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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 2,
+February, 1886., by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 2, February, 1886.
+       The Bay State Monthly,  Volume 4, No. 2, February, 1886.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: September 24, 2007 [EBook #22758]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE
+
+AND
+
+BAY STATE MONTHLY.
+
+    OLD SERIES           FEBRUARY, 1886.         NEW SERIES
+    VOL. IV. NO. 2.                              VOL. I. NO. 2.
+
+Copyright, 1886, by Bay State Monthly Company. All rights reserved.
+
+
+Transcriber's Note: Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes moved
+to the end of the article.
+
+
+
+
+TUFTS COLLEGE.
+
+BY REV. E. H. CAPEN, D.D.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Tufts College is situated on the most beautiful and commanding eminence
+in the southeasterly part of Middlesex county, within the town of
+Medford and on the borders of Somerville. This eminence was formerly
+called Walnut Hill, on account, it is said, of the heavy growth of
+hickory timber with which it was covered at the time of the settlement
+of the colony, but is now called College Hill, on account of the
+institution which crowns it. The land on which the College is built is a
+part of the farm which the late Charles Tufts received by way of
+inheritance; and, when asked by his relatives what he would do with the
+bleak hill over in Medford, he replied, "I will put a light on it." The
+tract of land originally given by Mr. Tufts consisted of twenty acres.
+Subsequently he gave his pledge to add other valuable tracts adjoining.
+This pledge has been fulfilled, so that the plot of ground, belonging to
+the College, given by Mr. Tufts, embraces upwards of one hundred acres.
+The late Deacon Timothy Cotting, of Medford, also gave to the College at
+his decease, a piece of land lying near the institution containing
+upwards of twenty acres. In consequence of the munificence of Mr. Tufts,
+it was determined that the College should bear his name.
+
+[Illustration: President Capen.][A]
+
+The definite impulse which resulted in the establishment of Tufts
+College may be traced to the sermon preached by Hosea Ballou, 2d., D.D.,
+before the General Convention of Universalists, in the city of New York,
+September 15, 1847. In this sermon Dr. Ballou urged the "duty of general
+culture" and the importance that a denomination should have "at least
+one college placed on a permanent basis," with such clearness and
+emphasis that the movement at once took organic shape and went forward
+without pause from that hour. Dr. Ballou declared that one hundred
+thousand dollars was the least sum with which the work could begin and
+have any prospect of success. The Rev. Otis A. Skinner was appointed to
+obtain subscriptions to a fund to that amount. The sum was a large one
+in the then condition of the Universalist body. But in an undertaking of
+that kind, Mr. Skinner knew no such word as fail. It took years for the
+accomplishment of his task; but in the summer of 1851 he was able to
+announce that the subscription was completed. A meeting of the
+subscribers was held in Boston on the sixteenth and seventeenth of
+September of that year. A board of trustees was designated who
+subsequently fixed upon the present site of the institution and
+determined its name. Application was made to the Legislature for a
+charter, which was granted April 21, 1852. The original charter
+conferred the power to grant every kind of degree usually given by
+colleges, "except medical degrees." This restriction was removed by act
+of the Legislature, dated February 2, 1867.
+
+[Illustration: COLLEGE CHAPEL.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In July, 1852, the Rev. Thomas J. Sawyer, D.D., was elected president of
+the College. But he declined to accept the office on the terms
+prescribed, and in May, 1853, the Rev. Hosea Ballou, 2d, D.D., was
+chosen to the office, which he filled until his death in May, 1861. In
+July following his election the corner-stone of the main College hall
+was laid by Dr. Ballou. The event was one of great interest and
+significance, and drew together a large company of people from different
+sections of the country. A year was spent by the president in visiting
+the most prominent institutions of learning at home and abroad,
+preparatory to organizing the new College, and laying out its course of
+study. In the work of organization, Dr. Ballou received important and
+valuable assistance from John P. Marshall, the present senior professor
+and dean of the College of letters. The College was first regularly
+opened for the admission of students in August, 1855, though a few
+students had been residing at the College and receiving instruction from
+the president and Professor Marshall during the previous year. In the
+beginning the success of the institution was as marked as its friends
+could reasonably expect. But the great anxiety attending the beginning
+and development of so important an undertaking seriously affected the
+health of Dr. Ballou, and he was cut down before the College could avail
+itself of the transcendent abilities which he brought to the discharge
+of his duties, and before he could witness the almost unexampled
+material prosperity awaiting it. President Eliot generously said not
+long since that the remarkable growth of Harvard University in these
+later years is largely the fruit of the efforts of James Walker, a fit
+contemporary and fellow-worker in the cause of education with Dr.
+Ballou. Truly, other men labor and we enter into their labors. In an
+important sense the College was the creature of Dr. Ballou's brain. He
+had so clear a conception of the nature and scope of an institution of
+learning of the highest grade suited to this latitude and these times,
+and he was so successful in producing a conviction of its possibilities
+in the minds of rich men, that they were ready to devote to it their
+all. But he died before the fruits of his labors had begun to appear.
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF CHAPEL.]
+
+In the spring of 1862, the Rev. A. A. Miner, D.D., was elected to
+succeed Dr. Ballou, and continued to hold the office until his
+resignation in February, 1875, a period of nearly thirteen years. Dr.
+Miner did not take up his residence at the College nor relinquish his
+connection with the School Street parish in Boston, of which he was
+pastor. But he visited the College daily, or as often as his presence
+was required. It was during his presidency and largely through his
+instrumentality that the extraordinary material development of the
+College was secured. Very soon after its establishment, Silvanus
+Packard, a prosperous merchant and a parishioner of Dr. Miner, who was
+without children, announced his intention of making Tufts College his
+child. He gave generously to it during his lifetime, and, dying,
+bequeathed to it nearly the whole of his property, amounting to nearly
+three hundred thousand dollars. The donations and legacies of Mr.
+Packard exceed in amount those of any other benefactor. The one who
+comes the nearest to him in the aggregate of his gifts is Dr. Wm. J.
+Walker. This gentleman divided his princely estate between the following
+institutions: Amherst College, the Museum of Natural History in Boston,
+Tufts College, and Williams College. The share which Tufts College
+received in this distribution was upwards of two hundred thousand
+dollars. The benefactions of Dr. Walker are remarkable, if we remember
+that he was an alumnus of Harvard College, an Episcopalian in religion,
+that his trusted friend and counsellor at the time he was arranging for
+the disposal of his property was Thomas Hill, D.D., the president of
+Harvard University, and that Tufts College was in the earliest stages of
+its development. But notwithstanding these facts, sufficient in
+themselves to warp the judgment of ordinary men, his vision was clear
+enough to enable him to see that there was room for another great
+college to grow up in the neighborhood of Boston, even under the shadow
+of that ancient and renowned university.
+
+[Illustration: :MEMORIAL:WINDOW:CHAPEL:]
+
+Another notable friend of Tufts College was Dr. Oliver Dean. In the
+beginning he made very liberal offers, provided the institution should
+be placed in Franklin. Subsequently he devoted the greater portion of
+his wealth to the founding of Dean Academy, one of whose functions was
+to be the fitting of young men for the College. He also showed still
+more distinctly his favor to the College by contributing in all $90,000
+to its funds.
+
+But the College was especially fortunate in its infancy and when it was
+practically without funds in having for its treasurer Thomas A. Goddard,
+a wealthy merchant; a man utterly void of personal vanity, whose eyes
+swept over the whole field, and who, wherever he saw that the cause
+could be promoted by a timely benefaction, very simply and
+unostentatiously bestowed it. So when the College was almost entirely
+without funds and had but a small part of the income needed to meet its
+current expenses, he quietly paid the deficiency out of his own pocket
+and preserved it from debt.
+
+At the conclusion of the first half of the college year, 1874-75, Dr.
+Miner, having previously resigned his pastorate in Boston, tendered his
+resignation of the presidency of the College. Neither institution,
+however, was willing to accept his resignation, and each sought to
+retain his entire services. After mature deliberation he decided to
+accept the invitation of the parish, and his official connection with
+the faculty of the College which he had held with distinguished ability
+and success for thirteen years was thus permanently severed.
+
+The Hon. Israel Washburn, Jr., the war Governor of Maine, was chosen as
+his successor. But he promptly declined the office. The trustees then
+determined to make a new departure and place an alumnus of the College
+at its head. Accordingly the present incumbent, at that time pastor of
+the First Universalist Church of Providence, R. I., and a graduate of
+the class of 1860, was elected to the vacant chair in March, 1875, and
+was inaugurated on the second day of June following. Whatever may be the
+ultimate verdict concerning the wisdom of the trustees in the selection
+which was then made, no one will deny that the calling of an alumnus to
+the post has had the effect of quickening the interest and securing the
+co-operation of the graduates of the institution beyond anything that
+could have been done.
+
+I come now to speak briefly of certain changes in the internal life of
+the College, many of which have taken place under my own eye, and with
+the shaping of which in important respects, during these later years, I
+have had something to do. In the matter of development few institutions
+in this country have made greater progress. It is a long step from what
+the College was when I knew it as a student, to its present condition;
+so that those who were only acquainted with its life fifteen or twenty
+years ago would scarcely recognize it as the same life to-day. Indeed
+the modifications which have been introduced into its discipline and
+into its courses of study have aroused an interest in its work outside
+of and beyond mere denominational lines, and are beginning to attract to
+it students from many miscellaneous sources.
+
+One of the chief difficulties in the way of local patronage has been the
+overshadowing influence of Harvard University. It was scarcely to be
+expected that an institution planted in such close proximity to that
+powerful and venerable seat of learning would, in the beginning, attract
+students from its immediate neighborhood. Many persons have thought that
+the location of the College is a mistaken one on that account. But
+colleges are not made in one day nor in one decade. It will take more
+than Leland Stanford's twenty millions of endowment to give his
+University a solid and enduring fame. Colleges, indeed, like all the
+great and permanent institutions by which society is upheld, and the
+welfare and progress of humanity are secured, are the slow growth of
+generations. The selection of the present site of the College cannot be
+regarded as other than fortunate; first, because of its proximity to
+Boston, the most important literary centre of the new world, where it
+may constantly feel the pulsations of every intellectual movement that
+takes place in the domain of thought; and, secondly, because, owing to
+its contact with the foremost college in the land, it has been compelled
+to adopt and maintain the highest standards in its work. The result of
+this is seen in the steady growth of recent years. During the last five
+or six years there has been a good percentage of attendance from schools
+in the immediate neighborhood of the College which have heretofore sent
+their students almost exclusively to Harvard. Men have been drawn to the
+College wholly without reference to denominational lines, simply because
+they believed the College had advantages to offer unsurpassed by any
+institution in the country. Within the last two years the College has
+made a gain in students of at least forty per cent. The whole number who
+entered the different departments in the year 1884-5 was sixty-one, and
+although the number entering in 1885-6 was somewhat less, yet the whole
+number in the College is greater than ever before, namely, one hundred
+and forty, of whom twenty-six are in the Divinity School, and the
+remainder in the College of letters.
+
+The course of study originally adopted was substantially that of the
+leading New England colleges. It has adhered throughout very firmly to
+its standard. The ten associated colleges of Southern New England voted
+at their annual meeting in 1879 that it is desirable to adopt a system
+of uniform requirements for the admission of students. Tufts was one of
+the first to accept the scheme proposed by the conference of examiners
+in the different institutions. The faculty as originally constituted
+consisted of three professors beside the president; and for many years,
+the entire work of the College was performed by not more than five
+teachers. The gifts and benefactions of Dr. Walker, designed mainly for
+the promotion of mathematics and related branches of study, enabled the
+trustees to enlarge the facilities for instruction on the side of
+science. A professorship of civil engineering was created in 1867. This
+department has been enlarged gradually, until now men may receive
+complete courses of professional instruction in civil, mechanical, and
+electrical engineering. Some very able engineers, holding important and
+responsible positions, have received their training here. The subjects
+of natural history, physics, and chemistry have each been assigned to
+separate chairs. The department of physics has two excellent working
+laboratories. Besides the regular work in physics with the College
+classes, original investigations are carried on under the direction of
+Dr. Dolbear, the professor of physics, and assistant-professor Hooper.
+In the department of chemistry, the organic research laboratory has been
+very carefully equipped for that line of work, and offers facilities for
+original investigation which will compare favorably with those of any
+similar laboratory in the country. During the past year very
+considerable additions to chemical knowledge have been made by Professor
+Michael and his able corps of assistants. Of the department of natural
+history we shall speak later on.
+
+The only degree given in the beginning as a reward for residence and
+study in the College was that of Bachelor of Arts. But the presence of a
+large number of students who were not prepared to take that course of
+study in full led to the organization of two additional courses, one
+leading to the degree of Civil Engineer, and the other to the degree of
+Bachelor of Philosophy. The latter course has received many
+modifications, and in the autumn of 1875 it was determined to make it a
+four years course, the same in all respects as the regular course,
+except that it omits Greek and substitutes instead of it the modern
+languages and some elective work in science. Previous to 1875 the work
+of the College was mainly prescribed, with but little opportunity for
+optional or elective studies. At that time the scope of electives was
+greatly broadened. There are now eleven full courses of electives open
+to students. From the middle of the junior year, a very large percentage
+of the student's work is in those lines which he chooses for himself. It
+was decided also, immediately after the elective system went into
+effect, to confer special honors at the time of graduation upon any
+student who attains distinction in any particular study and in two
+cognate studies, under such rules as the faculty have prescribed.
+Another important movement in the direction of sound scholarship was
+made about this time. It was determined that the degree of Master of
+Arts, which, so far, had been granted to all graduates of the degree of
+A.B. who applied for it after three years from their graduation, should
+be conferred only upon such graduates of the regular and philosophical
+courses as should pursue, during a residence of not less than one year,
+under the direction of the faculty, a prescribed course of study in at
+least two departments. The privilege of graduate study was also opened
+to those holding like degrees from other colleges. The result of this
+action has been to retain at the College for more protracted and
+profound study ambitious and scholarly men out of every class.
+
+The modifications of discipline have been no less important either in
+their character or results. Formerly in all the New England colleges an
+elaborate system of rules, enforced by an oversight, which often
+amounted to espionage, was thought to be necessary to good order and the
+proper moral development of young men. In the eyes of the students, the
+faculty of a college seemed to be little else than a grand court of
+inquisition for the trial and punishment of offences against discipline.
+In point of fact, a very large percentage of the time of college
+officers was spent in that business. At Tufts, perhaps more completely
+than in any other New England college, all this is changed. Formal rules
+relating to conduct have been abolished. Men are put entirely upon their
+honor, and are no longer watched. Since 1875, there has not been a
+single case of a student summoned before the faculty or a committee of
+the faculty for discipline. Under this policy the gain in the orderly
+behavior, moral tone, and contentment of students has been immense. For
+eleven years only one student has been sent away from the College for
+misconduct; and not more than one or two, so far as I remember, have
+left the College because of dissatisfaction either with its methods or
+its facilities; while the relative percentage of those who graduate to
+those who enter has risen in twenty years from sixty-three per cent to
+nearly eighty per cent, placing us, in this respect, in the front rank
+of New England colleges.
+
+The whole number of graduates is now about four hundred. Of this number
+representatives may be found in the principal walks of almost every one
+of the learned professions. As an indication of the quality of
+scholarship produced, it may be remarked that the catalogue of 1885-6
+shows that no less than nine of the officers of instruction and
+government, including the president, are from its own graduates. The
+board of trustees consists of twenty-nine persons. Of this number ten
+are from the alumni of the College.
+
+Silvanus Packard by will directed that the trustees should establish and
+maintain out of the rents and profits of his estate, one theological
+professorship. The Rev. Thomas J. Sawyer, D.D., was elected Packard
+Professor of Theology, and the Divinity School, with Dr. Sawyer at its
+head, was organized and opened for the admission of students in 1869. At
+first one professor was associated with Dr. Sawyer and very soon another
+was added to the faculty. There are at present four professors besides
+Dr. Sawyer in the Divinity School. The course of study, at the opening
+of the school, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Divinity was three
+years. But so large a number of those applying for admission were found
+to be deficient in elementary training that the course was lengthened to
+four years for all, except college graduates.
+
+In order to give greater encouragement to men having the Christian
+ministry in view to secure college training before entering the Divinity
+School, after the present year, while a preparatory course of one year
+for all who have not the degree of A.B. will be retained, the degree of
+B.D. will be given exclusively to college graduates. Upwards of sixty
+students, since the organization of the School, have taken the
+prescribed course in theology and received the degree of Bachelor of
+Divinity. Of this number nearly one half are in charge of important
+parishes in Massachusetts, and others in different parts of the country
+are occupying some of the most prominent and influential pulpits.
+
+When the present site of the College was selected, the hill was without
+trees and almost repulsive in its nakedness. The erection of the main
+college building and the first dormitory only served to heighten its
+windswept appearance. But other important buildings have been added;
+walks and driveways have been laid out; trees have been planted and have
+attained, on the southerly slope, a thick and heavy growth, and are
+beginning to get a hold upon the northerly side; the reservoir of the
+Mystic Water Works is established upon the summit of the hill, and, in
+effect, forms a part of the College grounds; so that, in the summer
+season, there is no more beautiful or attractive spot in the whole
+region about Boston than College Hill. In 1882-3 a very important
+feature was added to its cluster of buildings by the erection of a stone
+chapel from funds provided by Mary T. Goddard. The style of the edifice
+is Romanesque with a genuine Lombardic tower. It is as graceful a piece
+of architecture as can be found in this part of the country and is a
+worthy memorial of the woman, who, with her noble husband, has been so
+efficient a promoter of the origin and growth of the institution. Since
+the completion of the chapel, Mrs. Goddard has built and finished at her
+own expense an excellent gymnasium.
+
+One of the most important additions of recent years has been the
+founding of the Barnum Museum of Natural History. In the spring of 1883,
+the writer suggested to the Honorable P. T. Barnum that as he had been
+all his life engaged in collecting rare objects in certain departments
+of natural history for the purpose alike of popular amusement and
+instruction, it would be most appropriate for him to leave behind him,
+as his monument, a natural history museum in connection with the College
+of which he was one of the original promoters and founders. The response
+was instantaneous. He directed me at once to procure plans and
+specifications of a building which would admit of indefinite extension,
+and submit to him an estimate of the cost. In accordance with the
+foregoing scheme, the present museum building has been erected; and a
+beginning has been made also in the endowment fund. The museum, which
+is only the central portion of what is intended to be a much larger
+building, is a structure of dignity and beauty. The first, or basement
+floor, which is almost wholly above ground, is occupied by the
+steam-engine and by the necessary laboratories and work-rooms. The
+second, or main floor has, besides a large lecture-room, a grand
+vestibule, containing a marble bust of the donor, by Thomas Ball. Here
+the larger and more important specimens of natural history now belonging
+to the College are deposited. Here also the skin of Jumbo and the
+skeleton of the white elephant are to find their ultimate resting-place.
+The third floor comprises a large exhibition hall, fifty feet wide by
+seventy feet long, with a gallery running completely around it. In
+addition to the important cabinet already belonging to the College, Mr.
+Barnum authorized Prof. Henry A. Ward to furnish a fine zooelogical
+collection. This collection comprising several hundred choice specimens,
+selected with special reference to purposes of instruction, has been
+received, mounted and set up in cases specially designed for the
+purpose.
+
+The library has had, on the whole, a very satisfactory growth. Dr.
+Ballou's extraordinary love for books led him to bestow particular
+attention upon its formation. He was unremitting in his solicitation of
+gifts from friends and acquaintances and from publishers and
+booksellers. The interest awakened by him has never flagged. There are
+now in the possession of the College upwards of twenty thousand bound
+volumes, many of them rare and of great value, and eight or nine
+thousand pamphlets. The collection has entirely outgrown the quarters
+assigned to it, and needs a building specially adapted to its use. A
+gentleman of ample fortune has privately assured the president that such
+a building shall be supplied at an early day.
+
+The College has been distinguished for its liberal policy towards those
+young men who are obliged on account of limited means to struggle for
+their education. The charge for tuition is $100 a year. But there are
+more than thirty scholarships in the gift of the College. By means of
+these the tuition may be cancelled for those who prove their worthiness
+by superior attainments. In addition to these, gratuities are given in
+cases of need, so that the instruction is practically free to all men of
+promise and fidelity whose circumstances require it. It is a gratifying
+fact that some of the most distinguished and successful of its graduates
+are from among those who have enjoyed its pecuniary favors, and who
+would have found a liberal education impossible without them. Moreover,
+on account of the isolation of the College, there being no villages in
+immediate contact with it on either side, it is not only extremely
+favorable for study, but admirably adapted to those who are obliged to
+practise economy. Probably there is no institution in America where a
+student can have equal advantages at so low a cost.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] The publishers have taken the liberty of incorporating in his
+article this portrait of President Capen.
+
+
+
+
+THE MENDICANT.
+
+BY CLINTON SCOLLARD.
+
+
+    Like some way-weary mendicant came I
+      Unto the court where Love holds potent reign,
+      And there in desolation I was fain
+    Before the gateway to lie down and die.
+    But one came forth who heard my mournful cry,
+      Nor mocked nor spurned me with a cold disdain,
+      But cheered me, saying, "Do not nurse thy pain!
+    Be brave and bid the ghosts of dead days fly!"
+
+    Then I arose and cast the Past aside,
+      And felt within my breast a gladness great
+      That I dared meet the eyes that beamed above:
+    And all the future time was glorified,
+    For I, who was a beggar at the gate,
+      Became a dweller in the court of Love.
+
+
+
+
+THE GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC IN MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+BY PAST COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF GEO. S. MERRILL.
+
+
+When the American Volunteer Army was disbanded in 1865, by reason of the
+completion of the great work for which it was organized, had it been
+individually suggested to each one of that million of men whose eager
+faces were turned homeward, to become united in a veteran association,
+probably ninety-nine out of a hundred would have responded, "No; I've
+had all that I want of soldiering; no more for me."
+
+And yet, so strong did the ties of war-comradeship prove; so tender were
+the memories of camp and march, of bivouac and battle; so full of
+heart-stirring events was the record of intimate service in the face of
+great peril, that even before the final disbandment, among the earlier
+returning veterans, soldier associations had already sprung into
+existence. Quite a number of these had their origin in 1864, and even
+the date and place of birth of the Grand Army of the Republic, with its
+membership of over three hundred thousand, is in doubt; two States at
+least, Indiana and Illinois, claim its parentage; and while there are
+absolutely no reliable data as to the place or exact time of the
+preliminary meetings out of which the great organization grew, there is
+a tradition--if the dim memories of only twenty years ago can be so
+called--that at a casual meeting of returned volunteers in Illinois in
+the latter portion of 1865, it was discovered that in the little group
+nearly all were possessed of certain mysterious signs, grips, and
+pass-words, by which various small bands of firm friends in rebel
+prisons had secretly bound themselves together for mutual protection. To
+no men had the value of organization come more forcibly than to these;
+and in this almost chance gathering was the beginning of the Grand Army
+of the Republic. There was, early enough after the close of the war,
+another reason beyond all questions of sentiment or association,
+demanding some form of organization among the returned soldiers and
+sailors. Empty sleeves, single legs, eyeless sockets, and emaciated
+bodies were too often coupled with personal necessities, and the maimed
+and diseased in need of charity or employment began to point out the
+larger and growing demand for organized work in behalf of suffering and
+dependent ones; and to what hands could this be so well committed as to
+those of old comrades in arms? The Post of the Grand Army of the
+Republic holding the first regular charter was organized in Dakota,
+Illinois, in the early spring of 1866, and in July following a
+department, including then some forty posts, was organized in that
+State.
+
+In October of the same year the association had extended into eight or
+nine other States, and a call was issued for a convention to be held at
+Indianapolis, Indiana, November 20, 1866, and here the National
+Encampment had its organization.
+
+Massachusetts was not represented in the gathering, the Grand Army at
+that time having but just obtained a foothold in this State. In
+September, 1866, a convention of returned soldiers and sailors
+representing nearly all the northern States was held at Pittsburg, Penn.
+Among those present from Massachusetts were Gen. Charles Devens, Gen. N.
