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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Postal Service of the United States in
+Connection with the Local History of Buffalo, by Nathan Kelsey Hall and Thomas Blossom
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Postal Service of the United States in Connection with the Local History of Buffalo
+
+Author: Nathan Kelsey Hall
+        Thomas Blossom
+
+Release Date: September 30, 2007 [EBook #22812]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POSTAL SERVICE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Stephen Blundell, The
+Philatelic Digital Library Project at http://www.tpdlp.net
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by Cornell University Digital
+Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                THE POSTAL SERVICE
+
+ OF THE UNITED STATES IN CONNECTION WITH THE LOCAL
+                HISTORY OF BUFFALO.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+    READ BEFORE THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 6, 1865.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+   BY HON. N. K. HALL[A] AND THOMAS BLOSSOM.[B]
+
+
+No very satisfactory account of the origin and progress of the Postal
+Service of the country, in its more immediate connection with the local
+history of Buffalo, can now be compiled. The early records of the
+transportation service of the Post-Office Department, were originally
+meager and imperfect; and many of the books and papers of the
+Department, prior to 1837, were destroyed or lost when the public
+edifices at Washington were burned in 1814, and also when the building
+in which the Department was kept was destroyed by fire, in December,
+1836. For these reasons the Hon. A. N. Zevely, Third Assistant
+Postmaster-General--who has kindly furnished extracts from the records
+and papers of the Department--has been able to afford but little
+information in respect to the early transportation of the mails in the
+western part of this State. Indeed, no information in respect to that
+service, prior to 1814, could be given; no route-books of older date
+than 1820 are now in the Department, and those from 1820 to 1835 are not
+so arranged as to show the running time on the several routes.
+
+The records of the Appointment Office, and those of the Auditor's Office
+of the Department, are more full and perfect; and from these, and from
+various other sources of information, much that is deemed entirely
+reliable and not wholly uninteresting has been obtained.
+
+Erastus Granger was the first Postmaster of Buffalo--or rather of
+"Buffalo Creek," the original name of the office. He was appointed on
+the first establishment of the office, September 30, 1804. At that time
+the nearest post-offices were at Batavia on the east, Erie on the west,
+and Niagara on the north. Mr. Granger was a second cousin of Hon. Gideon
+Granger, the fourth Postmaster-General of the United States, who held
+that office from 1801 to 1814.
+
+The successors of our first Postmaster, and the dates of their
+respective appointments, appear in the following statement:
+
+ Julius Guiteau,                                   May 6, 1818.
+ Samuel Russel,                                 April 25, 1831.
+ Henry P. Russell,                               July 26, 1834.
+ Orange H. Dibble,                             August 28, 1834.
+ Philip Dorsheimer,                               June 8, 1838.
+ Charles C. Haddock,                          October 12, 1841.
+ Philip Dorsheimer,                              April 1, 1845.
+ Henry K. Smith,                               August 14, 1846.
+ Isaac R. Harrington,                             May 17, 1849.
+ James O. Putnam,                            September 1, 1851.
+ James G. Dickie,                                  May 4, 1853.
+ Israel T. Hatch,                            November 11, 1859.
+ Almon M. Clapp, (the present incumbent[C])     March 27, 1861.
+
+The Buffalo Post-office was the only post-office within the present
+limits of the city until January, 1817, when a post-office was
+established at Black Rock. The appointments of Postmasters at Black Rock
+have been as follows:
+
+ James L. Barton,                             January 29, 1817.
+ Elisha H. Burnham,                              July 11, 1828.
+ Morgan G. Lewis,                                June 29, 1841.
+ George Johnson,                                  July 7, 1853.
+ Daniel Hibbard, (the present incumbent)          June 1, 1861.
+
+In July, 1854, the Post-office of Black Rock Dam, now called North
+Buffalo, was established. The name of the office was changed to North
+Buffalo, February 10, 1857. The appointments to that office have been as
+follows:
+
+ Henry A. Bennett,                               July 12, 1854.
+ Charles Manly,                                 March 17, 1856.
+ George Argus,                                    May 20, 1859.
+ William D. Davis,                               July 29, 1861.
+ George Argus, (the present incumbent)                    1864.
+
+The Buffalo Post-office was kept, during Mr. Granger's term of office,
+first on Main Street, near where the Metropolitan Theater[D] now stands,
+and afterwards in the brick house on the west side of Pearl Street, a
+few doors south of Swan Street, now No. 58 Pearl Street. Mr. Guiteau
+first kept the office on Main Street, opposite Stevenson's livery
+stable; then on the west side of Main Street about the middle of the
+block next south of Erie Street; and afterwards on the northwest corner
+of Ellicott Square. It was kept in the same place for a short period at
+the commencement of Judge Russel's term of office, but was soon removed
+to the northwest corner of the next block above, where it remained until
+after the appointment of Mr. Dibble. It was removed by Mr. Dibble about
+1836, to the old Baptist Church then standing on the corner where the
+post-office is now kept, and it was kept in that building until after
+Mr. Haddock took the office. He removed the office to the northwest
+corner of Main and Seneca Streets, where it remained until it was
+removed, in August, 1858, into the Government building in which it is
+now.
