!-- Page 234 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page234"></a>{234}</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Leman Family</i> (Vol. viii., p. 150.).&mdash;Without being able to
+  give a substantial reply to R.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;L.'s Query, it may assist him to know
+  that Sir John Leman had but <i>one</i> brother (William), who certainly
+  did not emigrate from his native land. Sir John died, March 26, 1632,
+  without issue; and was buried in the chancel of St. Michael, Crooked
+  Lane, London. His elder brother, William, had five sons; all settled
+  comfortably in England, and not at all likely to have left their native
+  country. One of the <i>Heralds' Visitations</i> for the counties of
+  Norfolk or Suffolk would materially assist your Philadelphian
+  correspondent.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. Hughes</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Chester</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p><i>Position of Font</i> (Vol. vii., p. 149.).&mdash;In the church of
+  Milton near Cambridge, the font is <i>built into</i> the north pier of
+  the chancel arch; and from the appearance of the masonry, &amp;c., this
+  is evidently the original position. I have visited some hundreds of
+  churches, and this is the only instance I have observed of a font in this
+  position. Numerous instances occur where it is <i>built into</i> the
+  south-western pier of the nave.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Norris Deck</span>.
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Cambridge.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Miscellaneous.</h2>
+
+<h3>NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.</h3>
+
+  <p>Our worthy publisher has just issued a volume which will be welcome,
+  for the excellence of its matter and the beauty of its various
+  illustrations, to all archćologists. These <i>Memoirs illustrative of the
+  History and Antiquities of Bristol and the Western Counties of Great
+  Britain, and other Communications made to the Annual Meeting of the
+  Archćological Institute held at Bristol in 1851</i>, certainly equal in
+  interest and variety any of their predecessors, and whether as a memorial
+  of their visit to Bristol to those who attended the meeting, or as a
+  pleasant substitute to those who did not, will doubtless find a
+  resting-place on the shelf of every member of the Society whose
+  proceedings they record.</p>
+
+  <p>We cannot better recommend to our readers Dr. Madden's newly published
+  <i>Life and Martyrdom of Savonarola, illustrative of the History of
+  Church and State Connexion</i>, than by stating that this remarkable man,
+  whom some Protestants have claimed as of their own creed, while as many
+  Romanists have rejected him as a heretic, is viewed by Dr. Madden as a
+  monk of Florence at the close of the fifteenth century, who was of
+  opinion that the mortal enemy of Christ's gospel in all ages of the world
+  had been mammon; that simony was the sin against the Holy Ghost; that the
+  interests of religion were naturally allied with those of liberty; that
+  the Arts were the handmaids of both, of a Divine origin, and were given
+  to earth for purposes that tended to spiritualise humanity; and who
+  directed all his teachings, preachings, and writings to one great object,
+  namely, <i>the separation of religion from all worldly influences</i>. On
+  this theme Dr. Madden discourses with great learning, and, some few
+  passages excepted, with great moderation; and the result is a Life of
+  Savonarola, which gives a far more complete view of his character and his
+  writings than has heretofore been attempted.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Books Received</span>.&mdash;<i>History of England
+  from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles</i>, by Lord Mahon,
+  Vol. V. This volume embraces the period between the early years of George
+  III. and 1774, when Franklin was dismissed from his office of Deputy
+  Postmaster-General; and, as it includes the Junius period, gives occasion
+  to Lord Mahon to avow his adherence to "the Franciscan theory;" while the
+  Appendix contains two letters in support of the same view,&mdash;one from
+  Sir James Macintosh, and one from Mr. Macaulay.&mdash;<i>Confessions of a
+  Working Man, from the French of Emile Souvestre</i>. This interesting
+  narrative, well deserving the attention both of masters and working men,
+  forms Part XLVIII. of Longman's <i>Traveller's
+  Library.</i>&mdash;<i>Remains of Pagan Saxondom, principally from Tumuli
+  in England, drawn from the Originals:</i> described and illustrated by
+  J.&nbsp;Y. Akerman, Part VI. containing coloured engravings of the size of the
+  originals of Fibulć and Bullć, from cemeteries in Kent; and Fibulć,
+  Beads, &amp;c. from a grave near Stamford.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">History and Antiquities of Newbury</span>. 8vo. 1839. 340 pages. Two Copies.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Vancouver's Survey of Hampshire</span>.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Hemingway's History of Chester</span>. Large Paper. Parts I. and III.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Correspondence on the Formation of the Roman Catholic Bible Society</span>. 8vo. London, 1813.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Athenćum Journal</span> for 1844.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Howard Family, Historical Anecdotes of</span>, by Charles Howard. 1769. 12mo.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Tooke's Diverson's of Purley</span>.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Nuces Philosophicć</span>, by E. Johnson.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Paradise Lost</span>. First Edition.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Sharpe's</span> (Sir Cuthbert) <span class="sc">Bishoprick Garland</span>. 1834.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Lashley's York Miscellany</span>. 1734.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Dibdin's Typographical Antiquities</span>. 4to. Vol. II.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Bayley's Londiniana</span>. Vol. II. 1829.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">The Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity Justified</span>. 1774.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Parkhurst on the Divinity of Our Saviour</span>. 1787</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Berriman's Seasonable Review of Whiston's Doxologies</span>. 1719.</p>
+      <p>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; <span class="sc">Second Review</span>. 1719.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>*** <i>Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to
+  send their names</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, <i>carriage
+  free</i>, to be sent to <span class="sc">Mr. Bell</span>, Publisher of
+  "NOTES AND QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Notices to Correspondents.</h2>
+
+  <p>S. Z. Z. S. <i>We have a letter for this Correspondent; how shall it
+  be forwarded?</i></p>
+
+  <p>J. S. G. (Howden) <i>is thanked for his collection of Proverbial
+  Sayings&mdash;all of which are however, we believe, too well known to
+  justify their republication in our columns</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Y. S. M.<i> would oblige us by naming the subject of the
+  communications to which he refers</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Photography</span>. <span class="sc">Mr.
+  Sisson</span><i>'s communication is unavoidably postponed until our next
+  Number, in which</i> <span class="sc">Mr. Lyte</span><i>'s</i> Three New
+  Processes <i>will also appear</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>A few complete sets of</i> "<span class="sc">Notes and
+  Queries</span>," Vols. i. <i>to</i> vii., <i>price Three Guineas and a
+  Half, may now be had; for which early application is desirable</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>"<span class="sc">Notes and Queries</span>" <i>is published at noon on
+  Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive copies in that
+  night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the
+  Saturday</i>. <!-- Page 235 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page235"></a>{235}</span></p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &amp;c.&mdash;BARRY, DU BARRY
+  &amp; CO.'S HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+  <p>THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual
+  remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves
+  fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic,
+  intestinal, liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted,
+  dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrh&oelig;a, acidity,
+  heartburn, flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of
+  the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during
+  pregnancy, at sea, and under all other circumstances, debility in the
+  aged as well as infants, fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p><i>A few out of 50,000 Cures:&mdash;</i></p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de
+  Decies:&mdash;"I have derived considerable benefits from your Revalenta
+  Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to
+  authorise the publication of these lines.&mdash;<span class="sc">Stuart
+  de Decies.</span>"</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Cure, No. 49,832:&mdash;"Fifty years' indescribable agony from
+  dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms,
+  sickness at the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's
+  excellent food.&mdash;<span class="sc">Maria Jolly</span>, Wortham Ling,
+  near Diss, Norfolk."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Cure, No. 180:&mdash;"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation,
+  indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and
+  which no medicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured by
+  Du Barry's food in a very short time.&mdash;<span class="sc">W. R.
+  Reeves</span>, Pool Anthony, Tiverton."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Cure, No. 4,208:&mdash;"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility,
+  with cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the
+  advice of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious
+  food in a very short time. I shall be happy to answer any
+  inquiries.&mdash;<span class="sc">Rev. John W. Flavell</span>, Ridlington
+  Rectory, Norfolk."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial.</i></p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p class="author">"Bonn, July 19. 1852.
+
+  <p>"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent,
+  nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all
+  kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of body,
+  as also diarrh&oelig;a, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and
+  bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp of
+  the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and
+  hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most
+  satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
+  where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and
+  bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the
+  troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the
+  conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of
+  incipient hectic complaints and consumption.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"<span class="sc">Dr. Rud Wurzer.</span></p>
+      <p class="hg3">"Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>London Agents:&mdash;Fortnum, Mason &amp; Co., 182. Piccadilly,
+  purveyors to Her Majesty the Queen; Hedges &amp; Butler, 155. Regent
+  Street; and through all respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine
+  venders. In canisters, suitably packed for all climates, and with full
+  instructions, 1lb. 2<i>s.</i> 9<i>d.</i>; 2lb. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>;
+  5lb. 11<i>s.</i>; 12lb. 22<i>s.</i>; super-refined, 5lb. 22<i>s.</i>;
+  10lb. 33<i>s.</i> The 10lb. and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of
+  Post-office order.&mdash;Barry, Du Barry Co., 77. Regent Street,
+  London.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Important Caution.</span>&mdash;Many invalids having
+  been seriously injured by spurious imitations under closely similar
+  names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to
+  see that each canister bears the name <span class="sc">Barry, Du Barry
+  &amp; Co.</span>, 77. Regent Street, London, in full, <i>without which
+  none is genuine</i>.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.</p>
+
+  <p>3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.</p>
+
+  <p>Founded A.D. 1842.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Directors.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>H. E. Bicknell, Esq.</p>
+      <p>T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.&nbsp;P.</p>
+      <p>G. H. Drew, Esq.</p>
+      <p>W. Evans, Esq.</p>
+      <p>W. Freeman, Esq.</p>
+      <p>F. Fuller, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. H. Goodhart, Esq.</p>
+      <p>T. Grissell, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. Hunt, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.</p>
+      <p>E. Lucas, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. Lys Seager, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. B. White, Esq.</p>
+      <p>J. Carter Wood, Esq.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Trustees.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, Esq.</p>
+      <p><i>Physician.</i>&mdash;William Rich. Basham, M.D.</p>
+      <p><i>Bankers.</i>&mdash;Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.</p>
+
+  <p>POLICES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
+  difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application
+  to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed
+  in the Prospectus.</p>
+
+  <p>Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100<i>l.</i>, with a Share
+  in three-fourths of the Profits:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<table width="17%" class="nob" summary="Specimens of Rates" title="Specimens of Rates">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left; width:57%">
+      <p>Age</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right; width:14%">
+      <p><i>Ł</i></p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right; width:14%">
+      <p><i>s.</i></p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right; width:14%">
+      <p><i>d.</i></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>17</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>1</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>14</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>4</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>22</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>1</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>18</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>8</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>27</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>4</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>5</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>32</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>10</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>8</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>37</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>18</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>6</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:left">
+      <p>42</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>3</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>8</p>
+    </td>
+    <td class="nob" style="text-align:right">
+      <p>2</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p>ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.</p>
+
+  <p>Now ready, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, Second Edition, with material
+  additions. INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON
+  BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land
+  Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building
+  Companies, &amp;c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and
+  Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life
+  Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.</p>
+
+  <p>OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to
+  every other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its
+  capability of Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, its
+  extreme Portability, and its adaptation for taking either Views or
+  Portraits.</p>
+
+  <p>Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing
+  Frames, &amp;c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace,
+  Barnsbury Road, Islington.</p>
+
+  <p>New Inventions, Models, &amp;c., made to order or from Drawings.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.&mdash;J. B. HOCKIN &amp; CO., Chemists, 289.
+  Strand, have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a
+  Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of
+  Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the
+  keeping properties and appreciation of half tint for which their
+  manufacture has been esteemed.</p>
+
+  <p>Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice
+  of Photography. Instruction in the Art.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>HEAL &amp; SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by
+  post. It contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different
+  Bedsteads: also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts.
+  And their new warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room
+  Furniture, Furniture Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to render
+  their Establishment complete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms.</p>
+
+  <p>HEAL &amp; SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham
+  Court Road.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>BANK OF DEPOSIT.</p>
+
+  <p>7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, London.</p>
+
+  <p>PARTIES desirous of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the Plan
+  of this Institution, by which a high rate of Interest may be obtained
+  with perfect Security.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Interest payable in January and July.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>PETER MORRISON,</p>
+      <p>Managing Director.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Prospectuses free on application.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>WANTED, for the Ladies' Institute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant, LADIES
+  of taste for fancy work,&mdash;by paying 21<i>s.</i> will be received as
+  members, and taught the new style of velvet wool work, which is acquired
+  in a few easy lessons. Each lady will be guaranteed constant employment
+  and ready cash payment for her work. Apply personally to Mrs. Thoughey.
+  N.B. Ladies taught by letter at any distance from London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class
+  X. in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities. and adapted to all
+  Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
+  London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver
+  Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12,
+  10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior
+  Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's
+  Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch
+  skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers,
+  2<i>l.</i>, 3<i>l.</i>, and 4<i>l.</i> Thermometers from 1<i>s.</i>
+  each.</p>
+
+  <p>BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory,
+  the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,</p>
+
+  <p>65. CHEAPSIDE.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHY.&mdash;HORNE &amp; CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining
+  Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds,
+  according to light.</p>
+
+  <p>Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the
+  choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which my be seen at their
+  Establishment.</p>
+
+  <p>Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &amp;c. &amp;c. used
+  in this beautiful Art.&mdash;123. and 121. Newgate Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.&mdash;Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's,
+  Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frčres' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's
+  Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.</p>
+
+  <p>Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13.
+  Paternoster Row, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES&mdash;A Selection of the above beautiful
+  Productions (comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &amp;c.)
+  may be seen at BLAND &amp; LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be
+  procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the
+  practice of Photography in all its Branches.</p>
+
+  <p>Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.</p>
+
+  <p>*** Catalogues may be had on application.</p>
+
+  <p>BLAND &amp; LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical
+  Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 236 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page236"></a>{236}</span></p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h3>ARCHĆOLOGICAL WORKS</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">BY</p>
+
+<h2>JOHN YONGE AKERMAN,</h2>
+
+<h3>FELLOW AND SECRETARY OF THE
+SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON.</h3>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+  <p>AN ARCHĆOLOGICAL INDEX to Remains of Antiquity of the Celtic,
+  Romano-British, and Anglo-Saxon Periods. 1 vol. 8vo., price 15<i>s.</i>
+  cloth, illustrated by numerous Engravings, comprising upwards of five
+  hundred objects.</p>
+
+  <p>A NUMISMATIC MANUAL. 1 vol. 8vo., price One Guinea.</p>
+
+  <p>*** The Plates which illustrate this Volume are upon a novel plan, and
+  will, at a glance, convey more information regarding the types of Greek,
+  Roman, and English Coins, than can be obtained by many hours' careful
+  reading. Instead of fac-simile Engraving being given of that which is
+  already an enigma to the tyro, the most striking and characteristic
+  features of the Coin are dissected and placed by themselves, so that the
+  eye soon becomes familiar with them.</p>
+
+  <p>A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Rare and Unedited Roman Coins, from the
+  Earliest Period to the taking of Rome under Constantine Paleologos. 2
+  vols. 8vo., numerous Plates, 30<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>COINS OF THE ROMANS relating to Britain. 1 vol. 8vo. Second Edition,
+  with an entirely new set of Plates, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>ANCIENT COINS of CITIES and Princes, Geographically arranged and
+  described, containing the Coins of Hispania, Gallia, and Britannia, with
+  Plates of several hundred examples. 1 vol 8vo., price 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>NEW TESTAMENT, Numismatic Illustrations of the Narrative Portions of
+  the.&mdash;Fine paper, numerous Woodcuts from the original Coins in
+  various Public and Private Collections. 1 vol. 8 vo., price 5<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY of ANCIENT and MODERN COINS. In 1 vol.
+  fcp. 8vo., with numerous Wood Engravings from the original Coins, price
+  6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Contents</span>:&mdash;Section 1. Origin of
+  Coinage&mdash;Greek Regal Coins. 2. Greek Civic Coins. 3. Greek Imperial
+  Coins. 4. Origin of Roman Coinage&mdash;Consular Coins. 5. Roman Imperial
+  Coins. 6. Roman British Coins. 7. Ancient British Coinage. 8. Anglo-Saxon
+  Coinage. 9. English Coinage from the Conquest. 10. Scotch Coinage. 11.
+  Coinage of Ireland. 12. Anglo-Gallic Coins. 13. Continental Money in the
+  Middle Ages. 14. Various Representatives of Coinage. 15. Forgeries in
+  Ancient and Modern Times. 16. Table of Prices of English Coins realised
+  at Public Sales.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>TRADESMEN'S TOKENS, struck in London and its Vicinity, from the year
+  1618 to 1672 inclusive. Described from the Originals in the Collection of
+  the British Museum, &amp;c. 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>REMAINS OF PAGAN SAXONDOM, principally from Tumuli in England.