+P. Banks, Major A. S. Cushman, and Chaplain A. H. Quint. On reaching
+Pittsburg, the attention of the Massachusetts comrades was attracted by
+badges worn by a large number of delegates, particularly from Indiana
+and Illinois, bearing the legend, "Grand Army of the Republic;" and so
+numerous were these badges that a spirit of inquiry was quite naturally
+awakened as to the character and objects of this "Soldiers' Masonic
+Order," as it was termed by the uninitiated. After some consultation, a
+number of the Massachusetts delegates, including those we have named,
+were informally inducted into the organization, in the parlor of B. F.
+Stevenson, who at the first national encampment a few weeks later was
+made provisional Commander-in-chief; the ritual and unwritten work was
+communicated to the new members, and they were fully empowered to
+organize posts in Massachusetts, General Devens being appointed
+provisional Grand Commander of the department. On returning from
+Pittsburg there was something of a rivalry for the organization of the
+first post. Comrade Cushman, who had been active in the association of
+the "boys in blue," was especially enthusiastic; and, capturing an old
+army associate upon the train homeward, he poured into his ears such an
+account of the new organization, that as soon as they reached New
+Bedford, they went out into the highways, and summoned a sufficient
+number of their comrades; and on that very day, Oct. 4, they organized
+the first post of the Grand Army of the Republic in Massachusetts. This
+still holds the initial number, Wm. Logan Rodman Post, No. 1, of New
+Bedford. The charter fee was at once forwarded to provisional Commander
+Devens, thus making sure of the coveted distinction.
+
+A day or two later, these comrades organized a second post at Nantucket
+and a third at Taunton. Comrade Cushman exhibited such zeal and
+earnestness in this work that provisional Commander Devens insisted on
+having that position formally transferred; and the latter therefore
+resigned, and asked for the appointment of Mr. Cushman in his stead,
+which was accordingly made. As in the case of the national history of
+the Order, partially consequent thereon, but in a larger degree because
+of the destruction of all the department records in the great Boston
+fire, the early story of the Grand Army in Massachusetts is incomplete
+in many details, but it appears certain that during the existence of the
+provisional department under Comrade Cushman, ten posts were organized.
+On the seventh of May, 1867, a permanent department was organized by a
+delegate convention called at New Bedford, Commander Cushman being
+elected Department, or, as then termed, Grand Commander.
+
+Inspiring his new official associates with something of his own ardor,
+Commander Cushman divided the state into ten districts, with a
+recruiting officer to each, and the "missionary work" was so vigorously
+prosecuted that the commander was able to welcome to the regular annual
+encampment in January, 1868, the representatives of over forty posts,
+with a membership of fully two thousand, while applications for nearly a
+score of additional posts were nearly ready for consideration. During
+the year 1867, a visit of Gen. P. H. Sheridan to Boston was made the
+occasion of a torchlight parade of the posts of the Grand Army, and the
+fine appearance made by the organization on this first public display
+attracted general attention, and was doubtless one means of largely
+increasing the membership.
+
+As has been stated, on account of the careless compilation of records at
+national headquarters, and the substantial downfall of the posts in the
+West, where its great strength was at first, the history of the early
+years of the order is left in much uncertainty. But the organization had
+in the western states a wild, riotous growth; the meagre reports extant
+naming two hundred thousand as the membership in 1867; but the utter
+lack of organization, and the intrusion of politics, left the order,
+almost as speedily as it had sprung into existence, a complete wreck.
+
+At the close of the year 1870, the department of Illinois, where the
+Grand Army had its birth, had been reduced from over three hundred
+posts, and a membership of forty thousand, to less than twenty-five
+posts, and these barely existing in name; and two years later its entire
+membership was but two hundred and thirty-eight. Indiana, with two
+hundred and seventy-nine posts, and thirty thousand membership, had
+become utterly disorganized; Iowa, with one hundred and forty-four
+posts, had ceased to have a recognized existence; the thirty posts in
+Kansas had dwindled to nine; Minnesota had shrunk from twenty-five to
+two posts; the one hundred and twenty-nine posts in Missouri had no
+department existence; in Wisconsin, of seventy-nine, less than a dozen
+were left, and in Pennsylvania, one hundred and forty-three out of two
+hundred and twenty-four had been disbanded. At the session of the
+National Encampment in May, 1870, the Adjutant-General reported that
+only three departments, Massachusetts being one, could give the exact
+number of the members upon their rolls, and the national headquarters
+were then involved in over $3,000 of indebtedness.
+
+But in Massachusetts, the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic
+wisely bolted and double-barred the doors against the intrusion of
+partisan topics, and the growth of the organization was steady and
+continuous. In January, 1868, comrade A. B. R. Sprague was elected to
+succeed Commander Cushman, and at the end of his term was able to report
+seventy-three posts, with a membership of six thousand one hundred and
+eighty-nine.
+
+How well the department of Massachusetts kept, through these early
+years, the Grand Army banner in the front, is evidenced by the
+following:--
+
+The percentage in this department alone of the entire membership in the
+United States was, in 1872, 38 per cent; 1873, 42 per cent; 1874, 43 per
+cent; 1875, 38 per cent; 1876, 32 per cent; 1877, 33 per cent; 1878, 30
+per cent; 1879, 21 per cent.
+
+From the latter year, because of the rapid growth in Pennsylvania and
+New York, and of the reorganization and great increase of the
+departments in western states, this percentage was rapidly decreased to
+six per cent in 1885, but for ten successive years the official
+national reports accord to Massachusetts, in all respects, the position
+of "the banner department." In April, 1868, Commander-in-chief Logan
+issued his order for the observance annually of the thirtieth of May as
+a Memorial Day, "for the purpose of strewing with flowers or otherwise
+decorating the graves of those who died in defence of their country
+during the late rebellion," and the ceremony into which so much of
+tenderness and patriotic love has since been wrought, was most heartily
+inaugurated in this department.
+
+Comrade F. A. Osborn succeeded Commander Sprague, occupying the position
+during the year 1869. Within his term, a new ritual, establishing three
+grades or degrees, was adopted by the National Encampment, largely in
+compliance with the desires of the members of the western departments,
+against the earnest opposition of Massachusetts, where was a strong wish
+to "let well enough alone." This change was the first adverse blow felt
+in this department, where not only was the rapid and continuous growth
+of the organization retarded, but in a single quarter ending Sept. 30,
+1869, there was a net loss of one thousand seven hundred and nine
+members. But this was partially recovered during the subsequent three
+months, and the Assistant Adjutant-General was able to report at the
+close of the year, one hundred and seventeen posts, with nine thousand
+members. During this year there was put in operation the system of
+careful inspection of the several posts by department officers, which
+has since become a part of the national regulations, and which, from its
+inception in this department, has contributed so largely to the
+efficiency and growth of the organization. With the retrogression of the
+western departments, Massachusetts in this year went to the front in
+point of numbers, as confessedly also in perfection of organization and
+completeness of Grand Army work, and held that position until 1880, when
+Pennsylvania passed her in point of membership. It will be impossible in
+the limit of this article to speak in detail of each distinctive year's
+administration, but the numerical loss of membership was not the most
+serious result of the introduction of the grade system; among those who
+then dropped out of the organization, disbelieving in the departure from
+the original simplicity of forms, were some of the most active and
+influential members, the loss of whose interest and personality was
+severely felt for years.
+
+During 1870 and 1871, the growth was small, and high water mark for that
+period was reached in the first quarter of 1873, when a membership of
+ten thousand and seventy was reported. From this point came a reaction,
+the numbers slowly and steadily diminishing for six years, the lowest
+point in membership being reached in the spring of 1879, when there were
+but seven thousand seven hundred and forty-eight upon the rolls.
+
+From that time, slowly at first, but without retrogression, the
+membership has risen to its present point, numbering eighteen thousand.
+
+The question of an appropriate badge, which had received much
+consideration by two successive National Encampments and their
+committees, was finally settled by a resolution passed October 28, 1869,
+adopting the design now in use, to be made of bronze from cannon
+captured during the war.
+
+During one or two years of the Grand Army in this state, there was no
+organized charity work, but the necessity for systematized action early
+became evident, and in 1870 posts began the establishment of a relief
+fund, placed in the hands of trustees, and administered by special
+committees; and in this direction Massachusetts has grandly led all
+other departments, having expended in the past fifteen years, from the
+various relief funds of posts, over $600,000.
+
+This work has been most thoroughly systematized, in nearly every
+instance cities being divided by wards, and large towns into districts,
+with a special investigating committee for each, and, from the intimacy
+of association, the knowledge of records, and the veterans' natural
+hatred of shams, a like amount of money could hardly have been as
+judiciously or economically disbursed through any other channels; while
+from no hands could aid to the family or dependent ones of a needy
+veteran come with so little of the chilliness of reluctant charity as
+from those of old comrades-in-arms.
+
+Unlike most, perhaps every other charitable society, the larger part of
+this money has, continually, from the first, been expended in behalf of
+those who are not of its membership.
+
+From time to time the posts have appealed to the public, by fairs,
+concerts, lectures, and like entertainments, for the means to replenish
+their relief funds, and the response has ever been worthy the generosity
+and patriotism of the Commonwealth.
+
+At the present time, the posts have in these funds about $120,000.
+
+With the incoming of Commander Horace Binney Sargent, in 1876, the Grand
+Army entered upon a new and broader field in its work of fraternal
+charity; large as had been the liberality of Massachusetts towards its
+veterans, the Commonwealth yet lacked for its own what the national
+government had established for the helpless and needy wards of the
+Republic,--a Soldiers and Sailors Home. With the same earnestness and
+fervor which had made him the trusted military confidant of Governor
+Andrew, and later, a splendid commanding officer in the field, Commander
+Sargent threw himself into the work of securing this great need of the
+Commonwealth. The times were far from auspicious; business was suffering
+from severe depression, property values were feeling the apparent
+shrinkage incident to the approach to a coin basis, Comrade Sargent
+personally being among the foremost sufferers, while the strength of the
+Grand Army was from these causes constantly diminishing; and, at the
+outset, not a few of the members of the organization doubted the
+necessity for, or feared the failure of, the project. But there was
+contagion in the fiery enthusiasm and terrible earnestness of Commander
+Sargent, and, slowly at first, but surely, the plan won its way.
+Breaking their hitherto and since invariable rule of "one term"
+elections of department commander, the comrades in Massachusetts a
+second and a third time re-elected Commander Sargent, and, before the
+close of the latter term, he saw the beginning of the end in the
+establishment of a Soldiers Home on Powder Horn Hill, Chelsea.
+
+The work had been of slow growth; the posts were appealed to, public
+meetings were held, and at camp-fires and other gatherings the necessity
+for the procurement of a Home was strongly urged; but during the earlier
+months there were only a few tangible evidences of prospective success,
+here and there a small contributor, so that many who had been
+enthusiastic became downcast and discouraged. But there was one comrade
+whose faith failed not, and when the workers wearied, Comrade Sargent
+became only the more resolute and determined. During his second term, he
+was able to announce the receipt of a small bequest in the will of a
+generous lady, and this afforded the basis for yet more persistent
+appeals to the public. An act of incorporation was procured from the
+legislature, by which the control of the institution was placed in the
+hands of the Grand Army, by the selection of a majority of the trustees
+from this organization. With the small amount of money secured, a
+beginning was made by the purchase of the property now used as a Home,
+and on the eighth day of June, 1881, the dedicatory exercises were held,
+and the Home opened July 25 of the following year. Already, however, a
+movement had been inaugurated for a grand bazaar in December, at the
+Mechanics' Building in Boston. Gen. Sargent, who had been chosen
+President of the Board of Trustees, which position he filled until his
+removal from the state, succeeded in interesting a large number of the
+leading citizens of the state, and was fortunate in calling to his aid
+as chief marshal, Col. A. A. Rand, to whose admirable organizing powers
+much of the success of the bazaar was due. The women, always loyal to
+the veterans, went enthusiastically into the work, the posts joined
+heartily, and the general public responded liberally, and at the end
+nearly fifty thousand dollars was turned over to the Treasurer of the
+Home, which, with the addition of $10,000, the munificent gift of Capt.
+J. B. Thomas, enabled the managers to pay the balance of the purchase
+money upon the property, and largely increase the number of inmates. For
+more than five years past, the deserving applicants have been in excess
+of the capacity of the Home, and there was also an imperative necessity
+for enlarged hospital accommodations.
+
+In 1884, therefore, steps were initiated for the Carnival, held in
+Boston in February, 1885. By another bit of good fortune, Col. A. C.
+Wellington was secured as chief marshal, and again success crowned the
+effort, over sixty thousand dollars being realized as the net result.
+The legislature makes an annual appropriation of $15,000 towards the
+support of the Home, which now contains one hundred and ten inmates, to
+be increased about thirty upon the completion of the new hospital
+building.
+
+Since the institution of the Grand Army in Massachusetts, its commanders
+have been as follows:--
+
+1866, provisional, Chas. Devens, A. S. Cushman; 1867, A. S. Cushman;
+1868, A. B. R. Sprague; 1869, Francis A. Osborne; 1870, James L. Bates;
+1871, William Cogswell; 1872, Henry R. Sibley; 1873, A. B. Underwood;
+1874, J. W. Kimball; 1875, Geo. S. Merrill; 1876-77-78, Horace Binney
+Sargent; 1879, J. G. B. Adams; 1880, John A. Hawes; 1881, Geo. W.
+Creasey; 1882, Geo. H. Patch; 1883, Geo. S. Evans; 1884, John D.
+Billings; 1885, John W. Hersey; 1886, Richard F. Tobin.
+
+The Assistant Adjutant-Generals, to whose systematic work this
+department has been so greatly indebted for its efficiency, have been
+Thomas Sherwin, Henry B. Peirce, James F. Meech, and Alfred C. Munroe.
+
+Having for eight years led in members and excellency all the departments
+of the country, with its record of over $600,000, expended in its relief
+work, with $120,000 now held for that purpose, with a membership of
+nearly eighteen thousand, and possessing the only Soldiers Home in the
+nation, established solely through its own efforts and still maintained
+in its hands, the Grand Army of Massachusetts has a right to be proud of
+its exemplification of the virtues of "Fraternity, Charity, and
+Loyalty."
+
+
+
+
+ON DETACHED SERVICE.
+
+AN EPISODE OF THE CIVIL WAR.
+
+BY CHARLES A. PATCH, MASS. VOLS.
+
+
+Most sketches of battle-scenes, in their voluminous details of movements
+and vivid descriptions of action, so completely hide the actual feelings
+of the _men_ engaged that the inexperienced may be pardoned the thought,
+that, having donned the insignia of a soldier, a man instantly becomes
+filled with martial ardor, and eager to face the most withering fire of
+musketry or artillery. But the reality is far different; very few men
+are so constituted, or are so reckless of their lives, that they can
+listen to the unearthly screech of the shell or the crash of solid shot,
+mingled with the sickening thud of grape and bullets, without a shiver
+of weakness creeping through their systems, and a helpless knocking of
+their knees together. It is a military fact that lines of combatants as
+they go into position are not made up of heroes, and regiments which won
+renown in such scenes of carnage as Fredericksburg, or Gettysburg, or
+the Wilderness, were composed of plain, quiet men, who were
+faint-hearted and homesick when forming in front of flashing batteries
+or heavy bodies of opposing troops. It was only when completely
+involved _in_ the struggle, after the madness of excitement had overcome
+the real man, that they proved themselves to be, what we now know them,
+heroes. But it very often happened that troops were placed in positions
+where neither glory nor honor could redound to them, however brave they
+might be, and where the results of such movements were not at all in
+keeping with the loss of life incurred. This little sketch covers
+somewhat such an occasion, where troops comparatively new in the service
+were ordered to perform work which seemed uncalled-for and extra
+hazardous, and of so little consequence that no record will ever be made
+of it, although lives were lost in its accomplishment. An inside view is
+simply given of the true feelings and actions of men at such times, and
+necessarily lacks the glow of enthusiasm which is thrown around the
+picture of the historic battle. But to the story.
+
+If there was one feature in the South which annoyed the Federal
+commanders more than another it was the railroad system. Through its
+medium they were enabled to supply their armies from the great
+plantation centres where war was unknown. With a railroad at the back of
+each army, they were enabled to move with small wagon trains, and could
+utilize troops that would otherwise have been detached as guards. By its
+potent power, also, the troops were hurried from point to point of the
+Confederacy, thus keeping the Federal armies so long outside the charmed
+circle of the seceded States. With worn-out rails, scant supply of
+carriage-material, and wheezy engines, they performed herculean labor
+throughout the war. Consequently it became the favorite pastime and the
+almost sole business of Union cavalry to destroy or attempt destruction
+of railroad communication. Thousands upon thousands of valuable lives
+were sacrificed in such movements, and without any material damage to
+the fighting centre of the Confederacy.
+
+Our department commander, becoming infatuated with this method of making
+war upon the South, was urging his corps towards a well-known railroad
+junction one clear, cool day in December, '62. We were some fifty miles
+from our base, and bodies of the enemy were continually harassing our
+line of march, sometimes meeting us in sharp conflict, and at all times
+impeding our progress by road-obstruction. Already the killed and
+wounded were counted by hundreds, and the coveted goal still far away.
+As we plodded wearily along, wondering what would happen next, one of
+the division staff dashed up to our brigadier and ordered him to detach
+one of his regiments and send it to support cavalry that had seized a
+bridge some miles to our right. It was the fortune of our regiment to be
+detached for the service, and we marched into a wood-road, rather
+depressed in feelings, and sadly missing that sense of security which
+the fellowship of a large body of men gives to the soldier. On we went
+for about three miles through dense woods that chilled one's very marrow
+with their gloom. Occasional glimpses of bits of blue sky through the
+overarching branches were the only reminders that the outside world
+remained as it used to be. Once or twice we passed small openings in
+which some poor white had located, and where half-naked children were
+the only signs of civilization, or, rather, uncivilization, till, at
+last, under the guidance of a scout, we filed into a clearing about a
+quarter of a mile from the bridge. Through the woods we could see two
+guns planted in the road at the bridgehead, and a squadron of dismounted
+cavalry supporting them. The smoke rising from the partially burnt
+timbers, and the frequent interchange of rifle and carbine shots, with
+now and then the roar of artillery, gave ample evidence that business
+would soon be lively in that locality. The outlook was not at all
+enlivening; our regiment was small in number, the woods dark and
+treacherous,--the main army adding mile upon mile to the interval
+between us,--and we were very forcibly impressed that even
+railroad-smashing, in plenty of company, was far better than
+bridge-burning with such lonesome surroundings.
+
+While chewing the cud of reflection, and anxiously considering the
+situation, a major of cavalry appeared from the woods calling for
+assistance, and cold perspiration covered us as our captain was ordered
+to place his company under the major's direction. Command was given to
+"Fall in," which we did with very solemn faces, and whisperings went
+through the ranks that we guessed it was all up with us; but the order
+to "March" called us to duty and we proceeded down the road accompanied
+by a battery, which had at that moment arrived and proved a welcome
+addition to our meagre force. Halting in a clump of trees, a short
+distance from the river, we divested ourselves of all luggage and then
+made our way through the woods to the edge of a field that bordered on
+the river bank; quietness reigned as we deployed as skirmishers, and
+just before we advanced, the cavalryman pleasantly informed us that when
+the line struck a certain stump, we should get abundant notice of our
+Confederate friends' proximity. Not in the least overjoyed at this
+information, we crept slowly forward, all eyes and ears, and as the
+extreme left came into line with the stump, the heavens opened, or at
+least we thought they had, and six pieces of artillery sent their
+compliments in the shape of so many barrelsful of grape. One grand
+_whir-r-r-r_ went over us, around us, and, in imagination, through us;
+it took but the sixtieth part of a minute for fifty men to flatten
+themselves upon the earth and wish they had never gone to the war. No
+time was wasted in examining the topography of the position, or in
+looking for safer quarters, our military discipline showing itself in
+the unanimity with which we then and there dropped as one man. In the
+short interval between the first and second discharges of grape, one of
+those incidents occurred which often turns the seriousness of battle
+into a seeming frolic. While considering the expediency of advancing,
+our attention was drawn to the antics of several cattle, which had been
+quietly grazing near by, now so thoroughly astonished at the strange
+proceedings that they were literally attempting to carry out the old
+Mother Goose rhyme of "jumping over the moon." With tails stiff as
+crowbars and hind legs higher than their heads, they were cavorting
+around the field, bellowing with fright, and making such an extremely
+ludicrous spectacle, that, in our excited condition, it was more than we
+could bear, and almost hysterical laughter weakened us so that we were
+hardly able to move. But the range of the enemy's guns was too accurate
+to admit of a long stay in this locality, so we pushed on, rolling or
+crawling, to the thin line of trees by the river, continual discharges
+of grape adding increased momentum to our movements, and solid shot from
+our own battery crossing us so closely that it made the neighborhood
+more dangerous than social. Drawing long breaths of relief at last,
+behind the partial shelter of a rail fence, we began to make as close
+investigation of our opponents across the stream as the difficulties of
+the position would allow. We found the country thickly inhabited, every
+stump and tree sheltering its quota of men in gray, and six ugly-looking
+cannon at work upon our position with a rapidity and precision that was
+certainly commendable to them, if not fully appreciated by us. However,
+we soon lost our fears and misgivings in our eagerness to make the
+climate as warm for them as they had so far made it for us, and we
+settled down to our work with a vim that would have made old veterans
+envious. The river was so narrow that every movement on either side was
+visible, and, lying flat upon the ground, we fired for hours at any
+signs of life, and were continually answered by the _zip-zip_ of bullets
+as they flew past our heads, or buried themselves in the rails above us.
+Thus the conflict continued; grape and solid shot tore frantically over
+us, plowing up the dirt and crashing through the woods in the rear,
+filling our ears with the most frightful din. Our greatest difficulty
+was in loading, for if so much as a hand was exposed to view, such a
+rain of lead would be sent our way that it took some minutes to assure
+one's self that he was not killed. Once in a while, the word would be
+passed along, "George is wounded," "Ned is killed," or, "Serg't Smith"
+has a hole through his arm, and we would instinctively get closer to the
+ground and flatten ourselves out as thin as possible. Hunger and thirst
+also began to tell on us, and we longed for the darkness to come, but
+our opponents with their larger force held us to our work, seeming loth
+to have us depart.
+
+About dusk the order was given to fall back quickly and quietly, but how
+to do it safely in the face of a regiment of Confederates was a puzzle
+to be solved; edging backward till at fair distance from the fence, we
+suddenly rose and scampered, in knots of two or three, at break-neck
+speed for the other side of the field, with bullets and grape buzzing
+around us like angry wasps. When, at length, we gathered, shivering with
+the cold, around our pile of blankets, and felt hungrily in the
+emptiness of our haversacks for one remaining cracker, the prevailing
+feeling was that "we wanted to go home," but, to our intense disgust, we
+were ordered to eat our hardtack, if so fortunate as to have any, and,
+as soon as sufficiently dark to conceal our movements, to picket the
+river bank near the bridge and be ready to support the battery in any
+attempted night surprise. This we felt to be an outrage on good nature,
+and so expressed ourselves in language not at all polite. We were tired
+and hungry, and the night cold and sharp, but orders are orders and must
+be obeyed, and we moodily wended our way to our various stations.
+
+It was a good time to illustrate those lines of Tennyson,--
+
+    "Theirs not to make reply,
+    Theirs not to reason why."