+
+The gross receipts of the post-office at Buffalo, for the years given in
+the following table, have been as follows:
+
+ 1805        $ 90.83                1825     $ 2,840.60
+ 1806         120.13                1830       6,695.34
+ 1807         122.82                1835      19,219.34
+ 1808         173.63                1840      25,501.49
+ 1809         217.49                1845      22,681.26
+ 1810         291.46                1850      39,644.01
+ 1812         963.61                1855      47,458.67
+ 1813   Imperfect returns.          1860      44,800.94
+ 1814         488.37[E]             1862      55,265.57[F]
+ 1815       1,932.98                1863      48,238.53
+ 1820       1,463.21
+
+The gross receipts at the offices of Black Rock, Black Rock Dam and
+North Buffalo, for the years named have been as follows:
+
+_At Black Rock:_
+
+ 1817      $ 56.88            1845     $ 467.32
+ 1818       134.34            1850       776.62
+ 1819       237.96            1855       420.24
+ 1820       239.38            1860       317.74
+ 1825       737.41            1862       389.50
+ 1830       493.08            1863       461.52
+ 1835       617.49            1864}      234.52
+ 1840       712.77      to July 1.}
+
+_At Black Rock Dam (North Buffalo):_
+
+ 1854     $ 108.47            1862     $ 463.27
+ 1855       419.82            1863       650.73
+ 1860       303.15            1864}      319.75
+ 1861       307.20      to July 1.}
+
+The aggregate amount of the postage received at the different
+post-offices must always depend, in a greater or less degree, upon the
+extent and frequency of the mail transportation by which such offices
+are supplied, and the rates of postage charged, as well as upon the
+number, education, character and occupation of the population within the
+delivery of such offices. Other causes, some of them local or temporary,
+may at times affect the revenue of an office, but only the population of
+the neighborhood, the frequency and extent of the transportation
+service, and the general rates of letter postage, will be here
+considered.
+
+The first census under the authority of the United States was taken in
+1790; probably in July and August of that year. In that portion of New
+York lying west of the old Massachusetts preemption line it was taken by
+General Amos Hall, as Deputy Marshal, and an abstract of his list or
+census-roll is given in Turner's "History of Phelps and Gorham's
+Purchase." The number of heads of families then residing west of Genesee
+River, and named in that list, was 24; but it is probable that the
+deputy marshal did not visit this locality, as neither Winney the Indian
+trader, nor Johnston the Indian agent and interpreter, is named;
+although it is probable that both of them resided here. Winney, it is
+quite certain, was here in 1791, and it is supposed came about 1784.
+
+The whole population west of the Massachusetts preemption line, which
+was a line drawn due north and south across the State, passing through
+Seneca Lake and about two miles east of Geneva, as given by Turner from
+General Hall's census-roll, was 1,084, as follows: males, 728; females,
+340; free blacks, 7; slaves, 9. In the State census report of 1853, the
+population of Ontario County in 1790 (which county then embraced all
+that territory) is stated at 1,075. The difference between the two
+statements is caused by the omission of the slaves from the latter
+statement. In 1800 the population of the same territory (then the
+Counties of Ontario and Steuben) was 15,359 free persons and 79 slaves.
+
+In 1808 the County of Niagara (embracing the present counties of Niagara
+and Erie) was organized, and its population in 1810 was 6,132. Of these
+1,465 were inhabitants of the present County of Niagara, and 4,667 of
+the present County of Erie. There were then in the county 8 slaves,
+which number should probably be added to the aggregate above stated.
+
+In 1820 the population of Niagara County was 18,156, of which 10,834
+were inhabitants of the present County of Erie. There were then 15
+slaves in the whole County of Niagara.
+
+In 1821, the County of Erie was organized with its present boundaries.
+Its population at each census since has been as follows, viz: 1825,
+24,316; 1830, 35,719; 1835, 57,594; 1840, 62,465; 1845, 78,635; 1850,
+100,993; 1855, 132,331; and 1860, 141,791.
