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diff --git a/22911.txt b/22911.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..35abceb --- /dev/null +++ b/22911.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2929 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Where We Live, by Emilie Van Beil Jacobs + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Where We Live + A Home Geography + +Author: Emilie Van Beil Jacobs + +Release Date: October 7, 2007 [EBook #22911] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHERE WE LIVE *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Wilson and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +WHERE WE LIVE + + +A HOME GEOGRAPHY + +GENERAL EDITION + + +by + +EMILIE V. JACOBS + +Supervising Principal of the Richardson L. Wright School, +Philadelphia + + + + +PHILADELPHIA, 1913, 1914 +CHRISTOPHER SOWER COMPANY +124 North Eighteenth Street + + + + +CONTENTS + + Page + Foreword 5 + Introduction 7 + + PART ONE + I. Our School 11 + II. The Streets and Roads 17 + III. The Buildings 22 + IV. The Town as a Whole 31 + V. The People 36 + VI. Industries and Occupations 42 + VII. Animals and Plants 46 + VIII. Transportation and Communication 50 + IX. Physiography of the Neighborhood 54 + X. Direction 66 + + PART TWO + I. The Earth as a Whole 73 + II. The Seasons 79 + III. The Zones 82 + IV. North America 93 + V. Countries of North America 100 + VI. Trips 105 + + + + +MAPS + + + I. The Western Hemisphere 74-75 + II. The Eastern Hemisphere 74-75 + III. The World 82 + IV. Surface Map of North America 96 + V. North America 100 + + + + +FOREWORD + + +Once upon a time as four blind men sat by the roadside they heard the +tramp of an elephant's feet, and said one to another, "Here comes an +elephant; now we shall know what he is like." The first blind man put +out his hand and touched the elephant's broad side. The second took hold +of a leg. The third grasped a tusk, and the fourth clutched the animal's +tail. + +"Now do you know what an elephant looks like?" asked a friend. + +"Yes," cried the first. "The elephant is broad and flat like a barn +door." + +"What!" exclaimed the second. "The elephant is big and round like the +trunk of a tree." + +"Not so!" cried the third. "The elephant is hard and smooth like a +polished stone." + +"What are you all talking about?" cried the fourth. "The elephant is +just like a piece of rope." + +Much so-called teaching of geography leads to just such incomplete and +fantastic ideas about geographical concepts. Very many children have +only vague, incomplete and incorrect conceptions of the things they see. +Like these physically and mentally blind men we are too often satisfied +with mere wordy descriptions of subjects when we might study the subject +at first hand if we would. + +This little book is intended to prevent the giving of information by +description, but to suggest ways of directing attention to those things +which lie within reach of the child's senses, things which he might pass +by, things which are needed now to stimulate an intelligent interest in +his surroundings, things which are needed later for an appreciation and +enjoyment of his study of the larger facts and concepts of geography. If +the larger geographical concepts are to have accuracy and richness for +the child he must have his attention directed to his surroundings. The +trite expression "from the known to the unknown" is good pedagogy, but +there must be a "known" on which to build. + +The book is based upon the author's actual experience in the class-room +studying the children at their geography tasks. It has been her +experience that the efforts of the teachers to build broad geographical +concepts were of no avail because the pupils did not have accurate +intimate knowledge of the necessary home geography upon which to build. +To correct this defect she set about collecting and classifying the +necessary material. With the use of this material she not only found +that the class teachers had much less difficulty in presenting the study +of the earth as a whole, but that an interest beyond all expectation was +apparent in the children. + +The following pages are valuable more on account of the things they +suggest than for any geographical facts which they incidentally present. +The book is not a text-book on geography; it is a compendium of +suggestion on the study of the subject. It makes little effort to +present facts, but rather it tells how to gather, classify and study +facts. It is intended to be used with children during the age when they +especially delight in the making of collections, and is intended to turn +to a definite use this childish instinct. + +Map study is based entirely upon the child's experiences as he makes +plans of his schoolroom, schoolhouse, streets and city. The suggestions +regarding the study of things foreign to the child are based entirely +upon his experience in the study of the types with which he has become +familiar in his study of his surroundings. + + Milton C. Cooper, + Superintendent of District Nine, Philadelphia. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +Geographical knowledge should progress from the known to the unknown, +from the familiar to the unfamiliar. The world is the home of mankind. +We can best understand the larger world by a preliminary consideration +of our own small intimate home. We therefore begin to study geography +with an account of the child's immediate environment. The school stands +for the common home of the class. From the school we gradually widen out +our teaching to include the immediate neighborhood with its buildings, +and finally the whole town or community. + +We study the various types of people whom we meet every day, and the +industries in which they engage in their efforts to obtain the three +main necessities of human life,--food, clothing and shelter. The animals +and plants sharing the world with man and contributing to his sustenance +next focus our attention. + +The home neighborhood has its physiographical features distinguishing it +from other places and influencing the life of its inhabitants. The land +and water divisions in the immediate environment are studied as types, +while those not closely related to our home are reserved for +consideration as each one occurs in its local geographical place in the +course of study. + +We must know something of direction in order to conveniently locate the +streets, buildings and physiographical features near our home. Finally, +we will try to realize the great size of the earth, of which our home is +but a small portion, by a consideration of the relationship of our +community to the rest of the world and to some of this world's great +diversities. + +As geography is a study of cause and effect, the early lessons should be +mainly oral. Later, in order to obtain a broad knowledge of geographical +data, not one but many books should be read. This little book aims to +serve as a bridge between the oral lesson and the descriptive text-book. +The presentation of many questions leads the pupil to think out cause +and effect, and to connect his present knowledge with the realm of the +unknown. Special care has been exercised to present facts only when +facts are absolutely necessary, and only after allowing the pupil the +opportunity to first exercise his own reasoning faculties in obtaining +the information. + +The excursion is an essential part of every geography course, and every +effort should be made to use this effective means of teaching. + +Four types of valuable exercises may be suggested in the use of this +book: + +1. The pupils may read the questions orally and give the answers orally. + +2. They may read the questions silently, answering them orally. + +3. They may read the questions orally and write the answers. + +4. Finally, they may silently read the questions and write the answers. + +All definitions have been carefully avoided as tending to hamper the +free acquisition of ideas. + + + PART I + + TOPICS + + 1. Our School. + 2. The Streets and Roads. + 3. The Buildings. + 4. The Town as a Whole. + 5. The People. + 6. Industries and Occupations. + 7. Animals and Plants. + 8. Transportation and Communication + 9. Physiography of the Neighborhood + 10. Direction. + + + PART II + + 1. The Earth as a Whole. + 2. The Seasons. + 3. The Zones. + 4. North America. + 5. Countries of North America. + 6. Trips. + + + + +PART ONE + +[Illustration: THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON.] + + + + +WHERE WE LIVE--A HOME GEOGRAPHY + + +CHAPTER I + +OUR SCHOOL + + +1 + +What is the name of our school? + +Where have you seen this name? + +[Illustration: A TOWN SCHOOL.] + +Why was this name given to our school? + +On what street or road does our school stand? + +How long have you been attending this school? + +See how much you have noticed as you came here each day. Tell what you +can remember of the different parts of the building which can be seen +from the street or road. Describe each of these parts: + + Walls Roof + Windows Chimneys + Doors Fire-escape + + +2 + +As you look at the school from the outside what materials do you see +that the builders have used? Where have they needed stone, slate, glass, +tin, iron, steel, wood? + +Now let us think of the garden and playground. Tell about the different +parts and the materials that have been used in making them. + +What great numbers of workmen were needed before a school like ours +could be built! Who procured the stone and the slate? Whose work was +needed to obtain the iron, the steel and the tin? Who made the glass? +Which workmen shall we thank for the wood? + +Can you think how the bare lot looked before the school was built? Many +men with shovels and pick-axes dug out the foundation, and numbers of +horses and wagons were needed to carry out the earth. Then came the +builders. How were so many materials brought here? + + +3 + +1. We will go outdoors together and look at the school building. + +2. We will stand north of the school, south, east and west of it. Notice +the position of the parts, their number, shape, size and color. + +3. As we stand at each side, see whether there are any parts which you +never noticed before or any parts which we forgot to mention yesterday. + + +4 + +[Illustration] + +Look at this drawing of a school building and grounds. It is called a +plan. Before any school or church or home is built a plan must be drawn. +This is to show the workmen what to do. See how much of the ground is +used for the building. Find the garden. What are in the garden? Which is +larger, the garden or the playground? What shape is the playground? How +many doors are there to the building? In how many ways can you get into +the playground? + +Try to draw a plan of your school building and