+
+Nevertheless we were not at all in harmony with the poem, but felt
+perfectly willing and wholly competent to instruct our commanders on the
+correct way to handle troops. As we pushed on through the underbrush and
+debris of the forest, the smallest stick trod upon would crack like a
+rifle-shot, and the unearthly howl of a dog, in the yard of a hut near
+by, made our hair stand on end as it echoed through the woods. The hours
+passed tediously as we peered through the darkness across the sluggish
+stream to the opposite side; but a little after midnight movements of
+the enemy, which they did not try to conceal, awakened our fears; the
+noise of bodies of men moving from different points, mingled with the
+sound of voices and frequent shouts, led us to feel that life would be
+safer and pleasanter behind our battery, when an officer came from the
+rear and ordered us to come out in a hurry. We didn't stand upon the
+order of going, but "got, right smart,"--not a word of fault was found,
+nor a complaint made, out of harmony with the officer's wishes. Company
+was formed at once, and the retreat up the road commenced, many an eye
+peering back into the darkness to see if the expected pursuit had begun;
+and had we waited an hour longer, our march would have been towards the
+prison-pens of Georgia, for our opponents then crossed the bridge with a
+force that would have swept us away in a moment; and the longer we live
+the happier we feel that our curiosity remained unsatisfied. Upon
+reaching the regiment we learned that our corps, having been unable to
+accomplish the object in view, as so many other expeditions failed to
+do, were in retreat, with heavy forces fresh from Lee's army in pursuit,
+and that it behooved us to cover the three-mile interval in double-quick
+time if we would join the procession in safety. We had been without
+rations all day, and for drinkables had only the water that lay in
+puddles by the roadside; but, wearied as we were, we kept pace with the
+other companies, muttering bitter imprecations against everybody in
+general, as we stumbled into holes or tripped over sticks in the intense
+darkness of the forest road. At early dawn we fell into the line of the
+retreating corps, but not till near midnight did the army halt with the
+feeling that it had placed safe distance between it and our adversaries.
+Then we 'broke ranks for rails,' and, with coffee and pipes, sat beside
+the cheering blaze recounting the incidents of the engagement. Our
+little encounter, so insignificant beside the story of great battles,
+was yet full of interest to us, and some were missing from our ranks
+who would never again respond to their country's call. To them and
+theirs it was the great battle of the Rebellion; to us, who live to tell
+of it, only an episode of army life.
+
+
+
+
+A TOWN MEETING-HOUSE,
+
+AND TOWN POLITICS IN THE LAST CENTURY.
+
+BY ATHERTON P. MASON, M. D.
+
+
+Nearly a century ago the little town, now the prosperous city, of
+Fitchburg, Mass., was the scene of a fierce contest that lasted a
+decade. Never in the history of the town was there contention so bitter
+or opposition so determined as that shown in the ninety-nine town
+meetings held during the years 1786-96. The cause of this tempest in a
+teapot was the location of a new meeting-house.
+
+At that time the "center of the town" was in the easterly part of the
+township, in the vicinity of the present Union Passenger Depot. Here
+were located the rather shabby yellow meeting-house, Cowdin's tavern,
+Dea. Ephraim Kimball's mill, Joseph Fox's "red store," and several
+dwelling-houses. Westward from this ran a country road (now Main Street)
+along which were scattered half a dozen houses. West of the present
+junction of River and Main Streets there were almost no habitations
+until reaching the high land, now known as Dean Hill, about 1-3/4 miles
+distant. This high land was early settled by farmers, because of the
+excellent soil, and comparative freedom from early frosts. Here were two
+taverns, a blacksmith's shop, a store, and a number of dwellings. These
+people in the west were considerably removed from the river, which at
+that time was regarded as a curse to the town, and were desirous of
+being separated from Fitchburg in order to escape the heavy tax annually
+levied to maintain bridges. Moreover the west was then the more
+flourishing settlement, and its inhabitants began to feel that they
+ought to have a meeting-house of their own, and not be obliged to travel
+to the easterly part of the town to attend church,--in a word they felt
+rather abused at being considered a suburb.
+
+Early in 1785 one of the articles in the town-meeting warrant was, "To
+see if the town will take into consideration the request of Jacob Upton
+and others, to see if the town will set off the inhabitants of the
+north-westerly part of Fitchburg, with their lands and privileges, free
+and clear from said Fitchburg, to join the extreme part of Westminster,
+with the north-easterly part of Ashburnham, to be incorporated into a
+town, to have town privileges, as other towns." Had this request been
+granted a new meeting-house would have been built near Upton's tavern;
+but it was promptly dismissed. Baffled, but not dismayed, the
+petitioners came to the town meeting held in May, 1785, with a
+proposition to annex to Fitchburg "about a mile or more in width of
+land, with the inhabitants thereon, of the northerly part of the town of
+Westminster," and these additional people were "to join the inhabitants
+of said Fitchburg to build a meeting-house on Ezra Upton's land." This
+scheme was very artful, but the wise men of the east saw that such a
+move would throw the balance of power into the hands of the west, and
+therefore voted it down.
+
+These two defeats stirred up the people of the west, and they determined
+to carry their point in some way. In March, 1786, they petitioned "that
+Rev. Mr. Payson have liberty to preach some part of the time in the year
+in the westerly part of the town." This was certainly a modest request,
+but was denied, the people of the east evidently thinking that if they
+yielded an inch they might, at no very distant date, have to travel two
+or three miles.
+
+All this, however, was but a skirmish. The date of the beginning of the
+real contest was Sept. 12, 1786, when, it was voted "to build a new
+meeting-house in the centre of the town, or in the nearest convenient
+place to the centre." It was thus agreed that a new house was to be
+built, but _where_ to build it was not easily determined. The maxim,
+large bodies move slowly, was verified in this instance, for, although
+there was much private sputtering in regard to the location, no further
+public action was taken for two years. Meanwhile Jedediah Cooper and
+Jacob Upton, the two tavern keepers in the westerly part of the town,
+despairing of any redress, determined, together with some of their
+neighbors, to have a meeting-house among themselves at any rate. They
+accordingly erected in the course of time a shabby structure, just
+within the limits of the town, which was used to some extent for
+preaching; but the proprietors did not take much care of it, and its
+dilapidated appearance earned for it the name of the "Lord's Barn." It
+was sold and taken down about sixty years ago, and the proceeds of the
+sale (about thirty-six dollars) were divided among the proprietors.
+
+Sept. 9, 1788, the subject was again brought before the town by means of
+an article in the warrant,--"To see if the town will erect a
+meeting-house in the centre of the town, or receive any part of
+Westminster that shall be willing to join with us, and then erect a
+meeting-house in the nearest convenient place to the centre." This
+article was put into the warrant by the people of the west, whose
+underlying object was the formation of a new town, while the rest of the
+inhabitants were strenuously opposed to this project. No action was
+taken on this article at this meeting. A few days later, Sept. 23, a
+meeting was called, at which a committee, consisting of Moses Hale,
+Oliver Stickney, Daniel Putnam, Jacob Upton, and Asa Perry, was
+appointed "to find a place to erect a meeting-house in the most
+convenient place to accommodate the inhabitants of the town of
+Fitchburg." The result of the investigation made by these five gentlemen
+was that two of them found the most convenient place to be in the west,
+two in the east, and the remaining member was upon the fence. A town
+meeting was held, Oct. 2, to hear the report of this committee, and when
+it had been given it was rejected, and the gentlemen were promptly
+discharged from further services in that direction. A motion was then
+made to place the new house on the site of the old one: this was
+negatived. Then, "after much consideration," as the record says, it was
+voted "to erect the new meeting-house in the nearest convenient place to
+the centre." Such brilliant progress must have been altogether too
+gratifying, for a few minutes later it was voted "to reconsider all
+votes hitherto passed relating to this matter." At this stage in the
+proceedings the meeting was adjourned to nine o'clock of the next day.
+
+On the following morning the parties proceeded to business. It was first
+moved to place the new house where the old one then stood; this was
+again negatived. It was then moved to place it "on the hill near Phineas
+Sawyer's house, on the land belonging to the heirs of Mr. Ezra Upton"
+(in the westerly part of the town). The meeting was divided on this
+motion, "to find a true vote," as the record states, and thirty-two
+voted in favor of it and seventeen against it. So by a vote of nearly
+two to one it was decided to place the new house in the west, and it
+looked as if everything was going on swimmingly. A committee was chosen,
+consisting of Reuben Smith, Asa Perry, Phineas Sawyer, Elijah Carter,
+and Jacob Upton, "to be invested with power to agree with the owners of
+the new frame erecting for a meeting-house (that of Jacob Upton and
+others before mentioned) in the north-westerly part of the town, if that
+appear cheapest for the town,--otherways are invested with power to
+provide materials and timber for building a new meeting-house in the
+prudentest manner for said town on said plat of ground." This committee
+was instructed to report progress at the next town meeting.
+
+This was a bitter pill for the east to swallow. Resolved on retaliation,
+the east called a town meeting immediately "To see if the town will
+comply with a request of a number of the inhabitants of Fitchburg, to
+grant that they, together with their respective estates and interests,
+may be set off from Fitchburg and annexed to Lunenburg." This request
+was denied. The honest people, who, for the sake of peace and
+reconciliation had favored the west at the previous meeting, were now
+thoroughly alarmed. They held the balance of power, and were in a very
+unpleasant predicament. If they voted to place the new house in the
+east, the west threatened to form a new parish; and if they favored the
+west, the east evinced strong symptoms of returning to the parent town
+of Lunenburg.
+
+Meanwhile, undaunted by this sudden squall in the east, the committee
+had bargained for the frame of the new meeting-house being erected in
+the north-westerly part of the town, prepared a site for the new house
+on the land of Ezra Upton's heirs, and done sundry other wise things.
+Nov. 17, 1788, a town meeting was called to listen to the report of this
+committee. Their excellent progress was set forth with great confidence,
+whereupon the meeting gravely voted not to accept the report, and added
+insult to injury by summarily discharging the committee from further
+service. This was done by the peacemakers who were at their wits' ends,
+and this time threw their influence into the eastern scale. At this
+meeting a committee was chosen to find the centre of the town. After a
+survey, the centre was found to be on the land of one Thomas Boynton,
+about five hundred feet north of the pound. Their report was accepted at
+a town meeting held Dec. 18, 1788, and a committee, consisting of Thomas
+Cowdin, Phineas Hartwell, Oliver Stickney, Daniel Putnam, and Paul
+Wetherbee, was chosen to bargain for a site in the most suitable place.
+This committee bought twenty-two and a half acres of land, a little
+south of the pound, of Boynton, paying therefor two dollars and
+thirty-three cents per acre, and the town approved this action.
+
+The west, not thinking this location near enough, resorted to the old
+scheme of forming a new town, and called two meetings for that purpose,
+thereby scaring the conscientious peacemakers nearly out of their wits;
+but for some reason or other the men of the west did not put in an
+appearance, and these two meetings were uncommonly peaceable. The
+petitions were dismissed. The reason of their non-appearance at these
+meetings probably was that the people of the west, who all this time
+were carrying on their plans vigorously but quietly, as will soon be
+seen, wished to lull the rest of the town into a sense of security.
+
+At a meeting held Nov. 2, 1789, the town voted "to erect a new
+meeting-house on the land purchased of Thomas Boynton," and a committee
+was chosen to take the matter in charge. Two weeks later the town voted
+to reconsider all former votes; so that at the end of four years the
+town was in the same position regarding this matter as when it began
+operations, with the exception of owning twenty-two and a half acres of
+real estate. The cause of this singular action was the culmination of
+the move on the part of the west, alluded to above. The people of the
+west, together with portions of Westminster, Ashburnham, and Ashby, had
+presented to the General Court a powerful petition for an act of
+incorporation into a town.
+
+"This petition set forth in glowing colors the delightful situation of
+the contemplated town--how nature had lavished all her skill upon
+it--how admirably adapted for a township by itself was the noble swell
+of land--and that nothing in nature or in art could exceed the grand and
+imposing spectacle of a meeting-house towering from its summit, while
+beneath the said swell was a region of low, sunken land which almost cut
+off the petitioners from intercourse with the rest of mankind.[B]"
+
+This meant business, and the inhabitants of Fitchburg drew up a spirited
+remonstrance, in which they were joined by the people in those portions
+of the three adjoining towns not included in the proposed new township.
+In this remonstrance every statement of the petitioners was denied, and
+the whole thing denounced as visionary. This matter engrossed the
+attention of both parties during 1790, and the result was that the
+General Court refused to incorporate the new town.
+
+After such a vigorous contest a brief breathing spell was necessary; but
+Sept. 7, 1791, the town voted, forty-one to twenty-three, "to erect a
+new meeting-house in the centre of the town, or in the nearest
+convenientest place thereto." This double-barrelled superlativeness
+shows that the spirit of the people was by no means cast down by the
+fruitless struggle of five years. At this meeting a committee was
+appointed to plan a new house. Oct. 10, this committee reported to the
+town "to build a house sixty by forty-six feet, with a porch at each end
+twelve by eleven feet, with stairs into the galleries." There were to be
+forty-six pews on the ground floor, and twenty-five in the galleries, to
+be sold to the highest bidders, and three years were to be allowed in
+which to build the house. This report was accepted at a meeting held
+Nov. 14, 1791. A committee was also chosen to clear a site upon the land
+purchased of Thomas Boynton and build the house. Dec. 27, 1791, the town
+with its usual consistency voted "to dismiss the committee chosen to
+build a new meeting-house from further service." Thus the matter again
+stood as at the beginning.
+
+For nearly three years thereafter the pot continued to boil, but nothing
+more was done about church affairs in town meeting, except that on May
+17, 1793, the people showed their obstinacy by refusing "to repair the
+meeting-house windows, and to paint the outside of the meeting-house."
+
+Sept. 3, 1794, operations were again renewed by voting "to erect a
+meeting-house in the centre of the town, or in the nearest convenientest
+place thereto, to accommodate the inhabitants thereof for divine
+worship." Three disinterested individuals, Joseph Stearns and David
+Kilburn of Lunenburg, and Benjamin Kimball of Harvard, were chosen by
+ballot as a committee to discover that much-to-be-desired spot, "the
+nearest convenientest place to the centre." They found the centre to be
+a little less than a quarter of a mile north-east of the pound, but
+considered the most eligible location for the house to be about a half a
+mile south of this point, which would have placed it near the present
+junction of Main and River Streets. Oct. 21 a meeting was called to
+hear their report and it was rejected 36 to 29. So the opinions of
+interested and disinterested persons seem to have been considered of
+about equal value--as good for nothing.
+
+Nov. 21, 1794, a motion "to place the meeting-house on the spot where
+the committee out of town proposed" was negatived, forty-eight to
+forty-five. A committee was then appointed to select a suitable place.
+Dec. 1 this committee reported in favor of "setting the meeting-house
+near the high bridge, under the hill" (the place the out-of-town
+committee had proposed). This report was accepted, sixty-one to
+forty-seven. A town meeting was therefore called Jan. 8, 1795, to choose
+a committee to purchase the land agreed upon; but at the meeting the
+town refused to choose such a committee, and so ended the plan of
+building a meeting-house there.
+
+Jan. 26, 1795, the town voted "to erect a meeting-house on the town's
+land they purchased of Thomas Boynton, about five rods south-west from a
+large white oak tree, and to pattern it after the Leominster
+meeting-house." It was to be completed by the last day of December,
+1796.
+
+Feb. 9, 1795, the town chose a committee of three "to view Ashburnham
+meeting-house, and take a plan of the inside, and consult with Asa
+Kendall of Ashby for the mode of finishing the inside, and laying a plan
+for building the house." A week later the report of this committee was
+heard and accepted, and it was voted to pattern the new house after the
+one in Ashburnham. "Likewise voted to have the length of said house
+sixty-two by forty-eight feet, the posts to said house to be
+twenty-seven feet in length, and that the undertaker to build the house
+give bonds, with good bondsmen, to fulfil the contract." The contract
+was given to John Putman, Jr. Then followed other town meetings which
+regulated the size of joists to be used, and other minor matters that
+need not be here dwelt upon, Sept. 1, 1795, a committee of five was
+chosen "to stake out and oversee the clearing and levelling of the
+meeting-house spot for the underpinning on the town land." At this
+meeting it was also voted "that the Selectmen lay out a four-rod road in
+the best place to accommodate the travel to the new meeting-house spot."
+
+At this time plans seem to have been perfected, and the prospect of a
+new house on the town land tolerably assured; but Oct. 19, 1795,
+everything was completely upset. On that day a meeting was called "to
+know the sense of the town whether the former vote in placing said
+meeting-house should be altered." After some wrangling, it was decided
+by a vote of forty-four to thirty "to place the new meeting-house at the
+crotch of the roads, near Capt. William Brown's house" (very near the
+present junction of Main, Mechanic, and Academy Streets). This decision
+was final. It is rather difficult to see how it happened to be, for this
+site was a little east of the town land. The opposition put in one final
+blow in this way. It was designed to have the house face directly "down
+street" and the underpinning was laid with a view to this, but the
+opposition party mustered enough strength to change the plan so that it
+should face the south and "stand cornerwise to the street."
+
+So the momentous question was finally settled, and early in the summer
+of 1796 the raising occurred. This was of course an event of great
+importance, and extensive preparations were made to celebrate it. On May
+9, 1796, a town meeting was called "to see if the town will make any
+provision for the refreshment of the Raisers and also the Spectators
+that shall attend upon the raising of the new meeting-house." It was
+then and there voted most amicably and unanimously "that the town
+provide one barrill W. I. Rum and Loaf Sugar sufficient to make it into
+Toddy for refreshment for the Raisers and Spectators that shall attend
+the raising of the new meeting-house." A committee was also chosen,
+consisting of _Deacon_ Daniel Putman, _Deacon_ Ephraim Kimball, _Deacon_
+Kendall Boutelle, Reuben Smith, Joseph Polley, Dr. Jonas Marshall, and
+Asa Perry, "to deal out the Liquor to the Raisers and Spectators on
+Raising Day." It would seem as if a barrel of rum would suffice to make
+enough toddy to satisfy the cravings of all that would gather to witness
+this raising, but the people were evidently overflowing with
+hospitality, and bound to have a rousing time after waiting for it so
+long, for before the adjournment of the meeting it was voted "that the
+committee to deal out the Liquor and Sugar sufficient for the Raisers
+and Spectators, in case the barrill of W. I. Rum and Sugar already voted
+should be insufficient, procure more and bring in their account to the
+town for allowance."
+
+This was the only meeting in ten years where there was no contention or
+bitterness of feeling. For once these good people were all of the same
+mind, and a "barrill of W. I. Rum," which in these days gives rise to
+such excited controversy, in the presumably degenerate days of 1796
+acted like oil upon the troubled waters.
+
+The raising came off successfully, but it is not definitely stated how
+much rum was consumed thereat. However here is a copy of the order to
+reimburse Deacon Boutelle for the refreshment expenses.
+
+
+                                    "Fitchburg, May y'e 12: 1796.
+
+     "To Ebenezer Thurston Town treasurer you are hereby Directed to
+     pay De'n Kendall Boutwell thirty eight Dollars and one Cent it
+     being for providing Rum and Shugar for the Raising of the new
+     Meeting house and this with his Rec't shall be your Discharge
+     for the above sum
+
+     D C                  JOHN THURSTON  }
+     38 1                 PAUL WETHERBEE } _Selectmen._"
+
+On the back of this order is written the receipt and settlement as
+follows:--
+
+
+                            1796
+
+     "may y'e 12 Recd a Note in behalf of the Town of fitchburg of
+     thirty Eight Dollers and one Sent in full of the within Order
+
+                                    "KENDAL BOUTELL"
+
+     "April 19:1797 Order Settled with the treasurer"
+
+Such in substance was the controversy about the location of the
+meeting-house. The contest was characterized by zeal, obstinacy, and
+bitterness, manifested equally by both factions, and so fierce was the
+strife that the people of adjoining towns, for miles around, were in the
+habit of flocking into Fitchburg to attend town meetings.
+
+The edifice was dedicated Jan. 19, 1797, Rev. Zabdiel Adams of Lunenburg
+preaching the sermon. This house became, a few years later, the church
+of the First Parish (Unitarian) in Fitchburg, and stood until 1836, when
+it was removed, and a brick church, now standing, was built by the
+Unitarians on nearly the same site.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[B] Torrey's "History of Fitchburg," Fitchburg, 1836.
+
+
+
+
+ABBOT ACADEMY.[C]
+
+BY ANNIE SAWYER DOWNS.
+
+[Illustration: ABBOT ACADEMY.]
+
+
+Joseph Cook says, "Andover, Mass., has founded several new Institutions.
+Under the elms on Andover Hill is a study, in which a prayer-meeting was
+once held weekly to devise ways and means of doing good. There
+originated the first religious newspaper. There began its existence an
+American Tract Society which now sifts its printed counsels, like the
+dew, over a hemisphere. There, in imitation of a Scottish custom, was
+instituted the American missionary monthly concert of prayer, in
+response to the wants of an American Missionary Society, also
+originating in Andover, and on whose operations now the moon goes not
+down by night nor the sun by day. There had its birth the American
+Education Society, which to-day rings its college bells all the way from
+Niagara to the Yosemite. There was commenced the American Temperance
+Society, which in our crowded cities has before it a work of which even
+wakeful eyes do not yet see more than a glimpse of the importance." It
+was, therefore, natural that the first incorporated school for the
+higher education of girls in this Commonwealth should find its
+birthplace in Andover; and that the first public meeting of which we
+have any record whose sole object was the education of girls, should
+have been held in its South parish, Feb. 19, 1828, at the house of James
+Locke, Esq. The meeting adjourned after voting "that it was desirable
+and necessary a female academy should be established in this place,"
+leaving the matter in the hands of a committee who were to raise funds
+and see if a lot of land could be obtained. At the next meeting, on the
+4th of March, only a fortnight later, this committee reported that the
+way was clear to draw up a constitution, buy a lot of land, erect a
+brick building two stories high, for which funds should be raised by
+subscription, and that the school should be put under the charge of
+trustees. These trustees, seven in number, were: Rev. Milton Badger,
+pastor of the South Church, Andover; Rev. Samuel C. Jackson, pastor of
+the West Parish Church, who served until his death, a period of more
+than fifty years; Samuel Farrar, Esq., treasurer of Phillips Academy;
+Hon. Hobart Clark, State Senator; Mark Newman, formerly principal of
+Phillips Academy; Amos Abbot, Member of Congress, and Amos Blanchard,
+succeeded in later years by his son, Rev. Dr. Amos Blanchard of Lowell.
+Drs. Badger and Jackson and Esquire Farrar were to draft a constitution,
+while Messrs. Clark and Newman were to serve as a building committee.
+But, alas! then, as now, it was easy to vote away money, but not easy to
+collect it; easy to order buildings begun, but hard to find any way to
+pay for them. So at a trustee meeting, July 4, 1828, it was voted that
+it was not expedient to erect a building for the Female Academy with
+their present means. At the Semi-Centennial of Abbot Academy in June,
+1879, several persons were present who remembered the sadness and
+disappointment which settled down upon the hearts which had been so
+sanguine of success when the plan was first made public. But it is
+always darkest just before day, and on July 24, 1828, "most important
+information" was communicated at a meeting of the trustees. The first
+site selected had not been universally approved. A lady, daughter of Mr.
+Adams, then Principal of Phillips Academy, writes, "It was the
+determination to put the new academy on Main Street; but many Andover
+mothers were dissatisfied, as this was the street most frequented by
+Theologues and Phillips boys. My mother and Mrs. Stuart consequently
+drew up a petition requesting a change in location. Elizabeth Stuart
+(mother of Elizabeth Stuart Phelps) and I circulated said petition. When
+we had received a sufficient number of signatures, it was handed to the
+trustees, who deemed the 'objections formidable'; so a portion of the
+'important information' was that Deacon Mark Newman had presented the
+enterprise an acre of land on School Street, and that Madam Sarah Abbot
+pledged one thousand dollars to be paid at her death." Esquire Farrar
+was ready to advance the money on such security, and it was gratefully
+voted to take the deed of Deacon Newman, and begin directly to build
+from a plan furnished by Mr. Goddard, Principal-elect. Mr. David Hidden
+of Newburyport contracted to do the work, being assisted by Mr. William
+Saunders of Cambridge, who, it is said, is proud to claim the honor of
+having made the columns which support the front portico. Professor Park,
+who came of age the year Abbot Academy was born, and who entered Andover
+Theological Seminary the autumn the Academy was building, and who often
+amused himself by walking upon the uncovered floor joists, adds his
+testimony to that of many contemporary notices which declare the
+completed structure, with its fine proportions and classic porch, to be
+not only the pride of the town but of Essex County.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+So Abbot Female Academy fell into line with the other beneficent
+institutions established by men of kindred blood to its founder, and
+who, like her, were enthusiastic in their love for learning, passionate
+in their benevolence, and extraordinarily endowed with common sense.
