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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine Volume 1, No. 3,
+March, 1886, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The New England Magazine Volume 1, No. 3, March, 1886
+       Bay State Monthly Volume 4, No. 3, March, 1886
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: September 27, 2007 [EBook #22783]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE
+
+AND
+
+BAY STATE MONTHLY.
+
+    OLD SERIES            MARCH, 1886.      NEW SERIES
+    VOL. IV. NO. 3                          VOL. I. NO. 3.
+
+Copyright, 1886, by Bay State Monthly Company. All rights reserved.
+
+Transcriber's Note: Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes moved
+to the end of the article.
+
+
+
+
+Along the Kennebec
+
+BY HENRY S. BICKNELL
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The first glimpse of the Kennebec, on approaching it from the sea,
+presents to the stranger a barren and uninviting picture. Hemmed in on
+either side by low, rocky isles, studded with scraggy pines that have
+long defied old Atlantic's blasts, it must have been a dreary and
+disappointing sight, indeed, to the little band of voyagers who were
+seeking a home in the new world over two centuries ago. Many treacherous
+sand-bars reach out to the circuitous channel that extends seaward a
+mile or more, and numerous wrecks along shore bear evidence of their
+hidden dangers. Before the age of skilful pilots and steam fog-whistles,
+the mariner must have had a busy time with his lead in threading this
+watery pathway, unaided by a single sign or sound from shore. A few
+days' sojourn among the charming bays and inlets dispels all feelings of
+lonesomeness, and unfolds a scene of continued interest and keen
+enjoyment. On a pleasant morning, from the summit of any hilltop the
+view is delightful. Scores of crafts, from the saucy mackerel-catcher
+to the huge three-master, are leaving their anchorage under the shadows
+of Sequin, and the lofty white shaft of the lighthouse above looms clear
+and grand against the sky. At the weirs along the river fishermen are
+pulling in their nets, which glimmer with their night's catch. The
+bustling little tugs, with half a dozen "icers" in tow, are struggling
+nobly against the tide. The merry shouts of bathers on Popham beach
+mingle with the roar and rush of the incoming tide. The dark pine-clad
+hills trending northward form a fitting background to the scene. A fine
+government light on Pond Island guards the entrance to the river. The
+cliffs on the ocean side are quite precipitous, and rise to a height of
+sixty feet, over which the spray is dashed in severe storms. Why it was
+named Pond Island has always been a mystery, for the drinking-water even
+is caught from the showers that fall upon the light-keeper's roof. From
+the summit the island slopes to the western shore, where a small cove
+affords the only landing-place, and in rough weather great skill is
+required in embarking safely. We were informed that the island furnished
+pasturage sufficient for one cow, but, from a close observation, it was
+evident that she must be content with two meals a day, or get an
+occasional donation from the meadows on the mainland. Twice a year the
+district inspector makes his rounds, and, during the week previous to
+his visit, the entire family devote all their energy in scouring and
+polishing, until everything about the place, from the doorknob to the
+lenses, fairly sparkles with brilliancy. On these occasions, the
+light-keeper is seen in his best mood, and is the perfection of
+politeness and urbanity, for then a hope of reappointment is betrayed in
+every movement. Across the channel, Stage and Salter's Islands, and the
+Georgetown shore, forms the eastern boundary of the river, and is the
+home of numerous camping and fishing parties during the summer. Here the
+artist may find many rare bits of picturesque scenery that are almost
+unknown. Further up the river, on the left, Hunnewell's Point with its
+magnificent beach stretches away for miles to the west. At its northern
+extremity stands Fort Popham, named after the first English explorer who
+visited the coast. It was erected some years ago, but has never been
+completed, and, as proven, the government saved money by neglecting it.
+Imposing and impregnable as it might have been then, it would now offer
+but a feeble resistance to the onslaught of modern naval warfare.
+Numerous pyramids of cannon balls are scattered about within the
+enclosure, and many old-fashioned guns have been rusting away in peace
+for the past decade. The interior of the fortress is grass-grown, and
+two lonesome sentinels in faded regalia guard this useless property, and
+draw their regular wages from generous Uncle Sam. They are very
+important in their manner, and allow no intruders on the premises. A few
+years ago two Harvard students ventured within the sacred walls, and one
+of them was fatally shot by the over-zealous officer. Popham Beach has
+become a favorite summer resort within the past few years, and boasts
+two hotels, and daily mails, and steamers to the outside world.
+
+[Illustration: Pond Island Light.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: FORT POPHAM.]
+
+[Illustration: THE STORE, FORT POPHAM.]
+
+Fishing forms the chief industry among the natives, although, in years
+past, when the shipping of ice became extensive on the river, and
+brought immense numbers of vessels here, piloting at once became a great
+source of profit. In those days bright visions of wealth suddenly
+dazzled their eyes, but the bonanza soon faded, for the advent of the
+tugboats dispelled their dream, and ruined their financial calculations.
+The fishing-smacks then tossed idly at their moorings for weeks at a
+time, and the straggling garden patches among the rocks passed
+unnoticed, while the owners were rowing seaward in search for incoming
+vessels. Oftentimes they embarked in their wherries soon after midnight,
+and early morn found them five or six miles from shore. Everybody
+suddenly developed into an experienced navigator, and curious schemes
+were originated in the endeavor to outwit each other. This vocation is
+no longer profitable, and the natives have relapsed into their former
+monotony. So far away from the sound of a church-bell, it would be no
+easy matter to tell when the Sabbath morn arrives, were it not for the
+radical change that comes over these hardy longshoremen. The clatter and
+jingle of the ponderous family razor, as it flies back and forth on the
+time-worn strap suspended from the kitchen mantlepiece, is the first
+signal that ushers in the day. The change is an outward one at least,
+for then the "biled" shirt with high dickey, the long-tailed black coat,
+and ancient "stovepipe" take the place of the familiar reefer and
+sou'wester. The low hum of hymns is heard, and refrains from "I want to
+be a Daniel" float out on the air. Gradually increasing in volume and
+earnestness, the voices swell into a quaint and weird melody. From all
+directions small boats are crossing river and bay to the little red
+school-house at Popham. Moved, we confess, more by curiosity than by any
+thirst for religious consolation, we joined the procession. Gathered
+within the cheerless room, unadorned, save here and there by
+wretchedly-executed prints of early patriots who would scarcely be
+recognized by their own friends, old and young alike presented a
+distressed and penitent appearance.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+All thoughts of the beautiful world outside were overshadowed by the
+feelings of doubt and fear within. In the absence of a regular preacher,
+each one, beginning with the eldest and grayest of the flock, poured out
+a pitiful story of sins, and prayed for strength to guide their
+uncertain steps. The lamentations grew louder and stronger, and the
+tears flowed fast and free, and the little ones shook with fear at the
+dismal picture unfolded to their already terrified minds. Finally,
+overcome by their highly-wrought excitement, they subsided into a
+prolonged and painful silence, broken only by sobs and moans. Passing
+out from the dismal service to the green meadows that stretch away to
+the sea, our little party gave a sigh of relief, and the air seemed
+purer, and the sky brighter than ever. On our return we passed one of
+the worst self-accused sinners busily hauling in the cast catch from his
+weir along the shore. Tears still stood upon his furrowed cheeks, while
+religiously apologizing for his seeming wickedness. His excuses were
+lavish with regret, but we could but feel that his sincerity was less
+than his love of the mighty dollar.
+
+A few years ago the natives were thrown into a state of the greatest
+excitement by the discovery of valuable deposits of feldspar on one of
+their rocky farms. The news spread quickly along the river, and the
+presence of capitalists in their midst lent additional interest to the
+prospective bonanza. The fishing business again came to a standstill,
+and the old settlers looked upon each other as bloated bond-holders.
+Such a drilling and blasting was never seen before in these parts, and
+soon the whole territory was dotted with huge mounds of imaginary ore.
+Farms that could scarcely be given away suddenly possessed enormous
+values in the minds of their lucky owners. Some of the mines were
+developed extensively, and shipments began which have continued at
+intervals, but only a few of them furnished the best quality. The spar
+is shipped to the mills in New Jersey, where it is used for glazing
+crockery. Rare specimens of beryl are often found by curiosity-seekers
+among the quartz.
+
+[Illustration: ACROSS THE MARSH, INDIAN POINT.]
+
+[Illustration: HARRINGTON'S LANDING.]
+
+About two miles above Popham the river widens into a considerable bay,
+which offers safe and spacious anchorage for vessels of all sizes. It
+bears the unpretentious name of Parker's Flats, but when a fleet of
+half a hundred unfurl their sails to the morning breeze, the bay becomes
+a stirring and imposing scene. Upon the left bank is Harrington's
+Landing, one of the noted landmarks in this region and the point of
+departure to the outside world. The elder Harrington has been something
+of an autocrat among the natives, and is one of the famous characters on
+the river. He was once elected a member of the legislature, but after
+taking his seat his importance seemed to be unappreciated by his
+associates, and he obtained leave of absence and quickly returned to
+this more genial spot. He was short but very portly, and his voice
+contained many of the elements of a fog-horn. It is related that years
+ago, while piloting a schooner out to sea, he fell over the stern into
+the river. His boys put off in a skiff to the rescue, but being so
+ponderous it was impossible to pull him in without upsetting the boat,
+so putting a rope around his body they towed him ashore, not much the
+worse off for his sudden bath. This colony has always been a prolific
+field for the census collector, and it is doubtful if any authentic
+figures as to the number of little Harringtons were ever obtained. They
+swarmed about the place like so many bees. One of them whom we had
+formerly noticed seemed to be missing, and on inquiring of the old man
+he appeared bewildered. After reflecting a few moments he exclaimed,
+"Oh! it seems to me he got 'schronched' last spring 'tween the wharf and
+schooner!"
+
+[Illustration: Fiddlers Reach.]
+
+A cold nor'easter compelled us to pass the night here, and a long
+wretched night it was. We encamped in a fireless, cheerless room, and
+fought a small army of insects and mice, till the first streaks of dawn
+enabled us to vacate our quarters. The tumult and squabble overhead
+continued at intervals through the night and rose above the howling of
+the storm without. Descending the creaky stairway, we found the old lady
+stripping fish for our breakfast. A number of pigs and fowl were
+rummaging about the kitchen at will. Piles of garments were stacked up
+in the four corners of the room, where they were sorted over and over
+again, as each one of the boys emerged from above. Not wishing to spoil
+our appetite we kept out of sight till breakfast was ready, and the
+ceremony of eating was performed as rapidly as possible. We were very
+hungry, and ate with our eyes nearly closed, and conversation was
+anything but hilarious. For years the huge flat-bottomed scow plied back
+and forth to the steamers, and the skipper enjoyed a monopoly of the
+business, and ruled his motley crew with an iron hand. Gradually old age
+began to weaken his power, and the sons overthrew his authority and
+pushed him aside. All hands became captain and crew at once, and amid a
+medley of commands and crash of baggage, embarking got to be both
+exciting and perilous.
+
+The river was discovered by the French, under Du Mont, in 1604, and
+possession taken in the name of the king of France. They had already
+planted a colony at Quebec, and were led to believe, from meagre
+accounts of the Indians, which were strengthened by the magnitude of the
+river and the great force of its current, that they had found another
+route to their Canadian possessions. They made no extended explorations
+at this time, on account of the hostilities of the Indians, and resigned
+all attempt to maintain their claims to a region rich in furs and
+fisheries. Three years later the English, commanded by Capt. Geo.
+Popham, landed on this shore and made some attempts to form a
+settlement, but the extreme severity of the following winter discouraged
+their ambitions and caused abandonment of the project. The English,
+however, renewed their efforts in 1614, and sent the celebrated Capt.
+John Smith, with two ships, to establish a permanent colony here. He
+made a map of the territory and gave it the name of New England. The
+trade with the natives became at once of considerable value, and
+friendly relations were established for some time, which enabled the
+colonists to obtain a better knowledge of the value of their new
+discoveries. The powerful tribe of Canibas Indians occupied the lands on
+both sides of the river for a long distance. It is sometimes spelled
+Kennebis, from which the stream derives its name. At a point a short
+distance below the city of Bath, the river makes a sudden turn, which
+discloses the entrance to the Valley of the Kennebec. At once the
+scenery changes from the barren and rocky shores to one of broad and
+fertile acres.
+
+This sharp bend of the river has always been known as "Fiddler's Reach."
+Tradition says that in early days a band of explorers, who were
+searching along the river, passed through the "Reach," and came upon the
+broad valley so unexpectedly that their joy and surprise were unbounded.
+One of the sailors climbed out upon the bowsprit and began to fiddle a
+tune in honor of the discovery. Either by the flapping of a sail or by
+his own carelessness he was knocked overboard and drowned. The oldest
+inhabitants place implicit confidence in the legend, and the title will
+always cling to the spot. Now and then a little neglected graveyard
+comes into view, and the moss-covered shafts bear quaint inscriptions.
+With considerable difficulty we deciphered the following lines:--
+
+    Brothers and sisters, as you pass by:
+    As you are now so once was I.
+    As I am now so you will be.
+    Prepare to die and follow me.
+
+The facts were as cold as the stone on which the words were chiselled,
+and startling as well; so we turn to pleasanter scenes.
+
+Several little streams flow into the lower Kennebec, on which are
+situated sleepy fishing villages, that once were the scenes of activity
+and prosperity. Upon the shores of these winding streams many a noble
+vessel was reared, and the light of the forge reflected the hopes and
+ambitions of a busy people. When the ship-building industry received its
+death-blow, a sudden change took place, and silence has reigned supreme
+to this day. The event seemed to blast the energies of the population,
+and a Rip Van Winkle stillness settled down upon these once stirring
+scenes. Scarred and weather-bronzed sailors idly dream away the passing
+hours, waiting in vain for a revival of the once happy days.
+
+      The light of the forge has died away,
+    The anvil's ringing voice is still,
+    And the bell in the church upon the hill
+      Mournfully tolls for a by-gone day.
+
+Where once numerous fleets discharged their cargoes from the Indies, now
+only an occasional "smack" is seen. Warehouses and piers alike have gone
+to decay, and the streets are grass-grown with neglect. As suddenly as
+this lamentable event occurred, another change was rapidly wrought, when
+the ice business received such a wonderful start, some fifteen years
+ago.
+
+Although ice had been shipped abroad to a limited extent years
+previously, the possibilities of untold wealth had never before dazzled
+the vision. Rude storehouses began to rise on every hand, which have
+since given place to extensive and even handsome structures. A perfect
+furor was created along the river by the brilliant prospect of a
+gigantic bonanza. Hundreds of storehouses of immense proportions were
+erected during the summer months, and for several successive winters the
+river and adjacent streams were the scene of a feverish excitement.
+Every dollar that could be obtained was invested in a claim, and some
+farmers upon the shores mortgaged their possessions in the desire to
+embark in the enterprise. The ice-crop had sustained such a total
+failure upon the Hudson, for one or two seasons, that the Kennebec
+furnished the only extensive field for this product. In many cases later
+on, however, the greed for gain overbalanced prudence in holding the
+harvest for fancy prices; and as other sections again furnished their
+share of the article, many small fortunes dwindled away as rapidly as
+they came. The business has since fallen into the control of large
+companies, who own their fleets of vessels and tugboats, but reap only a
+moderate profit on their investment. The scenes are yet lively and
+picturesque, and add much to the charms of the locality.
+
+Sufficient capital, combined with the highest skill and the widest
+experience, and the Kennebec would soon become a worthy rival of the
+famous Clyde. Ship-building has not been altogether abandoned, but it is
+only a shadow of its former greatness. The river at this point attains
+its greatest width. The opposite shore is the western boundary of the
+town of Woolwich, which has always remained under the quiet rule of
+agriculture, and made no attempts to enter the field of commerce.
+Capital has been sparingly invested in manufactures; and although her
+people have the prestige of wealth and brains, Bath will undoubtedly
+continue for years to come as she is to-day. She is the natural head of
+the lower Kennebec, which embraces so many charming nooks and corners
+in its winding way to the sea. The remaining beauties and spots of
+interest of the river will be treated in a future article, on "The Upper
+Kennebec."
+
+From the western extremity of Fiddler's Reach the city of Bath stretches
+northward for several miles, fringing the waterfront with its scores of
+docks and ship-yards. Years ago nearly the entire city was hidden from
+view by the lofty frames and hulls of vessels upon the stocks. The air
+was freighted with the merry music of countless hammers, and
+
+    Covering many a rood of ground
+    Lay the timber piled around:
+    Timber of chestnut and elm and oak,
+    And scattered here and there with these
+    The knarred and crooked cedar-trees,
+    Brought from regions far away.
+
+Not a port or sea is there in any clime but the tall and stately ships
+of Bath have entered. Her name and reputation are worldwide. The onward
+march of steam has, however, supplanted the slower power of sails, and
+this, together with the growing industry of iron ship-building, has
+prostrated the life of the city. The representatives of Maine in the
+halls of Congress have striven vigorously and persistently in the
+endeavor to evoke national aid in securing such legislation as will
+enable these idle yards to compete with other more favored places.
+
+[Illustration: ADIEU SEGUIN]
+
+
+
+
+MAPLE-SUGAR MAKING IN VERMONT.
+
+BY J. M. FRENCH, M.D.
+
+
+The poet Saxe has written of his native State, that Vermont is noted for
+four staple products; oxen, maple-sugar, girls, and horses:--
+
+    "The first are strong, the last are fleet,
+    The second and third exceedingly sweet,
+    And all uncommon hard to beat."
+
+Whatever changes may have taken place in other respects, in maple-sugar,
+at least, Vermont retains her preeminence, producing each year from
+eight to ten million pounds, or more than any other single State, and
+nearly one-third of the entire amount manufactured in the United States.
+
+[Illustration: CATCHING SAP.]
+
+To the farmer's boy among the Green Mountains the springtime is the
+sweetest and most welcome of all the seasons. And however far he may
+wander in later years from the scenes of his boyhood, yet often, in
+quiet hours or when busied with the cares of life, his thoughts return
+to the old homestead; and, as he walks again in the old paths, recalls
+the old memories, and watches the old-time pictures come and go before
+his mental vision, he enjoys again, and with a freshness ever new, the
+pleasures of the maple-sugar season.
+
+Midwinter is past. The "January thaw" has come and gone, leaving a
+smooth, hard crust, just right for coasting. The heavy storms of
+February have piled the drifts mountain high over road and fence and
+wall; and the roaring winds of early March have driven the snow in
+blinding clouds along the hill-sides, through the forests, and down into
+the valleys. But now the coldest days are over, and the sun, in his
+returning course, begins to send down-rays of pleasant warmth. The
+nights are still sharp, and the March winds have not yet ceased to blow;
+but for a week, the snow has been melting at noon-day on the southern
+slope of the hills.
+
+[Illustration: THE YOKE.]
+
+One afternoon, when the sun seems a little warmer than usual, the farmer
+comes in to the house, on his return from a trip to the wood-lot,
+saying, "Boys, this is good weather for sap. We must get the buckets
+out, and be ready to tap the trees to-morrow."
+
+The buckets are stored in the loft over the shed, or at the barn or in
+the sugar-house, where they were carefully laid away after last year's
+season was over. Now they must be washed and scalded, repaired if
+necessary, and carried around to the trees.
+
+Twenty-five years ago nearly all the buckets were made of pine or cedar,
+had wooden hoops, and were without covers. At present many of them are
+made of tin, and are provided with covers.
+
+By night, with all hands at work, the buckets are washed and
+distributed. They are left in sets of half-a-dozen at convenient
+distances through the orchard, or else are turned bottom-upwards on the
+snow, one at the foot of each tree.
+
+Sometimes it happens at this stage of the proceedings that a storm
+comes up unexpectedly, a cold spell follows, and operations are delayed
+accordingly. But, if the weather continues fine, the next day the trees
+are tapped.
+
+[Illustration: GATHERING THE SAP.]
+
+Armed each with a bit-stock and one-half or three-quarter-inch bit, the
+farmer and his older boys go from tree to tree, and, selecting a
+favorable spot a few feet from the ground, break off any rough pieces of
+outer bark, and bore a hole into the tree to the depth of one or two
+inches. Formerly a larger bit was used, and the bore was rarely more
+than an inch in depth; but experience has shown that the smaller and
+deeper bore injures the tree less and secures a larger quantity of sap.
+
+Next the younger boys, acting as assistants, come forward with spouts
+and nails and buckets. The old style of spout consists of a wooden tube
+some five or six inches in length, tapered slightly at one end to fit
+the auger-hole, and with the upper half of the cylinder cut away down to
+an Inch from the point where it enters the tree. The new style, now
+largely used, is made of galvanized iron, is of smaller size, and has
+attached to it a hook on which to hang the bucket. Sometimes, also,
+spouts of tin are used, being driven into the bark just beneath the
+auger-hole.
+
+After the spouts have been driven in, the buckets must be put in place
+and fastened there. If iron spouts are used they are already provided
+with hooks. If wooden or tin ones are used, instead, the common practice
+is to drive into the tree, a few inches below the spout, a nail made of
+wrought-iron, with a tapering point and thin head, and upon this to hang
+the bucket by means of its upper hoop; or, if the ground is level and
+the snow nearly gone, it is sometimes set upon the ground.
+
+[Illustration: BOILING SAP--THE OLD WAY.]
+
+At length the trees are tapped, the spouts and nails are driven, the
+buckets are set, and all is ready for the sap.
+
+I remember once to have seen in an illustrated magazine a picture, one
+of a series intended to represent the process of sugar-making, in which
+the spouts were several feet in length, and the sap poured out in a
+rushing stream, as though each spout were a hose-pipe, and every tree a
+water-main. To carry out the idea, it would have required a man to
+stand at every tree and empty the rapidly filling buckets into a monster
+hogshead.
+
+Not thus lavishly is this nectar of the gods poured out on our New
+England hills; but slowly, filtered through the closely wrought fibres
+of the _acer saccharinum_, absorbing new sweetness, and gaining a more
+delicate flavor at each step of its progress, until at last it falls
+drop by drop into the bucket. This is rarely filled in less than
+twenty-four hours, while three or four bucketfuls is an average yield
+for a season, and six a large one.
+
+[Illustration: BOILING DOWN.]
+
+Next the sugar-house is put in order, the arch is mended, the kettle or
+pan washed out, and all necessary preparations are made for boiling. The
+earliest method of boiling sap of which I have any recollection was in a
+huge caldron kettle suspended from a heavy pole, which was supported at
+each end by the limb of a tree or on top of a post. Then a huge log was
+rolled up to each side of the kettle, and the fire was built between
+them. This was known simply as the "boiling-place," and could be changed
+as often as convenient. The kettle which contained the sap was also open
+for the reception of the dust, and smoke, and falling leaves, and forms
+of dirt innumerable.
+
+The first advance on this primitive method was made by building a rough
+arch of stone around the kettle to retain the heat and economize fuel.
+Next a rectangular pan of sheet-iron was substituted for the kettle, and
+a shed or rude house was built around the arch. The process of
+improvement has continued, until to-day in most of the larger orchards
+can be found neat and convenient sugar-houses, with closely-built arches
+of brick; while in place of the ancient caldron kettle, or the still
+much-used sap-pan, it is common to find the modern evaporator.
+
+There are several patterns of evaporators in use. The most common one
+consists of a pan of from twelve to sixteen feet in length and four or
+five in width, divided into compartments by a series of partitions which
+run nearly across the pan, at intervals of six or eight inches, but at
+alternate ends stop three or four inches short of the side. Thus all the
+compartments are connected with each other in such a manner as to form
+one winding passage-way.
+
+Back of the arch, and at one corner, stands a large hogshead containing
+sap, with a faucet at the bottom, and a small tube opening into the rear
+compartment of the evaporator. This tube has a self-acting valve, which
+closes when the sap has reached the proper height in the pan, and opens
+again when it has been lowered by boiling.
+
+When the sap is first turned on it at once runs through the entire
+passage-way, and covers the bottom of the pan. Thenceforward it enters
+slowly, and is heated gradually in the rear compartments, while the
+boiling is confined to the front portion of the pan.
+
+The density of this boiling portion of the liquid is constantly
+increased by evaporation; and the fresh sap, instead of mixing
+intimately with the boiling mass, acts as a pressure in the rear,
+forcing it steadily towards the front. Soon the different compartments
+of the evaporator present the saccharine fluid in all its phases, from
+fresh, cool sap, through warm, hot, and boiling, then partially
+concentrated, then thin syrup, then thicker, and, if the process be long
+enough continued, even down to sugar. It is customary, however, to draw
+it off through another faucet in front when it has reached the
+consistency of syrup.
+
+In the smaller orchards, the sap is usually gathered in pails and
+brought directly to the central reservoir. For this purpose a sap-yoke
+is borne on the shoulders, with a large pail suspended from each end. In
+larger orchards, where the ground is not too rough, a barrel or hogshead
+is fastened upon a sled and drawn through the sugar-place by a yoke of
+oxen; or, if the ground slopes regularly, a system of spouts or pipes is
+sometimes arranged to bring the sap from convenient stations to the
+boiling-place.
+
+It is roughly estimated that four gallons of sap will make one pound of
+sugar. But the sap varies greatly in sweetness, not only in different
+seasons, but in different parts of the same season, and in different
+trees at the same time. As a general rule, large and widely-branching
+trees produce sweeter sap than small and gnarled ones, as well as a much
+larger quantity. The first sap of the season is always the sweetest, and
+of the most delicate flavor, while late runs are of poorer quality, and
+have a "buddy" and bitter taste.
+
+A drink from the buckets is considered a great treat at first, and,
+though it soon loses the charm of novelty, is always healthy and
+refreshing, and is the common drink of the sugar-camp during the entire
+season.