yard, showing the gates, +the flagpole, the drinking fountain or pump, and any other parts you +think of. Show which door you use most. + + _Note to the Teacher._--The pupils should draw the plan upon paper + while the teacher draws it upon the blackboard. Infinite care should + be exercised to invest every line with its full meaning. Upon the + proper interpretation of this first plan will depend much of the + pupil's future ability to correctly read a map as the representation + of a reality. + + +5 + +THE INSIDE OF THE SCHOOL + +As you walk from the school door to your room what do you see? Tell all +that you have noticed in the corridors, on the staircases, in the +cloak-rooms and the class-rooms. + + +6 + +We will go on a little excursion through the school today, walking along +all of the corridors and upon all of the staircases. Look especially to +see anything that you never saw before, and notice anything that you +forgot to mention in yesterday's description. + + +7 + +Answer the following questions: + +1. How many stories high is our school? + +2. How many class-rooms are on each floor? + +3. How many other rooms are on each floor? + +4. How many staircases does our school have? + +5. What materials have been used in building the staircases? + +6. What can be seen in the corridor nearest your room? + +7. By how many doorways can the children leave the building? + +8. How is your school heated and ventilated? + + +8 + +Describe everything that you can see in your class-room. + + +9 + +[Illustration: PLAN OF SCHOOL ROOM] + +Look at this plan of a school-room. See if you can draw a plan of _your_ +school-room. + + +10 + +Make a list of all the materials that have been used in building the +inside of your school. Remember all of the following parts: + + Floors Windows Corridor furnishings + Ceilings Doors Class-room furnishings + Walls Staircases + +Now write a list of the kinds of workmen who gathered together these +materials. Name as many of the kinds of workmen as you can think of who +were engaged on the inside work of the building. + + +11 + +Write a letter to anyone whom you know who has never seen our school. +Tell all about our building and the good workmen by whom it was planned +and built. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +THE STREETS AND ROADS + + +1 + +On what street or road does your school stand? + +On what street or road do you live? + +What streets or roads do you pass on your way home? + +What do you think is the finest street or road that you have ever seen +anywhere? What makes that so good a street or road? + +Name a poor street or road. What could be done to improve it? + + +2 + +Why do cities and towns have streets and roads? Where are there no +streets? + +Look at the country picture shown on page 19. How pretty it is! When +would it be pleasant to walk there? When would it not be so pleasant? +Why? What must be done to a road to make it into a good street? Tell +what you can of the different ways of paving, lighting and draining +streets and roads, and of the different kinds of name-signs you have +seen. + +Now what can be done to make a street or road beautiful and pleasant in +warm weather? + +How can boys and girls help to keep the streets and roads pleasant? + +Here is a plan of some of the streets in a large city. + +[Illustration: PLAN OF CITY STREETS.] + + +3 + +Draw the shape of the school lot. Now show the street or road that the +school stands upon. If you live in a town, draw the streets next to the +school. Then draw the next streets, and keep on until you have drawn the +street on which your home stands. Place a little cross to show your +home. With your pencil start from your house and make a dotted line to +show how you come to school. + + +4 + +On your plan of the neighborhood place a circle to show the grocery +store or bakery that you pass on your way to school. Make a large dot to +show the nearest store to school, and with a dotted line explain how you +would go there from school if your teacher sent you to buy ink. Make a +circle with a cross in it to show where there is a church, a bank, a +factory, or any other important building near your school. If there is a +railroad near, show it upon your plan. + +[Illustration: A COUNTRY HOME.] + + +5 + +Many streets and lanes have names of trees. Some have been named after +great and good men. There are some streets with only numbers for names. +Do you know of any streets having names of these different kinds? Can +you think of any street or road that received its name for some other +reason? + +Get as many pictures as you can of the streets of your town or any other +town and paste them in your note-book. Get some pictures of country +roads and paste them also in your note-book. + +[Illustration: A CITY STREET. + (Copyright, 1911, William H. Rau, Philadelphia.)] + + +6 + +In some towns the streets are nearly straight and cross each other like +the wires of a window-screen. In other towns the streets run off from +the centre of the town like the spokes of a wheel. Some streets and +roads are very crooked. + +How are the streets in our town arranged? Name some of our best business +streets. Which streets have the finest homes in which people live? Name +some streets or roads with trolley lines upon them. Are our streets +paved? + + +7 + +Perhaps you live in the country where there are very few streets or none +at all. How different is your walk to school each day from that of the +city boy or girl! In town, children walk on paved streets and pass many +buildings. What kind of roads do the country children walk upon? What +buildings do they pass? A country school. + +[Illustration: A MODERN COUNTRY SCHOOL.] + +Do you take a pleasant road between broad fields? Do you walk through +the cool shady woods? Perhaps you run over a bridge with the clear brook +sparkling and babbling beneath. What else do you see or hear in the +country which city folks do not know in their built up towns? + + + + +CHAPTER III + +THE BUILDINGS + + +1 + +What kinds of buildings do you pass on your way to school? Write a list +of all the kinds that you have ever seen. + +Look at the pictures of buildings in this book and see if you know for +what each is used. How can you tell? + + +2 + +Of all the many kinds of buildings in town or country, the _houses_ are +the most important. It is more necessary to have good homes to live in +than to have the other buildings large or beautiful. What makes a good +residence? There must be enough room for the whole family. It needs +plenty of light, air, sunshine and water. It must have a good roof to +keep it dry in stormy weather. It should be well heated in the cold +winter. Tell of other things that are needed in our homes to keep the +family healthy and happy. How can you help to make your home pleasant? + + +3 + +Good _schools_, too, are very necessary. The school-house must be built +to keep the boys and girls comfortable and healthy while at work. Name +some of the things needed for a good school building. + +[Illustration: A STREET SCENE IN NEW YORK.] + + +4 + +The libraries and museums also teach people. A _library_ is like a home +where many friendly teachers live. These friends will talk to you and +tell you many useful and wonderful things. Have you ever visited them at +the library? Have you ever taken any of them home with you? Is there a +library near our school? + +The _museums_ are full of many interesting objects. You may see +beautiful pictures and statuary. Some have collections of pretty stones +and of stuffed animals. Curious clothing, jewelry, toys and musical +instruments used by people in distant lands are shown too. In a museum +in Portland you may see the dear little clothing worn by the poet +Longfellow when he was a tiny baby. Many books that Washington read are +kept in a museum near the city of Washington. Have you ever visited a +museum in a city? What did you see there? + + +5 + +No buildings anywhere are more beautiful than the _churches_. Are there +any churches in your neighborhood? Describe the church which you attend. + + +6 + +In town and country there are many ill people who cannot be cared for at +home. They go to _hospitals_ to be nursed back to health and strength. +The good doctors and nurses work day and night to cure the sick people. +How can well people help sick people? Where is the nearest hospital to +your home? What is it named? + +[Illustration: INDEPENDENCE HALL.] + + +7 + +Almost every town has a _Town Hall_. Have you ever seen such a building? +What is it used for? Here the mayor has his office. Sometimes the Town +Hall or Court House has a high tower, or a fine dome, or a cupola. If +you have ever seen a Town Hall tell how it looked. + + +8 + +Think of the _stores_ that you have seen. How many kinds can you name? +What does each sell principally? Where are these things made? Have you +ever seen a large _factory_? What does it manufacture? + +[Illustration: PITTSBURGH OBSERVATORY.] + +It would be fine if all of the buildings in which folks work were sunny, +airy and clean. People employed in comfortable stores and factories are +happy and feel like working. + +Alas! there are many miserable places where the workmen are crowded and +uncomfortable. The impure air makes them tired and ill. If you have seen +a good store or factory tell what helps to keep the workers comfortable +and healthy. + + +9 + +Old cities have in them many very old buildings that all Americans love. +The magnificent Capitol at Washington was built long ago. It is one of +the finest buildings in the world. It is built of white marble. In the +first picture in this book notice the beautiful dome and the great high +stairs. In Philadelphia is the dear old Independence Hall with the +Liberty Bell. Boston has the old Faneuil Hall. Here many great Americans +of long ago have spoken to the people. Are there any old historic +buildings in our neighborhood? + +[Illustration: LONGFELLOW'S BIRTHPLACE, PORTLAND, MAINE.] + + +10 + +Suppose some friends travel on the railroad to visit us. At what +railroad station would the train arrive? Are there any other stations? +How are they built? Do you think they give a beautiful, clean, friendly +welcome to strangers? All stations should be pleasant and comfortable to +cheer the tired travelers that pass through them day and night. At +Denver, just outside of the station, there is a great arch stretching +across the street. It says, "Welcome," in bright letters at night and in +pretty letters in the day. The visitor is glad to see the friendly word +after a long trip. + +[Illustration: OLD SOUTH CHURCH, BOSTON.] + + +11 + +When friends come from another town we like to show them the sights. +Plan a nice trip around the town. Write a list of places to which you +would take them. You must know where each