+  Publishing in 4to., in Numbers, at 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> With coloured
+  Plates.</p>
+
+  <p>A GLOSSARY OF PROVINCIAL WORDS and PHRASES in Use in Wiltshire. 12mo.,
+  3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>THE NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE is published Quarterly. Price 3<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i> each Number.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square,
+London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS.</p>
+
+  <p>THE GARDENER'S CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.</p>
+
+  <p>(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY,)</p>
+
+  <p>Of Saturday, August 27, contains Articles on</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Agapanth, diseased</p>
+      <p>Agriculture, history of Scottish</p>
+      <p>Agricultural statistics</p>
+      <p>Allotment gardens, by Mr. Bailey</p>
+      <p>Apple trees, cider</p>
+      <p>Arrowroot, Portland, by Mr. Groves</p>
+      <p>Berberry blight</p>
+      <p>Books noticed</p>
+      <p>Calendar, horticultural</p>
+      <p>&mdash;&mdash; agricultural</p>
+      <p>Cartridge, Captain Norton's</p>
+      <p>Cattle, Tortworth sale of</p>
+      <p>Chrysanthemum, culture of</p>
+      <p>Crayons for writing on glass, by M. Brunnquell</p>
+      <p>Crickets, traps for</p>
+      <p>Crops, returns respecting the state of</p>
+      <p>Dahlias, new</p>
+      <p>Eschscholtzia californica</p>
+      <p>Forest, New</p>
+      <p>Garden allotments, by Mr. Bailey</p>
+      <p>Glass, writing on, by M. Brunnquell</p>
+      <p>Gunnersbury Park</p>
+      <p>Hollyhocks, new</p>
+      <p>India, vegetable substances used in, for producing intoxication, by Dr. Gibson</p>
+      <p>Leaves, variegated, by M. Carričre</p>
+      <p>Mangosteens</p>
+      <p>Marigold, white</p>
+      <p>Mildew, Continental Vine</p>
+      <p>National Floricultural Society</p>
+      <p>Norton's (Captain) cartridge</p>
+      <p>Oak, the</p>
+      <p>Pig Breeding</p>
+      <p>Potato Crop, returns respecting the state of in Ireland</p>
+      <p>Pots, garden</p>
+      <p>Reaping machines</p>
+      <p>Roses, soil for</p>
+      <p>Sale of cattle at Tortworth</p>
+      <p>Sap, motion of, by Mr. Lovell</p>
+      <p>Sheep, Leicester breed of</p>
+      <p>Statistics, agricultural</p>
+      <p>Timber, woody fibre of</p>
+      <p>Trees, woody fibre of</p>
+      <p>&mdash;&mdash; movement of sap in, by Mr. Lovell</p>
+      <p>Vine mildew, Continental</p>
+      <p>Wheat crops, returns respecting the state of</p>
+      <p>&mdash;&mdash; growing of, without ploughing</p>
+      <p>&mdash;&mdash; after vetches</p>
+      <p>&mdash;&mdash; Lois Weedon culture of, by the Rev. S. Smith</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<hr class="short" >
+
+  <p>THE GARDENER'S CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in
+  addition to the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and
+  Liverpool prices, with returns from Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark,
+  Wool, and Seed Markets, and a <i>complete Newspaper, with a condensed
+  account of all the transactions of the week</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper
+  Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>PERSIAN BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS.</p>
+
+  <p>FIRDOUSI'S SHAH NAMEH, by MURAN, 4 vols. royal 8vo., Calcutta, 1809,
+  hlf. calf, neat, 6<i>l.</i> 16<i>s.</i>&mdash;Timur Namah, Persian MS.,
+  folio, yellow morocco extra, 5<i>l.</i> 5<i>s.</i>&mdash;Ferheng
+  Jehangiry, with the Chattmeh, Persian MS., 2vols. folio, calf, 3<i>l.</i>
+  3<i>s.</i>&mdash;Nizami's Works, a Superb Persian MS., stout folio, red
+  morocco, 16<i>l.</i>&mdash;Sold by</p>
+
+  <p>BERNARD QUARITCH, Oriental Bookseller, 16. Castle Street, Leicester
+  Square.</p>
+
+  <p>*** B. Q.'s Catalogue of Books in all the Languages of the World is
+  published Monthly, and is sent Gratis on Receipt of 12 Postage
+  Stamps.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>DAGUERROTYPE MATERIALS.&mdash;Plates, Cases, Passepartoutes, Best and
+  Cheapest. To be had in great variety at</p>
+
+  <p>M<sup>c</sup>MILLAN's Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+  <p>Price List Gratis.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>8vo., price 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>SOME ACCOUNT of DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE in ENGLAND, from the Conquest to
+  the end of the Thirteenth Century, with numerous Illustrations of
+  Existing Remains from Original Drawings. By T. HUDSON TURNER.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"What Horace Walpole attempted, and what Sir Charles Lock Eastlake has
+  done for oil-painting&mdash;elucidated its history and traced its
+  progress in England by means of the records of expenses and mandates of
+  the successive Sovereigns of the realm&mdash;Mr. Hudson Turner has now
+  achieved for Domestic Architecture in this century during the twelfth and
+  thirteenth centuries."&mdash;<i>Architect.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The writer of the present volume ranks among the most intelligent of
+  the craft, and a careful perusal of its contents will convince the reader
+  of the enormous amount of labour bestowed on its minutest details as well
+  as the discriminating judgement presiding over the general
+  arrangement."&mdash;<i>Morning Chronicle.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The book of which the title is given above is one of the very few
+  attempts that have been made in this country to treat this interesting
+  subject in anything more than a superficial manner.</p>
+
+  <p>"Mr. Turner exhibits much learning and research, and he has
+  consequently laid before the reader much interesting information. It is a
+  book that was wanted, and that affords us some relief from the mass of
+  works on Ecclesiastical Architecture with which of late years we have
+  been deluged.</p>
+
+  <p>"The work is well illustrated throughout with wood-engravings of the
+  more interesting remains, and will prove a valuable addition to the
+  antiquary's library."&mdash;<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"It is as a text-book on the social comforts and condition of the
+  Squires and Gentry of England during the twelfth and thirteenth
+  centuries, that the leading value of Mr. Turner's present publication
+  will be found to consist.</p>
+
+  <p>"Turner's handsomely-printed volume is profusely illustrated with
+  careful woodcuts of all important existing remains, made from drawings by
+  Mr. Blore and Mr. Twopeny."&mdash;<i>Athenćum.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>Now ready, price 21<i>s.</i> uniform with the above,</p>
+
+  <p>THE DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. Vol. II.&mdash;THE
+  FOURTEENTH CENTURY. By the Editor of "The Glossary of Architecture."</p>
+
+  <p>This volume is issued on the plan adopted by the late Mr. Hudson
+  Turner in the previous volume: viz., collecting matter relating to
+  Domestic buildings of the period, from cotemporary records, and applying
+  the information so acquired to the existing remains.</p>
+
+  <p>Not only does the volume contain much curious information both as to
+  the buildings and manners and customs of the time, but it is also hoped
+  that the large collection of careful Engravings of the finest examples
+  will prove as serviceable to the profession and their employers in
+  building mansions, as the Glossary was found to be in building
+  churches.</p>
+
+  <p>The Text is interspersed throughout with numerous woodcuts.</p>
+
+  <p>JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the
+  possession of Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his
+  Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen
+  engaged in Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to
+  undertake searches among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum,
+  Ancient Wills or other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of
+  Literature, History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he
+  has had considerable experiences.</p>
+
+  <p>1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>Printed by <span class="sc">Thomas Clark Shaw</span>, of No. 10.
+  Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New
+  Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and
+  published by <span class="sc">George Bell</span>, of No. 186. Fleet
+  Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London,
+  Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.&mdash;Saturday, September
+  3, 1853.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 201,
+September 3, 1853, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,3470 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 201, September 3,
+1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 201, September 3, 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: October 13, 2007 [EBook #23023]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{213}
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 201.]
+SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 3. 1853.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  NOTES:--
+                                                           Page
+  "That Swinney"                                            213
+
+  Monumental Inscription in Peterborough Cathedral, by
+  Thos. Wake                                                215
+
+  FOLK LORE:--Superstition of the Cornish Miners--
+  Northamptonshire Folk Lore                                215
+
+  Shakspeare Correspondence                                 216
+
+  MINOR NOTES:--Lemon-juice administered in Gout
+  and Rheumatism--Weather Proverbs--Dog Latin--Thomas
+  Wright of Durham--A Funeral Custom                        217
+
+  QUERIES:--
+
+  Littlecott--Sir John Popham, by Edward Foss               218
+
+  Early Edition of the New Testament, by A. Boardman        219
+
+  MINOR QUERIES:--Ravilliac--Emblem on a Chimney-piece--
+  "To know ourselves diseased," &c.--"Paetus
+  and Arria"--Heraldic Query--Lord Chancellor
+  Steele--"A Tub to the Whale"--Legitimation (Scotland)--
+  "Vaut mieux," &c.--Shakspeare First Folio--
+  The Staffordshire Knot--Sir Thomas Elyot--
+  "Celsior exsurgens pluviis," &c.--The Bargain Cup--
+  School-Libraries.--Queen Elizabeth and her
+  "true" Looking-glass--Bishop Thomas Wilson--
+  Bishop Wilson's Works--Hobbes, Portrait of                219
+
+  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Brasenose, Oxford--
+  G. Downing--Unkid--Pilgrim's Progress--John
+  Frewen--Histories of Literature--"Mrs. Shaw's
+  Tombstone"                                                221
+
+  REPLIES:--
+
+  Cranmer and Calvin, by the Rev. H. Walter                 222
+
+  Barnacles, by Sir J. E. Tennent and T. J. Buckton         223
+
+  Dial Inscriptions, by Cuthbert Bede, B.A.                 224
+
+  The "Saltpeter Maker"                                     225
+
+  Tsar, by T. J. Buckton, &c.                               226
+
+  "Land of Green Ginger," by John Richardson and
+  T. J. Buckton                                             227
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Stereoscopic Angles--
+  Protonitrate of Iron--Photographs in natural
+  Colours--Photographs by artificial Lights                 227
+
+  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Vandyke in America--
+  Title wanted: Choirochorographia--Second Growth
+  of Grass--Snail-eating--Sotades--The Letter "h"
+  in "humble"--Lord North--Singing Psalms and
+  Politics--Dimidiation by Impalement--"Inter
+  cuncta micans," &c.--Marriage Service--Widowed
+  Wife--Pure--Mrs. Tighe--Satirical Medal--"They
+  shot him dead at the Nine-Stone Rig"--Hendericus
+  du Booys: Helena Leonore de Sieveri--House-marks,
+  &c.--"Qui facit per alium, facit per se"--
+  Engin-a-verge--Campvere, Privileges of--Humbug:
+  Ambages--"Going to Old Weston"--Reynolds's
+  Nephew--The Laird of Brodie--Mulciber--Voiding
+  Knife--Sir John Vanbrugh--Portrait of Charles I.--
+  Burial in an erect Posture--Strut-Stowers and
+  Yeathers or Yadders--Arms of the See of York--
+  Leman Family--Position of Font                            228
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+
+  Notes on Books, &c.                                       234
+
+  Books and Odd Volumes wanted                              234
+
+  Notices to Correspondents                                 234
+
+  Advertisements                                            235
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notes.
+
+"THAT SWINNEY."
+
+Junius thus wrote to H. S. Woodfall in a private note, to which Dr. Good
+has affixed the date July 21st, 1769 (vol. i. p. 174.*)
+
+    "That Swinney is a wretched but dangerous fool. He had the impudence to
+    go to Lord G. Sackville, whom he had never spoken to, and to ask him
+    whether or no he was the author of Junius: take care of him."
+
+This paragraph has given rise to a great deal of speculation, large
+inferences have been drawn from it, yet no one has satisfactorily answered
+the question, who was "that Swinney?"
+
+That neither Dr. Good nor Mr. George Woodfall, the editors of the edit. of
+1812, knew anything about him, is manifest from their own bald note of
+explanation, "A correspondent of the printers." Some reports say that he
+was a collector of news for the _Public Advertiser_, and subsequently a
+bookseller at Birmingham, but I never saw any one fact adduced tending to
+show that there was any person of that name so employed. Others that the
+Rev. Dr. Sidney Swinney was the party referred to: and Mr. Smith, in his
+excellent notes to the _Grenville Papers_, vol. iii. p. lxviii., _assumes_
+this to be the fact. I incline to agree with him, but have only inference
+to strengthen conjecture. What may be the value of that inference will
+appear in the progress of this inquiry, Who was Dr. Sidney Swinney?
+
+Reports collected by Mr. Butler, Mr. Barker, Mr. Coventry, and others, say
+that the Doctor had been chaplain to the Russian Embassy, chaplain to the
+Embassy at Constantinople, and chaplain to one of the British regiments
+serving in Germany. Mr. Falconer, in his _Secret Revealed_, p. 22., quotes
+a paragraph from one of Wray's letters to Lord Hardwick with reference to
+the proceedings at the Royal Society:
+
+    "Dr. Swinney, your Lordship's friend, presented his father-in-law
+    Howell's book."
+
+Swinney's father-in-law, here called Howell, was John Zephaniah Holwell, a
+remarkable man, whose name is intimately associated with the early history
+of British India, one of the few survivors of the Black Hole imprisonment,
+the successor of {214} Clive as governor, and a writer on many subjects
+connected with Hindoo antiquities. Swinney enrols him amongst his heroes,
+
+ "Holwell, Clive, York, Lawrence, Adams, Coote,
+  Of Draper, Bath-strung for his baffled suit."
+
+And he refers, in a note, to those
+
+    "Ungrateful monsters (heretofore in a certain trading company), who
+    have endeavoured to vilify and sully one of the brightest characters
+    that ever existed."
+
+I learn farther, from a volume of _Fugitive Pieces_, published by Dr.
+Swinney, that he was the son of Major Mathew Swinney, whom after his
+flourishing fashion he calls on another occasion "Mathew Swinney of
+immortal memory;" from one of his dedications that the Doctor himself was
+educated at Eton; from the books of the Royal Society that he was of Clare
+Hall, Cambridge; from dates and dedications, that from 1764 to 1768, he was
+generally resident at Scarborough; and from the _Gentleman's Magazine_,
+that he died there 12th November, 1783.
+
+That Swinney had been chaplain to the Russian Embassy I have no reason to
+believe; but that he had been in the East for a time, possibly as chaplain
+to the Embassy at Constantinople, is asserted in the brief biographical
+notice in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, and would _seem to be proved_ by a
+work which he published in 1769, called--
+
+    "A Tour through some parts of the Levant: in which is included An
+    Account of the Present State of the Seven Churches in Asia. Also a
+    brief Explanation of the Apocalypse. By Sidney Swinney, D.D."
+
+Nothing, however, can be inferred from a title-page of Swinney's. Here we
+have two or three distinct works referred to:--_A Tour_, including "An
+Account of the Seven Churches," and the "Explanation of the Apocalypse."
+Now I must direct attention to the fact, that from the peculiar punctuation
+and phraseology--the full-stop after Asia in this title-page--it may have
+been Swinney's intention to indicate, without asserting, that the Account
+of the Apocalypse _only_ was by Sidney Swinney. If so, though Swinney's
+name alone figures in the title-page of the work, he is responsible only
+for one or two notes!
+
+I would not have written conjecturally on this subject if I could have
+avoided it; but though Swinney was a F.A.S. F.R.S., and though the work is
+dedicated to the Fellows of those Societies, no copy of it is to be found
+in the libraries of either, or in the British Museum. I cannot, therefore,
+be sure that my own copy is perfect. What that copy contains is thus set
+forth in half a dozen lines of introduction:
+
+    "Before I [S. S.] enter upon the more important part of my dissertation
+    [The Explanation of the Apocalypse], it may not be improper to give you
+    some account of the present state of the Seven Churches in Asia, as
+    they are, _which was communicated to me_ by a certain _friend of mine_,
+    in the description of a short tour which _he_ made through the
+    principal parts of the Levant: should they be accompanied with a few
+    casual notes _of my own_, I trust the work will not be less acceptable
+    to you on that account."
+
+It must be obvious, after this declaration, that the _Tour_ set forth so
+conspicuously in the title-page, was not written by Swinney. Now the
+"Itinerary" which follows is advowedly "wrote by _the author of the
+preceding account_," and this brings the reader and the work itself to "The
+End!"
+
+The truth I suspect to have been this:--Swinney was not prudent and was
+poor, and raised money occasionally, after the miserable fashion of the
+time, by publishing books on subscription, and receiving subscriptions in
+anticipation of publication.
+
+About this time, from 1767 to 1769, he published a _Sermon_; _The Ninth
+Satire of Horace_, a meaningless trifle of a hundred lines, swollen, by
+printing the original and notes, into a quarto; a volume of _Fugitive
+Pieces_; and the first canto of _The Battle of Minden, a Poem in three
+Books, enriched with critical Notes by Two Friends, and with explanatory
+Notes by the Author_. Of the latter work, as of the _Tour_, I have never
+seen but one copy, a splendid specimen of typography, splendidly bound,
+containing the first and second canto. Whether the third canto was ever
+published is to me doubtful; some of your correspondents may be able to
+give you information. My own impression is that it was not, and for the
+following reasons.
+
+Swinney, it appears, had received subscriptions for the work, and promised
+in his prospectus _a plan of the battle_, and _portraits_ of the heroes,
+which the work does not contain. "However, to make some little amends" to
+his "generous subscribers," Swinney announces his intention to present them
+with "_three_ books instead of _one_."
+
+The first book is dedicated to Earl Waldegrave, who commanded "the six
+British regiments of infantry" on the "ever memorable 1st August, 1759,"
+and a note affixed states that "Book the Second" will be published on 1st
+January, and "Book the Third" on 1st of August.
+
+But the public, as Swinney says, were kept "in suspense" almost three years
+for the second book, which was not published until 1772; and in the
+dedication of this second book, also to Earl Waldegrave, Swinney says:
+
+    "Doubtless many of my subscribers have thought me very unmindful of the
+    promise I made them in my printed proposal, in which I undertook to
+    publish my poem out of hand. Ill health has been the sole cause of my
+    disappointing their expectations. A fever of the nerves ... for these
+    four years, has rendered me incapable.... In my original proposals I
+    undertook to publish this work in two books. [In the introduction he
+    says, as I have just quoted, _one_ book.] Poetical {215} matter hath
+    increased upon me to such a degree, in the genial climate of Languedoc,
+    as to have enabled me to compose several more books on this interesting
+    subject, all which I purpose presenting my subscribers with at the
+    original price of half a guinea.... Many months ago this Second Book
+    was printed off; but on my arrival in town from Montauban (whither I
+    purpose to return), I found there were so many faults and blunders in
+    it throughout, that I was under the necessity of condemning five
+    hundred copies to the inglorious purpose of defending pye bottoms from
+    the dust of an oven.... Profit, my Lord, has not been my motive for
+    publishing: if it had, I should be egregiously disappointed, for
+    instead of gaining I shall be a considerable loser by the publication;
+    and yet many of my subscribers have _given me four, five, and six times
+    over and above the subscription-price for my Poem. How even the
+    remaining books will see the light must depend entirely upon my
+    pecuniary, not my poetical abilities_. The work is well nigh completed;
+    but not one solitary brother have I throughout the airy regions of Grub
+    Street who is poorer than I. It is not impossible, however, but when
+    _some of my partial friends shall know this_, they may _enable me by
+    their bounty_ to publish out of hand."
+
+This leads me to doubt whether the third book was ever published, for I
+think the most "partial" of his friends--those who had given "four, five,
+and six times over and above the subscription price"--must have had enough
+in two books. If it were not published, it is a curious fact that, in a
+poem called _The Battle of Minden_, the battle of Minden is not mentioned;
+though not more extraordinary perhaps than the omissions of the
+"Explanation of the Apocalypse" in his previous work.
+
+I come now to the question, Why did Junius speak so passionately and
+disrespectfully of Swinney, and what are the probabilities that Swinney had
+never before (July) 1769 spoken to Lord G. Sackville? These I must defer
+till next week.
+
+T. S. J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTION IN PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL.
+
+The following Notes occur on a fly-leaf at the end of a copy of Gunton's
+_History of Peterborough Cathedral_, and appear to have been written soon
+after that book was printed:
+
+    "Among other things omitted in this history, I cannot but take notice
+    of one ancient inscription upon a tomb in y^e body of the church,
+    written in old Saxon letters, as followeth:
+
+    [Cross] 'WS : KI : PAR : CI : PASSEZ : PVR : LE : ALME : ESTRAVNGE : DE
+    : WATERVILLE : PRIEZ.'
+
+    "This inscription may seem to challenge some relation to William de
+    Waterville, one of the abbots of this church. (See p. 23.)"