+
+Sometimes, when the buckets are nearly full, there comes a cold snap,
+and the sap is turned to ice. But, however hard it may have frozen,
+there is always a central portion, small if the ice is thick, larger if
+thin, which is liquid still. This is pure, concentrated sweetness, maple
+honey unalloyed, though it never finds its way into the market.
+
+So far all has been hard work, but now comes the boiling, and here the
+poetry of sugar-making begins.
+
+In those old days,--the halcyon days of youth,--after the sap was
+gathered, and the fuel piled high beside the arch, then it was that we
+sat down by the blazing fire and watched it burn; heaped on the logs,
+filled up the kettle, and again sat down to muse, or talk, or read. If
+the wind whistled afar, the boiling-place was in a sheltered nook; if
+the rain poured down, or the snow-flakes fell without, we were protected
+by the sugar-house or shed; if the day was cold the fire was warm; _and
+the heart of a youth is never cold_.
+
+When the weather was fine, and the sap running fast, it was often
+necessary to spend a good part of the night in boiling sap. Instead of
+feeling this a burden, here we found our pleasures but intensified. How
+the bright blaze chased the dim shadows far back into the woods, and the
+black smoke rolled up in great clouds to the sky! How sweet and warm and
+refreshing was the sap as it grew more and more concentrated! And how
+welcome were the neighbors' boys when they came to share with us the
+midnight watch! There was many a thrilling story told, many a sprightly
+joke was cracked, or lively game of euchre played. And when the
+war-cloud gathered in the Southern horizon, it was there we talked of
+the latest news, and registered our patriotic vows.
+
+When pans are used for boiling, the last thing before the work of the
+day is done is "syruping down." When the sap is all boiled in, and the
+product has attained a sufficient degree of concentration,--nearly equal
+to that of the "maple syrup" of the markets,--the fire is suffered to go
+down, the pan is drawn off, the syrup dipped out and strained through a
+flannel cloth, and stored away in pails or tin cans to await the final
+process of "sugaring off."
+
+This event takes place after a few days of boiling, when the syrup has
+accumulated in sufficient quantities; and, as it presents the first
+fruits of the harvest, is usually made the occasion of a sugar-party.
+Now, the maple sugar-party is a New England institution, and the great
+feast of the season. The young people invite their friends, the
+neighbors' boys and girls, and sometimes a select party of school-mates
+from the village. The young folks go out through the woods in glee, the
+boys drawing the girls on sleds over the crust, the young men and
+maidens walking together,--a merry throng full of life and glee. The
+older folks are also there, at least sometimes; but their presence is no
+damper on the spirits of the young.
+
+First, the pan is half filled with syrup, and a gentle fire is started.
+As the temperature rises, a thick scum appears on the surface,
+consisting of such impurities as may have passed through the meshes of
+the strainer. If proper care has been taken to keep out all forms of
+dirt in gathering and boiling, and if, after being strained, the syrup
+was allowed to stand and settle for two or three days, until all the
+nitre,--or "sand," as it is called,--and other heavy impurities, were
+deposited on the bottom of the pail, then the liquid which is poured off
+is clear and light-colored. But if these precautions have not been
+taken, if dust, and leaves, and cinders have been allowed free access,
+then the liquid is dirty and dark-colored, and the scum is thick and
+muddy. In such cases it is customary to make use of some device for the
+purpose of "purifying" it, such as stirring a cup of milk or a beaten
+egg into the slowly heating mass. These things are supposed to have an
+affinity for the dirt, and to increase the volume of impurities which
+rise to the surface. Their real utility is questionable.
+
+When the liquid begins to simmer slightly, and just before it fairly
+boils, all the scum is removed by means of a long-handled skimmer, and
+is emptied into the pan with the "settlings," and both these are
+afterwards utilized in the manufacture of vinegar.
+
+After boiling for a while, the syrup begins to thicken, and the bubbles
+to rise higher and higher in the pan, like boiling soap. Thenceforward
+it must be watched with care, to prevent its boiling over, or burning on
+the bottom of the pan.
+
+As soon as the sugar begins to show signs of graining, all hands pass up
+their saucers to be filled; and they are refilled an unlimited number of
+times, until all are thoroughly sweetened. For though sugar is the
+product of hard labor, and has a cash value, yet in all the sugar-camps
+it is as free almost as water throughout the season,--until it is
+grained and in the tubs, when it becomes property, and is held sacred.
+
+Not many, however, can eat more than one, or at most two, saucerfuls of
+warm sugar. So, when the appetite is sated with this, and the sugar is
+done a little harder, merry voices call for pans of snow, or if a clean
+snow-bank is at hand, betake themselves to this instead, and, after
+having partially cooled the liquid by stirring it in the saucer, pour it
+slowly out upon the smooth snow-crust, where it quickly hardens and
+becomes brittle, making a most luscious and toothsome substitute for
+molasses candy.
+
+If the sugar is to be made into cakes it requires to be boiled longer
+than if intended for graining in tubs, as is the more common form.
+
+Finally, when frequent trials show that the proper degree of
+concentration has been reached, the master of the ceremonies pronounces
+it "done," pulls off the fagots, and lets the fire go down, or else
+draws the pan off the arch and lets it cool. Then the sugar is stirred
+vigorously with a huge wooden paddle until it begins to grain, when it
+is poured out into the tubs, or dipped into tins, if intended for cakes.
+
+But though the sugar is eaten, the party is not over for the young
+folks. There is still time for an hour or two of coasting--an
+old-fashioned tournament of "sliding down hill." And so the livelong day
+is a time for sweet things said and done as well as eaten, of romping
+and frolicking, of mirth and laughter, of youthful courtships begun and
+carried on, of joy and gladness everywhere.
+
+
+
+
+EDITORIAL NOTE ON DANIEL WEBSTER.
+
+
+The extraordinary public services of Daniel Webster, as one of the most
+eminent statesmen of this or of any other country, cannot be adequately
+estimated. Hence, whatever illustrates his public life, and especially
+his private character, will never cease to be invested with a degree of
+interest which attaches to few other public men. So much of disparaging
+statements in reference to Mr. Webster has been unjustly and, perhaps,
+thoughtlessly put in circulation, that we deem it a privilege to publish
+elsewhere an article presenting trustworthy evidence tending to correct
+whatever false impressions may still exist. At the Webster Centennial
+Dinner in Boston, in January, 1882, under the auspices of the Dartmouth
+College Alumni Association, among other able addresses, one by Hon.
+Edward S. Tobey was especially remarkable for the evidence produced as
+to Mr. Webster's religious opinions, which, unsought, had come to his
+knowledge during a period of forty years. Mr. Tobey, upon request, used
+the material facts of this address in the preparation of an article for
+this Magazine. In this connection it is of interest to recall the fact
+that Mr. Tobey united with President Smith, during the administration of
+the latter, in efforts for the founding of a Webster Professorship at
+Dartmouth College, and was the first donor to the fund, contributing
+$5,000. In the year just ended (1885) the endowment reached the sum of
+$50,000, and the professorship was established.
+
+
+
+
+THE BOSTON UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL.
+
+BY BENJAMIN R. CURTIS.
+
+
+A distinguished member of the Boston Bar was recently asked by a younger
+professional brother what he considered the most valuable acquirement a
+young man could possess for the successful practice of the law. He at
+once replied, "To be able to tell your clients what _to do_." This was
+the purpose for which the Boston University Law School was founded; this
+has been the constant aim of its teachings; and the selection of
+practitioners for instructors, coming fresh from consultations with
+their clients, and from sharp contests in the court-rooms, has been made
+from the first with the endeavor to set before the students live men,
+who could tell them what to do and how to do it.
+
+If students could be more frequently brought face to face with the
+living heroes of the law, the zeal for careful work and laborious study
+would be fanned almost into enthusiasm. To follow the complex details of
+a difficult branch of law, from the lips of an eminent counsellor who
+has but lately exhausted the subject in an important case at the bar, is
+a rare and precious pleasure. At our medical schools the students sit at
+the feet of the leading physicians and surgeons of the day. Why are
+young lawyers sent forth to practise, acquainted only with the old
+masters of the law, and ignorant, often, of the very names of the
+eminent ones of their day and generation? Chief-Justice Shaw said, "A
+man may be a laborious student, have an inquiring and discriminating
+mind, and have all the advantage which a library of the best books can
+afford; and yet, without actual attendance on courts, and the means and
+facilities which practice affords, he would be little prepared either to
+try questions of fact or argue questions of law." "I was once asked,"
+said a high legal authority, "to inspect the examination-books of a
+graduating class in a law school. The student whose work I was shown was
+the son of a distinguished man, a faithful scholar, and a young man of
+excellent ability. The subject he had written upon was Equity
+Jurisprudence,--one of the most difficult branches of the law. He had,
+indeed, studied his English models carefully, and his book showed the
+extreme theoretical form of instruction pursued at the school. Among
+other things, in describing the course of equity procedure in England,
+he fully and elaborately explained each minute step; to what _building
+in London_ certain papers were to be taken on a certain day, and at a
+precise time, and in what _room_ filed; _and I certainly expected to be
+told in what pigeon-hole_."
+
+The Boston School of Law was opened, in 1872, under the supervision of
+the Boston University, of which it is a department. The first
+instruction was given at No. 18 Beacon street, where the school remained
+for two years. The school opened with sixty-five students. The late Hon.
+George S. Hillard was the Dean. The lecturers comprised such well-known
+names as Edmund H. Bennett, Henry W. Paine, Judge Benjamin F. Thomas,
+Dr. Francis Wharton, Judge Dwight Foster, Charles T. Russell, Judge
+Benjamin R. Curtis, William Beach Lawrence, Judge Otis P. Lord, Dr. John
+Ordronaux, Nicholas St. John Greene, Melville M. Bigelow, and Edward L.
+Pierce. It is safe to say that no other Law School of that date,
+anywhere in the country, could have offered to its students a better
+list of instructors than this. A remarkably varied judicial and
+professional experience among the corps of lecturers, from first to
+last, is here set forth. Truly, the law could be learned here from its
+fountain-heads.
+
+The fall of 1873 saw ninety students on the roll. The corps of lecturers
+remained about the same as before, while the course of instruction was
+somewhat enlarged. It was evident that the students had come to work;
+the list was largely composed of young men who had selected the law for
+their profession after careful consideration, who understood that they
+would be obliged to rely upon it for their support in life, and who were
+therefore determined to make the most of the rich instruction which the
+distinguished body of lecturers was ready to impart. The students wished
+to be taught what to do, and they were eager to put their knowledge to
+good use as soon as the occasion permitted.
+
+The fall term of 1874 opened with one hundred and thirty-four students.
+The good seed planted two years previously was thus already bearing its
+fruit. A few changes had been made in the faculty and lecturers. Mr.
+Nicholas St. John Greene was performing the duties of acting Dean, to
+enable Mr. Hillard to seek that retirement which his health demanded.
+Judge John Lowell offered a course of lectures on Bankruptcy, and the
+well-known lawyers Charles B. Goodrich and Chauncey Smith, of Boston,
+were prepared to meet the senior class with their specialties,
+respectively, of Corporation and Patent law. With the opening of this
+term a change of quarters was necessitated; the school was removed to
+the Wesleyan building, 36 Bromfield street, which was then considered
+very commodious. Here it remained till the fall of 1884. Each subsequent
+year saw a continued increase in the number of pupils. In the fall of
+1877 Judge Edmund H. Bennett was appointed Dean. A more fortunate
+selection could not have been made. A long experience as Probate Judge
+had given him a wide and practical knowledge of Probate law in all its
+departments, and his varied legal writings in other departments of the
+law showed how well qualified he was to undertake the general
+administration of the school. With all his learning, moreover, Judge
+Bennett possesses a remarkable power of imparting knowledge, a very
+clear insight into human nature, and a certain gentle magnetism which
+attracts and charms young men. The man and the occasion were thus well
+suited to each other. If the important place of Dean had been filled at
+that time by an ordinary man, the remarkable progress then made might
+have gone for nought; but with Judge Bennett at its head, the Boston Law
+School has continually justified the hopes and wishes of its founders.
+This result could only have been brought about by the patient
+supervision, watchful energy, and valuable experience, which are clearly
+set forth in the rare character of its Dean.
+
+In the fall of 1879 the corps of lecturers was increased by the name of
+Truman H. Kimpton, lecturer on the Constitution of the United States;
+and three special instructors were appointed to assist the
+lecturers,--Messrs. Wayland E. Benjamin, George R. Swasey, and John E.
+Wetherbee; and in 1880 the list of instructors was further increased by
+Austin V. Fletcher. In 1881 Benjamin R. Curtis took his father's place
+as lecturer on the Jurisdiction and Practice of the United States
+Courts. John Lathrop came to lecture on Corporations, and Francis L.
+Wellman was added to the corps of instructors. In 1883 Edward J. Phelps
+began to lecture on Constitutional law, and continued his connection
+with the school till his departure to England, as United States Minister
+at the Court of St. James.
+
+The year 1883 also marked the retirement from the school of Hon. Henry
+W. Paine, who for eleven years had filled the chair of Lecturer on Real
+Property. "So thoroughly was he master of his subject, difficult and
+intricate as it confessedly is, that in not a single instance, except
+during the lectures of the last year, did he take a note or scrap of
+memoranda into the class-room."[A]
+
+In 1884, owing to the receipt of several large legacies, the University
+was enabled to provide new quarters for the Law School. A large and
+well-built house, No. 10 Ashburton place, was purchased by the
+corporation, and was at once remodelled in accordance with a careful
+plan which one of the best architects in the city had devised. This
+house was formerly the residence of the late Mr. Augustus H. Fiske, the
+well-known lawyer, who died many years ago. Mr. Fiske was a remarkable
+man. His practice was very extensive throughout Suffolk and Middlesex
+counties, and he is said to have been in the habit of entering more
+cases at the terms of the courts than any other lawyer of his day. He
+made it a point to reach his office before seven o'clock in the morning,
+and he generally remained there till late in the evening. The
+consequence was that he broke down rather early in life, and died in his
+prime. His early death, however, was not expected by the Bar. A short
+time before his last sickness he appeared as a witness in a certain case
+in Suffolk County, and at the conclusion of a long cross-examination at
+the hands of Henry W. Paine, Mr. Fiske inquired if Mr. Paine had any
+further questions to ask. "No, Brother Fiske," said Mr. Paine, "I think
+not,--but stay; you have just told us when you began practice; now, what
+your brethren of the Bar are more concerned in, is, when are you going
+to leave off?"--"Not till the last nail is driven in my coffin," was the
+answer. Soon after this Mr. Fiske fell sick, and Mr. Paine called on him
+at his house. Mr. Fiske was sitting up in bed taking a deposition in his
+night-gown, with the parties gathered about him. The next day he died.
+
+The alterations at No. 10 Ashburton place were made under the
+supervision of Mr. William G. Preston, the architect. The front of the
+basement, about twenty feet square, is a pleasant room, well lighted,
+and is used by the students, for study, conversation, and general
+social purposes. Directly back of this is a dressing-room, 25 x 19,
+containing about one hundred lockers, for the use of the students.
+Ascending to the first floor, one is struck with the spaciousness of the
+hall-way, which extends from the entrance to the door of the
+lecture-hall. It is finished in light wood, and the design of the
+staircase is particularly tasteful, while the stairs themselves are very
+easy of ascent. To the left of the entrance is the Dean's room, 19 x 19,
+finished in cherry; and next on the left is a part of the library, which
+is finished in white-wood. In the rear is the lecture-hall, where
+everything has been done to combine light and air with comfort. The hall
+is something over fifty-two feet long, twenty-six feet wide, and
+seventeen feet in height. Almost the entire roof, which is in the shape
+of an immense skylight, is made of glass. The walls are light in color,
+while the general effect is one of light and airiness. In the
+lecture-hall, as elsewhere, special regard has been paid to the
+ventilation. The atmosphere is changed continually, without any
+perceptible draughts. The seating capacity of the lecture-hall is about
+two hundred. The second story is devoted wholly to the library, which,
+with the room on the first floor, affords space for the University's
+valuable collection of books. Leading from one of the large rooms on
+this floor is a small one for the librarians, which is fitted up with
+open fireplace, desks, and other suitable furnishings. The whole floor
+is finished in white-wood. On the third floor are two recitation rooms,
+with a seating capacity of eighty and fifty, respectively. Above are
+three club-rooms, devoted to the use of the several law clubs in the
+school. With such accommodations the school will receive a new impetus.
+
+The cause of legal education has advanced greatly within the memory of
+lawyers who are even now hardly of middle age. Twenty years ago law
+schools in this country were few in number and most of them poor in
+equipment. No examination, and but little study, was required as a
+condition for the degree of Bachelor of Laws; one of the oldest schools
+conferred the degree upon all students registered therein for a certain
+length of time,--one year. To-day, in most of the schools, students are
+required to study at least two years, and to pass examinations in some
+ten or twelve branches of the law before a degree is given. Some schools
+require three years' study, and of these this school is one. Indeed, it
+was the first to establish such a course, the trustees including it in
+the statutes of organization in 1871. Transition from the earlier
+standards to the present one has been gradual but steady, and to-day the
+degree is conferred (save in exceptional cases) only upon those who have
+studied law at least three years.
+
+One or two features of the course of instruction deserve especial
+mention. The first of these is the prominence given to the system of
+recitations, and their separation from the lectures. These latter are
+given by the elder members of the profession; the lecturer himself
+occupies most of the hour in laying down and explaining propositions of
+law and citing authorities in support. The lecturer's work is
+supplemented by the instructors, who conduct recitations upon the topics
+already reviewed by their elders; in these exercises the students are
+expected and required to occupy most of the time in asking or answering
+questions, and in the discussion and argument of points raised or
+suggested in the previous lecture.
+
+The freedom of debate and liberty of criticism given at the recitations,
+larger than it is practicable to obtain at the lectures, is found to be
+a most useful method of fixing principles or correcting errors.
+
+The Moot Courts are another prominent feature of the instruction. These
+are held regularly every Saturday. Some question of law is argued by
+students who have been previously assigned as counsel; a member of the
+faculty sits as Chief-Justice, two students being associated with him as
+Justices. Upon the decision of the question written opinions are
+prepared by each of the Associate Justices and read by them at a
+subsequent session of the court. These opinions are afterwards printed
+and bound under the title of "Boston University Reports."
+
+In October last (1885) the school opened with one hundred and
+seventy-one students, and with the following list of lecturers and their
+topics: Brooks Adams, _Chartered Rights_; Edmund H. Bennet, _Agency,
+Contracts, Criminal Law, Partnership, Wills_; Melville M. Bigelow,
+_Bills and Notes, Insurance, Torts_; Uriel H. Crocker, _Massachusetts
+Conveyancing_; Samuel S. Curry, _Elocution and Oratory_; Benjamin R.
+Curtis, _Jurisdiction and Practice of the United States Courts_; William
+G. Hammond, _History of the Common Law_; John Lathrop, _Corporations_;
+James K. Maynadier, _Patent Law_; Elias Merwin (who succeeded the late
+Judge Dwight Foster in 1884), _Equity Jurisprudence, Equity Pleading_;
+John Ordronaux, _Medical Jurisprudence_; John E. Wetherbee, _Real
+Property_; Edward J. Phelps, _Constitutional Law_; Charles T. Russell,
+_Admiralty and Shipping, Evidence, Parliamentary Law, Pleading and
+Practice_; Charles T. Russell, Jr., _Law of Elections_; James Schouler,
+_Bailments, Domestic Relations_; George R. Swasey, _Sales_; Francis
+Wharton, _Conflict of Laws_.
+
+In this current school year there are one hundred and seventy-five
+undergraduate students, among them men from Maine, California, and
+Florida; while during the fourteen years of its existence the school has
+had among its members students from nearly every State in the Union, the
+Territories, and District of Columbia, as well as several from the
+Empire of Japan.
+
+The graduates now number about six hundred and fifty, and the school is
+to be congratulated on the success which many of them have attained in
+professional and public life. In this Commonwealth, during the year just
+closed, the alumni counted among them members of the Governor's Council,
+State Senators, Mayors, District Attorneys, Registers of Probate,
+Representatives, and Clerks of Courts; while in some of the Western
+States graduates, though still young, wear judicial honors.
+
+The many friends of the school suffered a great loss in the recent
+sudden death of Mr. John E. Wetherbee. At thirty years of age he had
+already earned for himself a substantial practice, and his constant
+application to the study of law, together with an easy and impressive
+delivery, gave his instruction at the school peculiar power. Some burden
+too heavy for him to bear brought his work to a sudden close. Those who
+were accustomed to meet him, and look for him, and listen to him, will
+find it hard to realize that they will see him no more. His work at the
+school is now in the hands of Mr. Albers, Mr. Smith, Mr. Jenney, and Mr.
+J. G. Thorp, Dr.
+
+A course of lectures on Railroad Law is now being given, for the first
+time, by J. H. Benton, Jr., the counsel for the Old Colony Railroad
+Company; and the course on Real Property, which was but partially
+completed by Mr. Wetherbee, has been taken up by Christopher G.
+Tiedeman, now Professor of Law in the University of Missouri.
+
+It is safe to say that everything that means, intelligence, experience,
+and hard work can suggest, to continue the school at its present high
+grade of excellence, will be afforded by those who are, and who will be,
+intrusted with the charge; and it is proper to add that the school has
+benefited greatly by the untiring efforts of Mr. Samuel C. Bennett (son
+of Judge Bennett), who is now Assistant Dean, and also one of the
+regular instructors, and who faithfully seconds the work of his father
+in the general direction of affairs.
+
+The school already has a large and valuable library, and an annual
+appropriation is made by the University for its care and increase. The
+State Library, Boston Public Library, and Social Law Library, all of
+which are in the immediate neighborhood of the school, afford every
+possible facility for extra investigation.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] Prof. Wm. Mathews, LL.D., in Bay State Monthly, November, 1885.
+
+
+
+
+HON. EDMUND HATCH BENNETT.
+
+
+From among the hills of Vermont and New Hampshire have sprung many
+renowned citizens, whose talents, industry, moral worth, and practical
+wisdom have been by no means unimportant factors in the prosperity and
+progress of the nation, and in the due discharge of its legislative,
+administrative, and judicial functions. The subject of this brief
+sketch, Hon. Edmund Hatch Bennett, was born in Manchester, Vt., April 6,
+1824. He was educated in his native State,--first in the Manchester and
+Burlington academies, and then in the University of Vermont, at
+Burlington, where he graduated in the class of 1843. In 1873 his _alma
+mater_ bestowed upon him the well-merited degree of Doctor of Laws. The
+profession of the law, in which, by his industry, capacity, and
+character, he has been so successful, was not adopted without mature
+consideration. For some short time after graduation he taught a private
+school in Virginia; but, probably finding, subsequently, that his
+tastes, quite as much as his talents, might have fuller and fitter scope
+for their gratification and development in legal than in academical
+pursuits, he ultimately decided to enter upon a course of legal studies
+with a view to preparing himself for the discharge of forensic and
+judicial duties. His first practical knowledge of the law was acquired
+in the office of his father at Burlington, Vt., his father being at the
+time, and for many years previous, an Associate Justice of the Supreme
+Court of Vermont. He became a member of the Vermont bar in 1847; but
+early in 1848 he removed to Taunton, where he resided until 1884; and to
+whose social, educational, and religious advancement he has contributed
+in no small degree. In June, 1853, he married Sally, the second daughter
+of Hon. Samuel Crocker, of Taunton.
+
+When the city was incorporated, in 1865, his fellow-citizens showed
+their high appreciation of his personal character and public spirit in a
+very pronounced manner by unanimously electing him the first chief
+magistrate of the newly incorporated community. To this honorable and
+influential post he was twice elected subsequently, viz., in 1866 and
+1867.
+
+Judge Bennett has put much hard and honest work into his profession; in
+this he is an example to younger men, which it would not be amiss for
+them to imitate. His first law connection in Taunton was with the late
+Nathaniel Morton, a brother of the present Chief-Justice of
+Massachusetts. Subsequently he formed a partnership with Hon. Henry
+Williams, and afterwards with Henry J. Fuller, Esq., of Taunton.
+
+At the bar of his own county he took almost from the first a prominent
+place, and he has been able to turn the accumulated and well-digested
+results of his study and practice to good account in the instruction of
+others. During the years of 1870, 1871, and 1872 he occupied the
+position of lecturer at the Dane Law School of Harvard University,
+Cambridge. With the Law School of Boston University he has stood
+connected from its commencement in 1872, receiving at that time the
+honor of being selected as its Dean. He was not at the time able to
+serve in that capacity, but was a regular lecturer, and in 1876, on
+being again elected to the position, he accepted it. This relation to
+the school he sustains at present, having, during the decade which has
+passed since his assumption of the office, contributed in no small
+measure to the present efficient organization and very gratifying
+prosperity of the school. In May, 1858, he was appointed Judge of
+Probate and Insolvency for Bristol county, holding the office
+twenty-five years, and resigning in 1883.
+
+In other directions, and by other methods than that of communicating
+oral instruction, Judge Bennett has exerted himself to develop the
+science and advance the practice of his profession. His legal
+works--written and edited alone, or in company with others--number more
+than a hundred volumes, the chief of which are: "English Law and Equity
+Reports;" an edition of Mr. Justice Story's works; "Leading Criminal
+Cases;" "Fire Insurance Cases;" "Digest of Massachusetts Reports;"
+American editions of the recent English works of "Goddard on Easements;"
+"Benjamin on Sales;" "Indermann on the Common Law;" and many others. For
+some considerable time he has been editorially connected with the
+_American Law Register_ of Philadelphia. His lecture on "Farm Law,"
+delivered at Hingham in December, 1878, before the State Board of
+Agriculture, attracted very general attention at the time, and was
+republished in agricultural journals all over New England, as well as in
+the West.