place is. What could you tell +about each place? + + +12 + +One day we should visit some park. Is there any near our school? Are +there any interesting buildings or statuary in the park? Is there any +water near by? + +When we visit our town park we should remember that it belongs to us, +for a public park belongs to all of the people. Do you not like to have +the things that belong to you as good, as useful and as beautiful as +possible? Do you want your home to look sweet and clean and comfortable, +or dirty, careless and unpleasant? Do you want your clothing to be +strong, neat and pretty, or torn and dirty? We should all take pride in +having the things we own just as good as possible. When you are in the +street, the school, any public building, or in a park, say to yourself, +"This is mine." Then look around and see whether you like the way it +looks. Think how you can help to keep it looking well or make it look +even better. + +[Illustration: WINTER SCENE IN FAIRMOUNT PARK.] + +How can boys and girls help keep the grass, the paths, the flower-beds, +the trees and the buildings beautiful? Where does the money come from to +pay the caretakers of the park? + +Some people visit the park only in spring, summer or autumn. We all love +the park in those seasons. Many do not know how beautiful the bare trees +look in winter with their gray or brown branches. There is no more +exquisite sight in the world than to see these trees coated with +glistening ice out to the tiniest twig, or to see them ridged with +pearly white snow. It is a merry sight to see the jolly coasters and +skaters. + + +13 + +Copy the list of buildings given below and mark each kind that you have +seen. Tell where you saw it, of what it was built, or for what it was +used. + + Residence School Museum + Store Church Car-barn + Bank Hospital Library + Factory Railroad station Office + Stable Government building Garage + Dairy Barn Ice House + +What building is shown on the cover of this book? + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +THE TOWN AS A WHOLE + + +1 + +Think of the times when you have walked or ridden about our town. + +What rivers did you see? + +[Illustration: CAPITOL AT HARRISBURG.] + +Which buildings did you think were very beautiful? + +What was each used for? + +What buildings have we that are very helpful to the people? + +What interesting places have you visited in your neighborhood? + +What other places would you like to visit? + + +2 + +PREPARATION FOR A TRIP TO SOME HILLTOP, OBSERVATORY, TOWER OR +ROOF-GARDEN FROM WHICH AN EXTENSIVE VIEW CAN BE HAD + +What place shall we visit? Why? Draw a plan to include the school and +the place to be visited. + +How far must we go? Shall we ride or walk? In what direction shall we +go? + +When we are up high we can look over the whole neighborhood. First, try +to find our school. In what direction shall we need to face? Then let us +notice what lies between us and our school. See if you can find any park +or large building which you know. Try to find the street or road upon +which your home stands. Then look beyond our school for any other +familiar building or park, and look for your home if you did not see it +before. Notice how far the town stretches and try to see what cuts it +off or bounds it. + +Next we shall turn and look in the opposite direction. What direction +will that be? Find any familiar places. How can you know which are +homes, schools, churches or factories? See how far the town extends and +what cuts off or bounds it on this side. + +In what other directions shall we look? Again we shall notice the +familiar and unfamiliar places and the town boundaries. + + +3 + +THE TRIP + + +4 + +Was the neighborhood view like you expected? What surprised you? What +did we see most of? Make a list of all the places you remember seeing. +Think of each view separately; north, south, east and west. Tell of +anything you saw as you looked in each direction. Why could we see so +much? How could we see even farther? + + +5 + +Do we live in a large city, a small town or in the country? What is the +name of our town or the nearest town? Who first settled in the place +which has grown to be a town? It is hard for us to believe that two +hundred and fifty years ago there were no houses, churches, schools, +streets or roads where we now live. All this land was wild country, +mostly woods. The early settlers were strong and brave men. They had to +cut down the forests and build their first homes of rough logs. Then +they planted fields with corn, wheat and vegetables. They killed the +wild animals for food, using the skins for clothing. As soon as +possible the settlers tried to build a small plain church and a +school-house. + +[Illustration: CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. From a "Thistle" Print. + (Copyright, Detroit Publishing Co.)] + +[Illustration: COLUMBUS'S SHIP.] + +Now we have our fine towns which have grown from the early work of these +first sturdy settlers. All of the people should love our dear home town +and try to make it beautiful, healthful and comfortable. We should love +our neighbors and treat them all like brothers and sisters. If we are +true to our village or our dear town we will be kind and fair to all, +rich and poor, Americans and foreigners, white and colored people. That +is one way of showing our thankfulness for our comfortable homes. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +THE PEOPLE + + +1 + +Think of the many buildings which you see as you look over the +landscape. There are people living in nearly all of those houses. Just +think of the many, many people who live here. How many are there? How +many schools have we in the town? How many people go to your school? + +Most of these people look much alike, but some are very different in +appearance. Name some of the different kinds of people whom you have +seen. How do you distinguish a negro and Chinaman or Mongolian from a +white person or Caucasian? Tell about their hair, skin or any other +peculiar features. + +Each kind of people is called a race. The pictures show some of the +races we often see--Caucasian, Mongolian and negro. The Chinese and +Japanese are called Mongolians. + + +2 + +THE INDIANS + +The Indians lived at this place which is now our home long before there +were any white people here or any towns at all. Where these many +buildings now stand there was wild country, fields and woods. Under the +trees stood the Indian wigwams made of skins and branches. The early +settlers came to this country from far across the ocean. After William +Penn landed with his companions he began at once to make friends with +the Indians. As the red men were living upon the land, Penn thought that +it was only fair and honest to buy from them the land that the English +people wanted for their homes. The Indians could not use money, so he +gave them blankets and other presents which pleased them very much. The +Indians promised William Penn to live in peace with the white men and +they kept their promise for many years. + +[Illustration: AN INDIAN FAMILY.] + +Most of the white people who came in those early days to other parts of +our land did not act in this noble way. When they wanted land on which +to build their homes they drove the Indians away, killing many of them. +Thus these unjustly treated Indians became the enemies of the white men, +and often treated them very cruelly in return. Let us remember that the +Indians were the first owners of this land of ours and that they should +be treated as William Penn showed us, with kindness and justice. + +[Illustration: INDIAN CHIEF.] + +Those wild Indians of long ago had many noble traits. They were strong +and brave and fearless. + + Read in some of your school books about Indians and their homes. + + +3 + +THE NEGROES + +There were no negroes in this country till many years after Columbus and +the other white men began to settle here. Some white men went far across +the sea to Africa. They stole the negroes away from their homes, carried +them to their ships and sailed back to this country. Then these white +men sold the negroes to other men for money. The poor colored men had to +work terribly hard as slaves and received no pay for their work. At last +they were freed by Abraham Lincoln and others who helped him. + +[Illustration: NEGRO.] + +The negroes have much that is fine in their character. Even when they +were slaves they often grew to love their masters so dearly that they +would do anything in the world, even give up their lives, for their +masters. We should always remember that God made the negro as well as +the white man. Fair-minded people will try to be honest, kind and just +to everyone. + + +4 + +THE CHINESE + +[Illustration: CHINESE MANDARIN AND SERVANT.] + +Many Chinamen have come to our country from their distant homes in +China. Their country is so crowded, and it is so hard to earn a living +there, that most of the people are very poor. + +The Chinese living in our country are peaceful and quiet. They work very +hard in their laundries and other places of business; yet there are many +white people so cruel and thoughtless as to ridicule a Chinaman whenever +they see one. These white people should remember that God made the +Chinaman and that he is a stranger here in our country. Is it not even +worse to ill-treat a stranger than one who is at home? The color of our +skin and hair is not very important. It matters far more whether we are +honest, loving, industrious and fair-minded. + +Not all of the white people living around us were born in this country. +Where did your parents and grandparents live when they were children? +Do you know any people who came from distant lands? Where were their +first homes? Find out how many of the parents of your schoolmates came a +long journey over the water to reach our land. + +Yes, we have people from many foreign countries. Some are English, +Irish, Scotch or French. Then there are the Germans, Italians, Russians +and others. From what country did each of these people come? + +Here they are all living together, people from all over the great wide +world. Our homes stand side by side. We work and play together. Truly we +are brothers and sisters, for we are all children in the great human +family. It matters not from what distant land our people may have come, +we should all be bound together like one family by human love and +kindness. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS + + +1 + +Which members of your family work? Why do they work? For what is the +money they earn spent? Think which of these things are absolutely +necessary to keep us alive. + +We all need _food_. + +We all need _clothing_. + +We all need _homes or shelter_. + +Without these provisions we should die. + +How do we get our food, our clothing and our homes? How did people get +them when there were no stores and no money? Do you know of any people +who were compelled to get things in this way? + + In a school reader, read about how primitive people lived. + + +2 + +THE SOIL + +We have two kinds of food, vegetable food, which grows from the ground, +and animal food. Name some foods of each kind. All plants grow out of +the earth or soil. The soil is necessary to produce our animal food +also. The meat we eat comes from sheep, cows, chickens and other +animals. These animals all live on vegetable food. Without good soil +there would be no grass nor hay. No grass would mean no food for cows +and sheep. So we see that all of our food really comes from the soil. + +Our clothing, too, is dependent upon the soil. The cotton plant grows up +out of the ground. The wool comes from the sheep, which eats grass which +grows from the ground. + +Even our homes could not be built without products from the earth or +soil. Think how much wood is used in the construction of a house. The +trees which grow in the soil give us all the wood. Much iron, steel, +copper, brass and nickel are used in our homes. Stones and bricks form +part of many houses. All of these things come out of the earth. What a +wonderful thing is the soil! Out of it come our food, our clothing and +our shelter! + + In one of your books read the wonderful story of how we obtain a + loaf of bread. + + +3 + + +Write a list of all the kinds of work you can think of which people do. + +Copy this list of industries and place a cross beside the ones at which +any persons you know work: + + Mining Printing and bookmaking + Weaving Iron and steel work + Shipbuilding Glass-blowing + Lumbering Pottery making + Brickmaking Meat packing + Farming Dairying + Manufacturing foods Manufacturing clothing + Ice cutting Manufacturing furniture + +Which are town industries? Which are country industries? + + +4 + +Would you like to go to-morrow to visit a factory in which some food or +clothing is manufactured? Look at the map of the town. Find your school. +Find the factory. How far must we go and in what direction? What is the +name of the place we will visit? Notice all of the things made there. +Try to remember all of the materials needed at the factory, and find out +where these materials come from. Try to remember just how the articles +are made. Find out what will be done with the things that are +manufactured. Notice the number and kinds of machines used. See how many +workmen are employed. + + +5 + +AFTER THE TRIP + +Write a letter to a friend in another class telling all about your +visit. Mention these points: + +1. Where you went. + +2. What was made. + +3. How it was made. + +4. The materials used. + +5. The machinery. + +6. The workmen. + +7. The usefulness of the factory. + +8. The care and skill of the workmen. + +9. Anything else interesting about the trip. + + +6 + +Every town and every village is a workshop. There are many workmen here +that do good, careful work. Some of the goods of our town may be sent +thousands of miles away to other people who need them. The country +people, too, do much useful work. Name some of the things which our +workmen do for other people living at a distance from us. + + Read about the manufacture of the articles which you saw being made + at the factory. + + +7 + +There are many workers in the world who do not make things with their +hands. Most of their work is done with their minds, though, of course, +their hands help too. Name some of these. What kind of work does each of +the following do? + + Teacher Lawyer Minister + Doctor Author Banker + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +ANIMALS AND PLANTS + + +1 + +There are many other living creatures in the world besides people. Write +a list of all the kinds of animals that you have ever seen. + +[Illustration: AMERICAN BUFFALO.] + +Some of these animals live near the homes of men. They are tame. Men +take care of them and see that they get food. Many of these animals are +very useful to us. Write a list of these tame animals. At the top of the +list write _Domestic Animals_. Of what use is each of the following +animals when alive? Which are useful after they are killed? Of what use +to man is each one? + + Horse Pig Chicken + Cow Dog Duck + Sheep Cat Pigeon. + + Read about how our meat is supplied to us. + + +2 + +Write a list of all the _wild animals_ you remember ever having seen. +Where did you see them? How were they prevented from harming people? +Where was the natural home of these animals? How did they get their +food? How do they now get their food? + +[Illustration: RACCOON.] + +Some of these animals so closely resemble the domestic animals that they +are said to belong to the same family. Read the names of the animals +belonging to the same family and tell in what way they resemble each +other. Tell which are domestic and which are wild. + +THE CAT FAMILY + + Cat Lion Tiger Leopard + +[Illustration: TIGER.] + +THE DOG FAMILY + + Dog Fox Wolf + +THE HORSE FAMILY + + Horse Zebra + +THE COW FAMILY + + Cow Buffalo + +Describe some of these wild animals: + + Elephant Fox + Squirrel Wolf + Bear Deer + +There are also many fish, birds and insects. + +Paste in your notebook any pictures of animals. + + +3 + +Take a trip to the Zoological Gardens and see these animals. + +[Illustration: LEOPARD.] + + +4 + +Which domestic or wild animals are useful to us in obtaining food, +clothing and shelter? + + +5 + +PLANTS + +We cannot live without food, clothing and shelter. Let us see how plants +help us to obtain these three great necessities. + +Write a list of all the plants that you can name. + +Draw a line under each that is useful for _food_. + +Draw two lines under each that is useful for _clothing_. + +Draw three lines under each that is useful in making or furnishing our +_homes or shelter_. + +[Illustration: ELK.] + +Of what use are the plants that are not underlined? Are they beautiful? +How dull the world would be without flowers! + +We have: + +1. Food plants. + +2. Clothing plants. + +3. Shelter plants. + +4. Ornamental plants. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION + + +1 + +Think of the foods that you had on your dinner table yesterday. Where +did each come from? How did it get here? Was there anything which came +from our own neighborhood, and which did not have to take a long journey +either to the factory where it was manufactured or to the store where it +was sold? + +Examine the clothing you are wearing. Of what material is each article +made? Where did the materials come from? Where were they manufactured? +Which had to come a long journey before it reached your home? + +Look around the school-room and name the materials which had to travel a +long distance before we could have them for our use. + +Imagine trying to get our food, our clothing and our shelter materials +right near our school. How much could we be sure of having? + + +2 + +Perhaps you have seen products being brought into the city. You may have +seen the milk trains unloading their many shining cans. Surely you have +seen the freight cars with their signs painted on the outside telling +that they are refrigerator cars, or coal cars, or other kinds of cars. +What do they carry? + +Most of the things we need are brought here on trains. Where is there in +our neighborhood a freight railroad station? Is it near our school? + +Some products are taken from the country to the town in wagons. You have +seen the big hay wagons which go a long way from some farm to take food +for the city horses. + +[Illustration: CHINESE TRANSPORTATION.] + +How else are products carried? Coffee, rubber, pepper, chocolate and +much silk are brought here from distant lands in ships. If you go to the +harbor of a large city you can see hundreds of busy men unloading the +big steamers. + + +3 + +Ships and railroads carry not only foods but people too. There are many +ways of carrying people and products. These are some of the ways: + +1. On the backs of animals, as horses, camels, elephants. + +2. In wheelbarrows. + +3. In wagons. + +4. In automobiles. + +5. In trolley cars. + +6. In railroad trains. + +7. On boats, or ships. + +8. In sleighs. + +9. On bicycles. + +10. In airships. + +[Illustration: TRANSPORTATION IN ARABIA.] + +In which of these ways have you traveled? Can you tell what power is +used in each case? + +In order to travel safely and quickly we need more than something in +which to carry the people and products. We must have good wagon roads, +well built railroads, tunnels through the mountains, and bridges over +the rivers. Lighthouses are necessary to warn the vessels of the rocks +at night or in the storms. + + +4 + +When people need things from a distance they cannot always go all the +way to the place and bring back the products or articles. It is quicker +and easier to send messages asking for what is needed. How would your +mother send an order to the butcher for meat if she did not wish to go +for it? How could a farmer send a message to the city ordering new milk +cans and strawberry boxes? How do messages come to your house? + +In olden days the persons had to carry all of their messages for +themselves or send them by other persons. The messenger would often run +for miles without resting so as to deliver the letters as soon as +possible. At last the people decided to give all of their letters to a +postman who would ride on horseback from place to place with the mail. +Stagecoaches were next used. It took a week for a coach to go as far as +a train can go now in a few hours. Our mail is now carried from one +place to another by trains or vessels, and then the letter carriers +deliver it at our city houses or to our town post office or rural +mail-box. + +The quickest way to send a message is by cable, telegraph, telephone or +wireless message. Over the electric wires or through the air the words +are flashed for miles in a few minutes. + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +FAMILIAR SURFACE FEATURES + + 1. Hill and plain. 3. River + 2. Mountain and valley. 