+
+[Illustration: BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE PROPOSED BUILDINGS.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The act of incorporation was passed Jan. 25, 1829; and there is no
+record that any opposition was made or any encouragement offered,
+although all were aware that it was a pioneer enterprise, for a local
+journal says, "Abbot Academy is the first house built in New England by
+a corporation for the exclusive work of educating women." Madam Sarah
+Abbot not only pledged the one thousand dollars before mentioned, but
+advanced additional moneys from time to time when the exigencies
+threatened destruction; and so arranged her property before her death in
+1848, that two years later, upon the 28th of February, 1850, the
+trustees came into possession of a sufficient sum to make the whole
+amount $10,109.04. Naturally enough the infant institution took her
+name, for, though Abbot Academy has received many donations since
+Esquire Farrar electrified her by his decided advice, "Surplus money!
+Use it to found an academy in Andover for the education of women!" she
+is still its largest as well as its first giver. The grand-daughter[D]
+of one Abbot, the daughter of another, and the wife of a third, she led
+a secluded life, unillumined by those opportunities for culture which
+she appreciated highly for others, and oftentimes, without doubt, like
+other great benefactors, half uncertain if the generosity, which to her
+more than frugal habits must have seemed excessive, was not as
+injudicious as it was unusual. For, as Rev. Phillips Brooks said at a
+meeting on behalf of Abbot Academy, in Boston, upon the 12th of January,
+at the time the school was founded, great ideas and great processes
+which have not yet begun to fulfil themselves had just begun to impress
+themselves on men's minds. The old and the new existed together; and
+that Madam Abbot, without advantages of early education herself, could
+so entirely have appreciated them that she was willing to bestow her all
+upon the new scheme, speaks volumes for her strength and foresight. Her
+portrait, probably painted by T. Buchanan Read, still hangs on the wall
+of the pleasant hall built by her timely liberality; and women,
+scattered all the way from Maine to Japan, as they recall its sagacious
+features, quaint dress, and old-time air, say to their pupils, or record
+in their books, or whisper lovingly to the little children round their
+knees, that old Mrs. Abbot in far-off Andover was their real Alma Mater.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF BASEMENT
+
+ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
+
+ABBOT ACADEMY
+
+ANDOVER, MASS.
+
+H. W. HARTWELL & W. C. RICHARDSON ARCHITECTS
+
+68 DEVONSHIRE ST., BOSTON, MASS.]
+
+May 6, 1829, Abbot Academy opened with eighty-five pupils, from the
+little ones who did not know their letters, to young women of eighteen
+and twenty. One who was there says, "Henrietta Jackson (afterwards Mrs.
+Dr. Cyrus Hamlin) sat at my left." Another describes the three gifted
+daughters of Professor Stuart, one of whom became the first wife of
+Professor Phelps and the mother of Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, who in her
+turn has likewise been a pupil of the school. As we look over the list
+of the girls who went in and out under the Ionic porch of the new
+academy, we see they were by inheritance and nature well worthy the
+broad and generous course of study marked out for them by Dr Jackson,
+Samuel Farrar and the others. That course, of more than half a century
+ago, was as wide as any laid down in the women's colleges to-day; and
+although it was gradually modified in conformity with popular sentiment,
+still it speaks well for the sagacity and practical wisdom of the
+trustees. It is pleasant to note that Dr. Jackson lived to see his
+theories of women's education carried into practice by the establishment
+of colleges for them. Mr. Charles Goddard, grandson of Dr. Langdon,
+president of Harvard University, was the first principal of Abbot
+Academy. He was tall and fine looking, with refined and polished
+manners, worshipped by the little girls and greatly admired by the older
+ones, who, as one of their number writes "woke up wonderfully and
+enjoyed their studies exceedingly." "It was the universal opinion," says
+another, "that the advantages offered by Abbot Academy were very
+superior to anything in the region, and the building was considered
+commodious and elegant." French and German were taught by Dr. William
+Gottlieb Schauffler, whose romantic history and extraordinary musical
+gifts had already attracted much personal interest, and whose after
+career has made his name a household word from the shores of the German
+Ocean to the Stairs of the Bosphorus. Who wonders that he was a hero to
+those girls of fifty years ago? No theological student called upon them
+who had not some story to tell of his enthusiasm, daring or cleverness,
+and how eagerly must they have listened as the adventures of his magic
+flute were dwelt upon.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR
+
+ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
+
+ABBOT ACADEMY
+
+ANDOVER, MASS.
+
+H. W. HARTWELL & W. C. RICHARDSON ARCHITECTS
+
+68 DEVONSHIRE ST., BOSTON, MASS.]
+
+For twenty-one years Abbot Academy was under the charge of principals
+who were all college graduates and men of exceptional powers, uncommon
+cultivation, and thorough interest in their work. There was no fund
+(then as now it depended upon its fees, systematically as low as
+possible) to pay running expenses, and although its superior character
+as a school attracted as many pupils as it could accommodate it had a
+hard struggle to live. Very early in its existence it was evident that
+its great lack was a boarding-house for students from a distance, and
+many attempts were made to remedy the deficiency. If the principal had a
+family, he accommodated all he could; the trustees provided for several
+brief periods common tables, but generally they lived in private houses
+scattered about the village.
+
+In 1853 two great events took place. The first was the offering of the
+principalship to a woman, and the second the resolve of the trustees
+"that it is indispensable to the prosperity, and even perpetuity of the
+Academy, to raise the sum of eight thousand dollars in order to procure
+suitable accommodations for the boarding pupils." Although the link may
+not be apparent, the second is really the logical result of the first
+for it was the enthusiasm of Miss Nancy J. Haseltine, who had accepted
+the position of principal, that urged them on with an irresistible
+force. She had come to them from Townsend, Mass., bringing a large
+following of pupils, and she found it impossible to provide for them
+satisfactorily, besides she saw clearly, as the Punchard Free School was
+opened in Andover that year, Abbot Academy must henceforth, as time has
+proved, depend chiefly upon patronage from out of town. There was no
+doubt about the situation of the new building, the only land the
+trustees owned was the acre given them by Deacon Newman in 1829; so they
+must set it in the rear of the Academy, but where could they get the
+money? Again, man's extremity was God's opportunity. Deacon Peter
+Smith, who offered the resolution, promised $1,000, Mr. John Smith
+$1,500, though in reality the brothers Smith gave before the house was
+finished enough to amount to $6,611. Justly was it named Smith Hall, for
+its whole cost was but seven thousand thirty-three dollars and
+sixty-four cents. But how was the great empty house to be furnished?
+Mrs. H. B. Stowe, then living in Andover, talked it over with Mrs. Dr.
+Jackson and Mrs. Professor Park and declared a festival should do it.
+And the festival did bring in $2,000 which furnished Smith Hall, and
+prouder, happier women never slept on Andover Hill than those who had so
+courageously and triumphantly carried the plan through.
+
+Smith Hall has now been far more than a quarter of a century the home of
+the pupils of the academy, during that portion of the time when they are
+not attending to modern languages. Poverty has been its constant
+companion, sternly forbidding any unnecessary expenditures, yet it has
+always presented a cheerful, even tasteful appearance to strangers, as
+well as to the scores of girls who cherish its memory tenderly. The
+highly successful term of Miss Nancy J. Haseltine was all too brief, and
+after her, Miss Maria J. Brown and Miss Emma L. Taylor, sister of Dr. S.
+H. Taylor, filled the last three years of the first thirty of Abbot
+Academy. In September, 1859, the present principal, Miss Philena McKeen,
+entered upon her duties, bringing with her from Oxford, Ohio, her
+sister, Miss Phebe F. McKeen, as first assistant. Miss McKeen's
+management of affairs has been as wise as fortunate, as disinterested as
+successful, and Abbot Academy now stands among the very first of the
+girls' schools in the country.
+
+The year 1862 is memorable as being the first of a series pleasant to
+chronicle. The institution was never in a higher condition of prosperity
+and usefulness, and when, in 1865, the trustees were perplexed by the
+good news that Smith Hall was insufficient for the number of pupils from
+out of town, Hon. George L. Davis of North Andover, who had for some
+time been one of their number, happily solved the difficulty by buying
+what was known as the Farwell estate, which joined the academy grounds
+on the north-east corner, and presenting it to the school. It was
+gratefully named Davis hall, and for many years has been occupied by all
+pupils studying French, that language being the one ordinarily spoken in
+the house. Previously Mr. Davis had added two acres of land in the rear
+of Smith Hall, and in the autumn of 1865 assisted in the purchase of
+the house belonging to Rev. J. W. Turner, on the southern boundary line
+of the grounds. That house, known first as South Hall, is now German
+Hall, German being spoken there in daily life, as French is at Davis
+Hall. To the fact that pupils studying these languages are thus kept out
+of the way of English speech for so large a portion of school hours is
+ascribed their unusual success in the difficult accomplishment of easy
+and correct conversation in a foreign tongue. The amount of Mr. Davis'
+benefactions up to 1879 was more than $7,000.
+
+At the annual meeting in 1870, the trustees expressed special
+obligations to Mr. Nathaniel Swift, who had filled the office of
+treasurer since 1852, and congratulated him upon the wonderful
+transformation which he had wrought in the grounds. Instead of poor
+stony pasture land were broad smooth lawns, gravelled walks, flower
+borders, well-trimmed hedges, and rustic seats in charming spots, which
+told not only of the exquisite taste which ever guided his hand, but of
+his considerate thoughtfulness wherever the pleasure or comfort of the
+pupils was concerned. During the autumn of 1877, in order to secure the
+whole of the beautiful grove adjacent to their property, the trustees
+bought fourteen acres, thus making their real estate something more than
+twenty-two acres.
+
+In the quarter of a century since Miss McKeen came to Abbot Academy,
+besides these imperatively needed houses, and these greatly prized
+acres, many valuable collections scientific, artistic and literary have
+been added; but, as ever, the great want is room, that the pupils may
+have the benefit of their use, which is impossible in their present
+scattered condition. The school observed its Semi-Centennial in June,
+1879, and extended a hearty welcome to nearly three thousand of its
+alumnae. The position was favorable for a survey of its present
+situation, its past history and its future prospects. Thorough
+examination of the past proved it had done excellent work; its list of
+pupils from all parts of the country, constantly increasing, showed it
+had taken deep root, but its future prospects appeared to be imperilled
+by its environment. On every hand it was crippled by want of buildings,
+want of endowment, want indeed of everything necessary to the comfort of
+a school. It was mentioned with amazement that half its collections were
+packed in boxes, its books were in every room of the building, wherever
+a shelf could find room, its pianos in the public parlors, and as for
+its boarding accommodations, so insufficient were they, it is a wonder
+to those familiar with the arrangements of the more recent girls'
+schools and colleges, that Abbot Academy has any boarding pupils at all.
+That it does, and frequently to its fullest extent, proves to the entire
+satisfaction of thoughtful persons the superior character of its
+instruction. Numerous highly valued and gratefully remembered gifts
+flowed in at the Semi-Centennial, but no sums sufficient to warrant the
+beginning of new buildings; so the teachers went on doing the best they
+could, spite of their great disadvantages, and their best was so good,
+that in 1884 the pressure became so strong, that several architects of
+Boston and vicinity entered into a free competition, submitting plans
+for the contemplated structures, and those drafted by Messrs Hartwell
+and Richardson, were accepted by the trustees, who appointed a building
+committee, consisting of Mr. Warren F. Draper, treasurer of Abbot
+Academy since 1876, chairman; Prof. J. W. Churchill, Andover, and Mr.
+James White, Boston. All these gentlemen are trustees, and in the
+heartiest sympathy with the high aims of the institution. The plans thus
+approved by the trustees were laid before the Alumnae Association at a
+meeting in June, 1885, and enthusiastically approved. It was then found
+that they had in their treasury an accumulation of small gifts amounting
+to between seven and eight thousand dollars, which they had been
+collecting for the purpose, and the announcement that the trustees, at
+the first meeting held for the purpose, had subscribed $12,500, was
+deemed very encouraging. Since that time the trustees have increased
+their subscription two thousand dollars, and, through the efforts of
+Miss McKeen, Andover people have pledged about $10,000. In short, about
+$36,000 has been raised up to the present time. But new buildings will
+cost $100,000; perhaps, even with the most vigilant and judicious
+economy, $150,000. Where and how can the remainder be obtained? It
+occurred to many friends that it would be a pleasant and perhaps a
+profitable thing to have a social meeting in Boston to consider the
+question and inspect the plans. Mrs. Daniel Chamberlin (before marriage
+Miss Abbie W. Chapman), the popular and efficient acting-principal of
+Abbot Academy in 1853, and now president of its Alumnae Association,
+kindly offered her pleasant parlors in Chester Square for the purpose.
+There on the 12th of January, was held a most delightful gathering,
+where the speakers were as choice as they were felicitous, and the
+company as rarely homogeneous as heartily interested.
+
+Rev. Edward G. Porter of Lexington, one of the trustees, to whose
+indefatigable efforts the occasion owed a large portion of its success,
+called the meeting to order, and in the absence of Hon. Rufus S. Frost,
+who had been expected to preside, invited Professor Churchill to the
+chair. Professor Churchill whose gift of graceful speech never fails,
+introduced with a few delightful words Prof. E. A. Park, who has been
+president of the board of trustees more than twenty-five years.
+Professor Park responded: "The roof of the first edifice for Abbot
+Academy was laid the 28th of October, 1828. One week after that day I
+became a member of Andover Theological Seminary. I heard at once of the
+new and beautiful building; I think I was the first college graduate who
+walked on the floor of the present Academy Hall. It was said to be the
+best school edifice in Essex County or even the state of Massachusetts.
+Thus it began its existence with an aspiration in fine architecture. The
+style of this edifice is not so classical now as it was fifty-six years
+ago. When the academy received its new telescope it was too poor to
+provide it a suitable place. Therefore a dome was erected on the roof,
+which disturbed the symmetry of the Grecian architecture. The telescope
+does good service under the dome; but it is a sign of the indigence of
+the academy. When I reflect on the progress made by other institutions,
+I am astonished at the march of events. Twenty years after the founding
+of Abbot Academy, the little settlement at Chicago had not been heard of
+at Andover. When Rev. Dr. Joel Hawes received his first request to
+provide a missionary for that settlement, he asked a friend of mine,
+'Where is Kick-a-go?' That little settlement of 'Kickago' has now
+received a fund of more than three million dollars for a city library.
+When our academy was founded, no man in Andover suspected that
+California would become one of our United States; but California has
+recently received twelve million dollars for the founding of a
+University. I was acquainted with the founder of Smith College in
+Northampton, and also with the founder of Abbot Academy. In some
+particulars the two ladies had a marked resemblance to each other. The
+founder of Smith College gave to it four hundred thousand dollars; the
+founder of Abbot Academy gave to it $10,109.04. Those four cents have
+played a conspicuous role in the history of the academy. They have been
+a sign of its indigence from its earliest to the present day."
+
+"Abbot Academy has real estate valued at forty thousand dollars. Its
+apparatus, library, furniture, etc., are valued at ten thousand dollars.
+Its productive and available funds are valued at $33,636. This valuation
+was made two years ago; and it is now safe to say that the whole
+property of the institution, including real and personal estate, amounts
+to no more than ninety thousand dollars. The number of books in its
+library is 2,630. The number of its books relating to the fine arts is
+233. The number of its art illustrations is 3,284. Still it has no
+convenient rooms for its books, pictures, casts. They are highly
+valuable, but are scattered in different and obscure places. It has a
+good cabinet of specimens illustrating conchology. Where is the cabinet?
+A large part of it I have never seen. It is kept in the boxes in which
+it was sent to the academy. Where is the scientific apparatus? Where is
+it?
+
+"The rooms for the pupils are not large enough. Two students live by day
+and by night in one small chamber. The passages between the rooms are
+too narrow. The recitation rooms are too small and not well ventilated.
+The teachers have no adequate support, and could readily obtain much
+larger salaries for far less work in other institutions. For such
+reasons the academy asks for an enlarged endowment. It needs $150,000
+for its new buildings. Thus far it has received promise of only $36,000.
+If it receive a generous increase of funds it will flourish; if it does
+not, it will not flourish as it should. Other institutions will attract
+its scholars. We cannot expect that future instructors will have a
+spirit of self-denial equal to that of its present and past instructors.
+
+"After his 7th of March speech, Daniel Webster said to the Bostonians,
+'You have conquered your climate, you have now nothing to do but to
+conquer your prejudices.' He meant that New Englanders had overcome the
+laws of nature, which had provided them with little except ice and
+granite; and nothing was left for them to conquer except their
+prejudices against the system of slavery. Now the teachers of Abbot
+Academy have conquered themselves, and there is nothing left for them to
+subdue except the laws of nature. They cannot subdue these laws. They
+cannot resist the attractions which other institutions have received
+from large funds, commodious dormitories, and suitable lecture-rooms and
+halls. The two Misses McKeen have devoted a high degree of skill and
+energy to the upbuilding of this institution; but they have had a
+superior ancestry. They inherited strength and fortitude. They descended
+from the sturdy men and women who settled Londonderry, New Hampshire.
+
+"James McKeen of Londonderry was connected by marriage with James
+McGregor, the first minister of that town, who was a remarkable man. He
+was asked to leave his New Hampshire parish and go to the First
+Presbyterian Church in New York city. He declined. Londonderry was a
+more promising field for usefulness than New York. Londonderry has since
+succumbed. By the aid of the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean, New
+York has gone ahead.
+
+"A traveller walking through Fifth Avenue and then through the roads of
+Londonderry can detect the superiority of New York with the naked eye.
+Unless Abbot Academy receive a larger and richer endowment than it now
+has, it will be to other institutions what the New Hampshire township is
+to the commercial emporium of our land.
+
+"Why not allow our academy to decline? What special reasons are there
+for giving a new impulse to it? We ask for our new buildings because our
+academy is the oldest incorporated institution in the land for the
+higher culture of young ladies exclusively. Its age gives it a title to
+support. The antiquity of a school is a rich treasure to it. Scores of
+matrons, teachers, missionaries, have been trained in this school, and
+have performed signal services in our Western settlements, in
+Constantinople, in Japan, and in other distant parts of the world. The
+affections of these pupils are still entwined around this ancient
+academy. Again, we need our new buildings as monuments to the past
+services of teachers who have adorned and honored the school. Their
+example of faithful work and of exemplary self-denial ought to receive a
+visible and fitting memorial.
+
+"Still another reason is that the endowment for which we ask will
+encourage future instructors to imitate the example of their
+predecessors. I have been conversant with many schools, I have not known
+one in which the principles of mental and moral philosophy, of the
+English and the Latin language, and of the fine arts have been more
+thoroughly and faithfully studied than in Abbot Academy. We do not
+expect there will ever be a theatre or an opera in the neighborhood of
+our academy; but we do expect that if we can obtain the pecuniary aid
+which we need, our school will be the resort of ladies who will devote
+themselves with zeal and care to the study of science, and more than all
+to the study of the word of God."
+
+Professor Churchill then spoke in a very forcible and interesting manner
+of the aims of Abbot Academy, its wish to emphasize the home as well as
+the school. In a second article upon the institution it is hoped his
+remarks will be given in detail in connection with a more extended
+consideration of the aim to which he referred. Mr. Hartwell, for Messrs.
+Hartwell and Richardson, then explained the principal points of their
+plans, drawings of which were hung upon the walls. He concluded by
+expressing the heartiest interest in the academy and a most earnest wish
+for the success of the good plans in its behalf. Mr. Porter read a
+letter from Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, a portion of which follows:--
+
+     Abbot Academy has no superior. Its graduates go forth fitted
+     for life's true work. The education they have received has been
+     admirably adapted to form both mind and heart. It has had the
+     social, intellectual and spiritual elements in due
+     proportion.... I have sent six daughters to Abbot Academy and
+     do not fear to compare the result as seen in their training,
+     with the results attained in any other institution of our land,
+     provided the persons selected are of equal natural gifts. The
+     missionary work of Abbot Academy has been wide in extent and
+     noble in character, both at home and abroad; and should be
+     understood by friends of missions. It cannot be spared; its
+     work, its history, its example, make it one of our choicest
+     schools for the education of women, and I pray God it may be
+     abundantly, richly endowed.
+
+Mr. Edwin Reed of Cambridge, who married an Abbot Academy graduate,
+after felicitous compliments to the school, made a graceful, sparkling
+speech, from which we quote,--"The wise, judicious, painstaking
+administration of affairs there goes always to the roots of character,
+and gives us:--
+
+    'The perfect woman, nobly planned
+    To warn, to comfort, and command.'
+
+One uniform spirit of devotion to the highest good of all presides
+there, and impresses itself on every pupil. Indeed, I am not sure, if I
+had my way and could educate but one of the sexes, that I would not
+take the girls, and give them the colleges of the land, in preference to
+the present occupants. This would be hard on the boys, but, if I should
+'turn the rascals out' and put their sisters in, it would be for this
+reason, great men always have great mothers. No great man ever lived who
+did not derive the native strength of his character directly from the
+mother who bore him. Mothers impress their qualities on their sons, and
+to get a generation of great men at the earliest possible moment, I
+would adopt the order of nature and secure first a generation of great
+mothers."
+
+Dr. McKenzie spoke affectionately of the academy and its toilsome
+growth, saying that almost every object in the school had its history.
+He referred to the great force of the demands made by schools and
+colleges, and said that it was a sign of health and vigor when a school
+asked for better accommodations, because it had wider opportunities for
+usefulness. Mr. Porter proposed a committee to attend to the matter in
+this section, as follows, Rufus S. Frost, James White, Edwin Reed, C. F.
+P. Bancroft, Mrs. Daniel Chamberlin, Miss Annie Means, Miss Caroline A.
+Holmes, Miss Josephine Wilcox and Mrs. Laura A. W. Fowler. The committee
+was subsequently enlarged by adding the names of Rev. Edward G. Porter
+and Miss Mary E. Fowle. After the business the meeting adjourned to the
+dining-room, where Mrs. Chamberlin had thoughtfully and kindly provided
+a delicious entertainment, which fitly ended the delightful afternoon.
+
+The Rev. Phillips Brooks acknowledged his kinship to the founder of
+Abbot, and in substance said: "No institution so takes on personality as
+a school. I see the various colleges almost as if they had features, and
+we may have some such feeling regarding Abbot Academy. Then there is so
+much in the quality of an old institution, if it keeps abreast of the
+times. The period of the founding of Abbot was an interesting one. It
+was a time when old ideas were being left behind and a new thought was
+just taking the place of the old. Great processes, which have not yet
+begun to fulfil themselves, had just begun to appear. No one can think
+of the academy without feeling grateful for that religious character
+which it is easier for an old school to keep than for a new one to
+acquire. Then, too, there is an advantage in its location, for there is
+much economy and much value in the educational atmosphere of a town like
+Andover."
+
+The plan provides for four buildings; the main or central one, where
+the family life will be carried on, connected by corridors with the
+smaller French and German Halls, and containing, not only parlors,
+school offices, dining-rooms, and suites for teachers and pupils; but a
+beautiful library, a spacious reading-room, and upon its third floor,
+commodious music-rooms shut off from each other and the corridors by
+walls and doors of such construction that sound cannot pass through.
+French and German Halls furnish each a family sitting-room cheery with
+open fires and charming with artistic finish; suites for pupils and
+teachers, but neither kitchen nor dining accommodations, as all meals
+are to be taken in the main building. To this purpose the western front
+of the lower or basement story has been devoted. The young ladies coming
+from the language houses pass by separate staircases to their own
+dining-room on the north and south side of the central one, where the
+English-speaking pupils sit. These side dining-rooms can be shut off or
+thrown into the central apartment at will, and in this way freedom for
+the foreign language is secured and the whole number of pupils
+centralized; a more economical arrangement than the present one of three
+separate kitchens. Indeed, apart from economy, and outside the great
+advantage this plan affords to the students of French and German, the
+Faculty of Abbot Academy emphatically prefer the division of the school
+into distinct families; the cottage system insuring in their opinion
+much greater certainty of health, and opportunities for the direct
+personal influence important in the development of character. The fourth
+building is the academy, where prayers and recitations will be
+conducted, and where public gatherings will be suitably accommodated.