+
+In religious sympathy and work Judge Bennett is allied with the
+Protestant Episcopal Church. For some years he acted either in the
+capacity of warden or vestry-man of St. Thomas parish, Taunton, and
+several times as delegate represented the parish in the Diocesan
+Convention. In 1874, 1877, 1880, and 1883 he was appointed delegate from
+his diocese to the General Triennial Convention of the Protestant
+Episcopal Church in this country. He is now senior warden of St. Paul's
+Episcopal Church, of Boston.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE AND CHARACTER OF DANIEL WEBSTER.
+
+BY HON. EDWARD S. TOBEY.
+
+
+I might well shrink from writing on a topic which has already engaged
+the pen and thought of the most able of Mr. Webster's contemporaries and
+biographers, were it not that, by opportunities wholly unsought, so much
+of reliable testimony, not previously published, has come to me tending
+to correct false opinions and impressions as to his private character,
+that a sense of justice which I could not conscientiously resist, led me
+on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of Mr. Webster's birthday,
+which was observed in this city (Boston) in 1882, under the auspices of
+the Alumni of Dartmouth College, to present, substantially, the facts
+and views which are now by request repeated. I may add, that I realized
+more fully an obligation and an interest to give currency to them from
+the fact of my former connection with Mr. Webster's Alma Mater, as one
+of its Board of Trustees, and also from having made the first
+contribution to the Webster professorship in that institution, which,
+through the liberality of others, has since been fully endowed.
+
+While I would not enlarge on the subject of Mr. Webster's public
+services and extraordinary statesmanship already so well known
+throughout this and other countries, I may briefly refer to one
+especially eloquent speech of the many made by him to which it was my
+privilege to listen. After the death of President Harrison, and the
+accession to office of Vice-President John Tyler, all the members of the
+Cabinet, except Mr. Webster, resigned. He remained as Secretary of
+State, for the purpose of bringing to a successful conclusion a
+perplexing controversy between Great Britain and the United States as to
+the trial and release of Alexander McLeod, a British subject, then held
+as a prisoner in the State of New York for participating in an attack on
+the steamer "Caroline" within the waters of the United States. The
+British Government avowed the act as authorized, and imperatively
+demanded McLeod's release. It tasked to the utmost the extraordinary
+ability of Mr. Webster, as a mutual friend informed me, to find
+sufficient ground on which to comply with England's demand, and yet
+maintain the dignity of the Government of the United States,
+consistently with the relations between the Federal Government and that
+of the State of New York. The question seemed at one time to threaten
+the peaceful relations between England and America, of which the public
+were not aware. Under Mr. Webster's construction of the duty and
+obligations of our Government, McLeod was surrendered, and soon after
+Mr. Webster resigned. Having been unjustly criticised by certain
+political leaders, and his motives impugned for remaining so long in the
+Cabinet, he at once sought vindication in a speech delivered in Faneuil
+Hall, defining his position, in which he poured out a torrent of
+eloquence seldom equalled, and in which he clearly indicated the chagrin
+that even a great man may feel when he is made the subject of unjust
+suspicion and criticism.
+
+While I have no claim whatever to be regarded as one of the great
+statesman's associates, I was favored with a very limited and casual
+acquaintance in the latter part of his life, and an opportunity to know
+something of his private life and his religious character, through his
+particular friends, of whom a few were also my personal friends. I may
+perhaps, therefore, properly speak of unquestionable facts which have,
+by force of circumstances, come to my knowledge at different times
+through a period of about forty years, tending to disprove the base
+rumor and slanders which have found an astonishing currency.
+
+To these I never thought it proper to refer publicly, until the pages of
+one of our most respectable periodicals[B] reproduced the rumors, which
+were subsequently publicly refuted in the Boston _Herald_, by Mr.
+Webster's able biographer, George Ticknor Curtis. The friends of Mr.
+Webster would have been false to his memory and their own moral
+obligation had they failed to put forward the evidence in their
+possession to disprove the charges on which such rumors were fabricated,
+and which, until a few years ago, had not found a place, so far as I
+know, in any respectable publication.
+
+The late Dr. John Jeffries, who was the physician of Mr. Webster, was
+also my family physician for twenty years. Not long after the close of
+the late civil war, an Episcopal clergyman of Charleston, S.C., became
+my guest. He being in need of medical advice, I introduced him to Dr.
+Jeffries. After his case had been disposed of he inquired of Dr.
+Jeffries: "Pray, sir, were the stories which we hear at the South
+concerning Mr. Webster's private character true?" The doctor replied:
+"Do you refer to his alleged drinking habits?"--"Yes, sir," said the
+clergyman. "No, sir," answered Dr. Jeffries; "they were not true." He
+added: "I was his physician for many years, and made the _post-mortem_
+examination. He died from no such cause." To illustrate to what extent
+Mr. Webster was misunderstood and consequently maligned, the doctor
+related the following fact: "On a certain occasion when Mr. Webster was
+engaged to speak in Faneuil Hall, he had been for several days much
+reduced by medical treatment. Late in the afternoon I suggested that, in
+his reduced condition, a glass of wine would be useful. He replied: 'No,
+doctor, I prefer a plate of soup; and when His Honor the Mayor calls for
+me, perhaps you will accompany me.' I assented, and did accompany him.
+That evening, before Mr. Webster had closed his speech, a certain
+political rival left the hall and was met by a friend, who inquired, 'Is
+the meeting over?' The envious politician answered, 'No; I have come
+away disgusted. Webster is intoxicated.'" Who was the most reliable
+witness in this case,--his honest physician, an eye-witness, who spoke
+from knowledge, or the political rival, who spoke from false inference?
+This is but one of several similar instances of misapprehension and
+consequent cruel injustice which I might relate, did the time and
+occasion permit.
+
+There is now living in this city a gentleman of the highest
+respectability, personally well-known to me for thirty-five years, who
+was for about twenty-five years intimately connected with Mr. Webster,
+at Marshfield, as the manager of his affairs, and consequently with him
+under all circumstances during his summer residence there. Mr. Webster
+regarded him with the affection of a father for a son. This gentleman
+has said to me more than once, with emotion and evident feelings of
+indignation: "No one has ever seen Mr. Webster at Marshfield unduly
+under the influence of stimulants." He adds: "I was with him on festive
+occasions here and in New Hampshire, when others were indulging in the
+customary habit of drinking; but I have never seen Mr. Webster, on those
+occasions, use stimulants to excess."
+
+The late Judge Peleg Sprague, whom from family relationship it was my
+privilege to know intimately until the very last year of his life, a
+short time before his death, in conversation with me, refuted the
+charges of Mr. Webster's alleged excessive drinking habits in
+Washington. Judge Sprague was ten years in Congress, and was associated
+with Mr. Webster, under various circumstances, in public and social
+life.
+
+I have thus offered the evidence of three witnesses, whose opportunity
+of knowledge and whose credibility, it cannot be denied, are to be
+accepted against rumors so easily put in circulation by reckless as well
+as by mistaken men, but which have beyond question been believed by very
+many good men who had not the opportunity, or perhaps the sense of
+obligation, to investigate the origin of them.
+
+As to Mr. Webster's religious character and habits of mind, I can hardly
+express the great satisfaction afforded me by the testimony of his
+intimate friend, the Rev. Dr. Lothrop, who has in eloquent and
+unqualified language confirmed, and, indeed, more than confirmed, all
+that others have known of it.[C] Dr. Lothrop repeated his criticism on a
+prayer once offered by the chaplain of the United States Senate, in
+which Mr. Webster concurred, expressing at the same time his view of the
+nature and true object of prayer. This reminds me of the fact that the
+last sermon which Mr. Webster ever heard was on the subject of prayer,
+from the lips of the late Rev. Dr. Kirk, preached in the little
+Methodist church at Duxbury, about four miles from Marshfield. This was
+about six weeks before Mr. Webster's death. He was accompanied by Sir
+John Crampton, the British Minister, who at that time was at Marshfield
+negotiating a treaty on the fishery question, Mr. Webster then being
+Secretary of State. Through the mutual friendly relations of my esteemed
+friend and partner, the Hon. Seth Sprague, I had the privilege, with him
+and the Rev. Dr. Kirk, of dining with Mr. Webster the next day. It
+afforded an opportunity to listen to his entertaining and instructive
+anecdotes, of which I will relate one only. He said: "On a certain
+occasion, when President Kirkland, of Harvard University, was called
+upon by one of his familiar friends, a clergyman, he inquired as to the
+state of affairs in his parish; to which the clergyman replied, 'We are
+troubled by a good deal of controversy.'--'Ah! and pray what may the
+subject be?' inquired Dr. Kirkland. 'It is the doctrine of the final
+perseverance of the saints which agitates the minds of my people,' said
+the clergyman. 'Well,' said President Kirkland, 'I, too, have a
+controversy among my people; but the topic is of a very different
+nature. What troubles me and them most is, the final perseverance of
+sinners.'"
+
+I am sure, however, that his own statement of his Confession of Faith,
+written in 1807, and published in the Boston _Courier_ about twenty-two
+years since, taken together with his extraordinary plea in the famous
+Girard case, and his address at Plymouth in 1820, on the subject of its
+settlement by the Pilgrim fathers will be specially appreciated. The
+confession is as follows:--
+
+     I believe in the existence of Almighty God, who created and
+     governs the whole world. I am taught this by the works of
+     Nature and the word of Revelation.
+
+     I believe that God exists in three persons: this I learn from
+     Revelation alone. Nor is it any objection to this belief that I
+     cannot comprehend how _one_ can be _three_, or _three_ _one_. I
+     hold it my duty to believe, not what I can comprehend or
+     account for, but what my Maker teaches me.
+
+     I believe the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments to be
+     the will and word of God.
+
+     I believe Jesus Christ to be the Son of God. The miracles which
+     He wrought establish in my mind His personal authority, and
+     render it proper for me to believe whatever He asserts; I
+     believe, therefore, all His declarations, as well when He
+     declares Himself the Son of God as when He declares any other
+     proposition. And I believe there is no other way of salvation
+     than through the merits of His atonement.
+
+     I believe that things past, present, and to come are all
+     equally present in the mind of the Deity; that with Him there
+     is no succession of time nor of ideas; that, therefore, the
+     relative terms past, present, and future, as used among men,
+     cannot, with strict propriety, be applied to Deity. I believe
+     in the doctrines of foreknowledge and predestination, as thus
+     expounded. I do not believe in those doctrines as imposing any
+     fatality or necessity on men's actions, or any way infringing
+     free agency.
+
+     I believe in the utter inability of any human being to work out
+     his own salvation without the constant aids of the Spirit of
+     all grace.
+
+     I believe in those great peculiarities of the Christian
+     religion,--a resurrection from the dead and a day of judgment.
+
+     I believe in the universal providence of God; and leave to
+     Epicurus, and his more unreasonable followers in modern times,
+     the inconsistency of believing that God made a world which He
+     does not take the trouble of governing.
+
+     Although I have great respect for some other forms of worship,
+     I believe the Congregational mode, on the whole, to be
+     preferable to any other.
+
+     I believe religion to be a matter not of demonstration, but of
+     faith. God requires us to give credit to the truths which He
+     reveals, not because we can prove them, but because He declares
+     them. When the mind is reasonably convinced that the Bible is
+     the word of God, the only remaining duty is to receive its
+     doctrines with full confidence of their truth, and practise
+     them with a pure heart.
+
+     I believe that the Bible is to be understood and received in
+     the plain and obvious meaning of its passages, since I cannot
+     persuade myself that a book intended for the instruction and
+     conversion of the whole world should cover its true meaning in
+     such mystery and doubt that none but critics and philosophers
+     can discover it.
+
+     I believe that the experiments and subtleties of human wisdom
+     are more likely to obscure than to enlighten the revealed will
+     of God, and that he is the most accomplished Christian scholar
+     who has been educated at the feet of Jesus and in the College
+     of Fishermen.
+
+     I believe that all true religion consists in the heart and the
+     affections, and that therefore all creeds and confessions are
+     fallible and uncertain evidences of Evangelical piety.
+
+These views he held at twenty-five, and in the main retained them in his
+later years, as is shown by his remarks before the Supreme Court of
+Massachusetts on the occasion of the death of his intimate associate,
+Jeremiah Mason, of which the following is an extract:--
+
+     But, sir, political eminence and professional fame fade away
+     and die with all things earthly. Nothing of character is really
+     permanent but virtue and personal worth. These remain. Whatever
+     of excellence is wrought into the soul itself belongs to both
+     worlds. Real goodness does not attach itself merely to this
+     life: it points to another world. Political or professional
+     reputation cannot last forever, but a conscience void of
+     offence before God and man is an inheritance for eternity.
+     Religion, therefore, is a necessary and indispensable element
+     in any great human character; there is no living without it.
+     Religion is the tie that connects man with his Creator, and
+     holds him to His throne. If that tie be all sundered, all
+     broken, he floats away,--a worthless atom in the universe; its
+     proper attraction all gone, its destiny thwarted, and its whole
+     future nothing but darkness, desolation, and death. A man with
+     no sense of religious duty is he whom the Scriptures describe
+     in such terse but terrific language, "Without God in the
+     world." Such a man is out of his proper being, out of the
+     circle of all his duties, out of the circle of all his
+     happiness, and away, far, far away, from the purposes of his
+     creation. A mind like Mr. Mason's, active, thoughtful,
+     penetrating, could not but meditate deeply on the condition of
+     man below, and feel its responsibilities. He could not look on
+     this mighty  system,--
+
+     "This universal frame, thus wondrous fair,"--
+
+     without feeling that it was created and upheld by an
+     Intelligence to which all other intelligences must be
+     responsible. I am bound to say, that in the course of my life I
+     never met with an individual, in any profession or condition of
+     life, who always spoke and always thought with such awful
+     reverence of the power and presence of God. No irreverence, no
+     lightness, even no too familiar allusion to God and His
+     attributes, ever escaped his lips. The very motion of a Supreme
+     Being was, with him, made up of awe and solemnity, and filled
+     the whole of his great mind with the strongest emotions. A man
+     like him, with all his proper sentiments and sensibilities
+     alive in him, must in this state of existence have something to
+     believe, and something to hope for; or else, as life is
+     advancing to its close and parting, all is heart-sinking and
+     oppression Depend upon it, whatever may be the mind of an old
+     man, old age is only really happy when, on feeling the
+     enjoyments of this world pass away, it begins to lay a stronger
+     hold on those of another.
+
+Mr. Webster then quotes, on the authority of another, the grounds of Mr.
+Mason's religious faith, thus:--
+
+     Mr. Mason was fully aware that his end was near; and in answer
+     to the question, "Can you now rest with firm faith upon the
+     merits of your Divine Redeemer?" he said, "I trust I do. Upon
+     what else can I rest?" At another time, in reply to a similar
+     question, he said, "_Of course_; I have no other ground of
+     hope."
+
+Mr. Webster adds:--
+
+     Such, Mr. Chief-Justice, was the life and such the death of
+     Jeremiah Mason. For one I could pour out my heart like water at
+     the recollection of his virtues and his friendship, and in the
+     feeling of his loss. I would embalm his memory in my best
+     affections.
+
+Again, in the following extract from a letter to his teacher, Mr. James
+Tappan, about two years before Mr. Webster's death, he writes:--
+
+     You have, indeed, lived a checkered life. I hope you have been
+     able to bear prosperity with meekness, and adversity with
+     patience. These things are all ordered for us far better than
+     we could order them for ourselves. We may pray for our daily
+     bread; we may pray for forgiveness of sins; we may pray to be
+     kept from temptation, and that the kingdom of God may come in
+     us, and in all men, and His will everywhere be done. Beyond
+     this we hardly know for what good to supplicate the Divine
+     Mercy. Our Heavenly Father knoweth what we have need of better
+     than we know ourselves, and we are assured that His eye and His
+     loving kindness are upon us and around us every moment.
+
+How entirely in harmony are these religious views of Mr. Webster with
+similar utterances on several public occasions, to which allusion has
+already been made; and especially with that extraordinary dramatic
+scene so vividly described by his biographer, Mr. Harvey, who was an
+eye-witness and participator in it, when, in the solitary farm-house of
+John Colby,[D] in New Hampshire, Mr. Webster, at the request of Mr.
+Colby, led in prayer. Whatever else of unfriendly criticism has been
+made on the character of Mr. Webster, he has never been charged with
+hypocrisy, or of parading his religious opinions; least of all in that
+remote hamlet of John Colby, whither he had gone to visit him for the
+first time in twenty-five years, because he had heard of Mr. Colby's
+remarkable conversion late in life. Can there be the remotest suspicion
+that other than the most pure and noble of all motives could have
+governed him, as he then sought communion with God in prayer? And, as
+Mr. Harvey remarked to the writer, "It was indeed a prayer."
+
+About one year before the death of Mr. Webster I casually met Professor
+Stuart, of Andover, on his return from a visit to Mr. Webster, at
+Marshfield, when, in the course of conversation relating to his
+religious habits, the professor remarked, "Mr. Webster has arrived at
+that period in life when he feels more than ever his moral
+accountability;" and added, "He has resumed family worship." I inquired,
+"What evidence have you of this?" He answered, "Clergymen who have
+recently visited in his family have so informed me." This, of course,
+implied that family worship had once been his custom, but that it had
+been temporarily suspended,--perhaps attributable to unusual pressure on
+his time by reason of his always arduous public duties.
+
+I am glad to have the opportunity, in these columns, of repeating such
+testimony as I am able to offer, and to which much more might be added,
+as to the worth and private character of America's greatest statesman,
+whose record of distinguished public service will adorn the pages of his
+country's history with unfading lustre long after the unjust aspersions
+on his character shall have passed into oblivion forever.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[B] The _Atlantic Monthly_.
+
+[C] Speech at Dartmouth Webster Centennial Dinner, Boston, 1882.
+
+[D] John Colby was the husband of Mr. Webster's eldest sister, who died
+many years before the visit here referred to. He was known as a great
+sceptic in religious matters in early life, and hence Mr. Webster's
+earnest desire to visit him soon after he heard of Mr. Colby's
+conversion.
+
+
+
+
+FORTY YEARS OF FRONTIER LIFE IN THE POCOMTUCK VALLEY.
+
+BY HON. GEORGE SHELDON.
+
+
+One result of John Eliot's attempt to civilize the Massachusetts Indians
+was, that in 1663 the General Court granted to the town of Dedham eight
+thousand acres of wilderness, as compensation for the territory taken by
+the apostle for his settlement at Natick. After an examination of
+various localities, Dedham selected a tract upon the far away lands of
+the Pocomtucks, bought out the rights of the Indians who claimed it, and
+in 1665 laid out the grant there. This land was divided into five
+hundred and twenty-three shares, or rights, called "cow-commons," and
+held by each freeholder of Dedham, according to his interest in the
+undivided land in the old township; and it was paid for by a general
+town tax. Fractions of a cow-common were called sheep-commons, five of
+which equalled a cow-common. These shares were offered for sale to such
+men as Dedham should approve. The required standard of character does
+not appear, but this regulation was no dead letter, as the town records
+testify; and picked men only were allowed a foothold on this new
+possession. We may therefore suppose that it was a goodly body of men
+which gathered, about 1671-5, on the virgin soil in the lower valley of
+the Pocomtuck River. Here were the headquarters of the Pocomtuck
+Indians, whose chieftains were at the head of the confederate clans in
+the Connecticut valley. In 1663, the date of the grant, the Pocomtucks
+were engaged in a successful campaign against the powerful Mohawks; but,
+before the compass and chain of the surveyor had been called into
+requisition to lay out the bounds of the grant, the majority of this
+tribe had been swept off by a retaliatory invasion of their western
+enemies. This was doubtless considered a special interposition of
+Providence in behalf the projected settlement, and a manifestation of
+Divine indignation against the heathen, who were popularly considered
+subjects of the devil, seeking to establish his kingdom "in these
+uttermost parts of the earth." However this may be, the first English
+settlers here found the power of native rule broken, and a remnant of
+the Pocomtucks gathered for protection near the centre of a triangle
+formed by the settlements at Hadley, Hatfield, and Northampton.
+
+The early comers had no fear of the natives, and danger there was none.
+They were welcomed by the crushed tribe as another bulwark against the
+Mohawks. There is no hint of any hostile feeling on the part of the red
+men, or of any anticipation of it on the part of the whites, until the
+breaking out of Philip's War. The primal cause of this outbreak is not
+far to seek. Whenever and wherever, on our shifting frontier, our
+so-called civilization has come in contact with the barbarism of the
+aborigines, similar results have followed. And nowhere was this effect
+more certain than when our Puritan ancestors, with their inflexible
+ideas of duty, confronted the New England savage in his native wilds.
+
+It should have been early apparent to our rulers that these two races,
+essentially so different, could not live side by side in fellowship and
+harmony, and subject to the same rules and regulations. Eliot realized
+this, and planned the isolated community at Natick, which, as we have
+seen, resulted in the English settlement at Pocomtuck.
+
+The policy of the whites was, by fair means or foul, to induce the
+natives, as soon as possible, to acknowledge allegiance to the English;
+this being accomplished, the laws of the Puritans were strictly enforced
+upon these free children of the forest, and their violation punished by
+fine, imprisonment, and stripes. It does not appear that any particular
+effort was made in the Connecticut Valley to teach the savages the
+precepts of Christ, but they were held accountable to the laws of Moses,
+as interpreted by the rulers, even to being punished for travelling on
+Sunday.
+
+Such oppressive acts by narrow-minded good men were supplemented by the
+knavery of unscrupulous bad men. The Indian trader, in accordance with
+the teachings of the times, not only looked upon the savages as the
+offspring of Satan, but also as fair objects of spoil; consequently, the
+simplicity, moral honesty, and ignorance if these Canaanites and
+Amalekites were made the most of financially. Ignorant of the benefits
+of wise restraint, and unused to such wiles as were practised upon them
+by the traders, the unsophisticated natives had a hard time indeed
+between the two.
+
+Demoralized by the white man's fire-water, they were cheated while under
+its influence. Though the sale of rum to the Indians was forbidden by
+law, and illicit traders were prosecuted, "conviction in liquor cases"
+was no easier then than now. The word of a heathen had small weight
+against the oath of a Christian, and fear of the traders often prevented
+the victims from pressing their complaints.
+
+Before the advent of the whites the natives seem to have been thrifty
+and provident, laying up stores for contingencies. With English
+implements and weapons, their facilities for planting and hunting were
+greatly increased, and their products should have been correspondingly
+larger. The unlimited demand for furs should have stimulated the chase,
+and their sale should have added to their comforts in food and shelter.
+By their contact with the whites, their lives should have been changed
+for the better. Was this the effect? The contrary is notoriously true.
+The increased income was squandered in liquors. Like thousands to-day,
+they would give their most costly possessions to gratify their appetite
+for strong drink. When the corn crop was short, and gave out in the
+spring, or had been squandered for rum, they borrowed of the traders,
+paying two hundred per cent for it at harvest. They became poor,
+shiftless, and dependent. They even pledged their children as security,
+to be held as slaves in default of contract. They knew they were
+debased, and despised by the superior race, and felt their degradation.
+To this condition had come the remnant of the Pocomtucks; a power which
+within a generation had humbled the fierce Mohawks, and scattered in
+battle the armies of Uncas the Mohegan.
+
+To the natives, the English fur-trader was the representative of his
+race; and as they gradually found themselves no match for his methods or
+his morals, their simple faith in the white man's honesty, their
+debasing fear of his prowess, their reverence for him as a superhuman
+being, little by little died out. They saw themselves wronged,
+despoiled, and abused, with less and less power to assert their rights
+and maintain their independence; and their hearts became more and more
+filled with a sullen desire for revenge. In the ethics of the North
+American Indian, there was but one mode of gratifying this feeling.
+Nothing would suffice but the blood of the offender. This fearful code,
+with all its horrors, was felt alike by the innocent and the guilty,
+when Philip and the hour came.
+
+Meanwhile the plantation at Pocomtuck was increasing in strength and
+prosperity. The rich soil of the meadows yielded an abundance of Indian
+corn, wheat, rye, barley, beans, and flax. Game of every kind was plenty
+and easily secured. Flocks of turkeys, pigeons, geese, and ducks were
+all about them in the woods and waters. The forest also furnished
+condiments, in the form of sugar from the sap of the maple tree, and
+honey from the heart of the "bee tree." The rivers teemed with choice
+fish; herds of deer were so common as to impress the name of "Deerfield"
+permanently upon the settlement. Peace and plenty smiled on all, and the
+foundations of the little community seemed firmly established. The
+planters had come to stay. In 1673, a minister had been secured in the
+person of Samuel Mather, a Harvard graduate of 1671. In 1675, they had
+already "a little house for a meeting-house, yt they meete in," and were
+building a dwelling for the minister. None dreamed that the horrors of
+an Indian war were so soon to overwhelm them and change the whole aspect
+of nature and of human affairs in this quiet valley. The news of the
+outbreak at far-off Plymouth, in June, 1675, raised no fears in them.
+The attack on Brookfield, August 2, opened their eyes, and preparations
+for defence were pushed with vigor. The swamp fight under the shadow of
+Wequamps brought the war to their very doors; and, on the first of
+September, the settlers were called upon to defend their homes against
+the attack of those who had hitherto been considered trusty friends.