+
+    "On Sennour Gascelin de Marrham's tomb, mentioned p. 94., these letters
+    seem to be still legible:
+
+    'CI : GIST : EDOVN : GASCELIN : SENNOVR : DE MARRHAM : IADIS : DE : RI
+    : ALM.. ^{DI} EV EST MERCIS : PATER : NOSTER.'"
+
+    "In St. Oswald's Chapel, on y^e ground round the verge of a stone:
+
+    'HIC IACET COR.... ROBERTI DE SVTTON ABBATIS ISTIVS MONASTERII CVIVS
+    ANIMA REQVIESCAT IN PACE. AMEN.'"
+
+    "In y^e churchyard is this inscription:
+
+    [Cross] 'ANA IOANNIS DE S[=C]O IVONE QVO[=A] P[IO]RIS PMA [=A] M
+    [=D]IIII PACE REQVIESCAT. AMEN.'
+
+    "This may probably relate to Ivo, sub-prior of this monastery, whose
+    anniversary was observed in y^e Kalends of March. (See page 324. of
+    this book.)"
+
+    "In y^e churchyard:
+
+     'Joannes Pocklington, S. S. Theologiae doctor, obiit
+      Nov. 14, A. D^i. 1642.'
+
+     'Anne Pocklington, 1655.'
+
+     'Mary, y^e wife of John Towers, late Lord Bp. of
+      Peterborough, dyed Nov. 14, A.D. 1672.'
+
+     'Quod mori potuit praestantissimae foeminae
+      Compton Emery
+      Filiae Joannis Towers S. T. P.
+      Hujus Ecclesiae quondam Episcopi
+      Viduae Roberti Rowell LL. D.
+      Nec non charissimae conjugis
+      Richardi Emery Gen:
+      In hoc tumulo depositum: Feb. 4.
+      A^o AEtatis 54,
+      A^o Domini 1683.'"
+
+A marginal note states that "The Chapter-house and Cloyster sold in 1650
+for 800l., to John Baker, Gent., of London."
+
+H. THOS. WAKE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOLK LORE.
+
+_Superstition of the Cornish Miners_ (Vol. viii., p. 7.).--I cannot find
+the information desired by your correspondent in the Cornish antiquaries,
+and have in vain consulted other works likely to explain this tradition;
+but the remarks now offered will perhaps be interesting in reference to the
+_nation_ alluded to. The Carthaginians being of the same race, manners, and
+religion as the Phoenicians, there are no particular data by which we can
+ascertain the time of their first trading to the British coast for the
+commodity in such request among the traders of the East. The genius of
+Carthage being more martial than that of Tyre, whose object was more
+commerce than conquest, it is not improbable that the former might by force
+of arms have established a settlement in the Cassiterides, and by this
+means have secured that monopoly of tin which the Phoenicians and their
+colonies indubitably enjoyed for several centuries. Norden, in his
+_Antiquities of Cornwall_, mentions it as a tradition universally received
+by the inhabitants, that their tin mines were formerly wrought by the Jews.
+He adds that these old works are there at this day called Attal Sarasin,
+the ancient {216} cast-off works of the Saracens, in which their tools are
+frequently found. Miners are not accustomed to be very accurate in
+distinguishing traders of foreign nations, and these Jews and Saracens have
+probably a reference to the old merchants from Spain and Africa; and those
+employed by them might possibly have been Jews escaped the horrors of
+captivity and the desolation which about that period befel their country.
+
+    "The Jews," says Whitaker (_Origin of Arianism_, p. 334.), "denominated
+    themselves, and were denominated by the Britons of Cornwall,
+    _Saracens_, as the genuine progeny of Sarah. The same name, no doubt,
+    carried the same reference with it as borne by the genuine, and as
+    usurped by the spurious, offspring of Abraham."
+
+BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.
+
+_Northamptonshire Folk Lore_ (Vol. vii., p. 146.).--In Norfolk, a ring made
+from nine sixpences freely given by persons of the opposite sex is
+considered a charm against epilepsy. I have seen nine sixpences brought to
+a silversmith, with a request that he would make them into a ring; but
+131/2d. was not tendered to him for making, nor do I think that any
+threehalfpences are collected for payment. After the patient had left the
+shop, the silversmith informed me that such requests were of frequent
+occurrence, and that he supplied the patients with thick silver rings, but
+never took the trouble to manufacture them from the sixpences.
+
+A similar superstition supposes that the sole of the left shoe of a person
+of the same age, but opposite sex, to the patient, reduced to ashes is a
+cure for St. Anthony's fire. I have seen it applied with success, but
+suppose its efficacy is due to some astringent principle in the ashes.
+
+E. G. R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_On Two Passages in Shakspeare._--Taking up a day or two since a Number of
+"N. & Q.," my attention was drawn to a new attempt to give a solution of
+the difficulty which has been the torment of commentators in the following
+passage from the Third Act of _Romeo and Juliet_:
+
+ "Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds,
+  Towards Phoebus' mansion; such a waggoner
+  As Phaeton would whip you to the West,
+  And bring in cloudy night immediately.--
+  Spread thy close curtain, love-performing Night,
+  That _runaways'_ eyes may wink, and Romeo
+  Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen."
+
+"Runaways'" being a manifest absurdity, the recent editors have substituted
+"unawares," an uncouth alteration, which, though it has a glimmering of
+sense, appears to me almost as absurd as the word it supplies. In this
+dilemma your correspondent MR. SINGER ingeniously suggests the true reading
+to be,--
+
+ "That _rumourers'_ eyes may wink, and Romeo
+  Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen."
+
+No doubt this is a felicitous emendation, though I think it may be fairly
+objected that a rumourer, being one who deals in what he hears, as opposed
+to an observer, who reports what he sees, there is a certain
+inappropriateness in speaking of a rumourer's eyes. Be this as it may, I
+beg to suggest another reading, which has the merit of having spontaneously
+occurred to me on seeing the word "runaways'" in your correspondent's
+paper, as if obviously suggested by the combination of letters in that
+word. I propose that the passage should be read thus:
+
+ "Spread thy close curtain, love-performing Night,
+  That _rude day's_ eyes may wink, and Romeo
+  Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen."
+
+A subsequent reference to Juliet's speech has left no doubt in my mind that
+this is the true reading, and so obviously so, as to make it a wonder that
+it should have been overlooked. She first asks the "fiery-footed steeds" to
+bring in "cloudy night," then night to close her curtain (that day's eyes
+may wink), that darkness may come, under cover of which Romeo may hasten to
+her. In the next two lines she shows why this darkness is propitious, and
+then, using an unwonted epithet, invokes night to give her the opportunity
+of darkness:
+
+             "Come, _civil_ night,
+  Thou sober suited matron all in black,
+  And learn me how to lose a winning game," &c.
+
+The peculiar and unusual epithet "civil," here applied to night, at once
+assured me of the accuracy of the proposed reading, it having evidently
+suggested itself as the antithesis of "rude" just before applied to day;
+the civil, accommodating, concealing night being thus contrasted with the
+unaccommodating, revealing day. It is to be remarked, moreover, that as
+this epithet _civil_ is, through its ordinary signification, brought into
+connexion with what precedes it, so is it, through its unusual meaning of
+_grave_, brought into connexion with what follows, it thus furnishing that
+equivocation of sense of which our great dramatist is so fond, rarely
+missing an opportunity of "paltering with us in a double sense."
+
+I think, therefore, I may venture to offer you the proposed emendation as
+rigorously fulfilling all the requirements of the text, while at the same
+time it necessitates a very trifling literal disturbance of the old
+reading, since by the simple change of the letters _naw_ into _ded_, we
+convert "runaways'" into "rude day's," of which it was a very easy
+misprint.
+
+Having offered you an emendation of my own, I cannot miss the opportunity
+of sending you {217} another, for which I am indebted to a critical student
+of Shakspeare, my friend Mr. W. R. Grove, the Queen's Counsel. In _All's
+Well that ends Well_, the third scene of the Second Act opens with the
+following speech from Lafeu:
+
+    "They say miracles are past; and we have our philosophical persons to
+    make modern and familiar things, supernatural and causeless. Hence is
+    it that we make trifles of terrors; ensconcing ourselves in a seeming
+    knowledge when we should submit ourselves to an unknown fear."
+
+On reading this passage as thus printed, it will be seen that the two
+sentences of which it is composed are in direct contradiction to each
+other; the first asserting that we have philosophers who give a causeless
+and supernatural character to things ordinary and familiar: the second
+stating as the result of this, "that we make trifles of terrors," whereas
+the tendency would necessarily be to make "terrors of trifles." The
+confusion arises from the careless pointing of the first sentence. By
+simply shifting the comma at present after "things," and placing it after
+"familiar," the discrepancy between the two sentences disappears, as also
+between the two members of the first sentence, which are now at variance.
+It should be pointed thus:
+
+    "They say miracles are past; and we have our philosophical persons to
+    make modern and familiar, things supernatural and causeless."
+
+It is singular that none of the editors should have noticed this defect,
+which I have no doubt will hereafter be removed by the adoption of a simple
+change, that very happily illustrates the importance of correct
+punctuation.
+
+R. H. C.
+
+_Shakspeare's Skull_.--As your publication has been the medium of many
+valuable comments upon Shakspeare, and interesting matter connected with
+him, I am induced to solicit information, if you will allow me, on the
+following subject. I have the _Works of Shakspeare_, which being in one
+volume 8vo., I value as being more portable than any other edition. It was
+published by Sherwood without any date affixed, but probably about 1825.
+There is a memoir prefixed by Wm. Harvey, Esq., in which, p. xiii., it is
+stated that while a vault was being made close to Shakspeare's, when Dr.
+Davenport was rector, a young man perceiving the tomb of Shakspeare open,
+introduced himself so far within the vault that he could have brought away
+the skull, but he was deterred from doing so by the anathema inscribed on
+the monument, of--
+
+    "Curs'd be he that moves my bones."
+
+This is given upon the authority of Dr. Nathan Drake's work on Shakspeare,
+in two vols. 4to. Now in this work much is given which is copied into the
+memoir, but I do not there find this anecdote, and perhaps some reader of
+"N. & Q." may supply this deficiency, and state where I may find it. I may
+be allowed to state, that Pope's skull was similarly stolen and another
+substituted.
+
+I annex Wheler's remark that no violation of the grave had, up to the time
+of his work, taken place.
+
+    "Through a lapse of nearly two hundred years have his ashes remained
+    undisturbed, and it is to be hoped no sacrilegious hand will ever be
+    found to violate the sacred repository."--_History of
+    Stratford-upon-Avon_, by R. B. Wheler (circa 1805?), 8vo.
+
+A SUBSCRIBER.
+
+_On a Passage in "Macbeth."_--MR. SINGLETON (Vol. vii., p. 404.) says,
+"Vaulting ambition, that _o'erleaps_ itself," is nonsense--the thing is
+impossible; and proposes that "vaulting ambition" should "rest his hand
+upon the pommel, and _o'erleap_ the saddle (sell)," a thing not uncommon in
+the feats of horsemanship.
+
+Did MR. SINGLETON never _o'erleap_ himself, and be too late--later than
+_himself_ intended? Did he never, in his younger days, amuse himself with a
+_soprasalto_; or with what Donne calls a "vaulter's sombersault?" Did he
+never hear of any little plunderer, climbing a wall, _o'erreaching_ himself
+to pluck an apple, and falling on the other side, into the hands of the
+gardener? "By like," says Sir Thomas More, "the manne there _overshotte_
+himself."
+
+What was the _manne_ about? Attempting such a perilous gambol, perhaps, as
+correcting Shakspeare.
+
+To {overleap, overreach, overshoot} himself are merely, to {leap, reach,
+shoot}, over or beyond the mark himself intended.
+
+Q.
+
+  Bloomsbury.
+
+P.S.--MR. ARROWSMITH reminds us of the old saw, that "great wits jump." He
+should recollect also that they sometimes _nod_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_Lemon-juice administered in Gout and Rheumatism._--At a time when
+lemon-juice seems to be frequently administered in gout and rheumatism, as
+though it were an entirely new remedy, I have been somewhat amused at the
+following passage, which may also interest some of your readers; it occurs
+in _Scelta di Lettere Familiari degli Autori piu celebri ad uso degli
+studiosi della lingua Italiana_, p. 36., in a letter "Di Don Francesco a
+Teodoro Villa":
+
+    "Io non posso star meglio di quel che sto, e forse perche uso di spesso
+    il bagno freddo, e beo limonata a pranzo e a cena da molti mesi. Questa
+    e la mia quotidiana bevanda, e dacche mi ci sono messo, m' ha fatto un
+    bene che non si puo dire. Di quelle doglie di capo, {218} che un tempo
+    mi sconquassavano le tempie, non ne sento piu una. Le vertigini, che un
+    tratto mi favorivano si di spesso, se ne sono ite. Sino un reumatismo,
+    che m' aveva afferrato per un braccio, s' e dileguato, cosi ch'io farei
+    ora alla lotta col piu valente marinaro calabrese che sia. L' appetito
+    mio pizzica del vorace. Che buona cosa il sugo d' un limone spremato
+    nell' acqua, e indolciato con un po' di zucchero! Fa di provarlo,
+    Teodoro. Chi sa che non assesti il capo e lo stomaco auche a te."
+
+S. G. C.
+
+_Weather Proverbs_.--Are these proverbs worth recording?
+
+ "Rain before seven, fine before eleven."
+
+ "A mackerel sky and mare's tails,
+  Make lofty ships carry low sails."
+
+ "If the rain comes before the wind,
+  Lower your topsails and take them in:
+  If the wind comes before the rain,
+  Lower your topsails and hoist them again."
+
+The expressions in the latter two are maritime, and the rhymes not very
+choice; but they hold equally in terrestrial matters, and I have seldom
+found them wrong.
+
+RUBI.
+
+_Dog Latin_.--The answer of one of your late correspondents (E. M. B., Vol.
+vii., p. 622.) on the subject of "Latin--Latiner," has revived a Query in
+your First Volume (p. 230.) as to the origin of this expression which does
+not appear to have been answered. I do not remember having seen any
+explanation of the term, but I have arrived at one for myself, and present
+it to your readers for what it is worth. Nothing, it must be admitted, can
+be more inconsistent with the usual forms of language than the Latin of
+mediaeval periods; it is often, in fact, not Latin at all, but merely a
+Latin form given to simple English or other words, and admitting of the
+greatest variety. Now of all animals the distinctions of breed are perhaps
+more numerous in the canine race than any other. The word "mongrel,"
+originally applied to one of these quadruped combinations of variety, has
+long been used to signify anything in which mixture of class existed,
+especially of a debasing kind, to which such mixture generally tends.
+Nothing could be more appropriate than the application of the term to the
+"infima latinitas" of the Middle Ages; and from "mongrel" the transition to
+the name of the genus from that of the degenerate species appears to me to
+be very easy, though fanciful.
+
+J. B--T.
+
+_Thomas Wright of Durham_.--In the _Philosophical Magazine_ for April,
+1848, I gave an account of the "Original Theory or new Hypothesis of the
+Universe" of Thomas Wright, whose anticipations of modern speculation on
+the milky way, the central sun, and some other points, make him one of the
+most remarkable astronomical thinkers of his day. In the biography in the
+_Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1793, he is described as struggling for a
+livelihood when a young man, and no account is given of the manner in which
+he obtained the handsome competence with which he emerges in 1756, or
+thereabouts. A few days after my account was published, I was informed (by
+Captain James, R.E.) that a large four-foot orrery, constructed by Wright
+for the Royal Academy at Portsmouth, was still in that town; and that by
+the title of "J. Harrises Use of the Globes" it appears that he (Wright)
+kept his shop at the _Orrery_, near Water Lane, Fleet Street (No. 136),
+under the title of instrument-maker to his Majesty. In an edition of Harris
+(the 8th, 1767), which I lately met with, the above is described as "late
+the shop of Thomas Wright," &c. By the advertisements which this work
+contains, Wright must have had an extensive business as a philosophical
+instrument-maker. The omission in the biography is a strange one. Possibly
+some farther information may fall in the way of some of your readers.
+
+A. DE MORGAN.
+
+_A Funeral Custom_.--At Broadwas, Worcestershire, in the valley of the
+Teame, it is the custom at funerals, on reaching "the Church Walk," for the
+bearers to set down the coffin, and, as they stand around, to bow to it.
+
+CUTHBERT BEDE, B. A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Queries.
+
+LITTLECOTT--SIR JOHN POPHAM.
+
+Every one knows the tradition attached to the manor of Littlecott in
+Wiltshire, and the alleged means by which Chief Justice Sir John Popham
+acquired its possession. It is told by Aubrey, Sir Walter Scott, and many
+others, and is too notorious to be here repeated. Let me ask you or your
+learned correspondents whether there exists any refutation of a charge so
+seriously detrimental to the character of any judge, and so inconsistent
+with the reputation which Chief Justice Popham enjoyed among his
+cotemporaries? See Lord Ellesmere's notice of him in the case of the
+Postnati (_State Trials_, ii. 669.), and Sir Edward Coke's flattering
+picture of him at the end of Sir Drew Drury's case (_Reports_, vi. 75.).
+Are there any records showing that a Darell was ever in fact arraigned on a
+charge of murder, and the name of the judge who presided at the trial? Is
+the date known of the death of the last Darell who possessed the estate, or
+that of Sir John Popham's acquisition of it? The discovery of these might
+throw great light on the subject, and possibly afford a complete
+contradiction.
+
+Sir Francis Bacon, in his argument against Sir John Hollis and others for
+traducing public justice, states that--
+
+    "Popham, a great judge in his time, was complained of by petition to
+    Queen Elizabeth; it was committed {219} to four privy councillors, but
+    the same was found to be slanderous, and the parties punished in the
+    court."--_State Trials_, vol. ii. p. 1029.
+
+If this petition could be discovered, and it should turn out that the
+slander complained of in it had reference to this story, the investigation
+which it then underwent by the four privy councillors, and the chief
+justice's enjoyment of his high office for so many subsequent years, would
+go far to prove the utter falsehood of the charge. This is a "consummation
+devoutly to be wished" by every one who feels an interest in the purity of
+the bench, and particularly by the present possessors of the estate, who
+must be anxious for their ancestor's fame.
+
+Your useful publication has acted the part of the "detective police" in the
+elucidation of many points of history less interesting than this, and I
+trust you will consider the case curious enough to justify a close
+examination.
+
+EDWARD FOSS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EARLY EDITION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT.
+
+I should be greatly obliged if I could obtain through "N. & Q." when,
+where, and by whom an imperfect black-letter copy of the New Testament,
+lately come into my possession, was printed, and also who was the
+translator of it.
+
+It is bound in boards, has three thongs round which the sheets are
+stitched, seems never to have been covered with cloth, leather, or other
+material like our modern books, has had clasps, and is four inches long and
+two inches thick.