+The three living-houses are arranged for one hundred and twenty-five
+pupils only, two pupils occupy single beds in one bedroom and sharing a
+parlor. The architecture is after the eleventh century Romanesque; the
+material brick, with freestone trimmings, and the effect of all simple,
+suitable, dignified.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[C] Abbot Academy, then called Abbot Female Academy, was incorporated
+Feb. 26, 1829; Moravian Brothers established schools for girls,
+Bethlehem, Pa., 1749; Rev. Joseph Emerson opened seminaries for girls in
+Byfield, Saugus, and Wethersfield, 1815; charter obtained for Adams
+Academy, Derry, N. H., 1823; Miss Lyon's seminary, Ipswich, 1828;
+Bradford Academy limited its work to girls, 1836; Mount Holyoke, 1835;
+Vassar College, Smith College, and Wellesley College later, but dates
+are uncertain, as confusion results from lack of definiteness as to
+whether they represent the year of founding, opening, or incorporation.
+
+[D] Miss Sarah Abbot, Founder of Abbot Academy, Andover, was born in
+Andover, Oct. 3. 1762; married Nehemiah Abbot, first Steward of Andover
+Theological Seminary, often called Divinity College; died in 1848, in
+the house on Andover Hill, occupied for many years by the family of Dr.
+Samuel C. Jackson, and now the residence of Prof. E. J. Hincks; buried
+in the cemetery of the South Church, Andover.
+
+
+
+
+THE ORIGINAL NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE.
+
+BY REV. EDGAR BUCKINGHAM.
+
+
+The magazine which first bore this title was established in the year
+1831, by Joseph T. and Edwin Buckingham. There were not at that time
+many monthly periodicals in the country; it was long before the days of
+the _Atlantic_ and _Putnam's_. The _New-England_ originated in the
+desire of my brother Edwin, who, at that date, was just twenty-one years
+of age, to rise to a higher position than that of editor of a daily
+paper. He had been for some years connected with my father, first, as
+assistant editor of the _New England Galaxy_, and then of the Boston
+_Courier_. People estimate very differently now the position of the
+editor of one of our city dailies; but at that time, though such an
+editor had an influence and a very great one, he could not be said to
+rule so far in political and social life, and to be so nearly supreme,
+as he has since become through the talents and labors of the Bennetts,
+of Greeley, of Raymond, of Thurlow Weed, and of Samuel Bowles. It is
+true, Mr. Bryant, of the _Evening Post_, was already at his station, so
+was Joseph E. Chandler, of Philadelphia; and Gales and Seaton, of the
+_National Intelligencer_; and Nathan Hale also, of the Boston
+_Advertiser_, exerted an important influence, wherever that paper was
+read. But an editor now addresses every day ten thousand or a hundred
+thousand readers, where fifty years ago the issue of his paper was
+limited to little more than a thousand copies. My brother Edwin felt,
+apparently, that to be editor of a monthly magazine would bring him into
+closer connection and intimacy with the leading men of literary eminence
+throughout the country, and so the magazine was originated by him and by
+my father on his account.
+
+Edwin was an accomplished writer at that early day. He had not learned
+the art at school; for he left school altogether when he was fourteen
+years of age. At that early period of life, he entered into the
+printing-office of the _New England Galaxy_, learning to set type, and,
+shortly, came to have charge of the making up of the paper. My father
+often said that the best school education one could get was at the
+compositor's stand. Edwin early began to write for the paper, and I
+remember, now, with what admiration an article of his on "Massachusetts"
+was read more than sixty years ago, and while he was yet a boy. The
+_Galaxy_ was sold in 1827; and my father and brother gave themselves up
+more particularly to the editorship of the _Courier_. Before Edwin was
+twenty-one, he spent some winters in Washington, as special
+correspondent of the newspaper; and while there attracted no little
+attention from the great men of the nation. He was a young man of active
+habits, and during the trial of the Whites, at Salem, for the murder of
+Joseph White, in 1830, at which Mr. Webster made one of his most
+powerful efforts as a lawyer and advocate, Edwin reported the
+proceedings. He drove down to Salem in the morning, and back at night
+with the proceeds of his daily labor, over the cold and foggy marshes of
+Lynn. Then he took a cold, from the effects of which he never recovered.
+He used the severest remedies, and, in October, 1832, he sailed for
+Smyrna; after spending some months there in a home where friendship and
+kindness did all that nature and skill could accomplish, and finding all
+means ineffectual, he started for home to die; but a few days before
+reaching his native land he breathed his last. His remains were
+committed to the deep in May, 1833. A cenotaph at Mt. Auburn
+commemorates his birth and death. It bears the inscription of being
+placed there by "Boston Mechanics." Edwin believed in the mechanic arts,
+and in what are called laboring men. He had himself been of them. It was
+fitting also his monument should be reared at Mt. Auburn; it was one of
+the first stones erected there. He had been himself greatly instrumental
+in carrying to success the project of turning "Sweet" Auburn, as it had
+been called, into a cemetery where the ashes of the loved and
+illustrious might be gathered for a final resting-place.
+
+The Magazine started well, and may be said to have been wholly
+successful, compared with other literary undertakings of the day, and
+with the just expectations of the proprietors. My father and brother had
+capable, willing, illustrious helpers. The first article of the first
+number was by Dr. Frothingham, of Boston, than whom no more elegant
+scholar, no finer writer was to be found in New England; Hon. Edward
+Everett contributed a playful article of some length to the same number.
+Hon. George S. Hillard, long known also in Boston for his fine
+scholarship, contributed a long review of the "Chanting Cherubs," a
+greatly admired piece of sculpture by Horatio Greenough then on
+exhibition in Boston. Hon. William Austin of Charlestown contributed a
+most ingenious and interesting story, not surpassed by fiction of the
+present day. Among the contributors to the first number were also Dr.
+Samuel G. Howe, and Hon. Timothy Walker of Cincinnati; Rev. Leonard
+Withington of Newbury, Mass., a gentleman who lived long and quietly in
+that secluded village, but wielded a vigorous pen, and had a very
+thoughtful mind; his contribution was of a very kindly and wise article
+on the religious character of Lord Byron,--an article well worth
+republication as an introduction to any complete collection of the works
+of that great poet. One would say such a combination of the literary
+strength of Massachusetts was a good setting off for a new magazine.
+
+The gentlemen above named, all or most of them, continued their
+contributions for other months and years. In addition to these whose
+names I have given, there were in succeeding numbers articles from
+Richard Hildreth, the historian, Park Benjamin, the poet, John G.
+Whittier, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Professor Longfellow, Miss Hannah F.
+Gould, Dr. W. B. O. Peabody, of Springfield, Dr. Andrew P. Peabody, long
+known and honored and loved in his position in Cambridge as guardian and
+friend of the young men in college. But the list would be too long to
+enumerate all the fine scholars and eminent writers who gathered to make
+up the NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE. My father and brother were very successful
+in securing the labors especially of young men,--my brother, because he
+was young himself,--my father, because always he was quick to discern
+rising merit, and ready and earnest to help forward young men to success
+and eminence. The list above given is that mostly of men who at that
+time were still in early youth.
+
+The fifth volume of the Magazine, in July, 1833, records my brother's
+death and the solitude of the senior editor. The number is prefaced by a
+picture of my brother, which shows him as a handsome young man, at the
+age of twenty-two; but the lithograph cannot give his fair complexion,
+the clearness of his large blue eyes. It was accompanied by an elegiac
+poem, by Charles Sprague, well known then, and not forgotten since, as
+one of our most finished poets, and one of our most pathetic writers.
+The work that then devolved upon my father, not only as editor of a
+daily paper, but as a man of public activity and usefulness, member as
+he was for many years of the Legislature, chairman of committees, to
+whose reports he devoted an immensity of labor, was sufficient to
+require him to give up the Magazine. Besides its more strictly literary
+articles, contributed mostly by others, though my father wrote some of
+the literary articles himself, the Magazine presented every month a
+review of the public proceedings of Congress and of many of the State
+governments, the most of which, I think, were prepared by himself, and
+usually a long series of obituary notices. These last were of citizens
+of different parts of the country, and came undoubtedly from different
+hands. But of people of distinction, citizens of Boston, who died from
+1831 to 1835, my father's pen probably produced almost all of the
+eulogies. The warmth of his friendship, his readiness to see all good,
+to forgive all imperfections, his skill as a writer, made such articles
+from his pen exceedingly interesting and admirable.
+
+In December, 1834, my father wrote his valedictory, and on the first of
+January, 1835, announced that the proprietorship had passed into the
+hands of Dr. Samuel G. Howe and John O. Sargent, Esq. In looking over
+the papers of the seven volumes, which filled out my father's
+editorship, very many articles are found of the highest merit,--as the
+names of the contributors given above would assure the reader; and if
+some of inferior worth are at times mingled with them, they probably had
+some interest at the time they were written; and the Magazine on the
+whole would be pronounced, I suppose, worthy of general commendation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is the Nemesis of pedantry to be always wrong. Your true prig of a
+pedant goes immensely out of his way to be vastly more correct than
+other people, and succeeds in the end in being vastly more
+ungrammatical, or vastly more illogical, or both at once.--_Cornhill
+Magazine._
+
+
+
+
+IRISH HOME RULE AGITATION:
+
+ITS HISTORY AND ISSUES.
+
+BY REV. H. HEWITT.
+
+
+By far the most thorny problem of British statesmanship at the present
+moment is the persistent and pressing demand made by the Irish people
+through the Irish press and their representatives in Parliament for the
+repeal of the Union and the recognition of their right to national
+self-government. Incessantly, earnestly, eloquently, the question has
+been agitated for the past dozen years or so. Adroitly and skilfully it
+has been manipulated by some of the most brilliant, sagacious, and
+resolute agitators Ireland has ever known. Slowly but steadily it has
+grown, passing from stage to stage with ever-brightening prospect of
+ultimate success, until it has now become the aspiration, we might
+almost say, the one, quenchless, all-absorbing passion of the Irish
+people. The consequence is that the first calm moment after a most
+exciting and vigorous electoral contest, during which "the fire out of
+the bramble" has devoured many "cedars of Lebanon," the two great
+parties in the State find themselves face to face with a difficulty
+which, even for the most zealous aspirant to place and power, robs the
+honors and emoluments of office of more than half their charm. Neither
+Liberal nor Conservative will care to incur the displeasure of the Queen
+and the implacable wrath of the English aristocracy--both Whig and
+Tory--by consenting to the political divorcement of Ireland, and to what
+would be regarded as the disruption of the empire. For it is felt, not
+without good reason, that the indirect and ultimate consequences of the
+severance would be far more serious than any direct and immediate
+effects. The efforts of popular statesmen, in recent times, have been
+mainly directed toward the maintenance of the prestige of the Crown.
+This was the sole motive of Lord Beaconsfield's "spirited foreign
+policy." It was the one consideration that made the "Imperial Titles
+Bill," and the imperial measures of which it proved to be the too
+significant prelude, so immensely popular in London. So sure was he of
+the strength and predominance of this patriotic sentiment in England
+that he made his appeal almost exclusively to it, in asking in 1880 for
+a fresh lease of power. The occasion was critical, he said. "The peace
+of Europe, and the ascendency of England in the councils of Europe"
+depended upon the verdict the country was now called upon to give. The
+policy of the party opposed to his own was declared to be a "policy of
+decomposition." But the concession of self-government in the form
+demanded by the Irish Parliamentary party, whatever might be the
+political necessity pleaded in justification of it, would be certain to
+be interpreted in England, in the colonies and dependencies of the
+British empire, and by all foreign States, as a sure omen of the decline
+of the British Crown. To us it is utterly inconceivable that the Queen,
+who is profoundly conscious of her power, keenly sensitive as to her
+royal dignities, rights, and prerogatives, and proud, as she has reason
+to be, of her long and prosperous reign, should ever consent to a policy
+of dismemberment, by whatever political party proposed. The
+Conservatives cannot afford to purchase the influence and assistance of
+the Irish vote at the price Mr. Parnell has fixed and is every way
+likely to insist on. They would have to belie the best traditions of the
+party, and discredit the cardinal principles of their once powerful and
+still deeply revered chief--the late Lord Beaconsfield--to whom Home
+Rule meant "veiled rebellion," and presented a danger "scarcely less
+disastrous than pestilence and famine." The Liberals are equally
+unlikely to risk the integrity and unity of the party by the concession
+of a claim which even an advanced Radical like Mr. Chamberlain has
+condemned as unwarrantable, unwise, and impossible to be granted. Still
+this and nothing less than this is the hope and expectation of the great
+majority of the Irish people. This and nothing less will be the demand
+of the Irish leaders as soon as Parliament assembles at the beginning of
+the ensuing year.
+
+In order to a clear and correct understanding of the position of Irish
+affairs at the present juncture, and of the nature and ground of the
+Home Rule demand, it will be necessary briefly to sketch the history of
+the agitation's genesis and growth. It is all the more necessary to do
+this as there are few political or social problems, even in England
+itself, more grievously misunderstood and wantonly misstated. It is
+truly surprising how much confusion, ignorance, and irrational antipathy
+may be nursed and maintained by an excited state of public feeling and a
+partisan and prejudiced press. Mr. Justin McCarthy complains with some
+bitterness that "people found their deepest sympathies stirred by the
+sufferings of cattle and horses in Ireland, who never were known to feel
+one throb of compunction over the fashionable sin of torturing pigeons
+at Hurlingham." And the words he quotes from a letter addressed to the
+_Times_ of Dec. 3, 1880, by the illustrious General Gordon, after a
+visit to the much afflicted country, show with equal clearness the sad
+condition of affairs in Ireland, and the apparent incapability of the
+English public to realize it. "I have been lately over the south-west of
+Ireland," he wrote, "in the hope of discovering how some settlement
+could be made of the Irish question, which, like a fretting cancer, eats
+away our vitals as a nation." After the bold and, as some would think,
+unstatesmanlike proposal, "that the government should, at a cost of
+eighty millions, convert the greater part of the south-west of Ireland
+into Crown lands, in which landlords should have no power of control,"
+Gordon concluded, "I must say, from all accounts and my own
+observations, that the state of our fellow-countrymen in the parts I
+have named is worse than that of any people in the world, let alone
+Europe. I believe that these people are made as we are, that they are
+patient beyond belief, loyal, but at the same time broken-spirited and
+desperate, living on the verge of starvation, in places where we would
+not keep our cattle.... Our comic prints do an infinity of harm by their
+caricatures. Firstly, the caricatures are not true, for the crime in
+Ireland is not greater than that in England; secondly, they exasperate
+the people on both sides of the Channel, and they do no good. It is ill
+to laugh and scoff at a question which affects our existence."
+
+To Gordon's appeal on behalf of Ireland no one was more ready to listen
+with sympathy than the Prime Minister himself. The claims and grievances
+of the people whose magnanimous endurance, self-restraint, and patience
+had so excited Gordon's admiration and called forth his warmest words of
+praise, the great Liberal statesman had never been slow to recognize.
+Ireland has not always been willing to be grateful to him; but he has
+always striven to be more than just to her, and has more than once
+incurred the odium and reproach of the aristocracy of England, and even
+the disaffection of many of his followers, in his truly heroic "attempts
+to mitigate the miseries of the Irish people." When he surprised the
+country by his sudden and unexpected dissolution of Parliament in 1874,
+he had certainly done something to earn the gratitude and confidence of
+Ireland. He had disestablished the Irish Protestant Church. He had
+passed a Land Act, which at the time (1870) was regarded as a valuable
+contribution to the settlement of the land problem, aiming, as it did,
+first, to give the tenant some security of tenure where, as in the
+majority of cases, he had been practically unable to plead any rights as
+against the landlord; second, to encourage the making of needful
+improvements throughout the country; and, thirdly, to promote the
+establishment of a peasant proprietorship. In the attempt to confer a
+third great boon on the discontented nation in the shape of the Irish
+University Education Bill, he and his administration went to pieces on
+the immovable rock of Protestant prejudice.
+
+Of course the provisions of the Land Act, while they occasioned some
+fretting and exasperation among the land-owners, who are in the habit of
+regarding every effort of legislation for the benefit of their tenants
+with a fixed sense of calamity, failed entirely to satisfy the more
+aggressive and eager of the Irish Parliamentary party. The Land Act had
+not taken its place upon the statute book before a meeting of
+representative Irishmen was called in Dublin with the view of framing
+some scheme of Home Government, and organizing measures for its advocacy
+in Parliament, and in the towns and cities of Ireland. In the course of
+discussion, one of the speakers used the words "Home Rule," and they
+were formally and forthwith adopted as the war-cry of the Nationalist
+party.
+
+For the first five years the new organization made little headway. Its
+leader, Mr. Isaac Butt, was an able man--a lawyer of some distinction
+and a Protestant--but he was not a man to set the Thames on fire; he was
+not the man to control the fierce and fiery young politicians that had
+begun to flock to the standard of the National cause. With unromantic
+dutifulness to his place and his party, he annually brought his motion
+for Home Rule before the notice of the House, and was supported by some
+fifty or sixty members and a few sympathetic Radicals, but the
+Conservative government and its solid majority were of one mind on the
+matter. Mr. Butt died in 1879, and Mr. Shaw succeeded to the leadership,
+but on the organization of the Land League in the same year, he was
+quietly shunted in favor of Mr. Parnell, who, as the _Corypheus_ of the
+party, has so far displayed great skill, coolness, and self-command,
+and has been rewarded in Ireland by regal ovations, and by the
+suggestive title of the "uncrowned king."
+
+Mr. Charles Stewart Parnell, who was declared by one of the speakers at
+a recent meeting of Irish citizens held in Faneuil Hall, and more
+recently by Mr. J. B. O'Reilly in the _North American Review_, to be of
+American birth, is really a man of English descent. One of his ancestors
+was the poet Parnell. Another, Sir Henry Parnell, afterwards created
+Lord Congleton, was the associate of Lord Grey and Lord Melbourne in the
+reform movement of 1829-32. He was a graduate of Cambridge University,
+and a Protestant in religion. By birth, by training, and by creed, he
+seemed to be of all persons the most unsuited to the task in which he
+has been so eminently successful. "In 1871, after some years of travel
+in America, among other places, he settled down on his estate at
+Avondale, in Wicklow, within whose boundaries is to be found Moore's
+Vale of Avoca, with its meeting waters." Like many who in spite of early
+failures have afterwards risen to distinction, Mr. Parnell's first
+public appearance was a great disappointment to himself and his friends.
+Before the electors of Dublin he completely broke down in his first
+attempt at public speaking, and the great city which has since showered
+upon him the highest honors it can give, rejected him. In 1875, he
+entered the House of Commons for the first time as member for Meath. For
+the first few years of his Parliamentary life he was mainly
+distinguished for the skill and unwearied persistency of his tactics as
+an obstructionist, though he also succeeded in carrying useful
+amendments to such measures as the Factories and Workshops Bill and the
+Bill for the Abolition of Flogging in the Army and Navy.
+
+The Land League organization gave him just the kind of political
+machinery he wanted, though the credit of its creation belongs more to
+Michael Davitt and John Dillon than to him. It soon became immensely
+popular in Ireland, and, for a time, its orders and decrees superseded
+the established law of the land, with the seeming result of replacing
+social order and tranquillity by a condition of widespread anarchy,
+confusion, and lawlessness. It is only fair to say, however, that the
+Land League meetings did not create but only revealed the misery,
+distress, and discontent of the Irish rural populace. The country had
+recently suffered from a severe visitation of famine. Evictions for
+non-payment of rent had been steadily increasing for several years past.
+In 1877 the number stood at 463; in 1878 it swelled to nearly 1,000; at
+the end of 1880 it had actually reached 2,110. A bill was introduced by
+one of the Irish members with a view to mitigating the rigors of the law
+as regarded the impoverished tenantry. The government refused to adopt
+the measure, but sought to meet the case by framing a remedial scheme of
+their own which was introduced under the name of the Compensation for
+Disturbance Bill. This bill, which was vigorously assailed from opposite
+quarters in the Commons, was unceremoniously rejected by the Lords, who
+denounced it as a flagrant encroachment on the rights of property. It
+must ever be regretted in the interests of mere humanity that Mr.
+Gladstone's government did not compel the recalcitrant peers to abandon
+their attitude of defiance in regard to that much-needed piece of
+ameliorative legislation. The House of Lords takes nothing so ill as
+open and avowed conflict with a powerful and popular ministry. In such a
+case the issue is never doubtful. And if the ministry had shown a
+determination to nail their colors to the mast, the Lords would have
+lost no time in unfurling a flag of truce. As it was, their practical
+acquiescence in the rejection of the bill consummated the rupture
+between the Irish party and themselves. The speeches of the chiefs of
+the Land League grew fierce, and at times violent, in their denunciation
+of Her Majesty's ministers. Mr. W. E. Forster, especially, the Chief
+Secretary for Ireland, a man of invincible resolution and ineradicable
+prejudices, and yet withal a man of much rugged kindliness of nature,
+became the victim of incessant interrogation and attack in Parliament,
+and the object of an unrelenting and quenchless hate in Ireland.
+
+At one time the tone and temper of leading agitators were all that could
+be desired. "Abstain," said Mr. Davitt, "from all acts of violence,
+repel every incentive to outrage. Glorious indeed will be our victory,
+and high in the estimation of mankind will our grand old fatherland
+stand, if we can so curb our passions and control our actions in this
+struggle for free land, as to march to success through privation and
+danger without resorting to the wild justice of revenge, or being guilty
+of anything which could sully the character of a brave and Christian
+people." Later on Mr. Davitt's feelings were less calm and his language
+less measured, mild and sober; as when, for instance, he pictured to
+his excited auditors "the wolf-dog of Irish vengeance leaping across the
+Atlantic to redress and avenge the wrongs of Ireland." Mr. John Dillon
+went further still, and ventured to intimate in a speech delivered at
+Kildare the advisability of military drill and general preparation for a
+resort to arms should the necessity arise.
+
+Among the various means, legitimate and otherwise, adopted by the League
+for the accomplishment of its ends, was that form of social ostracism
+now familiarly known as "boycotting." Captain Boycott was an Englishman,
+employed as agent of Lord Earne, and occupied a farm at Ballinrobe, near
+Lough Mask. Emboldened by the powerful protection of the League, Lord
+Earne's tenants had refused to pay the stipulated rents, and Boycott
+served notices of eviction upon them. Whereupon not only the tenants on
+the estate but the population for miles on every side of him resolved
+not to have anything to do with him in any shape, whether of barter,
+business, or intercourse, nor was any one else permitted to relieve his
+isolation, or do him or his family any service, or supply him with any
+necessity of life. The Orangemen of Ulster organized and went armed to
+his relief, and under the protection of a small band of soldiers and
+police, his harvests were gathered in, and his produce conveyed to the
+nearest available market. Boycott went to England for a short time, and
+on his return to Lough Mask at once extricated himself from his painful
+and perilous position by giving up his agency. His unexpected surrender,
+strange to tell, brought about a complete revulsion of feeling among the
+dwellers of that wild and lovely district. He now became as popular as
+he had before been obnoxious. In the course of a speech delivered at a
+mass meeting of from fifteen to twenty thousand men at Waterford, in
+September, 1883, Michael Davitt said, "It was better for all concerned
+that the truth should be plainly and bluntly told, in order that English
+quack statesmen might be saved the trouble of proposing half measures to
+satisfy the Irish people.... Let the landlords of Ireland resign their
+unpopular positions, follow the example of Captain Boycott, and nobody
+would molest them, but if they did not, they would be grievously
+surprised by and by, for they would make the discovery which Captain
+Boycott had made, that the English government would find that it did not
+pay from an Imperial point of view to support a worse than useless
+class against the Irish nation. The 'lifeboat for the landlords,' as
+Lord Derby had once called the Land Act (1881), rescued them from the
+rocks upon which they were hurled by the waves of the Land League, but
+they had not reached the shores of safety yet. There were other breakers
+ahead that would do more damage to their rotten system than the storm of
+the Land League. When the laborers and the artisans of Ireland or of
+England and Scotland were enfranchised, was it to be supposed that the
+educated millions of industry would allow the national patrimony--the
+land--to be any longer the property of a useless class? In the language
+of scripture, the landlords would be asked to give an account of their
+stewardship, for they could be no longer stewards."