+
+It is probable that in 1790, Winney and Johnston were the only white
+residents upon the territory now embraced within our city limits. In
+1796, there were but four buildings in all that territory--as stated by
+the late Joseph Landon. In 1807, there were about a dozen houses. This
+number, it is said, had increased to more than 200 houses, when, on the
+31st of December, 1813, the village was burned by the British and
+Indians;--only the house of Mrs. St. John, Reese's blacksmith shop, the
+gaol, and the uncovered frame of a barn escaping the general
+conflagration.
+
+The white population of the territory now comprised in our city limits
+did not, in 1800, probably exceed 25. The earliest census report which
+gives any information in regard to its population is that of 1810 when
+the population was 1,508. It was 1,060 in 1814; 2,095 in 1820; 5,141 in
+1825; 8,668 in 1830; 21,838 in 1840; 34,606 in 1845; 49,769 in 1850;
+74,214 in 1855; and 81,129 in 1860. It is believed that it is now about
+100,000.
+
+But little reliable information in regard to the transportation of the
+mails west of Albany from 1800 to 1824, can now be obtained; and as the
+transportation service and the origin and progress of the system of
+posts, by which, even now, much of this transportation service is
+performed, are believed to be the most interesting of the topics of the
+present paper (as that service itself is the most essential of those
+connected with the Post-office establishment), it has been deemed proper
+to refer to the probable origin of that system;--a system which in its
+continued extension and constant improvement, has grown into the
+Post-office establishment of the present day. These are now, almost
+universally under the control of the State or sovereign power, and they
+are certainly among the most important and beneficent of the
+institutions of civil government.
+
+It is said that the Assyrian and Persian monarchs had their posts, at a
+day's journey from each other, with horses saddled, ready to carry with
+the utmost dispatch, the decrees of these despotic rulers. In the Roman
+Empire, couriers on swift horses carried the imperial edicts to every
+province. Charlemagne, it is said, established stations for carriers who
+delivered the letters and decrees of the court in the different and
+distant parts of his dominions. As early as the XIth Century the
+University of Paris had a body of pedestrian messengers, to carry
+letters and packets from its thousands of students to various parts of
+Europe, and to tiring money, letters and packets in return. Posts for
+the transmission of Government messages were established in England in
+the XIIIth Century, and in 1464 Louis XI. established a system of
+mounted posts, stationed four French miles apart, to carry the
+dispatches of the Government.
+
+Government posts, as the convenience and interest of the people at large
+began to receive some attention from their rulers, were at times allowed
+to carry private letters, and private posts for the transmission of
+general correspondence were sometimes established. This was at first but
+an irregular and uncertain service, without fixed compensation; but
+considerable regularity, order and system were the results of the public
+appreciation of their convenience, and of the gradual improvements which
+followed their more general employment.
+
+In 1524 the French posts--which had previously carried only the letters
+of the King and nobles--were first permitted to carry other letters; and
+in 1543 Charles V., Emperor of Germany, established a riding post
+throughout his dominions. It was not until the reign of James I. that a
+system of postal communication was established in England, although
+Edward IV., in 1481, had established posts twenty miles apart, with
+riders, to bring the earliest intelligence of the events of the war with
+the Scots. It was not until about 1644 that a weekly conveyance of
+letters, by post, was established throughout that kingdom. Mail coaches
+were first used at Bristol, in England, in 1784. They were placed on the
+post routes in 1785, and their use became general throughout England.
+
+The mail service of North America, which in its magnitude and
+regularity, and in the extension of its benefits to every settlement and
+fireside, has, it is believed, no superior, probably had its beginning
+in private enterprise; although perhaps sanctioned at the very outset,
+by local authority.
+
+As early as 1677 Mr. John Hayward, scrivener, of Boston, Mass., was
+appointed by the General Court to take in and convey letters according
+to their direction. This was probably the first post-office and mail
+service authorized in America. Other local arrangements, necessarily
+very imperfect in their character, were made in different colonies soon
+after; some of them having the sanction of Colonial Governors or
+Legislatures.
+
+Thomas Dongan, the Governor of New York under the Duke of York, in a
+letter to the Duke's secretary, dated February 18, 1684, says:
+
+    You are pleased to say I may set up a post-house, but send me noe
+    power to do it. I never intended it should be expensive to His Royal
+    Highness. It was desired by the neighboring colonies, and is at
+    present practiced in some places by foot messengers.
+
+In the same letter Gov. Dongan says he will endeavor to establish a
+post-office in Connecticut and at Boston. Under date of August 27, 1684,
+Sir John Werden, the Duke's secretary, wrote to Gov. Dongan:
+
+    As for setting up post-houses along the coast from Carolina to Nova
+    Scotia it seems a very reasonable thing, and you may offer the
+    privilege thereof to any undertakers for ye space of 3 or 5 years,
+    by way of farm; reserving wt part of ye profit you think fit to the
+    Duke.