+
+The chapters are divided generally into four or five parts by means of the
+first letters of the alphabet. The letters are neither placed equidistant,
+nor do they always mark a fresh paragraph.
+
+It is not divided into verses. There are a few marginal references, and the
+chapter and letter of the parallel passages are given.
+
+Crosses are placed at the heads of most chapters, and also throughout the
+text, without much apparent regularity. It contains a few rude cuts of the
+Apostles, &c. The Epistles of St. Peter and St. John are placed before that
+to the Hebrews.
+
+Letters are frequently omitted in the spelling, and this is indicated by a
+dash placed over the one preceding the omitted letter. A slanting mark (/)
+is the most frequent stop used. I will transcribe a few lines exactly as
+they occur, only not using the black-letter.
+
+    "B. As some spake of the temple/ howe yt was garnesshed with goodly
+    stones and iewels he sayde. The dayes will come/ when of these thyngis
+    which ye se shall not be lefte stone upon stone/ that shall not be
+    throwen doune. And they asked hym sayinge/ Master wh[=e] shall these
+    thynges be? And what sygnes wil there be/ when suche thynges shal come
+    to passe."--St. Luke, ch. xxi.
+
+Land is spelt _londe_; saints, _sainctis_; authority, _auctorite_, &c.
+
+A. BOARDMAN.
+
+P.S. It commences at the 19th chapter of St. Matthew, and seems perfect to
+the 21st chapter of Revelation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_Ravilliac_.--I have read that a pyramid was erected at Paris upon the
+murder of Henry IV. by Ravilliac, and that the inscription represented the
+Jesuits as men--
+
+    "Maleficae superstitonis, quorum instinctu peculiaris adolescens
+    (Ravilliac) dirum facinus instituerat."--_Thesaur. Hist._, tom. iv.
+    lib. 95, ad ann. 1598.
+
+We are also informed that he confessed that it was the book of Mariana the
+Jesuit, and the traitorous positions maintained in it, which induced him to
+murder the king, for which cause the book (condemned by the parliament and
+the Sorbonne) was publicly burnt in Paris. Is the pyramid still remaining?
+If not, when was it taken down or destroyed, and by whom or by whose
+authority?
+
+CLERICUS (D).
+
+_Emblem on a Chimney-piece_.--In the committee room of the Church
+Missionary Society, Nos. 16. and 17. Upper Sackville Street, Dublin, a
+curious emblem-picture is carved on the centre of the white marble
+chimney-piece. An angel or winged youth is sleeping in a recumbent posture;
+one arm embraces a sleeping lion, in the other hand he holds a number of
+bell flowers. In the opposite angle the sun shines brightly; a lizard is
+biting the heel of the sleeping youth. I shall not offer my own conjectures
+in explanation of this allegorical sculpture, unless your correspondents
+fail to give a more satisfactory solution.
+
+ATH CELIATH.
+
+_"To know ourselves diseased," &c_.--
+
+    "To know ourselves diseased, is half the cure."
+
+Whence?
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+  Birmingham.
+
+"_Paetus and Arria_."--Can you inform me who is the author of _Paetus and
+Arria, a Tragedy_, 8vo., 1809?
+
+In Genest's _Account of the English Stage_, this play is said to be written
+by a gentleman of the University of Cambridge. Can you tell me whether this
+is likely to be W. Smyth, the late Professor of Modern History in that
+university, who died in June, 1849?
+
+GW.
+
+_Heraldic Query_.--A. was killed in open rebellion. His son B. lived in
+retirement under a fictitious name. The grandson C. retained the assumed
+name, and obtained new arms. Query, {220} Can the descendants of C. resume
+the arms of A.? If so, must they substitute them for the arms of C., or
+bear them quarterly, and in which quarters?
+
+FRANCIS P.
+
+_Lord Chancellor Steele._--Is any pedigree of William Steele, Esq., Lord
+Chancellor of Ireland temp. Commonwealth, extant; and do any of his
+descendants exist?
+
+It is believed he was nearly related to Captain Steel, governor of Beeston
+Castle, who suffered death by military execution in 1643 on a charge of
+cowardice.
+
+STATFOLD.
+
+_"A Tub to the Whale."_--What is the origin of this phrase?
+
+PIMLICO.
+
+_Legitimation_ (_Scotland_).--Perhaps some of your Scotch readers "learned
+in the law" would obligingly answer the subjoined Queries, referring to
+some decisions.
+
+1. Will entail property go to a _bastard_, _legitimated before the Union_
+under the great seal (by the law of Scotland)?
+
+2. Will titles and dignities descend?
+
+3. Will armorial bearings?
+
+M. M.
+
+  Inner Temple.
+
+_"Vaut mieux," &c._--The proverb "Vaut mieux avoir affaire a Dieu qu'a ses
+saints" has a Latin origin. What is it?
+
+M.
+
+_Shakspeare First Folio._--Is there any _obtainable_ edition of Shakspeare
+which follows, or fully contains, the first folio?
+
+M.
+
+_The Staffordshire Knot._--Can any of your readers give the history of the
+Staffordshire knot, traced on the carriages and trucks of the North
+Staffordshire Railway Company?
+
+T. P.
+
+_Sir Thomas Elyot._--I shall be extremely obliged by a reference to any
+sources of information respecting Sir Thomas Elyot, Knight, living in the
+time of Henry VIII., son of Sir Richard Elyot, Knight, of Suffolk.
+
+I shall be glad also to know whether a short work (among others of his in
+my possession) entitled _The Defence of good Women_, printed in London by
+Thomas Berthelet, 1545, is at all a rare book?
+
+H. C. K.
+
+_"Celsior exsurgens pluviis," &c._--
+
+ "Celsior exsurgens pluviis, nimbosque cadentes,
+  Sub pedibus cernens, et caeca tonitrua calcans."
+
+Can you oblige me by stating where the above lines are to be found? They
+appear to me to form an appropriate motto for a balloon.
+
+J. P. A.
+
+_The Bargain Cup._--Can the old English custom of drinking together upon
+the completion of a bargain, be traced back farther than the Norman era?
+Did a similar custom exist in the earlier ages? Danl. Dyke, in his
+_Mysteries_ (London, 1634), says:
+
+    "The Jews being forbidden to make couenants with the Gentiles, they
+    also abstained from drinking with them; because that was a ceremonie
+    vsed in striking of couenants."
+
+This is the only notice I can find among old writers touching this custom,
+which is certainly one of considerable antiquity: though I should like
+confirmation of Dyke's words, before I can recognise an ancestry so remote.
+
+R. C. WARDE.
+
+  Kidderminster.
+
+_School-Libraries._--I am desirous of ascertaining whether any of our
+public schools possess any libraries for the general reading of the
+scholars, in which I do not include mere school-books of Latin, Greek, &c.,
+which, I presume, they all possess, but such as travels, biographies, &c.
+
+Boys fresh from these schools appear generally to know nothing of general
+reading, and from the slight information I have, I fear there is nothing in
+the way of a library in any of them. If not, it is, I should think, a very
+melancholy fact, and one that deserves a little attention: but if any of
+your obliging correspondents can tell me what public school possesses such
+a thing, and the facilities allowed for reading in the school, I shall take
+it as a favour.
+
+WELD TAYLOR.
+
+  Bayswater.
+
+_Queen Elizabeth and her "true" Looking-glass._--An anecdote is current of
+Queen Elizabeth having in her later days, if not during her last illness,
+called for a _true_ looking-glass, having for a long time previously made
+use of one that was in some manner purposely falsified.
+
+What is the original source of the story? or at least what is the authority
+to which its circulation is mainly due? An answer from some of your
+correspondents to one or other of these questions would greatly oblige
+
+VERONICA.
+
+_Bishop Thomas Wilson._--In Thoresby's Diary, A.D. 1720, April 17 (vol. ii.
+p. 289.), is the following entry:
+
+    "Easter Sunday ... after evening prayers supped at cousin Wilson's with
+    the Bishop of Man's son."
+
+Was there any relationship, and what, between this "cousin Wilson," and the
+bishop's son, Dr. Thomas Wilson? I should be glad of any information
+bearing on any or on all these subjects.
+
+WILLIAM DENTON.
+
+_Bishop Wilson's Works._--The REV. JOHN KEBLE, Hursley, near Winchester,
+being engaged in writing the life and editing the works of Bishop Wilson
+(Sodor and Man), would feel obliged by {221} the communication of any
+letters, sermons, or other writings of the bishop, or by reference to any
+incidents not to be found in printed accounts of his life.
+
+_Hobbes, Portrait of_.--In the _Memoirs_ of T. Hobbes, it is stated that a
+portrait of him was painted in 1669 for Cosmo de Medici.
+
+I have a fine half-length portrait of him, on the back of which is the
+following inscription:
+
+ "Thomas Hobbes, aet. 81. 1669.
+  J^{os}. Wick Wrilps, Londiensis, Pictor Caroli 2^{di}. R.
+  pinx^t."
+
+Is this painter the same as John Wycke, who died in 1702, but who is not, I
+think, known as a portrait painter?
+
+Can any of your readers inform me whether a portrait of Hobbes is now in
+the galleries at Florence, and, if so, by whom it was painted? It is
+possible that mine is a duplicate of the picture which was painted for the
+Grand Duke.
+
+W. C. TREVELYAN.
+
+  Wallington.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries with Answers.
+
+_Brasenose, Oxford_.--I am anxious to learn the origin and meaning of the
+word _Brasenose_. I have somewhere heard or read (though I cannot recall
+where) that it was a Saxon word, _brasen haus_ or "brewing-house;" and that
+the college was called by this name, because it was built on the site of
+the brewing-house of King Alfred. All that Ingram says on the subject is
+this:
+
+    "This curious appellation, which, whatever was the origin of it, has
+    been perpetuated by the symbol of a brazen nose here and at Stamford,
+    occurs with the modern orthography, but in one undivided word, so early
+    as 1278, in an Inquisition, now printed in the _Hundred Rolls_, though
+    quoted by Wood from the manuscript record."--See his _Memorials of
+    Oxford_.
+
+CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.
+
+    [Our correspondent will find the notice of King Alfred's brew-house in
+    the review of Ingram's _Memorials_ in the _British Critic_, vol. xxiv.
+    p. 139. The writer says, "There is a spot in the centre of the city
+    where Alfred is said to have lived, and which may be called the native
+    place or river-head of three separate societies still existing,
+    University, Oriel, and Brasenose. Brasenose claims his palace, Oriel
+    his church, and University his school or academy. Of these Brasenose
+    College is still called, in its formal style, 'the King's Hall,' which
+    is the name by which Alfred himself, in his laws, calls his palace; and
+    it has its present singular name from a corruption of _brasinium_, or
+    _brasin-huse_, as having been originally located in that part of the
+    royal mansion which was devoted to the then important accommodation of
+    a brew-house." Churton, in his _Life of Bishop Smyth_, p. 277., thus
+    accounts for the origin of the word:--"Brasen Nose Hall, as the Oxford
+    antiquary has shown, may be traced as far back as the time of Henry
+    III., about the middle of the thirteenth century; and early in the
+    succeeding reign, 6th Edward I., 1278, it was known by the name of
+    Brasen Nose Hall, which peculiar name was undoubtedly owing, as the
+    same author observes, to the circumstance of a nose of brass affixed to
+    the gate. It is presumed, however, this conspicuous appendage of the
+    portal was not formed of the mixed metal, which the word now denotes,
+    but the genuine produce of the mine; as is the nose, or rather face, of
+    a lion or leopard still remaining at Stamford, which also gave name to
+    the edifice it adorned. And hence, when Henry VIII. debased the coin,
+    by an alloy of _copper_, it was a common remark or proverb, that
+    'Testons were gone to Oxford, to study in _Brasen_ Nose.'"]
+
+_G. Downing_.--Can any one point out to me a biography of G. Downing, or at
+least indicate a work where the dates of the birth and death of this
+celebrated statesman may be found? He was English ambassador in the Hague
+previous to and in the year 1664, and to him Downing Street in London owes
+its name. A very speedy answer would be most welcome.--From the
+_Navorscher_.
+
+A. T. C.
+
+    [In Pepys's _Diary_, vol. i. p. 2. edit. 1848, occurs the following
+    notice of Sir George Downing:--"Wood has misled us in stating that Sir
+    George Downing was a son of Dr. Calibut Downing, the rector of Hackney.
+    He was beyond doubt the son of Emmanuel Downing, a London merchant, who
+    went to New England. It is not improbable that Emmanuel was a near
+    kinsman of Calibut; how related has not yet been discovered. Governor
+    Hutchinson, in his _History of Massachusetts_, gives the true account
+    of Downing's affiliation, which has been farther confirmed by Mr.
+    Savage, of Boston, from the public records of New England. Wood calls
+    Downing a sider with all times and changes; skilled in the common cant,
+    and a preacher occasionally. He was sent by Cromwell to Holland, as
+    resident there. About the Restoration, he espoused the King's cause,
+    and was knighted and elected M. P. for Morpeth, in 1661. Afterwards,
+    becoming Secretary to the Treasury and Commissioner of the Customs, he
+    was in 1663 created a Baronet of East Hatley, in Cambridgeshire, and
+    was again sent ambassador to Holland. His grandson of the same name,
+    who died in 1749, was the founder of Downing College, Cambridge. The
+    title became extinct in 1764, upon the decease of Sir John Gerrard
+    Downing, the last heir male of the family." According to Hutchinson,
+    Sir George died in 1684.]
+
+_Unkid_.--Can any of your readers inform me as to the derivation of this
+word, or give any instance of its recent use? I have frequently heard it in
+my childhood (the early part of the present century) among the rural
+population of Oxon and Berks. It was generally applied to circumstances of
+a melancholy or distressing character, but sometimes used to express a
+peculiar state of feeling, being apparently intended to convey nearly the
+same meaning as the _ennui_ of the French. I {222} recollect an allusion to
+the phrase somewhere in Miss Mitford's writings, who speaks of it as
+peculiar to Berks; but as I was then ignorant of Captain Cuttle's maxim, I
+did not "make a note of it," so that I am unable to lay my hand on the
+passage.
+
+G. T.
+
+  Reading.
+
+    [Mr. Sternberg also found this word in Northamptonshire: for in his
+    valuable work on _The Dialect and Folk Lore_ of that county occurs the
+    following derivation of it:--"UNKED, HUNKID, _s_. lonely, dull,
+    miserable. 'I was so _unked_ when ye war away.' 'A _unked_ house,' &c.
+    Mr. Bosworth gives, as the derivative, the A.-S. _uncyd_, solitary,
+    without speech. In Batchelor's _List of Bedfordshire Words_, it is
+    spelt _ungkid_."]
+
+_Pilgrim's Progress_.--The common editions contain a _third_ part, setting
+forth the life of _Tender-conscience_: this third part is thought not to
+have been written by Bunyan, and is omitted from some, at least, of the
+modern editions. Can any of your readers explain by whom this addition was
+made, and all about it? The subject of the _Pilgrim's Progress_
+generally--the stories of a similar kind which are said to have
+preceded--especially in Catholic times--the history of its editions and
+annotations, would give some interesting columns.
+
+M.
+
+    [Mr. George Offor, in his Introduction to _The Pilgrim's Progress_,
+    published by the Hanserd Knollys Society in 1847, notices the third
+    part as a forgery:--"In a very few years after Bunyan's death, this
+    third part made its appearance; and although the title does not
+    directly say that it was written by Bunyan, yet it was at first
+    generally received as such. In 1695, it reached a second edition; and a
+    sixth in 1705. In 1708, it was denounced in the title to the ninth
+    edition of the second part, by a 'Note, _the third part, suggested to
+    be J. Bunyan's, is an imposture_.' The author of this forgery is as yet
+    unknown." Mr. Offor has also devoted fifty pages of his Introduction to
+    the conjectured prototypes of Bunyan's _Pilgrim's Progress_. He says,
+    "Every assertion or suggestion that came to my knowledge has been
+    investigated, and the works referred to have been analysed. And beyond
+    this, every allegorical work that could be found, previous to the
+    eighteenth century, has been examined in all the European languages,
+    and the result is a perfect demonstration of the complete originality
+    of Bunyan."]
+
+_John Frewen_.--What is known of this divine? He was minister at Northiam
+in Sussex in 1611; and published, the following year, a small volume of
+_Sermons_, bearing reference to some quarrel between himself and
+parishioners. Are these _Sermons_ rare? Any particulars would be
+acceptable.
+
+R. C. WARDE.
+
+  Kidderminster.
+
+    [Accepted Frewen, Archbishop of York, was the eldest son of John
+    Frewen, "the puritanical Rector of Northiam," as Wood calls him, and
+    indeed his name carries a symbol of his father's sanctity. Wood has
+    given a few particulars of John, who, he says, "was a learned divine,
+    and frequent preacher of the time, and wrote, 1. _Fruitful Instructions
+    and Necessary Doctrine, to edify in the Fear of God, &c_., 1587. 2.
+    _Fruitful Instructions for the General Cause of Reformation, against
+    the Slanders of the Pope and League, &c_., 1589. 3. _Certain Choice
+    Grounds and Principles of our Christian Religion, with their several
+    Expositions, by Way of Questions and Answers, &c_., 1621, and other
+    things. He died in 1627 (about the latter end), and was buried in
+    Northiam Church, leaving then behind these sons, viz. Accepted,
+    Thankful, Stephen, Joseph, Benjamin, Thomas, Samuel, John, &c., which
+    John seems to have succeeded his father in the Rectory of Northiam; but
+    whether the said father was educated at Oxford, I cannot tell."]
+
+_Histories of Literature_.--Can any correspondent inform me of the best, or
+one or two principal Histories of Literature, published in the English
+language, with the names of the author and publisher; as well as, if
+possible, the size and price?
+
+ILMONASTERIENSIS.
+
+    [Our correspondent cannot do better than procure Hallam's _Introduction
+    to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and
+    Seventeenth Centuries_, 3 vols. 8vo. (36s.). He may also consult with
+    advantage Dr. Maitland's _Dark Ages_, which illustrates the state of
+    religion and literature from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, 8vo.,
+    12s. and Berrington's _Literary History of the Middle Ages_, 3s. 6d.]
+
+"_Mrs. Shaw's Tombstone_."--In Leigh's _Observations_ (London, 1660) are
+several quotations from a work entitled _Mrs. Shaw's Tombstone_. Where may
+a copy of this be seen?
+
+R. C. WARDE.
+
+  Kidderminster.
+
+    [Mrs. Dorothy Shaw's _Tombstone, or the Saint's Remains_, 1658, may be
+    seen in the British Museum, Press-mark, 1418. i. 41.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+CRANMER AND CALVIN.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 182.)
+
+A correspondent who seems to delight in sibilants, signing, himself
+S. Z. Z. S., invites me to "_preserve_, in your columns, the letter of
+Calvin to Cranmer, of which Dean Jenkyns has only given extracts," as
+noticed by me in your Vol. vii., p. 621.