+
+While, however, the Land Leaguers were jubilant at the success of their
+movement, the government were preparing to take strenuous measures for
+its suppression. Its leaders, Mr. Parnell, Mr. Dillon, Mr. T. D.
+Sullivan, Mr. Sexton, along with the Treasurer, Mr. Egan, and the
+Secretary, Mr. Brennan, and several others, were prosecuted by the Crown
+on the charge of inciting to outrage. The prosecution, however, broke
+down, as everybody expected it would, through disagreement of the jury.
+
+When Parliament assembled in January, 1881, the policy announced for
+Ireland was, as usual, one of concession and coercion. There was to be a
+Land Act, and there was to be a Bill which would give the
+Lord-lieutenant "power by warrant to arrest any person reasonably
+suspected of treason, treasonable felony, or treasonable practices, and
+the commission, whether before or after the Act, of crimes of
+intimidation, or incitement thereto." The conflict over the latter bill,
+which was first introduced, made the House of Commons more like a
+bear-garden than a place of rational deliberation and debate. Even Mr.
+Bright and Mr. Gladstone became exasperated, and charged back upon their
+assailants with an energy and violence quite unwonted. Mr. Gladstone's
+speech in particular aroused the House, angered the Irish members, and
+proved to be the prelude to a prolonged conflict with systematic
+obstruction, which went on for some time, night and day, without break.
+Even Mr. Parnell for the moment lost all self-command, entered into an
+angry conflict with the Prime Minister, defied the ruling of the
+Speaker, and was expelled the House, as Mr. Dillon had been the evening
+before. Some thirty others of the National party followed his example
+of defiance with a similar result. At the close of February the Coercion
+Bill was sent up to the Lords, and on the beginning of March received
+the Queen's assent. The end of July saw the third reading of the Land
+Bill in the Commons, after long and wearisome debate. The Lords amended
+it to death, and sent it back to the Commons--the poor and pithless
+shadow of its former self. Restored to life in the Lower House, it was
+again presented for the acceptance of the peers. Again they struck at
+its vitality, but the Commons said, _Nulla vestigia retrorsum_. A
+thousand popular platforms and almost the whole provincial press called
+upon the government to be firm; mass meetings in London and other large
+cities and towns clamored for the abolition of the House of Lords and
+the extinction of hereditary rule. Eventually the courage of the peers
+gave way, and the Land Bill of 1881 became law.
+
+The closing months of the year saw the Land League chiefs in Kilmainham
+Prison. Mr. Gladstone on his visit to Leeds, early in October, had met
+with a reception more than royal from the folks of Yorkshire. For two or
+three days special trains from every part of that densely populated
+county poured into the great emporium of the cloth-trade thousands of
+enthusiastic admirers eager to catch a near glimpse of the foremost
+statesman of the age as he rode from point to point through the
+barricaded streets. In one of the speeches made during the visit, he had
+strongly reprobated the policy and proceedings of Mr. Parnell. At a
+meeting in Wexford, a few days after, Mr. Parnell replied with some
+bitterness. A few days more brought the exciting news of the arrests by
+the Irish Executive. The situation was desperate. The imprisoned leaders
+at once issued a manifesto calling upon the tenantry of Ireland to
+withhold payment of rents. This was a direct violation of the law, as
+well as a great political blunder, and the government at once seized the
+occasion as a fitting opportunity for suppressing the Land League and
+the advanced Nationalist press. In the session of 1882 there appeared a
+manifest indisposition on the part of a majority of the cabinet to give
+further sanction to the policy of Mr. Forster in Ireland. The imprisoned
+Home Rulers were released from Kilmainham on conditions which he thought
+perilously lenient, and he resigned, as also did Earl Cowper. The entry
+of the new Lord-lieutenant, Earl Spencer, on the 6th of May, into the
+Irish capital, promised well; but the assassin had bargained with the
+fates for the day, and before the sun had ceased to shed his bright
+beams on the green grass and budding trees of Phoenix Park, a scion of
+the noble house of Devonshire and his companion in office had been
+immolated on the altar of Irish vengeance before the eyes of the new
+viceroy as he stood in the window of the viceregal lodge. The civilized
+world was horror-struck. Ireland expressed her profound regret at a
+transaction which was thought to have been planned and executed by some
+designing foe. Messrs. Parnell, Dillon, and Davitt hastily met to
+disclaim any sympathy with the crime and to denounce the criminals. The
+rest of the story is now familiar and needs not be retold. The
+government was known to have been contemplating a milder _regime_ for
+Ireland; but the disastrous incident of the 6th of May drove them back
+upon their former policy. A Crimes Bill was passed, followed by a
+measure of alleviation, known as the Arrears Bill, with the view of
+keeping the scales of justice even. In the middle of August the
+exhibition of Irish Art and Manufactures was opened in Dublin, and the
+unveiling of the statue of O'Connell, in Sackville Street, was part of
+the programme of the ceremonies. On the following day, Messrs. Parnell
+and Dillon received the freedom of the city, and Mr. E. D. Gray, M. P.,
+proprietor of _Freeman's Journal_, and High Sheriff of Dublin, was
+committed to Richmond gaol for contempt of Court.
+
+Whatever necessity may be pleaded for such measures as these, they only
+had one result, namely, the steady advancement of the Irish National
+cause. Dynamite explosions in London, Glasgow, and elsewhere, troubles
+in Egypt and the Soudan, complications with Russia as to the Afghan
+frontier, left little time for attention to Irish affairs during the
+last years of the existence of the Liberal ministry. The Irish
+Nationalist leaders had convinced themselves that they owed no gratitude
+to the government, and could hope for nothing from the Liberal party,
+except "chains, imprisonment, and death," to cite the words of Mr.
+Gladstone's recent reply to the Irish citizens of St. Louis. They had
+been long biding their time and watching for their opportunity, when
+suddenly it presented itself. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr.
+Childers, in presenting the Annual Budget, "ran a tilt" against the
+"beer and spirit" interest--a sin unpardonable, for any minister in
+England. The Budget was defeated, and ministers accepted the hint,
+rejoicing that, for a time at least, their troubles were ended.
+
+Meanwhile the organization of the Irish National party had been
+developed to a point of perfection in anticipation of the New Reform
+Bill. That bill promised nothing in particular either to Gladstone or
+Salisbury, and it has given to neither any particular advantage over the
+other. In the counties the Liberal interest has advanced; in the
+boroughs it has markedly declined. But it promised everything to
+Parnell, and the fulfilment has been equal to the promise. It is no
+exaggeration to say that with a compact following of eighty-six he is
+virtually "master of the situation." But his position, on the other
+hand, is undoubtedly very critical. It is one which few men are likely
+to envy; it is one which not one in a thousand is competent to fill.
+Will he be equal to it? Where Grattan--sagacious, eloquent, high-minded
+and sincere--so signally failed, is Parnell likely to succeed? To-day
+his party is united, enthusiastic and strong, but when the hour for
+compromise and concession arrives, will the unanimity be maintained?
+Does Mr. Parnell himself know how much to ask, how little he ought to
+take, and where to draw the limit of compromise? Repeatedly Mr.
+Gladstone has invited Irish leaders to bring forward some definite
+scheme, and let the country know what they meant by "Home Rule." The
+cry, as a party watchword, has served admirably--seldom has a couple of
+words served so well--because, as expressing Irish National aspirations,
+it meant everything in general and nothing in particular; but the moment
+is at hand when it will be necessary to reduce it to a definite and
+feasible scheme of domestic government and policy. When that moment
+comes, will the prince of obstructionists in St. Stephen's prove himself
+equally capable as a constructive statesman on College Green? Should Mr.
+Gladstone find himself in a position soon after the opening of
+Parliament (he is not in a position now) to enter into practical
+negotiation with Mr. Parnell, may not the latter discover, as many an
+able and successful leader of men has done before him, that the next sad
+thing to a great defeat is a great victory? It is no secret that the
+demand Mr. Parnell, as the head of the Irish Nationalist party, is
+commissioned to make on behalf of Ireland, is a demand for national
+self-government almost, if not quite, amounting to national
+independence: it is equally well known that no British statesman would
+ever think, in the present state of public sentiment, of countenancing
+such a claim. For ourselves we do not venture to forecast the issue of
+the conflict; for "prophecy is the most gratuitous style of error." We
+content ourselves with hoping that the settlement may be speedy,
+pacific, satisfactory, and lasting.
+
+
+
+
+ELIZABETH.[E]
+
+A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS.
+
+BY FRANCES C. SPARHAWK, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work."
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+AN OLD ACQUAINTANCE.
+
+While Archdale, full of emotions that he did not try to analyze, went on
+toward Grand Battery, a figure, eluding him, crept softly to one of the
+hospital tents, lifted the curtain a little way without being observed
+at first, and stood looking in, an interested spectator, not because
+human suffering, patience, and courage were upon exhibition here, but
+because here he would find some one who could give him information that
+he wanted.
+
+In a few minutes Nancy Foster, passing by the door, looked up and saw
+him watching her. She had become too well used to unfamiliar faces and
+to messages at all hours and was too well protected to feel alarm.
+
+"Oh! la! how you startled me," she cried. "What do you want? Dr.
+Waters?"
+
+"Hush!" he said, and beckoned to her to draw nearer. "I want to speak to
+that lady yonder, only for a moment. Do you think she would come here?"
+Harwin, for it was he, was a fine illustration of the proverb that he
+who asks timidly, teaches denial. If he had demanded her mistress, Nancy
+would have spoken to her at once. Now she scanned the intruder
+curiously, and judged from the hesitation of his manner that his errand
+was not urgent.
+
+"No, she can't," she answered, with the decision wanting in the other.
+"Don't you see how she's driven? And she's got to go away some time and
+get a little rest. You'll have to come tomorrow."
+
+"To-morrow!" he echoed drearily. Was it for this that he had come from
+the fleet in the dispatch boat, and was braving all dangers? He took a
+resolution from despair. He fell back until Nancy had gone and was again
+intent upon her work.
+
+At last he stepped forward noiselessly and began to make the half
+circuit of the tent toward Elizabeth. Nancy, pre-occupied, passed by him
+without speaking.
+
+Elizabeth had sent for fresh water to moisten the lips of the dying
+soldier whom she had told Archdale about. She had just filled her cup a
+second time, and was on her way toward her especial charge for that
+night, when Edmonson asked her for water. Ashamed of her impatience at
+the simple request, she turned toward him, walking carefully with her
+eyes upon her mug, not to waste a refreshment that had to be brought
+from a distance. Suddenly, she found herself almost running against the
+intruder. She looked up.
+
+But the apology froze upon her lips. She retreated hastily several
+steps, the water splashed unheeded over her trembling fingers. Edmonson,
+who was always watching her, called to Nancy, "Your mistress, girl!
+Quick!" and turned to look for her.
+
+Nancy had gone to her patients in the next tent. But his voice helped
+Elizabeth to recover herself. She stood firm again, but her rigid
+expression did not change. With a bow, the intruder began:--
+
+"May I venture--"
+
+She interrupted him. "Do not speak to me, or stay here. Go!" She was
+like marble, only that her eyes blazed. Her hand pointed toward the door
+emphasizing her repulsion. Edmonson looked in amazement at this new
+power, to him a new attraction.
+
+The other drew back precipitately a few steps. Then he stopped and stood
+looking at her, the questions that he had meant to put so boldly
+struggling with something not unlike fear. For Elizabeth's look and tone
+were terrible. She was an embodied indignation. At the moment he
+believed her Archdale's wife. Her hand pointing toward the door was
+turning him beyond the reach of all that was dearest to him. Yet for a
+moment it seemed as if he could not resist her, as if he were forever to
+be in exile. But he remembered that it was Katie Archdale's world that
+was looking at him out of those pitiless eyes, and condemning him. He
+had tried so hard to get news of Katie; he had even written her father a
+business letter, and had ended it by a covert inquiry for news of her.
+Not one word but business had come in the answer. Then, learning that
+Elizabeth was here, he had contrived to be sent ashore, for he had been
+with Commodore Warren through the siege, had risked meeting Archdale,
+had risked everything for this chance of the news he hungered for. He
+had been sure that the person whom he recollected as Mistress Royal must
+answer whatever questions he might choose to put to her. And now must he
+go away starving within sight of food? In desperation he tried to summon
+back his assurance.
+
+"Only let me ask you if Katie--Mistress--," he began again, taking a
+hasty step toward her. But again she stopped him, and this time without
+a word. As he tried to meet her look, gradually his eyes fell. He made
+no further effort to speak. Step by step he fell backward, until at a
+distance from her he stood still looking at her as if strength failed
+him, even to retreat. Elizabeth turned to Edmonson, and gave him the
+water left in her cup.
+
+"Is that Harwin?" he asked hoarsely, holding it back from his lips until
+she had answered him.
+
+"Yes," she said, as if to end the subject. "Drink. I must go."
+
+He sipped hastily, without thirst, and handed back the cup. "Thank you,"
+he said. As she turned away, her hand was trembling again. She swept her
+eyes in the opposite direction from Harwin if he should still be there.
+Edmonson, after a long glance at her, lay watching him. Here was his
+evil genius. But for Harwin what would not have been? In a flash the
+future that he had planned, a thousand times more blissful than his
+former dreams, came up before him, and, fading, left the present all the
+more blank. His wounded right arm moved convulsively. Harwin remained
+still where Elizabeth's last repulse had left him. He seemed trying to
+swallow his chagrin, and wrap the tatters of his dignity about him
+before he moved away. Perhaps he was in a dream of the woman whose very
+name he had not been allowed to utter. Elizabeth was beside Melvin
+again, and Edmonson still kept his eyes fixed upon Harwin, who was
+standing between him and her, and gradually and painfully he raised his
+right arm toward the pillow.
+
+Archdale had been met by an orderly, and had gone to the General's tent
+instead of to the Battery. Pepperell was alone.
+
+"Sit down," he said. "No, let us go out into the air. Warren's
+dispatches have just come," he added, as the two passed out of the tent.
+"He expects two or three large ships in any day. I shall arrange for the
+general attack as soon as they come up." He smiled at Archdale's
+enthusiastic endorsement. "You like the smoke of battle," he said. "But
+the fact is, you have an eye for military situations. Of course I have
+quite made up my mind, but I should like to hear what you have to say."
+And he laughed, and took his young friend's arm with a freedom not too
+common in those stately times. But Pepperell was a man who, born in any
+age or place, would have found himself at home there, and controlling
+affairs, not controlled by them. He had come to Louisburg with very
+little experience in military matters; he had never even seen a siege.
+He led an army of fishermen, backwoodsmen, farmers, who had left their
+employments at their country's call. But these had the strong hearts and
+the quick wits that more than a hundred years later, when the land awoke
+from a dream of peace, made it rise up a nation of soldiers.
+
+The General and Archdale went to a hillock that commanded a view of the
+harbor, and of the city constantly illuminated by the bursting shells,
+as were also the forts and the army encamped there. The luridness of war
+was over everything. They stood looking toward the island which, ever
+since the assault, had hurled its fire at them incessantly.
+
+"And what would you do with that Battery?" asked the General.
+
+"Annihilate the Battery," retorted the young man. "It can be done. I
+think you could rake it best from the Light House."
+
+"I believe I will try. Say nothing of this, Archdale. I shall wait a day
+or two for those ships. It would be awkward, wouldn't it, if the French
+ones came instead?" His words were light, but the other perceived his
+deep anxiety.
+
+"What would you do then?" he asked.
+
+"Take Louisburg,--or die."
+
+Archdale turned towards him impulsively. "Yes, you will," he cried, "you
+will lead us into Louisburg." He waited a moment. "Before the general
+attack--," he began, and hesitated.
+
+"Oh, I'll send the rest of the hospital off to Canso," interposed
+Pepperell, "all I can of it; our house there is full now. And the
+nurses,--you may be sure that they shall go. That's what you mean?"
+
+"Yes, you think of everything."
+
+"Mr. Royal has been impressing the same necessity upon me." And the
+General laughed.
+
+"Where is he?" asked Stephen quickly.
+
+"He has been with his daughter all the afternoon, I believe, but a while
+ago he went up to the Batteries with Col. Vaughan.
+
+"But Elizabeth Royal is not a woman to be forgotten," Pepperell went on,
+"even if her father were not my old friend, and at my elbow."
+
+"No," said the young man. Then he made a remark about military affairs,
+and the subject of the attack was renewed.
+
+Suddenly came the report of a pistol different from the roar of the
+cannon, and so unexpected and near that it startled the listeners as if
+its sharpness had broken in upon the still night.
+
+"Where was that?" cried the General.
+
+Not only sound, but intuition guided Archdale. For the element that was
+a sharper discord than war was to be found in the place to which his
+feet were rushing. If not himself for victim, who then? In another
+moment he threw back the door of the hospital tent in which Elizabeth
+was, and entered.
+
+He was none too soon. Elizabeth, swaying beside the couch of the dying
+soldier, fell as Archdale reached her. He lifted her, and carried her to
+her own tent. She was too faint to resist, or appeal. Nancy, whom the
+shot had summoned, followed, holding back her grief and terror because
+help and silence were what her mistress needed. Archdale had stayed but
+a moment in the tent. But he had seen everything, Harwin unhurt rushing
+toward his assailant, the surgeon wrenching the pistol from the disabled
+hand that had missed its aim, and Edmonson's face wild with horror at
+the lodgment that his ball had found. He had seen all, and he
+comprehended all.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI.
+
+EYES UNSEALED.
+
+Edmonson sat with a terrible fierceness in his face.
+
+Harwin had never seen him before, but he had heard of him, and, through
+Katie, of his former attentions to Elizabeth, and he divined who had
+fired that shot meant for himself.
+
+"Come up to me," called Edmonson, turning suddenly upon him. "I've no
+weapon now. My face can't turn you to stone, though I'd be a Medusa to
+do it. But no, I'll do better than that. Come here! come here!" he
+repeated excitedly.
+
+Harwin went up to him in silence, reading as he went a lesson that wrote
+itself on his mind as if in letters of blood. The man before him was
+well-born, well-educated, and skilled in all the graces of society,
+accepted even in court circles; yet, as he lay there, he looked a slave,
+for the nobility of freedom had gone, and the mark of the brute nature
+was on his forehead, and in his hand that he stretched out with the
+longing in it to grasp his victim. The soldier on the bed next his, who
+had spent a good part of his thirty years of life in a fishing-smack,
+who knew nothing of books beyond what the common-school education had
+given him, and less of any life but his own venturesome calling, who
+beyond knowledge of the sea and its dangers had been taught only by the
+quickness of his own wit and the honor of his own heart,--this man, as
+he turned attentive eyes upon the approaching figure, Harwin
+involuntarily glanced at. In a flash of insight he saw in the
+uprightness of the sailor's face the beauty of such strength. Then he
+looked back at Edmonson, and there he saw his own heart in exaggeration,
+and he trembled.
+
+As he went up to Edmonson, the latter raised himself from his elbow, and
+sitting upright leaned as near him as he could.
+
+"Do you know me?" he asked.
+
+The other nodded, "Mr. Edmonson."
+
+"Yes. Do you know that I was to have married Mistress Royal?" Harwin
+assented again. "Who told you?"
+
+"Mistress Archdale."
+
+"Ah! yes, the little golden-haired one that thinks herself such a
+beauty."
+
+"She is infinitely more than she can think herself," cried Harwin.
+
+Edmonson turned upon him a look of malign triumph. "Ah!" he said. "You
+suffer, too." He was silent for an instant. "But then you think that you
+may yet win her," he said. "Who knows?" and he watched his listener
+closely, "Women are strange," he added. "She'd be flattered by your
+having been a scamp for her sake; she is not like the other one." He saw
+the light flash into Harwin's eyes and leave its bright mark along his
+cheek, and he smiled. "But you never shall," he said. "You might, but
+you never shall. Did you see what happened a minute ago?" he went on in
+stifled tones. "I shot her, and he carried her out,--not the
+yellow-haired one, oh, no, but,--Did you see his face?" he hissed with a
+look that made Harwin draw back at its fierceness. "But we shall be
+even; we will fight." He sat a moment watching Harwin, and then went on:
+"You will be interested in hearing that Mistress Archdale is engaged to
+Lord Bulchester, my friend. Your doings, too. But you shall pay for
+all," as Harwin stepped back in consternation. "Already, you see you've
+begun, but this is not the end."
+
+"Calm yourself," said Harwin laying his hand nervously on the other's
+shoulder, "control yourself. This is very bad, if you're wounded."
+
+"Control myself!" sneered Edmonson. "I never have done it in my life,
+and I'm not likely to do it now at the command of a coward and a sneak.
+Now will you fight with me?"
+
+"Certainly. But I want to know why it is with you?"
+
+Edmonson seemed about to shout his answer, then, recollecting where he
+was, said with a passion more dreadful for its suppression, "Why?
+Because but for you I should be in paradise now, and by reason of you I
+am in----." Suddenly his speech was arrested by what seemed to him in
+its vividness a vision rather than a remembrance. He was again one of
+the gay carousers at the London inn, he was scoffing at Bulchester, and
+drinking that frightful pledge to meet them all again in one hundred
+years. Had he kept his appointment already? He would have a long while
+to wait. The act had seemed to him nothing, the recollection of it now
+made him shudder. All at once, the scene stood out to him in a lurid
+light, and through this he seemed to see a horror in Elizabeth Royal's
+face. For one moment the whirl of anguish and remorse blinded him. The
+next, that Archdale pride, so grand in a worthy cause, so fatal when in
+the hands of caprice and passion, was driving him on again. But as he
+was about to speak, the surgeon's voice by his bed commanded him to
+stop, for his own sake and for others. "Not another word," it said.
+"One,--I must speak one," returned Edmonson. "Then I have done, I
+promise you. Stand back and count off one minute." He leaned close to
+Harwin as the doctor yielded. "I give you a chance of honorable duel,"
+he said. "You'll take it, or there's no place on earth where my sword is
+too short to reach you. You've taught me how to stab in the back; I
+shall not forget it. But I give you your chance. You'll fight?"
+
+"Yes."
+
+"Weapons?"
+
+"Swords."
+
+Edmonson smiled derisively.
+
+"You think my sword arm will not be strong enough?" he asked. "I
+shouldn't advise you to depend upon that. Time--when I am able.
+Place--we'll settle that afterward. We can't find seconds here--too much
+Puritanism; they would interfere. But we can arrange it; we're honorable
+men," he sneered. "I may depend upon you?"
+
+"Yes."
+
+"If not--beware! Now, surgeon, only one thing more," as Harwin left the
+tent. "How much have I hurt Mistress Royal?"
+
+"Lovell has gone with them. When he returns you shall hear."
+
+"You will certainly tell me?"
+
+"Certainly."
+
+"Then I have done with you to-night." And he threw himself back on his
+pillow, and lay silent and watchful until the other surgeon entered.
+Hours after, he fell into an uneasy sleep.
+
+Elizabeth's injury was slight. When she recovered from the shock and the
+faintness, she declared that there was no wound at all--that the ball
+had merely grazed her, and the report of the pistol and her fatigue had
+done the rest.
+
+"You always seem to be round sort of handy when we want anything,"
+remarked Nancy to Archdale as she looked up from wiping the few drops of
+blood from Elizabeth's ear.
+
+"Half an inch to the left," said Stephen hastily, as he stood watching
+her, "and--"
+
+"Yes," she answered, "and then--." She looked up, seeing him
+indistinctly in the flaring light of the candle. But in her mind there
+was a fair woman standing beside him. But for Elizabeth's idle words
+this vision would have been a reality instead of a a hopeless dream. She
+felt the pain of this so keenly now that it seemed to her it would have
+been a good thing if the ball had swerved half an inch to the left. Then
+her father, who had been found on his way back, came in hastily, and as
+Elizabeth glanced at his face she knew that life ought to be dear to
+her.