4. Ocean + 5. Island and peninsula. + + _Note to the Teacher._--Consider at this time only such familiar + features as belong to the children's immediate environment in or + very near their neighborhood. Defer the study of the other land and + water forms until later, as suggested in the Introduction. For + further details of these features, see Chapters I and IV in Part II. + + +1 + +HILL AND PLAIN + +Some streets and roads are flat and level. Others slope like _hills_. +Can you name a street which is level, and one that slants or slopes? +Which road is easier to walk on? Why? Do you prefer the level or the +sloping street when roller-skating? Why? Which is the best when you are +coasting? + +You may have noticed that some of the fields in the park or in the +country are nearly flat. Other fields lie on slopes or hills. We call +the flat part of the land a _plain_, whether it is in the city or in the +country. The sloping part of the land forms a hill. Have we mostly hills +or plains in the streets of our city? + + +2 + +Some plains and some hills are covered with trees. If you were in the +woods, surrounded by trees, how would you know whether you were on a +plain or on a hill? + +[Illustration: HILLS AND VALLEYS.] + +Some hills look very different from others. Some slope very gradually, +while some are very steep. Some hills have city streets on them. Others +have great fields of grass for cows to graze upon. Still others are +planted with corn, wheat, rye or vegetables. There are wooded hills +covered with trees. How do we know that all of these very different +forms are hills? + +In the same way plains vary greatly. While some have been made into city +streets, others are large, flat, grassy fields, with streams sometimes +flowing through them. Some plains are covered with forests. Others are +planted with grain and vegetables. How can you know when you see a plain +if there are so many different kinds? + + +3 + +Look through the pictures in this book and decide which show hills and +which show plains. Which is easier for a farmer to plow, a hill or a +plain? Why? + +If you were sent upon an errand, would you choose to go by way of a +hilly road or by a level one? Which is the pleasantest place for a +summer home, upon a hill or upon a plain? + +How must a driver help his horses when they are pulling a heavy load up +or down a hill? + + +4 + +MOUNTAINS AND VALLEYS + +Some hills are so very, very high that they have been called +_mountains_. What are our neighboring mountains named? Have you ever +been to the top of one of these mountains? Describe the beautiful view +from the summit. Did you see any wild creatures along the way? Tell +about any trees and other plants that you noticed. + +When people build homes in mountain regions they generally place them in +the low land between the high mountains. Why? This lower land is called +a _valley_. The people in the valley town can often look beyond the +fields and see the mountains rising high and steep beyond. Some +mountains are covered with trees. At places you may see great bare, +rough rocks on the mountain side. The scenery is very beautiful. There +are often streams and broad rivers down in the valley. + +[Illustration: THE UPPER DELAWARE.] + +Many lumbermen work on the mountains. Why do they cut down the trees? +The mountains give the miners work too. The men go far into the mines to +bring out the useful minerals. Are there any mines in the mountains +near our home? What do the miners take from these mines? + +[Illustration: AN OCEAN STEAMSHIP. + (Copyright, 1911, William H. Rau, Philadelphia.)] + + +5 + +RIVERS + +What _river_ flows near our home? Have you ever seen it? Where were you +when you saw it? How did it look? What did you notice along its banks? +What was on the river? Was there any way of crossing over to the +opposite bank? + +Did you see where the boats land? Men have built many wharves on the +banks of the rivers. If you stand on the wharf, you may see great +ferry-boats crowded with people. Back and forth these boats go, carrying +the people from one side of the river to the other. + +Sometimes great steamers come up the river. They have carried people, +food and clothing on a long journey. Some boats are loaded with coal or +lumber. There are many pretty sailboats and rowboats too. In some you +will see fishermen. They bring the fish back for the city people to eat. + +Before the city was built there was beautiful country all along the +banks. If you travel up the river, leaving the city far behind, you will +see some fine scenery. Perhaps you will pass beautiful woods. Some of +the trees bend over the river as if they were looking at their +reflections in the clear water. At places there are broad fields where +the cows come down to drink the cool water. Farther up there are hills +or mountains rising far above the banks. You will notice that the river +is growing narrower and narrower until it is but a small stream. If you +go down the river again, you will see that it gradually widens as it +flows on to the mouth. + + +6 + +Most cities get their water supply from a nearby river. Do you know +where the water in your bath-room comes from? When you take a drink in +our school-yard what water are you swallowing? How does this water get +to our home and school? Pipes run under the streets from the river to +all the buildings of the town. There are big pumping stations on the +river bank to pump the water out of the river through pipes to the +houses. Millions of gallons of water are pumped each day into the homes, +schools, mills and factories. For what is this water used? + +[Illustration: PUBLIC LIBRARY, NEWARK, N. J.] + + +7 + +Plants need more than good soil to make them grow. They will wither and +die unless they have plenty of rain to keep the earth soft and moist. +There are many places in the world where no trees, nor grass, nor plants +of any kind can grow. This is because there is no water to wet the +earth. + +We all know that clouds bring the rain; but how do the clouds get the +water? Whenever there is water on the earth, as in the rivers, the air +is continually drawing up the moisture in tiny invisible drops. This +moisture rises in the air and forms clouds. When the clouds get very +heavy, down comes the water which we call rain. In cold weather it is +changed into snow. + +[Illustration: ELEPHANT IN THE "ZOO."] + +Where there is no moisture there can be no rain, for the air cannot draw +up moisture to form clouds. Where there are many rivers there has been +much rain, and the soil is kept fertile. Plants will grow in it. Do you +see how our food, our clothing and our shelter are dependent upon +rainfall? Do you see how we are kept alive by rivers? + + +8 + +Think of the many, many uses of rivers. There are thousands of useful +rivers in the world. + +What are the three great necessities of human life? How do rivers help +us to get _food_ and _clothing_ and to build our _homes_ and make them +comfortable? + +SOME USES OF RIVERS + +1. Water supply; washing and drinking. + +2. Water power; flour, textile and planing mills. + +3. Commerce; transportation. + +4. Life; fish, plants. + +5. Fertility of soil, rainfall. + +6. Beauty of scenery. + + +9 + +Look at the map of our neighborhood. See the lines that represent the +river. Notice how it bends. Does it show where bridges cross it? + + +10 + +THE OCEAN + +Have you ever stood on the beach and watched the big waves roll in? The +great _ocean_ stretches away as far as you can see. It seems to meet the +sky. The weaves roll and break, and roll and break from morning till +night forever. Where there are rocks along the shore the ocean dashes +against them. The sparkling snowy spray then leaps high into the air +with a boom and a swish! + + _Note to the Teacher._--See the details for studying about the + oceans in Part II, Chapter I. + + +11 + +ISLANDS AND PENINSULAS + +[Illustration: THE OCEAN.] + +As you sail up the river you may see large portions of land lying right +out in the water. There are pieces of land lying out in the ocean too. +The water lies around them on all sides. We call such portions of land +_islands_. If you were standing on the shore how could you go to an +island which you saw out in the water? How could you get there if you +had no boat? Some islands are joined to the shores by bridges. + +Many islands are no larger than this room. Others are so large that it +would take days to travel around them. Whether they are large or small +they have water entirely around them. + +[Illustration: PART OF A ROCKY ISLAND.] + +Some of us have been to a large island that has been built up into a +city. When the New York boys and girls want to leave their city they +must either go in a boat, or over a bridge, or through a tunnel far +under a river. Why? When you visit Atlantic City your train goes over a +bridge into the city. Why? + + +12 + +Look at some pictures of islands and notice how many kinds there are. +Some are all wooded. Others are covered with fields. Notice one that is +rocky and steep, and another that is level and built into a city. + +Some islands are so large as to have many cities built upon them, and +there are many farms and dense woods besides upon the same islands. Some +have many rivers flowing through them. + +If you were on a large island, how could you prove that it was an +island? If you wanted to leave it, how could you do so? Notice on the +map of our neighborhood whether a river with islands in it is shown. + + +13 + +Sometimes a piece of land has water flowing only part way around it. If +you take a boat and try to go all around it, you will come to a place +where the boat cannot go because there is land there. This land that is +nearly an island, but does not have the water completely around it, is +called a _peninsula_. Where have you seen a peninsula? + + + + +CHAPTER X + +DIRECTION + + +A LESSON IN THE SCHOOL YARD AT NOON TIME + +Face the sun. We are facing the south. Does the sun always lie south of +us? Where was it early this morning when it arose? That was east. Where +will it be at sunset? That is west. Move your hand to show the sun's +daily journey from east to south to west. The sun is south of us only at +noon time. + +[Illustration] + +Face your shadow. Now the sun is behind you. What direction is back of +you? You are facing north. Look at the shadows of the school, of the +fence, of the pole, and of all the other children. They are all falling +to the north. Can you make your shadow fall east or west or south? Why +not? When only will shadows fall north? Can you think of any time when +the shadows would fall east or west? Could they ever fall south? Why +not? + + +2 + +Draw this diagram on the yard pavement, and mark the parts that are +north, south, east and west. Stand at the middle of the cross. Face +north. What is behind you? What direction is at your right side and +which is at your left side? Learn these words: + +"When I face the north the south is behind me; the east is at my right +hand and the west is at my left hand." + +If you pass a weather vane on your way home, see if you can read the +letters on it and find out what they mean. + + +3 + +With soft chalk draw a line on your desk with one end toward the north +and one end toward the south. Mark N for north and S for south. Draw a +line across the middle of it, and mark E for east and W for west. + +What is north of you, south of you, east of you and west of you? + +In what direction from you is your teacher's desk? + +On what