+
+At least as early as January, 1690, there was what was called a public
+post between Boston and New York, and in 1691 there was a post of some
+kind from New York to Virginia, and from New York to Albany. This was
+during the war with the French, and these posts were probably
+established by the military authorities.
+
+On the 4th of April, 1692, Thomas Neele, having obtained a patent to
+establish post-offices throughout the American colonies, appointed
+Andrew Hamilton (afterwards Governor of New Jersey), his deputy for all
+the plantations. Mr. Deputy Hamilton brought the subject before Gov.
+Fletcher and the New York Colonial Assembly in October following, and an
+Act was immediately passed "for encouraging a post-office."
+
+In 1705 Lord Cornbury, the Governor of New York, informed the Lords of
+Trade of the passage by the New York Assembly of "an Act for enforcing
+and continuing a post-office," which he recommended His Majesty to
+confirm "as an act of necessity," without which the post to Boston and
+Philadelphia would be lost.
+
+In 1710 the British Parliament passed an Act authorizing the British
+Postmaster-General "to keep one chief letter-office in New York and
+other chief letter-offices in each of His Majesty's Provinces or
+Colonies in America." Deputy Postmasters-General for North America were
+afterwards, and from time to time, appointed by the British
+Postmaster-General in England. Dr. Franklin was appointed to that office
+in 1755, and it is said that in 1760 he startled the people of the
+colonies by proposing to run a "stage waggon" from Boston to
+Philadelphia once a week, starting for each city on Monday morning and
+reaching the other by Saturday. In 1763 he spent five months in
+traveling through the Northern Colonies for the purpose of inspecting
+and improving the post-offices and the mail service. He went as far east
+as New Hampshire, and the whole extent of his five months' tour, in
+going and returning, was about sixteen hundred miles. He made such
+improvements in the service as to enable the citizens of Philadelphia to
+write to Boston and get replies in three weeks instead of six weeks, the
+time previously required.
+
+In 1774 Dr. Franklin was removed from office; and on the 25th of
+December, 1775, the Secretary of the General Post-Office gave notice
+that, in consequence of the Provincial Congress of Maryland having
+passed a resolution that the Parliamentary post should not be permitted
+to travel on a pass through that province, and of the seizure of the
+mails at Baltimore and Philadelphia, the Deputy Postmaster-General was
+"obliged, for the present, to stop all the posts." It is supposed that
+this terminated the regular mail service in the old Thirteen Colonies,
+and that it was never resumed under British management.
+
+Before this suspension of the Parliamentary posts, Mr. William Godard of
+Baltimore had proposed to establish "an American Post-office"; and in
+July, 1774, he announced that his proposals had been warmly and
+generously patronized by the friends of freedom, and that postmasters
+and riders were engaged. During the preceding six months he had visited
+several of the colonies in order to extend and perfect his arrangements,
+and there appears to have been a very general disposition to abandon the
+use of the British post and sustain that established by Mr. Godard. In
+May, 1775, Mr. Godard had thirty postmasters, but Mr. John Holt of New
+York City was the only one in this State. In that year partial
+arrangements for mail service in Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
+Hampshire and Massachusetts were made by the Provincial Congress of each
+of those Colonies.
+
+The old Continental Congress first assembled in September, 1774; and on
+the 26th of July, 1775, it resolved "that a Postmaster-General should be
+appointed for the United Colonies who should hold his office at
+Philadelphia and be allowed a salary of $1,000 for himself and $340 for
+his secretary and comptroller; and that a line of posts should be
+appointed, under the direction of the Postmaster-General, from
+Falmouth, in New England, to Savannah, in Georgia." Dr. Franklin was
+then unanimously chosen Postmaster-General. The ledger in which he kept
+the accounts of his office is now in the Post-office Department. It is a
+half-bound book of rather more than foolscap size, and about
+three-fourths of an inch thick, and many of the entries are in Dr.
+Franklin's own handwriting. Richard Bache succeeded Dr. Franklin
+November 7, 1776, and Mr. Bache was succeeded by Ebenezer Hazard.
+
+The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1778, gave to the United
+States, in Congress assembled, "the sole and extensive right and power
+of establishing and regulating post-offices from one State to another";
+but the increase of mail service was comparatively trifling until after
+the organization of the Post-office Department by the first Congress
+which assembled under the Constitution of the United States. This gave
+it efficiency and value, and provided for the early extension of its
+benefits to the inhabitants of the several States.
+
+The National Congress, organized under the Constitution, commenced its
+first session on the 4th of March, 1789, but it was not until September
+22, 1790, that an Act was passed for establishing, or rather continuing,
+the postal service. The Act then passed provided that a
+Postmaster-General should be appointed, and that the regulations of the
+Post-office should be the same as they last were under the resolutions
+and ordinances of the Congress of the Confederation.