+
+I would not shrink from the trouble of transcribing the whole letter, if a
+complete copy were only to be found in the short-lived columns of a
+newspaper, as inserted in the _Record_ of May 15, 1843, by Merle d'Aubigne;
+but the Dean has given a reference to the volume in which both the letters
+he cites are preserved and accessible, viz. _Calvin Epistles_, pp. 134,
+135., Genev. 1616. {223}
+
+S. Z. Z. S. justly observes that there are two points to be distinguished:
+first, Cranmer's wish that Calvin should assist in a general union of the
+churches protesting against Romish errors; second, Calvin's offer to assist
+in settling the Church of England. He adds, "The latter was declined; and
+the reason is demonstrated in Archbishop Laurence's _Bampton Lectures_." I
+neither possess those lectures, nor the volume of Calvin's epistles; but
+all I have seen of the correspondence between him and Cranmer, in the
+Parker Society's editions of Cranmer, and of original letters between
+1537-58, and in Jenkyns' _Remains of Cranmer_, indisposes me to believe
+that Calvin made any "offer to assist in settling the Church of England."
+It appears from Dean Jenkyns' note, vol. i. p. 346., that Archbishop
+Laurence made a mistake in the order of the correspondence, calculated to
+mislead himself; and as to Heylyn's assertion, _Eccles. Restaur._, p. 65.,
+that Calvin made such an offer and "that the Archbishop (Cranmer) _knew_
+the man and refused his offer," the Dean says:
+
+    "He gives no authority for the later part of his statement, and it can
+    hardly be reconciled with Cranmer's letter to Calvin of March 20,
+    1552."
+
+The contemptuous expression, he "knew the man and refused his offer," is,
+in fact, utterly irreconcilable with Cranmer's language in all his three
+letters to Melancthon, to Bullinger, and to Calvin (Nos. 296, 297, 298. of
+Parker Society's edition of _Cranmer's Remains_, and Nos. 283, 284, 285. of
+Jenkyns' edition), where he tells each of the other two that he had written
+to Calvin from his desire--
+
+    "Ut in Anglia, aut alibi, doctissimorum et _optimorum_ virorum synodus
+    convocaretur, in qua de puritate ecclesiasticae doctrinae, et praecipue de
+    consensu controversiae sacramentariae tractaretur."
+
+Or, as he said to Calvin himself:
+
+    "Ut docti et pii viri, qui alios antecellunt eruditione et judicio,
+    convenirent."
+
+Your correspondent seems to have used the word "demonstrated" rather in a
+surgical than in its mathematical sense.
+
+Having taken up my pen to supply you with an answer to this historical
+inquiry, I may as well notice some other articles in your No. 199. For
+example, in p. 167., L. need not have referred your readers to Halliwell's
+_Researches in Archaic Language_ for an explanation of Bacon's word
+"bullaces." The word may be seen in Johnson's _Dictionary_, with the
+citation from Bacon, and instead of vaguely calling it "a small black and
+tartish plum," your botanical readers know it as the _Prunus insititia_.
+
+Again, p. 173., J. M. may like to know farther, that the Duke of
+Wellington's clerical brother was entered on the boards of St. John's
+College, Cambridge, as Wesley, where the spelling must have been dictated
+either by himself, or by the person authorised to desire his admission. It
+continued to be spelt Wesley in the Cambridge annual calendars as late as
+1808, but was altered in that of 1809 to Wellesley. The alteration was
+probably made by the desire of the family, and without communicating such
+desire to the registrary of the university. For it appears in the edition
+of _Graduati Cantabrigienses_, printed in 1823, as follows:
+
+    "Wesley, Gerard Valerian, Coll. Joh. A. M. 1792. Comitis de Mornington,
+    Fil. nat. 4^{tus}."
+
+In p. 173., C. M. INGLEBY may like to know, as a clue to the origin of his
+_apussee and_, that I was taught at school, sixty years ago, to call & _And
+per se_, whilst some would call it _And-per-se-and_.
+
+In the same page, the inquirer B. H. C. respecting the word _mammon_, may
+like to know that the history of that word has been given at some length in
+p. 1. to p. 68. of the Parker Society's edition of Tyndale's _Parable of
+the wicked Mammon_, where I have stated that it occurs in a form identical
+with the English in the Chaldee Targum of Onkelos on Exod. viii. 21., and
+in that of Jonathan on Judges, v. 9., as equivalent to riches; and that in
+the Syriac translation it occurs in a form identical with [Greek: Mamona],
+in Exod. xxi. 30., as a rendering for [Hebrew: K\holam\P\segol\R], the
+price of satisfaction. In B. H. C.'s citation from Barnes, _even_ seems a
+misprint for _ever_. The Jews did not again fall into actual idolatry after
+the Babylonish captivity; but we are told that in the sight of God
+covetousness is idolatry.
+
+HENRY WALTER.
+
+  Hasilbury Bryan.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BARNACLES.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 124.)
+
+A Querist quoting from Porta's _Natural Magic_ the vulgar error that "not
+only in Scotland, but in the river Thames, there is a kind of shell-fish
+which get out of their shells and grow to be ducks, or such like birds,"
+asks, what could give rise to such an absurd belief? Your correspondent
+quotes from the English translation of the _Magia Naturalis_, A.D. 1658;
+but the tradition is very ancient, Porta the author having died in 1515
+A.D. You still find an allusion in _Hudibras_ to those--
+
+ "Who from the most refin'd of saints,
+  As naturally grow miscreants,
+  As _barnacles_ turn Soland geese,
+  In th' islands of the Orcades."
+
+The story has its origin in the peculiar formation of the little mollusc
+which inhabits the multivalve shell, the _Pentalasmis anatifera_, which by
+a fleshy peduncle attaches itself by one end to the bottoms of ships or
+floating timber, whilst from the other {224} there protrudes a bunch of
+curling and fringe-like cirrhi, by the agitation of which it attracts and
+collects its food. These cirrhi so much resemble feathers, as to have
+suggested the leading idea of a bird's tail: and hence the construction of
+the remainder of the fable, which is thus given with grave minuteness in
+_The Herbal, or General Historie of Plants_, gathered by John Gerarde,
+Master in Chirurgerie: London, 1597:
+
+    "What our eyes have seen, and our hands have touched, we shall declare.
+    There is a small island in Lancashire called the Pile of Foulders,
+    wherein are found the broken pieces of old and bruised ships, some
+    whereof have been cast thither by shipwreck; and also the trunks or
+    bodies, with the branches of old and rotten trees, cast up there
+    likewise, whereon is found a certain spume or froth, that in time
+    breedeth unto certain shells, in shape like those of a mussel, but
+    sharper pointed, and of a whitish colour; wherein is contained a thing
+    in form like a lace of silk finely woven as it were together, of a
+    whitish colour; one end whereof is fastened unto the inside of the
+    shell, even as the fish of oysters and mussels are; the other end is
+    made fast unto the belly of a rude mass or lump, which in time cometh
+    to the shape and form of a bird. When it is perfectly formed, the shell
+    gapeth open, and the first thing that appeareth is the foresaid lace or
+    string; next come the legs of the bird hanging out and as it groweth
+    greater, it openeth the shell by degrees, till at length it is all come
+    forth, and hangeth only by the bill. In short space after it cometh to
+    full maturity, and falleth into the sea, where it gathereth feathers,
+    and groweth to a fowl, bigger than a mallard, and lesser than a goose;
+    having black legs, and a bill or beak, and feathers black and white,
+    spotted in such manner as our magpie, called in some places a
+    Pie-Annet, which the people of Lancashire call by no other name than a
+    tree-goose; which place aforesaid, and all those parts adjacent, do so
+    much abound therewith, that one of the best may be bought for
+    threepence. For the truth hereof, if any doubt, may it please them to
+    repair unto me, and I shall satisfy them by the testimony of credible
+    witnesses."--Page 1391.
+
+Gerarde, who is doubtless Butler's authority, says elsewhere, that "in the
+north parts of Scotland, and the islands called Orcades," there are certain
+trees whereon these tree-geese and barnacles abound.
+
+The conversion of the fish into a bird, however fabulous, would be scarcely
+more astonishing than the metamorphosis which it actually undergoes--the
+young of the little animal having no feature to identify it with its final
+development. In its early stage (I quote from Carpenter's _Physiology_,
+vol. i. p. 52.) it has a form not unlike that of the crab, "possessing eyes
+and powers of free motion; but afterwards, becoming fixed to one spot for
+the remainder of its life, it loses its eyes and forms a shell, which,
+though composed of various pieces, has nothing in common with the jointed
+shell of the crab."
+
+Though Porta wrote at Naples, the story has reference to Scotland; and the
+tradition is evidently northern, and local. As to SPERIEND's Query, What
+could give rise to so absurd a story? it doubtless took its origin in the
+similarity of the tentacles of the fish to feathers of a bird. But I would
+add the farther Query, whether the ready acceptance and general credence
+given to so obvious a fable, may not have been derived from giving too
+literal a construction to the text of the passage in the first chapter of
+Genesis:
+
+    "And God said, Let the _waters bring forth abundantly_ the moving
+    creature that hath life, and _the fowl_ that may fly in the open
+    firmament of heaven?"
+
+J. EMERSON TENNENT.
+
+Drayton (1613) in his _Poly-olbion_, iii., in connexion with the river Dee,
+speaks of--
+
+    "Th' anatomised fish, and fowls from planchers sprung,"
+
+to which a note is appended in Southey's edition, p. 609., that such fowls
+were "_barnacles_, a bird breeding upon old ships." In the _Entertaining
+Library_, "Habits of Birds," pp. 363-379., the whole story of this
+extraordinary instance of ignorance in natural history is amply developed.
+The barnacle shells which I once saw in a sea-port, attached to a vessel
+just arrived from the Mediterranean, had the brilliant appearance, at a
+distance, of flowers in bloom[1]; the foot of the _Lepas anatifera_
+(Linnaeus) appearing to me like the stalk of a plant growing from the ship's
+side: the shell had the semblance of a calyx, and the flower consisted of
+the fingers (_tentacula_) of the shell-fish, "of which twelve project in an
+elegant curve, and are used by it for making prey of small fish." The very
+ancient error was to mistake the foot of the shell-fish for the neck of a
+goose, the shell for its head, and the _tentacula_ for a tuft of feathers.
+As to the body, _non est inventus_. The Barnacle Goose is a well-known
+bird: and these shell-fish, bearing, as seen out of the water, resemblance
+to the goose's neck, were ignorantly, and without investigation, confounded
+with geese themselves, an error into which Albertus Magnus (d. 1280) did
+not fall, and in which Pope Pius II. proved himself infallible.
+Nevertheless, in France, the Barnacle Goose may be eaten on fast-days by
+virtue of this old belief in its marine origin.
+
+T. J. BUCKTON
+
+[Footnote 1: See _Penny Cycl_., art. CIRRIPEDA, vii. 208., reversing the
+woodcut.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DIAL INSCRIPTIONS.
+
+(Vol. iv., p. 507. Vol. v., p. 155., &c.)
+
+In the churchyard of Areley-Kings, Worcestershire (where is the singular
+memorial to Sir Harry Coningsby, which I mentioned at Vol. vi., {225} p.
+406.), is a curious dial, the pillar supporting which has its four sides
+carved with figures of Time and Death, &c., and the following inscriptions.
+
+On the south side, where is the figure of Time:
+
+          Consider
+
+ "Aspice--ut aspicias."
+
+ "Time's glass and scythe
+  Thy life and death declare,
+  Spend well thy time, and
+  For thy end prepare."
+
+     "O man, now or never
+  While there is time, turn unto the Lord,
+      And put not off from day to day."
+
+On the north side, where is the figure of Death standing upon a dead body,
+with his dart, hour-glass, and spade:
+
+ "Three things there be in very deede,
+  Which make my heart in grief to bleede:
+  The first doth vex my very heart,
+  In that from hence I must departe;
+  The second grieves me now and then,
+  That I must die, but know not when;
+  The third with tears bedews my face,
+  That I must die, nor know the place.
+
+          I. W.
+      _fecit_, Anno D[=m]i.
+          1687."
+
+ "Behold my killing dart and delving spade;
+  Prepare for death before thy grave be made;
+                  for
+          After death there's no hope."
+
+ "If a man die he shall live again.
+  All the days of my appointed time
+  Will I wait till my days come."--_Job_ xiv. 14.
+
+ "The death of saints is precious,
+  And miserable is the death of sinners."
+
+The east side of the pillar has the following:
+
+ "Si vis ingredi in vitam,
+  Serve mandata."
+
+ "Judgments are prepared for sinners."--_Prov_. xiv. 9.
+
+And on the west:
+
+     "Sol non occidat
+  Super iracundiam vestram."
+
+ "Whatsoever ye would that men
+      Should do unto you,
+  Do ye even so unto them."
+
+I subjoin a few other dial inscriptions, copied from churches in
+Worcestershire.
+
+Kidderminster (parish church):
+
+    "None but a villain will deface me."
+
+Himbleton (over the porch):
+
+    "Via Vitae."
+
+Bromsgrove:
+
+    "We shall ----" (_i.e._ we shall die-all).
+
+Shrawley:
+
+    "Ab hoc nomento pendet aeternitas."
+
+CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE "SALTPETER MAKER."
+
+(Vol. vii., pp. 377. 433. 460. 530.)
+
+The following humble petition will give an idea of the arbitrary power
+exercised by the "Saltpeter maker" in the days of Good Queen Bess; and of
+the useful monopoly that functionary contrived to make of his employment,
+in defiance of county government:
+
+    "Righte honorable, our humble dewties to yo^r good Lordshippe premised,
+    maye it please the same to be advertised, that at the Quarter sessions
+    holden at Newarke within this countie of Nottingham, There was a
+    generall Complaynte made unto us by the Whole Countrie, that one John
+    Ffoxe, saltpeter maker, had charged the Whole Countrie by his precepts
+    for the Caryinge of Cole from Selsonn, in the Countie of Nottingham,
+    unto the towne of Newarke w^{th}in the same countie; beinge sixteene
+    myles distante for the makeinge of saltpeter, some townes w^{th} five
+    Cariages and some w^{th} lesse, or els to geve him foure shillinges for
+    everie Loade, whereof he hath Recyved a great parte. Uppon w^{ch}
+    Complaynte we called the same Ffoxe before some of us at Newarke at the
+    Sessions, there to answere the premisses, and also to make us a
+    propc[=i]on what Loades of Coales would serve to make a thowsand of
+    saltpeter, To thend we might have sett some order for the preparing of
+    the same: But the said Ffoxe will not sett downe anie rate what would
+    serve for the makeinge of a Thowsande. Therefore we have thoughte good
+    to advertise your good Lordshippe of the premisses, and have appoynted
+    the clarke of the peace of this countie of Nottingham to attend yo^r
+    good Lordshippe to know yo^r Lordshippes pleasure about the same, who
+    can further informe yo^r good Lordshippe of the particularities
+    thereof, if it shall please yo^r good Lordshippe to geve him hearings,
+    And so most humblie take our Leaves, Newarke, the viij^{th} of Octob^r,
+    1589.
+
+     "Your L^{pp} most humblie to Comaunde,
+
+      RO. MARKHAM,
+      WILLIAM SUTTON,
+      R[=AU]F BARTON, 1589,
+      N[=IH]S ROOS,
+      BRIAN LASSELS,
+      JOHN THORNHAGH."
+
+The document is addressed on the back "To the Right Honorable our verie
+good Lord the Lord Burghley, Lord Heighe Threasoro^r of England, yeve
+theis;" and is numbered LXI. 72. among the Lansdowne MSS., B. M.
+
+The proposal quoted below has no date attached, but probably belongs to the
+former part of the seventeenth century:
+
+    "THE SERVICE.
+
+    "1. To make 500 Tunne of refined Saltpetre within his Ma^{ties}
+    dominions yearely, and continually, and cheaper.
+
+    2. _Without digging of homes or charging of carts, or any other charge
+    to the subject whatsoever._ {226}
+
+    3. To performe the whole service at our owne cost.
+
+    4. Not to hinder any man in his owne way of makeing saltpetre, nor
+    importation from forreine parts."
+
+The following memorandum is underwritten:
+
+    "Mr. Speaker hath our Bill; Be pleased to-morrow to call for it."
+
+The original draft of the above disinterested offer may be seen Harl.
+CLVIII. fol. 272.
+
+FURVUS.
+
+  St. James's.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TSAR.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 150.)
+
+The difficulty in investigating the origin of this word is that the letter
+_c_, "the most wonderful of all letters," says Eichhoff (_Vergleichung der
+Sprachen_, p. 55.), sounds like _k_ before the vowels _a_, _o_, _u_, but
+before _e_, _i_, in French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch, as _s_, in
+Italian as _tsh_, in German as _ts_. It is always _ts_ in Polish and
+Bohemian. In Russian it is represented by a special letter [Cyrillic: ts],
+_tsi_; but in Celtic it is always _k_. Conformably with this principle, the
+Russians, like the Germans, Poles, and Bohemians, pronounce the Latin _c_
+as _ts_. So Cicero in these languages is pronounced _Tsitsero_, very
+differently from the Greeks, who called him _Kikero_. The letter _tsi_ is a
+supplementary one in Russian, having no corresponding letter in the Greek
+alphabet, from which the Russian was formed in the ninth century by St.
+Cyril. The word to be sought then amongst cognate languages as the
+counterpart of _tsar_ (or as the Germans write it _czar_) is _car_, as
+pronounced in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch. The most
+probable etymological connection that I can discover is with the Sanscrit
+[Sanskrit: car] _car_, to move, to advance; the root of the Greek [Greek:
+karrhon], in English _car_, Latin _curro_, French _cours_. So Sanscrit
+_caras_, _carat_, movable, nimble; Greek [Greek: chraon], Latin _currens_.
+And Sanscrit _caras_, motion, Greek [Greek: choros], Latin _currus_,
+_cursus_, French _char_, English _car_, _cart_, &c. The early Russians were
+doubtless wanderers, an off-shoot of the people known to the Greeks as
+Scythians, and to the Hebrews and Arabians as Gog and Magog, who travelled
+in _cars_, occupying first one territory with their flocks, but not
+cultivating the land, then leaving it to nature and taking up another
+resting-place. It is certain that the Russians have many Asiatic words in
+their vocabulary, which must necessarily have occurred from their being for
+more than two centuries sometimes under Tatar, and sometimes under Mongol
+domination; and the origin of this word _tsar_ or _car_ may leave to be
+sought on the plateaus of North-east Asia. In the Shemitic tongues (Arabic,
+Hebrew, Persian, &c.) no connexion of sound or meaning, so probable as the
+above Indo-European one, is to be found. The popular derivations of
+Nabupolassar, Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, &c., are not to be trusted. It is
+remarkable, however, that these names are significant in Russian. (See "N.