+
+The days of peace and plenty were over for this unhappy people. On the
+slaughter of Lothrop and the "Flower of Essex," at Bloody Brook,
+September 18, this chosen land was deserted and given back to the
+wilderness.
+
+After seven years of wandering, such of the survivors as had courage
+enough returned to the desolate scene of their former prosperity; but
+the progress of resettlement was slow and painful. Fortifications were
+built, old and young trained for soldiers, watch and ward kept night and
+day, scouts ranged the surrounding forests, and all were constantly on
+the alert. All hunting or fishing, all labor in forest or field, all
+journeying, was at the imminent risk of life or liberty. From the
+nearest swamp or thicket, from behind some fence, stump, or clump of
+brake, at any moment might appear the flash of the musket or gleam of
+the scalping-knife. Never ending toil under these conditions, and
+unceasing vigilance, were the price of existence, and the stern
+realities of life closed in upon them on every side. Labor they must,
+or starvation was at the door; for their sustenance must be drawn from
+their own acres. They could not look back for aid, as the towns below
+were in the same condition. Women and children were not exempt from
+laborious toil. Of relaxation there was little, and recreation was
+unthought of. Even parental love was constrained and formal. Children
+were born into a cold and cheerless atmosphere, and it is not to be
+wondered at that they grew up hard and austere men and women, whose
+chief or only solace was the hope of an eternity of rest and
+psalm-singing, in a heaven earned by the endurance of trials with piety,
+patience, and faith that all their sufferings would in some way redound
+to the glory of God.
+
+There was little desire or opportunity for cultivating the mind. A dense
+ignorance of letters was the rule. Hardly a woman born of the generation
+preceding Queen Anne's War could write her name, and many of the most
+active and useful men could do no better. The people lived wholly off
+the land. Their clothing and bedding were either from flax, raised,
+pulled, rotted, broken, and swingled by the men; and hatchelled, carded,
+spun, and woven into cloth, and cut, and made up by the women; or else
+of wool sheared from the flocks, carded and spun by hand, and knit into
+stockings, or woven into blankets or rugs, or into flannel, to be fulled
+for men's wear; or into linsey-woolsey, for the women and children. To
+the material for men's garments must be added buckskin for breeches and
+leggins. Shoes were often made of untanned hide, moccasin fashion, a
+method borrowed from the Indians. Thorns took the place of pins in
+woman's gear, and thongs did duty for buttons, with men. If the maiden
+did have "genuine bear's oil" for her hair, for lack of a mirror her
+head must be dressed by the pool or placid spring.
+
+The imports were the metals for the smith, guns, swords, lead, powder,
+rum, salt, sickles, razors, jack-knives, scissors, needles. There was
+seen occasionally, in the most forehanded families, a show of red shag
+cotton, calico, or Manchester. Very rarely some ambitious woman would
+appear with a silk wimple, scarf, or ribbon. In such extreme cases, be
+she dame or maiden, the stern hand of the law fell heavily upon the
+culprit, and certainly with more weight if she wore the unseemly and
+offending article "in a flaunting manner."
+
+They had neither tea nor coffee. Their drink beside water was cider or
+malt beer. Spirituous liquors were a luxury, used principally in
+sickness, at weddings, funerals, or other special occasions. Indian corn
+and wheat were staple articles of diet; the former eaten as hulled corn,
+or beaten in a mortar into samp or hominy; and probably wheat was
+prepared in the same manner. Their dishes were of wood or pewter;
+gourd-shells answered for dippers and vessels of various use; and
+clam-shells made acceptable spoons. The household utensils were largely
+home-made.
+
+Artisans were few. The wood-work of their carts, ploughs, yokes, and
+other farm implements, was generally made at home. The cart-irons,
+ploughshares, chains, axes, billhooks, scythes, and other cutting
+instruments, were hammered out on the anvil of the village blacksmith;
+and the work turned out by them is unequalled by any of the craft
+to-day.
+
+With all their hardships and poverty, with all their distress and
+danger, the people were strict in the observance of all the established
+rites of their faith. The meeting-house burned in Philip's War was at
+once replaced on the second settlement. Within a score of years this had
+been outgrown, and a third edifice erected. It was two stories, square,
+with the roof rising from each of the sides to the turret in the centre.
+Of the interior finish a little is known. There were no pews; the
+worshippers were "seated" in fixed places, according to rules
+established in town-meeting, where the "dignity" of each rude bench was
+formally discussed and declared by vote. The women sat on the right of
+the minister, and the men on the left. The boys and girls were stored
+away somewhere in nooks and corners, under the eye of the tythingmen. On
+each side of the entrance places were reserved where, on entering, the
+men could deposit their loaded guns under the care of an appointed
+guard. While the faithful pastor was warning his devout hearers against
+the wiles of the tempter within, the sentinel, stationed in the turret
+above, watched all approaches, to guard against surprisal by an enemy
+without.
+
+The communities of this period are often referred to as pure
+democracies, where each man was ranked equal to every other. This is far
+from the fact. There were real aristocratic distinctions in every town,
+nowhere more apparent than in meetings for religious worship. The truth
+appears to be that the settlers were still bound by the fetters of habit
+and custom brought from the mother-land. Emancipation from its
+aristocratic practices and social distinctions came only with the slow
+growth of democratic ideas and the overthrow of kingly rule.
+
+
+DWELLINGS.
+
+The first houses of the settlers were doubtless of logs, one story high,
+"daubed" with clay. A common form was eighteen feet square, with seven
+feet stud, stone fireplaces, with catted chimney, and a hip-roof covered
+with thatch. These structures generally gave way in a few years to large
+frame houses, covered with "clo'boards" and shingles, having fireplace
+and chimney of brick, which was laid in clay mortar, except the part
+above the roof, where lime was used. Of these houses, two styles
+prevailed; one represented by the "Old Indian House," the other, less
+elaborate, by the house now standing on the Smead lot. This house is
+thirty feet square, two stories, with pitch roof, facing the street
+westerly. It is covered with cloveboards, apparently the original, with
+no signs of paint. It has four windows in front, and five at each end.
+The front door, a little south of the centre, opens directly into the
+south front room, which is sixteen by eighteen feet. On the north of
+this, is a huge chimney which rises through the ridge, and the north
+front room, twelve by thirteen feet. North of the chimney is a large,
+dark closet. East of it is the kitchen, eleven by twenty feet, south of
+which is the buttery. Stairs to cellar and chambers occupy the southeast
+corner. The space over the kitchen is unfinished. The southwest chamber
+is fifteen by fifteen, the northwest twelve by thirteen. Each story is
+seven and a half feet stud. The frame is of hewn timber, generally nine
+by fourteen inches. The plates are nine by sixteen; those at the ends in
+the upper story project twelve inches over the walls, supported by the
+side plates, and studs on the inner edge. The rafters are sawed, four by
+four inches, and supported by purlins which are framed into heavy beam
+rafters at the middle and each end of the roof. The whole building is of
+pine. There was no lath and plaster; the walls were made of matched
+boards. The ceiling was finished by the joists and underside of the
+floor above being planed; the floors were double or of matched boards.
+
+The "Old Indian House," built by John Sheldon, about 1698, stood at the
+north end of the training-field, facing the south. Its frame was
+largely of oak. It was twenty-one by forty-two feet, two stories, with a
+steep pitch roof. In front, the second story projected about two feet,
+the ends of the cross-beams being supported by ornamental oak brackets,
+two of which are preserved in Memorial Hall. A lean-to thirteen and
+a-half feet wide ran the whole length of the north side, its roof being
+a continuation of that on the main building.
+
+The ground floor was thus thirty-four and a-half by forty-two feet. From
+the centre rose the chimney, about ten feet square at the base, with
+fireplaces on the sides and rear. South of it was the front entry,
+which, including the stairway, was eight by twelve feet. The lower floor
+was laid under the sill, which, projecting beyond the wall, formed a
+ledge around the bottom of the rooms wide enough for the children to sit
+upon. Stepping over the sill into the front entry, doors are seen on
+either hand opening into the front rooms; stairs on the right, lead, by
+two square landings and two turns to the left, to a passage over the
+entry, from which, at the right and left, doors lead to the chambers. In
+the rear of the chimney is a small, dark room, with stairs to the
+garret. Including the garret, there were five rooms in the main
+structure, each of them lighted by two windows with diamond panes set in
+lead.
+
+In the centre of the lean-to was the kitchen, with windows in the rear;
+east of this was a bedroom, and west, the buttery and back entry. The
+fireplace was a deep cavern, the jambs and back at right angles to each
+other and the floor.
+
+At the sides, hanging on spikes driven into pieces of wood built into
+the structure for the purpose, were the long-handled frying-pan, the
+pot-hook, the boring iron, the branding iron, the long iron peel, the
+roasting hook, the fire-pan, the scoop-shaped fire-shovel, with a trivet
+or two. The stout slice and tongs lean against the jambs in front.
+
+In one end was the oven, its mouth flush with the back of the fireplace.
+In this nook, when the oven was not in use, stood a wooden bench on
+which the children could sit and study the catechism and spelling-book
+by firelight, or watch the stars through the square tower above their
+heads, the view interrupted only by the black, shiny lug-pole, and its
+great trammels; or in the season, its burden of hams and flitches of
+pork or venison, hanging to be cured in the smoke. The mantle-tree was a
+huge beam of oak, protected from the blaze only by the current of cold
+air constantly ascending. The preparation of fuel was no light task, and
+"building a fire" was no misnomer. The foundation was a "back-log," two
+or three feet in diameter; in front of this the "fore-stick,"
+considerably smaller, both lying on the ashes; on them lay the
+"top-stick," half as big as the back-log. All these were usually of
+green wood. In front of this pile was a stack of split wood, branches,
+chips, and cobs, or, if cob-irons were present, the smaller wood was
+laid horizontally across these. The logs would last several days, and be
+renewed when necessary, but the fire was not allowed to go out. Should
+this happen, the fire-pan was sent to a neighbor for coals, or the tin
+lantern with a candle for a light. In default of neighbors, the
+tinder-box, or flint-lock musket with a wad of tow were used to evoke a
+spark. "Tending fire" meant renewing the lighter parts of the fuel; for
+this purpose, there was, in prudent families, a generous pile of dry
+cord-wood in the kitchen. With these appliances, considerable warmth was
+felt in the room; the larger part of the heat, however, was lost up the
+huge chimney. Fresh air rushed in at every crack and cranny to supply
+this great draft; and, although the windows were small, and the walls
+lined with brick, there was no lack of ventilation. In this condition of
+things, the high-backed settle in front of the blazing fire was a cozy
+seat. It was the place of honor for the heads of the family and
+distinguished guests. Sometimes the settle was placed permanently on one
+side of the fireplace, the seat hung on leather hinges, under which was
+the "pot-hole," where smaller pots, spiders, skillets, and kettles were
+stored.
+
+The fireplaces in the front rooms were of the same pattern, but smaller
+than that in the kitchen. Fires were seldom built there except at
+weddings, funerals, or on state occasions. The furniture, for the most
+part home-made, rude and unpainted, was scanty--a few stools, benches,
+and split-bottomed chairs; a table or two, plain chests, rude, low
+bedsteads, with home-made ticks filled with straw or pine needles. The
+best room may have had a carved oak chest, brought from England, a tent
+or field bedstead, with green baize, or white dimity curtains, and
+generous feather bed. The stout tick for this, the snow-white sheets,
+the warm flannel blankets, and heavy woollen rugs, woven in checks of
+black, or red, and white, or the lighter harperlet, were all the
+products of domestic wheel and loom. There were no carpets. The floors
+were sprinkled with fine, white sand, which, on particular occasions,
+was brushed into fanciful patterns with a birch broom, or bundle of
+twigs. The style of painting floors called "marbling," hardly yet
+extinct, was a survival of this custom.
+
+The finishing of the "Indian House" was more elaborate than that of the
+Smead house; but there was no lath and plaster, the ceiling being the
+same. The partitions and walls were of wainscot-work, with mouldings
+about the doors and windows. These mouldings were all cut by hand from
+solid wood. In some cases the oak summer-tree was smoothed and left
+bare, with a capital cut on the supporting posts; generally, hereabouts,
+it was covered with plain boards,--it may be, in the best room, with
+panels. No finer lumber is found than that with which these old houses
+were finished.
+
+Their massive frames, each stout tenon fitted to its shapely mortise by
+the try rule, whose foundations were laid by our sires so long ago that
+the unsubdued savage still roamed in the forest where its timbers were
+hewn, stand as firmly as when the master-builder dismissed the tired
+neighbors, who had heaved up the huge beams, and pinned the last rafter
+to its mate (for there were no ridgepoles) at the raising.
+
+
+AN EVENING AT HOME.
+
+The ample kitchen was the centre of family life, social and industrial.
+Here around the rough table, seated on rude stools or benches, all
+partook of the plain and often stinted fare. A glance at the family
+gathered here after nightfall of a winter's day may prove of interest.
+After a supper of bean-porridge, or hominy and milk, which all partake
+in common from a great pewter basin, or wooden bowl, with spoons of
+wood, horn, or pewter; after a reverent reading of the Bible, and
+fervent supplication to the Most High for care and guidance; after the
+watch was set on the tall mount, and the vigilant sentinel began pacing
+his lonely beat, the shutters were closed and barred, and with a sense
+of security the occupations of the long winter evening began. Here was a
+picture of industry, enjoined alike by the law of the land and the stern
+necessities of the settlers. All were busy. Idleness was a crime. On the
+settle, or a low arm-chair, in the most sheltered nook, sat the revered
+grandam--as a term of endearment called granny--in red woollen gown, and
+white linen cap; her gray hair and wrinkled face reflecting the bright
+firelight; the long stocking growing under her busy needles, while she
+watched the youngling of the flock, in the cradle by her side. The
+goodwife, in linsey-woolsey short gown and red petticoat, steps lightly
+back and forth in calf pumps beside the great wheel, or poises
+gracefully to give a final twist to the long-drawn thread of wool or
+tow. The continuous buzz of the flax wheels, harmonizing with the
+spasmodic hum of the big wheel, shows that the girls are preparing a
+stock of linen against their wedding day. Less active, and more fitful,
+rattles the quill-wheel, where the younger children are filling quills
+for the morrow's weaving. Craftsmen are still scarce, and the yeoman
+must depend largely on his own skill and resources. The grandsire, and
+the goodman, his son, in blue woollen frocks, buckskin breeches, long
+stockings, and clouted brogans with pewter buckles, and the older boys,
+in shirts of brown tow, waistcoat and breeches of butternut-colored
+woollen homespun, surrounded by piles of white hickory shavings, are
+whittling out with keen Barlow jack-knives, implements for home
+use,--ox-bows and bow-pins, axe-helves, rakestales, forkstales, handles
+for spades and billhooks, wooden shovels, flail-staff and swingle,
+swingling knives, pokes and hog-yokes for unruly cattle and swine. The
+more ingenious, perhaps, are fashioning buckets, or powdering tubs, or
+weaving skepes, baskets, or snow-shoes. Some, it may be, sit astride the
+wooden shovel, shelling corn on its iron-shod edge, while others are
+pounding it into samp or hominy in the great wooden mortar.
+
+There are no lamps or candles, but the red light from the burning pine
+knots on the hearth glows over all, repeating, in fantastic pantomime on
+the brown walls and closed shutters, the varied activities around it.
+These are occasionally brought into a higher relief by the white
+flashes, as the boys throw handfuls of hickory shavings on to the
+fore-stick, or punch the back-log with the long iron peel, while wishing
+they had "as many shillings as sparks go up chimney." Then, the
+smoke-stained joists and boards of the ceiling, with the twisted rings
+of pumpkin, strings of crimson peppers, and festoons of apple, drying on
+poles hung beneath; the men's hats, the crook-necked squashes, the
+skeins of thread and yarn hanging in bunches on the wainscot; the sheen
+of the pewter plates and basins, standing in rows on the shelves of the
+dresser; the trusty firelock, with powder-horn, bandolier, and
+bullet-pouch, hanging on the summer-tree, and the bright brass
+warming-pan behind the bedroom door--all stand more clearly revealed for
+an instant, showing the provident care for the comfort and safety of the
+household. Dimly seen in the corners of the room are baskets in which
+are packed hands of flax from the barn, where, under the flax-brake, the
+swingling-knife and coarse hackle, the shives and swingling tow have
+been removed by the men; to-morrow the more deft manipulations of the
+women will prepare these bunches of fibre for the little wheel, and
+granny will card the tow into bats, to be spun into tow yarn on the big
+wheel. All quaff the sparkling cider or foaming beer, from the
+briskly-circulating pewter mug, which the last out of bed in the morning
+must replenish from the barrel in the cellar. But over all a grave
+earnestness prevails; there is little laughter or mirth, and no song to
+cheer the tired workers. If stories are told they are of Indian horrors,
+of ghosts, or of the fearful pranks of witchcraft.
+
+This was the age of superstition. Women were hung for witches in Salem,
+and witchcraft believed in everywhere. Every untoward event was imputed
+to supernatural causes. Did the butter or soap delay its coming, the
+churn and the kettle were bewitched. Did the chimney refuse to draw,
+witches were blowing down the smoke. Did the loaded cart get stuck in
+the mud, invisible hands were holding it. Did the cow's milk grow scant,
+the imps had been sucking her. Did the sick child cry, search was made
+for the witches' pins. Were its sufferings relieved by death, glances
+were cast around to discover the malignant eye that doomed it. Tales of
+events like these, so fascinating and so fearful, sent the adults, as
+well as children to bed with blood chilled, every sense alert with fear,
+ready to see a ghost in every slip of moonshine, and trace to malign
+origin every sound breaking the stillness--the rattle of a shutter, the
+creak of a door, the moan of the winds or the cries of the birds and
+beasts of the night. For more than a century later, the belief in
+witchcraft kept a strong hold on the popular mind and had a marked
+influence on the character of the people.
+
+For two or three evenings previous to Feb. 29, 1704, a new topic of
+supernatural interest has been added to the usual stock. Ominous sounds
+have been heard in the night, and, says Rev. Solomon Stoddard, "the
+people were strangely amazed by a trampling noise round the fort, as if
+it were beset by Indians." The older men recalled similar omens before
+the outbreak of Philip's War, when from the clear sky came the sound of
+trampling horses, the roar of artillery, the rattle of small arms, and
+the beating of drums to the charge. As these tales of fear, coupled with
+their own warning, were in everybody's mouth, what wonder if the hearts
+of the thoughtful sank within them; that they cowered with undefinable
+dread, as under the shadow of impending disaster; and asked each other
+with fear and trembling the meaning of this new and dire portent. They
+had not long to wait the answer.
+
+Even then, only just beyond the northern horizon an avalanche was
+sweeping down to overwhelm the settlement. A horde of Frenchmen turned
+half Indian, and savages armed with civilized powers of destruction,
+under Hertel de Rouville, a French officer of the line, were hurrying
+towards our doomed frontier, over the dreary waste of snow which
+stretched away for three hundred miles to the St. Lawrence. In the dark
+shade of some secluded glen, or deep ravine, a day's march nearer our
+border, each night their camp was pitched and kettles hung. Their fires
+lighted up the mossy trunks and overhanging branches of the giant
+hemlock and the towering pine, throwing their summits into a deeper
+gloom, and building up a wall of pitchy darkness which enclosed the camp
+on every side.
+
+A frugal supper, and quiet soon reigned within this circle; around each
+camp-fire the tired forms of the invaders were soon stretched on beds of
+evergreens--great dark blotches, with luminous centres, on the crystal
+snow--a sound sleep undisturbed by the relief of sentinels, or
+replenishment of fires--up at dawn, a hasty breakfast, and onward. The
+nearer and nearer prospect of blood and plunder added new strength to
+their limbs, and sent new gleams of ferocity across their swart faces.
+Dogs with sledges aided to transport the equipage of the camp, and the
+march was swift.
+
+The errand of this horde was to murder the inhabitants and burn the
+dwellings of an unprotected town; its ultimate purpose was to please the
+Abenaki Indians of Maine. These Indians had complained to the governor
+of Canada about some fancied or real wrong done them by the English, and
+begged for redress. The prayer of the savages, and the policy of the
+French, were in full accord, and this expedition was sent out to prove
+to the Indians that the French were their friends and avengers. Its
+object was accomplished.
+
+Leaving the dogs, sledges, and such baggage as suited his purpose, at
+the mouth of West River, under the shadow of Wantastiquet, De Rouville,
+with scouts well advanced, pushed forward his eager army on its last
+day's march with caution and celerity, and reached the bluff overlooking
+our valley on the night of Feb. 28, 1703-4. Here, behind a low ridge,
+the packs were unstrapped, the war-paint put on, and final preparations
+made. Not long before dawn, at the darkest hour of the night, the attack
+was made on the sleeping town with fire and sword.
+
+Many attempts have been made to depict the shocking tragedies of this
+dreadful morning, but no pen or pencil ever has succeeded in fitly
+portraying the terrible reality, the ghastly horrors of this crowning
+event in the life of a frontier town.
+
+
+
+
+TRUST.
+
+BY J. B. M. WRIGHT.
+
+    There's a lesson ever hiding
+        Deep within the floweret's cell,
+    Of an endless trust abiding
+        Safe with Him who guideth well.
+
+    As the flowers are ever gazing
+        To the land above the stars,
+    We, our earnest life upraising,
+        Look beyond life's sunset bars,
+
+    With our eager footsteps wending,
+        Strive to reach the summits grand,
+    Where, the past and future blending,
+        His own guardian angels stand.
+
+
+
+
+ELIZABETH.[E]
+
+A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS.
+
+BY FRANCES C. SPARHAWK, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work."
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII.
+
+THE CAPITULATION.
+
+It was the fifteenth of June. The expected ships had joined Commodore
+Warren, and his fleet of eleven men-of-war bore into the harbor. Signals
+had been agreed upon between the two commanders. The brush was piled
+upon Green Hill ready to send its columns of flame into the air when the
+Dutch flag at the mast-head of Warren's ship should announce that he was
+ready.
+
+Under the inspiring promise of this flag, and in the blaze of the
+answering signals, the troops, with drums beating and colors flying,
+were to rush to the assault. Archdale's opinion, that heavy guns at the
+lighthouse would be disastrous to their old enemy the Island Battery,
+had been confirmed by two Swiss deserters, and that place was now almost
+untenable under a galling fire. The Circular Battery, built to protect
+the entrance to the city, was little better than a mass of ruins, while
+the fire that morning from Pepperell's fascine batteries was so hot that
+the enemy could not stand to their guns. Land and sea trembled with the
+shock of the cannonade. In the midst of all this Warren came ashore. The
+troops were drawn up as if for parade, and the Commodore addressed them
+in a few spirited words which stirred their devotion to the flag under
+which they were fighting. Then Pepperell stepped forward and swept his
+keen eyes along the ranks of the men. He had a knowledge of them and an
+interest in them that Warren could not even understand. To the
+Englishman they were so many soldiers eager to uphold the honor of the
+British nation, and he was proud of them. But Pepperell saw the forests
+to be hewn, the fields to be reclaimed from the wilderness, the cities
+yet unbuilded. He saw the life, great, though half its greatness was not
+dreamed of, that was to pour in through this gate which to-day's work
+was to open. For, not only that fear and hatred of Popery which marked
+his age, but, already, that American love of liberty, to which
+priestcraft is so inimical, burned within him. A touch of Winkelried's
+fervor kindled his eye. If into his breast, and into the breasts of his
+comrades, the bayonets of the enemy were to be planted, yet should a way
+be made for his countrymen.
+
+"Soldiers," he said, "some of you fellow-citizens, and all of you
+fellow-workers in a great cause, I have no fear of you. I have good
+reason to know your persistence, and your undaunted courage. Our mother
+England needs us to-day. She has not demanded this work of us, for she
+has thought of us as children. Shall she find us grown to brawny
+manhood?" A deafening cheer rolled from rank to rank to answer him.
+"Foes assail her, and the enemy's hand is at her throat. Have we the
+glorious privilege of striking it down? Yes! To-day." Again cheer on
+cheer burst from the ranks, and rose above the roar of the cannon.
+"Then, let us spring to our work with nerves of steel, and arms of iron,
+and hearts of oak, like our ships that outride the storm, like our trees
+that laugh at the gale. But, look! it is we who command the gale, for it
+is our cannon that thunder. The enemy's--they are faint and fainter in
+reply. Their gates are broken down; their walls are broken down; their
+hearts quake within them, for all their gallant front. My brave
+soldiers, remember your comrades who lie here in their graves, and carry
+home to their sorrowing families the news that they have not died in
+vain; and carry home to your rejoicing families the assurance that you
+have not lived in vain. For more than that homes shall be peaceful, more
+than that hearts shall be happy, is it that religion shall be free. But
+one thing let us remember: strong hearts are not boastful; not in our
+own might do we go forth to this battle. '_Christo duec_,'--'with Christ
+for our leader,'--this is our courage. Our flag, whose motto ends with
+this, may well begin, '_Nil desperandum_--'Never despair.' We never have
+despaired; we have known only hope, and now hope is to become a
+certainty. On you rests the glory of making it so. On you. The enemy is
+ours _to-day_! Louisburg is ours TO-DAY! When you look toward the fleet
+and see the red flag at the mast-head of the 'Superbe;' when you look
+toward the hill and see the three columns of smoke rise up--then in your
+might, in the might of Christ, your Leader, march on! Fight! Conquer!
+And draw breath only within the walls of Louisburg!"