side of you are the blackboards? On which side are the windows? + +Walk toward the north, toward the east, toward the south, toward the +west. + +Which boy or girl is north of you? Which pupil is west of you? + +What is south of your room? What is east of it? + +On what side of your room is the corridor? On which side is the street? +On which side is the school yard? + +What is north of your teacher's desk? What is south of your teacher's +chair? What is west of the table? What is east of the windows? + + +4 + +[Illustration: POINTS OF THE COMPASS.] + +Draw a plan of your desk. Mark north, south, east and west upon it. Hang +it up with north at the top. Draw a plan of your schoolroom. Mark the +north, south, east and west. Hang up the plan with north at the top. + +Look at the plan of the town. We call it a map. North is at the top. +Find the rivers. At which side of the city are they? + +Look at a plan of the entire school floor with all of the rooms and the +corridor. How shall we hang it? + + +5 + +Men have made plans of the city, the country, and the whole world. These +plans which show the land and water are called maps. On all maps north +is usually at the top. + +Look at the map of the whole world. How can you tell which part means +land and which means water? What direction is at the top of the map, at +the bottom, at the right side, and at the left side? + + +6 + +See where we find the north-east, south-east, south-west and north-west. + + + + +PART TWO + + + + +CHAPTER I + +THE EARTH AS A WHOLE + + +1 + +[Illustration] + +Long ago wise men found out that the great earth on which we live is not +flat, but round like a ball. It is so very large, and we see so small a +part of it at one time, that it looks flat to us. Take a piece of paper +and tear out a small hole. Hold the hole over your globe so that a small +part of the surface shows through. Does the small piece of the globe +look very curved? + +These men noticed ships sailing away across the water. When the ships +were far away the lower part of the boat could not be seen. More and +more disappeared till only the tops of the masts could be seen; and at +last they were gone too. If you make a little paper boat and let it sail +flat across your desk and then try it over the globe, you can see how +this proves that the earth is not flat. + +Did you ever see an eclipse of the moon? The big curved shadow was the +earth's shadow. Why was the shadow round? + +A globe shows the shape of the earth. + + +2 + +Look at all of the globes and maps in the room. Find how the land and +the water are shown. Can you see any islands, any peninsulas? A tiny dot +may mean the whole city with hundreds of homes, factories and other +buildings. Do you remember how we looked down on our town from a great +height and saw the many houses? Just think of a tiny dot meaning all of +our town. + +[Illustration: WESTERN HEMISPHERE] + +[Illustration: EASTERN HEMISPHERE] + + +3 + +How are the rivers drawn? Think of the great wide flowing river with its +wharves and its boats. It flows on for miles and miles. Some day all +of its water will reach the ocean. This little black line means all of +that great broad river. + +Why do we have such tiny things to represent such great things? + +See this land called North America. It would take five days and nights +in a fast express train to travel straight across it. + + +4 + +We can cut the globe in half and make a flat picture of the two parts as +they look when placed side by side. + +Another name for the globe is sphere. "Hemi" means "half," so each half +of the globe is called a "hemisphere." + +One half is called the Eastern Hemisphere and the other half the Western +Hemisphere. + +In the Western Hemisphere we have the Western Continent, which is +America. This Western Continent is made of two grand divisions, North +America and South America. Why are they so named? We live in North +America. Find our city and the river nearest to it. North America was +joined to South America by a narrow strip of land called the _Isthmus of +Panama_. Look at the map and think why millions of dollars have been +spent through many years to cut through this isthmus. Now vessels can +pass through this Panama Canal. + +Look at the map of the Western Hemisphere and notice what it contains +besides the Western Continent of America. There is more water than land. +This water forms the great oceans. + +Perhaps you have been to Atlantic City or some other seashore place and +have seen the Atlantic Ocean. Do you remember the big waves which rolled +in on the sandy beach and the pretty white-caps far out? Did you see the +big nets drawn in full of hundreds of fish? Perhaps you bathed in the +ocean and got your mouth full of water. It did not taste like the water +we drink, for it was salty. All of the water of the ocean is salt water, +but the water of rivers is fresh. + +The oceans are very large. It would take us five or six days and nights +on a great steamer to cross to the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. In +what direction should we go? + + +5 + +On the western side of America there is another great ocean, the Pacific +Ocean. It has salt water like the Atlantic Ocean, and it also is +constantly in motion with great waves. + +North of North America, in the intensely cold region, is the Arctic +Ocean. Great masses of ice called icebergs and ice floes are floating +through this ocean. + +Far south of South America is the Antarctic Ocean. It does not touch +South America. It too is in a cold part of the world. + + +6 + +Do you know of any people who came here from England, Ireland, France, +Germany, Italy or Russia? Their homes were in the Eastern Hemisphere. +The Eastern Hemisphere has a great mass of land called the Eastern +Continent. The Eastern Continent is composed of three grand divisions, +Europe, Asia and Africa. + +Find the great island named Australia. That is sometimes called the +Australian Continent because it is so large. + + +7 + +The same oceans which are in the Western Hemisphere extend into the +Eastern Hemisphere. Can you name them? The Eastern Hemisphere also +contains the Indian Ocean, which is not in the Western Hemisphere. + + +8 + +1. How can people go from North America to Europe? + +2. How do the Chinese, whose home is in Asia, come to America? + +3. Nearly all of the rubber which we use for automobile tires, +overshoes, erasers, and hundreds of other articles comes from South +America. Over what ocean does it come? + +4. On what ocean did Peary sail on his journey to the North Pole? + +5. When Amundsen searched for the South Pole, he started from an island +near Australia. On what oceans did he sail? + +6. When the first negroes were brought here from Africa over what ocean +did they come? + +7. What ocean trip is shortest from Africa to Asia? + +8. Of what use is the ocean? + +9. Which ocean can we reach most quickly from our home? How long would +it take us to get to this ocean? + +10. How long would it take us to reach the Pacific Ocean? + + "Behold the sea, ... splendid and strong, yet beautiful as the rose + or the rainbow; full of food, nourisher of man, purger of the world, + creating a sweet climate."--_Emerson_. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +THE SEASONS + + +1 + +What kind of weather are we having now? What kind will we have in July, +in December, in April, in October? + +What do we call the warm season? What is the cold season? What are the +mild seasons? How many seasons have we? + + +2 + +What kind of clothing do we need in winter? + +What work in your home is different in winter from what is done in +summer? What season gives the school janitor most work? Why? + +If you live in the country you have seen how different it looks in +winter time and in summer time. Tell how. In what ways do the town +streets and country roads differ in winter and in summer? + +Name some winter and some summer sports and games. + +There are certain kinds of industries which can be engaged in only in +summer and some only in winter. Decide which of the following are summer +and which are winter industries, and which require work in more than +one season: + + Ice cutting Building + Farming Preserving + Lumbering Fishing + + +3 + +What season do we have when the warm summer is over, and before the cold +winter has set in? How do the city streets look then? How do you think +the farm looks then? + +Autumn or fall is a busy time on the farm. The last of the vegetables +must be taken in and stored away for the winter. The ripe apples and +nuts must be gathered too. The corn is brought in from the fields and +stored in the barns for the winter food of the farm animals. + + +4 + +After the long cold winter is over the days grow gradually milder and +warmer until spring has come. Are you glad when spring comes? Why? + +In your schoolroom you can tell when spring is here. How pleasant the +air feels as it blows in through the window! It seems to kiss us with +its warm breath. You can hear the birds chirping as if they were happy. +Perhaps a bee will buzz into the room. Many of the children will bring +to school the dainty little spring flowers, anemones, blood root, +hepatica, violets and buttercups. + +Out in the country all nature is busy. The tree buds are swelling and +bursting. The grass and flowers are springing up. The birds are building +their nests. The farmer is ploughing and planting his fields. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +THE ZONES + + +1 + +All parts of the earth do not have seasons such as we have. If we should +travel north we should find the climate growing colder and colder. After +a long time we should come to a region of intense cold. The ground would +be covered with ice and snow all the year through, both winter and +summer. This most northern part of the earth is called the North Pole. +The region around it is the North Frigid Zone. There is a South Pole and +a South Frigid Zone as cold as the northern one. You can see where they +are on the diagram. + +If we start from here and take a trip south we find it constantly +growing warmer. At last we come to a place where it is extremely warm in +both summer and winter. That region is called the Torrid Zone because +"torrid" means "hot." This hot zone extends right around the middle part +of the earth. The very hottest part through the middle is the Equator. +Notice on the drawing that we live in a zone between the very cold +region, or Frigid Zone, and the very warm region, or Torrid Zone. Our +zone is called the North Temperate Zone. We have here spring, summer, +autumn and winter. Our weather is seldom so cold as in the Frigid Zones, +nor so warm as in the Torrid Zone. Our spring and autumn are mild or +temperate. + +[Illustration: World map] + +[Illustration: THE ZONES.] + +Find the South Temperate Zone. Its climate is just like ours. What +seasons do they have there? What zone lies north of it and which south +of it? + +Copy the diagram of the zones in your note-book. + + +2 + +THE TEMPERATE ZONE--OUR ZONE + +Most of the people of the world live in one of the Temperate Zones, and +most of the great cities are in these zones. People can work better here +where we do not have either intensely hot or intensely cold weather all +of the time. There are two Temperate Zones, the North Temperate Zone +and the South Temperate Zone. In which do we live? + +Some plants grow best in the Temperate Zones, while others live best in +the Torrid Zone. Scarcely any grow in the Frigid Zones. Name all the +plants you can think of that live in our zone. These plants grow during +the summer and rest or die when winter comes. + +SOME PLANTS OF THE TEMPERATE ZONES + + Poplar Fruit trees + Maple Wheat + Chestnut Corn + Oak Cotton + Walnut Farm vegetables + Pine Familiar garden plants + +None of these plants can grow well in either the intense cold of the +Frigid Zones or the great heat of the Torrid Zone. + + +3 + +Many animals live better in our zone than in any other zone. They need +temperate climate. + +SOME ANIMALS OF THE TEMPERATE ZONES + + Horse Squirrel + Cow Bear + Sheep Wolf + Pig Rabbit + Cat Fox + Dog Deer + Zebra Buffalo + Giraffe Goat + +Which are domestic and which are wild animals? Describe each and tell +how it is useful to man. + +[Illustration: ZEBRA.] + + +4 + +THE HOT ZONE + +If we take a long trip to the south we find it growing warmer and warmer +until at last we have reached a land where it is warm all the year +through. This is the Torrid Zone. + +The plants do not rest nor die in winter there, for there is no cold +weather. These plants keep right on growing through the year. Many of +the trees grow very, very high and have tremendous leaves. + +In some cities there are large greenhouses where the Torrid Zone plants +are raised. The temperature must be kept as warm there as in the Torrid +Zone. These are some of the Torrid or Hot Zone plants: + + Palm Rubber Giant ferns + Coffee Bamboo Banana + +[Illustration: IN THE TORRID ZONE.] + +In the forests of the Hot Zone the trees grow very close together. The +sunlight cannot shine through. It is impossible to walk through these +forests without first chopping out a pathway with a hatchet. + + +5 + +In these forests live many of the fierce animals which you have seen in +cages in the Zoological Gardens or at the circus. + +SOME ANIMALS OF THE TORRID ZONE + + Monkey Elephant + Camel Snake + Lion Parrot + Tiger Rhinoceros + Leopard Wild Cat + +Describe these and tell of what use they are. + +[Illustration: A TROPICAL JUNGLE.] + +Why are some of the buildings in the Zoological Gardens so warm? + + +6 + +The Torrid Zone was the first home of the negroes before they were +brought to America. There are many negroes and Indians living in the +Hot Zone now. Many are but half-civilized. Some are savage. As they do +not need large warm homes like ours, some live in small huts made of the +branches of trees, earth and straw. A few of these homes together make a +village. These people get their food by hunting in the forest and +fishing in the rivers and ocean. They also eat the fruits that grow wild +in the forests. There are some cities in the Torrid Zone, but none of +them are very large. These towns have been built mostly by the civilized +white people. The streets are often shaded with beautiful palm trees. +The buildings are generally small, as the people live and work out of +doors as much as possible. + + +7 + +WHAT THE TEMPERATE AND TORRID ZONES DO FOR EACH OTHER + +The people living in the Torrid Zone send to us Temperate Zone people +many useful things that do not grow here. These are some of them: + + Cocoanuts Chocolate + Bananas Pepper + Coffee Palm leaves + Rubber Mahogany + +In return the Temperate Zone people send to the Torrid Zone inhabitants +things that they do not have. In the Hot Zone there are no large +factories in which to manufacture goods, so we send there: + + Farm tools Guns + Woven goods Knives + Books Clothing + + +8 + +THE COLD ZONES + +[Illustration: AN ESKIMO FAMILY.] + +At the most northern part of the earth and at the most southern part are +regions of intense cold. The earth is entirely covered with ice and snow +all of the year. The water is filled with masses of floating ice and +snow. Our coldest winter days are not nearly so cold as the climate of +the North and South Frigid Zones. It is even hard to tell which is land +and which is water. + +Of course no trees, nor grass, nor plants, nor animals, nor people of +any kind can live in that intense cold. At the parts near the Temperate +Zones, where it is slightly warmer, there are some very small dwarfed +trees not more than a foot or two high, and perhaps a little moss. It is +here that the Eskimos live; but most of the North Frigid Zone and the +South Frigid Zone is a stretch of frozen whiteness on all sides, with no +living thing of any kind. During the summer the sun never sets, so that +there is twilight all night. In winter the sun never rises above the +horizon, so there are months of darkness. + +[Illustration: ESKIMO BOY.] + +These frozen lands are the regions through which so many brave explorers +have traveled trying to find the most northern part called the North +Pole, and the most southern part, the South Pole. Many of these +fearless men have never returned from the Frigid Zones. They have +starved or been frozen to death. + +At last, after trying for twenty-seven years, Robert E. Peary, an +American, reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. All Americans are +very proud of this brave, determined, fearless man, who would not stop +until he had done what he set out to do. + +Roald Amundsen, a brave Norwegian, reached the South Pole on December +14, 1911, after suffering many hardships. + + +9 + +Peary has written a book in which he tells about his travels. Up in the +north he met the Eskimos, who belong to the Indian family. They live in +snow houses in the winter. In summer, which is also very cold, they live +in skin tents. These Eskimos dress in warm furs. They have no schools +nor churches, but they are a kind and peaceful people. They are very +good to the white explorers in the north. + +The Eskimo travels mostly on foot, but carries loads on sledges drawn by +dogs. The Eskimo's dogs are his best friends. Without them he could not +manage to carry home the animals he kills for food and clothing. He also +uses boats which he makes of skins. + +Many of the Frigid Zone animals are covered with heavy fur. Why? + +SOME FRIGID ZONE ANIMALS + + Dog Polar Bear Seal + Reindeer Whale Penguin + + +10 + +WHAT THE FRIGID AND TEMPERATE ZONES DO FOR EACH OTHER + +Men go to the Frigid Zones and catch seals and other animals and bring +back the skins for the Temperate Zone people. + +The whale, which lives in the ocean of the Frigid Zone, is also very +useful. From it we get the whalebone, oil and also a fertilizer to help +our farm crops to grow. Great quantities of whale meat are eaten by some +people of the Temperate Zones. + +The Eskimos of the Frigid Zone are glad to have from the Temperate Zones +manufactured articles like pans, knives and guns. + + +11 + +1. What different kinds of people have you ever seen? + +2. Why are the Temperate Zone people more civilized than the Frigid Zone +people? + +3. Name some animals of each zone. + +4. In which zones is it best to live? Why? + +5. As you sit at your desk point toward the North Pole, toward the South +Frigid Zone, the North Frigid Zone, the South Temperate Zone, the +Equator, the South Pole, the Torrid Zone. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +NORTH AMERICA + + +1 + +Find where we live on the map of North America. Locate our home on all +of our maps and globes. + +North America is a very large portion of land. You could sail along its +shores for thousands of miles. At its widest part you could not cross it +in a fast express train in less than five days and nights. There are +thousands of cities in this great grand division, for there are millions +of people here. Most of them are white or Caucasian. There are also many +Indians, negroes, Eskimos and Mongolians. + +Much of the land is dense forest, and much is fertile farm land. A small +part has so few rivers and such a scarcity of rainfall that the land is +dry and arid. Little grows upon it but coarse grass and cactus. This +region is called a _desert_. + + +2 + +North America stretches far up north into the North Frigid Zone and far +south into the Torrid Zone, but most of it lies in the North Temperate +Zone. What plants and animals live in North America? It is separated +from Asia by a narrow strip of water called Behring Strait. How did +North America used to be connected with South America? Why is the +separation called a canal and not an isthmus? + + +3 + +[Illustration: BARNEGAT LIGHTHOUSE.] + +Three great oceans wash the shores of North America. Name them. The +coast line is very irregular. Notice on the map that at places part of +the ocean extends far into the land, forming _gulfs_ and _bays_. Hudson +Bay, Gulf of Mexico and Gulf of St. Lawrence are all parts of which +ocean? The waves are not so high in the bays and gulfs as in the open +ocean. The land keeps off some of the wind. Vessels that are waiting to +be laden with cargo lie in these sheltered gulfs and bays. Why? + +At many places along the shore the land juts out into the ocean in +_capes_. Many of these points of land have special names. Look on the +map for them. There are light houses built on most of these capes to +warn the ships in the dark and in the storms to keep away from the +dangerous rocks and shore. A cape is often a pleasant place for a summer +home. There is so much water around it that the sea breezes sweep across +it and make it delightfully cool. + + +4 + +Do you remember how we spoke of the river with its many boats and +steamers? There are hundreds of rivers in North America flowing for +miles until at last they reach the ocean. + + +5 + +There are many high hills, some so very high as to be called +_mountains_. There is a chain of these mountains called the Eastern +Highlands along the eastern part of North America. They extend for many +miles north and south. The scenery in this region is very beautiful. The +mountains are covered mostly with forests of pine, spruce, oak, maple, +chestnut and other trees. These are cut down for lumber. In the wilder +parts of these forests live squirrels, rabbits, bears and snakes. At +places the trees have been cut down to make room for fields of grain. + +[Illustration: SURFACE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA.] + +The mountains are full