+
+In 1790 there were but seventy-five post-offices and 1,875 miles of
+post-roads in the United States, and the whole amount of postages
+received for that year was $37,935. The population of the United States,
+as shown by the census of that year, was only 3,929,827; and the whole
+mail service was performed upon our seaboard line, passing through the
+principal towns from Wiscassett in Maine, to Savannah in Georgia, and
+upon a few cross or intersecting lines, on many portions of which the
+mail was carried only once a fortnight.
+
+On the 3d of March, 1791, the Postmaster-General was authorized to
+extend the carrying of the mail from Albany to Bennington, Vermont. It
+is probable that the post-office at Albany was a special office until
+late in that year, as in an official list of post-offices, with their
+receipts for the year ending October 5, 1791, New York is the only
+office in this State; and by an official statement dated April 24, 1790,
+it appears that the contractor from Albany to New York received the
+postages for carrying the mail, and that that was the only mail service
+in this State north or west of New York City.
+
+It is stated in a "History of Oneida County" that the first mail to
+Utica was brought by Simeon Post in 1793, under an arrangement with the
+Post-office Department authorizing its transportation from Canajoharie
+to Whitestown at the expense of the inhabitants on the route; and that
+in 1793 or 1794, the remarkable fact that the Great Western Mail, on one
+arrival at Fort Schuyler (Utica), contained six letters for that place,
+was heralded from one end of the settlement to the other. It is added
+that some were incredulous, but the solemn and repeated assurances of
+the veracious Dutch postmaster at last obtained general credence.
+
+On the 8th of May, 1794, sundry post-routes were established, among
+which is one "from Albany by Schenectady, Johnstown, Canajoharie and
+Whitestown, to Canandaigua"; and in July, 1794, four-horse "stages" were
+run from Albany to Schenectady daily. The passenger fare by these stages
+was only three cents per mile.
+
+On the 31st of July, 1794, the Postmaster-General, Timothy Pickering,
+advertised in the Albany _Gazette_ for proposals for carrying the mails
+in this State, as follows: (1.) "From New York by Peekskill, Fishkill,
+Poughkeepsie, Rhinebeck, Redhook, Clermont, Hudson and Kinderhook to
+Albany," to leave New York every Monday and Thursday at 4 p. m., and
+arrive at Albany on Wednesday and Saturday by 7 in the evening. (2.)
+"From Albany by Schenectady, Johnstown and Canajoharie to Whitestown,"
+to leave Albany every Thursday at 10 a. m., and arrive at Whitestown on
+Saturday by 6 p. m. (3.) "From Canajoharie through Cherry Valley to the
+Court House in Cooperstown," to leave every Friday at 4 p. m., and
+arrive on Saturday by 1 p. m. (4.) "From Whitestown to Canandaigua once
+in two weeks"; to leave Whitestown every other Monday at 8 a. m., and
+arrive at Canandaigua the next Thursday by 2 p. m. This advertisement
+bears date July 8, 1794. It does not state the mode of conveyance
+required.
+
+On the 3d of March, 1797, Congress established a post-road "from
+Kanandaigua in the State of New York, to Niagara." This route was run
+through Avon and LeRoy, and probably through Batavia, and thence on the
+north side of the Tonawanda Creek, and through the present town of
+Lockport to Niagara.
+
+In the "History of Onondaga County" it is stated that a Mr. Langdon
+first carried the mail through that county on horseback from Whitestown
+to Genesee in 1797 or 1798[G]; that he distributed papers and unsealed
+letters by the way before intermediate offices were established; that a
+Mr. Lucas succeeded Mr. Langdon in transporting the mail, which, in
+1800, had become so heavy as to require a wagon to transport it that the
+first four-horse mail-coach was sent through in 1803; and that in 1804
+Jason Parker ran a four-horse mail-coach twice a week from Utica to
+Canandaigua. From an advertisement at Canandaigua, copied by Turner, it
+appears that a mail-coach was that year run twice a week between Albany
+and Canandaigua.
+
+It is stated in Turner's "History of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase" (p.
+174), that Luther Cole was the first to carry the mail from Whitestown
+to Canandaigua--on horseback when the roads would allow, but often on
+foot. The same history states that the mail-route from Canandaigua to
+Niagara was established "about 1798" (1797) and that the mail was
+carried through by Jasper Marvin--who sometimes dispensed with mail-bags
+and carried the mail in his pocket-book--and that he was six days in
+going and returning. The route, it is stated, was the usual one from
+Canandaigua to Buffalo and then down the river on the Canada side, to
+Fort Niagara; but other, and it is believed more reliable authority
+states, that the mail at this time was carried through Cold Springs, in
+the present town of Lockport, and did not pass through Buffalo Creek.