+
+In the tumult of applause that followed this appeal the commanders
+turned toward one another. Warren was about to go back to his ship and
+give the final orders for bringing the fleet into action at once; for
+the lengthening shadows gave warning that the day was waning, and that
+it was time for plan and speech to ripen into action. With a word of
+parting, they clasped hands briefly, and the Commodore had already
+turned to enter his boat, when, with his face toward the city, he
+suddenly stopped.
+
+"Look!" he said to Pepperell. "Who is that?"
+
+"A white flag, as I live!" cried the General, watching the captain in
+command of the advance battery, who was going forward to receive the
+French officer. "Yes," he continued, as Duchambou's letter was handed to
+him. "See! he asks time to consider terms of capitulation."
+
+After a few hasty orders, by which truce succeeded war, the commanders
+were seated in Pepperell's tent, their voices seeming to themselves to
+ring out strangely in the silence about them. The soldiers, flushed with
+desire for victory, rested upon their arms in an impatient acquiescence,
+and Pepperell himself, who, as a commander, rejoiced in the thought that
+bloodshed might be prevented, yet turned martial eyes upon his companion
+for a moment, and said, stifling a sigh:--
+
+"They'd have gone at it splendidly!"
+
+"Yes," answered the Commodore; "but this is better. Only we must not
+give those ships time to come up, or Duchambou may change his mind, and
+we may have our fight on worse terms."
+
+"I agree with you perfectly," answered Pepperell. "We will be no
+sticklers for trifles."
+
+Another boat beside the Commodore's had lain rocking on the tide in the
+shallow water while the General was speaking to his men. At the end of
+his address the oars were plied vigorously, and the boat shot out from
+the shore. Suddenly, by tacit consent, every oar hung poised on the
+boat's edge, and the stalwart rowers, bending forward with upturned
+faces, remained motionless, their eyes fastened upon some object on
+shore.
+
+"Yes, it's a white flag!" said one of them at last. "Truce? Aint we
+going to have a chance at the '_parley-vous_?'"
+
+A murmur of disappointment answered him.
+
+"I do believe they've struck," said another. And the oars began to be
+moved again, as if the sooner their work was over the sooner the pliers
+would learn what they were anxious to know.
+
+"What are you saying?" cried Mr. Royal. "What's that about truce?" he
+added to the man next him.
+
+"Don't know, sir," the man answered.
+
+"Don't you see the officer with the white flag going up to the General?"
+volunteered another.
+
+"Stop!" cried Mr. Royal, decidedly. "Wait a moment. If there's a truce,
+I'm not going to Canso yet." The boat was almost at the side of the
+waiting vessel, and the men exchanged looks of impatience, although they
+complied at once.
+
+"There's Col. Vaughan," said Nancy. "See! he's there beside the General,
+and he looks as cross as can be."
+
+"Then you may be sure the engagement is put off," returned Elizabeth.
+
+"I shall not leave yet. I will go back to shore," said her father, glad
+to return to a place which only consideration for his daughter's safety
+had induced him to leave at that time.
+
+They had just stepped upon the beach again when the General came up,
+accompanied by Commodore Warren.
+
+"They're going to surrender," said Pepperell to Elizabeth, as the two
+commanders bowed, and passed on hastily.
+
+So Elizabeth did not go to Canso, where the hospitals had been removed.
+In the light of after events she felt sometimes that it might have been
+better if she had gone.
+
+Two days later Pepperell marched into Louisburg, at the head of his
+troops. The French, who were to depart with the honors of war and to
+sail for France, were drawn up, as if on parade, to receive the
+victorious army. The colonial volunteers looked at the battered
+defences, which were still strong enough to have resisted them longer if
+a combined attack had not been threatened, and they said to one
+another:--
+
+"It takes our General to capture a Gibraltar. We should all have been in
+our graves if we had obeyed Governor Shirley, and begun by assault."
+
+From the window of a house overlooking the square, Elizabeth and her
+faithful attendant watched the whole ceremony of giving and taking
+formal possession of the city, the exchange of salutations between the
+French troops and their conquerors, and the departure of the former,
+with drums beating and colors flying, to embark for France under a
+twelve months' parole. When all was over, and she still sat there, her
+eyes full of proud tears at the glory of her country, a voice behind her
+said:--
+
+"Do you remember the agreement we made?"
+
+She turned, surprised, her lashes still wet.
+
+"I didn't hear you coming," she answered. "You mean when I said I should
+like to be invited to walk through Louisburg?"
+
+"Yes."
+
+"I should be glad, by and by, if you have leisure; although I suppose
+that everybody will have that now."
+
+He smiled. "If you saw Pepperell's tasks, you wouldn't think so."
+
+"Then, I suppose that you are busy, too, and everybody else?"
+
+"Yes. Shall I come for you at sunset?"
+
+The words seemed to sound over and over again in Elizabeth's
+ears,--words, in themselves, almost ungracious, but which his tone had
+made to mean, "No business ranks your pleasure." Already they had
+returned to the courtesies of peace. She could not answer in a different
+spirit; she must abide by the idle words he had remembered, and go. Her
+work here was over. Many of her patients had been sent home, and all
+were well cared for now.
+
+Sunset in the middle of June, and in that latitude, was only the
+burnished gate-way to a beautiful twilight that lingered as if loath to
+leave the land it loved. The city lay as tranquil as if no bombshell had
+ever burst over it, or no alien force now held possession of it.
+Soldiers were everywhere; but order reigned. Voices were heard, and
+laughter; but not even rudeness assailed the inhabitants, who, while
+waiting for transportation, had received a promise of protection in
+their shattered homes. These ventured out now, in the new immunity from
+cannon-balls, to examine the ruins of their city.
+
+"We've done a good deal of damage in six weeks to a fortress that it
+took thirty years to build," said Archdale to Elizabeth. "There are only
+three whole houses left in the city." As he spoke they were passing by
+gaping walls and shattered gun-carriages. They walked through entire
+streets where the buildings, all more or less demolished, showed at
+every point the cruelties of war. At one place they heard voices coming
+from a roofless dwelling, which proved that its inmates still called it
+home, and clung to the poor shelter that it gave.
+
+"Take care!" cried Stephen, drawing her back suddenly. And as he spoke,
+a stone from the high wall lost the balance it had precariously kept,
+and fell almost at her feet. "We will walk in the middle of the street,"
+he said, and they went on again, she leaning lightly on the arm he
+offered her through the ways rough and often obstructed. It all seemed
+like nothing else that had ever been with them, or ever would be with
+them again. The city, wrecked by the storm that had raged against it,
+lay in the stillness of hopelessness, and the moon that rose before the
+twilight had begun to fade made the calmness appear deeper in sight of
+the destruction that had brought death. It seemed to Elizabeth like
+Archdale's own life.
+
+"Do you know where Mr. Royal is?" he asked.
+
+"I am not anxious about him," she answered, with a smile. "He is well
+provided for in every way at General Pepperell's banquet." She stopped
+suddenly, and turned to Stephen. "That is where you ought to be, too,"
+she said; "and you are here on account of my thoughtless speech."
+
+"Not so at all," he answered, with decision. "To be walking here with
+you is what I like best."
+
+She understood that her knowledge of his suffering and her sympathy made
+this very natural. That evening for the first time they spoke of Katie.
+He said that it seemed strange to him that the thought of her had so
+little power over him.
+
+"It will all come back with the old life," she answered; "that seems
+broken now, but we shall take it up again."
+
+"Where we left it?" he asked.
+
+"I think so," she answered him.
+
+He said nothing, for he did not himself understand what it was that
+moved him so, and why he should be so eager to deny what must be true.
+Only one thing was clear to him: that nothing must break the peace of
+this evening. This was real in the midst of so much that seemed unreal,
+and beautiful in the midst of confusion. They went on for a time in a
+mood that Archdale dreaded to break in upon. But there was something
+that he must tell her, lest she should learn it in a still harder way.
+
+"I have news," he began at last, reluctantly.
+
+"News?" she cried. "From home? About any one there? Not bad?"
+
+"Yes, bad, but not from home at all. News that I wish you need never
+hear; but this cannot be helped; and I know all that can be known about
+the matter. Shall I tell you?"
+
+"Yes," she answered, faintly.
+
+"It is about Edmonson."
+
+"I thought so."
+
+"And Harwin."
+
+"Yes. They"--
+
+"They fought," he finished,--"yes. I don't know how they managed it, nor
+how Harwin could leave the fleet, but in some way he did." The speaker
+paused.
+
+"Well?" she said, tremulously, after a silence.
+
+"Harwin was killed." Archdale felt her hand tighten its grasp. "And
+Edmonson," he added. Suddenly she drew away from him, and looked at him
+searchingly, her breath coming unevenly.
+
+"What!" she gasped. "Both! Both of them! Two deaths! How could it be?
+Tell me what you mean."
+
+"That is what I mean. It is true. Edmonson, you remember, willed, at
+last, to recover, and he did so rapidly, that is, he was well enough to
+go about, though not to report for duty. How he and Harwin arranged
+matters, or met in the lonely spot in which they were found, I can't
+explain,--nobody can. Evidently, it was a duel, and it appears to have
+been without seconds, to make the matter more secret. Each must have
+given the other his death, for they were found--But I need not tell you
+all this."
+
+"Yes, tell me how you are sure that they both--died in the duel."
+
+"Edmonson must have given the death-wound first, for it seemed as if
+Harwin, in an expiring agony, had sprung upon him and stabbed him to the
+heart, as he fell himself." Elizabeth stood motionless, her face turned
+away and one hand over her eyes. "The news was brought to the General
+yesterday morning, and he sent me over to investigate," added Archdale
+after a pause, in which he had studied her with the utmost attention.
+
+Suddenly she turned quite away from him with a low moan. "It is
+terrible, terrible!" she said under her breath. "And I--I--Oh, take me
+back to the house!"
+
+As Archdale obeyed, they went on without speaking, she no longer holding
+his arm, but shrinking into herself as if she would have liked to be
+invisible altogether.
+
+"I think," she said at last, slowly, "that I ought to have been willing
+to go to Canso. Perhaps I could have prevented the meeting by having
+them watched, or in some way. Of course I can't tell. But I ought not to
+have been selfish, and ask to stay here."
+
+She had almost reached the house as she said this.
+
+"You, selfish!" he cried.
+
+But he fancied that she did not hear him, for she only repeated: "I
+ought not to have been so selfish," and after a moment, as she stepped
+upon the threshold, added, "Thank you; but I should not have gone if I
+had known. Good-night."
+
+He was alone in the moonlight; in a mood greatly at variance with the
+tranquil sky that he stood looking into vaguely. Was Elizabeth suffering
+only because she was connected, though so innocently, with this dreadful
+thing? Was this all? It must be. And yet,--and yet people could love
+where they despised,--there was Katie.
+
+Then he saw that not only sympathy for Elizabeth had made him speak, but
+the desire to see how Edmonson's death affected her. Well, after all, he
+had not seen anything clearly, and he was neither proud of himself, nor
+happy, as he walked away.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII.
+
+COMPENSATION.
+
+"Yes, Boston has gone wild," asserted Colonel Archdale a week after the
+news of the capture of Louisburg. He was in his brother's house, with
+Mr. Archdale, his wife, and Katie, as eager listeners. "And not only
+Boston," he went on, "but New York and Philadelphia, too. As to Boston,
+there has never been anything like it since the place was founded.
+Captain Bennett got in with the news about one o'clock the morning of
+the third. But they didn't fire the salvos until daylight. Then the
+bells rang--oh! how they rang!--and the streets filled like magic. The
+cannon fired, the people shouted and wept for pride and joy. All day
+long crowds kept pouring in from the towns round about, and at night
+there was not a house in the city or near it that was not illuminated.
+Pepperell's official report was very interesting. Part of it was read to
+the people; but I saw the document. He speaks handsomely of Commodore
+Warren, which was to be expected of him; and he says that he believes
+there never were such rains seen before, 'which,' he adds, 'is not
+perhaps to be wondered at, for we gave the town about nine thousand
+cannon-balls and six hundred bombs before it surrendered;' and he said,
+too, that 'the day of the flag of truce the fire from Island Battery
+made some of the gunners run into the sea for shelter.'"
+
+"Has Elizabeth returned?" asked Katie, after further details of the
+surrender had been given.
+
+"Yes; she came home with her father in Captain Bennett's ship. I saw her
+that same day."
+
+"How is she?"
+
+"Very well; she looks worn, however; she must have worked hard. She is a
+strange young lady,--very charming, though."
+
+"Yes, indeed; as good as gold," assented Katie, wondering if Elizabeth's
+fatigue had seriously injured her good looks. She wondered, also, if
+Stephen were any more reconciled to his fate. But she did not ask this.
+
+"I suppose Stephen has not come home yet," said her mother at the
+moment.
+
+"He will not be here at present. He wrote me that Pepperell needed him
+there."
+
+New England was full of the elation that a youth feels at having given
+evidence of manly prowess. For the idea of the expedition had been born
+in the colonial brain, and the enterprise had been carried through by
+colonial nerve, muscle, and endurance. The very sinews of war had come
+from New England. Days of thanksgiving were appointed. The soldiers who
+returned broken down by wounds or illness found welcome and aid, and the
+families of those who had died in the service were considered by some as
+opportunities for proving the gratitude they felt for victory. Europe
+was amazed at the exploit, and England had good reason to remember a
+conquest which counterbalanced the disasters that she had met with on
+the Continent, and was the best achievement of the war of 1744. News
+soon came that Warren had been made Admiral, and their own soldier,
+Pepperell, created a Baronet.
+
+One perfect afternoon in September Katie set out through the fields to
+her uncle's house. The walk was not too long when one went across lots.
+She would perhaps stay to tea, and then the Colonel would send her home.
+She felt that it was very nice in all the family not to resent her
+change of mind in regard to Stephen. That day she went on in happy mood.
+
+At last she crossed the little bridge over the creek, and walked slowly
+up to the house, wondering that she had found neither of her cousins on
+the river this beautiful day. They would have taken her across the
+stream, and saved her the distance down the bank to the bridge, and up
+the long avenue on the other side. But it was cool under the arching
+trees. She sauntered on. Exercise had brightened her color a little, but
+it was still as delicate as the petal of a rose; her eyes, too, were
+full of brightness; her mouth, with its beautiful curves, was
+bewitching. Altogether, a more graceful figure, in its white dress, and
+a more perfect face, had seldom made their way through a vista of summer
+foliage. Was it her fault if too critical an observer missed in the face
+those shadowy lines that nothing but thought can draw, and in the eyes
+that peculiar clear depth of shining that comes only when fires of pain
+have burned into the soul, and purified it, and made it luminous? The
+shadows of the great trees above her flickered over her face, and did
+their best to make up the defect, and her long lashes threw a beautiful
+shade around the bright brown eyes. A young life that suffering has
+never touched has a wonderful charm in its exemption. It is only when
+suffering fails in its work that something is missed in the face it has
+passed over.
+
+As she came near the house she saw that the hall door stood open. She
+thought that her uncle, or one of the girls, was there. With a smile of
+greeting she ran the few more steps up the avenue, and standing on the
+threshold, called merrily:--
+
+"Here am I! Where are you, somebody? Uncle Walter? Faith?" Then she gave
+a cry of surprise, and, holding out her hand without any embarrassment,
+said:--
+
+"Stephen! you at home? I hadn't heard of it. When did you come?"
+
+Archdale stood a moment motionless, looking at her fixedly. Then he came
+forward mechanically and took her hand, still staring at her, in what
+seemed to her a kind of bewilderment, until she again asked when he had
+returned, and hoped that he had escaped wounds and illness in the siege.
+
+"Yes," he said, at last, in what seemed to her an unnatural way, "I am
+quite well, thank you." After a pause he added, "I was coming this
+evening to see you all. I reached here only to-day."
+
+"Come back with me," she answered, "and"--she hesitated a moment, then,
+feeling that it was better for poor Stephen to have the encounter over
+at once, since he must bear the pain of it, she busied herself with
+looking through the open door of the drawing-room, and added,--"You will
+meet Lord Bulchester there; he is coming this evening." In spite of
+herself she turned pale, and her eyelids drooped.
+
+But Stephen held out his hand with a coolness that she told herself was
+admirably assumed.
+
+"I congratulate you," he said. "He is a much better match than I am. He
+is a good fellow, too, else I shouldn't be glad, my dear cousin." He had
+not called her cousin for years, not since their betrothal, and Katie
+looked up at him. Their eyes met.
+
+After her return that evening, and after Stephen had left his uncle's
+house, she sat talking listlessly with Lord Bulchester. She was thinking
+over the account of the death of Harwin and of Edmonson. She had learned
+the details that afternoon. They were dreadful, she thought.
+
+She perceived something of the truth as to this duel. She knew now, as
+she had told her mother before, that Harwin was not a man to love to his
+death; it was Elizabeth's suitor who had done that. And Katie, at the
+moment lightly touched by the crime and the horror, sat lost in
+contemplation of something that did move her deeply.
+
+"Yes," she said to herself, "it was she, not I, who had the power. And
+now? Yes, now, is it still not I? How very strange!"
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV.
+
+IN THE STORM.
+
+Drip! drip! fell the rain that day, two weeks after Stephen Archdale's
+return from Louisburg. It was an easterly drizzle that, looked at from
+the window, seemed to be merely time wasted, for the rain appeared to be
+amounting to nothing; but if one tried it, he found it chilling,
+penetrating, and gloomy enough. To Archdale, as he plodded through the
+muddy streets, Boston had never looked so dismal; yet within the last
+ten days he had tasted enough of its hospitality to have had the memory
+of its smiling faces lighten his gloom. But another memory overshadowed
+these. He had not been to see Mistress Royal during his stay in town. He
+wondered if this neglect seemed strange to her, or if she had not even
+noticed it. Of course, feted and flattered as she was, the heroine of
+the hour, though bearing her honors under protest, she had not wasted
+her thoughts upon him. He was doing her injustice here, and he felt sure
+of it; she had thought of his meetings with Katie. But her very sympathy
+was what he wanted least of all; it was as strong a defence as the walls
+of Louisburg.
+
+What did he want? Why had he not been to see her? Why should he go? The
+mist and dimness of the day were nothing to the obscurity in his own
+mind. All that he was quite sure of was, that whenever he had received
+an invitation, and the heroes of Louisburg had had lionizing enough, he
+had thought, first of all that he should meet Elizabeth Royal; yet when
+he had met her he had never talked much to her; but by stealth he had
+watched her constantly.
+
+That morning he was walking toward her home. Should he go in and ask for
+her? He slackened his steps as he drew near. But what should he say to
+her? Commonplaces? He went on.
+
+Elizabeth happened to go to the window as Archdale was disappearing down
+the street. Since his return an arrangement had been made to pay back
+the money that she had put into the Archdale firm, and a part of this
+had been already paid; the rest was to follow soon. It was no wonder
+that Mr. Archdale wanted to be rid of all thought of her, since she had
+made him lose what he valued most in the world. After a time she turned
+back to the open fire again and took up her book; but she did not read
+much. "Is it possible," she said to herself at last, "that it annoys me
+because he does not treat me as the rest do, as if I had done something
+wonderful? He knows better. And surely I have done him injury enough to
+make him wish never to see me again." Again she sat with her book in her
+lap and thinking. "There was a charm in that terrible life at Louisburg
+that I cannot find here," she said to herself at last. "I suppose I am
+not made for gayety. He was one of the figures in it, and he recalls it.
+But all that life has gone, and he with it." Then she was shocked at a
+disposition that could prefer bloodshed to peace. No; it certainly was
+not this: it was because for once she had been a little useful. She felt
+sure that Stephen Archdale had met Katie, and, as he went down the
+street past the house that rainy morning, Elizabeth's thoughts followed
+him with a pity all the more deep that it would be compelled to be
+forever silent.
+
+A week went by,--a week of weather that had all the sultriness of
+August. Mrs. Eveleigh, more amazed at each added day of this, predicted
+calamity, and urged Elizabeth to give up an excursion that she had
+promised to take down the harbor with a party of friends. Sir Temple and
+Lady Dacre, who had spent the summer in Canada, and had returned to
+Boston, were among the guests; indeed, the party had been made for them,
+and, as the dainty yacht sped out to sea, none were more pleased with
+it, and with being in it, than Lady Dacre.
+
+Archdale was nearer Mistress Royal than he had been since their walks
+and talks together at Louisburg. But Sir Temple Dacre had seized upon
+her almost at starting, and when the yacht ran ashore for the party to
+stroll under the trees on the point and to lunch there, the conversation
+was still going on. Sir Temple was asking Elizabeth about her late
+experiences and observations; he found the first very interesting, and
+the latter unusually keen.
+
+As the company grouped themselves upon the beach, however, Elizabeth
+found Archdale beside her.
+
+"I want you to see the waves from that point," he said. "It puts me in
+mind of one of the juttings of the shore up there."
+
+She walked on with him, and two of her companions, who had heard the
+remark, followed, desirous, as they said, to get a sight of anything
+that could give them a hint of Louisburg. Elizabeth would not spoil
+Archdale's satisfaction by saying that she saw no resemblance. She
+listened while he answered the questions of the others, and by
+suggestions and reminders she led him on to vivid descriptions of one of
+the incidents of the siege. In talking he constantly referred to her.
+"You remember," he said, sometimes; or at others, "You were not there;"
+or, again, "It was on such a day," recalling some event with which she
+was connected. It seemed to Archdale very soon when the summons came to
+lunch.
+
+"I haven't enjoyed myself so much for a long time. I hope we are not
+going home yet," protested Lady Dacre, as the party went on board again.
+
+"No, indeed!" cried Archdale. "Where should you like to go, Lady Dacre?"
+
+Her ladyship pointed to a line of shore a few miles distant. "Is that
+too far?"
+
+"Not if the wind holds good," returned another of the party so promptly
+that a sailor, who was about to speak, drew back again with a frown, and
+contented himself with muttering something to his companions.
+
+For a time the wind was fair; but when they had gone two-thirds of the
+distance it failed them. The boat lay, rocking a little, but with no
+onward progress, her sails hanging flabby and motionless. Gradually
+laughter and jest ceased from the lips of the pleasure-seekers.
+
+"A shower coming up," said Sir Temple Dacre, in a tone that he wished to
+make unconcerned. But it was not a mere shower that threatened, but
+something more awful in the brassy heavens, the stifling atmosphere, the
+clouds that had gathered with a swiftness unprecedented in that region.
+The air seemed to have receded behind the clouds to swell the fury of
+the tempest that was coming. The stillness was full of horror; it seemed
+like the uplifting of a weapon to strike. The reticence of the sailors
+was ominous. This calm had fallen so suddenly that the boat had not been
+able to reach land, or even water more sheltered. It must meet the full
+fury of the tempest.
+
+The lightning began to play incessantly. The thunder had a sound of
+struggle, as if the giant of the skies were breaking his fetters.
+
+At length the listeners heard a sullen roar more prolonged than the
+tempest, and the wind was upon them. The little vessel shivered and flew
+before it. It swept past the cove that the sailors had hoped to enter,
+and bore down with terrible speed toward the rocky coast beyond. The
+sails had been furled, but the wind and the water needed no aid. The
+rain came, a blinding deluge; the forked bolts seemed to have set the
+air on fire; the crash of the thunder and the roar of the wind and the
+water all mingled together.
+
+The company had scattered. Only a few had gone into the little cabin,
+the rest preferring to take what small chance the freedom of the deck
+might give them. With all conventionalities swept away, they were
+themselves as their companions had never seen them before and never
+would again. Some were crouched on the deck, with sobs and cries for
+help; some knelt in silent prayer, and others sat with a stoicism of
+bearing that their paleness and anxious eyes showed was superficial.
+
+Elizabeth, with an unconquerable desire to meet death upon her feet,
+stood clinging to the mast. She had thrust her arm through a rope about
+it, and so could resist the wind which, as she stood, was somewhat
+broken to her by the mast. Archdale, catching by one thing and another,
+came toward her. Slipping one arm into the rope, he put the other about
+her in a firm support.
+
+She looked up at him. She remembered him as she had seen him during the
+siege, imperturbable in a storm of shot. "You have faced death many
+times before," she said.
+
+"Never with you beside me. The dread of this is that I cannot save you."
+And then, as he looked at her, all that he had come to understand, and
+had meant to break to her so slowly, lest she should be startled away
+from him, broke from him at once in impetuous speech. "But death with
+you, Elizabeth," he cried, "is better to me than life without you. I
+have known it for only a little time; I can't tell how long it has been
+true. But, in face of death, you shall know it. Don't think me fickle.
+You know better than any one else how I played out that game to the
+bitter end,--no, the happy end,--for at this moment I would rather stand
+here five minutes and speak out my heart to you, and feel that you love
+me, and die in your love, Elizabeth, than spend a long life by Katie
+Archdale's side. My darling, I am selfish. I would send you away to
+safety if I could; but I must be glad to have you here beside me." For
+she was clinging to him, and her head, that had from the first been bent
+to avoid the wind, was almost upon his shoulder. A moment ago he had
+thought that this would be enough to comfort him if she did not turn
+from him; now it was not even the beginning, it was only a divine
+possibility. He bent over her. "Before it is too late, my darling," he
+said.
+
+But she did not speak. Only, after a moment, she raised her head, and
+their eyes met.
+
+The wind shrieked in its fury, the water seethed and hissed, and the
+boat rushed on toward the rocks. The two turned their eyes away to watch
+the sea, and then back again upon each other.
+
+"It is the water that unites us again," said Archdale, "and this time
+forever. My wife, kiss me once here before eternity come."
+
+"Have you no hope?" she asked him.
+
+"It is cruel," he answered. "No, I have none. When we touch the rocks
+the boat will go to pieces in an instant. And look at the sea." She
+raised her lips to his as he bent over her; no color came into her face;
+she was already at the gates of death. She spoke a few low words to
+Archdale, and then they stood together in silence.