+
+"Elizabeth," he said, as Archdale left them, "have you not had enough of
+it yet? Come home now. You have already done a great work."
+
+The girl raised herself slowly, for she still felt a touch of faintness.
+
+"Yes, father, I will go home at once," she answered, "if you will tell
+me that it is the sort of thing that you have been trying all my life to
+teach me to do."
+
+After Mr. Royal had left her, and Nancy was asleep, Elizabeth lay a long
+time thinking. She perceived now the whole truth about Edmonson. She was
+in a coil of struggle, and perhaps of crime. It seemed as if she herself
+must be guilty, as all the consequences of what she had supposed the
+jest of a summer evening rose before her.
+
+Yet, for all this imagining, there was in her heart the comfort of
+innocence.
+
+In the morning the shadow of danger seemed to shrink away in the
+sunlight, and Elizabeth went back to her duties with a spirit firm, if
+not untroubled. She saw nothing to give her fresh alarm. She found that
+Edmonson had excused his act to the spectators as a touch of delirium
+accompanying fever, and the next day he had fever beyond question,
+though not enough to be very dangerous.
+
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[E] Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk.
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+Brutal and inhuman deeds are not changed in character or color by
+differences in latitude or longitude. The people of Quitman, Ga.,
+committed a deed of this character when they put the torch of the
+incendiary to a school-house where ignorant colored children, in
+charity's sweet name, were being nurtured into nobler manhood and
+womanhood. This act of inhumanity, clearly inspired if not wholly
+sanctioned by a majority sentiment in the community, is not a solecism
+in history. In 1832-3, Prudence Crandall taught a successful school for
+girls in Canterbury, Conn., to which she admitted a colored girl, an
+intelligent church member, who desired to prepare herself to teach
+children of her own color. All Canterbury was thrown into a state of
+intense excitement and indignation by this act, and Miss Crandall had to
+choose between the expulsion of her colored pupil and the loss of her
+white ones. She pluckily faced the tumult, refused to sacrifice what she
+regarded as a principle, and her fashionable school opened its doors as
+an institution for colored girls only.
+
+Increased excitement followed. A local politician, afterward a member of
+Congress, became the leader in a bitter and disgraceful prosecution of
+the brave woman, and, when they found it impossible to drive her from
+her position by ordinary measures, secured the passage of a law making
+it a crime to open a school for colored children without the consent of
+the selectmen of the town. The power of the State of Connecticut was
+thus invoked, and used for the crushing of one brave little Quakeress.
+Miss Crandall was arrested, and imprisoned in a cell from which a
+murderer had just gone to the gallows. Her case was tried in August,
+1833. One jury failed to agree. Another found her guilty. The case was
+appealed, and proceedings quashed on the ground of an informality, the
+higher court thus evading the question raised as to the
+constitutionality of the law. An attempt to burn Miss Crandall's house
+followed, and on the night of Sept. 9, 1834, it was made untenantable
+under the assaults of a mob.
+
+The subject of this bitter and relentless persecution, Mrs. Prudence
+(Crandall) Philleo, is still living, and tardy justice comes forward to
+recognize the wrong of a half century ago. The children of her
+persecutors unite with others in a petition to the lawmaking power which
+was induced to brand her as a criminal, to atone for past wrongs by
+present relief.
+
+It is safe to say that the Canterbury of to-day would gladly blot from
+history this story of the Canterbury of a half century ago.
+
+It is equally safe to say that the Quitman of fifty years to come (and
+much sooner) will gladly bury in oblivion the story of the burning
+school-house and frightened and helpless females and children, which the
+Quitman of to-day has put upon the page of current history.
+
+There is a very patent moral to this "Canterbury tale." It reads about
+as follows: Twenty-five years after the Canterbury persecution, its
+repetition would have been an impossibility. Twenty-five years after the
+Quitman persecution--or any other acts, in any southern state, of like
+character--what?
+
+Let us, who are only fifty years away from similar deeds at our own
+doors, go our way, doing the works of charity, humanity, patriotism, and
+wait and see.
+
+    For present wrongs atonement comes in bitter tears,
+    By children shed for deeds of sires in other years;
+    Brute passion rules but for a day, then hides its head,
+    And justice, born of love and mercy, rules instead.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Archdeacon Farrar, in a recent article in the _North American Review_,
+pays a tribute to the virtues of the founders of New England which has
+been rarely excelled in fervor of rhetoric and laudatory statement by
+the most gifted of after-dinner orators among the sons of Puritans and
+Pilgrims.
+
+"Those virtues," he says, "gave to James Otis and to Patrick Henry the
+prophet's tongue of flame. They nerved the arm of Washington in battle,
+and kindled the embattled farmers to fire 'the shot heard round the
+world.' They kindled the eloquence of Phillips and the song of
+Longfellow. They gave to Abraham Lincoln the faith at whose bidding a
+hundred thousand men sprang to their feet as one--the faith which
+brightened the six and thirty stars round the forehead of liberty, and
+flung the broken fetters of the last slave beneath her feet. If the
+church keep the people in their allegiance to those awful virtues,
+America shall still be the enlightener of the nations, the beautiful
+pioneer in the vanguard of the progress of the world. But if she spread
+a table to Fortune, or enshrine Mammon above her altars, if her commerce
+become dishonest, and her press debased, and her society frivolous, and
+her religion a mere twilight of wilful and self-induced delusion--she in
+her turn shall fall like Lucifer, son of the morning, and the double
+oceans which sweep her illimitable shores shall only plash to future
+empires a more sad, a more desolate, and a more unending dirge."
+
+We suspect that this eloquence is expressive not only of impartial
+admiration, but of the pride that is partial. The parties concerned have
+common interests in the matter of grandfathers.
+
+The presidential message has met, as might have been anticipated, with a
+very varied reception from the great political parties, from the
+many-minded press, and from what may be designated the non-partisan or
+politically colorless section of the American people. Nor has it been
+more fortunate in securing unanimity of judgment as to its political
+merits and significance from the public organs which reflect with more
+or less precision and exactitude the opinions of the great community of
+nations on the other side the Atlantic. Party feeling, unless it be of a
+very enlightened, patriotic, and unselfish kind, is apt to breed the
+worst types of mental perversity, and give birth to paradoxes of the
+most startling character. And when a great national document, discussing
+matters vital to the well-being, prosperity and political advancement of
+the republic is declared by one influential paper to contain "no
+pregnant thought of statesmanship, no conspicuously original idea, no
+new issue to inspire discussion in Congress and among the people," and
+by another equally competent to frame a judgment to be "a model of good
+English, and forcible statement," while a third hesitates not to
+pronounce it "a message that will rank among the best documents of its
+kind," one naturally wonders what can be the cause of this curious
+conflict of sentiment; and after looking at the matter for a moment one
+is driven to the conclusion that the reference of the phenomenon to an
+invincible and uncompromising party sentiment is probably as scientific,
+comprehensive, and correct an explanation as any that can be thought of.
+
+We are not disposed, however, to discuss the general merits of the
+recent message. We will only say that, in our opinion, the patriotic
+American citizen, whatever political party may enjoy his allegiance and
+support, will never have reason to complain--nay more--will never be
+without just occasion to feel proud of his country so long as she can
+produce a style of statesmanship, and a power of political exposition
+like those displayed by the present Chief Magistrate of the Republic.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One noteworthy excellence President Cleveland's message possesses, which
+has not excited as much remark as it deserves: we allude to the
+strenuous endeavor it exhibits to maintain, in spite of some recent
+difficulties, a peaceable and friendly attitude towards European
+nations, particularly Italy and Austria. It is not too much to hope that
+the conciliatory yet dignified tone and temper of the message in this
+regard may do something as a conspicuous example, to abate the war
+frenzy, and cool the morbid passion for "gunpowder and glory," which has
+been such a disturbing and dangerous element in European statesmanship
+and diplomacy for many years past, and is perhaps more menacing to the
+quiet of the world and the peaceful advancement of civilization at the
+present moment than at any period since the days of the first Napoleon.
+Occupying her proud and promising position between the two great oceans;
+commanding, as a consequence, these great highways of "commerce, trade
+and travel"; enjoying a stretch of territory which not only affords
+scope for unlimited development of her great resources in a hundred
+different directions, but also acts as a check to any passion that might
+arise for territorial annexation or conquest; separated from the older
+nations by thousands of miles, she can afford to regard with comparative
+indifference the exciting game of European politics, and contemplate the
+deep designs of jealous and jarring diplomatists without any fear that
+her own house may catch fire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is, after all, something deeply pathetic in the terrible necessity
+which exposes persons of wealth, culture and exalted station to the
+unpitying penalties of greatness. A lesson ever needed, ever present,
+and yet constantly disregarded and defied, has just received a new and
+somewhat startling illustration in the sudden death of the amiable
+daughter and much-beloved wife of Secretary Bayard. Can it be necessary
+that society should sacrifice its brightest ornaments, and literally do
+itself to death, in order to maintain its existence? "Come ye yourselves
+into a desert place, and rest a while," reveals a law of health and
+happiness as inexorable and exacting in its demands, and as universal in
+its sway and scope, as any at work in the frame of material nature. Let
+us learn the truth and value of this ancient hint over the tear-bedewed
+grave of Kate Bayard.
+
+                            Still streams
+    Oft water fairest meadows, and the bird
+    That flutters least is longest on the wing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The inevitable sequel of the English Parliamentary elections has come a
+little sooner than the twin foes of Lord Salisbury's ministry had
+ventured to anticipate. The "Constitutional" party, as English Toryism
+loves to style itself, has suffered signal and humiliating defeat, after
+a brief and precarious career of a few months; and the collapse is quite
+as complete as it is sudden. Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Parnell on the one
+hand, and the Marquis of Salisbury and Sir Michael Hicks-Beach on the
+other, must have been equally unprepared for what has happened. The
+Queen, caring not to conceal her political predilections, hesitated not
+to give her ostentatious approval and powerful endorsement to Tory
+management by consenting to open Parliament, as she had previously done
+for Lord Beaconsfield after his return from Berlin. A phenomenally large
+and brilliant assemblage of dukes, marquises, earls and viscounts, at
+Lord Salisbury's parliamentary dinner had made a similar attempt, a few
+days before, to awe and fascinate by a spectacle of pomp and pageantry
+the too impressionable Briton. Nothing has been omitted that could in
+any way buttress the insecure and tottering fabric of aristocratic
+power. But as the ancient sage shrewdly observed, dementation is the
+prelude of doom; "whom the gods destroy they first infatuate." The
+representatives of the nation have taken the earliest opportunity that
+offered itself of rebuking this formidable attempt to over-ride by an
+ill-advised and illegitimate use of the "favor of the sovereign" the
+definitely declared will of the British people. The last Parliament was
+exceptionally rich in the display of character, in humorous and dramatic
+incident, and in unrehearsed and unpremeditated scenes of every kind;
+but undoubtedly the most striking and startling of its scenes was that
+of the younger Tories, unexpectedly triumphant, hailing with frantic joy
+and exultation the fall of the Gladstone government. The event was a
+surprise to both sides of the House, a surprise all the greater as up to
+the very moment of the appearance of the "tellers" on the floor of the
+House, no one doubted that the ministry had sufficient strength and
+vigor to withstand the blow that was aimed at its life. "Lord
+Kensington," to quote the words of an eye-witness, "came in hurriedly
+with a face set into determined absence of expression, and sat down by
+Mr. Gladstone. A few moments more and the paper was handed to Mr. Winn
+(Conservative whip) amid the loudest outbreak of cheering that the House
+of Commons has heard for more than a generation. Wild with delight, Lord
+Randolph Churchill actually leapt on to the bench, waving his hat with
+the enthusiasm of a schoolboy. His friends clustered round him, caught
+at him, drew him down, but could not restrain him from the vehement
+expression of his delight. The example was contagious. The whole House
+to the left of the speaker roared and shouted and thundered and waved
+its hats and clapped its hands in a frenzy of general delight. Their
+hour at last had come, and the fate of the ministry was sealed." Alas
+for human short-sightedness! How sad a thing the much-vaunted triumph
+has proved after all.
+
+In little more than seven months the power so greedily snatched at has
+slipped from their grasp like the shadow of a dream. "They laugh best
+who laugh last." To the aristocracy and land-owning class generally,
+both of England and Ireland, the fall of the Tory government will be a
+cause of apprehension. By the majority of the British public it will be
+welcomed. The Liberals, as a political party, will, for a time at least,
+feel embarrassed by the event, while the Parnellites will regard
+it--whether rightly or wrongly, time alone can tell--as another
+important step toward the ultimate success of their cause and the
+consummation of their hopes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No one who heard the interesting address of the president of the
+Bostonian Society, Mr. Curtis Guild, at its fourth annual meeting,
+recently held at its rooms in the Old State House, Boston, could have
+failed to feel a renewed interest in American history, as especially
+emphasized by the preservation of interesting memorials.
+
+This Society, the successor of the Boston Antiquarian Society, with a
+membership of between four and five hundred, is making itself felt in
+various ways in thus making practical the belief that a "visible relic
+of the past"--as Mr. Guild expressed it---"tends to emphasize and
+strengthen an historic fact." He well illustrated this idea when he
+further said (and who that listened did not thrill with true
+patriotism?), "The walls that are about you are the self-same that
+existed at the time of the Boston Massacre; the windows the self-same
+openings--here, where the Declaration was read in 1776, and the
+Proclamation of Peace, in 1783; there, where Washington, in 1789,
+reviewed the procession in his honor. Within these very walls some of
+the greatest events of American history have occurred and the greatest
+and most notable men who figured in those events been gathered
+together."
+
+Without doubt, this Old State House is the most genuine relic of the
+Revolution, now in existence. And the Society, in daily opening its
+rooms, with their historical possessions, free of charge, is offering to
+the public rare educational privileges which it should gratefully use
+and appreciate.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+While the Bostonian Society is doing its special work of preserving
+historical objects and places from the hand of the ruthless destroyer,
+the Webster Historical Society, organized in 1878, is doing a parallel
+work in preserving for future generations the fame, work, and true
+spirit of America's foremost statesman and constitutional law-giver,
+Daniel Webster. Of course, such a work necessarily leads to a deep and
+practical interest in everything pertaining to America's political and
+national life to which the great man was so devoted. This Society, which
+has its headquarters in another old landmark of Boston, the Old South
+Meeting-House, has now a membership of twelve hundred, who are found in
+all parts of the country. The customary annual address, on the
+anniversary of Webster's birthday, January 18, is generally one of
+marked interest; notably so was the one of January, 1884; which, as
+afterwards published by the Society, was noticed by deep-thinkers, with
+perhaps more genuine interest than any other modern pamphlet of its
+size.[F] The address at the annual meeting of this year was given before
+a large and intelligent audience in the historic meeting-house by Rev.
+Thomas A. Hyde upon Daniel Webster as an orator. Mr. Hyde's special
+study of the physical, mental, and expressional qualities which go to
+make an orator gave weight to the address. The aims and purposes of the
+Webster Historical Society are such as to command the sympathetic help
+of all American citizens in whatever direction it may labor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is to the credit of American womanhood that the presiding mistress of
+the White House is one who, while she is making history, is so
+intelligently in sympathy with everything connected with it. Her
+sensible ideas of the subject as revealed in the chapter on _History_ in
+her recently published book, "George Eliot's Poetry, and other Studies,"
+indicate a mind capable of seizing the essential facts and seeing in
+them the divine spark. "We must take the event as a starting point, and
+travel from it to the man and men behind it." And again, "Let us realize
+that history is the shrine of humanity, humanity essential in its
+essence in past, present, future, wherein is stored the _ego_--the thou
+and the I."
+
+She gives another thought worthy to be quoted and read by itself.
+
+"Nowhere more than in the study of history is it needful to 'put
+yourself in his place'--_i. e._, to carry to the making of an image of
+the person whose form you seek to confront, those general and common
+ingredients which go to make up each man. When you have carried to him
+that much of yourself which is common to you both, you will, by this, be
+qualified to detect that in him which is himself strictly and not
+yourself; and so to a man you will add the individuality of the man and
+have what you seek.... Nowhere more than in history does it 'take a
+thief to catch a thief.'"
+
+Miss Cleveland illustrates this in some essays which follow, where she
+carries herself back to "Old Rome and New France," to Charlemagne, to
+Joan of Arc, and other suggestive epochs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In her essay on "Old Rome and New France," Miss Cleveland calls the
+Middle or Dark Ages, the Twilight Age. "It seems to me," she says, "that
+this period is not suggestively named when called the Middle Ages, nor
+accurately named when called the Dark Ages, but that both suggestion and
+accuracy combine in that view which denominates it as a Twilight Age. An
+idea which certainly embodies much of truth."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[F] John Adams, the Statesman of the Revolution, by Hon. Mellen
+Chamberlain, LL.D.
+
+
+
+
+EDUCATION.
+
+
+It cannot but be regarded as a wholesome and altogether welcome sign of
+the times that the science and methods as well as subject-matter of
+education are becoming increasingly popular questions, receiving a
+considerable share of attention, and inviting a more close, careful, and
+comprehensive study. Here, however, it happens, as it does in many other
+things: the difficulties of the problem multiply exactly in proportion
+to the clearness and completeness of our apprehension of what ought to
+be done, and the earnestness of purpose with which we address ourselves
+to the doing of it. Most of the troubles of human life, especially those
+of the most serious and pressing sort, are of a purely practical
+character, to be met and mastered, not with improved theory, but with
+better directed action. It is, of course, impossible to over-rate the
+value of right principles and correct methods of procedure. Light may be
+undervalued, neglected, despised; but it can never lead astray. On this
+account, every intelligent suggestion in the direction of educational
+reform should be listened to. But, on the other hand, there is great
+danger of too much emphasizing the need of change, and of forgetting how
+much the value and efficiency of any given scheme depends on the
+ability, wisdom, and earnestness of those who apply and administer it.
+One specialist insists, with great force of argument and convincing
+earnestness of spirit, on the need of devoting more attention to the
+training and development of the business faculty in the up-growing youth
+of the age. He looks at the matter from the side of an experienced,
+active, and successful man of business. Another is convinced that the
+spirit and tendency of the age make the study of the elements of
+physical science imperative. The paramount claims of history are urged
+by a third. A fourth considers a course of education essentially
+deficient which does not provide for a thorough study of the principal
+modern languages. While a fifth, with a view of securing at once an
+economy of study and a unity of knowledge, is inclined to think the time
+has come when children should be taught the rudimentary principles of
+the Spencerian philosophy, so that they may see how the several branches
+of their study stand related to each other.[G]
+
+Now, while much of this only tends to confuse rather than to solve an
+already too-complicated question, it also shows how increased activity
+of thought and thoroughness of purpose bring us face to face with
+difficulties of whose existence we had scarcely a suspicion. The more we
+accomplish, the more there is to challenge our courage, skill, and
+capabilities. Improved machinery, reformed methods, accumulated
+experience, with increased ability and aptitude on the part of teachers,
+cannot fail to advance the problem of popular education nearer to a
+satisfactory solution; but we must never allow ourselves to forget that
+many of the most important elements that contribute to the success of
+teaching are not at the command of the teacher. Education has to do with
+mind and character; and these are very subtle things, and exceedingly
+difficult to deal with; and success depends on many things that can
+never be incorporated in a theory or scheme of education, or in any
+curriculum of studies.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[G] This newest educational suggestion appears in a vigorous and
+thoughtful paper on "Education and a Philosophy of Life," in the January
+number of _Education_.
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL RECORD.
+
+[_By sending to the editor brief contributions suitable for use in this
+department, readers will greatly add to its completeness and value._]
+
+
+MAINE:
+
+Dec. 22.--Meeting of the Maine Historical Society in Portland, President
+James W. Bradbury in the chair. A communication from Curtis M. Sawyer,
+of Mechanics Falls, called attention to the fact that traces of Indian
+settlements in Maine are now disappearing, and suggested that some means
+should be taken to mark sites of Indian villages and shell-heaps. The
+Rev. Henry O. Thayer read a paper on Popham colony. E. H. Elwell read a
+paper on the "British View of the Ashburton Treaty, and the Northeastern
+Boundary Question;" the Hon. Joseph Williamson on "The Rumored French
+Invasion of Maine in 1798;" the Rev. Dr. Burrage on "Additional Facts
+concerning George Waymouth;" Dr. Charles E. Banks on "The Administration
+of William Gorges from 1636 to 1637." The original diploma of the
+Society of the Cincinnati, signed by George Washington and General Knox,
+was exhibited by Thomas L. Talbot. B. F. Stevens, of London, who has for
+many years collected documents relating to the Revolution, and
+negotiations of that period, requested that the attention of Congress be
+called to these manuscripts, and an effort be made to have the
+government purchase them. It was voted to refer the matter to a standing
+committee with power. It was also voted that the subject relating to the
+limits of Indian towns be left to a standing committee.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MASSACHUSETTS:
+
+Dec. 21.--Forefather's Day was appropriately celebrated in many places.
+At Plymouth, addresses were delivered by Hon. Thomas Russell, President
+of the Pilgrim Society, James Russell Lowell, Rev. George E. Ellis, D.
+D., Dr. Henry M. Dexter, Judge Charles Levi Woodbury, and others.
+
+Dec. 22.--Dedication of new public library building in Chelsea, the gift
+of Eustace C. Fitz. An eloquent dedicatory address was delivered by
+James Russell Lowell.
+
+Dec. 24.--Streets of Lawrence lighted for the first time by the
+incandescent electric light.
+
+Jan. 6.--Annual meeting of the New England Historic Genealogical
+Society. Marshall P. Wilder was re-elected President, and Grover
+Cleveland was made an honorary member. The following were elected to
+fill vacancies in the old board of officers: Vice-president, Horace
+Fairbanks, of St. Johnsbury, Vt.; honorary vice-presidents, Charles C.
+Jones, of Savannah, Ga., and W. F. Mallalieu, of New Orleans, La.;
+director, John F. Andrew, of Boston; committee on heraldry, John K.
+Clarke, of Needham; committee on library, Walter Adams, of Framingham;
+committee on papers and essays, Waldo Burnett, of Southboro, Alexander
+Williams, of Boston. The report of the treasurer showed: Income of the
+past year, $3,637.92; expenditures, $3,510.61; present balance, $127.31;
+total of the building fund, $25,028.19; total of all funds, $66,610.23.
+The librarian's report showed: Addition of books by purchase, 121; by
+gift, 401; present total, 20,778; pamphlets purchased, 30; gifts, 1848.
+Present total, 64,604. Nathaniel F. Safford offered a resolution of
+thanks to Mr. Wilder for his services in general to the society, and in
+particular for his persevering personal efforts during the past few
+years by which he has obtained, not merely the subscriptions of his
+friends, but the payment thereof for the building fund of the society,
+so that the money, about $25,000, is now on deposit, and at the
+society's disposal. The resolution was adopted unanimously by a rising
+vote.
+
+Meeting of Massachusetts Legislature. President Pillsbury of the Senate,
+Speaker Brackett, of the House, and Clerks Gifford and Mr. Laughlin were
+re-elected. Captain J. G. B. Adams, of Lynn, was elected
+Sergeant-at-Arms.
+
+Dec. 12.--Annual meeting of the Bostonian Society. The following were
+chosen directors for the coming year: Thomas C. Amory, William S.
+Appleton, Thomas J. Allen, Joshua P. Bodfish, Curtis Guild, John T.
+Hassam, Hamilton A. Hill, Samuel H. Russell, and William Wilkins Warren.
+The report on the library showed a total of 520 volumes, and many
+pamphlets not yet enumerated, being an addition of 184 volumes, and 126
+pamphlets during the year. The report of the treasurer showed: Balance
+of last year, $3,857.85; receipts, to make a total of $4,736.65;
+expenditures, to leave a present balance of $1,992.23. It was announced
+that Mr. D. T. V. Huntoon, the secretary and treasurer, declined a
+re-election, being about to take a journey for the benefit of his
+health. The vacancy was not filled.
+
+Jan. 14.--Monthly meeting of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Dr.