+& Q.," Vol. vii., pp. 432, 433, _note_.) The cuneatic inscriptions may yet
+throw light on these Assyrian names. In Russian the kingdom is _Tsarstvo_,
+the king _Tsar_, his queen _Tsarina_, his son is _Tsarevitch_, and his
+daughter _Tsarevna_. The word is probably pure Russian or Slavic. The
+Russian tsar used about two hundred years ago to be styled duke by foreign
+courts, but he has advanced in the nomenclature of royalty to be an
+emperor. The Russians use the word _imperatore_ for emperor, _Kesar_ for
+Caesar, and _samodershetse_ for sovereign.
+
+T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+  Birmingham.
+
+In Voltaire's _History of the Russian Empire_, it is stated that the title
+of Czar may possibly be derived front the _Tzars_ or _Tchars_ of the
+kingdom of Casan. When John, or Ivan Basilides, Grand Prince of Russia, had
+completed the reduction of this kingdom, he assumed this title, and it has
+since continued to his successors. Before the reign of John Basilides, the
+sovereigns of Russia bore the name of _Velike Knez_, that is, great prince,
+great lord, great chief, which in Christian countries was afterwards
+rendered by that of great duke. The Czar Michael Federovitz, on occasion of
+the Holstein embassy, assumed the titles of Great Knez and Great Lord,
+Conservator of all the Russias, Prince of Wolodimir, Moscow, Novogorod,
+&c., Tzar of Casan, Tzar of Astracan, Tzar of Siberia. The name of _Tzar_
+was therefore the title of those Oriental princes, and therefore it is more
+probable for it to have been derived from the _Tshas_ of Persia than from
+the Roman Caesars, whose name very likely never reached the ears of the
+Siberian Tzars on the banks of the Oby. In another part of Voltaire's
+_History_, when giving an account of the celebrated battle of Narva, where
+Charles XII., with nine thousand men and ten pieces of cannon, defeated
+"the Russian army with eighty thousand fighting men, supported by one
+hundred and forty-five pieces of cannon," he says, "Among the captives was
+the son of a King of Georgia, whom Charles sent to Stockholm; his name was
+_Mittelesky Czarowitz_, or Czar's Son, which is farther proof that the
+title of Czar or Tzar was not originally derived from the Roman Caesars." To
+the above slightly abbreviated description may not be uninterestingly added
+the language of Voltaire, which immediately follows the first reference:
+
+    "No title, how great soever, is of any signification, unless they who
+    bear it are great and powerful of themselves. The word _emperor_, which
+    denoted only the _general of an army_, became the title of the {227}
+    sovereigns of Rome and it is now conferred on the supreme governor of
+    all the Russias."
+
+A HERMIT AT HAMPSTEAD.
+
+I beg to inform J. S. A. that the right word is _Tsar_, and that it is the
+Russian word answering to our king or lord, the Latin _Rex_, the Persian
+_Shah_, &c. There may be terms in other languages that have an affinity
+with it, but I believe we should seek in vain for a derivation.
+
+T. K.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"LAND OF GREEN GINGER."
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 160.)
+
+I wish that R. W. ELLIOT of Clifton, whom I recognise as a former
+inhabitant of Hull, had given the authority on which he states, that "It is
+so called from the sale of ginger having been chiefly carried on there in
+early times." The name of this street has much puzzled the local
+antiquaries; and having been for several years engaged on a work relative
+to the derivations, &c., of the names of the streets of Hull, I have spared
+no pains to ascertain the history and derivation of the singular name of
+this street.
+
+I offer then a conjecture as to its derivation as follows:--The ground on
+which this street stands was originally the property of De la Pole, Duke of
+Suffolk, on which he had built his stately manor-house. On the attainder of
+the family it was seized by the king; and Henry VIII. several times held
+his court here, on one of his visits having presented his sword to the
+corporation. It was then, 1538, called Old Beverley Street, as seen in the
+survey made of the estates of Sir William Sydney, Kt. In a romance called
+_Piraute el Blanco_, it is stated "The morning collation at the English
+Court was _green ginger_ with good Malmsey, which was their custom, because
+of the coldness of the land." And in the _Foedera_, vii. 233., it is stated
+that, among other things, the cargo of a Genoese ship, which was driven
+ashore at Dunster, in Somersetshire, in 1380, consisted of green ginger
+(ginger cured with lemon-juice). In Hollar's Map of Hull, 1640, the street
+is there laid out as built upon, but without any name attached to it. No
+other plans of Hull are at present known to exist from the time of Hollar,
+1640, to Gent, 1735. In Gent's plan of Hull, it is there called "The Land
+of Green Ginger;" so that probably, between the years 1640 and 1735, it
+received its peculiar name.
+
+I therefore conjecture that, as Henry VIII. kept his Court here with his
+usual regal magnificence, green ginger would be one of the luxuries of his
+table; that this portion of his royal property being laid out as a garden,
+was peculiarly suitable for the growth of ginger--the same as Pontefract
+was for the growth of the liquorice plant; and that, upon the property
+being built upon, the remembrance of this spot being so suitable for the
+growth of ginger for the Court, would eventually give the peculiar name, in
+the same way that the adjoining street of Bowl-Alley-Lane received its
+title from the bowling-green near to it.
+
+JOHN RICHARDSON.
+
+  13. Savile Street, Hull.
+
+This has long been a puzzle to the Hull antiquaries. I have often inquired
+of old persons likely to know the origin of such names of places at that
+sea-port as "The Land of Green Ginger," "Pig Alley," "Mucky-south-end," and
+"Rotten Herring Staith;" and I have come to the conclusion, that "The Land
+of Green Ginger" was a very dirty place where horses were kept: a mews, in
+short, which none of the Muses, not even with Homer as an exponent, could
+exalt ([Greek: Epea pteroenta en athanatoisi theoisi]) into the regions of
+poesy.
+
+Ginger has been cultivated in this country as a _stove_ exotic for about
+two hundred and fifty years. In one of the histories of Hull, ginger is
+supposed to have grown in this street, where, to a recent period, the
+stables of the George Inn, and those of a person named Foster opposite,
+occupied the principal portion of the short lane called "Land of Green
+Ginger." It is hardly possible that the true zingiber can have grown here,
+even in the manure heaps; but a plant of the same order (_Zingiberaceae_)
+may have been mistaken for it. Some of the old women or marine school-boys
+of the Trinity House, in the adjoining lane named from that guild, or some
+druggist, may have dropped, either accidentally or experimentally, a root,
+if not of the ginger, yet of some kindred plant. The magnificent _Fuchsia_
+was first noticed in the possession of a seaman's wife by Fuchs in 1501, a
+century prior to the introduction of the ginger plant into England.
+
+T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+  Birmingham.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Stereoscopic Angles_.--The discussion in "N. & Q." relative to the best
+angle for stereoscopic pictures has gone far towards a satisfactory
+conclusion: there are, however, still a few points which may be
+beneficially considered.
+
+In the first place, the kind of stereoscope to be used must tend to modify
+the mental impression; and secondly, the _amount_ of reduction from the
+size of the original has a considerable influence on the final result.
+
+If in viewing a stereoscopic pair of photographs, they are placed _at the
+same distance_ from the eyes as the _length of the focus of the lens used
+in producing them_, then without doubt the distance between the eyes, viz.
+about two and a quarter {228} inches, is the best difference between the
+two points of view to produce a perfectly natural result; and if the points
+of operation be more distant from one another, as I have before intimated,
+an effect is produced similar to what would be the case if the pictures
+were taken from a _model_ of the object instead of the object itself.
+
+When it is intended that the pictures taken are to be viewed by an
+instrument that requires their distance from the eyes to be _less_ than the
+focal length of the lens used in their formation, what is the result? Why,
+that they subtend an angle larger than in nature, and are consequently
+apparently _increased_ in bulk; and the obvious remedy is to _increase_ the
+angle between the points of generation in the exact ratio as that by which
+the visual distance is to be lessened. There is one other consideration to
+which I would advert, viz. that as we judge of _distance_, &c. mainly by
+the degree of _convergence_ of the optic axes of our two eyes, it cannot be
+so good to arrange the camera with its two positions quite parallel,
+especially for objects at a short or medium distance, as to let its centre
+radiate from the principal object to be delineated; and to accomplish this
+desideratum in the readiest way (for portraits especially), the ingenious
+contrivance of Mr. Latimer Clark, described in the _Journal_ of the
+Photographic Society, appears to me the best adapted. It consists of a
+modification of the old parallel ruler arrangement on which the camera is
+placed; but one of the sides has an adjustment, so that within certain
+limits any degree of convergence is attainable. Now in the case of the
+pictures alluded to by MR. H. WILKINSON in Vol. viii., p. 181., it is
+probable they were taken by a camera placed in two positions parallel to
+one another, and it is quite clear that only a _portion_ of the two
+pictures could have been really stereoscopic. It is perfectly true that two
+indifferent negatives will often combine and form one good stereoscopic
+positive, but this is in consequence of one possessing that in which the
+other is deficient; and at any rate two _good_ pictures will have a
+_better_ effect; consequently, it is better that the two views should
+contain exactly the same _range_ of vision.
+
+GEO. SHADBOLT.
+
+_Protonitrate of Iron_.--"Being in the habit of using protonitrate of iron
+for developing collodion pictures, the following method of preparing that
+solution suggested itself to me, which appears to possess great
+advantages:--
+
+  Water                       1 oz.
+  Protosulphate of iron      14 grs.
+  Nitrate of potash          10 grs.
+  Acetic acid                 1/2 drm.
+  Nitric acid                 2 drops.
+
+In this mixture nitrate of potash is employed to convert the sulphate of
+iron into nitrate in place of nitrate of baryta in Dr. Diamond's formula,
+or nitrate of lead as recommended by Mr. Sisson; the advantage being that
+no filtering is required, as the sulphate of potash (produced by the double
+decomposition) is soluble in water, and does not interfere with the
+developing qualities of the solution.
+
+"The above gives the bright deposit of silver so much admired in Dr.
+Diamond's pictures, and will be found to answer equally well either for
+positives or negatives. If the nitric acid be omitted, we obtain the
+effects of protonitrate of iron prepared in the usual way.--JOHN SPILLER."
+
+(From the _Photographic Journal_.)
+
+_Photographs in natural Colours_.--As "N. & Q." numbers among its
+correspondents many residents in the United States, I hope you will permit
+me to inquire through its columns whether there is really any foundation
+for the very startling announcement, in Professor Hunt's _Photography_, of
+Mr. Hill of New York having "obtained more than fifty pictures from nature
+in all the beauty of native coloration," or whether the statement is, as I
+conclude Professor Hunt is inclined to believe, one of those hoaxes in
+which many of our transatlantic friends take so much delight.
+
+MATTER-OF-FACT.
+
+_Photographs by artificial Lights_.--May I ask for references to any
+manuals of photography, or papers in scientific journals, in which are
+recorded any experiments that have been made with the view of obtaining
+photographs by means of artificial lights? This is, I have no doubt, a
+subject of interest to many who, like myself, are busily occupied during
+the day, and have only their evenings for scientific pursuits: while it is
+obvious, that if such a process can be successfully practised, there are
+many objects--such as _prints_, _coins_, _seals_, _objects of natural
+history and antiquity_--which might well be copied by it, even though
+artificial light should prove far slower in its action than solar light.
+
+A CLERK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_Vandyke in America_ (Vol. viii., p. 182.).--I would take the liberty of
+asking MR. BALCH of Philadelphia whom he means by Col. Hill and Col. Byrd,
+"worthies famous in English history, and whose portraits by Vandyke are now
+on the James River?" I know of no Col. Hill or Byrd whom Vandyke could
+possibly have painted. I should also like to know what proof there is that
+the pictures, whomsoever they represent, are by _Vandyke_. MR. BALCH says
+that he favours us with this information "_in answer to the query_" (Vol.
+vii., p. 38.); but I beg leave to observe that it is by no means "in answer
+to the query," which was about an _engraved_ portrait and not _picture_,
+and {229} his thus bringing in the Vandykes _a propos de bottes_ makes me a
+little curious about their authenticity.
+
+C.
+
+_Title wanted--Choirochorographia_ (Vol. viii., p. 151.).--The full title
+of the book inquired after is as follows:
+
+    "[Greek: Choirochorographia]: sive, Hoglandiae Descriptio.--Plaudite
+    _Porcelli Porcorum pigra Propago_ (Eleg. Poet.): Londini, Anno Domini
+    1709. Pretium 2^d," 8vo.
+
+The printer, as appears from the advertisement at the end of the volume,
+was Henry Hills. The middle of the title-page is occupied by a coarsely
+executed woodcut, representing a boar with barbed instrument in his snout,
+and similar instrument on a larger scale under the head, surmounted with
+some rude characters, which I read
+
+ "TURX TRVYE BEVIS O HAMTVN."
+
+The dedication is headed, "Augusto admodum & undiquaq; Spectabili Heroi
+Domini H---- S---- Maredydius Caduganus Pymlymmonensis, S.P.D." The entire
+work appears to be written in ridicule of Hampshire, and to be intended as
+a retaliation for work written by Edward Holdsworth, of Magd. Coll. Oxford,
+entitled _Muscipula, sive_ [Greek: kambro-muo-machia], published by the
+same printer in the same year, and translated by Dr. Hoadly in the fifth
+volume of Dodsley's _Miscellany_, p. 277., edit. 1782.
+
+Query, Who was the author? and had Holdsworth any farther connexion with
+Hampshire than that of having been educated at Winchester School?
+
+J. F. M.
+
+_Second Growth of Grass_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--R. W. F. of Bath inquires
+for other names than "fog," &c. In Sussex we leave "rowens," or "rewens"
+(the latter, I believe, a corruption), used for the second growth of grass.
+
+Halliwell, in his _Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words_, has
+"_Rowens_, after-grass," as a Suffolk word. Bailey gives the word, with a
+somewhat different signification; but he has "_Rowen hay_, latter hay," as
+a country word.
+
+WILLIAM FIGG.
+
+  Lewes.
+
+In Norfolk this is called "aftermath eddish," and "rowans" or "rawins."
+
+The first term is evidently from the A.-S. _maeth_, mowing or math:
+Bosworth's _Dictionary_. Eddish is likewise from the A.-S. _edisc_,
+signifying the second growth; it is used by Tusser, _October's Husbandry_,
+stanza 4.:
+
+ "Where wheat upon _eddish_ ye mind to bestow,
+  Let that be the first of the wheat ye do sow."
+
+_Rawings_ also occurs in Tusser, and in the _Promptorium Parvulorum_,
+_rawynhey_ is mentioned. In Bailey's _Dictionary_ it is spelt _rowen_ and
+_roughings_: this last form gives the etymology, for _rowe_, as may be seen
+in Halliwell, is an old form for _rough_.
+
+E. G. R.
+
+I have always heard it called in Northumberland, _fog_; in Norfolk,
+_after-math_; in Oxfordshire, I am told, it is _latter-math_. This term is
+pure A.-Saxon, _maeth_, the mowing; the former word _fog_, and _eddish_
+also, are to be found in dictionaries, but their derivation is not
+satisfactory.
+
+C. I. R.
+
+_Snail eating_ (Vol. viii., p. 34).--The beautiful specimens of the large
+white snails were brought from Italy by Single-speech Hamilton, a gentleman
+of _vertu_ and exquisite taste, and placed in the grounds at Paynes Hill,
+and some fine statues likewise. On the change of property, the snails were
+dispersed about the country; and many of them were picked up by my
+grandfather, who lived at the Grove under Boxhill, near Dorking. They were
+found in the hedges about West Humble, and in the grounds of the Grove. I
+had this account from my mother; and had once some of the shells, which I
+had found when staying in Surrey.
+
+JULIA R. BOCKETT.
+
+  Southcote Lodge.
+
+The snails asked after by MR. H. T. RILEY are to be met with near Dorking.
+When in that neighbourhood one day in May last, I found two in the hedgerow
+on the London road (west side) between Dorking and Box Hill. They are much
+larger than the common snail, the shells of a light brown, and the flesh
+only slightly tinged with green. I identified them by a description and
+drawing given in an excellent book for children, the _Parent's Cabinet_,
+which also states that they are to be found about Box Hill.
+
+G. ROGERS LONG.
+
+The large white snail (_Helix pomatia_) is found in abundance about Box
+Hill in Surrey. It is also plentiful near Stonesfield in Oxfordshire, where
+have, at different periods, been discovered considerable remains of Roman
+villas; and it has been suggested that this snail was introduced by the
+former inhabitants of those villas.
+
+W. C. TREVELYAN.
+
+  Wallington.
+
+_Sotades_ (Vol. vii., p. 417.).--Sotades is the supposed inventor of
+Palindromic verses (see Mr. Sands' _Specimens of Macaronic Poetry_, p. 5.,
+1831. His enigma on "Madam" was written by Miss Ritson of Lowestoft).
+
+S. Z. Z. S.
+
+_The Letter "h" in "humble"_ (Vol. viii., p. 54).--The question has been
+raised by one of your correspondents (and I have not observed any reply
+thereto), as to whether it is a peculiarity of Londoners to pronounce the
+_h_ in _humble_. If, as a Londoner by birth and residence, I might be
+allowed to answer the Query, I should say that {230} the _h_ is never heard
+in _humble_, except when the word is pronounced from the pulpit. I believe
+it to be one of those, either Oxford or Cambridge, or both, peculiarities,
+of which no reasonable explanation can be given.
+
+I should be glad to hear whether any satisfactory general rule has been
+laid down as to when the _h_ should be sounded, and when not. The only rule
+which occurs to me is to pronounce it in all words coming to us from the
+Celtic "stock," and to pass it unsounded in those which are of Latin
+origin. If this rule be admitted, the pronunciation sanctioned by the
+pulpit and Mr. Dickens is condemned.
+
+BENJAMIN DAWSON.
+
+  London.
+
+_Lord North_ (Vol. vii., p. 317. Vol. viii., p. 184.).--Is M. E. of
+Philadelphia laughing at us, when he refers us to a _woodcut_ in some
+American pictorial publication on the American Revolution for a true
+portraiture of the figure and features of King George III.; different, I
+presume, from that which I gave you. His woodcut, he says, is taken "from
+an English engraving;" he does not tell us who either painter or engraver
+was--but no matter. We have hundreds of portraits by the best hands which
+confirm my description, which moreover was the result of personal
+observation: for, from the twentieth to the thirtieth years of my life, I
+had frequent and close opportunities of approaching his Majesty. I cannot
+but express my surprise that "N. & Q." should have given insertion to
+anything so absurd--to use the gentlest term--as M. E.'s appeal to his
+"woodcut."
+
+C.