+
+Through the blackness of the storm they saw the turrets of foam where
+the water was raging over the hidden rocks. Elizabeth shivered. "My
+father!" she said, brokenly. Stephen could speak no word of comfort. He
+could only clasp her more closely as they waited for the fatal crash.
+His eyes now rested upon hers, and now measured the distance between the
+boat and the breakers.
+
+"What does it mean?" he cried at last. "We are not going directly upon
+them now! Can the wind have veered? O God! is there any chance? any of
+life with you, Elizabeth? No, it cannot be." His voice had an
+unsteadiness that his conviction of the destruction that they were
+rushing upon had not given it.
+
+The wind had veered, and in veering had fallen a very little. It no
+longer rained in such torrents; but the rain had been a discomfort
+unnoticed in the danger. The wind, still furious, and the rocks which
+they were nearing, left no one in the boat, thought for the rain.
+
+It grew a little lighter. The vessel gave herself a shake, not like the
+straining of the moments before, and rushed on. Yet the wind had lost
+something of its force, and it was not now driving directly against the
+rocks, as Archdale had seen. It might veer and fall still more before
+they should be reached. There was still terrible danger; but there was,
+at least, one chance of escape.
+
+So the minutes went by. The rocks grew plainer to the watchers until it
+seemed to them probable that they were passing over the outermost ones.
+But, if the boat could round the point before her without striking, it
+would find a smoother shore beyond.
+
+With the brightening of the prospect Elizabeth had drawn away from
+Archdale, and they had joined the others who had revived a little in the
+new hope. All were breathless with suspense, for the next few moments
+were more full of instant peril than those that had gone before. At any
+moment they might strike, and then--half a mile or more of foaming water
+between them and the shore, while the two frail boats that they had to
+make the passage in would not hold them all.
+
+The storm on shore was remembered for years as something nearer a
+tropical hurricane than had been known ever to have visited New England.
+
+The boat swept on. Once there came a sound that made the listeners
+shiver, but the keel grated and passed over, the point was rounded, and
+they entered calmer water, wild enough, however, and found the wind
+still falling and the place more sheltered.
+
+But it was not for some time, and not without great danger in the
+passage, that all the party stepped again upon land.
+
+They were miles away from their homes, and must find present shelter,
+and such conveyance as they could.
+
+On the way to a farm-house that had opened its doors to them, Archdale,
+who had been helping in getting the company on shore, joined Elizabeth.
+He took the shawl that she was carrying and threw it over his arm,
+making use of the opportunity to say a few words to her in an undertone.
+
+He never forgot the expression with which she looked up at him.
+Embarrassment and amusement threw a veil over her gratitude for their
+safety, and over that new force in her that danger had revealed.
+
+"You would not have had everything all your own way so readily," she
+said, "if--if--I mean, I--I should not have"--She stopped.
+
+A terrible fear seized upon Archdale.
+
+"You regret what you said? You did not mean it, Elizabeth?" His lips
+were dry. He spoke with difficulty. It had seemed to him too wonderful
+for belief.
+
+She gave him one swift glance that set his heart aglow. She slipped her
+hand into his proffered arm, and went on demurely in the drenched
+procession.
+
+END.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[E] Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk.
+
+
+
+
+THE ORIOLE.
+
+BY CLINTON SCOLLARD.
+
+
+    Oriole, sitting asway
+    High on an emerald spray,
+        Why that melodious zest,
+        Bird of the beautiful breast,
+    Bright as the dawn of the day?
+
+    What are the words that you say?--
+    "Sing and be merry with May,
+        Since to be merry is best,"
+              Oriole?
+
+    Winter has wasted away;
+    Gone are the skies that were gray:
+        Hear the glad bird near its nest!
+        Come let us join in its jest,--
+    Join in the joy of the gay
+              Oriole!
+
+
+
+
+A TRIP AROUND CAPE ANN.
+
+BY ELIZABETH PORTER GOULD.
+
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Gordon allowed no summer to pass without going with their
+family to some place noted for its beautiful or historical attractions.
+Their ten days' stay in Nantucket, in July, 1883, as well as their
+intelligent sojourn in Concord the following summer, had been to them a
+fruitful source of many an hour's conversation and pleasure.
+
+And now the summer of 1885 was approaching, and where should they go? To
+be sure they could not have the delightful company of Miss Ray, the
+young lady who had been with them for several seasons, for she had
+married, and gone to reside in Colorado. But their daughter Bessie was
+still with them, and also their son Tom. He was now a student in the
+Institute of Technology. This constituted the Gordon family.
+
+After a little discussion, it was decided to yield to Mrs. Gordon's
+desire to visit the home of her childhood, Manchester, Mass., and take
+what she had not taken for twenty years, a ride round the Cape. Bessie
+and Tom had never taken this trip, and Manchester was a good place to
+start from. These were two important considerations which finally
+decided the matter.
+
+As they finished talking, Mrs. Gordon, in her zeal for historical truth,
+begged that whenever they thought of or wrote the name of the Cape, they
+would spell it with an _e_. She could not imagine Queen Anne spelling
+her name Ann.
+
+"Indeed," she added, "your Uncle Tenney in his 'Coronation' spells it
+with an _e_, and so does Smith's 'Narrative,' the first document which
+tells of it. That should be authority, surely."
+
+When the middle of July came, the Gordons started, as they had planned
+to do, to go to the home of Mrs. Gordon's mother in Manchester (now so
+well known as Manchester-by-the-Sea), on old High Street. The town had
+changed the name of this street to Washington, but the old lady could
+not be tempted to call it so, for she had always lived on High Street,
+indeed was born there, and she didn't see "why it wasn't the same street
+that it always was." The good-sized brick house in which she lived was
+particularly dear to Mrs. Gordon, since in it she first saw the light
+of this world, and in it some of her pleasantest child-days had been
+spent. So when upon their arrival she saw Tom boyishly stop to swing on
+the linked iron chains which marked the front entrance to the house, she
+herself was swinging on them, as in the olden days.
+
+Upon entering the house, she found herself spontaneously going, just as
+she used to do, through the hall to the piazza on the back of the house,
+to catch a glimpse of the fresh green garden, with its summer
+houses--one of which enclosed the well--which to her youthful eye had
+been so grand. How prettily the nasturtiums, growing over the wall,
+adorned the time-honored lane by the house! No wonder that they had
+caught the artistic eye of Enneking. For these nasturtiums, with the
+dear old lane which had known her childish feet, the large elm tree, and
+even a portion of the house itself, as caught by his genius, had greeted
+her eye when a short time before she had been in New York city. Then the
+house had another and peculiar interest, since it had been dedicated,
+like a church. A relative of hers, a well-to-do sea-captain, had built
+it some fifty years ago, and although he was no professor of religion,
+yet he conceived this idea concerning it. Perhaps the size of the house
+had suggested this to him, since it was a large one for those days.
+Everybody thought it was so strange to have the minister come and hold a
+regular dedication service. The house was full of people to witness it.
+But when, many years afterward, the first services of a church which was
+formed from the old one were held in the parlors of this very house,
+many thought Captain Allen's act prophetic.
+
+The morning after the arrival of the Gordon family at this interesting
+brick house, familiar to all old frequenters of Manchester, Mr. Gordon
+made arrangements for a ride around the town. Every year, he said, had
+something new to show. They went first in the direction of Gale's Point.
+The sight of the comfortable Smith farm, where Mrs. Gordon used to visit
+when a girl, brought to her mind the fact that the whole of this Gale's
+Point, where now there were no less than sixteen fine houses was then a
+part of this farm known as Major's Smith's pasture land. It could have
+been bought for a mere song. But now some of the land had brought over
+six thousand dollars an acre. How she did wish that her father had been
+far-seeing enough to have bought up all this shore when he could have
+done so for a mere pittance!
+
+They stopped every little while to enjoy the fine ocean-views which the
+Point afforded. Mr. Gordon's business eye was noticing every
+improvement.
+
+"They'll miss it," he said, as they passed in sight of the observatory
+on Doctor Bartol's place across the stream, "if they do not build a
+bridge over to Tuck's Landing. People then could drive directly there
+from Point Rocks here, instead of going way round through the town. It
+must come in time. It will come."
+
+He seemed thus to have settled the matter, as far as himself was
+concerned; and then wondered why that little wooden building was being
+erected on the landing owned by the town. He found out its use, however,
+when, a few weeks later, he was an invited guest to one of the annual
+picnics held by the "Elder Brethren." These gatherings, he learned, had
+become quite an institution for the mingling of fish chowders and bright
+speeches.
+
+Continuing their drive, they soon paused in front of the Howe place, for
+its fine sea-view, and, later on, by the Black residence, for the added
+inland view. The sight of Lobster Cove brought to mind the many good
+picnics once enjoyed there. Soon Gale's Point was behind them, and they
+were driving past the Masconomo, the hotel which gives such a pretty
+background of human interest to Old Neck beach. This Indian name
+suggested Indian history to Mrs. Gordon. She was so surprised that her
+children were ignorant of Masconomo, the sagamore of Agawam.
+
+"Why, this town ought to have been named Masconomo," she added, after
+having told them of his kind treatment of Governor Endicott's men, when
+in 1630 they landed on these, his shores. "I am glad that Mr. Booth
+remembered him when he built this hotel. I thanked him once for it."
+
+As she finished speaking, she called attention to the quaint,
+sloping-roof house perched upon a large, high rock, which they were then
+passing. This was the one which Mr. James T. Fields had built and
+occupied a number of summers before his death. The sight of it brought
+to mind some pleasant little experiences of her friendship with him,
+which she related as they continued their drive down the Old Neck road.
+On this they passed the house, perhaps a hundred years old, now owned
+and occupied by John Gilbert, the actor. A little further on they came
+to the Towne place, which, through the courtesy of its owner, gave them
+a good look at Eagle Head and the pretty houses which dot the
+surrounding shore. Returning, they drove for a while on the singing
+sands of Old Neck beach, before going back through the town towards West
+Manchester to Doctor Bartol's observatory. On reaching that, through the
+kindness of the venerable doctor, they were privileged to view from the
+top its fine outlook.
+
+"What a short distance to Gale's Point," exclaimed Tom pointing in that
+direction, "but what a long ride round!"
+
+"That's what I said," responded his father. "The bridge must come."
+
+After driving through one or two of the neighboring places, and also
+through the Higginson woods, where as yet there was but one house, they
+drove back to the centre of the town. Before returning home they spent
+some little time in Allen's favorite corner-store, where they indulged
+with its genial owner--who was an old friend of Mrs. Gordon's--in
+pleasant reminiscences. He told them much of the present condition of
+the town, and of its projected changes. He said that the taxes, which
+had been as high as thirteen or fourteen dollars a thousand, and as low
+as four dollars and eighty cents, were just now six dollars and ten
+cents a thousand. He greatly interested Bessie and Tom by telling
+amusing and even thrilling anecdotes of some old ancestors of theirs who
+had been prominent in town affairs. He told of one in particular, an old
+sea-captain, who was captured by the British in the revolutionary war
+for being an American; how he suffered everything while incarcerated in
+Dartmoor prison, rather than deny his birthright. The originality of
+this old "grandsir," as he was called, also interested them. He always
+called the gentry, or the "upper ten," the "Qual." This was his name for
+the quality, as others called them. Tom was specially pleased to hear
+that the farm which he owned and lived on was still owned and occupied
+by his descendants, having been in the same family name since 1640. What
+is called "Leach Mountain" belongs to the estate.
+
+As the Gordons were leaving the friend who had so entertained them, he
+invited them to go in the afternoon to the Essex woods to see the
+Agassiz rock, and the immense boulder near it. This invitation they were
+happy to accept. Bessie was the only one of the party who had visited
+the place. She had taken a trip there the summer before with a party of
+scientific people, and had not wearied in speaking of its peculiar
+characteristics. No wonder that Agassiz himself had come to see it, and
+expressed his admiration for it. Then such an immense boulder resting
+upon another boulder and bearing upon its summit a thrifty pine tree,
+was certainly a wonder. And they all thought so too, when in the
+afternoon they were climbing the rough ladder (manufactured by two
+Manchester gentlemen for the purpose) to obtain the views over all the
+trees of the town, and islands, with the ocean winding in and out. They
+found it hard to believe that such boulders found in thick woods could
+have been borne hither in ages gone by, by the force of the waters of
+the sea. But Tom declared, with a student's air which did not escape his
+father's attention, that since they all showed the marks of glacial
+action, it must have been so. After visiting this novel freak of nature,
+they drove up through the Essex woods. These woods of nearly four miles
+in length were especially dear to Mrs. Gordon, since they were so
+associated with good times of her youth. She silently thanked the
+far-seeing people who, to preserve them from the hand of the wood-cutter
+had secured a portion on each side of the road.
+
+These drives around Manchester led her to reflect how the town was
+improving under the influence of its summer residents. New roads had
+been made, and one long since closed had been reopened. Bessie had told
+of this the summer before, when she had driven over its several miles of
+woods to the Chebacco lakes. The streets were now lighted and watered,
+and even some of the fences had been removed. This she considered a
+great improvement. Indeed, since her visit to Williamstown, and other
+towns in the Berkshire hills, she could not be wholly satisfied with any
+place seeking beauty as long as the houses were shut in by fences. She
+looked upon these as relics of barbarism, necessary only to primitive or
+disorderly regions. To be sure she did not see but four or five of the
+eleven or twelve cabinet manufactories which she used to see, but she
+saw a public library well patronized by the nearly two thousand
+inhabitants.
+
+The large cobble-stones in front of some of the houses so attracted
+Tom's attention that they all decided to go the next day to Cobble-stone
+Beach to see these "hard-boiled eggs of the sea" which the ocean for
+ages had been rounding into perfect shape. This they did before they
+went to Norman's Woe to enjoy, with a party of friends, an old-fashioned
+picnic. While sitting on the rocks at Norman's Woe, Tom, at Bessie's
+request, recited The Wreck of the Hesperus. She could never think of the
+one without the other, the poet had so immortalized it.
+
+They had several yacht sails, one day going as far as Marblehead Neck,
+where they landed, and enjoyed the hospitality of the Club House. Their
+swift return to Manchester in less than an hour's time was a great
+pleasure. But the days were going, and they were yet to go round the
+Cape. The day that was finally set for this purpose proved to be one of
+the loveliest of the season. By nine o'clock they were driving through
+the Manchester woods, where every now and then the sweet wild roses
+greeted them by the roadside. As Mrs. Gordon looked in among the stately
+pines she felt as never before the steady friendship of nature. The
+thought rested her. These old trees were as true to her to-day as they
+were years ago. She soon saw in the distance on Graves' Beach the house
+which the poet Dana, as one of the first summer residents, had built
+some forty years ago. This was still in the Dana name, and the one near
+it was the summer-house of the poet's grandson and his wife, the
+daughter of Longfellow.
+
+Later they passed the Manchester poorhouse, with its good ocean-view,
+and caught a glimpse of Baker's island. When they came to a small pond
+by the roadside, separated from the salt water by only a narrow strip of
+land, Mrs. Gordon recalled how, when it was owned by the town (it now
+belonged to the Jefferson Coolidge estate), she and her brother used to
+gather its pond-lilies with the pink-tinted leaves. They were thought to
+be extra fine. Just before they reached the Crescent beach in Magnolia,
+they saw among the trees on the right the summer home of James Freeman
+Clarke. After pausing for a good look at Magnolia with its Hesperus, its
+Sea-View hotels, and its pretty cottages in the distance, and passing
+the boundary stone between Manchester and Gloucester, they found
+themselves in the Gloucester woods. They drove leisurely along to enjoy
+their fragrance. They passed the swamp where the magnolia plant grows,
+away from its Virginia home. Bessie, the day before, had seen for the
+first time in her life, in a garden in the village, its white fragrant
+blossoms on a plant which had successfully thrived, after having been
+transplanted from this swamp. Others had thrived as well, much to the
+delight of their owners.
+
+Upon nearing Gloucester, the rocks became more apparent. The beautiful
+Hovey place on the right gave particular satisfaction to Mr. Gordon for
+its combination of woods, ocean-view, and look of solid comfort.
+
+Soon Gloucester harbor, with Eastern Point lighthouse in the distance,
+came before them. Then they crossed the little narrow bridge under which
+the Massachusetts and Ipswich Bays meet. Tom had curiosity enough to
+notice that the Ipswich was then running into the Massachusetts.
+
+After passing the Pavilion Hotel, and driving through Gloucester's main
+street with its busy outlook, they came to the Rockport road, with its
+quaint houses, resembling those of Marblehead. While on this road they
+saw, off on the right, Bass Rock, where was the summer home of Elizabeth
+Stuart Phelps.
+
+Just before entering Rockport the rocks were so many and connected that,
+if they had chosen, they could have walked to the highway on Ipswich Bay
+on them alone. No wonder that such a place was called Rockport.
+
+While in the town they went to the Cove to see something of the
+extensive fish business carried on there. They walked on to the Point,
+to see the old fort which, in the time of the revolutionary war,
+contained enough plucky men to seize a barge with men and a cannon,
+which a passing British man of War sent to besiege them. The men were
+taken to Gloucester, but the cannon was left there where it remained
+until it found a better place in the town-hall yard. There, all
+renovated, it now stands as a precious relic of American pluck.
+
+Mr. Gordon was interested to see where the breakwater was to be, for
+which government had been petitioned. This he considered a necessity
+sure to come.
+
+From Rockport they went on to Pigeon Cove, passing on the way
+thrifty-looking houses, the Rockport Granite Company quarries, and also
+those of the Pigeon Cove Company.
+
+After having done justice to the good dinner which the Pigeon Cove House
+afforded, they continued their ride around the Cape. Driving on to
+Phillips Avenue, they passed the Ocean View House, and later the summer
+home of Sara Jewett, the actress. Next to this was the house of the late
+Doctor Chapin, who was a pioneer in Pigeon Cove as a summer resident.
+After passing other cottages, and some boarding-houses, they came to
+Halibut Point, the extreme point of Cape Ann. Here they alighted, and
+went down on the rocks, and spent some time, on this perfect summer day,
+in enjoying the grand old ocean. They then retraced their steps, and
+were soon driving past more pretty cottages nestling among the pine
+trees, surrounded by wild roses and well-directed care, until they come
+out to the main road again. They then drove through Folly Cove, a
+fishing-place facing Ipswich Bay, and also Lanesville, where they saw
+work going on in the Lanesville Granite Company quarries. At Bay View
+they visited the Cape Ann quarries. Here they saw the model of the
+Flying Mercury, which, cut in granite, had just been sent on to the new
+post-office in Baltimore. They also saw some granite balusters being
+made for the same place. All this reminded Mrs. Gordon of her visit here
+some fourteen years before, when she had seen the workmen cutting the
+eagle for the Boston post-office. The polishing of the granite attracted
+their attention. They learned that it took three days of constant
+rubbing of sand and water over the granite by machine to obtain the
+polish required. They next visited the place of General B. F. Butler,
+near there, and also the one adjoining it of Colonel Jonas French.
+Thence they returned to Gloucester, through the pretty winding road by
+the Squam river, leaving the village of Annisquam, connected by a
+bridge, at the right. They arrived in Manchester in the early evening,
+delighted with their all-day trip. Mrs. Gordon had enjoyed the striking
+and many changes which the twenty years had brought; while Mr. Gordon
+was more than ever convinced of the value of this shore to those seeking
+the beauty and healing strength of woods. They lingered a day or two
+longer in Manchester, in which they enjoyed a moonlight stroll on the
+beach, as well as a long, interesting drive all over Beverly Farms.
+While driving through Franklin Haven's beautiful grounds, which he so
+generously opens to the public, they, with others who had gone before
+them, gratefully appreciated this privilege of seeing such beauty away
+from the public thoroughfare. "In a peculiar sense," mused Mrs. Gordon,
+"such men are benefactors. They rest the tired eye, and calm the
+troubled nature."
+
+The Gordons returned to their suburban Boston home wiser than they left
+it. And they are fully determined to take another trip next summer. (If
+they do, the readers of the _New England Magazine_ shall hear of it.)
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+_Socialism in America and Europe._ It is a spectacle quite too sad for
+laughter, and yet too comical for tears, which was offered a few weeks
+ago by the unemployed and hungry thousands who disturbed the quiet and
+alarmed the fears of the people of London. That strange and unlooked-for
+outbreak was probably only the first act in a drama the end of which we
+have not yet seen. If "coming events cast their shadows before," what
+has happened in England, and is constantly happening in other European
+countries and in America, bodes ill for the stability of governments and
+the peace of the world. Socialistic theories fill the air, disturb the
+minds, and inflame the passions of men. Socialism, in one or other of
+its forms, counts its disciples by tens of thousands on both sides of
+the Atlantic. With the majority it is a dim and indistinct craving after
+an ideal condition of society, without any intelligent conception as to
+how it is to be reached and realized. The acknowledged lights and
+leaders of the movement, however, teach it as a philosophy, preach it as
+a gospel, advocate and practise it as a new style of social refinement,
+or labor for its adoption and establishment as a desirable scheme of
+social reform. There are philosophical socialists, and Christian
+socialists, and aesthetic socialists, and socialists whose dream can only
+be fulfilled by a general overturning of the existing order of things
+with a view to a more just and equitable distribution of wealth, labor,
+liberty, and happiness. They disagree in many things very radically, but
+they are all captured by one ideal and animated by one ambition, and it
+is a sublime and beautiful conception too, being nothing less than the
+consummation of human happiness--so far as such a thing is possible--and
+the creation of a heaven upon earth. Socialism contemplates a condition
+of society in which not only all shall share equally in work, profit,
+property, and enjoyment, but in which there will be no "capitalists, no
+middle-men, no rent-taking, and no interest-drawing, and if there is any
+wage-paying, only such wage as is a due and full equivalent for the
+portion of work done, which shall be measured by the exigencies of the
+community, and shall be so assessed and paid for as to leave no margin
+of profit to any but _actual_ workers;" a state of society, in a word,
+on which all kinds of toil, the lowest as well as the highest, will be
+so pleasant and agreeable as to be no toil at all. With so high and
+admirable an aim, it seems a pity that socialism can find no better way
+to fulfil itself than by a resort to lawlessness and violence.
+Notwithstanding all that has been said, sung, and written in its favor,
+especially in the two great English-speaking countries, it may still be
+described as "a thing with its head in the clouds and its feet in the
+intolerable mud." However, our business with our fellow-beings, as
+Spinoza said, is not to censure them, nor to deplore them, but simply to
+understand them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_The Chinese Problem_ is one which is beset with so many
+difficulties--moral, social, religious, industrial, economic,
+international--that most thoughtful persons, probably, would prefer to
+leave it alone if the indulgence of private feeling in the matter could
+be made consistent with an adequate sense of public duty. As things have
+been, and still continue to be, however, silence is impossible. The
+question presses for solution, from many sides, with a painful
+persistency, and the further shelving of it would scarcely be good
+policy. Here in New England the problem may not confront us in that
+sternly practical aspect which it every day wears to the citizens of the
+Pacific Coast, and in other parts of the country, where considerable
+Chinese populations affect the industrial interests of the local
+communities. Nevertheless, its stable and satisfactory settlement is
+quite as much our concern as theirs. Indeed, recent incidents in and
+near Boston have made this perfectly plain. It is very true that the
+perpetration of outrage and violence on harmless and unoffending
+foreigners would not be tolerated for a moment by the public sentiment
+and lawful authorities of the New England and other Eastern States; but,
+in the judgment of other nations, not a section of the American people,
+but the whole nation, however unjustly, will be made to bear the
+responsibility of such lawless demonstrations of feeling as have
+recently taken place in the West, and endure the discredit and reproach
+of them.
+
+Aside, therefore, altogether from the purely domestic bearing of this
+painful subject, there are strong and sufficient reasons why some
+immediate measures should be taken for the mitigation or removal of this
+grave national trouble. It is certainly not easy to say what is best to
+be done. Pride and prejudice of race is one of the most deep-seated and
+ineradicable of human infirmities, and one of the most difficult to deal
+with, especially when conjoined and complicated with other motives and
+passions equally, if not more, powerful. But, while the recent message
+of President Cleveland to Congress shows significantly enough how
+difficult the problem appears to a high-souled, benevolent minded, and
+practical statesman, it also contributes some valuable suggestions
+towards its solution, in the carrying out of which it is to be earnestly
+hoped he will be vigorously supported and assisted by congressional
+action.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_A Short History of Napoleon the First._[F] Naturally gifted with a fine
+faculty for historical criticism, and possessing an uncommon breadth and
+completeness of information in that department of historical research
+which his professional duties have called him specially to cultivate,
+Professor Seeley's historical judgments have acquired a weight and
+authority quite their own. We were, therefore, prepared, before opening
+this book, to find in its pages a careful and discriminating estimate of
+the military career and character of the Child of the Revolution,--and
+we have not been disappointed. The task Professor Seeley set himself was
+one requiring as much courage as intelligence and critical skill; and he
+has displayed all these qualities in a most admirable manner, with the
+result that a great historical problem has been appreciably advanced
+towards its true solution. Mr. Seeley is quite aware of the difficult
+and delicate nature of his undertaking. This feeling betrays itself
+constantly. "He lends himself readily to unmeasured panegyric or
+invective," says the Professor, "but scarcely any historical person is
+so difficult to measure." Again: "No one can question that he leaves far
+behind him the Turennes, Marlboroughs, and Fredericks, but when we bring
+up for comparison an Alexander, a Hannibal, a Caesar, a Charles, we find
+in the single point of marvellousness Napoleon surpassing them all.