+
+The surveys upon the Holland Land Company's Purchase were commenced in
+the spring of 1798, and the first wagon track on the Purchase was opened
+that year. Before that time parties came through from Canandaigua on the
+old Indian Trail. In 1802, Mr. Ellicott, the Holland Land Company's
+agent, procured the establishment of a post-office at Batavia, and the
+appointment of James Brisbane as postmaster.[H]
+
+In 1804 the Holland Land Company's survey of the inner lots of the
+present City of Buffalo was made, and on the 26th of March in that year
+Congress passed an Act in relation to post-routes which provides that
+the post-route from Canandaigua to Niagara shall pass by Buffalo Creek.
+From this it is clearly to be inferred that the mail to Niagara had been
+previously carried upon a different route, as above stated.
+
+In the Buffalo Directory of 1828 is the following statement:
+
+    The first mail received here was in March, 1803, on horseback. It
+    was conveyed from the East once in two weeks, in this manner, until
+    1805. A weekly route was then established and continued until 1809.
+    In 1810 the mode of conveyance was changed and a stage-wagon was
+    used.
+
+This statement is substantially repeated in several subsequent
+directories and is probably _nearly_ correct; although it will be
+recollected that the post-office at Buffalo was not established until
+September, 1804, and it appears by extracts from a Canandaigua paper
+that a "stage road to Niagara" was advertised, in 1808, to leave
+Canandaigua every Monday, at 6 o'clock a. m., and arrive at Niagara
+_via_ Buffalo every Thursday at 3 a. m. These stages were run by John
+Metcalf, who, in April, 1807, had obtained from the Legislature of this
+State a law giving him the exclusive right, for some years, of running
+stages from Canandaigua to Buffalo, and imposing a fine of $500 on any
+other person running wagons on said route as a stage line. He was
+required to provide at least three wagons and three stage sleighs with
+sufficient coverings and a sufficient number of horses. The fare was
+not to exceed six cents a mile for a passenger and fourteen pounds of
+baggage; and for every one hundred and fifty pounds additional baggage
+he was to be entitled to charge six cents a mile or in that proportion.
+He was to start on regular days, and between the first day of July and
+first day of October he was to accomplish said route between Canandaigua
+and Buffalo at least once in a week, unavoidable accidents excepted.
+
+In a report made to Congress by the Hon. Gideon Granger,
+Postmaster-General, on the 21st of February, 1810, it is stated that in
+March, 1799, it required to write from Portland to Savannah and receive
+an answer forty days, and that it then required but twenty-seven; that
+in 1799 it required between New York and Canandaigua twenty days, and
+then required but twelve; and that most if not all the other mails have
+been expedited proportionably according to their relative importance.
+
+On the 18th of April, 1814, Congress established a post-route "from
+Sheldon, by Willink and Hamburg, to Buffalo," and it appears from the
+books of the Post-office Department that mail service, once in two
+weeks, leaving Sheldon every other Friday at 6 a. m. and arriving at
+Buffalo the next day at 10 a. m., and leaving Buffalo the same day at 12
+m. and arriving at Sheldon the next day by 8 p. m., was the same year
+put upon the route.
+
+In 1815, the mail was carried from Buffalo to Erie once a week, leaving
+Buffalo on Saturday at 12 m. and arriving at Erie on Monday at 6 p. m.,
+and leaving Erie Tuesday at 6 a. m. and arriving at Buffalo on Thursday
+by 10 a. m.
+
+In 1816, the mail between Buffalo and Youngstown was carried twice a
+week, twelve hours being allowed for a trip either way.
+
+On the 3rd of March, 1817, a post-route "from Moscow by the State road
+to Buffalo," and one "from Canandaigua, by Bristol, Richmond, Livonia
+and Genesee to Sheldon" were established.
+
+About the first of the year 1819 the post-office at Buffalo was made a
+distributing office, and it has continued to be a distributing office
+ever since.