+
+_Singing Psalms and Politics_ (Vol. viii., p. 56.).--One instance of the
+misapplication of psalmody must suggest itself at once to the readers of
+"N. & Q.," I mean the melancholy episode in the history of the Martyr King,
+thus related by Hume:
+
+    "Another preacher, after reproaching him to his face with his
+    misgovernment, ordered this Psalm to be sung,--
+
+     'Why dost thou, tyrant, boast thyself,
+        Thy wicked deeds to praise?'
+
+    The king stood up, and called for that Psalm which begins with these
+    words,--
+
+     'Have mercy, Lord, on me, I pray;
+        For men would me devour.'
+
+    The good-natured audience, in pity to fallen majesty, showed for once
+    greater deference to the king than to the minister, and sung the psalm
+    which the former had called for."--_Hume's History of England_, ch. 58.
+
+W. FRASER.
+
+  Tor-Mohun.
+
+_Dimidiation by Impalement_ (Vol. vii., p. 630.).--Your correspondent D. P.
+concludes his notice on this subject by doubting if any instance of
+"Dimidiation by Impalement" can be found since the time of Henry VIII. If
+he turn to Anderson's _Diplomata Scotiae_ (p. 164. and 90.), he will find
+that Mary Queen of Scots bore the arms of France dimidiated with those of
+Scotland from A.D. 1560 to December 1565. This coat she bore as Queen
+Dowager of France, from the death of her first husband, the King of France,
+until her marriage with Darnley.
+
+T. H. DE H.
+
+"_Inter cuncta micans_," &c. (Vol. vi, p. 413.; Vol. vii., p. 510.).--The
+following translation is by the Rev. Geo. Greig of Kennington. It preserves
+the acrostic and mesostic, though not the telestic, form of the original:
+
+ "In glory rising see the sun,          Illustrious orb of day,
+  Enlightening heaven's wide expanse,   Expel night's gloom away.
+  So light into the darkest soul,     JESUS, Thou dost impart,
+  Uplifting Thy life-giving smiles      Upon the deaden'd heart;
+  Sun Thou of Righteousness Divine,     Sole King of Saints Thou art."
+
+H. T. GRIFFITH.
+
+  Hull.
+
+_Marriage Service_ (Vol. viii., p. 150.).--I have seen the Rubric carried
+out, in this particular, in St. Mary's Church, Kidderminster.
+
+CUTHBERT BEDE, B. A.
+
+_Widowed Wife_ (Vol. viii., p. 56.).--_Eur. Hec._ 612. "Widowed wife and
+wedded maid," occurs in Vanda's prophecy; Sir W. Scott's _The Betrothed_,
+ch. xv.
+
+S. Z. Z. S.
+
+_Pure_ (Vol. viii., p. 125.).--The use of the word _pure_ pointed out by
+OXONIENSIS is nothing new. It is a common provincialism now, and was
+formerly good English. Here are two examples from Swift (_Letters_, by
+Hawkesworth, vol. iv. 1768, p.21.):
+
+    "Ballygall will be a pure good place for air."
+
+Ibid. p. 29.:
+
+    "Have you smoakt the Tattler yet? It is much liked, and I think it a
+    _pure_ one."
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+  Birmingham.
+
+"Purely, I thank you," is a common reply of the country folks in this part
+when accosted as to their health. I recollect once asking a market-woman
+about her son who had been ill, and received for an answer: "Oh he's quite
+_fierce_ again, thank you, Sir." Meaning, of course, that he had quite
+recovered.
+
+NORRIS DECK.
+
+  Cambridge.
+
+_Mrs. Tighe_ (Vol. viii., p. 103.).--"There is a likeness of Mrs. Henry
+Tighe, the authoress of 'Psyche,' in the _Ladies' Monthly Museum_ for
+February, 1818. It is engraved by J. Hopwood, jun., from a drawing by Miss
+Emma Drummond. Underneath the engraving referred to, are the words 'Mrs.
+Henry Tighe;' but she is called in {231} the memoir, 'wife of William
+Tighe, Esq., M.P. for Wicklow, whose residence is Woodstock, county of
+Kilkenny, author of _The Plants_, a poem, 8vo.: published in 1808 and 1811;
+and _Statistical Observations on the County of Kilkenny_, 1800. Mrs. Tighe
+is described as having had a pleasing person, and a countenance that
+indicated melancholy and deep reflection; was amiable in her domestic
+relations; had a mind well stored with classic literature; and, with strong
+feelings and affections, expressed her thoughts with the nicest
+discrimination, and taste the most refined and delicate. Thus endued, it is
+to be regretted that Mrs. Tighe should have fallen a victim to a lingering
+disease of six years at the premature age of thirty-seven, on March 24,
+1810.'--The remainder of the short notice does not throw any additional
+light on Mrs. Tighe, or family; but if you, Sir, or the Editor of "N. & Q."
+wish, I will cheerfully transcribe it.--I am, Sir, yours in haste,
+
+VIX.
+
+ "Belfast, Aug. 15."
+
+    [We are indebted for the above reply to the _Dublin Weekly Telegraph_,
+    which not only does us the honour to quote very freely from our pages,
+    but always most liberally acknowledges the source from which the
+    articles so quoted are derived.]
+
+_Satirical Medal_ (Vol. viii., p. 57.).--I have seen the same medal of Sir
+R. Walpole (the latest instance of the mediaeval _hell-mouth_ with which I
+am acquainted) bearing on the obverse--"THE GENEROUSE (_sic_) DUKE OF
+ARGYLE;" and at the foot--"NO PENTIONS."
+
+S. Z. Z. S.
+
+"_They shot him dead at the Nine-Stone Rig_" (Vol. viii., p. 78.).--Your
+correspondent the BORDERER will find the fragment of the ballad he is in
+search of commencing with the above line, in the second volume of the
+_Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_, p. 114. It is entitled "Barthram's
+Dirge," and "was taken down," says Scott, "by Mr. Surtees, from the
+recitation of Anne Douglas, an old woman, who weeded his garden."
+
+Since the death of Mr. Surtees, however, it has been ascertained that this
+ballad, as well as "The Death of Featherstonhaugh," and some others in the
+same collection, were composed by him and passed off upon Scott as genuine
+old Scottish ballads.
+
+Farther particulars respecting this clever literary imposition are given in
+a review of the "Memoir of Robert Surtees," in the _Athenaeum_ of August 7,
+1852.
+
+J. K. R. W.
+
+_Hendericus du Booys: Helena Leonora de Sieveri_ (Vol. v., p. 370.).--Are
+two different portraits of each of these two persons to be found? By no
+means. There exists, however, a plate of each, engraved by C. Visscher; but
+the first impressions bear the address of E. du Booys, the later that of E.
+Cooper. As I am informed by Mr. Bodel Nijenhuis, Hendericus du Booys took
+part in the celebrated three-days' fight, Feb. 18, 19, and 20, 1653,
+between Blake and Tromp.--From the _Navorscher_.
+
+M.
+
+_House-marks, &c_. (Vol. vii., p. 594. Vol. viii., p. 62.).--May I be
+allowed to inform MR. COLLYNS that the custom he refers to is by no means
+of modern date. Nearly all the cattle which come to Malta from Barbary to
+be stall-fed for consumption, or horses to be sold in the garrison, bring
+with them their distinguishing marks by which they may be easily known.
+
+And it may not be out of place to remark, that being one of a party in the
+winter of 1830, travelling overland from Smyrna to Ephesus, we reached a
+place just before sunset where a roving band of Turcomans had encamped for
+the night. On nearing these people we observed that the women were
+preparing food for their supper, while the men were employed in branding
+with a hot iron, under the camel's upper lip, their own peculiar mark,--a
+very necessary precaution, it must be allowed, with people who are so well
+known for their pilfering propensities, not only practised on each other,
+but also on all those who come within their neighbourhood. Having as
+strangers paid our tribute to their great dexterity in their profession,
+the circumstance was published at the time, and to this day is not
+forgotten.
+
+W. W.
+
+  Malta.
+
+"_Qui facit per alium, facit per se_."--In Vol. vii., p. 488., I observe an
+attempt to trace the source of the expression, "Qui facit per alium, facit
+per se." A few months since I met with the quotation under some such form
+as "Qui facit per alium, per se facere videtur," in the preface to a book
+on _Surveying_, by Fitzherbert (printed by Berthelet about 1535), where it
+is attributed to St. Augustine. As I know of no copy of the works of that
+father in these parts (though I heard him quoted last Sunday in the
+pulpit), I cannot at present verify the reference.
+
+J. SLEEDNOT.
+
+  Halifax.
+
+_Engin-a-verge_ (Vol. vii., p. 619. Vol. viii., p. 65.).--H. C. K. is
+mistaken in his conjecture respecting this word, as the following
+definition of it will show:
+
+    "_Engins-a-verge_. Ils comprenaient les diverges especes de catapultes,
+    les pierriers, &c."--Bescherelle, _Dictionnaire National_.
+
+B. H. C.
+
+_Campvere, Privileges of_ (Vol viii., p. 89.).--"Jus Gruis liberae." Does
+not this mean the privilege of using a crane to raise their goods free of
+dues, municipal or fiscal? _Grus_, _grue_, _krahn_, {232} _kraan_, all
+mean, in their different languages, crane the bird, and crane the machine.
+
+J. H. L.
+
+_Humbug_--_Ambages_ (Vol. viii., p. 64.).--May I be permitted to inform
+your correspondent that Mr. May was certainly correct when using the word
+"ambages" as an English word in his translation of Lucan.
+
+In Howell's _Dictionary_, published in London in May 1660, I find it thus
+recorded
+
+ "Ambages, or circumstances."
+ "Full of ambages."
+
+W. W.
+
+  Malta.
+
+"_Going to Old Weston_" (Vol. iii., p. 449.).--In turning over the pages of
+the third volume of "N. & Q." recently, I stumbled on ARUN'S notice of the
+above proverb. It immediately struck me that I had heard it used myself a
+few days before, without being conscious at the time of the similarity of
+the expression. I was asking an old man, who had been absent from home,
+where he had been to? His reply was, "To Old Weston, Sir. You know I must
+go there before I die." Knowing that he had relatives living there, I did
+not, at the time, notice anything extraordinary in the answer; but, since
+reading ARUN'S note, I have made some inquires, and find the saying is a
+common one on this (the Northamptonshire) side of Old Weston, as well as in
+Huntingdonshire. I have been unable to obtain any explanation of it, but
+think the one suggested by your correspondent must be right. One of my
+informants (an old woman upwards of seventy) told me she had often heard it
+used, and wondered what could be its meaning, when she was a child.
+
+W. W.
+
+  B---- Rectory, Northamptonshire.
+
+_Reynolds's Nephew_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--I think I can certify A. Z.
+that two distinct branches of the Palmer family, the Deans, and another
+claiming like kindred to Sir Joshua Reynolds, still exist; from which I
+conclude that Sir Joshua had at least two nephews of that name. I regret
+that I cannot inform your correspondent as to the authorship of the piece
+about which he inquires; but, in the event of A. Z. not receiving a
+satisfactory answer to his Query through the medium of our publication, if
+he will furnish me with any farther particulars he may possess on the
+subject, I shall be happy to try what I can do towards possessing him with
+the desired information.
+
+J. SANSOM.
+
+  Oxford.
+
+_The Laird of Brodie_ (Vol. viii., p. 103.).--I. H. B. mistakes, I think,
+the meaning of the lines. The idea is not that the Laird was less than a
+gentleman, but that he was a gentleman of mark; at least, I have never
+heard any other interpretation put upon it in Scotland, where the ballad of
+"We'll gang nae mair a-roving," is a great favourite. King James is the
+_subject_ of the ballad. That merry monarch made many lively escapades, and
+on this occasion he personated a beggarman. The damsel, to whom he
+successfully paid his addresses, saw through the disguise at first; but
+from the king's good acting, when he pretended to be afraid that the dongs
+would "rive his meal pokes," she began to think she had been mistaken. Then
+she expressed her disgust by saying, that she had thought her lover could
+not be anything less than the Laird of Brodie, the highest untitled
+gentleman probably in the neighbourhood: implying that she suspected he
+might be peer or prince.
+
+W. C.
+
+_Mulciber_ (Vol. viii., p. 102).--It may not be a sufficient answer to MR.
+WARD'S Query, but I wish to state that there was no "Mayor of Bromigham"
+until after the passing of the Reform Bill. I think that it may be inferred
+from the extract given below, that the mayor was no more a reality than the
+shield which he is said to have wrought:
+
+ "His shield was wrought, if we may credit Fame,
+  By Mulciber, the Mayor of Bromigham.
+  A foliage of dissembl'd senna leaves
+  Grav'd round its brim, the wond'ring sight deceives.
+  Embost upon its field, a battle stood,
+  Of leeches spouting hemorrhoidal blood.
+  The artist too expresst the solemn state,
+  Of grave physicians at a consult met;
+  About each symptom how they disagree!
+  But how unanimous in case of fee!
+  And whilst one ass-ass-in another plies
+  With starch'd civilities--the patient dyes."
+
+N. W. S.
+
+_Voiding Knife_ (Vol. vi., pp. 150. 280.).--The following quotation from
+Leland will throw more light on the ancient custom of _voyding_:
+
+    "In the mean time the server geueth a voyder to the carver, and he doth
+    _voyde_ into it the trenchers that lyeth under the _knyues_ point, and
+    so cleanseth the tables cleane."--_Collectanea_, vol. vi. p. 11., "The
+    Intronization of Nevill."
+
+Q.
+
+  Bloomsbury.
+
+_Sir John Vanbrugh_ (Vol. viii., pp. 65. 160.).--Previous to sending you my
+Query about the birthplace of Sir John Vanbrugh, I had carefully gone
+through the Registers of the Holy Trinity parish, Chester, and had
+discovered the baptisms or burials of seven sons and six daughters of Mr.
+Giles Vanbrugh duly registered therein. Sir John's name is not included in
+the list; therefore, if he was born in Chester, his baptism must have been
+registered at one of the many other parish churches of this city. The
+registers of St. Peter's Church, a neighbouring parish, have also been
+{233} examined, but contain no notice of the baptism of the future knight.
+I will, however, continue the chace; and should I eventually fall in with
+the object of my search, will give my fellow-labourers the benefit of my
+explorations. Mr. Vanbrugh sen. died at Chester, and was buried with
+several of his children at Trinity Church, July 19, 1689.
+
+T. HUGHES.
+
+  Chester.
+
+_Portrait of Charles I._--The portrait of Charles I. by Vandyke (the
+subject of MR. BREEN'S Query, "N. & Q.," Vol. viii., p. 151.) is no less
+than the celebrated picture in which the monarch is represented standing,
+with his right hand resting on a walking cane, and his left (the arm being
+beautifully foreshortened) against his hip; and immediately behind him his
+horse is held by an equerry, supposed to be the Marquis of Hamilton. The
+picture hangs in the great square room at the Louvre, close on the left
+hand of the usual entrance door, and is undoubtedly one of the finest in
+that magnificent collection. As a portrait, it is without a rival. It is
+well known in this country by the admirable engraving from it, executed in
+1782, by Sir Robert Strange.
+
+The description of this picture in the Catalogue for 1852 _du Musee
+Nationale du Louvre_, is as follows:--
+
+    "Grave par Strange; par Bonnefoy; par Duparc;--Filhol, t. 1. pl. 5.
+
+    "Collection de Louis XV.--Ce tableau, qui a ete execute vers 1635, ne
+    fut paye a van Dyck que 100 livres sterling. En 1754, il faisait
+    partie, suivant Descamps, du cabinet du marquis de Lassay. On trouve
+    cette note dans les memoires secrets de Bachaument," &c.
+
+Then follows the passage quoted by MR. BREEN. I can find no mention of a
+Dubarry among the ancestors of the monarch.
+
+H. C. K.
+
+_Burial in an erect Posture_ (Vol. viii., p. 59.).--
+
+ "Pass, pass, who will yon chantry door,
+  And through the chink in the fractured floor
+  Look down, and see a grisly sight,
+  A vault where the bodies are buried upright;
+  There face to face and hand lay hand
+  The Claphams and Mauleverers stand."
+      Wordsworth, _White Doe of Rylstone_, Canto I.,
+          p. 5., line 17., new edition, 1837.
+
+See note on line 17 taken from Whitaker's _Craven_:
+
+    "At the east end of the north aisle of Bolton Priory Church is a
+    chantry belonging to Bethmesley Hall, and a vault where, according to
+    tradition, the Claphams were buried upright."
+
+F. W. J.
+
+_Strut-Stowers and Yeathers or Yadders_ (Vol. viii., p. 148.).--The former
+of these words is, I believe, obsolete, or nearly so. It means
+bracing-stakes: _strut_, in carpentry, is to _brace_; and _stower_ is a
+small kind of stake, as distinguished from the "ten stakes" mentioned in
+the legend quoted by MR. COOPER.
+
+The other word, _Yeather_ or _Yadder_, is yet in use in Northumberland
+(vid. Brockett's _Glossary_), and is mentioned by Charlton in his _History
+of Whitby_. The legend referred to by MR. COOPER is, I suspect, of modern
+origin but Dr. Young, in his _History of Whitby_, vol. i. p. 310.,
+attributes it to some of the monks of the abbey; on what grounds he does
+not say. The records of the abbey contain no allusion to the legend; and no
+ancient MS. of it, either in Latin or English, has ever been produced. The
+_penny-hedge_ is yearly renewed to this day but it is a service performed
+for a different reason than that attributed in the legend. (See Young and
+Charlton's histories.)
+
+F. M.
+
+The term _strut_ is commonly used by carpenters for a brace or stay.
+_Stower_, in Bailey's _Dictionary_, is a stake; Halliwell spells it
+_stoure_, and says it is still in use. Forby connects the Norfolk word
+_stour_, stiff, inflexible, applied to standing corn, with this word, which
+he says is Lowland Scotch, and derives them both from Sui.-G. _stoer_,
+stipes. A _yeather_ or _yadder_ seems to be a rod to wattle the stakes
+with. In Norfolk, wattling a live fence is called _ethering_ it, which
+word, evidently with _yeather_, may be derived from A.-S. _ether_ or
+_edor_, a hedge. The barons, therefore, had to drive their stakes
+perpendicularly into the sand, to put the strut-stowers diagonally to
+enable them to withstand the force of the tide, and finally to wattle them
+together with the yeathers.
+
+E. G. R.
+
+_Arms of See of York_ (Vol. viii., p. 111.).--It appears that the arms of
+the See of York were certainly changed during Wolsey's time, for on the
+vaulting of Christ Church Gate, Canterbury, is a shield bearing (in
+sculpture) the same arms as those now used by the Metropolitan See of
+Canterbury, impaling those of Wolsey, and over the shield a cardinal's hat.
+This gateway was built in 1517; yet in the parliament roll of 6th Henry
+VIII., 1515, the _keys_ and _crown_ are impaled with the arms of Wolsey as
+Archbishop of York (see fac-simile, published by Willement, 4to. Lond.