+Every one of those heroes was born to a position of exceptional
+advantage. Two of them inherited thrones; Hannibal inherited a position
+royal in all but the name; Caesar inherited an eminent position in a
+great empire. But Napoleon, who rose as high as any of them, began life
+as an obscure provincial, almost as a man without a country. It is the
+marvellousness which paralyzes our judgment. We seem to see at once a
+genius beyond all estimate, a unique character and a fortune utterly
+unaccountable."
+
+But, while admitting that the personality and the fortune of Napoleon
+were both alike surprising, Mr. Seeley contends that it is only the
+accidental combination of both which has impressed and captivated the
+imagination of mankind; and he believes that the separation of these
+factors by a calm exercise of the judgment will greatly simplify the
+problem and reduce the marvel of the great soldier's achievements. There
+will, of course, be some divergence of opinion as to this, but it seems
+to us that, on the whole, it is a judgment which subsequent historians
+will be likely to accept without serious modifications. It can hardly be
+called an absolutely impartial judgment. At no more than a distance of
+seventy years from Waterloo, that was not in the nature of things
+possible, if indeed it will ever be. The historian that would tell the
+story of the French Revolution, and estimate the character and result
+of Napoleon's military and political action, without bias or betrayal of
+personal sympathy or antipathy, would be a most extraordinary person; he
+could not be an Englishman; he could not be a Frenchman; he could not be
+a German; he could scarcely be an American, for obvious reasons. Bearing
+this in mind we cannot but think that Mr. Seeley has achieved
+considerable success in the difficult task he has undertaken in the
+later and more valuable portion of his book. Fully admitting, as he
+does, Napoleon's extraordinary military talents, his astonishing
+versatility and fruitfulness of resource, the promptitude, rapidity, and
+unerring precision of his movements, Mr. Seeley maintains that what is
+really marvellous is the remarkable combination of favorable
+circumstances which at the outset furnished his field, and the equally
+remarkable flow of good fortune which made him so successful in it.
+Commenting on the brilliant victory of Marengo, which the professor
+designates "his crowning victory," he says, "Genius is prodigally
+displayed, and yet an immense margin is left for fortune." He points out
+Napoleon's superstitious belief in his own unfailing good luck, and
+shows how, by expecting results entirely unwarranted by the
+probabilities, as at Leipsic, for instance, his strange hallucination
+finally proved ruinous to himself and to France.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The thanks of all lovers of literature are due to our enterprising
+contemporary, the _Century_, for securing and presenting to the public
+the opinions of leading American journalists, authors, and scholars on
+the subject of international copyright. The truly laudable endeavor of
+the _Century_ Company to obtain for the noble army of thinkers and
+writers on both sides the Atlantic the protection they desire and
+deserve will, it is hoped, not prove vain and futile. That any immediate
+and satisfactory step will be taken in this direction is scarcely to be
+expected. But the discussion of the question, in the form presented by
+the _Century_, will, at least, do something to break up the supineness
+and indifference of the reading public. That once done, some substantial
+redress of an old-standing grievance will not be much longer delayed.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[F] Boston: Roberts Brothers.
+
+
+
+
+EDUCATION.
+
+
+In determining a nation's place and power in the great work of modern
+civilization, it is not necessary to take into consideration the extent
+of its territory, the number of its population, the richness of its
+resources, the extent and prosperity of its commerce, the wealth of its
+people, the sufficiency of its naval and military defences, or even the
+form of its government and the character of its political institutions;
+the decision must mainly turn on the thoroughness, completeness, and
+comprehensiveness of its educational machinery and work. Judged by this
+standard the United States may fairly claim to be assigned a foremost
+place in the great community of enlightened and progressive modern
+peoples. It is very true that the high schools, colleges, and
+universities of the country cannot boast a great historic past; that
+they can scarcely be said to be so completely equipped and munificently
+endowed as many of the English and German seats of learning; but these
+disadvantages of a young and growing nation will, in course of time,
+diminish and disappear, while newer and happier educational methods,
+employed in a freer and more favorable field, will be sure to produce
+results not hitherto achieved in this most important department of human
+enterprise and activity.
+
+The attention of the American nation is being turned, as never before,
+to the question of education; the wealth of the nation is being
+literally poured forth upon a scale and with a munificence unprecedented
+perhaps in the history of the world. "In the single decade, from 1870 to
+1880," says Dr. Warren, President of the Boston University, in his
+report for the year 1884-85, "private individuals in the United States
+consecrated to educational purposes, by free gift and devise, more than
+thirty millions of dollars." This fact, taken in conjunction with the
+truly noble deed of "the Hon. Leland Stanford, who by one act set apart
+for the founding and equipping of a new University in California the
+magnificent endowment of twenty millions of dollars," speaks volumes.
+The educational future of America was never so full of promise as
+to-day.
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL RECORD.
+
+
+January 15.--Annual meeting of the American Statistical Society, at
+Boston. Officers were elected as follows: President, Francis A. Walker;
+vice-presidents, George C. Shattuck and Hamilton A. Hill; corresponding
+secretary, Edward Atkinson; recording secretary, Carroll D. Wright;
+treasurer, Lyman Mason; librarian, Julius L. Clarke; counsellors, J. R.
+Chadwick, Benjamin F. Nourse, John Ward Dean; committee on publication,
+R. W. Ward, Walter C. Wright, C. D. Bradlee; finance committee, Lyman
+Mason, D. A. Gleason, Otis Clapp. Edward Atkinson read a paper in which
+he discussed the question of the cost of living, and showed that the
+tendency, recent and present, has been, and is, an ameliorating one.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 16.--The Salem Athenaeum proprietors held a meeting to take
+action on the proposed consolidation of its library with the several
+other private collections, for the nucleus of a public library. The
+proposition had already been accepted by the Essex Institute, and a
+committee appointed to confer with other societies. There was some
+discussion, and a committee, consisting of William Mack, the Rev. E. B.
+Willson, John Robinson, T. Frank Hunt, and Charles Osgood, was chosen by
+a vote of 41 to 10 to carry out the project of consolidation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 18.--Annual meeting of the Webster Historical Society, at the
+Old South Meeting-house, in Boston. Officers were elected as follows:--
+
+President, the Hon. Joshua L. Chamberlain, of Maine.
+
+Vice-Presidents.--The Hon. Alexander H. Rice, Massachusetts; the Hon.
+George F. Edmunds, Vermont; the Rev. Noah Porter, Connecticut; the Hon.
+Henry Howard, Rhode Island; the Hon. Austin F. Pike, New Hampshire; the
+Hon. James G. Blaine, Maine; the Hon. Thomas F. Bayard, Delaware; the
+Hon. William M. Evarts, New York; the Hon. J. Henry Stickney, Maryland;
+the Hon. D. W. Manchester, Ohio; the Hon. John Wentworth, Illinois; the
+Hon. Lucius F. Hubbard, Minnesota; the Hon. J. C. Welling, District of
+Columbia; the Hon. George C. Ludlow, New Jersey; General William T.
+Sherman, Missouri; Dr. Edward W. Jenks, Michigan; Capt. Clinton B.
+Sears, Tennessee; the Hon. Joseph B. Young, Iowa; the Hon. Horace Noyes,
+West Virginia; the Hon. James H. Campbell, Pennsylvania; the Hon.
+William H. Baker, New Mexico, and the Rev. Charles M. Blake, California.
+
+Executive Committee.--The Hon. Stephen M. Allen, Edward F. Thayer,
+Nathaniel W. Ladd, the Hon. Edmund H. Bennett, and the Hon. Albert
+Palmer.
+
+Finance Committee.--The Hon. Nathaniel F. Safford, William B. Wood,
+Henry P. Kidder, Edward F. Thayer, and the Hon. Alexander H. Rice.
+
+Historiographers.--The Rev. William C. Winslow, the Rev. Edward J.
+Young, and the Rev. Thomas A. Hyde.
+
+Committee on Future Work.--The Hon. Nathaniel F. Safford, the Hon. E. S.
+Tobey, Stillman B. Allen, the Hon. Mellen Chamberlain, and Thomas H.
+Cummings, Esq.
+
+Treasurer.--Francis M. Boutwell.
+
+Recording Clerk.--Nathaniel W. Ladd.
+
+Corresponding Secretary.--Thomas H. Cummings.
+
+Actuary.--William H. Colcord.
+
+The annual address, entitled "Daniel Webster as an Orator," was then
+delivered by the Rev. Thomas Alexander Hyde.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 18.--At Lowell, Mass., the Joint Special Committee of the City
+Council, appointed to consider the expediency of observing April 1, the
+fiftieth anniversary of the city's incorporation, by a formal
+celebration, decided that it was expedient. James Russel Lowell, who is
+a nephew of Francis Cabot Lowell, the founder of the city, will probably
+deliver the oration.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 28, 29.--A serious ice-storm did great havoc among trees in many
+of the cities and towns of New England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+February 11.--Meeting of the Mass. Historical Society, the Rev. Dr.
+Ellis, the president, being in the chair. The death of Francis E.
+Parker, who had been for twenty-three years a member of the society,
+called forth earnest words from those who were intimately associated
+with him.
+
+Mr. Quincy presented to the cabinet of the society a piece of
+Shakspere's mulberry-tree, which had been cut from a block that belonged
+to David Garrick, and was sealed with his seal (a head of Shakspere), as
+a witness of its authenticity. This block was presented to the
+distinguished actor by the mayor, aldermen, and burgesses of Stratford,
+at the famous jubilee of 1769. Mr. Quincy gave a short sketch of Robert
+Balmanno, a Shaksperian scholar and collector, who possessed the
+original block, with Garrick's seal upon it, and whose affidavit is
+attached to the piece given to the society. The Hon. R. C. Winthrop
+presented to the society a large framed photograph of Daniel Webster,
+taken from an original crayon portrait which has been hanging on his own
+walls for forty years. The latter was drawn by Eastman Johnson at Mr.
+Winthrop's request, and at the very time that Healy was taking a
+likeness in oil for the royal gallery at Versailles. The sittings, which
+lasted about a week, were held in one of the old committee-rooms of
+Congress, down in the crypts of the Capitol. The crayon, when finished,
+elicited expressions of admiration from some of the most intimate
+friends of Mr. Webster, and it was afterwards lithographed; but this
+photograph is better, and is hardly less impressive than the original.
+The president read a letter of sympathy prepared to be sent to Gov.
+Hutchinson on his departure for England by some prominent citizens of
+Milton. An indignant protest from other citizens compelled the
+retraction of this letter before it was sent. These papers will appear
+in a history of Milton now in preparation. Mr. Deane offered a
+resolution from the Council that a committee be appointed to inquire
+into the value and extent of the labors of Mr. B. F. Stevens in
+publishing from the archives of the states of Europe the diplomatic
+correspondence and other papers relating to the United States between
+1772 and 1784, and to report whether or not it be desirable for this
+society to take any action to encourage the work. Mr. Winsor and Dr.
+Green were appointed members of this committee. Dr. Moore moved that a
+letter once written by a committee of this society on the centennial
+celebration of the settlement of Boston, which does not appear on its
+records, be reproduced in the proceedings, since the action of this
+society was the first step which led to that interesting celebration.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+February 13.--Meeting of the New England Historical Genealogical
+Society, President Wilder in the chair. The historiographer announced
+the decease of members, of which information had been received, viz.:
+Ashael Woodward, M.D., at Franklin, Conn., December 30, 1885; Ariel Low,
+at Boston, January 5, 1886; Nahum Capen, LL.D., at Dorchester, January
+8; Francis Walker Bacon, at Boston, January 17; Edmund Batchelder
+Dearborn, at Boston, January 22; Henry Perkins Kidder, at New York,
+January 28. The corresponding secretary made a statement as to some of
+the more valuable gifts of books for the month, the donation of chief
+value being a full set of Force's "American Archives," from the Hon. M.
+P. Wilder. The secretary, the Rev. Mr. Slafter, also made a statement
+concerning the proposition recently made by Mr. Benjamin F. Stevens, an
+antiquarian of local celebrity, formerly resident in Vermont, but now in
+England. He has made a collection of titles of manuscripts relating to
+American affairs during the period from 1772 to 1784, which manuscripts
+are in the government archives of England, France, Holland, and Spain,
+and number 80,000 or more. Many of them are of the first historical
+importance, and have never been published. The proposition is that
+Congress shall be induced to take some measures for the printing of
+these indexes and the more important of the manuscripts. The society, on
+Mr. Slafter's motion, adopted a resolution in favor of the project, and
+appointed a committee to cooeperate with other committees or societies in
+urging the matter at Washington. Mr. Slafter declined being chairman of
+the committee, and it was made up as follows: Abner C. Goodell, John
+Ward Dean, Albert H. Hoyt, Edmund F. Slafter, and Charles L. Flint. The
+historical essay of the session was read by Mr. S. Brainard Pratt, of
+Boston, and its subject was "The Bible in New England." In referring to
+the use of the Bible in the Sunday service, by reading of selections
+therefrom, he said this was for a long time resisted. The first reading
+of the kind was in the Brattle-street Church, in Boston, in 1699, and it
+was regarded as an audacious innovation, as savoring of Presbyterianism,
+and being but little better than Episcopalianism in disguise. The next
+church to adopt the practice was that of South Reading, in 1645, and the
+next was in 1669, when the Old South Church, in Boston, took up with it.
+The progress of the movement was very slow, as is indicated by these
+facts, and the fact that in the South Parish Church, of Ipswich, there
+was no reading of Scripture, as a part of the service, until the year
+1826. The essayist said there have been 326 versions, of varying
+editions, of the New and Old Testaments, or both, published in New
+England, namely: In Rhode Island, 1; Maine, 12; Vermont, 18; New
+Hampshire, 25; Connecticut, 83; Massachusetts, 187. There yet remains
+one in manuscript, of great interest, which the enterprise and wealth of
+Boston have never yet given to the world in type. That is the version
+prepared by Cotton Mather, and the manuscript of which is in the
+possession of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+February 13-16.--Floods did great damage in Boston and other places in
+Eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
+
+
+
+
+NECROLOGY.
+
+
+January 16.--Death of Henry W. Hudson, LL.D., at Cambridge, from
+exhaustion following a slight surgical operation. He was one of the most
+noted Shaksperian scholars in the world. He was born in Cornwall, Vt.,
+January 28, 1814. His early life was, like that of so many other Green
+Mountain boys, one of poverty, struggle for a livelihood and an
+education, till finally he had gained his much-coveted collegiate
+training, and began life as a teacher in the South. He became interested
+in Shakspere, studying the plays with only the slight aids then within
+his reach. Almost immediately he fell to work upon his critical analysis
+of the dramatist, which he delivered in the form of lectures at
+Huntsville, and afterwards at Mobile and Cincinnati. In the fall of 1844
+he came to Boston, and was constantly engaged in delivering his
+Shaksperian lectures, during the following winter, in Boston and the
+chief neighboring cities. The succeeding year they were repeated in
+Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington. George S. Hillard, Theodore
+Parker, Dr. Chandler Robbins, and Mr. Emerson became deeply interested
+in him. His lectures were first published in 1848, and were dedicated to
+Richard H. Dana. Mr. Hudson was admitted to the diaconate in the
+Episcopal Church by Bishop Whittingham, in Trinity Church, New York, in
+1849. He was still more or less engaged in literary pursuits, and in
+1852 became and continued for nearly three years the editor of the
+_Churchman_, a weekly religious journal then published in New York.
+Subsequently he originated the _Church Monthly_, which he edited a year
+or two. His only parochial charge has been that of St. Michael's,
+Litchfield, Conn., assumed in 1858 and retained until 1860. It was in
+1851 that his first edition of "Shakspere's Plays" appeared, in eleven
+volumes, after the form and style of the Chiswick edition of 1826. In
+1852 he married Miss Emily S. Bright, daughter of Henry Bright, of
+Northampton. In 1862 he became chaplain in the New York Volunteer
+Engineers. From 1865 Mr. Hudson lived principally in Cambridge,
+frequently officiating in parish churches on Sundays, but principally
+devoting himself to the teaching of Shakspere and other English authors,
+in Boston and the immediate neighborhood. He was for a long time a
+lecturer on English literature at the Boston University. A few years ago
+he received the degree of LL.D., from Middlebury College. For two years
+he was the editor of the _Saturday Evening Gazette_. In 1870 Messrs.
+Ginn & Heath became his publishers, and brought out his "School
+Shakspere" in three volumes, containing seven plays each. In 1872 he put
+into two volumes the substance of his earlier volumes on "Shakspere's
+Characters," revising, condensing, rewriting his earlier work, parts of
+which he had outgrown, and presenting his final opinions, under the
+title of Shakspere's "Life, Art, and Characters," which he dedicated to
+his friend, Mr. Joseph Burnett, of Southboro'. It is but a few years
+since his "Harvard Shakspere" was brought out.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 17.--Death of the Hon. Hosea Doton, of Woodstock, Vt., aged
+seventy-four. He was a man of wide reputation as a mathematician and
+civil engineer, and had long been in correspondence with leading
+scientists in different parts of the country. His work in determining
+altitudes of Vermont mountains is accepted as authority. For
+thirty-eight years he made astronomical calculations for the _Vermont
+Register_, also many years for the _New Hampshire Register_, and had
+long kept a meteorological record for the Smithsonian Institute.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 18.--Death of the Rev. Jacob Hood, at his residence in
+Lynnfield. He passed his ninety-fourth birthday on Christmas-day last.
+He was born in Lynnfield, December 25, 1791, and moved to Salem in 1820,
+where he was master of the old East School in 1822, remaining until
+1835, at a salary of $600 per year. He taught an old-fashioned
+singing-school in Salem from 1835 to 1850, and hundreds of his old
+pupils in Essex county delight to speak of him as "Master Hood." He
+returned to Lynnfield in May, 1865, where he had quietly resided since,
+respected and beloved by all around him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Sudden death, in Boston, of Francis Edward Parker. He was the only son
+of the Rev. Dr. Nathan Parker, minister of the Unitarian Church at
+Portsmouth, N.H., and was born in that city, July 23, 1821. He was
+educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, and from thence came to Harvard
+College, where he graduated in 1841 with the highest honors of his
+class. He studied his profession in the law-school at Cambridge, and in
+the office of the late Mr. Richard H. Dana, and on his admission to the
+bar, about 1846, he formed a professional connection with that gentleman
+which continued until Mr. Dana's appointment to the office of United
+States District Attorney, in 1861. He early gained a good position as a
+lawyer, but his tastes led him more to chamber practice and to the
+management of trust estates than to the conflicts of the court-room,
+although he never entirely gave up the latter. As a trust lawyer he
+stood in the front rank of the profession, and no one was intrusted
+with greater and more momentous interests, and no one's judgment was
+relied on with more implicit confidence on difficult and delicate
+questions. In 1865 he was a member of the State Senate. For many years
+he was a member of the School Committee and an Overseer of the Poor, and
+rendered efficient services in those positions. He was long an active
+officer of the Boston Provident Association, and at the time of his
+death had been for many years one of the most influential members of the
+Board of Overseers of Harvard University.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 19.--Death, at Springfield, Mass., of Benjamin Weaver, one of
+the founders of the _Springfield Union_. He was the most active and
+influential Democrat in that city.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 21.--The Hon. Samuel Metcalf Wheeler, a prominent citizen of
+Dover, N.H., died after a protracted illness. He was born in Newport,
+N.H., May 11, 1823; educated in the seminary at Claremont, N.H., the
+military academy at Windsor, Vt., and the Newbury Seminary; studied law;
+was admitted to the bar in 1847; soon after moved to Dover, and became a
+partner with ex-Congressman Hall. In 1858 the partnership was dissolved.
+He represented Dover in the Legislature for five years; was a member of
+the Constitutional Convention, Speaker of the House; was a candidate for
+Congress in the Republican Convention in the First District, twice being
+defeated by only one vote, and he received the honorary degree of M.A.
+from Dartmouth. He was at one time president of the Dover National Bank.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 23.--Death at Chester, Vt., of Deacon A. B. Martin, well-known
+and much respected through that region. He was aged sixty-three. He was
+formerly a member of the State Legislature, and had held a number of
+offices of trust.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 28.--Death in New York of Henry P. Kidder, the Boston banker. He
+was born in Boston, in 1821. During his youth he received the
+common-school education of those days, displaying in his studies much of
+the keen sagacity and clearness of intellect which characterized his
+future business career. Although never a college student, he was always
+what may justly be termed a well-read man, and, indeed, a learned one.
+At fifteen years of age he went a mere boy into the wholesale grocery
+house of Coolidge & Haskell, a firm well-known to many of Boston's
+older residents. In his capacity as clerk he displayed a marked ability,
+and won for himself the commendation of his employers. In 1842 Charles
+Head obtained for him a position in the banking-house of John E. Thayer
+& Brother. In twelve years he became a partner, and so continued until
+1865, when a new firm was started, under the present name of Kidder,
+Peabody, & Co. Twenty years of unexampled prosperity have placed it in
+the foremost rank of America's banking establishments.
+
+Mr. Kidder always shrank from publicity, and led a thoroughly domestic
+life. He, however, was a Republican delegate to the National Republican
+Convention in Chicago in 1884. He was president of the American
+Unitarian Association, Treasurer of the Museum of Fine Arts, State
+Trustee of the Massachusetts General Hospital, President of the
+Children's Mission, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Young Men's
+Christian Union, and was also connected with most of the charitable
+institutions and organizations of the city. He had been for many years
+one of the leading members of the South Congregational Church, and one
+of its committee, taking a most active part in the work of the society.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 31.--Death, at Marblehead, of Adoniram C. Orne, a well-known and
+highly respected citizen of that town, at the age of 74. He was one of
+the earliest shoe-manufacturers in Marblehead, and a public-spirited
+citizen, many important local improvements having been suggested and
+carried into effect by his persistent efforts. He was a consistent
+advocate of temperance, and was the author of several statistical
+pamphlets on the subject, some of which are recognized as authority, and
+have a wide circulation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+February 7.--Death, at Worcester, of Hon. Peter C. Bacon, of the law
+firm of Bacon, Hopkins, & Bacon. He was born in Dudley, in 1804. He was
+the son of Jeptha Bacon. He graduated from Brown University in 1827, and
+later read law at the New Haven Law School, and in the office of Davis &
+Allen, in Worcester. He was admitted to the bar in 1830, and commenced
+to practise in his native place, but soon removed to Oxford, where he
+went into partnership with Ira M. Barton, who subsequently became Judge
+Barton. In 1845 Mr. Bacon came to Worcester, and had ever since been the
+leading member of the bar. Since his admission to the bar, fifty-six
+years ago, Mr. Bacon's office has been a training-school for the youth
+of the profession, and among his old students are reckoned some of the
+leading lawyers of the State. Nearly one-half the lawyers in Worcester
+were formerly students under him, and there is scarcely a State in the
+Union that has not some representatives from this great law-office.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+February 7.--Death, in Boston, of John G. Webster. He was born at
+Portsmouth, N.H., on the 8th of April, 1811, and was, therefore, nearly
+75 years of age. He was a distant kinsman of Daniel Webster. His
+paternal grandmother was a kinsman of John Locke, the English
+philosopher and metaphysician. His maternal ancestors, from whom he
+received his middle name,--the Gerrisbes,--emigrated from England to
+this country in 1640.
+
+Mr. Webster's early education was in the schools of Portsmouth, N.H.,
+and at a boarding-school of five hundred or six hundred boys, at South
+Berwick, Me., which he was obliged to leave at the age of fourteen to
+serve as clerk and book-keeper in a village store. In 1841 Mr. Webster
+came to Boston and joined his brother, David Locke Webster, who had for
+several years been engaged in the leather business, and they established
+the firm of Webster & Co., with a joint capital of $12,000; the same
+firm is still in existence, one of the oldest, if not the oldest in the
+same line of business in the city of Boston. In 1845 the firm built a
+tannery and leather manufactory in Malden, which covered about one acre
+of ground. The same business now occupies an area of between twelve and
+fifteen acres. Mr. Webster was in former years one of the most active
+business men in this vicinity, engaged in many other enterprises outside
+of his regular business. He was one of the incorporators of the Malden
+Bank; was its president for several years; was one of the incorporators
+of the Malden & Melrose Gas Company, and one of the Suffolk Horse
+Railroad Company, since consolidated with the Metropolitan, of which he
+was a director and the treasurer for some years. He was director and
+treasurer of the Boston, Revere Beach, & Lynn Railroad from its
+incorporation to the year 1880. He was a member of the City Council of
+Boston in 1855 and 1856. He represented his ward in the Legislature of
+Massachusetts in 1857, and again in 1880 and 1881.
+
+Mr. Webster, when a young man, was in sympathy with the Whig party; but,
+on the organization of the Free Soil party, became its earnest
+supporter, and so continued until the formation of the Republican party,
+of which he remained an ardent advocate until the day of his death.
+
+His only son, Frederick G. Webster, in the year 1863, while yet a minor,
+was tendered by Governor Andrew a commission as Lieutenant of the
+Fifty-fourth Massachusetts,--Colonel Shaw's regiment,--one of the first
+regiments of colored troops organized in the country. He accepted his
+commission. Mr. Webster was too patriotic, too much devoted to the good
+cause, to withhold his consent that his son should enter the army, and
+the young man joined his regiment at Folly Island, South Carolina. In an
+engagement which occurred soon after the captain of the company was
+killed, and Lieutenant Webster took the place of his fallen superior,
+and his comrades testify that he filled it with intrepid courage and
+efficiency throughout the battle. Subsequently he fell sick with typhoid
+fever, was taken to the hospital at Beaufort, S.C., and there died,
+before his father could reach him. Mr. Webster leaves a widow and four
+grown daughters, sorrow-stricken at his sudden and unexpected decease.