+
+From 1820 to 1824, the arrangements of the Department for mail service
+from New York City to Buffalo, thence to Niagara, and from Buffalo to
+Erie, Pa., were as follows:--Leave New York daily at 9 a. m., and
+arrive at Albany next day by 8.30 p. m.; leave Albany at 2 a. m. and
+arrive at Utica the same day by 9 p. m. (10 p. m. in winter); leave
+Utica the next day at 6 a. m. and arrive at Canandaigua the next day at
+8 p. m.; leave Canandaigua at 6 a. m. on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays
+and arrive at Buffalo the next day at 6 p. m.; leave Buffalo Mondays,
+Wednesdays and Fridays at 6 a. m. and arrive at Niagara the same day at
+6 p. m.; and also to leave Buffalo Tuesdays at 2 p. m. and arrive at
+Erie the next day by 6 p. m. It will thus be seen that a letter which
+left New York on Monday morning at 9 o'clock would reach this city at 6
+o'clock the next Sunday evening, and Erie three days later, if the mails
+were not behind time. This frequently happened in bad weather, and it is
+possible that the interest of contractors, as connected with the
+transportation of passengers, sometimes induced them to reach Buffalo in
+advance of their schedule time.
+
+On the 3rd of March, 1823, a post-route was established "from Buffalo in
+Erie to Olean in the County of Cattaraugus, passing through the towns of
+Boston, Concord and Ellicottville."
+
+On the 14th of July, 1824, the mail routes by which the Buffalo office
+was supplied, and the service thereon, were as follows: Canandaigua to
+Buffalo, three times a week; Niagara to Buffalo, three times a week;
+Erie to Buffalo, twice a week; and Moscow to Buffalo, once a week.
+
+From 1824 to 1828, the mail was generally carried from New York to
+Albany by steamboats, six times a week, during the season of navigation,
+and probably three times a week, by land, in winter; and the mail from
+Buffalo to Albany was carried twice a week, by one line in three days
+and four hours, and by the other in four days. The mails from Buffalo to
+Youngstown and from Buffalo to Erie were carried each way three times a
+week.
+
+It is stated in the Buffalo Directory of 1828, that the number of mails
+then arriving and departing weekly from the Buffalo post-office was
+thirty-five. An advertisement by the late Bela D. Coe, Esq., states that
+the Pilot mail-coach left Buffalo every evening, arrived at Geneva the
+first day, Utica the second, and Albany the third; and that the
+Diligence coach left Buffalo every morning at 8 o'clock, arrived at
+Avon the first night, Auburn the second, Utica the third, and Albany the
+fourth.
+
+On the 15th of June, 1832, a post-route was established "from Buffalo,
+Erie County, by Aurora, Wales, Holland, Sardinia, China, Fredonia,
+Caneadea and Belfast to Angelica in Allegany County"; after which no
+other post-routes, commencing or terminating at Buffalo, were
+established prior to 1845, except that by the Act of July 7, 1838, all
+the railroads then existing (in which the Buffalo & Niagara Falls
+Railroad must be included), or thereafter to be completed in the United
+States, were declared post-roads, and the Postmaster-General was thereby
+authorized, under certain restrictions, to contract for carrying the
+mails thereon.
+
+As the last link in the chain of railroads from Albany to Buffalo was
+completed early in 1843, there was then, or soon after, continuous mail
+transportation by railroad from Boston, through Worcester, Springfield
+and Albany to Buffalo. The completion of the Hudson River Railroad, and
+of the New York and Erie Railroad in 1851, gave us direct railroad
+communication with New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and
+the completion of the Buffalo & State Line Railroad and other roads in
+or before 1852, gave us further railroad service for the supply of the
+Buffalo office.
+
+As the receipts of our post-office are, to a large extent, determined by
+the rates of postage charged, especially of letter postage, which
+probably constitutes nine-tenths of those receipts, a very brief
+statement in regard to the rates of letter postage since the post-office
+of Buffalo Creek was established, will form the concluding portion of
+this paper.
+
+From 1792 until 1845 the single rate of letter postage was charged on
+each single letter, and an additional single rate on each additional
+piece of paper; and if a single or other letter weighed an ounce or more
+it was charged four single rates for each ounce. During this period of
+fifty-three years--from 1792 to 1845--the changes in the rates of inland
+letter postage were very slight. There were generally from five to eight
+different single rates, according to the distance the letter was
+carried, the lowest being, at different times, six or eight cents, and
+the highest uniformly twenty-five cents, except for a short period,
+near the close of the War of 1812, when, in consequence of the expenses
+of the war, the rates were temporarily increased fifty per cent.
+
+From 1816 to 1845 the rate for a single letter carried not over thirty
+miles was 6-1/4 cents; over thirty and under eighty miles, 10 cents;
+over eighty and under one hundred and fifty miles, 12-1/2 cents; over
+one hundred and fifty and under four hundred miles, 18-3/4 cents; and
+over four hundred miles, 25 cents.
+
+By an Act of Congress passed in 1845, the rate of inland letter postage
+(after the 1st of July in that year), was fixed, irrespective of the
+number of pieces of paper contained in a letter, as follows: For a
+letter not exceeding half an ounce in weight, carried under three
+hundred miles, 5 cents; over three hundred miles, 10 cents, and an
+additional rate for every additional half ounce or fraction of half an
+ounce. Drop letters and printed circulars were by the same Act, to be
+charged 2 cents each. This was considered by the Post-office Department
+as an average deduction of 53 per cent. from the previously existing
+rates.