+1829), showing that the alteration was not generally known when the gateway
+was built.
+
+Although the charges on the earlier arms of the See of York were the same
+as on that of Canterbury, the colours of their fields differed; for in a
+north window of the choir of York Minster is a shield of arms, bearing the
+arms of Archbishop Bowett, who held the see from 1407 to 1423, impaled by
+the pall and pastoral staff, on a field _gules_. The glass is to all
+appearance of the fifteenth century.
+
+T. WT.
+
+{234}
+
+_Leman Family_ (Vol. viii., p. 150.).--Without being able to give a
+substantial reply to R. W. L.'s Query, it may assist him to know that Sir
+John Leman had but _one_ brother (William), who certainly did not emigrate
+from his native land. Sir John died, March 26, 1632, without issue; and was
+buried in the chancel of St. Michael, Crooked Lane, London. His elder
+brother, William, had five sons; all settled comfortably in England, and
+not at all likely to have left their native country. One of the _Heralds'
+Visitations_ for the counties of Norfolk or Suffolk would materially assist
+your Philadelphian correspondent.
+
+T. HUGHES.
+
+  Chester
+
+_Position of Font_ (Vol. vii., p. 149.).--In the church of Milton near
+Cambridge, the font is _built into_ the north pier of the chancel arch; and
+from the appearance of the masonry, &c., this is evidently the original
+position. I have visited some hundreds of churches, and this is the only
+instance I have observed of a font in this position. Numerous instances
+occur where it is _built into_ the south-western pier of the nave.
+
+NORRIS DECK.
+
+  Cambridge.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
+
+Our worthy publisher has just issued a volume which will be welcome, for
+the excellence of its matter and the beauty of its various illustrations,
+to all archaeologists. These _Memoirs illustrative of the History and
+Antiquities of Bristol and the Western Counties of Great Britain, and other
+Communications made to the Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute
+held at Bristol in 1851_, certainly equal in interest and variety any of
+their predecessors, and whether as a memorial of their visit to Bristol to
+those who attended the meeting, or as a pleasant substitute to those who
+did not, will doubtless find a resting-place on the shelf of every member
+of the Society whose proceedings they record.
+
+We cannot better recommend to our readers Dr. Madden's newly published
+_Life and Martyrdom of Savonarola, illustrative of the History of Church
+and State Connexion_, than by stating that this remarkable man, whom some
+Protestants have claimed as of their own creed, while as many Romanists
+have rejected him as a heretic, is viewed by Dr. Madden as a monk of
+Florence at the close of the fifteenth century, who was of opinion that the
+mortal enemy of Christ's gospel in all ages of the world had been mammon;
+that simony was the sin against the Holy Ghost; that the interests of
+religion were naturally allied with those of liberty; that the Arts were
+the handmaids of both, of a Divine origin, and were given to earth for
+purposes that tended to spiritualise humanity; and who directed all his
+teachings, preachings, and writings to one great object, namely, _the
+separation of religion from all worldly influences_. On this theme Dr.
+Madden discourses with great learning, and, some few passages excepted,
+with great moderation; and the result is a Life of Savonarola, which gives
+a far more complete view of his character and his writings than has
+heretofore been attempted.
+
+BOOKS RECEIVED.--_History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace
+of Versailles_, by Lord Mahon, Vol. V. This volume embraces the period
+between the early years of George III. and 1774, when Franklin was
+dismissed from his office of Deputy Postmaster-General; and, as it includes
+the Junius period, gives occasion to Lord Mahon to avow his adherence to
+"the Franciscan theory;" while the Appendix contains two letters in support
+of the same view,--one from Sir James Macintosh, and one from Mr.
+Macaulay.--_Confessions of a Working Man, from the French of Emile
+Souvestre_. This interesting narrative, well deserving the attention both
+of masters and working men, forms Part XLVIII. of Longman's _Traveller's
+Library._--_Remains of Pagan Saxondom, principally from Tumuli in England,
+drawn from the Originals:_ described and illustrated by J. Y. Akerman, Part
+VI. containing coloured engravings of the size of the originals of Fibulae
+and Bullae, from cemeteries in Kent; and Fibulae, Beads, &c. from a grave
+near Stamford.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+  HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF NEWBURY. 8vo. 1839. 340 pages. Two Copies.
+  VANCOUVER'S SURVEY OF HAMPSHIRE.
+  HEMINGWAY'S HISTORY OF CHESTER. Large Paper. Parts I. and III.
+  CORRESPONDENCE ON THE FORMATION OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC BIBLE SOCIETY. 8vo.
+      London, 1813.
+  ATHENAEUM JOURNAL for 1844.
+  HOWARD FAMILY, HISTORICAL ANECDOTES OF, by Charles Howard. 1769. 12mo.
+  TOOKE'S DIVERSON'S OF PURLEY.
+  NUCES PHILOSOPHICAE, by E. Johnson.
+  PARADISE LOST. First Edition.
+  SHARPE'S (Sir Cuthbert) BISHOPRICK GARLAND. 1834.
+  LASHLEY'S YORK MISCELLANY. 1734.
+  DIBDIN'S TYPOGRAPHICAL ANTIQUITIES. 4to. Vol. II.
+  BAYLEY'S LONDINIANA. Vol. II. 1829.
+  THE SCRIPTURE DOCTRINE OF THE TRINITY JUSTIFIED. 1774.
+  PARKHURST ON THE DIVINITY OF OUR SAVIOUR. 1787
+  BERRIMAN'S SEASONABLE REVIEW OF WHISTON'S DOXOLOGIES. 1719.
+  ---------- SECOND REVIEW. 1719.
+
+*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send
+their names_.
+
+*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notices to Correspondents.
+
+S. Z. Z. S. _We have a letter for this Correspondent; how shall it be
+forwarded?_
+
+J. S. G. (Howden) _is thanked for his collection of Proverbial Sayings--all
+of which are however, we believe, too well known to justify their
+republication in our columns_.
+
+Y. S. M._ would oblige us by naming the subject of the communications to
+which he refers_.
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY. MR. SISSON_'s communication is unavoidably postponed until our
+next Number, in which_ MR. LYTE_'s_ Three New Processes _will also appear_.
+
+_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vii., _price
+Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had; for which early application is
+desirable_.
+
+"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country
+Booksellers may receive copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to
+their Subscribers on the Saturday_. {235}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+    nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases,
+    all kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of
+    body, as also diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys
+    and bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp
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+    satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
+    where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and
+    bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the
+    troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the
+    conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of
+    incipient hectic complaints and consumption.
+
+     "DR. RUD WURZER.
+     "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn."
+
+London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her
+Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through all
+respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably
+packed for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2s. 9d.; 2lb. 4s.
+6d.; 5lb. 11s.; 12lb. 22s.; super-refined, 5lb. 22s.; 10lb. 33s. The 10lb.
+and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry
+Co., 77. Regent Street, London.
+
+IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by spurious
+imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and
+others, the public will do well to see that each canister bears the name
+BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, _without which
+none is genuine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.
+
+3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
+
+Founded A.D. 1842.
+
+  _Directors._
+
+  H. E. Bicknell, Esq.
+  T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M. P.
+  G. H. Drew, Esq.
+  W. Evans, Esq.
+  W. Freeman, Esq.
+  F. Fuller, Esq.
+  J. H. Goodhart, Esq.
+  T. Grissell, Esq.
+  J. Hunt, Esq.
+  J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.
+  E. Lucas, Esq.
+  J. Lys Seager, Esq.
+  J. B. White, Esq.
+  J. Carter Wood, Esq.
+
+  _Trustees._
+
+  W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, Esq.
+  _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.
+  _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.
+
+VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.
+
+POLICES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
+difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to
+suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in
+the Prospectus.
+
+Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in
+three-fourths of the Profits:--
+
+  Age      _L  s.  d._
+   17       1  14   4
+   22       1  18   8
+   27       2   4   5
+   32       2  10   8
+   37       2  18   6
+   42       3   8   2
+
+ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.
+
+Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions.
+INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING
+SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in
+the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a
+Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR
+SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3.
+Parliament Street, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.
+
+OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to every
+other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its capability of
+Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, its extreme Portability,
+and its adaptation for taking either Views or Portraits.
+
+Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames,
+&c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road,
+Islington.
+
+New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, have,
+by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal,
+they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any
+other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and
+appreciation of half tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.
+
+Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of
+Photography. Instruction in the Art.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post. It
+contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different Bedsteads:
+also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts. And their new
+warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture
+Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to render their Establishment
+complete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms.
+
+HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BANK OF DEPOSIT.
+
+7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, London.
+
+PARTIES desirous of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the Plan of
+this Institution, by which a high rate of Interest may be obtained with
+perfect Security.
+
+  Interest payable in January and July.
+
+  PETER MORRISON,
+  Managing Director.
+
+  Prospectuses free on application.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WANTED, for the Ladies' Institute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant, LADIES of
+taste for fancy work,--by paying 21s. will be received as members, and
+taught the new style of velvet wool work, which is acquired in a few easy
+lessons. Each lady will be guaranteed constant employment and ready cash
+payment for her work. Apply personally to Mrs. Thoughey. N.B. Ladies taught
+by letter at any distance from London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X. in
+Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities. and adapted to all Climates, may
+now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made
+Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
+guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.
+Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
+Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket
+Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully
+examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and
+4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.
+
+BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the
+Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,
+
+65. CHEAPSIDE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous
+Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.
+
+Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest
+Daguerreotypes, specimens of which my be seen at their Establishment.
+
+Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this
+beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's,
+Sanford's, and Canson Freres' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process.
+Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.
+
+Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13.
+Paternoster Row, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions
+(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at
+BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of
+every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in
+all its Branches.
+
+Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.
+
+*** Catalogues may be had on application.
+
+BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument
+Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.
+
+{236}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS
+
+BY
+
+JOHN YONGE AKERMAN,
+
+FELLOW AND SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INDEX to Remains of Antiquity of the Celtic,
+Romano-British, and Anglo-Saxon Periods. 1 vol. 8vo., price 15s. cloth,
+illustrated by numerous Engravings, comprising upwards of five hundred
+objects.
+
+A NUMISMATIC MANUAL. 1 vol. 8vo., price One Guinea.
+
+*** The Plates which illustrate this Volume are upon a novel plan, and
+will, at a glance, convey more information regarding the types of Greek,
+Roman, and English Coins, than can be obtained by many hours' careful
+reading. Instead of fac-simile Engraving being given of that which is
+already an enigma to the tyro, the most striking and characteristic
+features of the Coin are dissected and placed by themselves, so that the
+eye soon becomes familiar with them.
+
+A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Rare and Unedited Roman Coins, from the Earliest
+Period to the taking of Rome under Constantine Paleologos. 2 vols. 8vo.,
+numerous Plates, 30s.
+
+COINS OF THE ROMANS relating to Britain. 1 vol. 8vo. Second Edition, with
+an entirely new set of Plates, price 10s. 6d.
+
+ANCIENT COINS of CITIES and Princes, Geographically arranged and described,
+containing the Coins of Hispania, Gallia, and Britannia, with Plates of
+several hundred examples. 1 vol 8vo., price 18s.
+
+NEW TESTAMENT, Numismatic Illustrations of the Narrative Portions of
+the.--Fine paper, numerous Woodcuts from the original Coins in various
+Public and Private Collections. 1 vol. 8 vo., price 5s. 6d.
+
+AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY of ANCIENT and MODERN COINS. In 1 vol. fcp.
+8vo., with numerous Wood Engravings from the original Coins, price 6s. 6d.
+cloth.
+
+    CONTENTS:--Section 1. Origin of Coinage--Greek Regal Coins. 2. Greek
+    Civic Coins. 3. Greek Imperial Coins. 4. Origin of Roman
+    Coinage--Consular Coins. 5. Roman Imperial Coins. 6. Roman British
+    Coins. 7. Ancient British Coinage. 8. Anglo-Saxon Coinage. 9. English
+    Coinage from the Conquest. 10. Scotch Coinage. 11. Coinage of Ireland.
+    12. Anglo-Gallic Coins. 13. Continental Money in the Middle Ages. 14.
+    Various Representatives of Coinage. 15. Forgeries in Ancient and Modern
+    Times. 16. Table of Prices of English Coins realised at Public Sales.
+
+TRADESMEN'S TOKENS, struck in London and its Vicinity, from the year 1618
+to 1672 inclusive. Described from the Originals in the Collection of the
+British Museum, &c. 15s.
+
+REMAINS OF PAGAN SAXONDOM, principally from Tumuli in England. Publishing
+in 4to., in Numbers, at 2s. 6d. With coloured Plates.
+
+A GLOSSARY OF PROVINCIAL WORDS and PHRASES in Use in Wiltshire. 12mo., 3s.
+
+THE NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE is published Quarterly. Price 3s. 6d. each Number.
+
+JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS.
+
+THE GARDENER'S CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.
+
+(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY,)
+
+Of Saturday, August 27, contains Articles on
+
+  Agapanth, diseased
+  Agriculture, history of Scottish
+  Agricultural statistics
+  Allotment gardens, by Mr. Bailey
+  Apple trees, cider
+  Arrowroot, Portland, by Mr. Groves
+  Berberry blight
+  Books noticed
+  Calendar, horticultural
+  ---- agricultural
+  Cartridge, Captain Norton's
+  Cattle, Tortworth sale of
+  Chrysanthemum, culture of
+  Crayons for writing on glass, by M. Brunnquell
+  Crickets, traps for
+  Crops, returns respecting the state of
+  Dahlias, new
+  Eschscholtzia californica
+  Forest, New
+  Garden allotments, by Mr. Bailey
+  Glass, writing on, by M. Brunnquell
+  Gunnersbury Park
+  Hollyhocks, new
+  India, vegetable substances used in, for producing intoxication, by Dr.
+      Gibson
+  Leaves, variegated, by M. Carriere
+  Mangosteens
+  Marigold, white
+  Mildew, Continental Vine
+  National Floricultural Society
+  Norton's (Captain) cartridge
+  Oak, the
+  Pig Breeding
+  Potato Crop, returns respecting the state of in Ireland
+  Pots, garden
+  Reaping machines
+  Roses, soil for
+  Sale of cattle at Tortworth
+  Sap, motion of, by Mr. Lovell
+  Sheep, Leicester breed of
+  Statistics, agricultural
+  Timber, woody fibre of
+  Trees, woody fibre of
+  ---- movement of sap in, by Mr. Lovell
+  Vine mildew, Continental
+  Wheat crops, returns respecting the state of
+  ---- growing of, without ploughing
+  ---- after vetches
+  ---- Lois Weedon culture of, by the Rev. S. Smith
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE GARDENER'S CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition to
+the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpool prices,
+with returns from Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool, and Seed
+Markets, and a _complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the
+transactions of the week_.
+
+ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington
+Street, Covent Garden, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PERSIAN BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS.
+
+FIRDOUSI'S SHAH NAMEH, by MURAN, 4 vols. royal 8vo., Calcutta, 1809, hlf.
+calf, neat, 6l. 16s.--Timur Namah, Persian MS., folio, yellow morocco
+extra, 5l. 5s.--Ferheng Jehangiry, with the Chattmeh, Persian MS., 2vols.
+folio, calf, 3l. 3s.--Nizami's Works, a Superb Persian MS., stout folio,
+red morocco, 16l.--Sold by
+
+BERNARD QUARITCH, Oriental Bookseller, 16. Castle Street, Leicester Square.
+
+*** B. Q.'s Catalogue of Books in all the Languages of the World is
+published Monthly, and is sent Gratis on Receipt of 12 Postage Stamps.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DAGUERROTYPE MATERIALS.--Plates, Cases, Passepartoutes, Best and Cheapest.
+To be had in great variety at
+
+M^cMILLAN's Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet Street.
+
+Price List Gratis.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+8vo., price 21s.
+
+SOME ACCOUNT of DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE in ENGLAND, from the Conquest to the
+end of the Thirteenth Century, with numerous Illustrations of Existing
+Remains from Original Drawings. By T. HUDSON TURNER.
+
+    "What Horace Walpole attempted, and what Sir Charles Lock Eastlake has
+    done for oil-painting--elucidated its history and traced its progress
+    in England by means of the records of expenses and mandates of the
+    successive Sovereigns of the realm--Mr. Hudson Turner has now achieved
+    for Domestic Architecture in this century during the twelfth and
+    thirteenth centuries."--_Architect._
+
+    "The writer of the present volume ranks among the most intelligent of
+    the craft, and a careful perusal of its contents will convince the
+    reader of the enormous amount of labour bestowed on its minutest
+    details as well as the discriminating judgement presiding over the
+    general arrangement."--_Morning Chronicle._
+
+    "The book of which the title is given above is one of the very few
+    attempts that have been made in this country to treat this interesting
+    subject in anything more than a superficial manner.
+
+    "Mr. Turner exhibits much learning and research, and he has
+    consequently laid before the reader much interesting information. It is
+    a book that was wanted, and that affords us some relief from the mass
+    of works on Ecclesiastical Architecture with which of late years we
+    have been deluged.
+
+    "The work is well illustrated throughout with wood-engravings of the
+    more interesting remains, and will prove a valuable addition to the
+    antiquary's library."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+    "It is as a text-book on the social comforts and condition of the
+    Squires and Gentry of England during the twelfth and thirteenth
+    centuries, that the leading value of Mr. Turner's present publication
+    will be found to consist.
+
+    "Turner's handsomely-printed volume is profusely illustrated with
+    careful woodcuts of all important existing remains, made from drawings
+    by Mr. Blore and Mr. Twopeny."--_Athenaeum._
+
+JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready, price 21s. uniform with the above,
+
+THE DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. Vol. II.--THE FOURTEENTH
+CENTURY. By the Editor of "The Glossary of Architecture."
+
+This volume is issued on the plan adopted by the late Mr. Hudson Turner in
+the previous volume: viz., collecting matter relating to Domestic buildings
+of the period, from cotemporary records, and applying the information so
+acquired to the existing remains.
+
+Not only does the volume contain much curious information both as to the
+buildings and manners and customs of the time, but it is also hoped that
+the large collection of careful Engravings of the finest examples will
+prove as serviceable to the profession and their employers in building
+mansions, as the Glossary was found to be in building churches.
+
+The Text is interspersed throughout with numerous woodcuts.
+
+JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of
+Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are
+greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in
+Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches
+among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills or
+other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature,
+History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had
+considerable experiences.
+
+1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish
+of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.
+Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.
+Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of
+London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, September
+3, 1853.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections made to printed original.
+
+page 215, "MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTION IN PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL.":
+'PETERBOROUH' in original.
+
+page 216, "In this dilemma": 'dilemna' in original.
+
+page 221, "from the ninth to the twelfth centuries": spurious 'in' before
+'from' in original.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 201,
+September 3, 1853, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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