+
+Any one who knew Mr. Webster in connection with charitable and
+philanthropic work must testify to the gentle, loving kindness of his
+nature and to his ready sympathy with the sorrows and misfortunes of his
+fellow-creatures, and with every good work intended to ameliorate their
+condition. He was one of the original members of the Citizens' Law and
+Order League, was one of its first vice-presidents, and remained one of
+its officers to the day of his death. He was the treasurer of the
+National League, and the secretary bears testimony to his unfailing
+interest in the good work, to his thorough sympathy and hearty
+cooeperation in all efforts to mitigate the evils of intemperance. No
+member of the League devoted more earnest zeal and self-sacrificing
+labor to promote the reforms initiated by the League. He was a member of
+the Public School Association, and a postal-card invitation to a meeting
+of that Association, on Saturday last, bore his name in connection with
+that of the Rev. Edward Everett Hale and several other gentlemen.
+
+On Wednesday last Mr. Webster was out. On that evening he was feeling a
+little ill, and postponed engagements which he had made for Thursday. He
+supposed his illness only temporary, and expected to be out on Friday
+and again on Saturday. When his family retired Saturday night they bade
+him good-night, and he told them that he felt better. At three o'clock
+in the morning they were awakened, and, hurrying to his room, found that
+he apparently had difficulty about breathing, and in a few minutes he
+passed quietly away without speaking. Mr. Webster was a member of the
+New or Swedenborgian Church, and held to that faith very strongly. He
+was a believer that departed spirits still hover about their friends and
+assist them in the good which they are endeavoring to accomplish. If
+such be the case, many a good cause in Boston to-day is being helped by
+his presence, although he is gone from us forever.
+
+
+
+
+IN OLDEN TIMES.
+
+
+In Wickford, Rhode Island, is what is claimed to be the oldest Episcopal
+church in America. It was built in 1707, and was once stolen and
+transported a distance of seven miles. It was originally built on what
+was then called McSparren Hill, but in the course of seventy-five years
+the population had changed so that most of the worshippers came from
+Wickford, seven miles away. The proposition to remove the church was
+first made at a vestry meeting, but was so bitterly opposed by the few
+members who yet remained on McSparren Hill that the Wickford faction
+resolved on a _coup d'etat_. The road from where the church stood to
+Wickford was all down hill. They mustered their forces one evening,
+collected all the oxen in the vicinity, placed the house on wheels, and,
+while the opposing faction were soundly sleeping in their beds, hauled
+the holy edifice to the spot where it now stands, and where it has since
+remained. As it was utterly impossible to move the house back up the
+hill again, the surprised hill residents could only vent their rage in
+unchurchly language. Although the old building is still standing, the
+present society worship in a more modern edifice.
+
+The house built by Elnathan Osborn, in 1696, still stands in Danbury,
+Connecticut. One of the Osborns was six years old when General Tryon's
+British troops visited the place. The lad came home from school to find
+the house full of redcoats. They were making free with the contents of
+the buttery. The boy attempted to back out, when one of the men called
+to him, "Come in, lad, we won't hurt you." "Is there any cider in the
+house?" asked the soldier. The boy took out a large wooden bowl, went
+down cellar, and filled it several times with apple juice for the men.
+When the British fired the village, a few hours later, there was no
+torch applied to the home of Elnathan Osborn. The house still stands at
+the foot of Main street. It is a low, hip-roofed house, studded with
+enormous beams, and lighted with tiny diamond window-panes.
+
+The oldest building in Boston is said to be the one which stands at the
+corner of Moon and Sun Court streets. It was built in 1677, and conveyed
+by Benjamin Rawlings to Ralph Barger, February 8, 1699, for L45, New
+England currency, as per record in Registry of Deeds, lib. 19, fol. 270.
+
+John Hollis, Braintree, who died in 1718, left, as is recorded in the
+inventory of his estate, "one baptising suit."
+
+Edwin D. Mead, of Boston, is to give a course of six lectures on "The
+Pilgrim Fathers," before the students of Bates College at Lewiston, Me.
+The lectures will begin March 1, and will be open to the public.
+
+The New Haven Colony Historical Society has for its officers Simeon E.
+Baldwin president, ex-Governor English vice president, Thomas R.
+Trowbridge, Jr., secretary, Robert Peck treasurer, and a board of
+twenty-five directors.
+
+A lively discussion has been started as to which is the oldest church in
+Connecticut. Stamford claims that its church that just celebrated its
+two hundred and fiftieth anniversary was the first organized on
+Connecticut soil. An old pastor of the First Church of Hartford writes
+to claim that that church was organized in 1633, and that the two
+hundred and fiftieth anniversary was celebrated in 1883. Stamford does
+not deny that the Hartford Church may have been organized in 1633, but
+says it was not in Connecticut at that time.
+
+Hartford, Conn., has a public library of thirty-six thousand volumes,
+but it costs anybody five dollars a year to get books out of it, and
+there are only six hundred people in the whole city who care to pay that
+price for its privileges.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+OLD MARRIAGE RECORDS.
+
+The following authentic list of marriages, by the Rev. Thomas Skinner,
+second pastor of the Congregational Church in Westchester parish, in the
+town of Colchester, Conn., is furnished for use in the NEW ENGLAND
+MAGAZINE, by Mr. Martin L. Roberts, of New Haven, Conn.:--
+
+1755.--Sept. 1, Caleb Loomis, Jr., and Ann Strong; Ezra Bigelow and
+Hannah Strong.--Sept. 24, John Carrier and Hannah Knowlton.
+
+1756.--Nov. 5, Rev. Ephraim Little and Mrs. Abigail Bulkley.
+
+1758.--Jan. 4, Policarphus Smith and Dorothy Skinner; John Mitchell and
+Hepzibah Shepardson.--Jan. 24, Jacob Smith and Jemima Fuller.--April,
+Joshua Bailey and Ann Foot.--April 27, Samuel Brown of East Hampton and
+Elizabeth Brainerd.--May 4, William Chamberlain, Jr., and Mary Day;
+Bezaleel Brainerd and Hannah Brainerd.
+
+1759.--Paul Gates and Mehitable Rogers; ----, Jehiel Fuller and Sarah
+Day; ----, Daniel Shipman and Elizabeth Hartman.--July 10, John Bigelow
+and Hannah Douglas.--Nov. 8, John Murray and Desire Sawyer.--Dec. 6,
+Noah Day and Ann Loomis.
+
+1760.--David Bigelow and Patience Foote.--April, Roswell Knowlton and
+Ann Dutton.--May 7, Thomas Chipman and Bethiah Fuller.--May 29, Levi
+Gates and Lydia Crocker.--Dec. 9, Lazarus Watrous and Lois Loomis.--Dec.
+24, Hezekiah Waterman and Joanna Isham.
+
+1764.--Jan. 8, David Bigelow and Mary Brainerd; Benjamin Morgan and
+Elizabeth Isham.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AN EARLY BELL IN SALISBURY.--The town records of Salisbury, Mass.,
+under date of 3, 1st mo. 1647: "it was ordered yt Richard North shall
+have fivetie shillings for ringing the bell tow yeares & a half past &
+twenty shillings to ring it one yeare more, beginning att Aprill next
+ensueing." A year previous it was "voated to daube the meeting house."
+
+A. T.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE BOUNDARY LINE BETWEEN MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW HAMPSHIRE.--A committee
+appointed by the freemen of Salisbury, Mass., in 1658, to determine the
+boundary between Salisbury and Hampton (between Massachusetts and New
+Hampshire), reported, "the sayed line is very darke & doubtful to us."
+The same can be said in 1886, two hundred and thirty-three years later.
+
+A. T.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The occasional revival of an old Indian name for an hotel, club, or
+street should interest every American. Indeed, such names should be more
+frequently revived than they are, to connect us in our history with the
+Indian who preceded us. They also have an educational value. For it is a
+fact that many, upon hearing, for the first time, of the _Mas'cono'mo_
+and _Nan'nepash'emet_ hotels at Manchester-by-the-Sea and Marblehead
+respectively, have been led to seek for the origin of the names, and in
+this way have made their first acquaintance with the old Indian chiefs
+who held full sway where the hotels now stand. It is possible that many
+have been led to look up Indian history still farther since the new
+_Algonquin_ Club was formed in Boston.
+
+It is to be regretted that so many of the full-of-meaning, musical
+Indian names ever should have been replaced by such commonplace English
+ones as are now frequently met with. Who can say that _Chelsea_ is an
+improvement on sweet _Win'nisim'met_? Or that the slight elevation which
+joins that city to Everett, called _Mount Washington_ (how ludicrous
+that must strike strangers who are familiar with _the_ Mount
+Washington!), was not better as _Sagamore Hill_, the Indian name for it?
+Some of its public-spirited inhabitants are going back to that; and they
+dare to prophesy that, by the time Chelsea is a part of Boston as the
+_Winnisimmet District_, it will have no other name.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE AND ART.
+
+
+The value of town histories is a subject which has been editorially
+considered more than once in this magazine. Recognizing the importance
+of these local histories in their relations to New England history in
+general, it always gives us pleasure to note the additions which are
+made from time to time to this department of historical literature. Such
+an addition has recently been made in consequence of the centennial
+anniversary of the town of Heath, Franklin county, Mass., which was
+observed on the nineteenth of August last, the historical addresses with
+other matter having been just published in a neat volume[G] of about one
+hundred and sixty pages.
+
+Heath, which was named from General William Heath, is a striking example
+of the decadence of the New England hill towns, its population having
+fallen from eleven hundred and ninety-nine in the year 1830, to five
+hundred and sixty-eight at present. The site of old Fort Shirley is in
+the township. Fifty years ago, the town afforded an unusual proportion
+of its population to the professional ranks, and was noted for its
+religious and educational influence and patronage. The two principal
+addresses given in the book are by John H. Thompson, Esq., of Chicago,
+and Rev. C. E. Dickinson, of Marietta, Ohio, and will be found valuable
+to the general reader, as well as to the native of the town. Excepting
+some typographical errors, the book is a model of such a work, and
+reflects credit on the editor, Mr. E. P. Guild.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Leaves from a Lawyer's Life, Afloat and Ashore_, contains some very
+interesting personal reminiscences of the War of the Rebellion, and aims
+to supplement and correct the too meagre and often inaccurate accounts
+of "the naval and military forces whose services, sufferings, and
+sacrifices" are there passed in review. The theme is popular and
+inspiring, and the story is vigorously and eloquently told. The author
+adopts a style of narrative admirably adapted to preserve the "many
+honorable recollections" he records, and rescue from oblivion a number
+of interesting facts which he complains "are fast vanishing into gloom."
+The opening chapter, written from fulness of knowledge, and with a clear
+perception of the relative value and importance of facts, will repay
+careful perusal, notwithstanding all that has recently appeared in
+popular American serials on the subject of the Civil War. In the
+account it gives of the blockade of the Atlantic and Gulf ports, after
+the notification of Flag Officer Pendergast, at Hampton Roads, April 30,
+1861, we have a splendid illustration of the manner in which, in a great
+national crisis, a lack of resources is made up for by energy, bravery,
+and businesslike despatch. The account of the chase of the gold-laden
+steamer R. E. Lee, under the command of the daring Captain Wilkinson, by
+the Federal steamer Iroquois, is very exciting; and the charm thus felt
+at the outset is evenly distributed and remarkably well sustained
+throughout the book. Mr. Cowley's work is valuable, as supplying a place
+not filled by any of the larger and more pretentious histories of the
+late war. Full of vivid description, spicy detail, felicitous citation,
+and sparkling anecdote, _Leaves from a Lawyer's Life_ is sure to prove a
+genuine source of pleasure to a wide circle of readers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_The Origin of Republican Form of Government._[H] This book discusses in
+an historico-philosophical vein the genesis, growth, and development of
+the constitution of the American Republic, and the exposition attempted
+in its pages, if not exhaustive, is yet lucid, masterly, and suggestive.
+While unable to admit the soundness of some of the author's premises, or
+to acquiesce in all his conclusions, we are glad to recognize the high
+value of his contribution to the literature of a profoundly interesting
+subject, which hitherto can hardly be said to have monopolized the
+attention and thought of American historians. The author is probably
+wrong in thinking that in the pages of his interesting little book he is
+pursuing an almost entirely untravelled path, but there can be no doubt
+that considerable credit is due to him, for pointing out the exceeding
+fruitfulness of a too much neglected field of historical inquiry. The
+chapters on the political and religious causes of the Revolution are
+worthy of a careful reading, and indeed we cordially commend the book as
+a whole to all who wish to know the "record of their country's birth,"
+and the constitutional guaranties of their personal "peace, liberty and
+safety."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Battle of the Bush_,[I] by Robert B. Caverly, is a series of historical
+dramas published in pamphlet form, to be subsequently consolidated,
+according to the advertisement of the publisher, "into a neat volume of
+about three hundred and fifty pages." To those in love with the curious
+legends and romantic incidents of early colonial history this work in
+its present attractive form will be especially welcome. The simplicity
+as well as savagery of Indian life is here placed in conjunction and
+contrast with the sober domestic manners and customs, high-toned
+morality and religion of the early Pilgrim people. The various
+relations between the two, incident to neighborhood, trade, and
+intercourse,--relations sometimes of friendship and sometimes of
+conflict,--are often strikingly exhibited, and the author succeeds in
+awakening a genuine interest in those old-time affairs. The beautiful
+illustrations which enrich the work give it an additional attraction and
+value.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Railroad Transportation; its History and its Laws_,[J] by Arthur J.
+Hadley, is worthy of careful study, and is likely to attract some
+attention, discussing, as it does, questions of railroad history and
+management which have become matters of public concern, and aiming to
+present clearly the more important facts of American railroad business,
+to explain the principles involved, and to compare the railroad
+legislation of different countries and the results achieved. Mr.
+Hadley's book admirably supplements the extant literature on the
+subject, prominently presenting and ably discussing many hitherto
+neglected features of importance. The book will prove valuable to
+railroad stockholders, to statesmen desirous of a fuller understanding
+of a question of great national interest, and to the American public
+generally.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[G] Heath, Mass., Centennial, August 19th, 1885. Addresses, Speeches,
+Letters, Statistics, etc. Edited by Edward P. Guild. Published for the
+Committee.
+
+[H] New York and London: G. P. Putnam & Sons.
+
+[I] Boston: published by the author. For sale by B. P. Russell.
+
+[J] G. P. Putnam & Sons: New York and London.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE.
+
+
+     (First numeral refers to foot-note and name of periodical.
+     Second number to page. Date of the periodical is that of month
+     preceding this issue of the NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, unless
+     otherwise stated.)
+
+
+ACADEMIC AND EDUCATIONAL. Tufts College. _Rev. E. H. Capen. D.D._ 8,
+99.--Abbot Academy. _Annie Sawyer Downs._ 8, 136.--Overwork in Schools.
+_John D. Philbrick, LL.D._ 10, 330.--Education in Rome. _L. R. Klemm,
+Ph.D._ 10, 335.--The Problem of Woman's Education. _Nicolo D'Alfonso._
+_Translated by V. Chamberlin._ 10, 360.--The King's English at Home and
+at School. _J. H. May_. 10, 369.--Our Insular Ignorance. _John Robert
+Seeley._ 16, 199.--The Lady Teacher. _Margaret W. Sutherland._ 17,
+55.--The Year's Work. _Elizabeth Taylor._ 17, 68.--How Shall we Teach
+Writing in Primary Grades? 17, 77.
+
+ANTHROPOLOGY. The Dance in Place Congo. _George W. Cable._ 7, 517.
+
+ARCHAEOLOGY, PHILOLOGY, AND MYTHOLOGY. The Origin of the Alphabet. _A. H.
+Sayce._ 16, 145.--Solar Myths. _F. M. Mueller_. 16, 219.--In the
+Catacombs of Italy. 18, 202.
+
+ARCHITECTURE. Recent Architecture in America. _Mrs. Sckuyler Van
+Renssalaer._ 7, 548.--A New England Home. _Lyman H. Weeks._ 19,
+142.--The Architectural Exhibition. _M. G. H._. 19, 146.
+
+ART. Antoine Louis Barye. _Henry Eckford._ 7, 483.--On Drapery and its
+Interpretation. _Thomas Gordon Hale._ 16, 255.--Fresco Decoration. 19,
+144.--The Decoration of City Houses. _Ralph A. Cram._ 19, 150.--New
+Lamps and Old. 19, 148.--Some Designs in Umbrella Stands, etc. _F. B.
+Brock._ 19, 157.
+
+BIOGRAPHY. W. H. Brown. J. H. Kennedy. 3, 410.--Thomas Burham. David W.
+Cross. Henry J. Seymour. 3, 427.--Anecdotes of McClellan's Bravery. Z.
+7, 515.--Anthony Wayne. _Gen. John Watts De Peyster._ 2, 127.--Toombs.
+_Charles F. Woodbury._ 14, 125.--Two Old-fashioned Love Matches. _Helen
+Campbell._ 14, 157.--Auber. 16, 207.--Who was John Harvard? _Frank J.
+Symes._ 14, 181.--Sketch of Dr. W. E. Carpenter. 5, 538.--Sketch of
+James Eads. 5, 544.--Women in Astronomy. _G. Langrange._ 5, 534.--Daniel
+Webster as a School-master, _Elizabeth Porter Gould._ 10,
+323.--Relations of Biography with History. _Hon. Marshall P. Wilder._
+10, 341.--General Grant. _Gen. L. F. Jennings._ 10, 347.--Lives and
+Homes of American Actors. _Lisle Lester._ 18, 104.--Sherman's Opinion of
+Grant. 13, 200.
+
+HISTORY.--Two Famous London Churches, 1, 144.--The City of Albany. Two
+Hundred Years of Progress. _Frederic G. Mather._ 2, 105.--The Charleston
+Convention, 1788. _A. W. Clason._ 2, 153.--Historic Aspects of Sable
+Island. _J. McDonald Oxley, LL.B., B.A._ 2, 162.--The New Mexican
+Campaign of 1862. _A. A. Hayes._ 2, 171.--Army of the Potomac under
+Hooker. _Major William H. Mills._ 2, 185.--The City of the Straits.
+_Henry A. Griffin._ 3, 348.--S. S. Cox's Three Decades of Federal
+Legislation. _J. F. Rhodes._ 3, 356.--Siege of Fort Pitt. _T. J.
+Chapman._ 3. 387.--Chicago. _Consul W. Butterfield._ 3, 393.--Geography
+and Early American History. _B. A. Hinsdale._ 3, 433.--Preparing for the
+Wilderness Campaign. _U. S. Grant._ 7, 573.--Our March Against Pope.
+_Gen. James Longstreet._ 7, 601.--With Jackson's "Foot Cavalry" at the
+Second Manassas. _Allen C. Redwood._ 7, 614.--On Detached Service, _C.
+A. Patch._ 8, 121.--The Campaign of Shiloh. _Gen. G. T. Beauregard._ 13,
+159.--A Family Romance of the Time of Elizabeth. _A. T. Story._ 12,
+491.--Lost Journals of a Pioneer. _C. E. Montgomery._ 14, 173.--The Old
+Regime of San Francisco. _Bernard Moses._ 14, 195.--Town Government in
+Rhode Island. _W. G. Foster._ 21, 5.--The Narragansett Planters. _Edward
+Channing._ 21, 5.
+
+INDUSTRY.--Pittsburgh Glass and Glass-makers. _J. H. Seymour_. 3,
+367.--Beginning of Some Public Enterprises in Western Pennsylvania. _W.
+S._ 3, 414.
+
+LITERATURE.--Original New England Magazine. _Rev. Edgar Buckingham._ 8,
+153.--Macbeth with Kelly's Music. _A. A. Wheeler._ 14, 185.--Recent
+Verse. 14, 205.--Recent Fiction. 14, 210.--Poetry, Politics, and
+Conservatism. _George N. Curzon._ 16, 154.--Superfine English. 16,
+177.--On Love's Labor Lost. _Walter Pater._ 16, 234.
+
+MEDICINE, HYGIENE, PHYSIOLOGY.--Instinct as a Guide to Health. _Felix L.
+Oswald, M.D._ 5, 517.--Medical Practice in Damaraland. _G. G. Buettner._
+5, 526.--Cause of Acquired Immunity from Infectious Diseases. _James
+Law, F.R.C.V.S._ 15, 97.--Health of United States Army. _B. F. Pope,
+M.D._ 15, 112.--Yellow Fever Prevention. _Joseph Holt, M.D._ 15,
+118.--The Plumbers. President Allison's Circular. _A. N. Bell._ 15,
+121.--Impure Air and Unhealthy Occupations, etc. _C. W. Chancellor,
+M.D._ 15, 125.--State Boards of Health of the United States. _G. P.
+Conn._ 15, 133.--Crime and Insanity. 16, 249.--Sanitary House
+Furnishing. _Glenn Brown, A.A.I.A._ 19, 154.
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.--Lessons of the America's Cup Races. _J. Heslop._ 12,
+498.
+
+MILITARY.--The Increasing Curse of European Militancy. _Alfred Russell
+Wallace._ 5, 521--The Musket as a Social Force. _John McElroy._ 5,
+485.--The Grand Army of the Republic in Massachusetts. _Past
+Commander-in-Chief George S. Merrill._ 8, 113.
+
+MUSIC.--Chinese Music, etc. 20, 33.--Handel's "Messiah." 20,
+34.--Technical Drill. 20, 36.--Opera Sung by Americans. 20, 37.
+
+NATURAL HISTORY.--Will the Land become a Desert? _Joseph Edgar
+Chamberlain._ 7, 532.--Pine Trees of Florida. 12, 581.--Acclimatization.
+_Professor Rudolph Virchow._ 5, 507.
+
+POLITICS. ECONOMICS.--Need and Nature of Civil Service Reform. _Dorman
+B. Eaton_. 4, 171.--Recent Experiments in State Taxation _H. J. Ten
+Eyck._ 5, 460.--Discrimination in Railway Rates. _Gerrit L. Lansing._ 5,
+494.--Influence of Inventions on Civilization. _C. Smith._ 5,
+474.--Irish Home Rule Agitation: Its History and Issues. _Rev. H. O.
+Hewitt._ 8, 157.--The Congo and the President's Message. _John A.
+Kasson._ 13, 119.--Race and the Solid South. _Cassius M. Clay._ 13,
+134.--America's Land Question. _A. J. Desmond._ 13, 153.--England and
+Ireland. _Henry George._ 13, 185.--Disintegration of Canada. _Dr.
+Prosper Bender._ 2, 144.--The Chinese Immigration Discussion. _Frances
+E. Sheldon._ 14, 113.--Benefits of Chinese Immigration. _John S.
+Hittell._ 14, 120.--German Expatriation Treaty. _A. A. Sargent._ 14,
+148.--The Coming Contests of the World. 16, 164.--An Anglo-Saxon
+Alliance. _J. Redpath Dougall._ 16, 190.
+
+RECREATION AND AMUSEMENT.--Around the World on a Bicycle. _Thomas
+Stevens._ 12, 506.--Croquet in Elyria. _W. F. Hurlbert._ 12,
+526.--Cruise of the "Philoon." _James F. Jerome._ 12,
+548.--Recollections of Mardi Gras. _M. R. Dodge._ 12, 566.
+
+SCIENCE AND INVENTIONS.--Bishop's Ring around the Sun. _W. M. Davis._ 5,
+466.--Acclimatization. _Prof. Rudolph Virchow._ 5, 507.--The Problem of
+Photography in Color. _Prof. O. N. Rood._ 5, 531.--Improvement of East
+River and Hell Gate. _Gen. John Newton._ 5, 433.--The Modern Ice-Yacht.
+_C. L. Norton._ 12, 536.--Some Fallacies of Science. "_Ouida._" 13,
+137.--Hygiene in Dwellings. _G. N. Bell._ 15, 151.
+
+TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.--Hints from Japanese Homes. _C. R. D._ 12,
+575.--A Vacation in the Tropics. 12, 581.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+1 _The Quiver._
+
+2 _Magazine of Am. History._
+
+3 _Magazine of Western History_ (Cleveland, O.).
+
+4 _Lippincott's Magazine._
+
+5 _Popular Science Monthly._
+
+6 _Queries_ (Buffalo, N.Y.).
+
+7 _The Century._
+
+8 _New England Magazine._
+
+9 _St. Nicholas._
+
+10 _Education._
+
+11 _Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political
+Science._
+
+12 _Outing._
+
+13 _North American Review._
+
+14 _Overland Monthly._
+
+15 _The Sanitarian._
+
+16 _The Eclectic._
+
+17 _The Ohio Educational Monthly._
+
+18 _The Brooklyn Magazine._
+
+19 _The Decorator and Furnisher._
+
+20 _The Musical Herald._
+
+21 _Johns Hopkins University Studies._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Several months ago the publishers of the NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE began a
+series of illustrated papers on the principal colleges, seminaries, and
+other educational institutions of New England. In pursuance of this
+plan, ably written and amply illustrated articles on Brown University,
+Tufts College, Abbott Academy, have already appeared; also the Boston
+University School of Law, with fine steel portrait of its dean; others
+are in hand, or in process of preparation, and will appear in due
+course, among them being Trinity College, Williams College, Bowdoin
+College, Andover Theological Seminary, Phillips Academy, Andover, and
+Phillips Academy, Exeter, etc., etc.
+
+[Illustration: James Otis]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine Volume 1, No.
+3, March, 1886, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 22783.txt or 22783.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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