+Green, as one of the executors of the will of John Langdon Sibley, read
+that part of the will in which he has constituted this society the
+residuary legatee of nearly all his estate. This amount is by far the
+largest sum of money ever given or bequeathed to the society, and will
+place the name of Sibley among the greatest benefactors of historical
+research. It was voted that a committee consisting of Judge Hoar, Mr.
+Cobb, and Professor E. C. Smyth be appointed to consider and report to
+the society what action should be taken in view of this munificent
+bequest.
+
+Mr. R. C. Winthrop, Jr., communicated thirty-two letters, written
+between 1693 and 1699, from General Lord Cutts to Colonel Joseph Dudley,
+then lieutenant-governor of the Isle of Wight, and afterward governor of
+Massachusetts. They contain incidental reference to William of Orange,
+and many public men of that period, as well as to the campaign of the
+allied army in Flanders, and the evident sincerity and soldierly
+bluntness of the writer renders them quite entertaining. Lord Cutts was
+not merely a famous commander, but a poet, and his verses are quoted by
+Horace Walpole. Mr. Winthrop expressed a desire to learn where a picture
+of him might be found, and he discussed the authority and probable date
+of various portraits of Governor Joseph Dudley, and his wife, Rebecca
+Tyng.
+
+Mr. Appleton spoke of the flag carried by the minute-men of Bedford to
+Concord, on the 19th of April, 1775, a photograph of which had been
+exhibited at the last meeting. It was originally designed in England in
+1660-70 for the three county troops of Massachusetts, and became one of
+the accepted standards of the organized militia of this State, and as
+such was used by the Bedford company. Mr. Appleton said that in his
+opinion this flag far exceeds in historic value the famed flag of Eutaw
+and Pulaski's banner, and, in fact, is the most precious memorial of its
+kind of which we have any knowledge.
+
+The Hon. R. C. Winthrop presented from the Hon. John Bigelow, of New
+York, late minister to France, and author of an elaborate life of
+Franklin, five old maps, on one of which the name of this city is
+spelled Baston, and on another Briston.
+
+Mr. Windsor made a communication in reference to a ditch and embankment
+found in Weston, at the confluence of Stony Brook and Charles River,
+which indicate, it has been lately said, that a trading post and fort
+were erected there by the French in the early part of the sixteenth
+century. He gave reasons for the opinion that these relics may mark the
+site of an early attempt to found the town of Boston there, since soon
+after the arrival of Winthrop at Salem he set out for Charlestown,
+whence, with a party, he explored the neighboring rivers for a
+convenient spot to found their town, and discovered such a place "three
+leagues up Charles River." Dr. Palfrey, who seems not to have known of
+the existence of these remains, says that the spot must have been
+somewhere in Waltham or Weston, and most likely near the mouth of Stony
+Brook.
+
+Mr. Winsor also read a paper in which he referred to a statement which
+had appeared in several popular histories, that, during the eight years
+of the Revolutionary War, the thirteen colonies sent two hundred and
+thirty-two thousand men to the Continental army. He traced the origin of
+this extravagant statement. In 1790, General Knox, then Secretary of
+War, presented to President Washington a report on the number of troops
+furnished during the war. He showed the number credited to the several
+States, making no distinction between those who served for a shorter or
+a longer period, and he did not tabulate his separate statements for
+each year into one including the whole war. This was done, however, in
+the first volume of the New Hampshire Historical Society's collections,
+and the error was copied by many subsequent publications. It was
+afterwards said in explanation, that these figures denoted enlistments
+or years of service, and not men. The truth of the matter is that these
+figures are worthless as representing the number of men which made up
+the Continental line, or the years of actual service, and their only
+value is as enabling us approximately to judge how much more or less
+relatively one State contributed than another to the military force that
+gained our independence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+RHODE ISLAND:
+
+Dec. 17.--The committee appointed by the Providence City Council to
+consider what action should be taken by the city government for the
+proper observance of its two hundred and fiftieth anniversary, submitted
+its report. The committee is of the opinion that the celebration should
+consist of a festival lasting two days. It is recommended that the first
+day be devoted to literary and historical exercises in the First Baptist
+Meeting-House, with an historical address giving a complete history of
+the city, together with appropriate odes, poems, and music. The
+committee recommends that on the second day there be a grand trades
+procession representative of the past and present industries of
+Providence; also an elaborate military and civic parade; that, in the
+afternoon, balloon ascensions, band concerts, and other amusements be
+provided for the people, and that the celebration be brought to a
+termination by a grand display of fireworks in the evening. As the best
+historical authorities name the date of the founding of Providence as
+between the 20th and 25th of June, the committee is of the opinion that
+the 23d and 24th should be selected. This suggestion is made also in
+view of the fact that the 24th of June will be observed as a festival
+day by the French residents, and the Masonic Fraternity. It is proposed
+that the city appropriate $10,000 for the observance, and that the State
+legislature be requested to make a further appropriation of $5,000.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONNECTICUT:
+
+Jan. 6.--The Legislature organized by electing Stiles T. Stanton,
+President _pro tem._ of the Senate, and John T. Tibbets, of New London,
+as Speaker of the House.
+
+The article on the Wayte family, in the January number of the NEW
+ENGLAND MAGAZINE, has provoked much pleasant comment in Lyme, the
+birthplace and summer home of Chief Justice Waite, and New London, the
+residence of Hon. John T. Wait.
+
+The History of Hartford County in two splendid volumes, press of Ticknor
+& Co., of Boston, is now being printed, and will be ready for delivery
+in a few weeks.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VERMONT:
+
+Six young men, playing Spanish mandolins, guitars, and harps, says the
+Chicago _Herald_, Jan. 18, sat in the balcony of one of the banquet
+halls at Kinsley's last evening. Below the musicians, and seated at an
+E-shaped table were two hundred and fifty elderly gentlemen, members of
+the Illinois Association of the Sons of Vermont, who were destroying
+their ninth annual banquet. Pots filled with pork and beans, huge
+pumpkin pies, and large blocks of brown bread were spread before the
+banqueters. Glass fruit-dishes piled high with ruddy winter apples and
+little dishes overflowing with cracked hickory nuts came later, and then
+all these good things were washed down with cider and claret. The toasts
+were: "Vermont," H. N. Hibbard; "Clergymen of Vermont," Rev. G. N.
+Boardman; "Stumps of Vermont," E. B. Sherman; "The Star that never
+sets," W. W. Chandler. After the speech-making, Jules Lombard, robed in
+black and wearing a pair of gold-rimmed spectacles upon the breast of
+his Prince Albert coat, sang "America" and a pretty Scottish serenade.
+Among those present were E. G. Keith, II, P. Kellogg, O. S. A. Sprague,
+R. S. Smith, Gen. H. H. Thomas, H. N. Hibbard, George Chandler, Harvey
+Edgerton, Dr. C. N. Fitch, E. A. Jewett, Col. Arba N. Waterman, E. B.
+Sherman, John M. Thatcher, A. W. Butler, Frank Deinson, H. N. Nash, John
+M. Southworth, George W. Newcombe, and S. W. Burnham.
+
+
+
+
+NECROLOGY.
+
+
+December 15.--Samuel Dyer, a pioneer in the anti-slavery movement, died
+at South Abington, Mass., aged seventy-eight years. He was intimately
+associated with Wendell Phillips and Garrison as an abolitionist, and at
+one time held the office of president of the anti-slavery society of
+Plymouth county. He was among the first to aid and assist Frederick
+Douglass. When George Thompson, of England, became identified with the
+anti-slavery movement, his intercourse with Mr. Dyer began, and they
+worked together in the cause for many years. He had been a prominent
+business man of the town and had held several public offices.
+
+On the same day died at his home in Cambridge, Mass., James C. Fisk,
+ex-president of the Cambridge Railroad Company. He was born in Cambridge
+in 1825, and always lived in that city. He was President of the Fiskdale
+Mills, at Sturbridge, Mass. Mr. Fisk was president of the common council
+two years, 1858-9.
+
+December 20.--Frederic Kidder died in Melrose, Mass., aged eighty-one
+years. He was born in New Ipswich, N. H., and was formerly engaged in
+the cotton trade in Boston. He was a member of the New England Historic
+Genealogical Society, and published several historical works.
+
+December 22.--Rev. Daniel James Noyes, D. D., Professor Emeritus of
+Intellectual and Moral Philosophy and Political Economy at Dartmouth
+College, being in term of service next to the senior instructor in that
+institution, died at Chester, N. H. He was born in Springfield, Sept.
+17, 1812; was fitted for college at Pembroke, and was graduated from
+Dartmouth in 1832; after graduation was a tutor at Columbian College at
+Washington; was graduated from the Andover Theological Seminary in 1836,
+and then for one year was a tutor at Dartmouth. In 1837 he was ordained
+to the ministry and installed pastor of the South Congregational Church
+in Concord. In 1849 he was dismissed in order to accept the Phillips
+Foundation Chair of Theology at Dartmouth, which he filled until 1869,
+when he was transferred to the chair which he held at the time of his
+death, having been Professor Emeritus since 1883. The University of
+Vermont conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1854.
+
+December 29.--Edwin D. Sanborn, LL.D., Winkley Professor Emeritus at
+Dartmouth College of Anglo-Saxon and English Language and Literature,
+died in New York. He was born at Gilmanton, N. H., May 14, 1808, and was
+the son of David Edwin and Harriet (Hook) Sanborn. He was fitted at
+Gilmanton Academy, and was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1832. He
+gained reputation as a teacher in the academies at Derry and Topsfield,
+Mass., and at Gilmanton, being preceptor of the latter. In 1834 he
+declined a tutorship at Dartmouth, and at Meredith Bridge began the
+study of law, which he abandoned and entered the Andover Theological
+Seminary. In 1835 he was a tutor at Hanover; then Professor of Latin and
+Greek for two years, and later filled the chair of Latin alone from 1837
+to 1859. Then he accepted the place of Professor of Latin and Classical
+Literature at Washington University, St. Louis, where he remained four
+years. In March, 1863, he returned to Hanover and became Professor of
+Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. In 1880 he took the Winkley chair. Since
+1882 he had been Professor Emeritus, his failing health preventing him
+from performing the duties of that professorship. The deceased was
+licensed as a Congregational minister, Nov. 1, 1836. The University of
+Vermont in 1859 conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. For
+many years he held most of the justice's courts in Hanover. In 1848 and
+'49 he represented the town in the Legislature and was a delegate to the
+Constitutional Convention in 1850. In 1869 he was elected to the State
+Senate, but declined to serve. The deceased was widely known as an
+orator and literateur. In 1875 he published a history of New Hampshire.
+The death of Professor Sanborn is not only a great loss to Dartmouth
+College, but to the State and country at large.
+
+Jan. 3.--A. S. Roe, author of many popular stories, died in East
+Windsor, Conn., aged eighty-seven years.
+
+On the same day Prof. Charles E. Hamlin, of the Harvard Museum of
+Natural History, died at Cambridge, Mass., aged sixty years.
+
+Jan. 4.---Zuar Eldridge Jameson, died in Irasburg, Orleans County, Vt.,
+aged fifty-one years. He was a well-known writer and lecturer on
+agricultural topics, whose initials, with transpositions, as well as
+other pseudonyms, are familiar to readers of the agricultural papers,
+particularly the New York _Weekly Tribune_, Albany, N. Y., _Country
+Gentleman_ and Boston _Cultivator_. He was a member of the lower branch
+of the Vermont Legislature in 1878, and of the State Board of
+Agriculture in 1870-74, for many years Secretary of the Orleans County
+Agricultural Society, and for one or two years lecturer of the Vermont
+State Grange, Patrons of Husbandry. Aside from the large amount of
+purely agricultural matter written he was a frequent producer of short
+sketches of fiction, usually treating of rural life. He was associated
+with Dr. T. H. Hoskins in the editing of the old Vermont _Farmer_ (not
+the present Vermont _Farmer_) at Newport, which was from a literary
+standpoint the most successful of Vermont agricultural journals.
+
+Jan. 5.--Death of Noble H. Hill, senior proprietor of the Boston
+Theatre. He was born in Shoreham, Vt., in 1821; received a good
+education; came to Boston in 1840; was in active trade till 1867, being
+at that time a partner in the firm of Hill, Burrage & Co; in 1876 became
+a partner with Orlando Tompkins for conducting the Boston Theatre.
+
+On the same day died Dr. James H. Whittemore, Superintendent of the
+Massachusetts General Hospital, aged 47 years.
+
+Jan. 8.--Death of the Hon. Nahum Capen, at Dorchester, Mass., aged
+eighty-two years. He was born in Canton in 1804. He came to Boston at
+the age of twenty-one, embarked in the publishing business in the firm
+of Marsh, Capen & Lyon, and afterward was connected with several of the
+leading publishing houses of this city. His tastes were always literary,
+and for the past forty years he has devoted himself to literature and
+study, except when he held the office of postmaster, 1857 to 1861. He
+was appointed postmaster by President Buchanan, and it was during his
+term of office that the postoffice was removed from the Merchant's
+Exchange building to Summer street at the corner of Chauncy street,
+where it remained for about a year and a half. He mapped out the free
+delivery system, and was the first postmaster in the country to
+establish the outside letter collection boxes. Mr. Capen has written
+(most of them anonymously) and has published many books, scientific and
+political, and was a very liberal contributor to the newspapers and
+magazines. He was a sound thinker and was considered an able writer. His
+last work, on which he has been engaged for twenty-five years, is a
+history of Democracy. The first volume has been published, and the
+remaining three have been written and are ready to be printed, except a
+portion of the last.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE AND ART.
+
+
+_History of the Civil War in America.[H]_ The deep and widespread
+interest which is being felt in this country in all that relates to the
+late war is likely to receive increased stimulus from the appearance of
+recent instalments of the translation of the "History" of the Comte de
+Paris. The fact that the narrative is written by a foreigner, not so
+much for the information of American as of European readers, will in no
+way interfere with the profound interest Americans themselves must feel
+in what, when finished, will probably be, if not the most impartial yet
+the most accurate, comprehensive, complete, and reliable record of that
+long, lamentable and costly struggle. The interest in American affairs
+which has culminated in the production of this history had been a
+long-cherished feeling with the author before he conceived the purpose
+which he has so far executed so admirably. For years materials of all
+kinds that promised to shed light upon his subject and assist him in his
+undertaking had been industriously collected. He enjoyed, besides, the
+great advantage of having personally served on the staff of General
+McClellan, in this way attaching to himself many friends, who, after his
+return to Europe, continued to keep him posted up in all that related to
+the movements of the belligerents, and the incidents and aspects of the
+conflict. These advantages, together with the count's very thorough
+knowledge of military science, justified his attempting a task which, as
+it approaches completion, promises to be a splendid success, and which,
+so far as it has been carried out, has already received high
+commendation from distinguished soldiers and statesmen both in Europe
+and America. The work, though voluminous, is sure to find, as it
+deserves, many readers. No American professing to be proud of his
+country's struggles and achievements can well afford to be ignorant of
+its contents. It may be as well to note that the Count fully confides in
+the translator's ability to perform his task with care and accuracy.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[H] Philadelphia: Porter & Coates.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE.
+
+     (First numeral refers to foot note and name of periodical.
+     Second numeral to page. Date of periodical is that of month
+     preceding this issue of the New England Magazine, unless
+     otherwise stated.)
+
+
+AGRICULTURE. Questions in. 6, 18.
+
+ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. Lo, the Poor Indian. _Geo. F. Marshall._ 3,
+206.--Varieties of the Human Species. _Horatio Hale._ Illus. 5,
+296.--Natural Heirship, or the World Akin. _Rev. Henry Kendall._ 5,
+377.--Race Characteristics of the Jews. 5, 429.--Prehistoric Human
+Remains in Mexico. 5, 420.
+
+ART. "Famous Pictures and the Sermons they teach." Crit. art. on
+Reynolds' painting of the infant Samuel. _Rev. Robt. Maguire, D. D._ 1,
+1.--A French Painter (M. Duran) and his Pupils. 7, 373.--A Broad View of
+Art. 7, 474.--The Lesson of Greek Art. _Charles Waldstein._ 7, 397.--Sir
+Joshua Reynolds. _Frances C. Sparhawk._
+
+BIOGRAPHY. Tribute to Thomas A. Hendricks. _Hon. J. W. Gerard._ 2,
+18.--Bishop Meade of Va. John Washington. James Bridger. 2, 93.--David
+Meade of Ky. 2, 94.--John Breckenridge of Va. 2, 97.--B. F. Wade, the
+Judge. _Hon. A. G. Riddle._ 3, 235.--Thomas Hoyne, Chicago. 3,
+288.--Judge Stephenson Burke, Cleveland, O. 3, 296.--Dr. Wm. Bushnell,
+Mansfield, O. 3, 306.--George Whittier Jackson. David Hostetter,
+Pittsburg. 3, 258. Frank Buckland (Scientist). 5, 401.--Guiseppi Verdi,
+Port. 7, 323-414.--Daniel Webster. _Rogers._ 8, 13.--Richard and
+Gamaliel Wayte. _A. T. Lovell._ 8, 48.
+
+BIOLOGY. Questions in. 6, 17.
+
+EDUCATION. Early Education in Ohio. _Jessie Cohen._ 3, 217.--Can College
+Graduates succeed in Business? 4, 111.--The Flower or the Leaf. Primary
+Education. _Mary Putnam Jacobi._ 5, 325.--Southern Women as Teachers of
+Colored Children. 7, 478. Education and a Philosophy of Life. _J. C.
+Dana._ 10, 215.--Education of the Colored Race. _Andrews._ 10,
+231.--Organization of Higher Education. _Beale._ 10, 233.--Education of
+Girls. _Fenelon._ 10, 242.--A Want, and How to Meet It. _Klemm._ 10,
+248.--Reports on Education. 10, 272.--New Education. _Livermore._ 10,
+290.--Overpressure in High Schools of Denmark. _A. T. Smith._ 10,
+299.--Educational Institutions. Brown University. _R. A. Guild, LL.D._
+8, 1.
+
+GEOLOGY. "Gray Wethers." The Saccharoid Sandstone of Salisbury Plain.
+_Grant Allen._ 4, 94.
+
+HISTORY. "Paul Revere." 1735-1818. _E. H. Goss._ Portrait and
+illus.--From Burnside to Hooker. Transfer of the Army of the Potomac,
+1863. _Maj. Wm. Howard Mills._ 2, 44.--Operations before Ft. Donelson.
+_Gen. W. F. (Baldy) Smith._ Illus. 2, 20.--Slavery in America. Its
+Origin and Consequences. _John A. Logan._ Portrait of writer. 2,
+57.--Washington's First Campaign. _T. J. Chapman, A.M._ 2, 66.--The New
+Year's Holiday. Its Origin and Observance. _Martha J. Lamb._ 2,
+79.--Gen. W. F. Smith's Unpublished Reports of the Capture of Ft.
+Donelson. 2, 82.--Letters: Jas. Meyrick to Benedict Arnold, and John
+Hancock to Gen. Washington. 1781. 2, 89.--Churches in Newark, N. J., in
+1707. 2, 93.--Boston Riot of 1788. 2, 95.--Detroit during Revolutionary
+Days. _Silas Farmer._ 3, 250.--Expedition of Gen. Geo. Rogers Clark, and
+Capture of Kaskaskia. 1778. _John Moses._ 3, 267.--The City of the
+Straits (Detroit). _H. A. Griffin._ 3, 270.--The "Lost State" of
+Franklin. 3, 321.--First Exploration of Northwest by John Nicolet. 3,
+322.--Ohio's Coming Centennial. 3, 323.--A New Field of Am. Hist.
+(Pacific States). 5, 371.--The Second Battle of Bull Run. _Gen. John
+Pope._ 7, 442.--Recollections of a Private. _Warren L. Goss._ 7,
+467.--Attleboro, Mass. _Barrows._ 8, 27.--Social Life in Early New
+England. _Anson Titus._ 8, 63.--Dutch Village Communities on the Hudson
+River, 11, 4th series.--Shiloh Campaign. _Gen. Beauregard._ 13,
+1.--Sherman on Grant. 13.
+
+INDUSTRY. A History of the Oil Interest. _A. R. Baker, M.D._ 3, 223.
+
+LITERATURE, LIBRARIES, ETC. Early Libraries in Cincinnati. _Prof. W. H.
+Venable._ 3, 245.--George Eliot's Criticisms on her Contemporaries. 4,
+19.--The Future Literary Capital of the U. S. 4, 104.--Progress toward
+Literary Knowledge. 6, 9.--Questions in English, German and Greek
+Literature. 6, 17-21.
+
+MEDICINE, HYGIENE, PHYSIOLOGY, ETC. Pioneer Medicine of the Western
+Reserve. _D. P. Allen, M.D._ 3, 278.--Inoculation against Hydrophobia.
+_M. Louis Pasteur._ 5, 289.--The Physiology of the Feet. _T. S. Ellis,
+M.R.C.S._ 5, 395.--Color Blindness. 5, 431.--Physiological Experiments.
+5, 425.--How Milk is Tainted. 5, 421.
+
+MISCELLANY. The Bladensburg Races. A humorous historic ballad. Comments
+by Horatio C. King. 2, 85.
+
+MONEY AND FINANCE. Banks and Bankers of Cleveland. 3, 313.--Origin of
+Primitive Money. 5, 296.
+
+MUSIC. A National Conservatory of. 7, 477.
+
+NATURAL HISTORY. Fish out of Water. _Grant Allen._ 5, 334.--Fruits of
+the Pacific. 5, 421.--Recent Experiments in Hybridization. 7,
+476.--Feathered Forms of Other Days. Illus. _R. M. Shufeldt._ 7, 352.
+
+POLITICS, ECONOMICS, LAW, ETC. A Time of Universal Prosperity (in
+Mich.), and What Came of It. _Hon. Bela Hubbard._ 3, 199.--Civil Service
+Reform. _Gail Hamilton._ 4, 67.--How our Railroads have become
+Luxurious. 4, 110.--Communal Societies. _Charles Morris._ 5,
+325.--Medieval English Law. 5, 423.--The New Political Economy. 7,
+475.--Life Insurance. _G. A. Litchfield._ 8, 68.--Canadian Prospects and
+Politics. _Lord Lorne. Alex. Pirie. Sir J. A. McDonald._ 13.--Democracy
+in England. _Andrew Carnegie._ 13.--Disfranchisement of Delaware.
+13.--Letters to Prominent Persons. _A. Lichmond._ 13.--Landlordism in
+America. _T. P. Gill, M.P._ 13.
+
+RECREATION. Thoughts on Archery. _Agnes Fraser Sandham._ 12,
+371.--Around the World on a Bicycle. _W. A. Rogers._ 12, 379.--Ladies'
+Tour to Kettle Cove. _M. C. Smith._ 12, 43.--Ice Skating in Canada.
+_Otley._ 12, 413.--Pedestrian Tour in the Scottish Highlands. _E. S.
+Farwell._ 12, 436.
+
+RELIGION. Work of the Church in America. _Archdeacon Farrar._ 13.
+
+SCIENCE. Science in its Useful Applications. _W. Odling, F.R.S._ 5,
+388.--Agatized Wood of Arizona. 5, 362.--Nonconformity (in Types).
+_Herbert Spencer._ 5, 367.--How Woods Preserve Moisture. _Elm Leaf
+Berth._ 5, 429.--The Age of Trees. 5, 424.
+
+TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. City of Teheran. _S. Q. W. Benjamin._ 7, 323.
+
+
+1 _The Quiver_, Dec. '85.
+
+2 _Magazine of Am. History_, Jan, '86.
+
+3 _Magazine of Western History_ (Cleveland, O.), Jan., '86.
+
+4 _Lippincott's Magazine_, Jan., '86.
+
+5 _Popular Science Monthly_, Jan., '86.
+
+6 _Queries_ (Buffalo, N. Y.), Jan., '86.
+
+7 _The Century_, Jan., '86.
+
+8 _New England Magazine._
+
+9 _St. Nicolas._
+
+10 _Education._
+
+11 _Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political
+Science._
+
+12 _Outing._
+
+13 _North American Review._
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1,
+No. 2, February, 1886., by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE ***
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