of useful minerals. Great quantities of coal and +iron are mined in the Eastern Highlands. + + +6 + +The highest mountains in North America are the Western Highlands in the +western part. One great chain or range extends the entire length of +North America from the Arctic Ocean down into South America. Great +forests grow on these mountains. In many places are huge masses of rock +on which nothing grows, so this range has been called the Rocky +Mountains. It is always bitter cold at the top of some of these +mountains because they reach so high. Even in summer they are capped +with snow. Nowhere in the world can more magnificent scenery be found. + +West of the Rocky Mountains is the Pacific Mountain System. + +Gold and silver are mined in the Western Highlands. In the wild parts of +the forests, where no people live, deer, wolves and bears may be found. + + +7 + +The low land between the mountains we call _plains_ or _valleys_. There +is a Great Central Plain which reaches from the Eastern Highlands to the +Western Highlands. There are many rivers in this valley. The Mississippi +and the Missouri Rivers are the largest. + + +8 + +You remember how rivers make rainfall and fertile soil. The Great +Central Plain has some of the best farm land in the world. In the +northern cold part hardly anything grows, but in the central part great +quantities of corn, grain, fruits and vegetables are raised. In the +south the plantations or farms raise sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, rice +and coffee. + +[Illustration: SHEEP ON THE PLAINS.] + +On the western plains great herds of thousands of sheep and cattle are +raised. + +In the Great Central Plain are hundreds of cities where the farm +products are sold. Here, too, the farmers buy the farm tools and +machinery which they need. In the city mills the wheat is ground into +flour and the logs from the forests are sawed into planks or made into +furniture. The cattle and sheep are killed and the meat prepared for our +use. + + +9 + +East of the central part of the Great Central Plain are five of the +largest lakes in the world. When you are in a boat in the middle of any +one of them you cannot see the land on any side. They are called the +Great Lakes. Their names are Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and +Ontario. They are all joined together, and from the last a large river +runs into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It has the same name as the gulf. + +There are many other smaller lakes in North America where the land is +low and the water from the rivers and streams fills up the hollows. +Nearly all have fresh water like the rivers. A very few, like Great Salt +Lake, contain salt water. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA + + +1 + +North America contains several different countries. Each is under a +separate government. These countries are United States, British America, +Danish America, Mexico and Central America. Each country has its own +ruler and its own laws. Each has a special flag and its own kind of +money and postage stamps. + + +2 + +THE UNITED STATES + +We live in the best one of these countries, for we have the best ways of +obtaining our food, our clothing and our shelter. Our climate is good, +for we are in the North Temperate Zone. Our soil is very fertile. The +Great Central Plain of North America passes through the central part of +the United States. We raise fruits, vegetables, corn, wheat, rice and +sugar for food. We have immense ranches for raising cows and sheep too. +Our clothing is supplied by the thousands of sheep we raise and from the +cotton we grow here. The Western and Eastern Highlands pass through our +country. + +[Illustration: North America] + +We have a great quantity of lumber, stone, coal and iron for making our +comfortable homes. In what part of the country is each of these +products obtained? Why? Right in our own United States is found nearly +everything that is necessary to make us comfortable and happy. + +[Illustration: COTTON FIELD.] + +We have hundreds of towns with homes, factories, schools, hospitals and +churches. Over every public building floats our beautiful flag, the +Stars and Stripes. + +Our laws are made in the capital, which is named Washington, after +George Washington, our first president. Find Washington on the map. How +long would it take to go to Washington from our home? It is a beautiful +city. The Capitol building is one of the finest in the world. The +President of the United States lives in the White House. + +Alaska, in the north-west, and the island of Porto Rico, in the +south-east, belong to the United States. We own other islands in other +parts of the world. + + +3 + +_British America_ is our next neighbor on the north. It includes all of +the Dominion of Canada and the Island of Newfoundland. It belongs to +England or Great Britain in Europe. + +[Illustration: MOUNTAIN GOAT.] + +The Great Central Plain and the Western Highlands pass through it, and +yet it is not a rich country with many people like the United States. +Can you tell why? + +There are large crops of fruit and grain in the southern part only of +British America. In this part only are there any large cities. The few +people in the northern part go there to hunt the animals for furs and to +find gold. Many whales live in the cold waters of the Atlantic Ocean and +Hudson Bay. Are they of use to man? + + +4 + +_Danish America_ is the name given to the two islands Greenland and +Iceland, because they belong to Denmark, a country of Europe. + +Greenland lies in which zones? What kind of climate has it? A few white +people and some Eskimos live in the southern part. The northern part has +no life at all. + +What do you know of the people, the plants and the animals of this +region? + +In what zone is Iceland? Why is the climate very cold? Many fish are +caught in the ocean around Iceland. The people on the island are able to +raise little but grass to feed their sheep and cattle. + +There are many mountains in Iceland. Some of them send out steam and +melted rock and are called _volcanoes_. + + +5 + +_Mexico_ is our southern neighbor. This country has a president and a +government somewhat like ours. + +Both Indians and white people live in Mexico. The climate is so warm in +the valleys that the people living there cannot work so hard as they do +in the United States. So they do not have large factories and many fine +schools, hospitals and libraries as we have. Why do they not build these +on the mountains where the climate is pleasant? + +They have large plantations where they raise rubber, sugar, cotton, +coffee, tobacco and fruit and many cattle. + +The great Western Highlands extend down through Mexico, and silver, +copper and coal are mined in them. Some of these mountains are +volcanoes. What does this mean? + + +6 + +Central America is still warmer than Mexico. It is entirely in what +zone? The plants and animals are much like those of Mexico. + + +7 + +The West Indies consist of many islands. The largest are Cuba, Haiti, +Jamaica and Porto Rico. Which belongs to the United States? These +islands have a warm climate. What do you think is raised on the +plantations by the white people and negroes? + +The West Indies separate a part of the ocean from the main Atlantic +Ocean. This smaller part is called the _Caribbean Sea_. Notice what +countries it touches. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +TRIPS + + +1 + +Suppose you were to sail from New York City to Iceland. + +1. What would you take with you that the people would be glad to get? + +2. What kind of clothing would you need for the trip? + +3. Over what water would you sail? + +4. In what direction would you go? + +5. What countries would you pass? + +6. How could you tell when you were getting near Iceland? + +7. What would you see in Iceland? + +8. Could you bring back to the people at home anything useful? + + +2 + +Let us go to visit the Panama Canal, keeping our vessel close to the +shore all the way. + +1. What clothing shall we need? Why? + +2. What countries shall we pass? What islands, peninsulas and capes? + +3. On what water shall we sail? + +4. What would the people be glad to have from our country? + +5. Where could we stop to get some coffee, rubber and bananas to bring +back? + + +3 + +Plan a trip along the Pacific Ocean. + +1. Where will you start? + +2. Where will you go? + +3. What will you see at the place from which you start and at the end of +the trip? + +4. What interesting places will you pass? + + +4 + +Let us cross our country by train from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific +Coast. + +1. How long shall we be on the train? + +2. Describe the scenery as we go west. + +3. What rivers shall we cross? + +4. What kinds of industries could we visit on the way across? + + +5 + +How far can a boat sail if it starts in the Gulf of St. Lawrence to go +as far west as possible? + + +6 + +A trip up the Mississippi River. + +1. How would the climate change? + +2. What name is given to this part of the land through which the river +flows? + +3. What scenes could we expect to see on the shores of the river? + +4. What products would the boats we pass be carrying? + + + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------+ + | | + | Transcriber's notes | + | | + | | + | Obvious spelling/typographical and punctuation errors have been | + | corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within | + | the text and consultation of external sources. | + | | + | Inconsistent hyphenations have been retained: | + | school-room/schoolroom, school-house/schoolhouse, | + | note-book/notebook. | + | | + | On page 19 in Chapter II an apparent printing error | + | interchanging the section heading "5" and the first line of the | + | following text has been corrected. | + | | + | Re the question at the end of Chapter III: the cover of the 1913 | + | edition shows a statue of a man, possibly William Penn, | + | surrounded by silhouettes of the six continents. The cover of | + | the 1914 general edition shows the dome of the Capitol at | + | Washington (cf the frontispiece) in place of the statue. | + | | + | The original book was published at Philadelphia by the | + | Christopher Sower Company, 124 North Eighteenth Street. The | + | copyright date was 1913 and 1914. | + | | + +------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Where We Live, by Emilie Van Beil Jacobs + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHERE WE LIVE *** + +***** This file should be named 22911.txt or 22911.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/9/1/22911/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Wilson and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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