+
+In 1851 an Act was passed which reduced the single rate of inland letter
+postage (from and after the 30th of June in that year), for any distance
+not exceeding three thousand miles, to 3 cents, when prepaid, and 5
+cents when not prepaid; and for any distance over three thousand miles
+to 6 cents when prepaid and 10 cents when not prepaid. Drop letters and
+also unsealed printed circulars for any distance not exceeding five
+hundred miles were, by the same Act, to be charged 1 cent each. This, it
+is believed, was an average reduction of about fifty per cent. on the
+reduced rates of inland letter postage established by the Act of 1845.
+These rates did not apply to foreign letters, for which different
+provision was made.
+
+The Postal Treaty with Great Britain made in 1848, the postal
+arrangements made in 1851 for direct and frequent postal communication
+with the Canadas and other British Provinces, and the postal
+arrangements soon after made with Prussia and other foreign countries,
+increased to a considerable extent the amount of postages received at
+the Buffalo offices on letters sent to and received from foreign
+countries.
+
+In 1855 an Act was passed under which all inland postage was required to
+be prepaid and which fixed the single rate of inland letter postage for
+any distance not exceeding three thousand miles at 3 cents, and for any
+distance exceeding three thousand miles at 10 cents.
+
+In 1863 the single uniform rate of inland letter postage was fixed at 3
+cents, without regard to distance, and was required to be prepaid by
+stamps; the postage on drop letters was increased to 2 cents the half
+ounce; and all letters reaching their destination without prepayment of
+postage were to be charged with double the rate of prepaid postage
+chargeable thereon, thus allowing letters to be sent without prepayment
+and leaving the general rate of inland letter postage when prepaid as it
+was fixed for distances under three thousand miles by the Act of 1851,
+but increasing it 1 cent beyond the rate of 1851 when sent unpaid; also
+increasing the rate of 1851 on unsealed printed circulars from 1 to 2
+cents, and on drop letters from 1 cent the letter to 2 cents the half
+ounce; and reducing the rates of postage to and from California and
+Oregon from 6 to 3 cents when prepaid and from 10 to 6 cents when not
+prepaid.
+
+That the revenues of the Department have been perennially diminished by
+these reductions cannot be denied; but it is believed that this
+diminution has been slight in comparison with the public benefits which
+have followed the adoption of rates of postage, which (the cost of
+transportation consequent upon the vast extent over which our more
+remote settlements are scattered, the general sparseness of our
+population and the high prices of clerical and other labor being
+considered) are believed to be the cheapest which have ever been adopted
+by any Government of ancient or modern times.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] [B] Respectively Postmaster-General and Postmaster of Buffalo.--ED.
+
+[C] Succeeded in 1866 by Joseph Candee (died Nov. 20, 1884); succeeding
+Postmasters of Buffalo have been: Isaac M. Schermerhorn; Thomas M.
+Blossom (appointed in 1869, died Feb. 10, 1882); Isaac M. Schermerhorn
+(second appointment, April, 1871); John M. Bedford (appointed April 1,
+1879); John B. Sackett (appointed March 7, 1887); Bernard F. Gentsch
+(appointed May 28, 1890, died Aug. 3, 1894); Howard H. Baker (appointed
+June 7, 1894), present incumbent.--ED.
+
+[D] Predecessor of the Academy of Music, east side of Main, between
+Seneca and Swan Streets.--ED.
+
+[E] Last quarter only.
+
+[F] Stamps sold for currency $18,000 more, furnished from Buffalo P. O.
+
+[G] AUTHOR'S NOTE--This is probably erroneous as it will be seen that
+the post-road from Whitestown to Canandaigua was established and service
+thereon advertised for in 1794. It is quite certain that there was mail
+service on this route as early as 1795.
+
+[H] AUTHOR'S NOTE.--This was stated on the authority of Turner's
+"History of the Holland Purchase" and it was supposed there could be no
+doubt of its accuracy. But in Vol. 1., _Miscellaneous_, of the American
+State Papers, published by Gales & Seaton, is a list of post-offices in
+1800 (p. 289), and of those established in 1801 (p. 298), and in the
+latter is "Batavia, N. Y., Sanford Hunt, Postmaster." It may be that Mr.
+Hunt did not accept the appointment and that Mr. Brisbane was appointed
+in 1802.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Postal Service of the United
+States in Connection with the Local History of Buffalo, by Nathan Kelsey Hall and Thomas Blossom
+
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